Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Amitav Acharya

2026-05-02T02:44:45Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting some entry added tags

{{short description|Indian-born Canadian scholar and author (born 1962)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| image = Amitav Acharya.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| name = Amitav Acharya
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| citizenship = Canadian - American
| other_names =
| birth_date = 1962
| birth_place = [[Jagatsinghpur]], Orissa (now [[Odisha]]), [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw University]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] [[Murdoch University]]
| main_interests = [[International relations]] [[Constructivism (international relations)|Constructivism]] [[Foreign policy]] [[Regionalism (international relations)|Regionalism]] [[Global governance]] [[Human security]] [[Asia]] [[National security]] [[Globalization]]
| awards =
| workplaces = [[American University]]
| school_tradition = [[Constructivism (international relations)|Constructivism]]
| notable_ideas = Global IR
}}

'''Amitav Acharya''' (born 1962) is a scholar and author, who is Distinguished Professor of International Relations at [[American University]], [[Washington, D.C.]], where he holds the [[UNESCO]] Chair in Transnational Challenges and Governance at the [[School of International Service]], and serves as the chair of the ASEAN Studies Initiative.<ref name=auprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.american.edu/sis/faculty/aacharya.cfm |title=Profile Amitav Acharya |publisher=American University |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> Acharya has expertise in and has made contributions to a wide range of topics in [[International Relations]], including [[Constructivism (international relations)|constructivism]], [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] and Asian [[Regionalism (international relations)|regionalism]], and Global International Relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://r2pasiapacific.org/profile/150/amitav-acharya|title=Professor Amitav Acharya|publisher=Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, The University of Queensland, Australia|accessdate=2019-07-08|date=9 August 2018}}</ref> He became the first non-Western President of the [[International Studies Association]] when he was elected to the post for 2014–15.<ref name=isapresident>{{cite web|url=http://www.american.edu/sis/news/20130212-Acharya-ISA-President.cfm |title=Acharya Elected President of International Studies Association |publisher=American University |date=2013-02-12 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>

== Career ==

Acharya was born in [[Jagatsinghpur]], Orissa (now [[Odisha]]), [[India]]. After completing a BA in political science at [[Ravenshaw University]] and an MA in political science at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in India, he obtained his doctorate from [[Murdoch University]] in [[Australia]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.murdoch.edu.au/alumni-honoured-for-professional-and-community-excellence |title=Alumni honoured for professional and community excellence | Murdoch University |publisher=Media.murdoch.edu.au |date=2012-07-26 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> After brief teaching and research stints in [[Singapore]] at the Institute for Southeast Studies (now [[ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute]]) and the [[National University of Singapore]], he joined the faculty of [[York University]], [[Toronto]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cris.unu.edu/Dr-Amitav-Acharya.358.0.html |title=Dr. Amitav Acharya |publisher=Cris.unu.edu |accessdate=2013-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131120612/http://www.cris.unu.edu/Dr-Amitav-Acharya.358.0.html |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a Fellow at [[Harvard University]]'s newly established Asia Center in 2000–2001, while concurrently being a Fellow of the Center for Business and Government at Harvard's [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Center for Business and Government |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2001/01/center-for-business-and-government-announces-global-gathering-of-fellows/}}</ref> From 2001 and 2007, he served as deputy director and Head of Research at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (which in 2007 became the [[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies]]), at [[Nanyang Technological University]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ppa.hss.ntu.edu.sg/PPA/people/Pages/AmitavAcharya.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624225118/http://ppa.hss.ntu.edu.sg/PPA/people/Pages/AmitavAcharya.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-24 |title=Amitav Acharya |publisher=Ppa.hss.ntu.edu.sg |accessdate=2013-06-23 }}</ref> In 2007, he was appointed Chair of Global Governance and Director of the Centre for Governance and International Affairs at the [[University of Bristol]].<ref name=auprofile/> In 2009, he moved to his present position at American University.

Acharya has held various visiting positions throughout his career, including as the [[ASEM]] Chair in Regional Integration at the [[University of Malaya]], the Direk Jayanama Visiting Professor of Political Science at [[Thammasat University]], Visiting Professorial Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Visiting Professor at the [[Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy]], Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and Visiting Professor in the Faculty of Economics at [[Chulalongkorn University]]. He has also held visiting positions at [[Australian National University]], [[Stanford University]], [[Sydney University]], [[UNU-CRIS|United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies]], [[VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities|Vietnam National University]], [[Central European University]], and [[Ritsumeikan University]]. He was elected to a Christensen Fellowship at [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]], [[University of Oxford]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amitavacharya.com/?q=content/christensen-fellowship |title=Christensen Fellowship |publisher=Amitav Acharya |accessdate=2013-06-23}}</ref> In 2012–13, he was appointed to the Nelson Mandela Visiting Professorship in International Relations at [[Rhodes University]], [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Rhodes University |url=http://www.ru.ac.za/politicalinternationalstudies/latestnews/name,57121,en.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624225209/http://www.ru.ac.za/politicalinternationalstudies/latestnews/name,57121,en.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-24 |title=Rhodes University |publisher=Ru.ac.za |date=2012-05-07 |accessdate=2013-06-23 }}</ref> In 2016, he was appointed to be the Inaugural Boeing Company Chair in International Relations in the Schwarzman Scholars Program at [[Tsinghua University]]. He has been a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Taipei School of Economics and Political Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. In 2022, he was made Professor Extraordinarius (Extraordinary Professor), University of Pretoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governance and Staff {{!}} University of Pretoria |url=https://www.up.ac.za/acsus/article/2859456/governance-and-staff |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref>

He is a recipient of the [[Odisha Living Legend Award]] (2016).<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitav Acharya |url=https://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/amitav-acharya/239598 |website=CCCB Lab}} </ref> He has received three ISA Distinguished Scholar Awards: in 2015 for his "contribution to non-Western IR theory and inclusion” in international studies,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.isanet.org/Programs/Awards/GSC-Distinguished-Scholar/Past-Recipients|title=Past Recipients|publisher=International Studies Association|accessdate=2019-09-21}}</ref> in 2018 for his “influence, intellectual works and mentorship” in the field of international organization.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.isanet.org/Programs/Awards/IO-Distinguished-Senior-Scholar/Past-Recipients|title=Past Recipients|publisher=International Studies Association|accessdate=2019-07-08}}</ref> and in 2023 for his “extraordinary impact” in globalizing the study of International Relations and “mentorship of emerging scholars”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Relations |first=E.-International |date=2025-03-22 |title=Interview – Amitav Acharya |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2025/03/22/interview-amitav-acharya-2/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2020, he received American University's highest honor: Scholar-Teacher of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=girs_isa |title=Global IR Section of @ISAnet is pleased to announce the winner of its inaugural 2023 Distinguished Scholar Award, @AmitavAcharya for his outstanding scholarship and continuing service to the profession. |number=1561301532833972224 |access-date=2022-08-23 |language=en}}</ref>

== Research ==
Acharya's major research interests include the diffusion of ideas and norms in world politics, and constructivist [[International relations theory|International Relations (IR) theory]] more generally; comparative regionalism, with a focus on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); and contributions to IR theory and practice from the [[North–South divide in the World|Global South]], or Global IR.<ref>"Theory Talk #42 – Amitav Acharya," (On the Relevance of Regions, ASEAN, and Western IR's false universalisms), 10 August 2011. http://www.theory-talks.org/2011/08/theory-talk-42.html</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |date=24 March 2006 |title=Constructing Security and Identity in Southeast Asia |url=https://bjwa.brown.edu/12-2/constructing-security-and-identity-in-southeast-asia/ |journal=The Brown Journal of World Affairs}}</ref> Acharya's research combines and cuts across these different topics, often touching upon multiple themes in a single work.

=== Norm localization and norm subsidiarity ===
Acharya's principal contributions that advance constructivist IR theory are the concepts of norm localization and norm subsidiarity. Constructivism has traditionally accorded more importance to the role of ideas and norms in international politics compared to [[Realism (international relations)|realism]] and [[Liberalism (international relations)|liberalism]]. However, Acharya points out that most constructivists conceive of ideas as spreading outward from the West (or the Global North) to the "Rest" (or the Global South). Acharya challenges this story of unidirectional norm diffusion by showing how "local" beliefs and practices also matter. Using case studies from ASEAN, Acharya highlights how Southeast Asian leaders did not just accept transnational norms as is. Rather, where such transnational norms were in line with prior local beliefs, or "cognitive priors", they were successfully "localized". This is exemplified in how the ASEAN states localized the "common security" norm of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] into "cooperative security" as manifested in the ASEAN Regional Forum. While the cooperative security norm recognized the need for inclusive regional security cooperation, it rejected the legalistic and domestic politics aspects of the common security norm, in line with the basic tenets of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations#The ASEAN Way|ASEAN Way]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |date=2004 |title=How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism |journal=International Organization |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=239–275 |doi= 10.1017/S0020818304582024|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |date=2009 |title=Whose Ideas Matter? Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press }}</ref>

While norm localization emphasizes the agency of local actors in adapting prevailing transnational norms, norm subsidiarity is concerned with the creation of new norms by local actors. Norm subsidiarity posits that local actors create new norms and rules with a view toward protecting the norm's autonomy from violation and abuse at the international level. In contrast to localization, which is inward-looking, subsidiarity is outward-looking. Acharya again uses a case from Southeast Asia to illustrate the concept. In resistance to the [[United States|US]]-led collective defence organization of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] signed in 1954, the leaders of South and Southeast Asia met at the [[Bandung Conference]] in 1955 and established their support for the norm of collective defence but rejected the use of such an arrangement for the defence of a single country. In so doing, the leaders at Bandung not only rejected the central position of the United States in regional security arrangements, but also created a new norm of collective defence that accorded importance to all treaty members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |s2cid=143091369 |date=2011 |title=Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-Making in the Third World |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=95–123 |doi= 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00637.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |date=2018 |title=Constructing Global Order: Agency and Change in World Politics |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

A number of IR scholars have built on, engaged with, and challenged Acharya's work on norms, including Antje Wiener, Lisbeth Zimmerman, and [[Kathryn Sikkink]]. Through her concept of "norm protagonism", Sikkink compliments Acharya’s work by showing the formation and diffusion of norms in the Global South. She illustrates how Latin American countries were protagonists of human rights norms and, among other things, adopted the [[American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man]] in April 1948, eight months before the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] was adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in December 1948.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sikkink |first1=Kathryn |date=2014 |title=Latin American Countries as Norm Protagonists of the Idea of International Human Rights |journal=Global Governance |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=389–404 |doi= 10.1163/19426720-02003005|s2cid=153401534 }}</ref>

=== Comparative regionalism ===
Acharya places a high importance on the study of regions in world politics. His work has attempted to bridge the gap between scholarship in IR and [[area studies]] by encouraging conversation between "regionally oriented disciplinarists" and "discipline-oriented regionalists".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Russo |first1=Alessandra |date=2016 |title=Comparative Regionalism: Still Emerging, Already to Be Reformed? |journal=International Politics Reviews |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1057/ipr.2016.6 |s2cid=132354266 }}</ref> For Acharya, rather than imagining a "world of regions",<ref>{{cite book |last=Katzenstein |first=Peter J. |date=2005 |title=A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Cornell University Press }}</ref> where it is primarily superpowers that shape how and when regions are important,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buzan |first1=Barry |last2=Wæver |first2=Ole |date=2003 |title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security|title-link=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link1=Barry Buzan}}</ref> it is more useful to think of "regional worlds", where the roles of external powers are balanced by the countries that constitute the region and construct it from within.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |date=2007 |title=The Emerging Regional Architecture of World Politics |journal=World Politics |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=629–652 |doi= 10.1353/wp.2008.0000|s2cid=154724042 }}</ref>

Acharya's most prolific work has been on ASEAN. In ''Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |date=2014 |title=Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order |location=London |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Acharya traces the evolution of ASEAN and the ASEAN Way of conflict management, which is based on the ASEAN norms of non-interference and avoidance of confrontations in word and deed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masilamani |first1=Logan |last2=Peterson |first2=Kimmy |date=2014-10-15 |title=The "ASEAN Way": The Structural Underpinnings of Constructive Engagement |url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/141015-Masilamani-Peterson-ASEAN.pdf |journal=Foreign Policy Journal |pages=1–21 |access-date=2019-07-15 }}</ref> Building upon the work on the concept of a [[security community]]—a region where the outbreak of war has become almost unthinkable—by Karl Deutsch<ref>{{cite book |last=Deutsch |first=Karl W. |date=1957 |title=Political Community in the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> and Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Emanuel |last2=Barnett |first2=Michael |date=1998 |title=Security Communities |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Acharya finds that ASEAN exhibits the characteristics of a nascent pluralistic security community.

Acharya has also been critical of the [[Eurocentrism]] prevalent in comparative regionalism, whereby the [[European Union|European Union (EU)]] is considered as the best way to regionalize—a model for [[regional integration]]—and regionalism projects in other parts of the world are judged against the EU. Rather than compare with the EU, Acharya calls for studies in comparative regionalism to focus more on the specific regional contexts of regionalism projects and to develop more general criteria for comparison that are not based solely on the European experience.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |date=2012 |title=Comparative Regionalism: A Field Whose Time Has Come? |journal=The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–15 }}</ref>

=== Global IR and a multiplex world order ===
In line with his focus on the role and contributions of the Global South to IR theory and practice, Acharya has advanced what he terms "Global IR". One aspect of Global IR is to uncover sources of IR theory from the non-Western world to counterbalance the dominating influence of European history—from the [[Peloponnesian War]] in [[Ancient Greece]] to the nineteenth-century [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] under the [[Concert of Europe]]—on contemporary IR theory. Along with [[Barry Buzan]], Acharya has published two books on Global International Relations theory that explore scholarly thinking as well as teaching traditions on international relations and foreign policy throughout the Global South.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |last2=Buzan |first2=Barry |date=2010 |title=Non-Western International Relations Theory: Reflections on and Beyond Asia |location=London |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |last2=Buzan |first2=Barry |date=2019 |title=The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

One reason Acharya and Buzan transitioned from "non-Western" to "Global" IR theory is that Global IR, while challenging traditional IR's neglect and marginalization of the Global South, does not reject the mainstream theories, thus differentiating Acharya from [[Postcolonialism (international relations)|postcolonial]] IR scholars. Global IR revolves around six main dimensions:
*It is based on pluralistic universalism that recognizes diversity and abjures universal imposition
*It is grounded in world history
*It supplements and subsumes, rather than supplants, traditional IR
*It includes the study of regions as a core part of IR
*It eschews exceptionalism
*It recognizes both ideational and material forms of agency<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |date=2014 |title=Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds: A New Agenda for International Studies |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=647–659 |doi= 10.1111/isqu.12171|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Acharya's concept of the "multiplex world order" captures his understanding of the ongoing changes and future directions in the landscape of international relations. While not arguing that the United States is in decline per se, Acharya contends that the "American world order", whereby the United States played a hegemonic role in shaping the international system—or the "liberal world order"—to its own benefit through its dominant role in international institutions and its interventionalist foreign policy, is coming to an end.<ref>{{cite book |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |date=2018 |title=The End of American World Order |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity Press }}</ref> In this respect, Acharya disagrees with [[John Ikenberry]], who highlights America's important role in designing, spearheading, and maintaining postwar "constitutional orders".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ikenberry |first=G. John |date=2001 |title=After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ikenberry |first=G. John |date=2011 |title=Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> In contrast to Ikenberry, Acharya finds evidence of an emerging "multiplex" world order, where there is an array of plots (ideas), directors (power), and action (leadership) under one roof (the international system) to choose from.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Amitav |date=2017 |title=After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order |journal=Ethics & International Affairs |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=271–285 |doi= 10.1017/S089267941700020X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2025, Acharya published ''The Once and Future World Order: Why Global Civilization Will Survive the Decline of the West'', Basic Books, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milbank |first=Sebastian |date=2026-04-23 |title=The West Distorted |url=https://firstthings.com/the-west-distorted/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=First Things |language=en-US}}</ref> The book offers a five thousand year history of world order, from the Egyptian and Sumerian civilization to the present. Highlighting the book, the Sunday New York Times "Acharya, a political scientist, surveys 5,000 years of history to argue that Western hegemony isn't a prerequisite to international cooperation and peace. Spanning from ancient Sumerian military conquests to today's Nigerian film industry, Acharya shifts power from the West back to 'the Rest.' " [Sunday New York Times Newly Published Books]. The book was listed among “'''The Most Anticipated Books of 2025''',” by Foreign Policy magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Most Anticipated Books of 2025 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/12/31/2025-books-new-releases-foreign-policy-international-relations-global-affairs-history/ |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref> An op-ed written by Acharya was published by the New York Times on April 8, 2025, the same day the book was released, “Reasons to Be Optimistic About a Post-American Order.”<ref>{{Cite news |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |date=2025-04-08 |title=Opinion {{!}} Reasons to Be Optimistic About a Post-American Order |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/08/opinion/west-american-order-free-trade.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Professional activities ==
Acharya was elected President of the [[International Studies Association]] (ISA) for 2014–15.<ref name=auprofile/> He was the first Indian, Asian, and non-Western scholar to be elected as ISA President. He was a vice-president of the ISA in 2008–09.
He is one of the founders of the Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA), and served as its inaugural co-president in 2003–04.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apisa.org/index.html |title=Welcome |publisher=Asian Political and International Studies Association |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Acharya-Identity%20Without%20Exceptionalism.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195946/http://www.amitavacharya.com/sites/default/files/Acharya-Identity%20Without%20Exceptionalism.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is the joint chief editor of the Studies in Asian Security series for [[Stanford University Press]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20in%20Asian%20Security |title=Studies in Asian Security |publisher=Stanford University Press |accessdate=2019-07-12}}</ref>

Acharya's work has been influential in shaping policy on Asian regionalism and human security. His 2001 book, ''Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia'', was the primary basis of the initial Indonesian concept paper which ultimately resulted in the establishment of the ASEAN Political-Security Community.<ref>K.K. Khine, "The Making of Indonesia's Concept of ASEAN Security Community," Universities Research Journal, Vol. 4, No. 7 (2011). p.247</ref> His work on human security led to him being invited to address the UN General Assembly on the subject of human security on 14 April 2011.<ref>On 14 April 2011, at the invitation of its President, he addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York on the subject of human security.; https://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/initiatives/Human%20Security/Amitav%20Acharya%20UNGA%20Human%20Security%20Debate%20Presentation.pdf</ref>

He has been interviewed as an international affairs expert by [[CNN International]], [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKsBWkZFqq4 |title=Transcend Director Appears on Bbc World News |publisher=YouTube |date=2012-09-18 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> [[BBC World Service|BBC World Service Radio]], [[CNBC]], [[Channel NewsAsia]], [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], [[Radio Australia]], [[National Public Radio]] (NPR),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201211150900 |title=President Obama Visits Asia: Forum | KQED Public Media for Northern CA |publisher=Kqed.org |date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> and [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_pI5VJk1_I;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iObnEy7ths4 |title=Riz Khan – Islam and the East – 18 Nov 09 – Pt 1 |publisher=YouTube |date=2009-11-19 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>

Acharya regularly writes [[Op-Ed|op-eds]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amitavacharya.com/?q=content/op-ed-selections-2008-13 |title=Op-Ed Archive Selections |publisher=Amitav Acharya |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> for international newspapers and magazines including ''[[The Financial Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/75a7dc6c-6c47-11da-bb53-0000779e2340 |title=/ UK – East Asian integration is a test for the big powers |publisher=Ft.com |date=2005-12-14 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>Six op-eds are available at ''The New York Times'' website: [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/10/opinion/10iht-edach_ed3_.html Clash of Civilizations? No, of National Interests and Principles] (10 January 2002); [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/17/opinion/17iht-edami_ed3_.html The war on terror : One result: The retreat of liberal democracy] (17 September 2002); [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/23/opinion/23iht-T-edamitav_ed3_.html Sovereignty : Asians are wary of pushy outsiders] (23 January 2003); [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/25/opinion/25iht-edamitav_ed3_.html Security lessons : Ripples from Iraq will rock Asia] (25 April 2003); [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/08/opinion/08iht-edacharya_ed3_.html Asia-Pacific : China's charm offensive in Southeast Asia] (8 November 2003); [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/15/opinion/15iht-edacharya.html Asia needs better ways to protect its people] (16 March 2005)</ref> [[National Public Radio]] (NPR) online,<ref>{{cite web|last=Acharya |first=Amitav |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113610079 |title=No Dalai Lama Meeting? Think Again, Obama |publisher=NPR |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> ''[[The Huffington Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Acharya|first=Amitav|title=It's About Time Harper Went to Thailand|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/amitav-acharya/harper-thailand_b_1372560.html|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=10 May 2014|date=22 March 2012}}</ref> ''[[The Australian Financial Review]]'', ''[[Asia Times]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author =Amitav Acharya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/The-Cairo-connection/articleshow/7534686.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228033246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-21/edit-page/28618241_1_indonesia-s-suharto-top-leader-mubarak-regime |url-status=live |archive-date=28 December 2011 |title=The Cairo connection|date=21 February 2011 |work =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-06-01}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Straits Times]]'', ''[[The Jakarta Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/14/will-asean-thrive-2030.html |title=Will ASEAN thrive in 2030? |work=The Jakarta Post|date=2011-02-14 |accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref> the ''[[Bangkok Post]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Acharya |first=Amitav |url=http://www.asiansecurityoutlook.com/2011/10/courting-america-without-getting-china.html |title=Courting America without getting China in a tizz |publisher=Asian Security Outlook |date=2011-10-23 |accessdate=2013-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629170325/http://www.asiansecurityoutlook.com/2011/10/courting-america-without-getting-china.html |archive-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Asiaweek]]'', the ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', ''[[The Japan Times]]'', the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', ''[[YaleGlobal Online]]''<ref>[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/democracy-burma-does-anybody-really-care Democracy in Burma: Does Anybody Really Care?] (1 September 2005); [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/can-asia-step-21st-century-leadership Can Asia Step Up to 21st Century Leadership?] (1 December 2011)</ref> covering such topics as international and Asian security, regional integration, the [[War on Terror|war on terror]], and the rise of China and India.

On 28 October 2021, he participated in the '''U.S.A & Global Leadership Debate''' hosted by the Oxford Union on a motion '''“This House Would Still Look to the US for Global Leadership'''”.Speaking for the opposition, Acharya’s side won the debate 166-124. It is notable that speaking for the motion were such distinguished current and former British and US leaders such as Sir Malcolm Rifkind, former British Foreign Secretary, Jane Harman, former member of the US House of Representative from California and former President of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and [[James Cleverly]], former co-chair of the British Conservative Party and the then Minister of State (later Secretary of State) for Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Department for International Development).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vowell |first=Pieter Garicano and Ned |date=2021-10-28 |title=Oxford Union votes not to look to the US for leadership |url=https://cherwell.org/2021/10/28/oxford-union-votes-not-to-look-to-the-us-for-leadership/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Cherwell |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*[https://archive.org/details/usmilitarystrate0000acha ''U.S. Military Strategy in the Gulf: Origins and Evolution under the Carter and Reagan Administrations''], Routledge, 1989
*''The Quest for Identity: International Relations of Southeast Asia'', Oxford University Press, 2000
*[https://archive.org/details/constructingsecu0000acha ''Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order''], Routledge, 2001, 2009, 2014
*''Singapore’s Foreign Policy: The Search for Regional Order'', World Scientific, 2007
*[https://archive.org/details/whoseideasmatter00acha ''Whose Ideas Matter? Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism''], Cornell University Press, 2009
*''New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues'', with Richard Stubbs, UBC Press, 1995
*''Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation: National Interests and Regional Order'', with See Seng Tan, Routledge, 2004
*{{cite book |title=The Once and Future World Order |date=2025-04-08 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-1-5416-0414-8 |publication-place=New York}} <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaicker |first=Abhishek |date=2025-06-06 |title=Worried the World Is Falling Apart? That's OK. It's Happened Before. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/06/books/review/the-once-and-future-world-order-amitav-acharya-the-golden-road-william-dalrymple.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varadarajan |first=By Tunku |title='The Once and Future World Order' Review: After Pax Americana |url=https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/the-once-and-future-world-order-review-after-pax-americana-20ff8105 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Democratic ideals and the rule of law have persisted across nations and eras |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2025/0611/decline-of-the-west-amitav-acharya-the-once-and-future-world-order |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}</ref>
*''From Southeast Asia to Indo-Pacific: Culture, Identity, and the Return to Geopolitics'', Penguin Books, 2025

He has also co-authored or edited:
*''New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues'', with Richard Stubbs, UBC Press, 1995
*''Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation: National Interests and Regional Order'', with See Seng Tan, Routledge, 2004
*''UN Peace Operations and Asian Security'', with Mely Caballero-Anthony, Routledge, 2005
*''Non-Traditional Security in Asia: The Dynamics of Securitization'', with Mely Caballero-Anthony and Ralf Emmers, Ashgate, 2006
*[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780262511896 ''Reassessing Security Cooperation in Asia-Pacific''], with Evelyn Goh, MIT Press, 2007
*''Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective'', with Alastair Iain Johnston, Cambridge University Press, 2007
*''Theorizing Southeast Asian Relations: Emerging Debates'', with Richard Stubbs, Routledge, 2008
*''Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the Asian-African Conference for International Order'', with See Seng Tan, National University of Singapore Press, 2008
*''Living with China: Regional States and China through Crises and Turning Points'', with [[Shiping Tang]] and Li Mingjiang, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009
*''Non-Western International Relations Theory: Reflections on and Beyond Asia'', with Barry Buzan, Routledge, 2010
*''Why Govern? Rethinking Demand and Progress in Global Governance'', Cambridge University Press, 2016
*''Africa in Global International Relations: Emerging Approaches to Theory and Practice'', with Paul-Henri Bischoff and Kwesi Aning, Routledge, 2016
*''The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at Its Centenary'', with Barry Buzan, Cambridge University Press, 2019
*''Divergent Worlds: What the Ancient Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Can Tell Us About the Future of International Order'', with Manjeet S. Pardesi, Yale University Press, 2025

Acharya has also published several articles in a wide range of International Relations journals. Some of his widely cited articles include:
*Ideas, Identity, and Institution-Building: From the ‘ASEAN Way’ to the ‘Asia-Pacific Way’?, ''The Pacific Review'', 10, no. 3 (1997)
*Human Security: East versus West, ''International Journal'', 56, no. 3 (2001)
*Will Asia’s Past Be Its Future?, ''International Security'', 28, no. 3 (2003–04)
*How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism, ''International Organization'', 58, no. 2 (2004)
*The Emerging Regional Architecture of World Politics, ''World Politics'', 59, no. 4 (2007)
*Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-Making in the Third World, ''International Studies Quarterly'', 55, no. 1 (2011)
*Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds: A New Agenda for International Studies, ''International Studies Quarterly'', 58, no. 4 (2014)

== References ==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
*{{Twitter}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Amitav}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:American University faculty]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Murdoch University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian international relations scholars]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Studies Association]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Chulalongkorn University|Amitav Acharya]]

GoBackModi

2026-04-30T02:00:09Z

ArleneBelmore12:

{{Short description|Social media movement against Narendra Modi}}
{{Recentism|date=December 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Narendra Damodardas Modi.jpg|300x300px]]
{{Correct title|#GoBackModi|reason=#}}
'''#GoBackModi''' is a [[hashtag]] and movement that protests and voices opposition against the Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s visits to various places, primarily throughout India, and sporadically throughout the world. The hashtag first gained popularity on 12 April 2018, when Modi visited [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to inaugurate a defence exhibition, and has been especially popular in the state ever since.<ref>{{cite news |author=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=1 March 2019 |title=Why Tamil Nadu Says #GoBackModi Every Time He Visits |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |url=https://thewire.in/politics/why-tamil-nadu-says-gobackmodi-every-time-he-visits}}</ref> However, the movement's first instance was a Malayalam language variation of the hashtag named '''PoMoneModi''', and has been adopted since May 2016, when Modi was campaigning for elections in Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/protests-across-chennai-pm-visits-gobackmodi-trends-twitter-worldwide-79440 |title=Protests across Chennai as PM visits, GoBackModi trends on Twitter worldwide |date=12 April 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

The hashtag has been prominently used by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], the current ruling party in the state of Tamil Nadu, and also by notable people like [[Meena Kandasamy]], [[Oviya]] to express dissent against Modi's visits.<ref>{{cite news |author=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=29 January 2019 |title=#GoBackModi: Why Dissing the PM is a Trend in TN |work=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/social-dangal/gobackmodi-hashtag-why-is-tn-anti-modi-dmk-tamil-identity-politics#read-more}}</ref><ref name="oviya-complaint">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-bjp-member-files-complaint-against-actor-oviyaa-go-back-modi-tweet-143442 |title=TN BJP member files complaint against actor Oviyaa for 'Go Back Modi' tweet |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=15 February 2021}}</ref> The movement has also had on the ground protests, in places surrounding the areas that Modi visits.<ref name=":0" />

== Background ==
Narendra Modi was elected as the Prime Minister of India in the [[2014 Indian general election]]. Along the span of his tenure, Modi and his party, the [[BJP]]'s statements and decisions were increasingly being seen as opposing and neutralizing all dissent towards the party and its conservative ideologies.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ganguly |first=Meenakshi |date=13 December 2019 |title=Dissent Is 'Anti-National' in Modi's India |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/13/dissent-anti-national-modis-india}}</ref>

== Movements ==
=== India ===

==== Kerala ====
{{Synthesis|section|date=December 2025}}
Two years after being elected as the prime minister, Modi visited the state of [[Kerala]] in May 2016, to campaign for the BJP in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]. During a campaign rally, Modi gave a speech in which he compared the infant mortality rate of [[Kerala]] to that of [[Somalia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-does-pm-modi-get-when-he-compares-kerala-somalia-pomonemodi-trend-43051 |title=What does PM Modi get when he compares Kerala to Somalia? A #PoMoneModi trend |date=11 May 2016 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> [[Kerala]] is one of the most religiously heterogeneous states in India, and the [[Kerala model]] has consistently been praised as one of the most socially developed states.At the time of his remarks, IMR of [[Kerala]] was 10 IMR of [[Gujarat]] was 30,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1796436 | title=Status of IMR and MMR in India }}</ref> the average IMR of India was 34 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/O4l07Cw3gX3FEwZfS9s8WO/Indias-infant-mortality-rate-declines-8-in-2016.html | title=India's infant mortality rate declines 8% in 2016 | work=mint | date=30 September 2017 | last1=Sharma | first1=Neetu Chandra }}</ref> and [[Somalia]] had an average of 137.This IMR of 10 is best in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maya |first=C. |date=2021-10-27 |title=At 6, Kerala's single-digit IMR a great achievement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/at-6-keralas-single-digit-imr-a-great-achievement/article37195817.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Consequently, Modi's statement criticising [[Kerala]]'s social indicators immediately drew strong reactions from all the major political figures, including the Kerala chief minister at the time, [[Oommen Chandy]], who demanded that Modi withdraw his remarks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pomonemodi-go-home-kid-tweeple-to-pm-after-kerala-somalia-analogy/story-qef9qR2tFMBIKmUIW45YyK.html |title=#PoMoneModi: 'Go home, kid' Tweeple to PM after Kerala, Somalia analogy |date=11 May 2016 |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> The [[BJP]] won one seat that election.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kumar |first=Aswin J. |date=26 March 2021 |title=Kerala elections: BJP spent Rs 43 crore in 2016, won 1 seat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/bjp-spent-rs-43cr-in-2016-won-1-seat/articleshow/81694907.cms}}</ref> As another consequence of Modi's remark, a social media campaign took off, making use of the hashtag #PoMoneModi, loosely translating to "Go Back Modi". The hashtag is also a reference to the popular punchline [[Narasimham (film)#Legacy|"Nee Po Mone Dinesha"]] from the film ''Narasimham''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rajan |first=Nandagopal |date=13 May 2016 |title=#PoMoneModi: Angry Kerala responds to PM Modi's Somalia comparision |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pomonemodi-trends-across-india-as-kerala-twitterati-vent-ire-at-pm/}}</ref>

==== Tamil Nadu ====
On 12 April 2018, Modi visited Chennai to inaugurate a defence expo organised by the [[Defence Exhibition Organisation]]. The day Modi arrived in Chennai, mass protests erupted, some of which were spearheaded by the DMK president and current Tamil Nadu chief minister, [[M. K. Stalin]]. The protests were characterized by black insignia, a colour associated with the [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian ideology]] in the state.<ref>{{cite news |author=Natarajan |first=Anand |date=15 October 2012 |title=It's not all black and white in TN dress politics |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/its-not-all-black-and-white-in-tn-dress-politics-118749-2012-10-15}}</ref> Simultaneously, social media campaigns erupted making use of the hashtag #GoBackModi for the first time. The hashtag became the top worldwide trend on Twitter that day,<ref>{{cite news |author=Tabrez |first=Huda |date=12 April 2018 |title=#GoBackModi becomes top worldwide trend on social media |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/gobackmodi-becomes-top-worldwide-trend-on-social-media-1.2204391}}</ref> and has been embraced to demonstrate protests every time Modi visits Tamil Nadu, ever since.

==== Other States ====

Apart from being repeatedly embraced by the South Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, the movement has also seen support in [[Karnataka]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gobackmodi-trends-top-on-twitter-during-pms-visit/article30464162.ece |title=#GoBackModi trends top on Twitter during PM's visit |date=3 January 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Teja |first=Charan |date=10 February 2019 |title=#GoBackModi trends on Twitter again, TDP protests in Andhra over PM visit |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gobackmodi-trends-twitter-again-tdp-protests-andhra-over-pm-visit-96494}}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/rights/joint-platform-of-central-trade-unions-to-mark-january-31-as-day-of-betrayal |title=Joint Platform of Central Trade Unions to Mark January 31 as 'Day of Betrayal' |date=24 January 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref> [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/1/11/go-back-modi-india-protesters-condemn-pms-visit-to-kolkata |title='Go back Modi': India protesters condemn PM's visit to Kolkata |date=11 January 2020 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> and also the [[Northeast India|Northeastern]] states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] among others.<ref>{{cite news |author=Bansal |first=Priyanka |date=12 February 2019 |title='Go Back Modi' Protests Mark PM's Visits to Andhra & Northeast |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/social-dangal/go-back-modi-modi-destroys-andhra-hashtags-pm-modi-twitter-trends#read-more}}</ref>

=== Foreign ===

==== Bangladesh ====
{{main|2021 Bangladesh anti-Modi protests}}
[[Bangladesh]]'s golden jubilee celebration turned chaotic as protests erupted against Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who visited [[Dhaka]] on March 26 2021 as the chief guest. At least 10 people died and dozens were injured in anti-Modi demonstrations. The visit, marking [[Bangladesh]]'s 50th Independence Day, led the government to deploy border security forces nationwide and restrict Facebook and messaging app access to quell mobilization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Faisal |title=Why did Bangladesh witness anti-Modi protests? |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-did-bangladesh-witness-anti-modi-protests-45426 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.trtworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Tensions had surfaced a week earlier with rallies in Dhaka opposing Modi's visit, criticizing him for the 2002 Gujarat pogrom and human rights issues in India. Protests turned violent on March 26 after Friday prayers in [[Dhaka]], [[Brahmanbaria]], and [[Chattogram]], resulting in fatalities and injuries. The relationship between [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]], historically close since Bangladesh's independence, has strained amid Modi's tenure due to his Hindu nationalist stance and controversial policies.

[[Sheikh Hasina]] faces challenges reconciling anti-Modi sentiment, amplified by issues like the National Register of Citizens and Citizenship Amendment Act, seen as discriminatory. Critics, including Dhaka University's Imtiaz Ahmed, deemed Modi's invitation for the golden jubilee inappropriate, citing conflicts over Teesta river water-sharing and border incidents.

Asif Shibgat Bhuiyan, a Bangladeshi blogger, noted protests stemmed from diverse political motivations: religious conservatives opposing Modi's perceived anti-Muslim stance and left-leaning parties rejecting Hindu nationalism's rise in Indian politics
.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Muslims, students protest Indian PM's visit to Bangladesh |url=https://apnews.com/article/dhaka-narendra-modi-india-bangladesh-dfd4e93079efc0a3b4bc5449d128d122 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Reactions ===
The primary target of the movement, the BJP, has claimed that the hashtag is inorganic and has been propagated by users from Pakistan in the past.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sinha |first1=Pratik |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Pooja |date=13 October 2019 |title=Fact check: Was a Pakistani conspiracy behind #GoBackModi trending as India Today, others claimed? |work=Scroll |url=https://scroll.in/article/940343/fact-check-was-a-pakistani-conspiracy-behind-gobackmodi-trending-as-india-today-others-claimed}}</ref> A BJP member also filed a case on Tamil actor [[Oviya]] for using the hashtag.<ref name="oviya-complaint"/>

==See also==
* [[Public image of Narendra Modi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Indian political slogans]]
[[Category:2018 in Internet culture]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced from India]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in India]]

Abdur Razzak (Murshidabad politician)

2026-04-29T08:24:19Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting basic details with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Abdur Razzak''' (born 1958)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Abdur Razzak(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- JALANGI(MURSHIDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1984 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Jalangi Assembly constituency in [[Murshidabad district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalangi Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Jalangi Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-jalangi-constituency-76.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He switched to the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2026 and contested from [[Jalangi Assembly constituency|Jalangi Assembly Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiti |first=Subhendu |date=2026-04-16 |title=Jalangi TMC MLA Abdur Razzak quits after being denied ticket for West Bengal assembly polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/west-bengal-elections/2026/Apr/16/jalangi-tmc-mla-abdur-razzak-quits-after-being-denied-ticket-for-west-bengal-assembly-polls |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Razzak is from Jalangi, Murshidabad district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Kaifatulla Mandal. He completed his BEd in 1993 and later did his MA in 1994 at University of Calcutta.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Razzak won from [[Jalangi Assembly constituency]] representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 123,840 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Saiful Islam Molla of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 79,276 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Jalangi, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jalangi-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797156-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalangi Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Abdur Razzak of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jalangi-election-result-2021-live-updates-jalangi-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697190.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing Communist Party of India (Marxist) from Jalangi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-14 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Jalangi profile: CPM's Abdur Razzak won from seat in past two polls |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-jalangi-profile-cpms-abdur-razzak-won-from-seat-in-past-two-polls-9411111.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He retained it for the second term winning the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] also on Communist Party of India (Marxist) ticket. Later, he shifted to Trinamool Congress and won the third term in 2021 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Jalangi Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Jalangi assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/jalangi-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-jalangi-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9151031.htm |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Razzak, Abdur}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]

Prabodh Chandra Sinha

2026-04-20T08:35:27Z

ArleneBelmore12: added new article...

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prabodh Chandra Sinha
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2016
| constituency = [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
| predecessor = Ramapada Samanta
| successor = [[Soumen Mahapatra]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|Democratic Socialist Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Prabodh Chandra Sinha''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]], as a member of the [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRABODH CHANDRA SINHA (Winner) PINGLA (PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1283|access-date=2025-08-09|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2011|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html|access-date=2025-08-09|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pingla Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/pingla-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-08-09|website=Result University}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bokaro Steel Worker's Union

2026-04-20T01:17:17Z

ArleneBelmore12: created first page basic info

{{short description|Trade union in India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}{{notability|1=Companies|date=July 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox union
| name = Bokaro Steel Worker's Union Reg.no 275/2021 new jharkhand 1034/62 bihar
| location = [[India]]
| affiliations = [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC)
| full_name = Bokaro Steel Worker's Union
| native_name =
| image =
| founder = [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
| founded = 1963 by [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
| key_people = Chandrashekhar Dubey
| dissolved =
| merged_into =
| headquarters = Sector 3/B 375 Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand. Pin: 827003
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bokaro Steel Worker's Union''' is a union of workers of [[Bokaro Steel Plant]], Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand. It was founded by Veteran Trade Unionist and former Chief Minister of Undivided Bihar [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] in the year 1963, of which he was its first President. Later he made INTUC President [[Michael John (trade unionist)|Michael John]] its president and he himself became its secretary. It is affiliated to ITUC affiliated [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC).

== History ==

[[File:Bindeshwari.indira(1).jpg|right|thumb|A picture of [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] and [[Indira Gandhi]] in a BSWU meeting in Sector 3, Bokaro Steel City, [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]) in the year 1979.]]

[[Bindeshwari Dubey]] was the tallest leader of Bokaro Steel Worker's Union. He was 6 times MLA, one time Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha MP from each house, variously Minister in Bihar and Central Government and State's Chief Minister. During the low popularity of former PM Indira Gandhi, after the emergency, Dubey kept a meeting in the Union office of BSWU in Sector 3, Bokaro, in 1979 in which she was a chief guest. The city had seen the largest record crowd to date. Dubey was variously Union's president and Secretary from its formation until his death on 20 January 1993 (for 30 years continuously). He was its unanimous leader. Its other prominent leaders' names are H.C.L. Shrivastava, Parmanand Tripathi and Chandrashekhar Dubey.

== Presidents and secretaries ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! President and Tenur ! General Secretary and Tenure
! Portrait of General Secretary
! Other Important Posts
|-
| 1
| [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] (1963–64)
|
| Fulena Prasad Verma
|
| H.C.L. Shrivastava and Ramadhar Singh (Vice President)
|-
| 2
| Michael John (1964–77)
|
| [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|
| [[Ram Narayan Sharma]] (Working President)
|-
| 1
| [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] (1977–93)
|
| H.C.L. Shrivastava (until August 1990), Parmanand Tripathi (1990-93)
|
| Parmanand Tripathi (Working President) (until 1990), D.K.Choubey (Working President) (from 1990), A.K.Tripathi (Vice President)<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1280861/ Bokaro Steel Workers' Union And ... vs State Of Bihar And Ors. on 10 January 1999] indiankanoon.com</ref>
|-
| 4
| Chandrashekhar Dubey (1993–94)
|
| Parmanand Tripathi
|
| D.K. Choubey (Working President)
|-
| 5
| Kamal Ranjan Dubey 2021 till continue
|
| Chandrashekhar Dubey General Secretary 1994 to 10 July 2025
Abhay kumar Dubey 4 August 2025 to continue
|
| I D Paswan(Working President)
|
|}

== Controversy ==
In the year 1985 when Union's President [[Bindeshwari Dubey]] became Chief Minister of Undivided Bihar he left to Patna, its Working President Parmanand Tripathi and Secretary H.C.L. Shrivastava started fighting to capture the union and its office situated in sector-3 of Bokaro. Consequently, the matter went to court and the office was locked. Then H.C.L. Shrivastava made his other group of the union with the same name and claimed his group as a real Bokaro Steel Worker's Union (BSWU) in August 1990 claiming Parmanand Tripathi had made a fake list of office bearers. Both considered Dubey as their leaders but he had to be on one side so he chose Tripathi.<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1982522/ Ram Chandra Singh And Anr. With Hcl ... vs State Of Bihar And Ors. on 19 July 2001] Indiankanoon.com</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]

GVK EMRI

2026-04-18T23:00:50Z

ArleneBelmore12: created basic details basic info

{{Short description|Indian nonprofit care organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = GVK EMRI
| full_name = GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname =
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = 2005
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type =
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
| purpose =
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| location =
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = [[India]]
| products =
| services =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| num_members_year =
| language =
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK]]
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| num_staff = 47,000+
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| website = http://www.emri.in
| remarks =
| former_name =
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
| prayer =
| ideology =
| flag =
}}

'''GVK EMRI''' is an Indian [[Not-for-Profit|not-for-profit]] organisation and the largest [[ambulatory care]] provider in the world, providing [[emergency medical services]] coverage to 800 million people across [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/187773/gvk-emri-108-ambulance-emergency-healthcare-service-india/|title=Calling 108: How One Institution Pioneered Emergency Medical Services in India|date=2019-07-04|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

== History ==
Dr. [[AP Ranga Rao]] is credited with first conceptualizing 108 ambulance services in India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dr-ap-ranga-rao-dead/article23550409.ece|title=Dr. A.P. Ranga Rao dead|date=2018-04-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> having spent 10 years working with the [[National Health Service]] in Britain learning about emergency systems.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2005, the CEO of an Indian-based, German multinational corporation, [[Venkat Changavalli]], invited [[Byrraju Ramalinga Raju|Ramalinga Raju]], the Chairman of [[Satyam Computer Services]] at the time, to be the chief guest at a business conference.<ref name=":0" /> After the conference, Raju proposed creating an [[emergency medical services]] organization for India, and the [[Satyam Foundation]] began initial its operations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFt0DwAAQBAJ&q=gvk+acquires+emri&pg=PA30|title=Every Second Counts: Saving Lives with India's Emergency Response System|last=Haseltine|first=William A.|date=2018-12-11|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-3708-7|language=en}}</ref> Emergency Management & Research Institute (EMRI) was separately founded and on April 15, 2005, Changavalli became the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of EMRI.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/gvk-run-108-emergency-response-services-to-be-launched-overseas/articleshow/48495222.cms?from=mdr|title=GVK-run '108' emergency response services to be launched overseas|date=2015-08-15|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> Satyam Foundation's operations were later integrated into EMRI, with [[Satyam Computers]] (later purchased by Tech Mahindra)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/tech-mahindra-completes-satyam-merger-becomes-5th-biggest-it-firm/articleshow/20757613.cms|title=Tech Mahindra completes Satyam merger, becomes 5th biggest IT firm|date=2013-06-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref> remaining the technology partner.<ref name=":2" /> EMRI was launched on August 15, 2005 with 14 ambulances and 70 employees in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":3" />

When Raju was imprisoned for corporate fraud in January 2009,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/satyams-raju-held-guilty-of-cheating-1428564725|title=Satyam Founder Gets Prison for Fraud|last=Bellman|first=Dhanya Ann Thoppil and Eric|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/h785U22XrP2Il9m4UyrAKP/Satyam-verdict-B-Ramalinga-Raju-9-others-held-guilty.html|title=Satyam scam: Ramalinga Raju gets 7 years in jail|last=Kalavalapalli|first=Yogendra|date=2015-04-09|website=livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref> Changavalli had grown EMRI to eight states across India as CEO.<ref name=":0" /> The scandal compromised EMRI, which had to operate without funding for four months while receiving funding assurances from the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|YS Rajasekhara Reddy]], until May,<ref name=":0" /> at which point [[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK]] acquired EMRI, rebranding the organization as "GVK EMRI."<ref name=":2" /> In 2013, Changavalli stepped down as CEO of GVK EMRI.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/emri-ceo-changavalli-quits-111020200091_1.html|title=EMRI CEO Changavalli quits|date=2011-02-02|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>

In 2015, GVK EMRI signed an [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] to expand its operations to Sri Lanka,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/gvk-emri-completes-10-years-of-providing-emergency-response-services/article7544141.ece|title=GVK EMRI completes 10 years of providing emergency response services|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> and had expanded there by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/gvk-emri-to-now-provide-108-ambulance-services-in-sri-lanka/|title=GVK EMRI to now provide 108 ambulance services in Sri Lanka|website=medicaldialogues.in|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

GVK EMRI began digitizing their operations in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/544471/smartphones-sought-108-ambulance-drivers.html|title=Smartphones sought for '108' ambulance drivers to digitise operations|date=2016-05-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

By 2017, GVK EMRI had expanded to 14 states and partnered with [[Robert Bosch GmbH]] to improve their technology usage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/robert-bosch-ties-up-with-gvk-emri-to-tackle-road-emergencies-939733-2017-06-07|title=Robert Bosch ties up with GVK-EMRI to tackle road emergencies|date=June 7, 2017|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

== Structure ==
EMRI was structured as a not-for-profit and continues to operate via [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnerships]] created with the government of Indian states.<ref name=":3" /> EMRI services are provisioned to the public free of charge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://michiganross.umich.edu/news/prominent-indian-business-leader-gv-sanjay-reddy-address-university-michigan-s-graduating-class|title=Prominent Indian Business Leader, GV Sanjay Reddy to address the University of Michigan's Graduating Class at the Ross School of Business|website=michiganross.umich.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2016/Q4/alumnus,-vice-chair-of-indian-conglomerate-to-give-keynote-address-at-purdue-winter-commencement.html|title=Alumnus, vice chair of Indian conglomerate gives keynote address at Purdue winter commencement|publisher=Purdue News Service|website=purdue.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> 85 to 90% of patients treated are the poorest people in India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2015fall/indias-medical-miracle.html|title=India's medical miracle|last=Jain|first=Siddharth|website=Stanford Medicine|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> EMRI's ambulance system is financially supported by state governments, the federal government, and by philanthropic contributions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/shp-research-indicates-nonprofit-ambulance-service-reduces-neonatal-and-infant-mortality-india|title=FSI - Massive ambulance service reduces neonatal and infant mortality in India|website=fsi.stanford.edu|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

GVK EMRI's service has grown to 16 states and a fleet of 10,000 ambulances and 47,000 employees,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/dial-108-india-s-emergency-response-number-has-saved-1-5-mn-lives-so-far-118112700662_1.html|title=Dial 108: India's emergency response number has saved 1.5 mn lives so far|last=Krishnan|first=Gina|date=2018-11-28|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> becoming recognized as the world's largest ambulatory provider, providing emergency medical coverage to 800 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmi.org.in/manageindia/articelDetails.aspx?id=668|title=Care On The Go|website=pmi.org.in|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> GVK EMRI's 27 dispatch centers receive 130,000 calls per day, to which GVK EMRI emergency medical providers respond to 80,000 emergency calls and assist with 200 childbirths per day, claiming to save 800 lives daily.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/gvk-emri-completes-10-successful-years/other/news/165485.html|title=GVK EMRI completes 10 successful years|date=August 15, 2015|work=United News of India}}</ref> GVK EMRI said its service saved more than 1.5 million lives between 2005 and 2015, though no outside entity has verified its claim.<ref name=":5" /> In a study published in ''[[Health Affairs]]'' in 2016, research conducted in two Indian states where GVK EMRI operates demonstrated their service helped reduce neonatal and infant mortality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Babiarz|first1=Kimberly S.|last2=Mahadevan|first2=Swaminatha V.|last3=Divi|first3=Nomita|last4=Miller|first4=Grant|date=2016-10-01|title=Ambulance Service Associated With Reduced Probabilities Of Neonatal And Infant Mortality In Two Indian States|journal=Health Affairs|volume=35|issue=10|pages=1774–1782|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0564|pmid=27702948|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref>

To enhance efficiency, GVK EMRI centralized and vertically integrated dispatchers at call centers with the prehospital emergency care providers, dissimilar to American 911 models in which dispatch centers may be distinct from the organizations providing care.<ref name=":4" />

GVK EMRI has partnered with [[Stanford Medicine]] faculty to conduct needs assessments and improve the quality of emergency care,<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018summer/reaching-2-billion-lives-high-tech-high-touch-medicine.html|title=Stanford envisions impacting 2 billion lives by 2025|last=Decoster|first=Jeffrey|website=Stanford Medicine|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> as well as faculty from [[Michigan Medicine]] to conduct trainings of laypeople and develop specific trauma resuscitation protocols, while training educators and researching emergency stabilization centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.umich.edu/u-ms-new-collaboration-could-help-rethink-trauma-care-in-india/|title=U-M's new collaboration could help rethink trauma care in India|date=2019-11-06|website=University of Michigan News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Emergency medical services in India]]

Cyberpeace Foundation

2026-04-18T22:58:16Z

ArleneBelmore12: created some article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Non-profit Cyber security Organization}}
{{orphan|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = CyberPeace Foundation
| full_name =
| logo = CyberPeace Logo 2023.png
| logo_alt = CyberPeace Logo
| logo_caption = CyberPeace Logo
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation =
| nickname =
| pronunciation =
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| type = [[Non-Profit]]
| registration_id = 
| status = Foundation
| purpose = Towards a peaceful cyberspace for all.
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| location =
| coordinates = 
| owner = 
| leader_title = Founder & Global President
| leader_name = Vineet Kumar
| board_of_directors =
| successor =
| formation = 2005
| founder = Vineet Kumar
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| key_people =
| website = {{URL|https://www.cyberpeace.org/}}
}}
'''CyberPeace Foundation''' is an Indian [[Nonpartisanism|nonpartisan]], [[nonprofit organization]] of [[Computer security|Cyber Security]] that works to build [[Cyber resilience|resilience]] against [[cyberattack]] and [[Cybercrime|cybercrimes]]. CyberPeace closely works with several state and national governments, [[Educational institution|educational Institutions]] worldwide and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Liffy |title=Are we being responsible Netizens? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/digital-citizenship-for-kids-in-india/article26701777.ece |work=The Hindu |date=1 April 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Life behind the firewall: What it’s like to be an ethical hacker today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/life-behind-the-firewall-what-it-s-like-to-be-an-ethical-hacker-today/story-n7OZEk8heyt0BJ9Km1kiUI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Liffy |title=Are we being responsible Netizens? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/digital-citizenship-for-kids-in-india/article26701777.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=1 April 2019}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Cybersecurity: New forms of crime emerging |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/cybersecurity-new-forms-of-crime-emerging-785647.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ensure that data law protects individual’s privacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ensure-that-data-law-protects-individual-s-privacy/story-X4A5Hthb67oLYrIDt0KBVL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hybrid cloud set to power better healthcare in India - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/health-it/hybrid-cloud-set-to-power-better-healthcare-in-india/83168844 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Organization is registered with [[NITI Aayog]] and the member of [[UN Global Compact|UN Global Compact Network India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Cyber Challenge - Peace-a-thon |url=https://www.mygov.in/task/global-cyber-challenge-peace-thon/ |website=MyGov.in |language=en |date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

==History and notable cases==
CyberPeace Foundation was established in 2005 by Vineet Kumar, a former [[chief technical officer]] of [[Jharkhand Police]]. CPF was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyberpeace Foundation {{!}} Vineet Kumar {{!}} Interview {{!}} i-genius {{!}} Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation |url=https://www.i-genius.org/eprofiles/cyber-peace-foundation-vineet-kumar-interview/ |website=www.i-genius.org}}</ref> The organization was formed with the vision of pioneering cyber peace initiatives to build collective resilience against [[cybercrime]] and global threats of [[cyber warfare]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadhaar detail leak in Jharkhand sign of deep cyber security flaws: Experts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aadhaar-detail-leak-in-jharkhand-a-sign-of-india-s-deep-cyber-security-flaws-experts/story-o4JJK5jTiE3NIuqUDwYfiN.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=23 April 2017}}</ref>

From its beginning in 2013, CPF rallied tremendous support from several patrons and advisors and slowly grew in size and scale in the following years.

In January 2015, CyberPeace Foundation collaborated with [[Gujarat Technological University]] launched e-Raksha Research Centre to fight [[cyber crime|Cybercrime]] with the goal of establishing a peaceful [[Cyberspace|cyber space]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Technological University launches e-Raksha centre to fight cybercrime |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/gujarat-technological-university-launches-e-raksha-centre-to-fight-cybercrime/articleshow/46038444.cms? |work=The Economic Times |date=28 January 2015}}</ref>

The foundation was associated with [[UNICEF]] for [[cyber bullying]] and online child safety specially during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=For parents: Keeping children safe online during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.unicef.org/india/reports/parents-keeping-children-safe-online-during-covid-19-pandemic |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cyber bullies wreak havoc even in rural government schools |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/feb/15/cyber-bullies-wreak-havoc-even-in-rural-govt-schools-2103714.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UNICEF, Cyberpeace Foundation list out methods to secure children's online activities |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2020/jun/10/unicef-cyber-peace-foundation-list-out-methods-to-secure-childrens-online-activities-12543.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In July 2019, CyberPeace Foundation and [[Data security|Data Security]] Council of India with the support of [[Google]], complete a capacity building initiative for law enforcement officers on cyber crime investigations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyberpeace Foundation and Data Security Council of India (DSCI), supported by Google, complete a capacity building initiative for law enforcement agencies on investigating cybercrime. {{!}} Data Security Council of India |url=https://www.dsci.in/content/cyber-peace-foundation-and-data-security-council-india-dsci-supported-google-complete |work=www.dsci.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cyberpeace Foundation, DSCI and Google organise workshop for law enforcement officers |url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/cyber-peace-foundation-dsci-and-google-organises-workshop-for-law-enforcement-officers/37464/ |website=Express Computer |date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, the foundation helped national Government to protect [[Aadhaar]] details of Individuals specially when sudden cases of [[Aadhaar|Aadhaar Information]] leak increased in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deogharia |first1=Jaideep |title=Experts: IT awareness must for protecting Aadhaar details {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/experts-it-awareness-must-for-protecting-aadhaar-details/articleshow/58353448.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deogharia |first1=Jaideep |title=Cyber experts sound alert about vulnerability of govt sites, Aadhar data at risk {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Cyber-experts-sound-alert-about-vulnerability-of-govt-sites-Aadhar-data-at-risk/articleshow/54449774.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

CPF has also initiated the first ever platform dedicated to Cyber Diplomacy issues across the world which brings to the forefront evidence-rich narratives and opinions from experts.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cyber Diplomat |url=https://thecyberdiplomat.com |website=The Cyber Diplomat}}</ref>

CyberPeace Foundation works towards Internet Governance and Cyber Security and also involved in Policy advocacy, Research and training related to all aspects of Cyber peace and cyber security.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building Resiliency against cyber crime |url=https://www.upes.ac.in/media/4909/building-resiliency-against-cybercrimes-cyberpeace-foundation.pdf |website=upes.ac.in}}</ref>

In December 2018, The Digital Shakti campaign was launched by CyberPeace Foundation in collaboration with [[Facebook]] and [[National Commission for Women]]. It was for raising awareness among young women about online resilience and safety. The Cyberpeace Foundation's team interacted with 60,000 women across six states in India. On Feb 2020, CPF launched the second phase of Digital Shakti Campaign with an aim to train 1,10,000 women across India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The National Commission for Women, in partnership with Facebook and Cyberpeace Foundation, launched the Digital Literacy & Online Safety Programme for North East Women in Imphal, Manipur. {{!}} National Commission for Women |url=http://ncw.nic.in/media/photo-gallery/national-commission-women-partnership-facebook-and-cyber-peace-foundation-launched |website=ncw.nic.in}}</ref>

In August 2019, [[OLX]] partnered with CyberPeace Foundation for safe internet practices.<ref>{{cite news |title=OLX joins hands with Cyberpeace Foundation for safe internet practices |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/olx-joins-hands-with-cyber-peace-foundation-for-safe-internet-practices/articleshow/70603490.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=9 August 2019}}</ref>

In January 2020, the CyberPeace Foundation and the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] together designed ''CCTNS Hackathon'' and Cyber Challenge 2020 with the aim to enhance skills and knowledge of [[law enforcement]] individuals at ground level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Launch of CCTNS Hackathon and Cyber Challenge |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/launch-of-cctns-hackathon-and-cyber-challenge-120021000942_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=10 February 2020}}</ref>

On Feb 2020, Facebook launched ‘We Think Digital’, a literacy programme for women in Uttar Pradesh, India in collaboration with [[National Commission for Women|NCW]] and CyberPeace Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook Starts Literacy Program For Women in UP; Will Expand to More States This Year |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/facebook-starts-literacy-program-for-women-in-up-will-expand-to-more-states-this-year-2497997.html |work=News18 |date=12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi ‘advises’ women panel to publicise government schemes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/yogi-advises-women-panel-to-publicise-government-schemes/story-95JHhcPA39qEFWaUOecvXO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

CyberPeace Foundation, in collaboration with [[NCERT]] and [[UNESCO]], New Delhi, launched the eRaksha Competition 2020 focussed on Digital Citizenship, Online Safety and tackling fake news & misinformation.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCERT launches e-Raksha competition 2020 on Digital citizenship, online safety and tracking of Fake news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ncert-launches-e-raksha-competition-2020-on-digital-citizenship-online-safety-and-tracking-of-fake-news/story-JrcEAI1PXjmIMfhKOnzDcJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=eRaksha Competition {{!}} Official Portal |url=https://www.eraksha.net |website=eRaksha}}</ref> In May 2021, the third eRaksha Competition was launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Third edition of 'eRaksha Competition 2021' launched to promote online safety |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/news-third-edition-of-eraksha-competition-2021-launched-to-promote-online-safety-eraksha-net-708460 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |date=2021-06-01}}</ref>

CPF also partners with many Government and Non-Governmental Organizations to support them in fighting against the [[Cyber Crime]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra cops, Tamil Nadu auto plant hit as India too comes under cyber attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/andhra-cops-tamil-nadu-auto-plant-hit-as-india-too-comes-under-cyberattack/articleshow/58664222.cms |agency=TOI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China-based hackers luring Indians into fake Tata Motors scam |url=https://telanganatoday.com/china-based-hackers-luring-indians-into-fake-tata-motors-scam |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

In May 2021, the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] along with [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and CyberPeace Foundation, launched a digital training Project eSaksham to train 5 lakh students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Education along with AICTE and CyberPeace Foundation launch project e-Saksham in India {{!}} W.Media |url=https://w.media/ministry-of-education-along-with-aicte-and-cyberpeace-foundation-launch-project-e-saksham-in-india/ |website=Ministry of Education India |date=2021-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt Launches Project eSaksham to Train 5 Lakh Students, Educators |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/govt-launches-project-esaksham-to-train-5-lakh-students-educators-3746537.html |work=www.news18.com |date=2021-05-17 |language=en}}</ref>

== Campaign ==

On March 16, 2022 #SurakshaThon2022, a Capture The Flag (CTF) #Hackathon jointly organized by [[Rashtriya Raksha University]], Gujarat and CyberPeace Foundation under the Conference on Information Security in Government Organisations 2022 <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sehgal |first1=Sonal |title=RRU & CPF Surkasha-thon |url=https://twitter.com/sastra_india/status/1506308986240647170 |website=Twitter |publisher=Rashtriya Raksha University |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Foundations]]

K. R. Nagaraj

2026-04-18T12:49:53Z

ArleneBelmore12: Done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|text=businessman [[K. R. Nagarajan]] and politician [[K. P. Nagarajan]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Aroori Ramesh
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''K. R. Nagaraj''' (born 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana State|Telangana state]]. He is an MLA from [[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapeta Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community [[Warangal district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Former IPS officers political entry: Nagaraj registers victory, Praveen Kumar tastes defeat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/former-ips-officers-political-entry-nagaraj-registers-victory-praveen-kumar-tastes-defeat/article67602547.ece |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Former IPS Officer K.R. Nagaraj Clinches Wardhannapet Seat for Congress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/031223/former-ips-officer-kr-nagaraj-clinches-wardhannapet-seat-for-congres.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wardhanapet Constituency Election Results 2023: Wardhanapet Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/wardhanapet |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nagaraj is from [[Warangal]]. His father's name is K. Karpan. He completed his graduation in 1988 at a college in [[Hanamkonda|Hanumakonda]], affiliated with [[Kakatiya University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.R.Nagaraj.K(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- WARADHANAPET (SC)(WARANGAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=334 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He was an IPS officer and worked as [[Nizamabad Police Commissionerate|Nizamabad Police Commissioner]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Nagaraj won the [[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapeta Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 106,696 votes, and defeated his nearest rival Aroori Ramesh of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a margin of 19,458 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Waradhanapet Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's K.r.nagaraj.k wins Waradhanapet with 106696 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/waradhanapet-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471020-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Telangana Election Results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-9050593/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaraj, K. R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Rahish Khan

2026-04-16T06:27:37Z

ArleneBelmore12: added a entry...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahish Khan
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
| successor = [[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Rahish Khan''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a former [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]], represented from [[Punahana Assembly constituency]].<ref name="Haryana Assembly Elections 2014: List of winning MLAs3">{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/haryana-assembly-elections-2014-list-of-winning-mlas-and-trailing-candidates-175913/|title=Haryana Assembly Elections 2014: List of winning MLAs|last1=India.com|date=19 October 2014|work=|accessdate=3 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403133521/https://www.india.com/news/india/haryana-assembly-elections-2014-list-of-winning-mlas-and-trailing-candidates-175913/|archivedate=3 April 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haryana Assembly Polls: Rahish Khan, Punhana MLA">{{cite news |last1=Hindustantimes |title=Haryana Assembly Polls: Rahish Khan, Punhana MLA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/haryana-assembly-polls-rahish-khan-punhana-mla/story-OidqhQ4ZYNoltthknttXcL.html |accessdate=8 November 2024 |date=18 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108051533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/haryana-assembly-polls-rahish-khan-punhana-mla/story-OidqhQ4ZYNoltthknttXcL.html |archivedate=8 November 2024}}</ref>

== Legislative Assembly Elections ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share
!Margin
|-
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
| rowspan="4" Punahana |[[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
|{{Lost}}
|9,774
|12.03%
|9091
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Won}}
|34,281
|29.56%
|3,141
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Lost}}
|34,276
|28.09%
|816
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Punahana Assembly Election Results 2024">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Punahana Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/haryana/punahana-constituency-result-7081 |accessdate=8 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108052021/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/haryana/punahana-constituency-result-7081 |archivedate=8 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Lost}}
|53,384
|36.49%
|31,916
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rahish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2008 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2026-04-12T09:33:29Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting first details initial version

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| season =2008
| coach = [[John Buchanan (Australian cricketer)|John Buchanan]]
| captain = [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| comp1 = [[2008 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| most runs = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (349)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Umar Gul]] (12)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2009|2009]]
}}

[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Kolkata]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008 IPL]] edition. They were captained by [[Sourav Ganguly]]. Kolkata Knight Riders finished sixth in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

==Squad==
On 11 March 2008, [[Sourav Ganguly]], the team's [[icon player]], was appointed as captain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ganguly to lead Kolkata Knight Riders |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ganguly-to-lead-kolkata-knight-riders-341969 |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 March 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KKR Indian Premier League 2007/08 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/kolkata-knight-riders-squad-338088/series-squads |access-date=12 April 2026 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%"
|-
! width=5%|No.
! width=15%|Name
! width=5%|Age
! width=15%|Nationality
! width=15%|Batting style
! width=20%|Bowling style
! width=15%|Signing price
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Batsman|Batsmen]]
|-
|00|| [[Salman Butt]] || 23 || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] || Left-handed || [[off spin|Right-arm off-break]] || [[US$]]100,000
|-
| 1|| [[Sourav Ganguly]] || 35 || {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || Left-handed || [[Fast bowling|Right-arm medium]] || US$1,092,500
|-
|11|| [[Aakash Chopra]] || 30 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
|14|| [[Ricky Ponting]] || 33 ||{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || US$400,000
|-
|17|| [[Brad Hodge]] || 33 || {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break ||
|-
| || [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] || 20 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break ||
|-
| || [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] || 26 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| || [[Debabrata Das]] || 21 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break ||
|-
| || [[Rohan Banerjee]] || 19 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Left-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[All-rounder]]s
|-
|5|| [[Mohammad Hafeez]] || 27 || {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || US$100,000
|-
| 7|| [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]] || 26 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm medium ||
|-
| 8|| [[David Hussey]] || 30 ||{{flagicon|Australia}} Australia || Right-handed || Right-arm off-break || US$625,000
|-
|45|| [[Chris Gayle]] || 28 ||{{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaica]] || Left-handed || Right-arm off-break || US$800,000
|-
| || [[Iqbal Abdulla]] || 18 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Wicket-keeper]]s
|-
| 6|| [[Wriddhiman Saha]] || 23 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || ||
|-
|13|| [[Tatenda Taibu]] || 24 ||{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe]] || Right-handed || || US$125,000
|-
|42|| [[Brendon McCullum]] || 26 || {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]] || Right-handed || || US$700,000
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowlers]]
|-
| 2|| [[Ashok Dinda]] || 24 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium ||
|-
|14|| [[Shoaib Akhtar]] || 32 ||{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan || Right-handed || Right-arm fast|| US$450,000
|-
|25|| [[Murali Kartik]] || 31 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Left-handed || Left-arm orthodox spin || US$425,000
|-
|29|| [[Ishant Sharma]] || 19 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium || US$950,000
|-
|40|| [[Ajantha Mendis]] || 23 ||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]] || Right-handed || Right arm off-break ||
|-
|55|| [[Umar Gul]] || 25 ||{{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium || US$150,000
|-
|68|| [[Ajit Agarkar]] || 30 ||{{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium || US$350,000
|-
| || [[Siddarth Kaul]] || 17 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium ||
|-
| || [[Ranadeb Bose]] || 29 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Right-arm fast-medium ||
|-
| || [[Sourashish Lahiri]] || 26 || {{flagicon|India}} India || Right-handed || Left-arm orthodox spin ||
|}

==Indian Premier League==
The team made a good start to the season by winning their first two matches against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] and [[Deccan Chargers]]. Opening batsman [[Brendon McCullum]] scored 158 runs in the first match. However, the team began to experience failures and lost the next four matches. The team managed to stage a comeback of sorts by winning the next three matches, helped by strong performances by [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Shoaib Akhtar]]. But their performance dipped again and they lost the next three matches. These included their match against [[Mumbai Indians]], in which they were bowled out for 67 runs, the lowest score by a team in the IPL 2008 season.<ref name="matc">{{cite web|url = http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/team/335971.html|title = Mumbai Indians v Kolkata Knight Riders, IPL, Mumbai|access-date = 23 May 2008|work =ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> When their match against [[Delhi Daredevils]] was washed out due to rain, they lost any chance of making it to the semifinals.<ref name="semi">{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080523/jsp/sports/story_9309469.jsp|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203171929/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080523/jsp/sports/story_9309469.jsp|url-status = dead|archive-date = 3 February 2013|title = All over for Knight Riders in 2008 – Post Kotla washout, even a win in last match won’t be enough|date = 23 May 2008|access-date = 23 May 2008|work = The Telegraph}}</ref> The Knight Riders ended their season on a winning note by defeating [[Kings XI Punjab]] on their home ground.

Financially, the Kolkata Knight Riders were easily the most successful franchise in the IPL, achieving a profit of {{INRConvert|130|m}} in the opening season itself.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/shah-rukh-plans-to-desert-kkr-for-good_19882.html|title = Shah Rukh plans to desert KKR for good|date = 30 April 2009|access-date = 19 April 2012|work = Zee News}}</ref>

===Season standings===
Kolkata Knight Riders finished sixth in the league stage of IPL 2008.
{{:2008 Indian Premier League|team=KKR}}

=== Match log ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! 2010
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || 18 April || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 140 runs, MoM- [[Brendon McCullum]] 158* (73) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335982.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || 20 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM- [[David Hussey]] 38* (43) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335986.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 3 || 26 April || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 9 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335993.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 4 || 29 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335997.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 5 || 1 May || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 45 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336000.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 6 || 3 May || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[PCA Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 9 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336003.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 || 8 May || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 5 runs, MoM- [[Sourav Ganguly]] 20 (22) and 1/7 (3 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336010.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || 11 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 23 runs, MoM- [[Sourav Ganguly]] 91 (57), 2/25 (4 overs) and 2 catches || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336014.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 || 13 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 23 runs, MoM- [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 4/11 (3 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336017.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 10 || 16 May || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 8 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336021.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 11 || 18 May || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 3 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]]) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336025.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 12 || 20 May || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336027.html Scorecard]
|-
| 13 || 22 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Delhi]] || Match abandoned due to rain || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336030.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || 25 May || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 3 wickets, MoM - [[Umar Gul]] 24 (11) and 4/23 (4 overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336035.html Scorecard]
|- " class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center; "| Overall record: 6–7. Failed to advance.
|}

==Tour of Australia==
KKR played six T20 matches against [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]] during their 2008 tour of Australia.<ref name="2008austour">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/376155.html |title=Kolkata Knight Riders tour of Australia |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> All matches were played in [[Allan Border Field]], [[Brisbane]].<ref name="2008austour"/> KKR won only one match, winning the second fixture by one wicket.<ref name="2008austour"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons]]
[[Category:2008 Indian Premier League]]

Palakonda revenue division

2026-04-12T02:00:49Z

ArleneBelmore12: added new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Palakonda revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
| image_map = Palakonda revenue division in Srikakulam district.png
| map_caption = Palalkonda revenue division in Srikakulam district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| total_type = Total
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 7,98,407
| image_skyline = Palakonda.jpg
| image_caption = Hills near [[Palakonda]]
}}
'''Palakonda revenue division''' (or Palakonda division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the two [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|revenue divisions]] in the district with seven [[mandals]] under its administration.<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Districts Reorganization |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |website=Sakshi |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The divisional headquarters are located at [[Palakonda]].

== Administration ==
The 7 mandals administered under the revenue division are:<ref name=census />
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Mandal
|-
|1
|[[Jiyyammavalasa]]
|-
|2
|[[Gummalaxmipuram]]
|-
|3
|[[Kurupam]]
|-
|4
|[[Palakonda]]
|-
|5
|[[Seethampeta, Srikakulam]]
|-
|6
|[[Bhamini]]
|-
|7
|[[Veeraghattam]]
|}

== Demographics ==
The division has a population of 7,98,407. 7,28,847 is rural and 69,560 urban. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.21% and 14.66% of the population respectively.<ref name="census" />

98.31% of the population is Hindu and 1.15% Christian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.68% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 5.28% [[Sora language|Saora]] and 2.42% [[Odia language|Odia]] as their first language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Parvathipuram Manyam district}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Parvathipuram Manyam district]]

Khubchand Baghel

2026-04-10T04:55:51Z

ArleneBelmore12: Info!

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khubchand Baghel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1900|7|19}}
| birth_place = Pathri, Raipur district, [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|2|22|1900|7|19}}
| death_place = [[Raipur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1965
| term_end1 = 1968
| constituency1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| office2 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Dharsiwa Assembly constituency|Dharsiwa]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1962
| occupation = Politician Freedom fighter Social reformer
}}
'''Khubchand Baghel''' (19 July 1900 – 22 February 1969) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician from the present-day state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is considered one of the early proponents of a separate Chhattisgarh state.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manorama Year Book, Volume 39 |date=2004 |publisher=Manorama Publishing House |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Manorama_Year_Book/SfptAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Khubchand+Baghel+Rajya+Sabha&dq=Khubchand+Baghel+Rajya+Sabha&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> He represented the [[Dharsiwa Assembly constituency]] in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] during the 1950s. He also contributed to rural education and social reform.<ref name="naidunia">{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Prashant |title=खूबचंद बघेल ने एक दशक तक किया था धरसींवा का प्रतिनिधित्व, यह थी बड़ी वजह |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-election-2023-khubchand-baghel-had-represented-dharsiwa-for-a-decade-this-was-the-big-reason-8240885 |publisher=Nai Dunia |date=October 30, 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> He served as a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]], from 1965 to 1968.<ref name="CG">{{cite news |title=डॉ. खूबचंद बघेल जीवन परिचय |url=https://www.cgnewshindi.in/2020/07/dr-khubchand-baghel-life-history.html |publisher=CG News Hindi |date=July 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

A few government schemes in Chhattisgarh have been named after Khubchand Baghel.<ref name="dprcg">{{cite news |title=रायपुर : सिंचाई पम्प के लिए निःशुल्क विद्युत सहायता योजना का नाम अब डॉ खूबचंद बघेल किसान विद्युत सहायता योजना : मुख्यमंत्री विष्णुदेव साय की घोषणा |url=https://dprcg.gov.in/post/1737299115/Raipur-Free-electricity-assistance-scheme-for-irrigation-pumps-is-now-named-Dr-Khubchand-Baghel-Kisan-Electricity-Assistance-Scheme-Announcement-of-Chief-Minister-Vishnudev-Sai |publisher=Directorate of Public Relations |date=January 19, 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="ibc">{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Mansu |title=Dr. Khubchand Baghel Swasthya Sahayata Yojana 2022 |url=https://www.ibc24.in/sarkari-yojana/khubchand-baghel-swasthya-sahayata-yojana-2022-815441.html |publisher=IBC24 |language=hi}}</ref>
== Early life ==
Baghel was born on 19 July 1900 in Pathri, a village near Siliyari in [[Raipur district]], into a farming family. His father's name was Jodhavan Prasad, and his mother's name was Kekati Bai. After passing the medical examination in Nagpur in 1925, he was appointed as an Assistant Medical Officer.<ref name="0:2">{{cite web |title=Dr. Khubchand Baghel Samman |url=http://cgculture.in/samman_front_list.aspx?id=NlHZl4HtAA8KCEGkdYYi9Q== |publisher=Chhattisgarh Culture Department, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] |date=May 2025}}</ref>

== Freedom movement ==
Khubchand Baghel started participating in the [[Indian independence movement]] during his student days. In 1921–22, he was inspired by Gandhi's [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] and left his medical studies to join the freedom movement, promoting the cause in villages across Raipur district.<ref name="o:1"/>

In 1930, he participated in the Salt Satyagraha after resigning from his government job.<ref name="0:2"/> In 1931, he took part in the Jungle Satyagraha and was imprisoned along with his fellow protesters. He was arrested again in 1932 for supporting the boycott of foreign cloth during [[Swadeshi movement]].<ref name="o:1">{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Bhemendra |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के 6 वीर सपूत, जिन्होंने आजादी के यज्ञ में दी आहुति |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/6-brave-sons-of-chhattisgarh-who-sacrificed-in-the-sacrifice-freedom-6131261 |publisher=[[Patrika.com]] |date=May 24, 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Work ==
After his release from prison in 1933, Baghel began working for [[Harijan]] (Dalit) upliftment following [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s call. He was appointed secretary of the Provincial Harijan Sevak Sangh by the Congress committee. A keen writer, Baghel authored plays such as ''Karamchadha'', ''Janrail Singh'', ''Unch-Neech'', and ''Ledga'', through which he addressed social evils and promoted the spirit of patriotism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paying tribute to India’s freedom fighters: डॉ खूबचंद बघेल |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6284 |publisher=[[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Amrit Mahotsav]], [[Government of India]] |language=hi}}</ref>

He focused on issues related to rural development, education, and social upliftment.<ref name="naidunia"/> In 1962, Baghel, with the help of local farmers, established a school in Siliyari village. The school, named after him as Khubchand Baghel Government Higher Secondary School, caters to students from nearby rural areas.<ref name="o:1"/>

In 1967, Khubchand Baghel publicly voiced the demand for a separate [[Chhattisgarh]] state during a gathering in [[Rajnandgaon]], becoming one of the earliest figures to articulate this vision. In the mid-1960s, Khubchand Baghel founded the Chhattisgarh Bhratri Sangh to promote regional unity. As a member of the [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces and Berar Assembly]], he had earlier raised the demand for separate statehood for Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ashutosh Kumar |title=Rethinking State Politics in India |date=2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781315391441 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rethinking_State_Politics_in_India/6YqiDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Khubchand+Baghel+Rajya+Sabha&pg=RA1-PT66&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> He also established the Chhattisgarh Mahasabha to advocate for the region's interests.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Asha Sarangi |author2=Sudha Pai |title=Interrogating Reorganisation of States Culture, Identity and Politics in India |date=2020 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781000084078 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Interrogating_Reorganisation_of_States/vOYJEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Khubchand+Baghel+Rajya+Sabha&pg=PT87&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

== Politics==
In 1946, Khubchand Baghel was elected unopposed from [[Raipur]] Tehsil in the Congress elections. He was appointed as the Chairman of the Tehsil Executive Committee and a member of the Provincial Executive Committee. After independence, he was appointed [[Parliamentary secretary|Parliamentary Secretary]] in the provincial government.<ref name="CG"/>

Baghel was elected as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Dharsiwa constituency in 1952 and again in 1957.<ref name="naidunia"/>

He served as a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] after being elected in 1965 and remained active in politics until 1968.<ref name="CG"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People Official Report |date=1966 |publisher=[[Parliament Secretariat]] |page=14265 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Parliamentary_Debates_House_of_the_Peopl/XmI3AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Khubchand+Baghel+Rajya+Sabha&dq=Khubchand+Baghel+Rajya+Sabha&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

== Death ==
Khubchand Baghel died of a [[heart attack]] on 22 February 1969.<ref name="naidunia"/>

== Recognition ==
Some government schemes have been named after Baghel.<ref name="dprcg"/><ref name="ibc"/> In 2025, the state government of Chhattisgarh launched the Khubchand Baghel Kisan Vidyut Sahayata Yojana to support farmers with electricity needs.<ref>{{cite news |title=रायपुर : सिंचाई पम्प के लिए निःशुल्क विद्युत सहायता योजना का नाम अब डॉ खूबचंद बघेल किसान विद्युत सहायता योजना : मुख्यमंत्री विष्णुदेव साय की घोषणा |url=https://dprcg.gov.in/post/1737299115/Raipur-Free-electricity-assistance-scheme-for-irrigation-pumps-is-now-named-Dr-Khubchand-Baghel-Kisan-Electricity-Assistance-Scheme-Announcement-of-Chief-Minister-Vishnudev-Sai |publisher=Directorate of Public Relations |date=January 19, 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> The Dr. Khubchand Baghel Swasthya Sahayata Yojana was also launched to provide healthcare assistance to residents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Mansu |title=Dr. Khubchand Baghel Swasthya Sahayata Yojana 2022 |url=https://www.ibc24.in/sarkari-yojana/khubchand-baghel-swasthya-sahayata-yojana-2022-815441.html |publisher=IBC24 |language=hi}}</ref>

The Dr. Khubchand Baghel Krishak Ratna Award, named after him, is awarded by the state government to farmers in Chhattisgarh who have made notable contributions to agriculture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Deependra |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के किसान को मिलेगा डॉ. खूबचंद बघेल कृषक रत्न पुरस्कार, जानें कब तक इसके लिए कर सकेंगे आवेदन? |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/chhattisgarh-news/dr-khubchand-baghel-krishak-ratna-award-will-get-chhattisgarh-farmer-know-till-when-will-he-be-able-to-apply-for-it-6272855 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=August 6, 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baghel, Khubchand}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Raipur district]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Lakhdhiraji Waghji

2026-04-07T19:10:33Z

ArleneBelmore12: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Lakhdhirji Waghji]]

Ajay Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-02T04:11:35Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting a biography from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Kumar
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sahender Singh]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]
| term_start2 = February 2002
| term_end2 = April 2007
| predecessor2 = Gajendra Kumar Munna
| successor2 = Ajay Tomar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|11|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baghpat district|Vazidpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| birth_name =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Manju Singh|13 February 1985}}
| children = 2
| father =
| relatives =
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| occupation =
| profession = {{Hlist|Agriculturalist|teacher}}
| alma_mater = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut]] (Ph.D)
| relations =
| image =
}}
'''Ajay Kumar''' (born 1 November 1957) is an Indian politician and member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli constituency]] as a [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] candidate since March 2022.<ref name="News18"/><ref name="ECI"/> He was also a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] from 2002 to 2007.<ref name="UPLA_ProfileHindi"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tayal |first1=Taruna |date=10 March 2022 |title=Baghpat Election Result 2022: रालोद का गढ़ छपरौली रहा अजेय, रालोद के डा. अजय कुमार ने फहराया जीत का परचम |trans-title=UP Baghpat Election Result 2022 Hindi News: RLD's stronghold Chhaprauli remained invincible, Dr. Ajay Kumar of RLD hoisted the flag of victory |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-up-election-result-2022-baghpat-news-update-dr-ajay-kumar-of-rld-won-the-chhaprauli-assembly-seat-of-baghpat-22533738.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |access-date=2 October 2024 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ajay Kumar was born to Mahak Singh on 1 November 1957 in Vazidpur village of [[Baghpat district]].<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Ajay Kumar(Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD)):Constituency- Chhaprauli (Baghpat) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=676 |website=MyNeta |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="UPLA_ProfileHindi">{{cite web |title=Member Profile - डॉo अजय कुमार |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18050/18 |website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> He completed his Ph.D. from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut]] in 1997.<ref name="MyNeta"/> Kumar married Manju Singh on 13 February 1985, with whom he has two sons.<ref name="UPLA_ProfileHindi"/> Kumar is an agriculturalist and a teacher by profession.<ref name="UPLA_ProfileHindi"/>

==Political career==
Kumar, a member of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] political party, was elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for the first time after he won from the [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli constituency]], defeating Rajpal of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] by a margin of 63,686 votes in [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], succeeding Gajendra Kumar Munna of [[Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party]] in the process.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2002 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1996 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> As part of the 14th [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], he served as a member of the [[Estimates Committee]] till 2003. From 2003 to 2005, he was a member of Delegated Legislative Committee and from 2004 to 2005, was part of the Legislative Library Advisory Committee.<ref name="UPLA_ProfileHindi"/> He was succeeded by Ajay Tomar in the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Ajay Tomar (Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD)) Constituency - Chaprauli (Baghpat) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=763 |website=MyNeta |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2007 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html |website=Elections in India |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Kumar, again as the Rashtriya Lok Dal candidate for the Chhaprauli constituency seat, went on to defeat incumbent [[Sahender Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 29,508 votes, succeeding the latter in the process.<ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=Chhaprauli Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ajay Kumar of RLD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/chhaprauli-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4849775.html |work=News18 |date=10 March 2022|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Election 2022 - Chhaprauli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2450.htm?ac=50 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Kumar}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bagpat district]]

Prappeda

2026-04-02T01:12:16Z

ArleneBelmore12: added new post

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam sci-fi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Krishnendu Kalesh
| producer = Jayanarayan Thulasidas
| starring = [[Rajesh Madhavan]] [[Ketaki Narayan]]
| cinematography = [[Manesh Madhavan]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = Hybrid Tellers
| distributor = [[Saina Play]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12||IFFK|ref1=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/iffk-2021-14-malayalam-movies-to-be-featured/articleshow/87521166.cms | title=IFFK 2021: 14 Malayalam movies to be featured | work=The Times of India | date=4 November 2021 }}</ref>|2022|01|26|Netherlands}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Prappeda''''', also known as ''Hawk's Muffin'', is an Indian Malayalam sci-fi film directed by Krishnendu Kalesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-01-09 |title=Krishnendu Kalesh's Prappeda (Hawk's Muffin) enters Rotterdam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Jan/08/krishnendu-kaleshs-prappeda-hawks-muffin-enters-rotterdam-2404308.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> featuring [[Rajesh Madhavan]] and [[Ketaki Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Prappeda is an audacious Malayalam sci-fi anti-war film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prappeda-is-an-audacious-malayalam-sci-fi-anti-war-film-7985303/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prappeda on OTT – The Ketaki Narayan-starrer is now streaming on Kerala Govt's C Space |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/prappeda-on-ott-the-ketaki-narayan-starrer-is-now-streaming-on-kerala-govts-c-space/2226c177af367 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=പ്രാപ്പെട, ഇത് ഫാന്റസിയുടെ കുത്തൊഴുക്ക്, പരീക്ഷണങ്ങളുടെ ആറാട്ട് {{!}} Prappeda Review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/iffk-2022/review/prappeda-review-hawk-s-muffin-krishnendu-kalesh-iffk-2022-international-film-festival-of-kerala-1.7362851 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Needs plot|date=June 2025}}

== Cast ==
*[[Rajesh Madhavan]]
*[[Ketaki Narayan]]

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Notes
!{{refh}}
|-

|2021
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|Krishnendu Kalesh
|{{won}}
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title| tt17720974}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]

Maa Beti

2026-03-28T19:25:43Z

ArleneBelmore12: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa Beti
| image =
| director = [[Kalpataru]]
| producer = Shiv Kumar Jain, Mohanji Prasad
| writer = Keshav Rathod (story) K.B. Pathak (Screenplay) Mahender Dehlvi (dialogue)
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Tanuja]] [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Kader Khan]]
| music = [[Anand-Milind]]
| cinematography = [[Baba Azmi]]
| editing = K. Nanda
| released = {{Film date|1986|06|06|df=yes}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Maa Beti''''' (English: ''Mother Daughter'') is a 1986 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Family drama]] film starring [[Bollywood]] actors [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Tanuja]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Citation|title=Maa Beti (1986) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0232016/|access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maa Beti (1986) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/maa-beti-6225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124173629/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/maa-beti-6225|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2020|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Plot==
Savitri lives a wealthy lifestyle with her businessman husband and daughter, Meenu. She gets pregnant a second time and gives birth to a son, Ketan, but dies. Her husband, unable to handle business and two children at the same time, remarries a woman named Laxmi. Laxmi, unaware of her brother Raghunandan's evil plans, ill-treats her stepchildren, causing them to run away. However, her life changes forever when Raghunandan swindles all their money and kicks Laxmi and her family out of the house.

== Cast ==
* [[Shashi Kapoor]]
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Savitri
* [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Meenu/Asha
* [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Ketan
* [[Tanuja]] as Laxmi
* Karan Shah as Meenu's love interest
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Ramu
* [[Kader Khan]] as Shiv Prasad
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Shankar Prasad
* [[Jayshree T.]] as Shanta
* [[Nilu Phule]] as Raghunandan
* [[Manmohan Krishna]]
* [[Shubha Khote]]
* [[C. S. Dubey]]

==Soundtrack==
Anjaan write the lyrics.

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Song Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Paise Bina"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 2
| "So Ja Meri Gudiya"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 3
| "Bani Re Meri Bitiya"
| [[Shabbir Kumar]] and [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
| 4
| "Mere Ghar Dwaar Ko"
| Alka Yagnik
|-
| 5
| "Baje Badhayi"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]] and [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 6
| "Kal Ki Baat Kahu Main"
| Alka Yagnik
|-
| 7
| "Maine Apna Sanam Tujhe"
| Anuradha Paudwal and Suresh Wadkar
|-
| 8
| "Mujhko sadkon se"
| Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 9
| "Na Maange Heera Moti"
| Anuradha Paudwal, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0232016}}

[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kalpataru]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Blepharistemma

2026-03-26T20:35:34Z

ArleneBelmore12: created the entry first draft

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Blepharistemma serratum at Periya (5).jpg
|image_caption =
|genus = Blepharistemma
|parent_authority = [[Wall.]] ex [[Benth.]]
|species = membranifolium
|authority = ([[Miq.]]) Ding Hou
|synonyms_ref = <ref>https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:719518-1#synonyms</ref>
|synonyms =
*''Rodschiedia'' {{small|Dennst.}}
*''Blepharistemma serratum'' Suresh
*''Blepharistemma corymbosum'' Wall. ex Benth.
*''Dryptopetalum membranaceum'' {{small|Miq. ex Benth.}}
*''Gynotroches membranifolia'' Miq. 
*''Rodschiedia serrata'' {{small|Dennst.}}
}}

'''''Blepharistemma membranifolium''''' is a species of [[plant]] in the family [[Rhizophoraceae]], and the only species of the genus '''''Blepharistemma'''''. The tree typically grows in a wet tropical biome and is native to southwest India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blepharistemma membranifolium (Miq.) Ding Hou |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:719518-1 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q3595362|from2=Q18119798}}

[[Category:Rhizophoraceae]]
[[Category:Rhizophoraceae genera]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Monotypic Malpighiales genera]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1858]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Bentham]]

{{Malpighiales-stub}}

Dravidian architecture

2026-03-22T16:37:59Z

ArleneBelmore12: expanded content

{{Short description|Architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Thiruvannamalai, Arunachalesvara Temple, Annamalaiyar Temple, India.jpg|thumb|[[Gopuram]]s around a large temple dwarf the older central structures. The [[Annamalaiyar Temple]] in [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
[[File:Ramaswamy temple Ramaiyampatti.jpg|thumb|upright|Vijayanagara style architecture characterized by [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]] pillars at [[Sri Kalyana Ramaswamy temple]] in [[Tangrakottai|Thenkaraikottai]], '''Ramaiyampati'''.]]
[[File:13th century Ramappa temple, Rudresvara, Palampet Telangana India - 102.jpg|thumb|upright|Kakathiya style architecture [[Ramappa temple]] in [[Mulugu district|Palampeta]]]]
[[File:MEENAKSHI TEMPLE- WEST TOWER.jpg|thumb|upright|The west tower of the [[Meenakshi temple]]]]
'''Dravidian architecture''', or the '''Southern Indian temple style''', is an architectural style in [[Hindu temple architecture]] that emerged from [[South India|Southern India]], reaching its final form by the sixteenth century.

In contrast with North Indian temple styles, Dravidian architecture uses shorter and more pyramidal towers, called [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]], over the [[garbhagriha]] or sanctuary, where the north has taller towers, usually curving inwards as they rise, called [[shikhara]]s. Larger modern Dravidian style temples, however, include one or more high [[gopura]] or gatehouse entrances to the compound as their dominating feature; large temples have several dwarfing the vimana, although these are a much more recent development. There are numerous other distinct features, such as the ''[[dvarapala]]kas'' – twin guardians at the main entrance and the inner sanctum of the temple, and ''goshtams'' – deities carved in niches on the outer side walls of the [[garbhagriha]].

Mentioned as one of three styles of temple building in early texts on [[vastu shastra]] or [[Hindu temple architecture]], the majority of existing structures are in the [[South India|Southern Indian]] states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], some parts of [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fergusson|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmtDAQAAMAAJ&q=dravidian+architecture+in+maharashtra|title=The Rock-cut Temples of India: Illustrated by Seventy-four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill|date=1864|publisher=J. Murray|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardy|first=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ&q=dravidian+architecture+in+maharashtra|title=The Temple Architecture of India|date=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-02827-8|language=en}}</ref> Various kingdoms and empires such as the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], the [[Vakatakas]] of Vidarbha, the [[Cholas]], the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]], the [[Kakatiyas]], the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddis]], the [[Pandyas]], the [[Pallavas]], the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]], the [[Kadambas]], the [[Rashtrakutas]], the [[Chalukyas]], the [[Hoysalas]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]] among others have made substantial contribution to the evolution of Dravidian architecture.

==History==
''Mayamata'' and ''Manasara shilpa'' texts, which are estimated to have been in circulation by 5th to 7th century CE, is a guidebook on Dravidian style of [[vastu shastra]] design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique.<ref name=stellakramrisch76>Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2, {{ISBN|81-208-0223-3}}</ref><ref>Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 87-97</ref> ''Isanasivagurudeva paddhati'' is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India.<ref name=stellakramrisch76/><ref>Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, {{OCLC|71801033}}</ref> In north India, ''Brihat-samhita'' by [[Varāhamihira]] is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of ''Nagara'' style of Hindu temples.<ref name=mmgeometry>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |author-link=Michael W. Meister |date=1983 |title=Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=266–296 |doi=10.2307/3249613 |jstor=3249613}}</ref><ref name=hgood>Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the religious arts, {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, Bloomsbury Academic, pp 121-125</ref><ref>H Kern (1865), [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/BrhatSamhitaSanskrit.pdf The Brhat Sanhita of Varaha-mihara], The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta</ref> Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas. The Agamas are non-[[vedic]] in origin<ref name=Narasimhachary>Mudumby Narasimhachary (Ed) (1976). Āgamaprāmāṇya of Yāmunācārya, Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.</ref> and have been dated either as post-vedic texts<ref name=Tripath>{{cite book|author=S M Tripath|title=Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWFM_SaX24AC&pg=PA54|date=August 2001|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-87746-04-1|page=54}}</ref> or as pre-vedic compositions.<ref name="Nagalingam">Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). The Religion of the Agamas. Siddhanta Publications. [http://www.siddha.com.my/forum/religionoftheagamas/chapter3.html]</ref> The ''Agamas'' are a collection of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] [[religious text|scriptures]] chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of ''[[murti]]'', worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga.<ref name="Grimes">Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|9780791430682}}. LCCN 96012383. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC]</ref>

===Composition and structure===
Chola style temples consist almost invariably of the three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed:<ref name=Fergusson>{{cite book |last= Fergusson |first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture |orig-year= 1910 |edition= 3rd |year= 1997 |publisher=Low Price Publications |location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref>
# The pavilions, porches, or ''Mandapas'', which always cover and precede the door leading to the cell.
# Gate-pyramids, ''Gopuras'', which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. Gopuras are very common in Dravidian temples.
# Pillared halls (''Chaultris'' or ''Chawadis''; may also be referred to as ''Mandapas'',) are used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples.

Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called the ''Kalyani'' or ''Pushkarni'' – to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests – dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience.<ref name=Fergusson/>

==Influence from different periods==
[[File:SaluvanakuppamVel.jpg|thumb|Stone ''[[vel]]'' on a brick platform at the entrance to the [[Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam]], Tamil Nadu, 300 BCE-300 CE<ref name="thehindu_20050921">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092104692000.htm|title=Remains of ancient temple found|author=N. Subramanian|date=21 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110082332/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092104692000.htm|archive-date=10 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="toi_20100801">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/New-finds-of-old-temples-enthuse-archaeologists/articleshow/6242174.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-01/chennai/28281794_1_inscription-shore-temple-oldest-temples|url-status=live|archive-date=15 September 2012|title=New finds of old temples enthuse archaeologists|author=N. Ramya|date=1 August 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>]]
In [[South India|Southern India]] seven kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times:

===Sangam period===
From 300 BCE to 300 CE, the greatest accomplishments of the kingdoms of the [[early Chola]], [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] and the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Pandyan kingdoms]] included brick shrines to deities [[Vishnu]], [[Kartikeya]], [[Shiva]], and [[Mariamman|Amman]] . Several of these have been unearthed near [[Adichanallur]], [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Kaveripoompuharpattinam]] and [[Mahabalipuram]], and the construction plans of these sites of worship were shared to some detail in various poems of [[Sangam literature]]. There are 3 temples which date around 5 CE to 5 BCE, The [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]] which has inscriptions dating around 100 BCE to 100 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sircar |first=D.C. |title=Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA64 |year=1979 |publisher=Shakti Malik |location=Delhi |isbn=9788170170969|page=64}}</ref> Hence, "making it one of the oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India". Another such temple is the [[Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvankuppam]], unearthed in 2005, consists of three layers. The lowest layer, consisting of a brick shrine, is one of the oldest of its kind in South India, and is the oldest shrine found dedicated to Murukan. It is one of only two brick shrine pre Pallava Hindu temples to be found in the state, the other being the [[Veetrirundha Perumal Temple, Veppathur|Veetrirundha Perumal Temple at Veppathur]] dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]]. The dynasties of early medieval [[Tamilakkam]] expanded and erected structural additions to many of these brick shrines. Sculptures of erotic art, nature and deities from the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] and [[Kallazhagar Temple]] date from the Sangam period.

===Pallavas===
{{Main|Pallava art and architecture}}
[[File:Tiruvallikeni1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Parthasarathy Temple in Chennai]] is one of the oldest temples of Pallavas dating early 500 CE<ref>{{cite book |last=Sullivan|first=Bruce M.|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|year=1997|publisher=Scarecro Press INC.|location=England|isbn=81-250-2800-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvhGP8NRx4QC&pg=PA126| page = 126}}</ref>]]
[[File:Shore Temple 01.jpg|thumb|right|The rock-cut [[Shore Temple]] of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|temples in Mahabalipuram]], Tamil Nadu, dated between 700 and 728 CE]]
The [[Pallavas]] ruled from 275 CE to 900 CE, and their greatest constructed accomplishments are the single rock temples in [[Mahabalipuram]] and their capital [[Kanchipuram]], now located in [[Tamil Nadu]].

The earliest examples of Pallava constructions are rock-cut temples dating from 610 to 690 CE and structural temples between 690 and 900 CE. The greatest accomplishments of the Pallava architecture are the rock-cut [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] at [[Mahabalipuram]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], including the [[Shore Temple]]. This group includes both excavated pillared halls, with no external roof except the natural rock, and monolithic shrines where the natural rock is entirely cut away and carved to give an external roof. Early temples were mostly dedicated to Shiva. The Kailasanatha temple also called Rajasimha Pallaveswaram in [[Kanchipuram]] built by [[Narasimhavarman II]] also known as Rajasimha is a fine example of the Pallava style temple.

Contrary to popular impression about the succeeding empire of the Cholas pioneering in building large temple complexes, it was the Pallavas who actually pioneered not only in making large temples after starting construction of rock cut temples without using mortar, bricks etc. Examples of such temples are the Thiruppadagam and Thiruooragam temples that have 28 and {{convert|35|ft|m}} high images of Lord Vishnu in his manifestation as Pandavadhoothar and Trivikraman forms of himself. In comparison, the Siva Lingams in the Royal Temples of the Cholas at Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapurams are 17 and {{convert|18|ft|m}} high. Considering that the Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple built by Rajasimha Pallava was the inspiration for Raja Raja Chola's Brihadeeswara at Thanjavur, it can be safely concluded that the Pallavas were among the first emperors in India to build both large temple complexes and very large deities and idols Many of [[Vishnu]] temples at [[Kanchi]] built by the great Pallava emperors and indeed their incomparable Rathas and the Arjuna's penance Bas Relief (also called descent of the Ganga) are proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The continuous Chola, Pallava and Pandiyan belt temples (along with those of the Adigaimans near [[Karur]] and [[Namakkal]]) like the [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal]], as well as the [[Sathyamurthi Perumal Temple]] in Pudukottai uniformly represent the pinnacle of the South Indian Style of Architecture that surpasses any other form of architecture prevalent between the Deccan Plateau and Kanyakumari. In the Telugu country the style was more or less uniformly conforming to the South Indian or Dravidian idiom of architecture.

===Rashtrakutas===
[[File:Kailasa temple overview, Ellora.jpg|right|thumb|The rock-cut [[Ellora Kailasanathar Temple|Kailash Temple]] at [[Ellora]]]]
The [[Rashtrakutas]] who ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] from [[Manyakheta]], Karnataka in the period 753–973 CE built some of the finest Dravidian monuments at [[Ellora]] (the [[Ellora Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanatha temple]]), in the rock-cut architecture idiom, with a style showing influences from both north and south India. Some other fine monuments are the Jaina Narayana temple at [[Pattadakal]] and the Navalinga temples at Kuknur in Karnataka.

The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta, situated in present-day [[Maharashtra]]. It is said that they altogether constructed 34 rock-cut shrines, but most extensive and sumptuous of them all is the Kailasanatha temple at [[Ellora]]. The temple is a splendid achievement of Dravidian art. The walls of the temple have marvellous sculptures from [[Hindu mythology]] including [[Ravana]], [[Shiva]] and [[Parvathi]] while the ceilings have paintings.

These projects were commissioned by King Krishna I after the Rashtrakuta rule had spread into South India from the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. The architectural style used was partly Dravidian. They do not contain any of the ''[[shikhara]]s'' common to the ''Nagara'' style and were built on the same lines as the Virupaksha temple at [[Pattadakal]] in Karnataka.<ref name="Dravidian">{{cite web|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 20 September 1996 |url=http://www.indoarch.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204232927/http://www.indoarch.org/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 December 2003|author=Takeo Kamiya|publisher=Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref>

===Chalukyas===
{{main|Badami Chalukya architecture|Western Chalukya architecture}}
[[File:Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Virupaksha Temple]], [[Pattadakal]], [[Karnataka]] built in 740]]
The Badami [[Chalukyas]] also called the Early Chalukyas, ruled from [[Badami]], Karnataka in the period 543–753 CE and spawned the [[Vesara]] style called [[Badami Chalukya Architecture]]. The finest examples of their art are seen in [[Pattadakal]], [[Aihole]] and [[Badami]] in northern Karnataka. Over 150 temples remain in the [[Malaprabha]] basin.

The most enduring legacy of the Chalukya dynasty is the architecture and art that they left behind. More than one hundred and fifty monuments attributed to the Badami Chalukya, and built between 450 and 700, remain in the [[Malaprabha]] basin in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="temple">Over 125 temples exist in Aihole alone, {{cite web |author=Michael D. Gunther, 2002 |title=Monuments of India |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/india.html |access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref>

The rock-cut temples of [[Pattadakal]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], [[Badami]], [[Aihole]] and [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] are their most celebrated monuments. Two of the famous paintings at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] cave no. 1, "The Temptation of the Buddha" and "The Persian Embassy" are attributed to them.<ref name="monuments">{{cite web |author=Arthikaje, Mangalore |title=History of Karnataka – Chalukyas of Badami |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006 |access-date=10 November 2006 |publisher=1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc}}</ref><ref name="monuments1">The Badami Chalukya introduced in the western Deccan a glorious chapter alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace said art critic K.V. Sounderrajan. They have influenced the architecture in [[Vengi]] and [[Gujarat]]- Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p68</ref> This is the beginning of ''Chalukya'' style of architecture and a consolidation of South Indian style.

The [[Western Chalukyas]] also called the Kalyani Chalukyas or Later Chalukyas ruled the deccan from 973 to 1180 CE from their capital [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]] in modern Karnataka and further refined the Chalukyan style, called the [[Western Chalukya architecture]]. Over 50 temples exist in the [[Krishna River]]-[[Tungabhadra]] [[doab]] in central Karnataka. The Kasi Vishveshvara at Lakkundi, Mallikarjuna at Kuruvatii, Kalleshwara temple at Bagali and Mahadeva at Itagi are the finest examples produced by the Later Chalukya architects.

The reign of Western Chalukya dynasty was an important period in the development of architecture in the [[Deccan]]. Their architectural developments acted as a conceptual link between the [[Badami Chalukya Architecture]] of the 8th century and the [[Hoysala architecture]] popularised in the 13th century.<ref name="golden">An important period in the development of Indian art (Kamath 2001, p115)</ref><ref name="golden1">{{cite web|title=History of Karnataka – Chalukyas of Kalyani |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |author=Arthikaje |publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=10 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref> The art of Western Chalukyas is sometimes called the "[[Gadag]] style" after the number of ornate temples they built in the [[Tungabhadra]] – [[Krishna River]] [[doab]] region of present-day [[Gadag district]] in Karnataka.<ref name="gadag">{{cite web|title=Temples of Karnataka, Kalyani Chalukyan temples|url=http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html|author=Kannikeswaran|publisher=webmaster@templenet.com,1996–2006|access-date=16 December 2006}}</ref> Their temple building reached its maturity and culmination in the 12th century, with over a hundred temples built across the deccan, more than half of them in present-day Karnataka. Apart from temples they are also well known for ornate stepped wells (''Pushkarni'') which served as ritual bathing places, many of which are well preserved in Lakkundi. Their stepped well designs were later incorporated by the Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara empire in the coming centuries.

===Kakatiyas===
{{main|Kakatiya architecture }}
[[Image:Ramappa Temple (Human Scale).jpg|right|thumb|Profile of the [[Ramappa Temple]]]]
Kakatiya architecture was a notable [[Vesara]] temple building architecture developed during the rule of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] (1163–1323 CE), in the region comprising present-day [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] states of India. The Kakatiya architecture is more significant in [[Hanamakonda]] — their first capital and [[Warangal]] being their second capital.<ref name="Reddy">{{cite book |author=V. V. Subba Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c08qf7d2TZQC&pg=PA129 |title=Temples of South India |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2009 |isbn=9788121210225 |pages=128–140|accessdate=14 October 2021}}</ref>{{rp|128–140}}

Most of the Kakatiya architecture is influenced from [[Western Chalukya architecture|Chalukya architecture]]. It is a fusion of Dravidian architecture and [[Bhumija|Nagara Bhumija]] styles in which [[Sand box (civil engineering)|sandbox technology]] is used to construct [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]]—horizontal stepped tower. There are hundreds of monuments in the core of [[Hanamakonda]] and [[Warangal]] of which [[Thousand Pillar Temple]], [[Ramappa Temple]], [[Ramappa Lake]], [[Warangal Fort]] and [[Kota Gullu]] are prominent.<ref name="Reddy" /> Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] located in [[Mulugu]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=25 July 2021 |title=Telangana's Ramappa Temple inscribed as a World Heritage Site |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telanganas-ramappa-temple-inscribed-as-a-world-heritage-site/article35522471.ece |access-date=25 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Pandya===
{{main|Pandyan art and architecture}}
[[File:Srivilliputhoor-Aandaal-Temple.jpg|right|thumb|[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]]]]
[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]] Rajagopuram is said to have been built by [[Periyalvar]], the father-in-law of the Lord,{{clarify|which lord would this be?|date=January 2023}} with a purse of gold that he won in debates held in the palace of [[Pandya]] King Vallabhadeva. The primary landmark of [[Srivilliputtur]] is a 12-tiered tower structure dedicated to the Lord of Srivilliputtur, known as Vatapatrasayee. The tower of this temple rises {{convert|192|ft|m}} high.The [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]]'s [[Gopuram]] is considered to be the one shown prominently in the [[emblem of Tamil Nadu ]]. Other significant temples of the Pandyas include the [[Meenakshi Temple]] in [[Madurai]].

===Cholas===
{{main|Chola art and architecture}}
[[Image:thanjavur temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Detail of the main [[Vimana]] of the Thanjavur Temple-Tamil Nadu]]
The Imperial [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] kings ruled from 848 CE to 1280 CE and included [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]] who built temples such as the three [[Great Living Chola Temples]] ([[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) and the [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam|Kampaheswarar Temple at Thirubuvanam]].

The [[Cholas]] were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first king [[Vijayalaya Chola]] after whom the eclectic chain of Vijayalaya Chozhisvaram temple near Narttamalai exists. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions.

[[File:A Dravidian architecture Pillar in Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram @ Thanjavur district..JPG|thumb|A Dravidian architecture style pillar in Airavatesvara temple, Darasuram, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu.]]

Temple building received great impetus from the conquests and the genius of [[Aditya I]] [[Parantaka I]], [[Sundara Chola]], [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola I]]. Rajendra Chola 1 built the Rajaraja Temple at Thanjur after his own name. The maturity and grandeur to which the Chola architecture had evolved found expression in the two temples of Tanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram. He also proclaimed himself as Gangaikonda. In a small portion of the Kaveri belt between Tiruchy-Tanjore-Kumbakonam, at the height of their power, the Cholas have left over 2300 temples, with the Tiruchy-Thanjavur belt itself boasting of more than 1500 temples. The magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple|Siva temple of Thanjavur]] built by Raja Raja I in 1009 as well as the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] of [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], completed around 1030, are both fitting memorials to the material and military achievements of the time of the two Chola emperors. The largest and tallest of all Indian temples of its time, the Tanjore Brihadisvara is at the apex of South Indian architecture.<ref name="arch2">See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, pp 421</ref> In fact, two succeeding Chola kings Raja Raja II and Kulothunga III built the [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at [[Darasuram]] and the Kampahareswarar Siva Temple at Tribhuvanam respectively, both temples being on the outskirts of Kumbakonam around 1160 CE and 1200 CE. All the four temples were built over a period of nearly 200 years reflecting the glory, prosperity and stability under the [[Chola]] emperors.

Contrary to popular impression, the Chola emperors patronized and promoted construction of a large number of temples that were spread over most parts of the Chola empire. These include 40 of the 108 Vaishnava [[Divya Desams]] out of which 77 are found spread most of South India and others in Andhra and North India. In fact, the Sri [[Ranganathaswamy]] Temple in [[Srirangam]], which is the biggest temple in India and the [[Chidambaram]] [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Natarajar Temple]] (though originally built by the Pallavas but possibly seized from the Cholas of the pre-Christian era when they ruled from Kanchi) were two of the most important temples patronized and expanded by the Cholas and from the times of the second Chola King Aditya I, these two temples have been hailed in inscriptions as the tutelary deities of the Chola Kings.

[[File:PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurEntranceToUpperStoreyMainTower.jpg |thumb|upright| The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] (11th century), Tanjore has a vimana tower that is 216 ft (66 m) high, a classical example of Dravidian architecture. and The [[Shikhara|sikhara]], a cupolic dome (25 tons), is octagonal and rests on a single block of granite, weighing 80 tons.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=18-21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/chola-temple-brhadisvara|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> ]]

Temple shrine on the [[Koneswaram temple]] promontory extremity and the [[Ketheeswaram temple]] and [[Munneswaram temple]] compounds contained tall gopuram towers by Chola rule of [[Trincomalee]], [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]], [[Puttalam]] and [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]'s expansion that escalated the building of those syncretic latter styles of Dravidian architecture seen across the continent pictured.<ref>[[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''A History of South India'', pp 424–426</ref><ref>Karen Schreitmuller (2012). ''Baedeker India'', pp. 90</ref><ref>Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese period", vol. II, p. 366.</ref><ref>Bastin, Rohan. ''The domain of constant excess : plural worship at the Munnesvaram temples in Sri Lanka''. pp. 114</ref>

Of course, the two [[Brihadisvara Temple]]s at Thanjavur and [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] as well as the other two Siva temples, namely the [[Airavatesvara Temple]] of [[Darasuram]] and the [[Sarabeswara]] (Shiva )Temple which is also popular as the Kampahareswarar Temple at [[Thirubuvanam|Thirubhuvanam]], both on the outskirts of [[Kumbakonam]] were the royal temples of the Cholas to commemorate their innumerable conquests and subjugation of their rivals from other parts of South India, Deccan Ilangai or [[Sri Lanka]] and the Narmada-Mahanadi-Gangetic belts. But the Chola emperors underlined their non-partisan approach to religious iconography and faith by treating the presiding deities of their other two peerless creations, namely the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]] at [[Srirangam]] and the [[Nataraja]] Temple at [[Chidambaram]] which actually is home to the twin deities of [[Shiva|Siva]] and [[Vishnu]] (as the reclining Govindarajar) to be their 'Kuladheivams' or tutelary (or family) deities. The Cholas also preferred to call only these two temples which home their tutelary or family deities as ''Koil'' or the 'Temple', which denotes the most important places of worship for them. The above-named temples are being proposed to be included among the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]], which will elevate them to the exacting and exalting standards of the [[Great Living Chola Temples]].

The temple of [[Gangaikondacholapuram]], the creation of [[Rajendra Chola I]], was intended to exceed its predecessor in every way. Completed around 1030, only two decades after the temple at [[Thanjavur]] and in much the same style, the greater elaboration in its appearance attests the more affluent state of the Chola Empire under Rajendra.<ref name="GC">Nagasamy R, Gangaikondacholapuram (1970)</ref> This temple has a larger Siva linga than the one at [[Thanjavur]] but the Vimana of this temple is smaller in height than the [[Thanjavur]] vimana.

The [[Chola]] period is also remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes all over the world. Among the existing specimens in museums around the world and in the temples of South India may be seen many fine figures of Siva in various forms, such as [[Vishnu]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]], and the Siva saints. Though conforming generally to the iconographic conventions established by long tradition, the sculptors worked with great freedom in the 11th and the 12th centuries to achieve a classic grace and grandeur. The best example of this can be seen in the form of [[Nataraja]] the Divine Dancer.<ref name="nataraja">The bronze image of nataraja at the Nagesvara Temple in [[Kumbakonam]] is the largest image known.</ref>

===Hoysalas===
[[File:Somanathapura Keshava temple.jpg|right|thumb|Symmetrical architecture on ''Jagati'', [[Somanathapura]], Karnataka]]
{{main|Hoysala architecture}}
The [[Hoysala]] kings ruled southern India during the period (1100–1343 CE) from their capital [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and later [[Halebidu]] in Karnataka and developed a unique idiom of architecture called the [[Hoysala architecture]] in Karnataka state. The finest examples of their architecture are the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] in [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], [[Hoysaleswara temple]] in [[Halebidu]], and the [[Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura|Kesava Temple]] in [[Somanathapura, Mysuru|Somanathapura]].

The modern interest in the Hoysalas is due to their patronage of art and architecture rather than their military conquests. The brisk temple building throughout the kingdom was accomplished despite constant threats from the Pandyas to the south and the Seunas Yadavas to the north. Their architectural style, an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style,<ref name="derived">James Fergusson and Henry Cousens write that the Hoysala style has many features in common with that of the Western Chalukya, {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture in Hoysala Empire |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |author=Arthikaje, Mangalore |publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref> shows distinct Dravidian influences. The Hoysala architecture style is described as ''Karnata Dravida'' as distinguished from the traditional Dravida,<ref name="Karnatadravida">{{cite web|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries, 1995|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no10217.htm|author=Adam Hardy|publisher=Vedams Books from India, Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd|access-date=17 November 2006}}</ref> and is considered an independent architectural tradition with many unique features.<ref name="Temple">[[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]] writes that the Hoysala style has negligible influences on the Indo-Aryan style and owing to its many independent features, qualifies as an independent school of architecture, Suryanath U. Kamath, ''A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present'', 2001, Jupiter books, MCC, (Reprinted 2002), p134</ref><ref name="Temple1">Havell, R. Narasimhachar, M. Sheshadri and S. Settar also claim their style is an independent tradition, {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture in Hoysala Empire |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |author=Arthikaje, Mangalore |publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc |access-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Vijayanagara===
[[Image:Hampi1.jpg|thumb|upright|Virupaksha Temple at [[Hampi]], Karnataka]]
{{main|Vijayanagara Architecture}}
The whole of [[South India]] was ruled by [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from (1343–1565 CE), who built a number of temples and monuments in their hybrid style in their capital [[Vijayanagara]] in Karnataka. Their style was a combination of the styles developed in South India in the previous centuries. In addition, the ''Yali'' columns (pillar with charging horse), balustrades (parapets) and ornate pillared ''manatapa'' are their unique contribution. King [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and others built many famous temples all over [[South India]] in Vijayanagara Architecture style.

Vijayanagara architecture is a vibrant combination of the [[Chalukya]], [[Hoysala]], [[Rashtrakuta]], [[Pallava]], [[Pandya]] and [[Chola]] styles, idioms that prospered in previous centuries.<ref name="blossom">Art critic, Percy Brown calls Vijayanagar architecture a blossoming of Dravidian style, Kamath, p182</ref><ref name="blossom1">Arthikaje ''Literary Activity''}</ref> Its legacy of sculpture, architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end. Its stylistic hallmark is the ornate [[Column|pillared]] ''Kalyanamantapa'' (marriage hall), ''Vasanthamantapa'' (open pillared halls) and the ''Rayagopura'' (tower). Artisans used the locally available hard granite because of its durability since the kingdom was under constant threat of invasion. While the empire's monuments are spread over the whole of Southern India, nothing surpasses the vast open-air theatre of monuments at its capital at [[Vijayanagara]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Stones">"So intimate are the rocks and the monuments they were used for make, it was sometimes impossible to say where nature ended and art began" (Art critic Percy Brown, quoted in ''Hampi, A Travel Guide'', p64)</ref>

In the 14th century the kings continued to build [[Vesara]] or Deccan style monuments but later incorporated dravida-style [[gopuram]]s to meet their ritualistic needs. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of [[Bukka Raya I]] and the Hazare Rama temple of Deva Raya I are examples of Deccan architecture.<ref name="deccan">Fritz & Mitchell, p9</ref> The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars is a mark of their work.<ref name="pillar">Nilakanta Sastri about the importance of pillars in the Vijayanagar style in Kamath (2001), p183</ref> At Hampi, though the ''Vitthala'' temple is the best example of their pillared ''Kalyanamantapa'' style, the ''Hazara Ramaswamy'' temple is a modest but perfectly finished example.<ref name="Drama">"Drama in stone" wrote art critic Percy Brown, much of the beauty of Vijayanagara architecture came from their pillars and piers and the styles of sculpting (''Hampi, A Travel Guide'', p77)</ref> A visible aspect of their style is their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the Chalukya dynasty.<ref name="serene">About the sculptures in Vijayanagara style, see Kamath (2001), p184</ref> A grand specimen of Vijayanagara art, the ''Vitthala'' temple, took several decades to complete during the reign of the Tuluva kings.<ref name="grand">Several monuments are categorised as Tuluva art (Fritz & Mitchell 2001, p9)</ref>
{{Dravidian}}

===Kerala===
{{main|Architecture of Kerala}}
The version of Dravidian architecture found in [[Kerala]] in the far south-west is significantly different. Very large temples are rare, and sloping roofs with projecting [[eaves]] dominate the outline, often arranged in a number of tiers. As in [[Bengal]], this is an adaption to the heavy [[monsoon]] rainfall. There is usually a stone core below a timber superstructure. The [[architecture of Kerala]] goes back to the [[Chera dynasty]] in the 12th century, and a variety of ground plans have been used, including circular ones. The development of multi-building complexes came relatively late.<ref>Michell, 155-158</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="129" perrow="5">

File:Vadakkunnathan Temple west nada - 0204.JPG|[[Vadakkunnathan Temple]]
File:Thirunelly_Temple.JPG|[[Thirunelli Temple]] front view
File:Kodungallur-RD-11Nov11.jpg|Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple
File:Kandiyur_Siva_Temple_Tower.JPG|[[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]]
</gallery>

===Sri Lanka===
The culture of Sri Lanka is [[Architecture of Sri Lanka|recognizable in architecture]]. The city of [[Jaffna]] was close to [[South India]] and the majority of the inhabitants of Jaffna have a Dravidian origin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oocities.org/rmayooranathan/introduction.html |title=Traditional buildings of Jaffna}}</ref> In former royal city of [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Nallur]], there are architectural [[ruins of Jaffna kingdom]].

From the 18th century, Dravidian architecture was heavily adopted by Tamil-speaking populations of Sri Lanka for the construction of Hindu religious sites.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |title=Architecture and art of southern India : Vijayanagara and the successor states |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-44110-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=276 |oclc=31012650}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="129" perrow="5">
File:Nalanda Gedige 01.jpg|The [[Nalanda Gedige]], a Buddhist temple built between the 8th and 10th centuries, in a predominant Pallava style Dravidian architecture.
File:Siva kovil.jpg|The second ''Shiva Devale'' ([[Shiva]] temple) of [[Polonnaruwa]], built under the Chola occupation period in 10th century.
File:Lankatillaka Temple, Exterior 0553.jpg|The [[Lankatilaka Vihara]], a 14th-century building influenced by Dravidian architecture, designed and involving an architect and craftsmen from South India.
File:Gadaladeniya Temple 0525.jpg|The ''Devale'' aside [[Gadaladeniya Vihara]] main shrine, built under the [[Gampola period]], with South Indian architect and craftsmen.
File:Yamuna Eri (Nallur).jpg|[[Yamuna Eri]], a 15th-century pond in [[Nallur (Jaffna)|Nallur]].
File:Mantri Manai.JPG|[[Mantri Manai]], the remains of the minister's quarters of [[Jaffna Kingdom]]. It is built in a Euro-Dravidian style.<ref name="Rajadhani">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jaffnaroyalfamily.org/royalpalace.html |title=The Nallur Rajadhani}}</ref>
File:Ulveethi.jpg|Corridor of [[Naguleswaram Temple]]
File:Nallur Kandasamy front entrance.jpg|[[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]] front entrance
File:Nainativu Gopuram.jpg|Raja [[Gopuram]] of [[Nainativu Nagapooshani Amman Temple]].
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Hinduism|state=collapsed}}
{{portal|Architecture}}
* [[Hindu temple#South Indian and Sri Lankan temples|Hindu temples – South India and Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Hindu temple architecture#Dravidian architecture|Hindu temple architecture – Dravidian style]]
* [[Koil|Koyil – Hindu temples in Dravidian architectural style.]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Middle Chola Temples |publisher=Thomson Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-9060236079}}
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080624034951/http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=685 Various component parts of a South Indian Chola temple explained]
* [https://htoindia.com/blog/19-amazing-south-indian-temples/ Famous dravidian architecture temples of south India]

{{Archhistory}}
{{Architecture of India}}
{{Sri Lankan Architecture}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dravidian Architecture}}
[[Category:Dravidian architecture| ]]
[[Category:South India]]
[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Hasina Ahmed

2026-03-09T08:15:04Z

ArleneBelmore12:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Hasina Ahmed
|native_name = হাসিনা আহমেদ
|native_name_lang = bn
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Cox's Bazar-1]]
|term_start = 29 December 2008
|term_end = 9 January 2014
|predecessor = [[Salahuddin Ahmed (Cox's Bazar politician)|Salahuddin Ahmed]]
|successor = [[Mohammed Ellias]]
| birth_date =
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| birth_place = [[Cox's Bazar]], Bangladesh
|spouse = [[Salahuddin Ahmed (Cox's Bazar politician)|Salahuddin Ahmed]]
|children = 4
|party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
}}

'''Hasina Ahmed''' is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) politician and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member from the [[Cox's Bazar-1]] constituency.

==Career==
Ahmed was elected to parliament from [[Cox's Bazar-1]] in 2008 as a BNP nominee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Area Winner |url=https://amarmp.com/election/result/electoral-winner |website=Amarmp |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510030642/https://amarmp.com/election/result/electoral-winner |archive-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ahmed is married to [[Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Home Affairs]],[[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)]] [[Salahuddin Ahmed (Cox's Bazar politician)|Salahuddin Ahmed]] and Member of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] National Standing Committee's Member .They have 4 children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Want to meet Salahuddin as soon as possible: Wife |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/wants-meet-salahuddin-soon-possible-wife-82046 |accessdate=3 January 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=13 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Family worried about Salahuddin's fate in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/family-worried-about-salahuddin%E2%80%99s-fate-bangladesh-87196 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=Bangladesh |date=25 May 2015 |accessdate=10 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Hasina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chakaria Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cox's Bazar District]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Ajantha (2009 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:19Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting first details v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ajantha
| image = Ajantha (2012 film).jpg
| caption = Poster in Malayalam
| director = Rajppa Ravishankar
| producer = Rajppa Ravishankar
| story = Elora Movie Club Inc
| starring = [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] Venkatesh [[Vinu Mohan]] [[Sai Kiran]] [[Honey Rose]] Vandana Gupta
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Ilavarasu]]
| studio = Elora Movie Club Inc
| released = {{Film date|2009|10|30|Karnataka|df=y|2012|07|19|Kerala|2012|11|9|Tamil Nadu|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = {{ubl||[[Kannada]]|[[Malayalam]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|}}
}}

'''''Ajantha''''' is an Indian film produced and directed by Rajppa Ravishankar. The film was simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages with different starcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/10/24/stories/2008102450090200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811063946/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/10/24/stories/2008102450090200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-11 |title=Cinema Plus / Cinema : Ajantha |date=2008-10-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref>

The lead role was played by Venkatesh in Kannada, [[Vinu Mohan]] in Malayalam, [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] in Tamil and [[Sai Kiran]] in the Telugu versions, respectively. [[Honey Rose]] was female lead in the Malayalam and Kannada version while Vandana Gupta played the female lead in the Tamil and Telugu versions.

[[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the music and [[Ilavarasu]] was the cinematographer for the film. The Kannada version was released on 30 October 2009, the Malayalam version was released on 19 July 2012, and the Tamil version was released on 9 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-9-news-tamil-mljlhRcdebf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110165201/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-9-news-tamil-mljlhRcdebf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-10 |title=Friday Fury – November 9 |website=[[Sify]] |date=2012-11-09 |accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref> The Telugu version is yet to release.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
! Actor (Kannada) !! Actor (Malayalam) !! Actor (Tamil) !! Role
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Venkatesh
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Vinu Mohan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Anand
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Honey Rose]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Vandana Gupta
| style="text-align:center;" |Ajantha
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sai Kiran]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Dr. Aravinth
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Aniyappan
| style="text-align:center;"| Su. Senthil Kumaran
| style="text-align:center;" |Anand's friend
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Singer
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mamukkoya]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Music director
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Harisree Asokan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Pandiarajan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Kundara Johny]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bank Janardhan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Kalabhavan Santhosh
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Manobala]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mandeep Roy]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Salim Kumar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Madhan Bob]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Dingri Nagaraj]]
| style="text-align:center;"|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Balu Anand]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Rajppa Ravishankar
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Special appearances
|-
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|[[K. Sivasankar]]
|-
|}

==Production==
Kathaga Thirumavalavan was originally chosen to direct the film however due to creative differences between him and the film's producer Rajpa Ravishankar, the latter decided to direct the rest of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/19102007-3.shtml|date=19 October 2007|access-date=10 April 2025|title='Ajantha' director is sacked|website=Cinesouth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215045243/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/19102007-3.shtml|archive-date=15 December 2007}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ajantha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada Malayalam Tamil Telugu
| label =
| producer =
| chronology = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] recorded a record-breaking 36 songs for the film in a week.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/25ssajan.htm | title=Ilayaraja creates history }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=cinesouth |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07112006-5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131145529/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07112006-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2010 |title=Dailynews – Isaignani Peravai in December – Ilayaraja |website=Cinesouth |date= |accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]] of 2009 for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-10-01 |title=Front Page : Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |date=2009-09-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-09-04}}</ref>

;Kannada version<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://palanikumar.com/filmsongs.php?filmid=1714|title=Songs List MOVIE : AJANTHA - KANNADA|website=palanikumar.com}}</ref>
[[K. Kalyan]] wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/kannada/movie/ajantha-songs-K0001985|title=Ajantha Songs Download, Ajantha Kannada MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Kannada Songs|website=www.raaga.com}}</ref>
*"Aaye Aaye" - [[Srimathumitha|Madhumitha]]
*"Elli Iruve Swarave" - Ilaiyaraaja, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
*"Elli Iruve Swarave - 2" - Ilaiyaraaja, [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
*"Haaku Baa Ondu Beettu" - Murali, [[Shweta Mohan]]
*"Kaigalalli Keyboardu" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*"Oh Oh Oh Ivanaa Ivanaa" - Nanditha
*"Pannavu Konchavu" - Nanditha
*"Yaaru Hogada Jaaga" - [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Bhavatharini]]
*"Yaaru Yaarendu" - [[Vijay Prakash]]

;Malayalam version<ref name="R1">{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/malayalam/movie/ajantha-songs-M0002663|title=Ajantha Songs|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
S. Ramesan Nair wrote the lyrics.<ref name="R1"/>
*"Aarum Thodatha Poovil" - [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Bhavatharini]]
*"Aayae Aayae" - [[Srimathumitha|Madhumitha]]
*"Hradayam Thedum" - Madhu Balakrishnan, [[K. S. Chitra]]
*"Kaiyil Oru Key Board" - Madhu Balakrishnan
*"Oh Oh Madana Madana" - K. S. Chitra
*"Oruvan Oruval Yen" - [[Vijay Yesudas]]
*"Thurigai Illa" - K. S. Chitra
*"Vekkada Onnu" - Naveen, [[Shweta Mohan|Swetha]]

;Tamil version<ref name="R2">{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/ajantha-songs-T0003751|title=Ajantha Songs|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
[[Mu. Mehta]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Snehan]], Muthulingam, Thirumavalavan and Su. Senthilkumar wrote the lyrics.<ref name="R2"/>
*"Engae Irundhai" – [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
*"Engae Irundhai Isaiyae" – Ilaiyaraaja
*"Engae Irundhai" (Repeat) – Yesudas, Manjari
*"Oh Oh Ilaignan" – Manjari
*"Kaiyil Oru Keyboardum" – [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*"Keerthanai" – [[Madhumitha]]
*"Poduda Sakkapodu" – [[Shweta Mohan]], Tippu
*"Thoorigai Indri" – Manjari
*"Yaarum Thodatha Ondrai" – Ilaiyaraaja, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
*"Yarukku Yarendru" – [[P. Unnikrishnan]]

;Telugu version<ref name="R3">{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/ajantha-songs-A0003221|title=Ajantha Songs|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
[[Vennelakanti]] wrote the lyrics.<ref name="R3"/>
*"Aayae Aayae" - [[Srimathumitha|Madhumitha]]
*"Chetilo Key Board" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*"Evarukku Evarani" - [[K. J. Yesudas]]
*"Evarum Thakkani" - [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]
*"Kunche Lekha" - Manjari
*"Oh Oh Evvanam Evvanam" - Manjari
*"Raavae Swarama" - [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
*"Raavae Swarama" - Vijay Yesudas, K. S. Chitra
*"Veyyara Okka Beetu" - Tippu, [[Shweta Mohan]]

== Reception ==
Regarding the Tamil version, a critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that the film is devoid of major twists and that the music is the saving grace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/891/Ajantha/|title=அஜந்தா|date=15 November 2012|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=2253560}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajantha}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Telugu-language films]]

Agnidevan

2026-03-03T21:21:13Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting new article v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agnidevan
| image = Agnidevan 1995.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Venu Nagavalli]]
| producer = Shobha Anand
| writer = [[P. Balachandran]] Venu Nagavalli
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Revathi]]|[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]|[[Bharat Gopy]]|[[Jagadish]]}}
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[K. P. Nambiathiri]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Mahasudharshana Creations
| distributor = Starplus Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|10|23}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Agnidevan''''' ({{Translation|Lord of fire}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[family drama]] film directed by [[Venu Nagavalli]] and co-written by [[P. Balachandran]] and Nagavalli. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Revathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-revathi-kilukkam-to-virus-five-popular-malayalam-films-of-the-star-you-must-watch-right-away/photostory/76847194.cms?picid=76847768|title=Happy Birthday Revathi: 'Kilukkam' To 'Virus', Five Popular Malayalam Films Of The Star You Must Watch Right Away|work=The Times of India|date=8 July 2020|access-date=3 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503035933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-revathi-kilukkam-to-virus-five-popular-malayalam-films-of-the-star-you-must-watch-right-away/photostory/76847194.cms?picid=76847768|url-status=live}}</ref> The plot deals with the struggle for leadership of a family-owned newspaper firm causing the family to split apart. Agnidevan was released on October 23 during the [[Diwali]] holiday period. The film features music composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]].

== Plot ==
The story is about the conflict between two brothers who share the legacy of "Malayalam Shabdam", a newspaper company owned by their family, the ''Ezhuthupura'' [[Tharavadu]] . Their roles as the main writers and publishers of a daily newspaper come to the forefront of their rivalry with each other. While one brother Rama Varma a.k.a. 'Appan' has a clinical business-oriented attitude to growing the newspaper industry that he heads, the younger brother Ravi Varma a.k.a. 'Aniyankuttan' feels very emotional and passionate about the craft of writing and reporting. He gives everything to enrich his relationships and cannot understand how to approach it with business goals because writing, in itself, marks tradition, legacy and so much more in their family of distinguished writers, such as their poetess grandmother, Vishwalakshmi Thampuratti, their editor father, K. K. Menon, and their writer cousin, Sudarshana. To add more fuel to the family feud, Appan is manipulated by their company's sinister manager Anantharaman who has ulterior motives to fulfill by capturing the newspaper firm.

The innocent love between Aniyankuttan and Sudhu and Appan's interference in their relation to gain the empire and lady upon the corrupt advices of Anantharaman is accurately depicted in the film. We also get to see the escalating differences between Aniyankuttan's flamboyant and modern mother, who whiles away her time playing rummy and partying with her friends in the ladies' club and supporting her elder son's dictates, and his intellectual and down to earth father- who considers that his life is incomplete without writing. The heart-touching relationship between Aniyankuttan and his grandmother has always stayed in the hearts and minds of the Malayali audience till date. How the younger brother wins his grandmother's and their newspaper's rich legacy by becoming a wealthy liquor baron to take back the company from the hands of Anantharaman is the rest of the film.

The film ends with the grandmother passing away due to her unbearable grief of seeing her family breaking away into pieces due to differences and fights. Anantharaman is beaten up and banished away by Aniyan and his friends when he tries to usurp the grandmother's house. Her death and her burning [[pyre]] make Appan and his mother realize their mistakes and unites all the estranged family members once again. Aniyankuttan, after being united with Sudarshana, takes a wow before his beloved grandmother's burning pyre that he will never let the family become disunited.

==Cast==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Ravi "Aniyankuttan" Varma
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Vishwalakshmi Thampuratti ('Muttashi')- the elderly matriarch of the Ezhuthupura family; Aniyankuttan's maternal grandmother
* [[Ratheesh]] as Anantharaman
* [[Revathi]] as Sudarshana (Sudhu), Aniyankuttan's cousin
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Rama "Appan" Varma, Aniyankuttan's elder brother
* [[Bharat Gopy]] as K. K. Menon, Appan's and Aniyan's father
* [[Jagadish]] as Murukan
* [[Sukumari]] as Kochammini, Sudhu's mother
* [[Karamana Janardhanan Nair]] as Vasudeva Warrier
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Parvathi Varma, Muttasshi's daughter and Aniyankuttan's mother
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Poojari Potti Kunju
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Vijayan, the mahout
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Payapaddan
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Jacob
* [[Beena Antony]] as Daughter of Vasudeva Warrier
* [[P. Balachandran]] as 'Edakka' Marar
* [[Captain Raju]] as Pareed
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Sathyan, Sudhu's uncle
* [[Valsala Menon]] as Ashram Head
* [[Kollam Ajith]] as Victor Raj, a goon
* James Stalin as Minister

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Guruvayoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/once-i-complete-a-sculpture-i-detach-myself-from-it-and-dont-take-credit-either-artist-pv-ramachandran/articleshow/58443907.cms|title=Once I complete a sculpture, I detach myself from it and don't take credit either: Artist PV Ramachandran|date=1 May 2017|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519143019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/once-i-complete-a-sculpture-i-detach-myself-from-it-and-dont-take-credit-either-artist-pv-ramachandran/articleshow/58443907.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film includes songs written by lyricist [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] and composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/album/ |title=Raaga |access-date=5 January 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230063812/http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/album |url-status=live }}</ref> The songs became chartbusters especially "Nilavinte Neela Bhasmam" sung by [[M. G. Sreekumar]]. The soundtrack album was released by Wilson Audios on 15 October 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agnidevan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by M. G. Radhakrishnan |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/agnidevan-original-motion/926207254 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |accessdate=16 September 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503035933/https://music.apple.com/in/album/agnidevan-original-motion/926207254 |url-status=live }}</ref> Puthenchery won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyricist]] for this film.<ref name='state'>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/feb/11/an-acknowledged-prince-among-lyricists-130439.html|title=An acknowledged prince among lyricists|date=11 February 2010|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503035939/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2010/feb/11/an-acknowledged-prince-among-lyricists-130439.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Akshara Nakshathra
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length1 = 4:38

| title2 = Nilaavinte
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length2 = 4:26

| title3 = Saama Gaana
| extra3 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:36

| title4 = Suralala Nathaka
| extra4 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Kalyani Menon]]
| length4 = 4:04
}}

==Accolades==

* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Lyricist]] - [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]<ref name='state' />
* [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]' Special Jury Award - [[Venu Nagavally]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Film Critics Awards Complete list from 1977 till 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Kerala Film Critics Association}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0291711}}
* [http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2834 ''Agnidevan''] at the Malayalam Movie Database

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venu Nagavally]]

Lycodon flavomaculatus

2026-03-01T10:33:52Z

ArleneBelmore12: Added first details basic info

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Lycodon flavomaculatus''
| image = Yellow spotted wolf snake Lycodon flavomaculatus by Ashahar Khan Amravati.jpg
| image_caption = '''''Lycodon flavomaculatus''''' at [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Srinivasulu, C. | author2 = Srinivasulu, B. | author3 = Thakur, S. | author4 = Vyas, R. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Lycodon flavomaculatus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2013 | page = e.T172635A1356536 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/172635/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172635A1356536.en | access-date = 10 January 2018| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| genus = Lycodon
| species = flavomaculatus
| authority = [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1907
| synonyms = *''Lycodon flavomaculatus'' [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1907
*''Ophites flavomaculatus'' – [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1923
*''Lycodon flavomaculatus'' – [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1943<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Lycodon flavomaculatus''''', commonly called the '''yellow-spotted wolf snake''', is a [[species]] of [[Colubridae|colubrid]] [[snake]] found in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]].

==Description==
Dorsally ''Lycodon flavimaculatus'' is shiny black with a series of yellow vertebral spots. Beside each spot whitish crossbars descend the flanks, beginning about the same width as the spots then widening. The spots are about 2 scales long, separated by intervals of 4 or 5 scales. The dorsal surface of the head is black, and the lips are white. The entire venter of the snake is white.

At first glance, it resembles ''[[Lampropeltis getula]]'', the Eastern kingsnake of the [[United States]].

The yellow-spotted wolf snake is a small snake. Adults are about 35 cm (13¾ inches) in length.

Dorsal scales in 17 rows on neck and at midbody, in 15 rows posteriorly. Ventrals 165–182, not angulate; anal plate divided; subcaudals 53–62, divided.<ref>[[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1907, p. 613.</ref>

Head slightly distinct from neck. Snout rounded and somewhat flattened. Nine upper labials, of which only the first contacts the nasal.<ref>[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das, I.]] 2002. ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. p. 37. {{ISBN|978-0-88359-056-0}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Lanza, B. 1999. A new species of Lycodon from the Philippines, with a key to the genus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae). Tropical Zoology 12: 89–104.
* [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall, F.]] 1907. Some new Asian snakes. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (3): 612–618.
* [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall, F.]] 1923. A Hand-list of the Snakes of the Indian Empire. Part 2. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29: 598–632.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2711966}}

[[Category:Lycodon|flavomaculatus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1907]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frank Wall]]

{{Colubrinae-stub}}

Siddhesh Lad

2026-02-27T14:21:55Z

ArleneBelmore12: slightly refine layout for consistency additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Siddhesh Lad
| image = Siddhesh Lad.jpg
| caption = Lad during the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| country = India
| fullname = Siddhesh Dinesh Lad
| nickname = Sidd
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|5|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 6
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batsman]]
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = 2013–2021
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2019
| club3 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| year3 = 2022/23
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 56
| runs1 = 3,914
| bat avg1 = 41.63
| 100s/50s1 = 8/25
| top score1 = 150
| deliveries1 = 664
| wickets1 = 5
| bowl avg1 = 81.60
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/4
| catches/stumpings1 = 24/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 38
| runs2 = 1,124
| bat avg2 = 43.23
| 100s/50s2 = 4/3
| top score2 = 129
| deliveries2 = 283
| wickets2 = 9
| bowl avg2 = 27.11
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/16
| catches/stumpings2 = 11/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 44
| runs3 = 703
| bat avg3 = 26.03
| 100s/50s3 = 0/3
| top score3 = 82
| deliveries3 = 324
| wickets3 = 18
| bowl avg3 = 21.50
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/13
| catches/stumpings3 = 17/–
| date = 5 January
| year = 2020
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2013-14/content/player/422342.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Siddhesh Dinesh Lad''' (born 23 May 1992) is a cricketer who played for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] in Indian domestic cricket. He is a right-hand [[batsman]] and occasional right arm [[off break]] bowler.

Lad was the captain of the Western Wolves team in the Toyota University Cricket Championship (UCC).<ref>[http://www.ucc.in/teams/western-wolves-1390.aspx Western Wolves | UCC.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233317/http://www.ucc.in/teams/western-wolves-1390.aspx |date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> His father, Dinesh Lad, is the coach of Indian international batsman [[Rohit Sharma]].<ref>[http://www.ucc.in/news/siddhesh-a-lad-with-a-difference-203405 Siddhesh: A lad with a difference] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215013903/http://www.ucc.in/news/siddhesh-a-lad-with-a-difference-203405 |date=15 February 2013 }}</ref> In the [[2015 Indian Premier League]], he was selected to play for the [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cricket.yahoo.com/news/professional-companies-should-manage-cricketers-041823900.html|title = Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref> In January 2018, he was bought by the [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[2018 IPL auction]]. On 10 April 2019, he finally made IPL debut for Mumbai Indians against Kings XI Punjab in [[2019 Indian Premier League]] replacing the injured [[Rohit Sharma]]. He hit a six off the first ball he faced in his IPL career scoring 15 runs in the match before being dismissed. In November 2019 [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] have included him for IPL 2020<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He was the leading run-scorer for Mumbai in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]], with 652 runs in seven matches.
<ref name="Ranji1718">{{cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12014;team=1654;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2017/18: Mumbai batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>

In August 2018, Lad was released from his squad in the [[Australia A and South Africa A cricket team in India in 2018#Quadrangular Series|Quadrangular Series]] and added to India Red's team for the second match of the [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy]].<ref name="New">{{cite news |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103732/india-a-team-quadrangular-series-2018-rayudu-jadhav-added-to-quadrangular-series |title=Rayudu, Jadhav added to Quadrangular series |work=Cricbuzz |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> In the match, he scored a half-century in each innings, and was named the man of the match, as India Red progressed to the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153167.html |title=(D/N)Duleep Trophy at Dindigul, Aug 23-26 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1156695.html |title=Lad, Rasool and Nadeem take India Red to Duleep Trophy final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, he scored his 3,000th run in first-class cricket, batting for Mumbai against [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ranji-trophy-digest-mixed-bag-for-india-stars-new-states-take-baby-steps-1930305.html |title=Ranji Trophy Digest: Mixed Bag For India Stars, New States Take Baby Steps |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer for Mumbai in the tournament, with 652 runs in seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=1654;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 - Mumbai: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, he was named in the India Green team's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides |title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy sides |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560 |title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens |work=Cricket Country |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

In the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL Auction]] he was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for [[2020 Indian Premier League]] but didn't play single match.

In April 2021, he signed as professional for [[Chorley Cricket Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Wriddhaayan|title=Away from IPL 2021, Siddhesh Lad goes to UK for cricket|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/siddhesh-lad-chorley-cricket-club-uk-mumbai-ranji-trophy-ipl-2021-kolkata-knight-riders/article34395973.ece|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref>

17 April 2021, Siddhesh Lad made his [[Chorley Cricket Club|Chorley]] Cricket Club debut playing away at Kendal Cricket Club. Lad bowled 11.4 overs 1 wicket for 31 runs, he also scored 54 off 90 balls hitting 5 x 4's & 1 x 6 (See Scorecard https://chorley.play-cricket.com/website/results/4584817)

Siddhesh Lad was professional at Darwen CC in 2022, helping the club win their first Lancashire League title. Lad hit 765 league runs at 81.2, seeing his side home in 7 run chases. He also picked up 26 wickets at 18.3.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://lancashireleague.com/Seasons/2022/Professionals_2022.html | title=Lancashire League Professionals 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cricinfo|id=422342}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lad, Siddhesh}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Goa cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]

Sai Tamhankar

2026-02-24T05:27:28Z

ArleneBelmore12: small edit

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Tamhankar
| image = Sai Tamhankar at the premiere of The Secrets of the Shiledars (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tamhankar in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|06|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = Chintaman College of Commerce [[Sangli]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–present
| works = [[Sai Tamhankar filmography|Full list]]
| height_cm = 170
| spouse = {{marriage|Amey Gosavi|2013|2015|end=div}}
| relatives =
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Sai Tamhankar|Full list]]
}}

'''Sai Tamhankar''' (pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[səiː t̪aːmɦəɳkəɾ]]]; born 25 June 1986) is an Indian film and television actress known for her work primarily in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], as well as in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films.<ref name="eTimesBio">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sai-Tamhankar |title=Sai Tamhankar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday |website=eTimes |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> She has established herself as a prominent figure in Marathi films and is recognized for her versatility and impactful performances. She is one of the highest-paid actresses in Marathi cinema and is the recipient of several awards including Two [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]], a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]], three [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Awards]], and eight [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?|Maharashtracha Favourite Kon awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 Actresses:सर्वात जास्त मानधन घेणाऱ्या मराठी अभिनेत्री कोण माहितीये काय? |url=https://www.esakal.com/image-story/know-highly-paid-top-five-actresses-in-marathi-film-industrypriya-bapatsai-tamhankarsonali-kulkarniamruta-khanvilkarsrr99 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=5 May 2022 |language=mr-IN |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125134259/https://www.esakal.com/image-story/know-highly-paid-top-five-actresses-in-marathi-film-industrypriya-bapatsai-tamhankarsonali-kulkarniamruta-khanvilkarsrr99 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Highest paid Marathi actors and actresses |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/highest-paid-marathi-actors-and-actresses/photostory/64568455.cms |access-date=2023-06-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619173403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/highest-paid-marathi-actors-and-actresses/photostory/64568455.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She began her career in television with supporting roles in Marathi series like ''Tuzyavina'' (2003) and gained recognition with ''Ya Gojirvanya Gharat''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Tamhankar: News, Movies, Photos, Videos & Updates |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/sai-tamhankar/#:~:text=Her%20career,%20launched%20with%20supporting%20roles%20in,Marathi%20film%20debut%20in%20Sanai%20Choughade%20(2008). |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She later appeared in Hindi daily soap ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' and ''[[Anubandh]]'' (both 2007). She made her film debut in 2008 with minor roles in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]]'' and [[Aamir Khan]]'s ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'', followed by her Marathi film debut in comedy ''[[Sanai Choughade]]'' (2008). Her performance earned her a nomination for [[MFK Award for Favourite Actress|Favorite Actress at Maharashtracha Favourite Kon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Tamhankar Films and Shows – Apple TV (UK) |url=https://tv.apple.com/gb/person/sai-tamhankar/umc.cpc.722lr7t4bzvs5zh1lq92s9jau |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Apple TV |language=en-GB}}</ref> She continued to gain acclaim with roles in films like ''[[Rita (2009 Indian film)|Rita]]'' (2009) and ''Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosht'' (2010). Tamhankar's performance as the strong-willed girl Shirin in [[Sanjay Jadhav]]'s rom-com ''[[Duniyadari]]'' (2013) marked a significant turning point in her career, earning her several awards including the Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Special Appearance Actress. Her other notable films include the romantic thriller ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'' (2015), the adult comedy ''[[Hunterrr]]'' (2015), the family drama ''[[Family Katta]]'' (2016), and the comedy ''[[Vazandar]]'' (2016).

In 2018, Tamhankar gained recognition in Hindi films with ''[[Love Sonia]]'', where she played a prostitute and continued to impress with roles in Marathi films like ''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]'' and ''[[Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande]]'' (2019). She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actress Marathi]] for ''[[Dhurala]]'' (2020) and received widespread acclaim for her role in ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' (2021), for playing a Muslim friend of the title character, earning the Filmfare Award and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Award]] for Best Supporting Actress. Tamhankar has also ventured into web series, notably ''[[Pet Puraan]]'' (2021) and ''Samantar 2''. She starred in [[Sachin Kundalkar]]'s ''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]'' (2022), receiving critical acclaim and awards for her performance as a single parent. Her recent works include ''[[India Lockdown]]'' (2022), ''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]'' (2024), ''[[Bhakshak]]'' (2024) and ''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]'' (2025).

In addition to her acting career, Tamhankar hosted the second season of the reality show ''[[Fu Bai Fu]]'' and has been judging ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]'' since 2018. She also owns the wrestling team Kolhapuri Maavle in the Zee Maharashtra Kusti Dangal.

==Early life==
Tamhankar was born on 25 June 1986<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday Special: Sai Tamhankar's most gorgeous photos and lesser-known facts |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/photo/did-you-know-sai-tamhankar-was-in-aamir-khans-ghajini-16118 |access-date= |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> in [[Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], and studied at Swatantrya veer Savarkar Pratisthan, Pradnya Prabhodhini Prashala, Vishrambaug, [[Sangli]].<ref name="eTimesBio" /> She was a state level [[Kabaddi]] player and has an orange belt in [[karate]].<ref name="karate kabbadi">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/sai-tamhankar-lesser-known-facts/Sai-an-orange-belt-in-karate/photostory/63477461.cms |title=Sai Tamhankar lesser known facts |website=The Times of India |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> She got into acting through a play directed by her mother's friend. Her second play, ''Aadhe Adhure'', won her the Best Actress award, at an inter-college theater competition.<ref name="filmfare bold">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/bold-and-beautiful-9161.html |title=Bold and beautiful |website=Filmfare |language=en |access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Main|Sai Tamhankar filmography}}

=== Television, film debut and breakthrough (2003–2012) ===
After her stint in plays, Tamhankar made her television debut with side roles in ''Tuzyavina'' in 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tuzyavina (2003) |url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/tuzyavina-2003 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref> But she was recognised in the [[ETV Marathi]] daily soap ''Ya Gojirvanya Gharat''. She played a tolerant wife opposite Avishkar Darvhekar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-12-08 |title=Aavishkar Darwhekar gets nostalgic recalling his popular TV show 'Ya Gojirvanya Gharat'; says, "I've never seen such a sorted role on television yet" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aavishkar-darwhekar-gets-nostalgic-recalling-his-popular-tv-show-ya-gojirvanya-gharat-says-ive-never-seen-such-a-sorted-role-on-television-yet/articleshow/88168095.cms |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Further, she was seen in a few more daily soaps, including a supporting role in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' and a surrogate role in ''Anubandh'' (both in 2007).<ref name="filmfare bold" />

In 2008, she made her film debut with a supporting role in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s crime thriller ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]],'' and [[Aamir Khan]] starred ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]].''<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2008-12-28 |title=Another honour for Subhash Ghai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Another-honour-for-Subhash-Ghai/articleshow/3900541.cms |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Woman Up S3 Exclusive: Sai Tamhankar reveals she wanted to marry her Ghajini co-star Aamir Khan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/woman-s3-exclusive-sai-tamhankar-reveals-she-wanted-marry-her-ghajini-co-star-aamir-khan-1043772 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> The same year, she paired opposite [[Subodh Bhave]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]] in ''[[Sanai Choughade]]''. This also marked her debut in the Marathi industry. Critic Ullas Shirke of Marathi Movie World noted, "Twice or thrice Sai’s inexperience can be noticed but in her debut movie she is much promising."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |date=2008-06-26 |title='sanai chaughade' REVIEW |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/sanai-chaughade-review.php |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> She had received [[MFK Award for Favourite Actress|Favourite Actress]] nomination at [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?|Maharashtracha Favourite Kon]]. The following year, she was seen in the ensemble ''Haay Kaay...Naay Kaay,'' ''[[Sumbaran]],'' and ''Be Dune Saade Char''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-01 |title=Haay kay... Naay kay |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/haay-kay-naay-kay.php |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rasik |date=2013-03-20 |title=Sumbaran Movie Review: A Self-Realising Journey Back To Your Roots |url=https://madaboutmoviez.in/2013/03/20/sumbaran-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=mad about moviez.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Panchal |first=Chetana Gavkhadkar |date=2009-02-08 |title='Be Dune Sade Chaar'- A Funny adult comedy ! |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/be-dune-saade-char-review.php |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Next, she appeared in [[Renuka Shahane]]'s critically acclaimed [[Rita (2009 Indian film)|''Rita'']].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title='Rita' is a kaleidoscopic portrait of life: Renuka Shahane |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rita-kaleidoscopic-portrait-life-renuka-2558971 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of [[The Times of India]] remarked on her performance as "effective."<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2019-07-08 |title=Rita: Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/others/rita-movie-review/articleshow/4973197.cms |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2010, she portrayed Lady Don opposite [[Umesh Kamat]] in the comedy ''Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosht'', the plot revolving around Rajeev and Priya, who are diametrically opposite to each other, and their whimsical 'Marriage'.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-01 |title=Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosht |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/ajab-lagnachi-gajab-gosht.php |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> She also had a brief appearance in [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'s political thriller bilingual film ''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]''.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Mill workers will relive 1982 strike on silver screen |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mill-workers-will-relive-1982-strike-on-silver-screen-1366784 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Tamhankar in 2011 essayed a helpless wife in the suspense comedy ''Don Ghadicha Daav'', the remake of [[B. R. Chopra]]'s 1973 film ''[[Dhund (1973 film)|Dhund]],'' which was inspired by [[Agatha Christie]]'s 1958 play ''[[The Unexpected Guest (play)|The Unexpected Guest]]''.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |date=2011-03-25 |title='Don Ghadicha Daav' inspired by Bollywood's 'Dhund' |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/don-ghadicha-daav-review.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her next release was Rahul Thackeray directed Raada Rox. Both films were poorly received by critics and audiences. Her final release of that year was [[Ankush Chaudhari]] directed and starred ''[[Zhakaas]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ZhakaasUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/zhakaas/movieshow/61239932.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was a super hit at the box office.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Panchal |first=Chetana Gavkhadkar |date=2011-12-30 |title='Zhakaas' situation based comedy |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/zhakaas-review.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film gained her an [[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actress]] nomination.
[[File:Sai Tamhankar, Pushkar Jog, Manisha kelkar at premiere of Marathi film 'Mission Possible' (21).jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|Tamhankar (left), [[Pushkar Jog]] (center) and [[Manisha Kelkar]] (right) at the premiere of ''Mission Possible'' (2010).]]
Next, she played the role of [[Bipasha Basu]]'s character from ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005) in the Marathi remake titled ''[[No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey|No Entry Pudhe Dhokha Aahey]]''. She played the role of a bargirl who acts as the wife of two men.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=PIX: Meet Bipasha, Salman of Marathi No Entry |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-meet-the-salman-bipasha-of-marathi-no-entry/20120730.htm |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> As per the character requirement, she wore a two-piece bikini in the film, which was new and very rare in the Marathi industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIX: Is she hotter than No Entry's Bipasha |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-who-s-hotter-bipasha-basu-or-sai-tamhankar-vote/20120801.htm |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> [[The Times of India]] critic called "Tamhankar is the USP of this movie" but criticised her bikini scene and wrote, "She has shown remarkable guts to adorn two piece bikini in Marathi movie, but she lacks the figure and attitude to carry such bold attire."<ref>{{Cite news |title=No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahe Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/no-entry-pudhe-dhoka-aahe/movie-review/16311953.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her other three releases of that year were ''Dhagedore, Baburao La Pakda'' and ''Aaghor''.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-04 |title=Dhagedore (धागेदोरे) |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/dhagedore.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2013, Tamhankar had ten releases, including ''[[Balak Palak]], Ashach Eka Betavar,'' and ''Tendulkar Out.''<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=2013-11-14 |title=Tendulkar Out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/tendulkar-out-sai-tamhankar-santosh-juvekar-sayaji-shinde-aniket-vishwasrao/articleshow/25710824.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She featured in Nikhil Mahajan's directorial debut thriller film ''[[Pune 52]]'', alongside [[Girish Kulkarni]] and [[Sonali Kulkarni]]. The film was loosely inspired by the 1974 Hollywood classic [[Chinatown (1974 film)|''Chinatown'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-18 |title=Pune 52 trailers: Detective thrillers are back in Marathi cinema |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/editors-pick/pune-52-trailers-detective-thrillers-are-back-in-marathi-cinema-180656/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> She appeared as a sexy, sophisticated woman who desired to be free of her cheating spouse. The film and her role were praised by critics, with a review carried by [[DNA (magazine)|DNA]] mentioned her as "who surprises with a very crisp, controlled performance."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film review: 'Pune 52' (Marathi) intrigues but leaves a lot to be desired |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-pune-52-marathi-intrigues-but-leaves-a-lot-to-be-desired-1790084 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Her next release was the acclaimed ''[[Anumati (film)|Anumati]]'', directed by [[Gajendra Ahire]]. Generally, critics had mixed reviews about her not-so-glamorous role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazdur |first=Ashwin |date=2013-06-25 |title=Anumati Movie Review: Interesting Premise, Faulty Execution |url=https://madaboutmoviez.in/2013/06/25/anumati-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=mad about moviez.in |language=en}}</ref> Following this, she was in a supporting role in [[Mahesh Kothare]]'s horror comedy ''[[Zapatlela 2]] and'' [[Sameer Vidwans]]' romantic comedy ''[[Time Please]]''.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |title=Zapatlela 2 - 3D Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/zapatlela-2-3d/movie-review/20488958.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |date=2013-06-28 |title=Amusing 'Time Please - Gosht Lagnanantarchi' is targeted at young couples |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/time-please-review.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her eighth release of that year was the romantic musical comedy ''[[Mangalashtak Once More]]'', she depicted the role of a focused office colleague. Ullas Shirke of Marathi Movie World commented, "Tamhankar appeared as friendly appearance, she has a sizable role and she perfectly fits into that character of career minded Sahlini."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |date=2013-11-22 |title='Mangalashtaka' deserves 'Once More' |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/mangalashtak-once-more-review.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Rise to prominence (2013–2017) ===
Tamhankar garnered widespread recognition the same year for her starring role opposite [[Swapnil Joshi]] in [[Sanjay Jadhav]]'s romantic drama ''[[Duniyadari]]''.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=2017-02-03 |title=Watch trailer: 'Dunyadari' is a fun youthful film with a retro touch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/watch-duniyadari-trailer-is-a-fun-youthful-film-with-a-retro-touch/articleshow/56165929.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The plot is set against the backdrop of the late 1970s, about college campus, love-hate relationships, and eventually making them realise the true face of life.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Duniyadari Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/duniyadari/movie-review/21184208.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She portrayed a medical student who falls in love with Joshi's character. ''Duniyadari'' emerged as a major success with a cult status and a revenue of ₹30 crore (US$5.12 million), becoming a record of the highest grossing Marathi film of that time which was broke by ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marathi renaissance |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/sunday-edition/the-marathi-renaissance.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Ullas Shirke of Marathi Movie World described her as "Tamhankar has found an important role to display her real acting skills. Till now, she was being used more as a glamour girl."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |date=2013-07-19 |title=Anything for Love and friendship - 'Duniyadari' shows the way |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/duniyadari-review.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> She won the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for Best Special Appearance Actress, the [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]] for Best Actress and the [[MFK Award for Favourite Actress]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners at the 51st Maharashtra State Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284322.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Zee Gaurav 2014 March 31, 2014 | date=29 August 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFyt4ZeOwNY |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en}}</ref> Her last release was the Hindi political drama ''[[Wake Up India]]''.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |title=Wake Up India Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/wake-up-india-wake-up-india-movie-review/movie-review/24694044.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Her first release in 2014 was ''[[Sau Shashi Deodhar]]'', a story about a woman struggling in her life due to a car accident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सौ. शशी देवधर: चकित करणारा धक्कादायक अनुभव |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sau-shashi-deodhar-marathi-movie/moviereview/30808789.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> She plays the woman who goes through split personality disorder due to an accident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-21 |title=Read Marathi Batmya from Maharashtra, India |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/film-review-sau-shashi-deodhar-379830/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The critic wrote, "Sai’s confused and troubled state of mind is reflected in her emotions."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sau Shashi Deodhar Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sau-shashi-deodhar/movie-review/30796326.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She once again collaborated with Ahire for ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]'' about human relationships. The film had its premier at the Goa Film Festival in 2013 and its theatrical release in April 2014. [[The Hollywood Reporter]] ascribed, "The nosy, laughing Tamhankar also surprises: by the end of the film, she’s the mother of two who pens stories as avidly as she once read private mail."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-23 |title=Postcard: Goa Film Bazaar Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/postcard-goa-film-bazaar-review-661168/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> She was next featured in the romantic drama ''[[Guru Pournima (film)|Guru Pournima]]'', a love story between a creative director, Guru, and a struggling actress, Pournima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Playing double role was tough, says Marathi actress Sai |url=https://odishatv.in/entertainment/playing-double-role-was-tough-says-marathi-actress-sai-55451 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=odishatv.in |language=en}}</ref> The film had been shot in [[Goa]] and had faced controversy due to its title. Mihir Bhanage of TOI observed, "Sai is one actress who does well in whatever role she is given, and she doesn’t disappoint in her double role either" and concluded, "She is charming as the lover interest and effervescent as the daughter of Guru."<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |title=Guru Pournima Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/movie-review-guru-pournima/movie-review/42396063.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Paloma Sharma of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] wrote, "Tamhankar play both mother and daughter seemed risky at first, the actress manages to pull it off with ease. Her physical transformation for both roles is worth applause."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Paloma |last=Sharma |title=Review Guru Pournima is an engaging watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-guru-pournima-is-an-engaging-watch/20140912.htm |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> She was awarded the Best Actress Award at Sanskruti Kaladarpan. Next, she portrayed Professor in [[Manava Naik]] directed ''[[Por Bazaar]]'', based on child trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-26 |title=Por Bazar (Marathi) / Focus on child trafficking |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/por-bazar-marathi-focus-on-child-trafficking/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After the success of ''Duniyadari'', the trio Jadhav, Joshi, and Tamhankar collaborated on the romantic ''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Swwapnil-Sai's Pyaarwali Love Story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/swwapnil-joshi-sai-tamhankar-pyaar-vali-love-story-sanjay-jadhav-amiraj-rohit-raut/articleshow/29811286.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Upon release, the film received mixed reviews and moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pyar Vali Love Story Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/pyar-vali-love-story/movie-review/44938982.cms |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2015, she appeared in a tomboy look in [[Aditya Sarpotdar]]'s coming-of-age romantic drama ''[[Classmates (2015 film)|Classmates]]'', the official remake of the 2006 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Classmates (2006 film)|of the same name]]''. The film features an ensemble cast of Choudhary, [[Sachit Patil]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], and [[Siddharth Chandekar]]. Overall, the film and the performances were well acclaimed. Keyur Seta of The Common Man Speaks praised the film and wrote, "Tamhankar proves to be effective once again in two starkly opposite characters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-16 |title=Review: Classmates (Marathi Movie) |url=https://thecommonmanspeaks.com/review-classmates-marathi-movie/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The Common Man Speaks |language=en-US}}</ref> Jitendra More of Marathi Movie World found, "She suits well in the role of possessive Appu, but her performance is more dependent on the dialogues offered to her."<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Jitendra R. |date=2015-01-16 |title='Classmates' displays excellent team work |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/classmates-review.php |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Classmates'' grossed over ₹21 crore worldwide, becoming one of the highest-grossing Marathi films of the year. Her role won her the [[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actress]] and nominations at the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress Marathi]] and the Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actress.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Her other two Marathi film releases were ''[[3:56 Killari]]'' and ''[[Tu Hi Re]],'' opposite [[Jackie Shroff]] and Joshi, respectively''.''<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=3:56 Killari (2015) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/3-56-killari-2015 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-07 |title='Tu Hi Re' team launches movie trailer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/tu-hi-re-team-launches-movie-trailer/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was seen as a housewife in the Hindi adult comedy ''[[Hunterrr]]'', opposite [[Gulshan Devaiah]]. The story revolves around an unassuming sex addict and his lustful journey in life. Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] said, "Tamhankar brings power to the role of the attractive neighbourhood bhabhi"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Hunterrr is a waste of terrific actors |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-hunterrr-is-a-waste-of-terrific-actors/20150320.htm |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> ''Hunterrr'' earned over ₹11.2 crore worldwide against a production budget of ₹3 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Hunterrr Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hunterrr/box-office/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en}}</ref>

Her first release of 2016 was [[Sameer Vidwans]] directed ''[[YZ (film)|YZ]]'', she played a religiously homely girl in it. Ganesh Matkari of the [[Pune Mirror]] noted, "Tamhankar as Parnrekha is cast against type, which helps the character immensely."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matkari |first=Ganesh |date=2016-08-12 |title=Film Review: YZ |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-yz/cid5088017.htm |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref> She next portrayed the youngest daughter of the Sabnis family, who had married a man of a different caste and age, unwilling to her father's wish, in the [[Vandana Gupte]] produced family drama film ''[[Family Katta]]''.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |date=2016-10-07 |title='Family Katta' – An emotion filled family drama |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/family-katta-movie-review.php |access-date=2023-10-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was highly acclaimed by critics and the audience.<ref>{{Citation |title=Family Katta Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Family Katta by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/family-katta/movie-review/54754168.cms |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> She won the Filmfare Marathi Award and Sanskruti Kaladarpan in the Best Supporting Actress category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-award-marathi-2017_-24704.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> The same year, she was seen in [[Girish Kulkarni]]'s comedy ''[[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]''. For her performance, she won the second MFK Award for Favourite Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-18 |title=झी टॉकीज प्रस्तुत महाराष्ट्राचा फेव्हरेट कोण? २०१७ चा दिमाखदार पुरस्कार सोहळा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2017/407192 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=24taas.com |language=mr}}</ref> Her last release was slice-of-life ''[[Vazandar]],'' alongside [[Priya Bapat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-06 |title=Marathi film Vazandar trailer: Two 'fat women' and a judgemental society |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/marathi-film-vazandar-trailer-two-fat-women-and-a-judgemental-society/story-mPDO9AnPzN0s6C688YMLHJ.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Tamhankar took on the role of a newlywed lady who sticks to the traditions of her in-law’s family, portraying beautifully the life of a woman who loves the comfort of her home but also wants to break free and take her own decisions on her own.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Tamhankar Writes A Heartfelt Post For Her Favorite Friend Sachin Kundalkar {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/sai-tamhankar-writes-a-heartfelt-post-for-her-favorite-friend-sachin-kundalkar/5e059bc9d996471ad814d77a |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> Amruta Deshpande of Indian Nerve wrote that Sai "does complete justice to her role."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vazandar Review {{!}} This Marathi Movie Tackling Weight Loss Issues & Body Shaming Is Highly Relatable! |url=https://indiannerve.com/vazandar-review-this-marathi-movie-tackling-weight-loss-issues-body-shaming-is-highly-relatable-24225/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Indian Nerve |language=en-US}}</ref>

The following year, she had only one release [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] bilingual anthology film, ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]''. She had a brief role in the part featuring [[Dulquer Salmaan]] titled ''World of Siva''.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |date=2017-03-10 |title=Sai Tamhankar joins Dulquer Salmaan's Solo |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sai-tamhankar-joins-dulquer-salmaans-solo/articleshow/57576330.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Recognition in Hindi films and web series (2018–present) ===
[[File:Sai Tamhankar graces the special screening of the film Love Sonia (12).jpg|thumb|312x312px|Tamhankar at the special screening of the film ''[[Love Sonia]]'' (2018).]]
In 2018, she worked with [[Sharad Kelkar]] in the fantasy thriller ''[[Rakshas (film)|Rakshas]]''. The plot revolves around a missing documentary filmmaker and his daughter’s quest to bring him back.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=Sharad Kelkar starring 'Raakshas' poster out now – Newsfolo |url=https://www.newsfolo.com/entertainment/sharad-kelkar-starring-raakshas-poster-now/137229/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=www.newsfolo.com}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of The Times of India found Tamhankar's worried wife "fantastic."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raakshas: The Monster Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/raakshas-the-monster/movie-review/63046846.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She next was seen playing Anjali, a pimp in ''[[Love Sonia]]'', for which she had to gain 10 kg of weight.<ref name="love sonia">{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/sai-tamhankar-gained-10-kg-for-love-sonia-2136499.html |title=Sai Tamhankar gained 10 kg for 'Love Sonia' |date=27 August 2018 |website=Zee News |language=en |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> ''Love Sonia'' had its world premiere at the [[London Indian Film Festival]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Mistry |first=Prinesh |date=2018-04-24 |title=Opening Night Gala: Love Sonia |url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/love-sonia/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=London Indian Film Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref> Upon release, the film gained positive reviews but failed commercially.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=2018-09-14 |title='Love Sonia' review: Objectification of human suffering |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-sonia-review-objectification-of-human-suffering/article24943034.ece |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her final release was adult coming-of-age ''Ashleel Udyog Mitra Mandal'', in which she depicted the controversial fictional character [[Savita Bhabhi]].<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-14 |title='अश्लील उद्योग मित्र मंडळ'चा टिझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/ashleel-udyog-mitra-mandal-teaser-released/articleshow/74135412.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-27 |title=काय आहे 'अश्लील उद्योग मित्र मंडळ'चा वाद? जाणून घ्या एका क्लिकवर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2095740/ashleel-udyog-mitra-mandal-marathi-movie-controvery-ssv-92/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] bemoaned that "there’s not much for her to do here."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashleel Udyog Mitra Mandal Movie Review : A tad confusing coming-of-age story |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ashleel-udyog-mitra-mandal/movie-review/74515978.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashleel Udyog Mitra Mandal: Sai Tamhankar Teases The Fantasy Of A Young Man As Savita Bhabhi {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/ashleel-udyog-mitra-mandal-sai-tamhankar-teases-the-fantasy-of-a-young-man-as-savita-bhabhi/5e53b791b4bf92305e7afeab |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> These films were not so well performed at the box office.

Tamhankar had two film releases ''Girlfriend'' and ''Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande''. ''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]'' is based on the pressure youngsters face when it comes to being in a romantic relationship<ref name="Girlfriend">{{Cite web |title='Girlfriend' new teaser: Director Upendra Sidhaye gives us a glimpse of the story set to unfold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-new-teaser-director-upendra-sidhaye-gives-us-a-glimpse-of-the-story-set-to-unfold/articleshow/69725196.cms |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=The Times of India |date=10 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and plays a title role in ''[[Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande]]'', who is a rebellious middle-class girl. The film focuses on her relationships and unfolds the journey of different relations on the path of her life.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande' Trailer Out: Sai Tamhankar Starrer Is An Exploration Of Love {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/kulkarni-chaukatla-deshpande-trailer-out-sai-tamhankar-starrer-is-an-exploration-of-love/5db28d4487fb571eff7e2fe6 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulkarni Chaukatla Deshpande: Sai Tamhankar Takes A Bold Step In Her Upcoming Marathi Film {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/kulkarni-chaukatla-deshpande-sai-tamhankar-takes-a-bold-step-in-her-upcoming-marathi-film/5d91f162bcb57b46be34f7ab |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actress Marathi]] for the political drama ''[[Dhurala]]'', opposite Chaudhari.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Abhay Salvi of Marathi Stars wrote, "Tamhankar again hits it out of the park with her extremely sensitive performance!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salvi |first=Abhay |date=2020-01-04 |title=Dhurala Movie Review: A Brilliant Political Drama that Appeals in a Very Humane Way! |url=https://marathistars.com/reviews/dhurala-movie-review-a-brilliant-political-drama-that-appeals-in-a-very-humane-way/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, Tamhankar and [[Lalit Prabhakar]] were paired together in three projects, including [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]]'s web series ''[[Pet Puraan|Pet Puran]]'', [[Lokmat]] critics praised the series and commented, "Aditi's role is very well performed by Sai, a different Sai is seen in it"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=Sai Tamhankar on her upcoming webshow Pet Puran, OTT boom and more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sai-tamhankar-discusses-her-upcoming-webshow-pet-puran-ott-boom-and-more-10635261.html |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=Pet Puran Web Series Review : 'पेट' पालनाचं गंमतीशीर 'पुराण', जाणून घ्या कशी आहे वेबसीरिज 'पेट पुराण' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/web-series/pet-puran-web-series-review-find-out-how-is-sai-tamhankar-and-lalit-prabhakars-webseries-pet-puran-a603/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> and two films. Their first release was [[Mohit Takalkar]]'s ''[[Medium Spicy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-02 |title=Theatre director Mohit Takalkar on his debut Marathi film Medium Spicy, and the possibility of Indian commercial cinema telling personal stories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/spicing-it-up-mohit-takalkar-medium-spicy-pune-5760546/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Mihir Bhanage opined that "as Gowri adds yet another interesting and noteworthy character to her repertoire"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Medium Spicy Movie Review : A well-marinated film that's balanced like its name- neither bland, nor overpowering |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/medium-spicy/movie-review/92258228.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ''Colorphool,'' a soft-hearted romantic film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-12 |title=Sai Tamhankar and Lalit Prabhakar reunite for ColorPhool |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sai-tamhankar-and-lalit-prabhakar-reunite-for-colorphool/articleshow/79189618.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She gained widespread recognition for her role as Muslim friend Shama to [[Kriti Sanon|Kriti]]'s character in [[Laxman Utekar]]'s comedy drama ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-26 |title=Exclusive! Sai Tamhankar opens up on working with Kriti Sanon in 'Mimi': She is an amazing and honest actress |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-sai-tamhankar-opens-up-on-working-with-kriti-sanon-in-mimi-she-is-an-amazing-and-honest-actress/articleshow/74314680.cms |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 2011 National Award-winning Marathi film ''[[Mala Aai Vhhaychy!]].'' For her role, she learned Urdu as well as the Rajasthani dialect for her role.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} It was directly released on streaming platform [[Netflix]] and [[JioCinema]] and was highly acclaimed. [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] mentioned, "Tamhankar lends able support and leaves a huge mark as a supportive friend"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Mimi Movie Review: Kriti Sanon starrer MIMI is a heartwarming saga, aimed at families and it will keep the audience thoroughly entertained. Strongly recommended. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mimi/critic-review/mimi-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> and Jyoti Kanyal of [[India Today]] added, "Sai Tamhankar, who plays Mimi's best friend Shama, plays her part to the T."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mimi Movie Review. Kriti Sanon and Pankaj Tripathi film is an emotional rollercoaster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mimi-movie-review-kriti-sanon-and-pankaj-tripathi-film-is-an-emotional-rollercoaster-1832965-2021-07-26 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=India Today |date=27 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ''Mimi'' won her various accolades, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2022: Vicky Kaushal and Kriti Sanon win top honours for Sardar Udham and Mimi 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-iifa-awards-2022-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-honours-sardar-udham-mimi/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 - Bollywood Film Awards Show {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> That year, she was also seen in the second season of the Marathi web series ''Samantar 2''. Scroll.in reviewer found her most memorable character of the series,<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2021-07-01 |title='Samantar 2' review: Swwapnil Joshi tries to outrun fate but a femme fatale gets in the way |url=https://scroll.in/reel/998969/samantar-2-review-swwapnil-joshi-tries-to-outrun-fate-but-a-femme-fatale-gets-in-the-way |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> and the Tamil language anthological series ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'', where she played the wife of [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सई ताम्हणकरची मोठी झेप; 'नेटफ्लिक्स'च्या सीरिजमध्ये महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/navarasa-trailer-marathi-actress-sai-tamhankar-role-in-netflix-tamil-anthology-slv92 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=27 July 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

Next, she starred alongside [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]] and [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] in [[Sachin Kundalkar]]'s relationship drama [[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]. It was the first Marathi and one of the first Indian feature films to be shot completely on a smartphone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title='Pondicherry', a film shot entirely on smartphone releases on February 25 in theatres! |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/pondicherry-a-film-shot-entirely-on-smartphone-releases-on-february-25-in-theatres |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> Her role as a young widow mother running a homestay at an old family villa in [[Pondicherry]] received her [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]] and Pravah Picture Award for Best Actress wins, as well as nominations at the Sakal Premier Awards, Planet Marathi Film & OTT Awards, and [[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner List Of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/winners |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakal Premier Award 2023 : ठाण्यात आज 'सकाळ प्रीमियर पुरस्कार सोहळा' {{!}} Sakal Premier Award 2023 ceremony In Thane Today |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/sakal-premier-award-2023-in-thane-today-entertainment-artist-honored-rjs00 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=12 April 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Suyog Zore of Cinestaan called it "the best performance of her career" and wrote, "With just a look, she conveys the emotional turmoil of Nikita—the silent sobs, her sleepless nights and the longing for someone she can share her pain with."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Feb 2022 |title=Pondicherry review: This melancholic yet charming film is all heart |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/pondicherry-38075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225033038/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/pondicherry-38075 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Cinestaan |language=en-US }}</ref> Her next release was [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s multi-starrer ''[[India Lockdown]]'', showcasing the repercussions of the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] and how the people of the country struggled through it.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |title=Sai Tamhankar says 'playing a migrant worker in India Lockdown taught me how privileged I am' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sai-tamhankar-says-playing-a-migrant-worker-in-india-lockdown-taught-me-how-privileged-i-am-exclusive-2300335-2022-11-22 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=India Today |date=22 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of [[The Indian Express]] commented on her performance, saying she "immerses herself into the character"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=India Lockdown movie review: Banal storytelling, with little new to say |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/india-lockdown-review-banal-storytelling-with-little-new-to-say-8302209/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Tamhankar alongside Chandekar played the title character in romantic drama ''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]'', in which she girl who comes from a filmi family in search of love marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Shreyas Talpade: सई ताम्हणकरसोबत जुळली श्रेयस तळपदेची जोडी! 'श्रीदेवी प्रसन्न'च्या गाण्यात दिसले एकत्र |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shreyas-talpade-and-sai-tamhankar-seen-together-in-sridevi-prasanna-new-song-141705729822634.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=जंगम |first=प्रेरणा |date=2024-02-03 |title=Sridevi Prasanna Movie Review : लग्न करायला जाताय, 'श्रीदेवी प्रसन्न' पाहून गेलात तर 'एवढे गुण' नक्की जुळतील! |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/sridevi-prasanna-marathi-movie-review-sai-tamhankar-sidhartha-chandekar-yst88 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref> Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''The Times of India'' noted "Sai's eyes speak a thousand words even in scenes that she has no lines in."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sridevi Prasanna Movie Review : Sridevi Prasanna has a lot of things to watch out for, predominantly the performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sridevi-prasanna/movie-review/107386653.cms |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She next starred as a supportive police officer in the [[Netflix]] crime thriller film ''[[Bhakshak]]'' which was based on the [[Muzaffarpur shelter case]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=भूमी पेडणेकर झाली सई ताम्हणकरची जबरा फॅन!, 'मिमी ते भक्षक' सिनेमांतील अभिनयाचं केलं कौतुक |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/bhakshak-fame-bhumi-pednekar-praised-the-performance-of-marathi-actress-sai-tamhankar/articleshow/107993793.cms |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<nowiki/>' Monika Kukreja wrote "Tamhankar as SSP Jasmeet Kaur is a very thoughtful addition to the cast, and she brings intensity and gravitas to the story."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Bhakshak movie review: Bhumi Pednekar plays a fearless journalist in riveting crime drama with hard-hitting storytelling |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhakshak-movie-review-bhumi-pednekar-dark-crime-thriller-is-thought-provoking-netflix-india-101707462934011.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> That same year, she starred alongside [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] in the crime-thriller web series ''[[Manvat Murders]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=चिमुरड्याना मारलं, दीड वर्षात ७ खून! सीरियल किलिंगने हादरलेला महाराष्ट्र; टीजर पाहून भरेल धडकी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/web-series/sai-tamhankar-web-series-manvat-murders-on-sony-liv-starring-ashutosh-gowariker-makrand-anaspure-sonali-kulkarni/articleshow/113032536.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Based on a true crime case from 1972, the series examined seven brutal murders in a rural Maharashtra town, with Tamhankar playing Samindri, a subdued, emotionally torn young woman entangled in the family’s silence surrounding the crimes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-22 |title=Sai Tamhankar on ‘Manvat Murders’: Pushed me to explore new dimensions of acting |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sai-tamhankar-manvat-murders-pushed-me-to-explore-new-dimensions-of-acting-23397575 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Reviewing the show, [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Tamhankar, as the reluctantly obedient sister, gets the better scenes and gives an excellent performance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=GAHLOT |first=DEEPA |title=Manvat Murders Review: Sensational But Not Sickening |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/manvat-murders-review/20241004.htm |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> This was followed by action-oriented roles in Aditya Sarpotdar’s mystery thriller series ''[[The Secret of the Shiledars]]'' and Netflix’s crime drama series ''[[Dabba Cartel]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sai Tamhankar talks about her role in 'The Secret of the Shiledars', says "character is very layered" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/sai-tamhankar-talks-about-her-role-in-the-secret-of-the-shiledars-says-character-is-very-layered20250120214237/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dabba Cartel Review: Shabana Azmi's Performance Is Half The Battle Won |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmis-performance-is-half-the-battle-won-3-stars-7814536 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250909220405/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmis-performance-is-half-the-battle-won-3-stars-7814536 |archive-date=2025-09-09 |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> She then played the female lead in the Hindi action film ''[[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]'', portraying the wife of [[Border Security Force|BSF]] officer [[Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey]], played by [[Emraan Hashmi]]; however, the film underperformed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=Ground Zero Worldwide Lifetime Box Office: Emraan Hashmi starrer to end poor global run, grossing just Rs 9.25 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ground-zero-worldwide-lifetime-box-office-emraan-hashmi-starrer-to-end-poor-global-run-grossing-just-rs-9-25-crore-1386418 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> She also appeared in the Marathi ensemble comedy ''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]'', which emerged as one of the [[List of Marathi films of 2025#Box office collection|highest-grossing Marathi films of the year]], earning ₹8.14 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment News Updates in Marathi : movie box office collection Ata Thambaycha Naay & Gulkand Movie Updates in Marathi{{!}} Manoranjan Breaking News Today Entertainment News LIVE Updates : 'आता थांबायचं नाय' आणि 'गुलकंद' चित्रपटांनी बॉक्स ऑफिसवर किती कमाई केली? प्रदर्शित होऊन पूर्ण झाला १ महिना... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/entertainment-news-live-updates-in-marathi-1-june-2025-ata-thambaycha-naay-and-gulkand-movie-collection-tv-serial-show-updates-sva-00-5126452/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250720222646/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/entertainment-news-live-updates-in-marathi-1-june-2025-ata-thambaycha-naay-and-gulkand-movie-collection-tv-serial-show-updates-sva-00-5126452/ |archive-date=2025-07-20 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.loksatta.com |language=mr}}</ref> Santosh Bhingarde of ''[[Sakal]]'' noted her usual style and wrote, "There is experience and understanding of emotions woven into each of her frames."<ref>{{Cite web |title=सई ताम्हणकर-समीर चौघुले जोडी हिट की फ्लॉप? रिव्ह्यू एकदा वाचाच |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/gulkand/moviereview/120784629.cms |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Other work ==
She owns ''Kolhapuri Maavle'', a wrestling team in the [[Zee Maharashtra Kusti Dangal]].<ref name="wrestling team">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/sai-tamhankar-nagraj-manjules-team-will-come-face-to-face-in-wrestling-ring/301827 |title=Sai Tamhankar, Nagraj Manjule's team will come face-to-face in Wrestling Ground |website=Times Now News |date=20 October 2018 |language=en-GB |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tamhankar got engaged to Amey Gosavi, a [[visual effects]] artist, on 7 April 2012. They were married on 15 December 2013 and divorced in 2015.<ref name="marriage and divorce">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/after-divorce-her-husband-sai-tamhankar-fell-love/ |title=पतीसोबत घटस्फोट घेतल्यानंतर सई ताम्हणकर पुन्हा पडली प्रेमात |language=mr |date=8 January 2018 |website=Lokmat |access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Sai Tamhankar}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamhankar, Sai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Kakinada Urban mandal

2026-02-14T08:31:38Z

ArleneBelmore12: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakinada Urban mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.9437|82.2350|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kakinada]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 31.95
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 312538
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=626445|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of India|Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Kakinada Urban mandal''' is one of the 21 [[mandal]]s in [[Kakinada district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It has its headquarters at [[Kakinada]] city, that covers the entire mandal. The mandal is surrounded by [[Kakinada (rural) mandal]] and lies on the coast of [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in East Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/eastgodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618005358/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/eastgodavari.html|archive-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=sub>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of East Godavari District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=14|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719052907/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=14|archive-date=19 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 312,538. The total population constitute, 152,571 males and 159,967 females —a sex ratio of 1049 females per 1000 males. 29,698 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 15,041 are boys and 14,657 are girls —a ratio of 975 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 80.62% with 228,034 literates.<ref name=population />

== Towns and villages ==

Kakinada (urban) mandal consists of only one town of [[Kakinada]] and has no villages and hence, it is a fully urban mandal.<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Guntur District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=11 February 2016|pages=373}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Monotosh Roy

2026-02-08T17:52:03Z

ArleneBelmore12: quick adjust formatting and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian bodybuilder (1916–2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Monotosh Roy মনতোষ রায়
| image = Monotosh_Roy.png
| caption=
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|10|21}}<ref name=MM>[http://musclememory.com/show.php?a=Roy,+Manotosh Manotosh Roy]. ''MuscleMemory''</ref>
| birth_place = Gajaria, [[Dhaka district|Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2004|6|29|1916|10|21}}<ref name=MM/>
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Body Builder]]
| spouse =
| parents = Rasik Lal Roy
| children = [[Moloy Roy]] (son)<ref>
[https://in.pinterest.com/pin/291256300876782608/ Moloy Roy]. "Historical Figures"</ref>}}

'''Monotosh Roy''' ({{langx|bn|মনতোষ রায়}}; 21 October 1916<ref name=MM/> – 29 June 2004) was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] bodybuilder, who held the [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]] title in Group III Amateur Division in 1951.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ব্যায়ামে বাঙালী |language=bn |trans-title=Byame Bangali |last=Ghosh |first=Anil Chandra |orig-year=1927 |date=February 2008 |publisher=Presidency Library |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-89466-04-6 |pages=55–56}}</ref><ref name="ie03072005">{{cite news |title=The Indian Atlas |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/73754/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 July 2005 |access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="sandow">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm |title=Monotosh Roy |work=Sandow and the Golden Age of Iron Men: The Online Physical Culture Museum |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021227004108/http://www.sandowplus.co.uk/India/Monotosh/roy.htm |archive-date=27 December 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roy was the first Indian, [[Bengalis|Bengali]] and Asian to be awarded the Mr. Universe title.<ref name="ibbf">{{cite web |url=http://worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php |title=Monotosh Roy: The first Asian to be crowned Mr. Universe (1917 - 2005) |work=Mr. Universe 2011 |publisher=Indian Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321210118/http://www.worldchampion2011.in/monotosh_roy.php |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Roy was born in Gajaria village in [[Dhaka]] [[Dhaka District|district]], on the banks of [[Meghna river]] in [[East Bengal]], present day [[Bangladesh]]. In his childhood, Roy had to struggle against poverty. He attended an [[English-medium education|English-medium]] middle school. He began exercising at the age of 12. He considered [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh]] to be his guru. He would always keep a photo of Bishnu Charan Ghosh in front of him. One day Bishnu Charan Ghosh saw him working out and accepted him as his pupil.

== Career ==
In 1939, he competed in his first bodybuilding competition, but did not fare well. He resolved for success and engaged himself in further practice. In 1939, he won the East Indian Bodybuilding Championship.<ref name="sandow"/> In 1947, he won the All India Bodybuilding Championship.<ref name="sandow"/>

In 1951, Roy travelled to the United Kingdom and participated in the Mr. Universe competition. He won the Mr. Universe title in Group III Amateur Division category. The audience at the competition were mesmerised by his muscle display. They queued up for his autograph and even waited up to two and half hours for his autograph. Following his victory at the Mr. Universe competition, he was felicitated at the India House by the Indian High Commissioner.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

After his return to India he acted as a trainer in many physical culture clubs. He used to train fitness and yoga to celebrities. He founded the Indian Bodybuilding Federation in 1958.<ref name="ie03072005"/> He was also the founding member of Asian Bodybuilding Federation. He also taught at the [[Calcutta University]] and the Law College.<ref name="sandow"/> He became a featured columnist in periodicals on health and fitness. He also wrote a few books on Yoga. He conducted bodybuilding programmes that were telecast in the [[Doordarshan]]. He set up several bodybuilding and [[yoga]] centres in [[Kolkata]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

== Later life ==
In 1998, he set up a multigym near his home in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="ie03072005"/> In his later years he became bed ridden.<ref name="sandow"/> Roy died in 2004 following a cardiac arrest.<ref name="ie03072005"/>

== Legacy ==
After his death his multigym is run by his son [[Moloy Roy]], a recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]] and eight time Mr. India. After his death the Sports Minister and PWD Minister visited his residence and promised them to rename the Barrackpore Trunk Road after him.<ref name="ie03072005"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Physical culture}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Monotosh}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka District]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]

Mihir Sengupta

2026-02-08T17:42:35Z

ArleneBelmore12: fix formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian writer of Bengali language (1946–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Mihir Sengupta
|native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 September 1946
| birth_place = Keora, [[Barisal District|Barisal]], British India
| death_date = 17 January 2022 (Age 75)
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| alma mater = [[Brojomohun College]]
| occupation = Bank employee, writer
|notable_works = Bisadbrikhho
| awards = [[Ananda Purashkar]] (2005)
|parents =
|spouse =
|children =
}}
'''Mihir Sengupta''' (1946 – 17 January 2022) was an Indian writer of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] literature.

He was best known for his 2005 autobiography ''Bishaad Brikkho'' ('Tree of Sorrow').<ref>[http://www.mcrg.ac.in/Spheres/Rajarshi.doc Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group document]</ref><ref>[http://kafila.org/2010/10/29/the-return-of-daya-prasanta-chakravarty/ Kafila essay]</ref> It describes the atrocities of post-partition East Pakistan as seen by the author, who was uprooted from his native [[Barisal]] in present-day Bangladesh and ended up in Calcutta as a refugee. ''Bishaad Brikkho'' is regarded as an important literary document of the atrocities of post-partition West Pakistan and won the [[Ananda Puroshkar]] literary prize. Sengupta died in Kolkata of blood cancer on 17 January 2022, at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mihir Sengupta: ভাটিপুত্রের কথা ফুরোল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/famous-author-mihir-sengupta-passed-away/cid/1324149 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Mihir}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jhalokati Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Writers from Jhalokati District]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Bhandakhapar

2026-02-06T13:21:14Z

ArleneBelmore12: starting new info first draft

{{Orphan|date=April 2021}}
{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhandakhapar
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Alirajpur
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = 
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_demonym = 
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhandakhapar''' is a village in [[Alirajpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Find My Government|url=https://findmygov.in/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=findmygov.in|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Alirajpur district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Lilia taluka

2026-02-02T03:52:55Z

ArleneBelmore12: Added first post more to come

{{Short description|Taluka in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates||date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lilia Taluka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Lilia, Gujarat|Lilia]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 60423
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise Statistics {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |url=http://164.100.94.191/niti/best-practices/district-wise-statistics |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=164.100.94.191}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
| population_blank1 = 980 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| population_blank2 = 66.03%
| population_blank2_title = Literacy
}}

'''Lilia Taluka''' is a geographical subdivision located in the [[Amreli district]] of the state of [[Gujarat, India]]. It is situated in the western part of the country and falls within the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]]. Lilia is the headquarters of the taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluka {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://amreli.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=29 August 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="gujarat">{{cite web |title=Lilia Taluka |url=https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/leeliya/home |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the Lilia Sub-district has a total of 12,358 households. The population of this sub-district stands at 60,423 individuals, comprising 30,520 males and 29,903 females. Among them, there are 6,072 children, with 3,222 being male and 2,850 female. In terms of demographics, the Scheduled Castes population in Lilia Sub-District is recorded at 5,452, consisting of 2,807 males and 2,645 females. Additionally, there are 256 individuals belonging to Scheduled Tribes, with 126 males and 130 females. Out of the total population, 40,051 individuals are literate, encompassing 22,386 males and 17,665 females. On the other hand, there are 20,372 individuals who are illiterate, with 8,134 being male and 12,238 female. there are 28,923 workers in Lilia Sub-District, including 18,926 males and 9,997 females. Conversely, there are 31,500 non-workers, with 11,594 males and 19,906 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population in India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/widgets/embed/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/en/Home}}
* {{OSM relation|9659203}}
{{Subject bar|portal3=India|commons=yes|commons-search=|wikt=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q25564717}}{{Amreli district}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]

{{Amreli-geo-stub}}

Mira Bigha Halt railway station

2026-01-20T19:06:36Z

ArleneBelmore12:

{{short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mira Bigha Halt
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Kohara, Tikari Tehsil, [[Jehanabad district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.128161|N|84.987271|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Bihar
| line =
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|72|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|1900}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MBAH
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Tehta|right=Niyazipur Halt|type=[[Patna–Gaya line]]}}}}

'''Mira Bigha Halt railway station''' is a halt railway station on the [[Patna–Gaya line]] under [[Danapur railway division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]]. The station is situated at Kohara, Tikari Tehsil in [[Jehanabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharan|first=Prabhat|title=Mira Bigha Halt Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mira-bigha-halt-mbah/12565|access-date=2020-10-28|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=MBAH / Mira Bigha Halt Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Mira Bigha Halt|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/mbah/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Total Train Info}}</ref>

==History==
[[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]] was connected to [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]] in 1900 by [[East Indian Railway Company]] by Patna–Gaya line.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II (1870-1899)| publisher= | accessdate = 27 October 2020}}</ref> The Gaya to Jahanabad was electrified in 2002–2003.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 28 October 2020}}</ref> Electrification of the Patna–Gaya line was completed in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.processregister.com/Patna-Gaya_Rail_Electrification/Project/pid3375.htm |title =Patna–Gaya rail electrification project| publisher=Process Register | accessdate = 28 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Saket metro station

2026-01-18T22:14:30Z

ArleneBelmore12: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Saket
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Yellow}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Saket metro station - Entrance.jpg
| image_caption = Saket metro station -(Entrance)
| address = Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Saket, South Delhi, Delhi,110030
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Island platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|9|3|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Yellow|left=Malviya Nagar|right=Qutub Minar}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Saket''' metro station is located on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=2010-09-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is the last underground station on the southern end of the Yellow Line of Delhi Metro.

Situated on [[Mehrauli-Badarpur Road]], in '''Saidad ul Ajaib''' near Saket, it serves the southern parts of [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]], including Golf Green, while the [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]] station is closer to some houses in blocks A, B, C, D and G.
There are entrances in Block D and near the [[Garden of Five Senses]].

[[File:Saket metro station - Platform board.jpg|thumb|Saket metro station – Platform board]]
[[File:Saket metro station - Entrance board.jpg|thumb|Saket metro station – Entrance board]]

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''C'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Qutab Minar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Yellow|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Malviya Nagar}}
|}

===Facilities===
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Saket West metro station are HDFC Bank, Yes Bank, SBI <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Entry/exit==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};"| Saket West metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|}

== Connections ==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 34, 34A, 427, 463, 525STL, 717, 717A, 717B, Badarpur Border Terminal – Gurugram Bus Stand, serves the station from nearby Saidulajab bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |website=delhi.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002134451/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |archive-date=2009-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |title=NextBus Delhi |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814201040/http://businfo.dimts.in/businfo/Bus_info/SearchBusStop.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[Saket (Delhi)]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Saket+Metro+Station/@28.5205465,77.2003645,317m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce1fb6c496bef:0x47f3d4053d87a9ee!8m2!3d28.5205418!4d77.2014581|title=Saket metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Diwaliben Bhil

2026-01-07T23:52:54Z

ArleneBelmore12: created new biography more to come

{{Short description|Indian folk singer (1943–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Diwaliben Bhil
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = દિવાળીબેન ભીલ
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Diwaliben Punjabhai Ladhia
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1943|06|02}}<ref name=":2"/>
| birth_place = Dalkhania village (now in Dhari Taluka, [[Amreli district]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|05|19|1943|06|02}}
| death_place = [[Junagadh]], Gujarat, India<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat's renowned folk singer Diwaliben Bhil passed away in hometown Junagadh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/gujarats-renowned-folk-singer-diwaliben-bhil-passed-away-in-hometown-junagadh/articleshow/52353093.cms?utm_source |website=The Times of India |date=20 May 2016}}</ref>
| genre = [[Folk music]]
| occupation = Folk singer, playback singer
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
}}

'''Diwaliben Punjabhai Bhil''' (2 June 1943 – 19 May 2016), also known as '''Diwaliben Punjabhai Ladhia''', was an Indian folk singer and playback singer from [[Gujarat]]. Her talent was discovered late; she then sang on radio and in [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]] and was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-19 |title=Popular Gujarati folk singer Diwaliben Bhil passes away |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/popular-gujarati-folk-singer-diwaliben-bhil-passes-away-17251184 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Diwaliben Bhil was born on 2 June 1943<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-1460|title=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India|last=Ghosh|first=Nikhil|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Saṅgīt Mahābhāratī.|year=2011|isbn=9780199797721|edition=1st|volume=1|location=New Delhi|oclc=729238089|via=Oxford Reference}}</ref> in Dalkhania village (now in Dhari Taluka, [[Amreli district]], Gujarat) to Punjabhai and Monghiben in a tribal family.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-popular-folk-singer-passes-away-at-75-2809694/|title=Gujarat: Popular folk singer passes away at 75|last=Kateshiya|first=Gopal|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="db2">{{cite web|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news-ht/SAU-JUN-OMC-padma-shree-award-winner-diwaliben-bhil-is-no-more-5328040-NOR.html?seq=2|title=પદ્મ શ્રી લોકગાયિકા દિવાળીબેન ભીલનું નિધન|last=Ram|first=Sarman|date=20 May 2016|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu|trans-title=Padma Shree Award Winner Diwaliben Bhil Is No More|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524051532/http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news-ht/SAU-JUN-OMC-padma-shree-award-winner-diwaliben-bhil-is-no-more-5328040-NOR.html?seq=5|archive-date=24 May 2016|url-status=live|access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|last=Mule|first=Balkrishna Madhavrao|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|year=2002|edition=1st|volume=XVI|location=Ahmedabad|pages=862–863|language=gu|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|chapter=ભીલ, દિવાળીબહેન}}</ref> Her original surname was Ladhiya.<ref name=":1" /> Inspired by her mother, she started singing traditional [[Garba (dance)|garba]] songs at an early age. She was a primary-school dropout, but had taught herself folk singing.<ref name=":0" /> She moved to [[Junagadh]] at the age of nine, when her father found a job on the [[Junagadh State Railway]]. She was married in [[Rajkot]] at the age of nine, but her marriage was declared [[Void (law)|null and void]] after only two days due to disagreements; she never married again. Around the age of twenty, she got a job in a hospital and worked there for ten years. Later, she worked as a domestic helper in the nurses' quarters of the Junagadh Public Hospital.<ref name=":1" /> She moved to Junagadh and lived with her brother in the Ghanghiram area.<ref name="db2" />

In 1964, Gujarati folk singer [[Hemu Gadhavi]] spotted her talent and arranged her first recording for the [[All India Radio]]-Rajkot for a payment of five [[Indian rupee|Rupee]]s. Social worker Ratubhai Adani took her to [[Delhi]], where she won the first prize in the Folk Music Festival. Musician [[Kalyanji]] heard her during her stage performance in Mumbai, and invited her to sing as a [[playback singer]] in Gujarati films. ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971) was her first film and her song "Paap Taru Parkash Jadeja.." from the film become very popular. She travelled across India and abroad for performances.<ref name=":1" /> She conducted several stage performances with Pranlal Vyas.<ref name="db2" /> She worked in a primary school of Gomta village near [[Gondal, India|Gondal]].<ref name=":1" />

She died on 19 May 2016 of natural causes, after a long period of illness.<ref name="db2" />

== Works ==
Diwaliben was a self-taught singer, and did not receive any formal education in music.<ref name=":3" />

Diwaliben sang large numbers of folk songs, ''[[Garba (dance)|garba]]''s, ''[[bhajan]]''s and Gujarati film songs, and recorded and released [[Compact Cassette|cassette]]s of them.<ref name=":1" /> She received recognition for her folk song "Aiwa Aiwa" from the album ''Mann ke Manjeere'' (2001). The folk song was from the [[Kharwa caste|Kharwa]] community of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. Some of her notable songs are "Marey Todle Betho Mor", "Sona Vatkdi Re Kesar Gholya", "Vage Che Re", "Ram Na Ban Vagya", "Hari Na Ban Vagya Re", "Halo Ne Kathiyavadi Re", "Kokilkanthi", "Hoon To Kagalaiyan Lakhi Lakhi Thaki", "Varse Varse Ashadhi Kere Megh" and "Chelaiya Khama Khamare" from the Gujarati film, ''Halo Gamde Jaiye''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Gujarats-renowned-folk-singer-Diwaliben-Bhil-passed-away-in-hometown-Junagadh/articleshow/52353093.cms|title=Gujarat's renowned folk singer Diwaliben Bhil passed away in hometown Junagadh|date=20 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="md" />
She had worked with several musicians and singers such as Hemu Gadhvi, Lakhabhai Gadhvi, Ismail Valera, Veljibhai Gajjar, Karsan Sagathiya, [[Praful Dave]], Bhikhudan Gadhvi, [[Usha Mangeshkar]], Damyanti Bardai, Murli Meghani and Anandkumar.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Recognition ==
Bhil was felicitated by the Gujarati Society in [[London]] during her visit.<ref name=":1" /> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], in 1990.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="md">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/popular-gujarati-folk-singer-diwaliben-bhil-passes-away-at-83/17251184|title=Popular Gujarati folk singer Diwaliben Bhil passes away at 83|date=19 May 2016|website=Mid-Day|access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="db2" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Government of Gujarat]] awarded her the Gujarat Gaurav Puraskar.<ref name=":1" /> She was the recipient of 2011 [[Kavi Kag Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Vijaydan Detha - Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://www.prabhatbooks.com/author/vijaydan-detha.htm |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.prabhatbooks.com}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

* ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971)
* ''Hothal Padamani'' (1974)
* ''Bhadar Tara Vaheta Pani'' (1976)
* ''Ganga Sati'' (1979)
* ''Maniyaro'' (1980)
* ''Ra Navghan'' 1976
* ''Sati Savitri''
* ''Lankani Ladi Ghogha No Var'' (1978)
* ''Mandavda Ropavo Manaraj''
* ''Machu Tara Vaheta Pani''
* ''Goral Garasani'' (1982)
* ''Sonba Ane Roopba''
* ''Ashadhi Bij''
* ''Sampurn Ramayan''
* ''Veer Abhal Valo''
* ''Bhagat Pipaji''
* ''Pithi No Rang''
* ''[[Maiyar Ma Mandu Nathi Lagtu]]''
* ''Shamalshano Vivah''
* ''Vat Vachan Ane Ver''
* ''Mali Methan''
* ''Virangna Nathibai''
* ''Diyar Vatu''
* ''Sonbai Ni Chundadi''
* ''Sant Tulsidas''
* ''Lako Loyan''

}}



== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{YouTube|m7mIQ7ru8ks|''Diwaliben Bhil''}} Interview
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhil, Diwaliben}}
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh]]
[[Category:Singers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Jalandhar Cantonment railway station

2025-12-28T12:58:43Z

ArleneBelmore12: general adjust page per sources and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Rail station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jalandhar Cantonment Junction
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Amritsar vande b.jpg
| image_caption = [[Amritsar-Delhi Junction Vande Bharat Express]] At Jalandhar Cantonment Junction Railway Station
| address = Opposite GT Road, near Rama Mandi, Jalandhar, Punjab
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.307|N|75.632|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|239|m|ft}}
| line = [[Ambala–Attari line]] [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1870
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 2003–04
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JRC
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = 31.307,75.632
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_dot_label = Jalandhar Cantonment
| map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Chiheru|right=Jalandhar City|type=[[Ambala–Attari line]]
|line2=Northern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Khalsa College (halt)|type2=Jalandhar–Nakoar line
|line3=Northern Railway zone|left3=|right3=Suchipind|type3=[[Jalandhar–Jammu line]]
|line4=Northern Railway zone|left4=|right4=Bolinna Doaba|type4=Jalandhar–Hoshiarpur branch line}}
}}
'''Jalandhar Cantonment Junction''' railway station (station code: '''JRC''') is located in [[Jalandhar district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Jalandhar]].

==The railway station==
Jalandhar Cantonment railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|239|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – JRC.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/jalandhar-cantt-junction-jrc/545 |title= Jallandhar Cantonment railway station|publisher=India Rail Info | access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] completed the {{convert|483|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long Amritsar–Jalandhar–Ambala–Saharanpur–Ghaziabad line in 1870 connecting [[Multan Cantonment railway station|Multan]] (now in Pakistan) with Delhi.

The line from Jalandhar City to Mukerian was constructed in 1915.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c | title= Hoshiarpur – Punjab District Gazetteers | work= Chapter VII Communications – Railways | publisher= | access-date= 9 February 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105330/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c | archive-date= 4 March 2016 | url-status= dead }}</ref> The Mukerian–Pathankot line was built in 1952. The construction of the Pathankot–Jammu Tawi line was initiated in 1965, after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], and opened in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html | title=IR History: Part V (1970–1995) |publisher= IRFCA | access-date = 9 February 2014 }}</ref>

Hoshiarpur was linked by rail with Jullundur Cantonment in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c|title= Punjab District Gazetteers – Hoshiarpur|publisher= Punjab Revenue|access-date= 22 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105330/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Phagwara–Jalandhar City–Amritsar sector was electrified in 2003–04.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title=History of Electrification| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

==DMU shed==
India's first and largest [[Diesel multiple unit|DMU]] shed at Jalandhar holds 90 units placed in service in rural Punjab. It also houses two BEML-built rail buses which operate on the Beas–Goindwal Sahib line.<ref name=sheds>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 5 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/jalandhar-cantt-junction-jrc/545 Trains at Jalandhar Cantonment]

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1870]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jalandhar]]

Repatriation of indentured Indians from Fiji

2025-12-14T22:03:08Z

ArleneBelmore12: small edit

{{Short description|Repatriation}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
Between 1879 and 1916, tens of thousands of Indians moved to [[Fiji]] to work as [[Indentured servant|indentured labourers]], especially on [[sugarcane]] [[plantation]]s. '''Repatriation of indentured Indians from Fiji''' began on 3 May 1892, when the ''[[British Peer (ship)|British Peer]]'' brought 464 repatriated Indians to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Various ships made similar journeys to Calcutta and [[Chennai|Madras]], concluding with ''Sirsa''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 1951 voyage. In 1955 and 1956, three ships brought Indian labourers from Fiji to Sydney, from where the labourers flew to [[Mumbai|Bombay]].

==Conditions of return==

Indentured Indians wishing to return to India were given two options. One was travel at their own expense and the other free of charge but subject to certain conditions. To obtain free passage back to India, labourers had to have been above age twelve upon arrival, completed at least five years of service and lived in Fiji for a total of ten consecutive years. A child born to these labourers in Fiji could accompany his or her parents or guardian back to India if he or she was under twelve.

Due to the high cost of returning at their own expense, most indentured immigrants returning to India left Fiji around ten to twelve years after arrival. Indeed, just over twelve years passed between the voyage of the first ship carrying indentured Indians to Fiji (the ''[[Leonidas (ship)|Leonidas]]'', in 1879) and the first ship to take Indians back (the ''[[British Peer (ship)|British Peer]]'', in 1892).

==Repatriation==
Given the steady influx of ships carrying indentured Indians to Fiji up until 1916, repatriated Indians generally boarded these same ships on their return voyage. The total number of repatriates under the Fiji indenture system is recorded as 39,261, while the number of arrivals is said to have been 60,553. Because the return figure includes children born in Fiji, many of the indentured Indians never returned to India.

Direct return voyages by ship ceased after 1951. Instead, arrangements were made for flights from Sydney to Bombay, the first of which departed in July 1955. Labourers still travelled to Sydney by ship.

==List of ship charters to India==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Name of ship''' !! '''Date of departure''' !! '''Calcutta arrivals''' !! '''Madras arrivals''' !! '''Total arrivals'''
|-
| ''[[British Peer (ship)|British Peer]]'' || 3 May 1892 || 464 (260m 111w 35b 43g 15i) || || 464
|-
| ''[[Hereford (ship)|Hereford]]'' || 25 June 1892 || 24 || || 24
|-
| ''[[Moy (ship)|Moy]]''|| 28 April 1893 || 529 (317m 133f 34b 31g 17i) || || 529
|-
| ''[[Ems (ship)|Ems]]'' || 5 May 1894 ||576 (312m 148f 38b 42g 36i) || || 576
|-
| ''Hereford'' ||16 July 1894 || 447 (277m 125f 41b 28g 21i) || || 447
|-
| ''[[SS Virawa]]'' || 14 May 1895 || 608 (347m 147f 38b 40g 36i) || || 608
|-
| ''[[Erne (ship)|Erne]]'' || 14 May 1896 || 675 (371m 170f 55b 50g 29i) || || 675
|-
| ''Moy'' || 15 June 1898 || 393 (273m 65f 25b 19g 13i) || || 393
|-
| ''[[Avon (ship)|Avon]]'' || 10 August 1899 || 328 (213m 66f 20b 15g 14i) || || 328
|-
| ''[[Ganges (1882)|Ganges]]'' || 12 September 1899 || 33 (24m 5f 2b 2g) || || 33
|-
| ''[[Elbe (1887 ship)|Elbe]]'' || 23 July 1900 || 405 (245m 87f 28b 31g 14i) || || 405
|-
| ''[[SS Fazilka]]'' || 2 July 1901 || 515 (298m 107f 45b 44g 33i) || || 515
|-
| ''SS Fazilka'' || 5 July 1902|| 479 (291m 90f 44b 41g 13i) || || 479
|-
| ''[[Arno (ship)|Arno]]'' || 15 September 1903 || 549 (325m 114f 63b 52g 25i) || || 549
|-
| ''Arno'' || 19 August 1904 || 366 (211m 91f 34b 37g 20i) || || 366
|-
| ''[[SS Virawa]]'' ||26 July 1905 || 341 (193m 64w 31b 36g 17i) || || 341
|-
| ''SS Fazilka'' || 1 May 1906 || 321 (221m 71f 13b 12g 4i) || || 321
|-
| ''SS Fazilka'' || 10 February 1907|| 533 (316m 96w 56b 42g 23i) || 63 (34m 21f 4b 1g 3i) || 596
|-
| ''SS Fazilka'' || 1 May 1907 || 26 (15m 8f 2g 1i) || 21 (14m 6f 1g) || 47
|-
| ''[[SS Sangola]]'' || 30 March 1908 || 606 (363m 115f 42b 60g 26i) || 87 (51m 24f 6b 3g 3i) || 693
|-
| ''SS Sangola'' || 11 February 1909 || 60 || 54 (30m 15f 1b 3g 5i) || 114
|-
| ''SS Sangola'' || 16 March 1910 || 351 (245m 63f 18b 14g 8i) || 20 (12m 6f 1b 1g) || 371
|-
| ''SS Santhia'' || 30 April 1910 || 18 (14m 4f) || 23 (13m 5f 1b 3g 1i) || 41
|-
| ''[[SS Sutlej]]'' || 8 July 1911 || 545 (408m 78f 30b 21g 9i) || 102 (66m 24f 7b 2g 3i) || 647
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' || 7 October 1911 || 53 (34m 12f 2b 2g 3i) || 8 (3m 4f 1g) || 61
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' || 9 May 1912 || 616 (383m 108f 47b 59g 20i) || 103 (54m 34f 7b 6g 2i) || 719
|-
| ''[[SS Ganges (1906)|SS Ganges]]'' || 28 February 1913 || 681 || 126 || 807
|-
| ''[[SS Chenab]]'' || 8 March 1914 || 675 || 264 || 801
|-
| ''SS Chenab'' || 22 June 1914 || 321 || 33 || 354
|-
| ''[[SS Mutlah]]'' || 13 May 1915 || 473 || 95 || 568
|-
| ''SS Chenab'' || 6 September 1916 || 486 || 242 || 728
|-
| ''Ganges I'' || 7 June 1920 || 844 || 303 || 1,147
|-
| ''Ganges II'' || 30 August 1920 || 1046 || 82 || 1,128
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 12 November 1920 || 892 || 239 || 1,131
|-
| ''[[SS Torilla]]'' || 18 December 1920 || 1134 || 105 || 1,239
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 12 February 1921 || 1444 || 149 || 1,593
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 24 May 1921 || 1000 || 214 || 1214
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 7 June 1920 || 695 || 241 || 936
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 12 November 1920 || 799 || 166 || 965
|-
| ''SS Torilla'' || 18 December 1920 || 1808 || 93 || 1,901
|-
| ''Ganges'' || 12 February 1921 || 974 || 100 || 1,074
|-
| ''Ganges'' || 24 May 1921 || 996 || 178 || 1,174
|-
| ''SS Chenab'' || 22 November 1921 || 739 || 249 || 988
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' || 6 June 1922 || 512 || 454 || 966
|-
| ''SS Chenab'' || 27 December 1922 || 565 || 372 || 937
|-
| ''Ganges'' || 6 November 1923 || 411 || 560 || 971
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' || 20 December 1924 || 558 || 464 || 1,022
|-
| Unknown || 25 January 1926 || 701 || 487 || 1,188
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 31 January 1927 || 528 || || 528
|-
| ''Ganges'' || 26 February 1927 || 514 || 582 || 1,096
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' || 21 April 1928 || 530 || 442 || 972
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' || 8 July 1929 ||365 || 286 || 651
|-
| ''SS Sutlej'' ||16 March 1930 || 346 || 305 || 651
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 7 September 1931 || 103 || 171 || 274
|-
| ''Ganges'' || 14 May 1932 || 76 || 93 || 169
|-
| ''Ganges'' || 30 August 1933|| 136 || 112 || 248
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 22 August 1934 || 78 || 45 || 123
|-
| ''[[SS Elephanta]]'' || 14 November 1935 || 82 || 80 || 162
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 24 December 1936 || 105 || 66 || 171
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 21 April 1938 || 109 || 86 || 195
|-
| ''SS Ganges'' || 20 September 1939 || 56 || 65 || 121
|-
| ''[[MV Orna]]'' || 3 August 1947 || 106 || 52 || 158
|-
| ''[[SS Selma]]'' || 13 May 1945 || 12 || 7 || 19
|-
| ''MV Orna'' || 5 March 1948 || 29 || 32 || 61
|-
| ''MV Orna'' || 18 August 1948 || 70 || 50 || 120
|-
| ''MV Orna'' || 8 July 1949 || 95 || 47 || 142
|-
| Unknown || 28 March 1950 || 53 || 22 || 75
|-
| ''[[SS Sirsa]]'' || 17 May 1951 || 34 || 12 || 46
|-
| || || || Total || 39,157
|}
{{col-2}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Legend'''
| align="center" width="30" | m || Men
|-
| align="center" width="30" | w || Women
|-
| align="center" width="30" | b || Boys
|-
| align="center" width="30" | g || Girls
|-
| align="center" width="30" | i || Infants
|}
{{col-end}}

==List of ship charters to Sydney==
The following ships brought labourers to Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |title=Register of indentured Indian immigrants repatriated to India 3 May, 1892-22 Jul., 1956 |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/742807 |publisher=Fiji Department of Immigration |accessdate=18 June 2012 |author=Fiji Department of Immigration}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Name of ship''' !! '''Flight departure''' !! '''Number of departures'''
|-
| ''Strathmore'' || 25 July 1955 || 25
|-
| ''Stratheden'' || 29 November 1955 || 68
|-
| ''Strathnaver'' || 24 July 1956 || 12
|-
| || Total || 105
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Girmityas]]
*[[List of Indian indenture ships to Fiji]]
*[[Indian indenture system]]

[[Category:Fijian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Colony of Fiji]]
[[Category:Indentured servitude]]
[[Category:Labour in Fiji]]
[[Category:Labour in India]]
[[Category:Debt bondage]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Fijian diaspora]]
[[Category:Sugar industry in Fiji]]
[[Category:Indian indenture ships to Fiji|.]]

Francis Langford O'Callaghan

2025-12-11T05:42:18Z

ArleneBelmore12: created basic data first draft

{{Short description|Irish civil engineer (1839-1909)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Francis Langford O'Callaghan
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]]
| image = Sir Francis Langford O'Callaghan KCMG (22 July 1839 - 14 November 1909).png
| birth_date = 22 July 1839
| birth_place = [[County Cork]]
| death_date = 14 November 1909 (aged 70)
| death_place = [[Guildford]]
| occupation = Civil engineer
| years_active = 1859-1903
| children = 1 son
}}

'''Sir Francis Langford O'Callaghan''' [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]] (22 July 1839 – 14 November 1909) was an Irish civil engineer who spent most of his career in the construction of railways in India.

== Early life and education ==
Francis Langford O'Callaghan was born in Drisheen, [[County Cork]], Ireland on 22 July 1839. He was educated privately, and at [[University College Cork|Queen's College, Cork]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB |title=O'Callaghan, Sir Francis Langford (1839–1909), civil engineer |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35282 |access-date=2024-07-31 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35282 |last1=Kerr |first1=Ian J. }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Adam & Charles Black |url=http://archive.org/details/whowaswhovol1who0000noau |title=Who Was Who. Vol 1: Who Was Who 1897-1915 |date=1966-01-01 |publisher=Adam & Charles Black |others=Internet Archive |pages=533}}</ref>

== Career ==
He trained as a civil engineer with [[Henry Conybeare]] from 1859 to 1862 whilst working on railway construction in Ireland and in South Wales.<ref name=":0" />

In 1862, he joined the Indian Public Works Department, after competitive examination, and rose through various grades. He was appointed probationary Assistant Engineer on 13 June 1862, Executive Engineer on 1 April 1866, and Superintending Engineer (First Class) in March 1886. On 9 May 1889, he rose to the position of Chief Engineer (First Class) and Consulting Engineer to the Government of India for State Railways, and in 1892, he became Secretary to the Government of India Public Works Department. He retired from Indian service in 1894.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=15 November 1909 |title=Sir Francis O'Callaghan |work=[[The Times]] |pages=15}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=25 November 1909 |title=Social And Personal |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/pinangazette19091125-1.2.19 |work=Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle |pages=4}}</ref>

In September 1895, after returning to England, he was appointed by the [[Colonial Office]] as a managing member of the [[Uganda]] Railway Committee, and held the position until the committee was dissolved on 30 September 1903.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

He built several State railways in India. In 1887 to 1889, he designed and partly constructed the railway through the [[Khojak Pass]] to the frontier with [[Afghanistan]]. A few years earlier, he received the [[Order of the Indian Empire|C.I.E.]] for the construction of a bridge across the [[Indus River|Indus]] at [[Attock]], and later he received the [[Order of the Star of India|C.S.I.]] for building a railway through the [[Bolan Pass]] to [[Quetta]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

He became a member of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] in 1872. He was also a fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]. He was a director of the [[History of rail transport in Myanmar|Burma Railway Company]] and the Egyptian Delta Light Railway Company. He published in 1865 "''Bidder's Earthwork Tables, intended and adapted for the Use of the Public Works Department in India''".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Personal life and death ==
O'Callaghan married Anna Powell in 1875 and they had a son. He died in [[Guildford]] on 14 November 1909, and was buried at [[Holy Trinity Church, Guildford]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Honours ==
In the [[1902 Coronation Honours]], O'Callaghan was appointed Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George ([[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]]). He was also awarded the Order of the Indian Empire ([[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]) and the Order of the Star of India ([[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OCallaghan, Francis Langford}}
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish civil engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from County Cork]]
[[Category:Irish people in rail transport]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]

Margaret B. Denning

2025-11-29T01:10:17Z

ArleneBelmore12: Added first post w/ sources

{{short description|American missionary and temperance worker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Margaret B. Denning
| image = Margaret B. Denning (Mosaics from India, 1902).png
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Margaret Weaver Boehme (or Beahm)
| birth_date = October 17, 1856
| birth_place = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date = August 16, 1935
| death_place = [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]], [[California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|missionary|temperance activist|writer}}
| spouse = {{married|John Otis Denning|1886}}
| children = 3
| notable_works = ''Mosaics from India''
}}
'''Margaret B. Denning''' (October 17, 1856 – August 16, 1935) was an American missionary and temperance worker who spent 29 years in India. She was also the author two books, ''Mosaics from India'' (1902) and ''Dainty cookery for the home'' (1903).

==Early life and education==
Margaret Weaver Boehme (or Beahm) was born at [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], October 17, 1856.<ref name="Cherrington-1925">{{cite book |last1=Cherrington |first1=Ernest Hurst |author-link1=Ernest Cherrington |title=Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem |date=1925 |publisher=[[American Issue Publishing House]] |location=[[Westerville, Ohio ]] |volume=2 |via=Internet Archive |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/standardencyclop02cher/page/794 |page=794 |chapter=DENNING, MARGARET BEAHM |access-date=27 December 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>

The family moved to [[Canton, Illinois]] and she was graduated from its high school. Afterwards, she attended [[Illinois Wesleyan University]] (Ph. B., 1882).<ref name="Cherrington-1925" />

==Career==
Denning taught school until 1886.<ref name="Obit">{{cite news |title=Obituary, Margaret Weaver Beahm Denning. Died August 1935, Pacific Palisades, California. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115271227/obituary-margaret-weaver-beahm/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |work=The Pantagraph |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=23 August 1935 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

She married Dr. John Otis Denning, M. A., on May 4, 1886. The couple were affiliated with the [[Presbyterian Mission Agency]].<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /> They received an appointment for missionary workin India by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church and arrived in [[Bombay]], December 1890;<ref name="Obit" /> they served in India for 39 years.<ref name="CA1935" /> She was stationed at [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], where she became active in temperance work in connection with her mission enterprises.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" />

In 1911, Denning was elected president of the National [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (W.C.T.U.) of India, and she retained that office until 1919. For some years preceding her election as president, she had been corresponding secretary of the Union, which at that time had a membership of about 4,000. She was also connected with the [[International Organisation of Good Templars|Independent Order of Good Templars]], holding various positions in that body.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" />

After attending the World W.C.T.U. conference in London (1920), she stayed on for a few months to continue her temperance work in England. Over the next three years, she remained with the World W.C.T.U. in charge of correspondence with secretaries in 42 other countries.<ref name="Obit" />

Besides delivering frequent addresses, Denning wrote a number of temperance pamphlets, as well as a book entitled ''Mosaics from India''.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" />

==Personal life==
Denning was a member of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]].<ref name="Obit" />

The Dennings had three sons, one of whom died at birth and two who died in 1905.<ref name="Obit" />

Margaret B. Denning died in [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]], [[California]], August 16, 1935.<ref name="Obit" /><ref name="CA1935">{{cite book | title = Christian Advocate : Pacific Edition |volume= 84 | pages = | oclc = 70992530 |year=1935 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0uAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''Mosaics from India: Talks about India, Its Peoples, Religions and Customs'', by Margaret Boehme Denning (Fleming H. Revell Company, 1902)<ref name="Denning1902">{{cite book |last1=Denning |first1=Margaret Boehme |title=Mosaics from India: Talks about India, Its Peoples, Religions and Customs |date=1902 |publisher=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7snAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref>
* ''Dainty cookery for the home: containing English, American and Indian dishes'' (1903)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Denning, Margaret B.}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Temperance activists from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Illinois Wesleyan University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Daughters of the American Revolution people]]

Political history of medieval Karnataka

2025-11-25T12:07:47Z

ArleneBelmore12: small changes

{{short description|History of Karnataka region of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Karnataka History}}

The '''political history of medieval Karnataka''' spans the [[4th century|4th]] to the [[16th century|16th centuries]] in [[Karnataka]] region of [[India]]. The medieval era spans several periods of time from the earliest native kingdoms and [[imperialism]]; the successful domination of the [[Gangetic plains]] in northern India and rivalry with the empires of [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]] over the [[Vengi]] region; and the domination of the [[Deccan Plateau|southern Deccan]] and consolidation against [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim invasion]]. The origins of the rise of the Karnataka region as an independent power date back to the fourth-century birth of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] of [[Banavasi]] which was the earliest of the native rulers to conduct administration in the native language of [[Kannada]] in addition to the official [[Sanskrit]].

In the southern regions of Karnataka, the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Gangas]] of [[Talakad]] were contemporaries of the Kadambas. The Kadambas and Gangas were followed by the imperial dynasties of the [[Badami Chalukya Empire]], the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]], the [[Western Chalukya Empire]], the [[Hoysala Empire]] and the Vijayanagara Empire, all patronising the ancient [[Indian religions|Indic religions]] while showing tolerance to the new cultures arriving from the west of the subcontinent. The Muslim invasion of the Deccan resulted in the breaking away of the feudatory Sultanates in the 14th century. The rule of the [[Bahamani Sultanate]] of [[Bidar]] and the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] from the northern Deccan region caused a mingling of the ancient Hindu traditions with the nascent [[Islamic culture]] in the region. The hereditary ruling families and clans ably served the large empires and upheld the local culture and traditions. The fall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1565 brought about a slow disintegration of Kannada-speaking regions into minor kingdoms that struggled to maintain autonomy in an age dominated by foreigners until unification and independence in 1947.

==Kadambas and Gangas==
{{See also|Kadamba Dynasty|Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga literature}}
[[File:Doddagaddavalli Lakshmidevi temple1 retouched.JPG|thumb|left|Kadamba tower at [[Doddagaddavalli]]]]
[[File:Indian Kadamba Empire map.svg|thumb|left|[[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba Empire]], 500 CE.]]

Prior to and during the early centuries of the first millennium, large areas of the Karnataka region was ruled by such imperial powers as the [[Mauryas]] of Maghada and later the [[Satavahanas]], empires whose centres of power were in the Gangetic plains and Central India respectively. With the weakening of the Satavahanas, the Pallavas of Kanchi took control for a brief duration.<ref name="pal">Ramesh (1984), pp1–3</ref> In the 4th century, the rise to power of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] of [[Banavasi]] identified the Karnataka region as an independent political entity and Kannada as an administrative language from the middle of the 5th century.<ref name="first">From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp10–11)</ref> The Kadambas were natives of the [[Talagunda]] region (in modern [[Shivamogga district]]) as proven by inscriptions.<ref name="first1">The Kadambas were Kanarese speaking dravidians inducted into the Brahmin fold (Moraes 1931, p11)</ref><ref name="first2">Their local tribal origins is attested by the Talagunda inscription, R.N. Nandi in Adiga (2006), p93</ref><ref name="first3">Ramesh (1984), p3</ref><ref name="naga">Some inscriptions claim the Kadambas came from a Naga descent (snake worshippers) making them natives of Karnataka region, Moraes (1931), p10</ref><ref name="naga1">Kamath (2001), p30</ref> [[Mayurasharma]], a Brahmin native of Talagunda who was humiliated by a [[Pallava]] guard, rose in rage against the Pallava control of the Banavasi region and declared his independence in 345.<ref name="tala">From the Talagunda inscription (B.L. Rice in Kamath 2001, pp 30–31)</ref><ref name="tala1">Ramesh (1984), 1984, p6</ref><ref name="tala2">Moraes (1931), p10</ref> After many wars, the Pallava king had to accept the sovereignty of the Kadambas and Mayurasharma, the founding king, crowned himself at Banavasi (in the present day [[Uttara Kannada]] district).<ref name="cor">Chopra (2003), p161, part1; Kamath (2001), p30</ref>
[[File:Western-ganga-empire-map.svg|thumb|right|[[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga Territories]], 800 CE.]]
The fact that the Kadambas cultivated marital ties with the imperial [[Vakatakas]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasties attests to their power.<ref name="vaka">Moraes (1931), p26</ref> [[Kakusthavarma]], the most powerful ruler of the dynasty whom inscriptions describe as "ornament of the Kadamba family" and "Sun among the kings of wide spread flame", gave one daughter in marriage to Vakataka Narendrasena and another to [[Skandagupta]], grandson of [[Chandragupta II]] of the Gupta dynasty.<ref name="marriage">From the Talagunda inscription (Moraes 1931, pp26–27)</ref><ref name="marriage1">From the Balaghat inscription of Vakataka Prithvisena (Kamath 2001, p33)</ref> Historians trace their rise to political power through the examination of the contemporaneous Sanskrit writing, ''Aichitya Vichara Charcha'' by [[Kshemendra]], which quotes portions of a writing ''Kunthalesvara Dautya'' by the famous poet [[Kalidasa]]. Here Kalidasa describes his visit to the Kadamba kingdom as an ambassador where he was not offered a seat in the court of the Kadamba king and had to sit on the ground. Historians view this act as one of assertion by the Kadambas who considered themselves equal to the imperial Gupta dynasty.<ref name="equal">Moraes, Desai and Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p33</ref>
[[File:Relief of Jain tirthankara in the Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Roof relief sculpture, Jain Panchakuta basadi at [[Kambadahalli]].]]
Family feuds and conflicts ended the Kadamba rule in the middle of the 6th century when the last Kadamba ruler Krishna Varma II was subdued by [[Pulakeshin I]] of the Chalukya feudatory, ending their sovereign rule. The Kadambas would continue to rule parts of Karnataka and Goa for many centuries to come but never again as an independent kingdom.<ref name="sov">Chopra (2003), p162, part1; Kamath (2001), p35</ref> Some historians view the Kadambas as the originators of the Karnataka architectural tradition although there were elements in common with the structures built by the contemporaneous Pallavas of Kanchi.<ref name="tradition">Moraes in Kamath (2001), p37</ref> The oldest surviving Kadamba structure is one dating to the late 5th century in [[Halsi]] in modern [[Belgaum district]]. The most prominent feature of their architectural style, one that remained popular centuries later and was used by the Hoysalas and the Vijayanagar kings, is the ''Kadamba Shikara'' (Kadamba tower) with a ''Kalasa'' (pot) on top.<ref name="kalasa">Kamath (2001), p38</ref>

The [[Western Ganga Dynasty]], contemporaries of the Kadambas, came to power from [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] but in the late 4th century - early 5th century moved their capital to [[Talakad]] in modern [[Mysore district]].<ref name="my">Chopra (2003), p159, part1; Kamath (2001), p40</ref> They ruled the region historically known as Gangavadi comprising most of the modern southern districts of Karnataka. Acting as a buffer state between the [[Kannada]] kingdoms of Karnataka region and the Tamil kingdoms of [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]], the Western Ganga architectural innovations show mixed influences.<ref name="mixed">The impact of the Pallava, early Chalukya and a distinct [[Jain]] influence added to their own innovations are the main features of their architectural idiom (Reddy, Sharma and Rao in Kamath 2001, p50)</ref> Their sovereign rule ended around the same time as the Kadambas when they came under the Badami Chalukya control. The Western Gangas continued to rule as a feudatory until the beginning of the eleventh century when they were defeated by the [[Cholas]] of [[Tanjavur]].<ref name="tanjore">Chopra (2003), p160, part1</ref> Important figures among the Gangas were King [[Durvinita]] and [[Shivamara II]], admired as able warriors and scholars,<ref name="durva">Narasimhacharya (1988), p2</ref> and minister [[Chavundaraya]] who was a builder, a warrior and a writer in Kannada and Sanskrit.<ref name="chavunda">Narasimhacharya (1988), p18</ref><ref name="war">Chopra (2003), pp159–160, part1; Kamath (2001), p50</ref> The most important architectural contributions of these Gangas are the monuments and [[basadi]]s of [[Shravanabelagola]], the [[monolith]] of [[Gomateshwara]] termed as the mightiest achievement in the field of sculpture in ancient Karnataka and the ''Panchakuta'' basadi ( five towers) at [[Kambadahalli]].<ref name="contri">Kamath (2001), pp51–52</ref> Their free standing pillars (called ''Mahasthambhas'' and ''Brahmasthambhas'') and [[Hero stone]]s (''virgal'') with sculptural detail are also considered a unique contribution.<ref name="maha">Fergusson in Kamath (2001), p52</ref>

==Badami Chalukyas==
[[File:Indian Chalukya Empire map.svg|thumb|[[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya Empire]] during the reign of [[Pulakeshin II]], 640 CE.]]
{{See also|Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukya Architecture}}

The [[Chalukya dynasty]], natives of the [[Aihole]] and [[Badami]] region in Karnataka, were at first a feudatory of the Kadambas.<ref name="natives">N. Laxminarayana Rao and S. C. Nandinath in Kamath 2001, p57</ref><ref name="natives1">Keay (2000), p168</ref><ref name="natives2">Jayasimha and Ranaraga, ancestors of Pulakeshin I, were administrative officers in the Badami province under the Kadambas (Fleet in Kanarese Dynasties, p343), (Moraes 1931, p51)</ref><ref name="natives3">Thapar (2003), p328</ref><ref name="natives4">Quote:"They belonged to the Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada" (Sen 1999, p360); Kamath (2001), p58,</ref> They encouraged the use of Kannada in addition to the Sanskrit language in their administration.<ref name="ex">Considerable number of their records are in Kannada (Kamath 2001, p67)</ref><ref name="natural">7th century Chalukya inscriptions call Kannada the natural language (Thapar 2003, p345)</ref> In the middle of the 6th century the Chalukyas came into their own when [[Pulakeshin I]] made the hill fortress in Badami his center of power.<ref name="hillfort">Sen (1999), p360</ref> During the rule of [[Pulakeshin II]] a south Indian empire sent expeditions to the north past the [[Tapti River]] and [[Narmada River]] for the first time and successfully defied Harshavardhana, the King of Northern India (''Uttarapatheswara''). The [[Aihole]] inscription of Pulakeshin II, written in classical Sanskrit language and old Kannada script dated 634,<ref name="mix">In this composition, the poet deems himself an equal to Sanskrit scholars of lore like Bharavi and Kalidasa (Sastri 1955, p312</ref><ref name="mix1">Kamath (2001), p59</ref> proclaims his victories against the Kingdoms of Kadambas, Western Gangas, [[Alupas]] of South Canara, [[Mauryas of Puri]], Kingdom of [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosala]], [[Malwa]], [[Lata (region)|Lata]] and Gurjaras of southern [[Rajasthan]]. The inscription describes how King Harsha of [[Kannauj]] lost his ''Harsha'' (joyful disposition) on seeing a large number of his war elephants die in battle against Pulakeshin II.<ref name="aihole">Keay (2000), p169</ref><ref name="gurjara">Sen (1999), pp361–362</ref><ref name="aihole1">Kamath (2001), pp59–60</ref><ref name="fear">Some of these kingdoms may have submitted out of fear of Harshavardhana of Kannauj (Majumdar in Kamat 2001, p59)</ref><ref name="fear1">The rulers of Kosala were the [[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|Panduvamshis of South Kosala]] (Sircar in Kamath 2001, pp59)</ref>
[[File:Relief of seated Vishnu at the Badami cave temple no.3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Badami Cave Temples]] No 3.(Vishnu)]]
These victories earned him the title ''Dakshinapatha Prithviswamy'' (lord of the south). Pulakeshin II continued his conquests in the east where he conquered all kingdoms in his way and reached the [[Bay of Bengal]] in present-day Orissa. A Chalukya viceroyalty was set up in Gujarat and Vengi (coastal Andhra) and princes from the Badami family were dispatched to rule them. Having subdued the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, he accepted tributes from the [[Pandyas]] of [[Madurai]], [[Chola dynasty]] and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]]s of the Kerala region. Pulakeshin II thus became the master of India, south of the Narmada River.<ref name="nar">Keay (2000), p170</ref> Pulakeshin II is widely regarded as one of the great kings in Indian history.<ref name="great">Kamath (2001), pp58</ref><ref name="great1">Ramesh 1984, p76</ref> [[Hiuen-Tsiang]], a [[China|Chinese]] traveller visited the court of Pulakeshin II at this time and [[Persian Empire|Persian]] emperor [[Khosrau II]] exchanged ambassadors.<ref name="tabri">From the notes of Arab traveller Tabari (Kamath 2001, p60)</ref> However, the continuous wars with [[Pallavas]] took a turn for the worse in 642 when the Pallava king [[Narasimhavarman I]] avenged his father's defeat,<ref name="vincent">{{cite book
|last = Smith
|first= Vincent Arthur
|title= The Early History of India
|url = https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryind00smitgoog
|year=1904
|publisher= The Clarendon press
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryind00smitgoog/page/n375 325]–327
}}</ref> conquered and plundered the [[Vatapi|capital of Pulakeshin II]] who may have died in battle.<ref name="vincent" /><ref name="died">Sen (1999), p362</ref> A century later, Chalukya [[Vikramaditya II]] marched victoriously into [[Kanchipuram]], the Pallava capital and occupied it on three occasions, the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II. He thus avenged the earlier humiliation of the Chalukyas by the Pallavas and engraved a [[Kannada]] inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple.<ref name="kanchi">Thapar (2003), p331, p345</ref><ref name="kanchi1">Sastri (1955) p140</ref><ref name="kanchi2">Ramesh (1984), pp159–160</ref><ref name="kanchi3">Sen (1999), p364</ref> He later overran the other traditional kingdoms of Tamil country, the Pandyas, Cholas and Keralas in addition to subduing a [[Kalabhra]] ruler.<ref name="kanchi4">Ramesh (1984), p159</ref>

The [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record from this period (700) in ''tripadi'' (three line) metre is considered the earliest available record in Kannada poetics.  The most enduring legacy of the Chalukya dynasty is the architecture and art that they left behind.<ref name="legacy">Hardy (1995), p65–66</ref> More than one hundred and fifty monuments attributed to them, built between 450 and 700, have survived in the [[Malaprabha]] basin in Karnataka.<ref name="temple">Over 125 temples exist in Aihole alone, {{cite web|title=Monuments of India|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/india.html |author=Michael D. Gunther, 2002|access-date=2006-11-10}}</ref> The constructions are centred in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland. The structural temples at [[Pattadakal]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the cave temples of [[Badami]], the temples at [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] and early experiments in temple building at [[Aihole]] are their most celebrated monuments.<ref name="legacy"/> Two of the famous paintings at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] cave no. 1, "The Temptation of the Buddha" and "The Persian Embassy" are also credited to them.
<ref name="monuments">{{cite web|title=History of Karnataka—Chalukyas of Badami|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=© 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2006-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=2006-11-04}}</ref><ref name="monuments1">The Badami Chalukya introduced in the western Deccan a glorious chapter alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace (K.V. Sounderrajan in Kamath 2001, p68</ref> Further, they influenced the architecture in far off places like Gujarat and [[Vengi]] as evidenced in the Nava Brahma temples at Alampur.<ref name="inf">Kamath (2001), p68</ref>

==Rashtrakutas==
{{See also|Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakuta literature}}
[[File:Indian Rashtrakuta Empire map.svg|thumb|right|[[Rashtrakuta|Rashtrakuta Empire]] in 800 CE, 915 CE.]]

In the middle of the 8th century the Chalukya rule was ended by their feudatory, the Rashtrakuta family rulers of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] (in present-day [[Amravati district]] of [[Maharashtra]]). Sensing an opportunity during a weak period in the Chalukya rule, [[Dantidurga]] trounced the great Chalukyan "Karnatabala" (power of Karnata).<ref name="bala">From the Rashtrakuta inscriptions (Kamath 2001, p57, p64)</ref><ref name="bala1">The Samangadh copper plate grant (753) confirms that feudatory Dantidurga defeated the Chalukyas and humbled their great ''Karnatik'' army (referring to the army of the Badami Chalukyas) (Reu 1933, p54)</ref> Having overthrown the Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas made [[Manyakheta]] their capital (modern Malkhed in [[Kalaburagi district]]).<ref name="manya">A capital which could put to shame even the capital of gods-From Karda plates (Altekar 1934, p47)</ref><ref name="manya1">A capital city built to excel that of Indra (Sastri, 1955, p4, p132, p146)</ref> Although the origins of the early Rashtrakuta ruling families in central India and the Deccan in the 6th and 7th centuries is controversial, during the eighth through the tenth centuries they emphasised the importance of the Kannada language in conjunction with Sanskrit in their administration. Rashtrakuta inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit only. They encouraged literature in both languages and thus literature flowered under their rule.<ref name="earlylit1">Altekar (1934), pp411–413</ref><ref name="early1">Chopra (2003), p87, part1; Literature in Kannada and Sanskrit flowered during the Rashtrakuta rule (Kamath 2001, p73, pp 88–89)</ref><ref name="early2">Even royalty of the empire took part in poetic and literary activities (Thapar 2003, p334)</ref><ref name="patron"/><ref name="eralylit2">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), pp37–38</ref>
[[File:Kailasha temple at ellora.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ellora Kailasanathar Temple|Kailash Temple]] in [[Ellora Caves]]]]

The Rashtrakutas quickly became the most powerful Deccan empire, making their initial successful forays into the [[doab]] region of [[Ganges River]] and [[Yamuna|Jamuna River]] during the rule of [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]].<ref name="dig">Chopra (2003), p89, part1; His victories were a "digvijaya" gaining only fame and booty in that region (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p75)</ref> The rule of his son [[Govinda III]] signaled a new era with Rashtrakuta victories against the [[Pala Dynasty]] of [[Bengal]] and Gurjara [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] of north western India resulting in the capture of [[Kannauj]]. The Rashtrakutas held Kannauj intermittently during a period of a tripartite struggle for the resources of the rich [[Gangetic plains]].<ref name="triparty">Chopra (2003), p90, part1</ref> Because of Govinda III's victories, historians have compared him to [[Alexander the Great]] and [[Pandava]] [[Arjuna]] of the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="pandava">Keay (2000), p199)</ref>
The Sanjan inscription states the horses of Govinda III drank the icy water of the Himalayan stream and his war elephants tasted the [[sacred waters]] of the Ganges River.<ref name="ganga">Kamath 2001, p76</ref> [[Amoghavarsha I]], eulogised by contemporary Arab traveller Sulaiman as one among the four great emperors of the world, succeeded Govinda III to the throne and ruled during an important cultural period that produced landmark writings in Kannada and Sanskrit.<ref name="loving"/><ref name="landmark">[[Kavirajamarga]] in Kannada and ''Prashnottara Ratnamalika'' in Sanskrit (Reu 1933, p38)</ref><ref name="landmark1">Kamath (2001), p90</ref> The benevolent development of Jain religion was a hallmark of his rule. Because of his religious temperament, his interest in the arts and literature and his peace-loving nature,<ref name="loving">Chopra (2003), p91, part1</ref> he has been compared to emperor [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Ashoka">Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p80</ref> The rule of [[Indra III]] in the tenth century enhanced the Rashtrakuta position as an imperial power as they conquered and held Kannauj again.<ref name="master">Chopra (2003), p92, part1; Altekar in Kamath 2001, p81</ref> [[Krishna III]] followed Indra III to the throne in 939. A patron of Kannada literature and a powerful warrior, his reign marked the submission of the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] of [[Ujjain]] in the north and Cholas in the south.<ref name="paramar">Chopra (2003), p92–93, part1</ref>

An Arabic writing ''Silsilatuttavarikh'' (851) called the Rashtrakutas one among the four principle empires of the world.<ref name="siraf">Reu (1933), p39</ref> ''Kitab-ul-Masalik-ul-Mumalik'' (912) called them the "greatest kings of India" and there were many other contemporaneous books written in their praise.<ref name="hara">''Murujul Zahab'' by Al Masudi (944), ''Kitabul Akalim'' by Al Istakhri (951), ''Ashkal-ul-Bilad'' by Ibn Haukal (976) (Reu 1933, p41–42)</ref> The Rashtrakuta empire at its peak spread from [[Cape Comorin]] in the south to Kannauj in the north and from [[Banaras]] in the east to Broach (Bharuch) in the west.<ref name="Himalayas">From the Sanjan inscriptions, {{cite web|title=The Rashrakutas|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-20}}</ref>
While the Rashtrakutas built many fine monuments in the Deccan, the most extensive and sumptuous of their work is the monolithic Kailasanatha temple at [[Ellora]], the temple being a splendid achievement.<ref name="sump">Keay (2000), p200</ref> In Karnataka their most famous temples are the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal. All of the monuments are designated [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref name="karnataka_whs">{{cite web|title=Reclaiming past glory|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb272007/spectrum1437452007226.asp|author=Vijapur, Raju S.|publisher=Spectrum|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2007-02-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007194411/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb272007/spectrum1437452007226.asp|archive-date=2011-10-07}}</ref>

==Western Chalukyas==
{{See also|Western Chalukya Empire|Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya Architecture}}
[[File:Indian Western Chalukya Empire map.svg|thumb|[[Western Chalukya Empire]] in 1121 CE.]]


In the late 10th century, the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]], also known as the Kalyani Chalukyas or 'Later' Chalukyas rose to power by overthrowing the Rashtrakutas under whom they had been serving as feudatories. [[Manyakheta]] was their capital early on before they moved it to Kalyani (modern [[Basavakalyan]]). Whether the kings of this empire belonged to the same family line as their namesakes, the [[Badami Chalukyas]] is still debated.<ref name="bilhana1">Chopra (2003), p137, part1</ref><ref name="bilhana">Fleet, Bhandarkar and Altekar and Gopal B.R in (Kamath 2001, p100)</ref> Whatever the Western Chalukya origins, Kannada remained their language of administration and the Kannada and Sanskrit literature of their time was prolific.<ref name="patron">Narasimhacharya (1988), p68, p17–21</ref><ref name="form">Sen (1999), p. 393</ref><ref name="administrator1">Sastri (1955), pp356–358; Kamath (2001), p114</ref><ref name="administrator">More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to the Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya VI]] than to any other king prior to the 12th century, {{cite web|title=Chalukyas of Kalyana |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/deckings.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-24}}</ref> [[Tailapa II]], a feudatory ruler from Tardavadi (modern [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]), re-established the Chalukya rule by defeating the Rashtrakutas during the reign of [[Karka II]]. He timed his rebellion to coincide with the confusion caused by the invading [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] of Central India to the Rashtrakutas capital in 973.<ref name="central2">From the 957 and 965 records (Kamath 2001, p101)</ref><ref name="central">Sastri 1955, p162</ref><ref name="central1">Tailapa II was helped in this campaign by the Kadambas of [[Hanagal]] (Moraes 1931, pp 93–94)</ref> This era produced prolonged warfare with the Chola dynasty of [[Tamilakam]] for control of the resources of the [[Godavari River]]-[[Krishna River]] doab region in [[Vengi]]. [[Someshvara I]], a brave Chalukyan king, successfully curtailed the growth of the Chola Empire to the south of the [[Tungabhadra River]] region despite suffering some defeats<ref name="curtail">Ganguli in Kamath 2001, p103</ref><ref name="curtail1">Sastri (1955), p167–168</ref> while maintaining control over his feudatories in the Konkan, Gujarat, Malwa and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] regions.<ref name="curtail2">Kamath (2001), p104</ref> For approximately 100 years, beginning in the early 11th century, the Cholas occupied large areas of South Karnataka region (Gangavadi).<ref name="gangavadi">Sastri (1955), p164, p174; The Cholas occupied Gangavadi from 1004 to 1114 (Kamath 2001, p118)</ref>
[[File:Ornate pillars in the Saraswati temple at Gadag.jpg|thumb|left|Gadag style pillars, [[Western Chalukya Architecture|Western Chalukya art]].]]
In 1076, the ascent of the most famous king of this Chalukya family, [[Vikramaditya VI]], changed the balance of power in favour of the Chalukyas.<ref name="balance">Chopra (2003), p139, part1</ref> His fifty-year reign was an important period in Karnataka's history and is referred to as the "Chalukya Vikrama era".<ref name="vikram">Thapar, 2003, pp 468–469</ref> His victories over the Cholas in the late 11th and early 12th centuries put an end to the Chola influence in the Vengi region permanently.<ref name="balance"/> Some of the well-known contemporaneous feudatory families of the Deccan under Chalukya control were the Hoysalas, the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]], the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] and the Southern Kalachuri.<ref name="balance" /> At their peak, the Western Chalukyas ruled a vast empire stretching from the [[Narmada River]] in the north to the [[Kaveri River]] in the south. Vikramaditya VI is considered one of the most influential kings of Indian history.<ref name="none">Poet [[Bilhana]] in his Sanskrit work wrote "Rama Rajya" regarding his rule, poet Vijnaneshwara called him "A king like none other" (Kamath 2001, p106)</ref><ref name="apponent">Sastri (1955), p6</ref> Important architectural works were created by these Chalukyas, especially in the Tungabhadra river valley, that served as a conceptual link between the building idioms of the early Badami Chalukyas and the later Hoysalas.<ref name="link">Sastri (1955), pp 427–428; Quote:"Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition" (Kamath 2001, p115)</ref><ref name="link1">Quote:"Of the city of Kalyana, situated in the north of Karnataka nothing is left, but a fabulous revival in temple building during the 11th century in central Karnataka testifies to the wealth during Kalyan Chalukya rule"(Foekema (1996), p14)</ref> With the weakening of the Chalukyas in the decades following the death of Vikramaditya VI in 1126, the feudatories of the Chalukyas gained their independence.

The [[Kalachuris of Karnataka]], whose ancestors were immigrants into the southern deccan from central India, had ruled as a feudatory from Mangalavada (modern Mangalavedhe in Maharashtra).<ref name="manda">Kamath (2001), p107</ref> [[Bijjala II]], the most powerful ruler of this dynasty, was a commander (''mahamandaleswar'') during the reign of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI.<ref name="karhad">From the 1142 and 1147 records, Kamath (2001), p108</ref> Seizing an opportune moment in the waning power of the Chalukyas, Bijjala II declared independence in 1157 and annexed their capital [[Basavakalyana|Kalyani]].<ref name="chikka">Chopra (2003), p139, part1; From the Chikkalagi records (Kamath 2001, p108)</ref> His rule was cut short by his assassination in 1167 and the ensuing civil war caused by his sons fighting over the throne ended the dynasty as the last Chalukya scion regained control of Kalyani. This victory however, was short-lived as the Chalukyas were eventually driven out by the Seuna Yadavas.<ref name="regain">Chopra (2003), p140, part1; Kamath (2001) p109</ref>

==Hoysalas==
{{See also|Hoysala Empire|Literature in the Hoysala Empire|Hoysala architecture}}
[[File:Indian Kingdom of Hoysala map.svg|thumb|[[Hoysala Empire]] in 1200 CE.]]
The Hoysalas had become a powerful force even during their rule from [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] in the 11th century as a feudatory of the Chalukyas (in the south Karnataka region).<ref name="gratiate">Sen (1999), p498</ref> In the early 12th century, they successfully fought the Cholas in the south, convincingly defeating them in the battle of [[Talakad]], and moved their capital to nearby [[Halebidu]].<ref name="provincial">Sen (1999), p499</ref><ref name="talkad">Vishnuvardhana made many military conquests later to be further expanded by his successors into one of the most powerful empires of South India—William Coelho. He was the true maker of the Hoysala kingdom—B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p124–126</ref> Historians refer to the founders of the dynasty as natives of [[Malnad]] Karnataka, based on the numerous inscriptions calling them ''Maleparolganda'' or "Lord of the Male (hills) chiefs" (''Malepas'').<ref name="gratiate"/><ref name="malnad">B.L.Rice in Kamath (2001), p123</ref><ref name="malnad1">Keay (2000), p251</ref><ref name="malnad2">Thapar (2003), p367</ref><ref name="malnad3">Kamath (2001), p123</ref><ref name="malnad4">Natives of south Karnataka (Chopra, 2003, p150 Part1)</ref> With the waning of the Western Chalukya power, the Hoysalas declared their independence in the late twelfth century.
[[File:Shilabaalika on pillar bracket in Chennakeshava Temple at Belur3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Shilabalika, Chennakeshava Temple, [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]].]]
During this period of Hoysala control, distinctive Kannada literary metres such as ''Ragale'' (blank verse), ''Sangatya'' (meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument), ''Shatpadi'' (six-line verse or sestet) etc. became widely accepted.<ref name="patron"/><ref name="ragala10">Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), pp164, 203; Rice E. P. (1921), p59</ref><ref name="sang1">Kamath (2001), pp132–134</ref><ref name="sang">Sastri (1955), p359, p361</ref> The Hoysalas expanded the [[Vesara]] architecture stemming from the Chalukyas,<ref name="cul">Sastri (1955), p427</ref> culminating in the Hoysala architectural articulation and style as exemplified in the construction of the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakeshava Temple]] at Belur and the [[Hoysaleswara temple|Hoysaleshwara Temple]] at Halebidu.<ref name="arch-tradition">Sen (1999), pp500–501</ref> Both these temples were built in commemoration of the victories of the Hoysala [[Vishnuvardhana]] against the Cholas in 1116.<ref name="chenna">Foekema (1996), p14</ref><ref name="chenna1">Kamath (2001), p124</ref> [[Veera Ballala II]], the most effective of the Hoysala rulers, defeated the aggressive Pandya when they invaded the Chola kingdom and assumed the titles "Establisher of the Chola Kingdom"
(''Cholarajyapratishtacharya''), "Emperor of the south" (''Dakshina Chakravarthi'') and "Hoysala emperor" (''Hoysala Chakravarthi'').<ref name="oustand">The most outstanding of the Hoysala kings according to Barrett and William Coelho in Kamath (2001), p126</ref> The Hoysalas extended their foothold in areas known today as Tamil Nadu around 1225, making the city of Kannanur Kuppam near [[Srirangam]] a provincial capital.<ref name="provincial" /> This gave them control over South Indian politics that began a period of Hoysala hegemony in the southern Deccan.<ref name="kuppam">B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p126</ref><ref name="kuppam1">Keay (2000), p252</ref>

In the early 13th century, with the Hoysala power remaining unchallenged, the first of the [[Muslim]] incursions into [[South India]] began. After over two decades of waging war against a foreign power, the Hoysala ruler at the time, [[Veera Ballala III]], died in the battle of [[Madurai]] in 1343.<ref name="mad">Sen (1999), p500</ref> This resulted in the merger of the sovereign territories of the Hoysala empire with the areas administered by [[Harihara I]], founder of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], located in the [[Tungabhadra]] region in present-day Karnataka. The new kingdom thrived for another two centuries with [[Vijayanagara]] as its capital.<ref name="origin">Two theories exist about the origin of Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I. One states that they were [[Kannadiga]] commanders of the Hoysala army and another that they were [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speakers and commanders of the earlier [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Kingdom]] (Kamath 2001, pp 159–160)</ref>

==Vijayanagara Empire==
{{See also|Vijayanagara Empire|Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire|Vijayanagara Architecture}}
[[File:Vijayanagara Empire c.1485.png|thumb|[[Vijayanagara Empire]] in late 15th century.]]

The Vijayanagara Empire quickly rose to imperial status as early as the late 14th century. During the reign of [[Bukka Raya I]], the island of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]] paid tributes and ambassadors were exchanged with the [[Ming Dynasty]] of China.<ref name="ming">Sastri (1955), p241</ref><ref name="ming2">Chopra (2003), p28, part2</ref><ref name="ming3">Indicated by records of the Ming dynasty (Kamath 2001, p162)</ref> The empire's most famous rulers were [[Deva Raya II]] and the [[Tuluva]] king [[Krishnadevaraya]]. Deva Raya II (known as ''Gajabetekara'' or hunter of elephants) ascended the throne in 1424 and was the most effective of the [[Sangama Dynasty|Sangama dynasty]] rulers.<ref name="deva">Sastri (1955), p244</ref><ref name="deva10">Chopra (2003), p32, part2</ref> He quelled rebelling feudal lords, the Zamorin of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and the [[Kollam|Quilon]] in the south, and invaded the island of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]] while becoming overlord of the kings of [[Burma]] at Pegu and Tanasserim.<ref name="deva1">Chopra (2003), p32, part2; From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak. Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara empire (Sastri 1955, p245)</ref><ref name="deva2">Kamath (2001), p164</ref> After a brief decline, the empire reached its peak in the early 16th century during the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya]] when the Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south.<ref name="deva6">Chopra (2003), pp37–39, part2; The notes of Portuguese Barbosa during the time of Krishnadevaraya confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city (Kamath 2001, p186)</ref>
[[File:Stone Chariot at the Vitthala Temple in Hampi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Stone Chariot [[Hampi]]]]
Many important monuments at [[Hampi]] were either completed or commissioned during the reign of Krishnadevaraya. The enduring legacy of this empire is the vast open-air theatre of monuments at the regal capital, [[Vijayanagara]], which is now a UNESCO World Heritage site. [[Vijayanagara Architecture|Vijayanagara architecture]] is a vibrant blend of the preceding Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles.<ref name="art">Chopra (2003), p177, part2; Art critic, [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]] calls Vijayanagar architecture a blossoming of Dravidian style–Kamath (2001), p182</ref> Literature in Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit languages found royal patronage. Telugu attained its height in popularity and reached its peak under Krishnadevaraya.<ref name="deva7">Chopra (2003), pp171–173, part2; Kamath (2001), pp181–182</ref> The Kannada [[Haridasa]] movement contributed greatly to [[Carnatic music]] and fostered a strong Hindu sentiment across South India.<ref name="father">Owing to his contributions to carnatic music, Purandaradasa is known as ''Karnataka Sangita Pitamaha''.{{cite web|title=Purandara Dasa|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name="father1">{{cite web|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page|access-date=2006-12-31|archive-date=30 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130141712/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="father2">{{cite web|title=History of Music|url=http://carnatica.net/origin.htm|author=S. Sowmya, K. N. Shashikiran|publisher=Srishti's Carnatica Private Limited|access-date=2006-12-31}}</ref> With the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates, the Karnataka region and South India in general became fragmented and subsumed under the rule of various former feudatories of the empire. A diminished Vijayanagara Empire moved its capital to Penukonda in modern Andhra Pradesh and later to [[Chandragiri]] and [[Vellore]] before disintegrating. In the south and coastal Karnataka region, the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the [[Keladi Nayaka]] of Shimoga held sway while the northern regions were under the control of the Bijapur Sultanate.<ref name="break">Kamath (2001), p174</ref> The Nayaka kingdom lasted into the 18th century before merging with the Kingdom of Mysore which remained a princely state until Indian independence in 1947, though they came under the British Raj (rule) in 1799 following the defeat and death of the last independent Mysore king, Tipu Sultan.

==Bahmani Sultanate==
{{Main|Bahmani Sultanate}}
[[File:Map of the Bahmani Sultanate.png|thumb|[[Bahmani Sultanate]] territories, 1470.]]
The [[Bahmani Sultanate]], a contemporary of the Vijayanagara Empire, was founded in 1347 by Alla-ud-din-Hasan, a breakaway commander of the armies of the northern invaders led by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq]]. The capital was [[Gulbarga]] but was later moved further north to [[Bidar]] in 1430.<ref name="bin">Chopra (2003), p53, part2; Kamath (2001), p190</ref> The first of the Muslim invasions of the Deccan came in the early decades of the 14th century. At its peak, the Bahamani kingdom extended from the [[Krishna River]] in the south to [[Penganga River]] in the north, thus covering the regions of northern parts of modern Karnataka, parts of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The most famous of the Bahamani Kings was Firuz Shah (also known as Taj Ud Din Firuz), who ruled from 1397 to 1422.<ref name="firuz">Chopra (2003), pp56–57, part2; Kamath (2001), p191</ref> Militarily, the rule of Firuz Shah had uneven success against the Vijayanagara kings while he was more convincingly successful against the Kherla rulers of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the Vema Reddies of [[Rajamundry]], areas that he annexed in 1417. His last encounter with the Vijayanagara armies in 1417 was disastrous and led to his defeat, ill health and ultimate death in 1422.<ref name="firuz"/>

Contemporary writers such as Tabataba, in his writings have heaped praise on Firuz Shah. Tabataba wrote of the king as, "[a]n impetuous, mighty monarch who patronised learned men, Sheiks and hermits", while Shirazi described him as "a just, pious and generous king and one without equal". He has earned the honorific ''Sultan-i-ghazian'' for his bravery, tolerant nature and patronage of the fine arts.<ref name="shirazi">Chopra (2003), p57, part2; Kamath (2001), p192</ref> In the opinion of one historian, Firuz Shah was one of the most notable Sultans to rule in India.<ref name="shah">Sinha in Kamath (2001), p192</ref> Another well-known figure from this kingdom was Kwaja Mahamud Gavan, the prime minister, who served under several kings and regents. He rose above the kings and princess of the dynasty by virtue of his ministerial, administrative, martial, literary and philanthropic abilities. A Persian by descent and a visitor to Bidar in 1445, he impressed the ruling Sultan Alla-ud-din II and was chosen to become a minister in his court. As a commander he was able to extend the kingdom from [[Hubli]] in the south to Goa in the west and Kondavidu and Rajamahendri in the east. He soon rose to the position of prime minister (''Vakil-Us-Sultanat'').<ref name="gavan">Chopra (2003), p63, part2; Kamath (2001), p195</ref>

The Bahamanis introduced the large-scale use of paper in administration and began the Indo-Sarasenic architectural style, designed and constructed by Persian architects and artisans, (also known as ''Deccani'' architecture) with its local influences in Karnataka.<ref name="gavan1">Chopra (2003), pp181–182, part2; Kamath (2001), p198</ref> The Sultanate monuments of Bidar and Gulbarga are testimony to their interest in architecture. The Bande Nawaz tombs and a Jama Masjid in Gulbarga which exhibits a Spanish influence are well known. In Bidar, their buildings have Persian, Turkish, Arabic and Roman influences (the Solah Khamba mosque being an example).<ref name="Turk">Kamath (2001), p198</ref> Rangin Mahal, Gangan Mahal, Tarkash Mahal, Chini Mahal, Nagina Mahal and the Taqk Mahal are some of the palaces built by them that have retained their beauty. The Ahmad Shah Wali tombs are noted for their decor, and the school of learning (''madrasa'') built by Gavan in Bidar (1472), with its lecture halls, library, mosque and residential houses are also famous.<ref name="tomb">Chopra (2003), p182, part2; Kamath (2001), p199</ref> In the later part of the 15th century, with a growing rift between the local Deccani Muslims and the ''Pardeshi'' Muslims (foreign) who occupied influential positions in the kingdom, the execution of Gavan under dubious circumstances in 1481, and constant wars with the Vijayanagara kings weakened the Bahamani Kingdom eventually bringing about its end in 1527.<ref name="end">Chopra (2003), p62, pp64–65, part2; Kamath (2001), p194</ref>

==Bijapur Sultanate==
{{Main|Bijapur Sultanate}}
[[File:Adil Shahis.png|thumb|[[Bijapur Sultanate]] territories under Ibrahim II, 1620 CE.]]
The [[Bijapur Sultanate]] (or Adilshahi Kingdom) emerged towards the end of the 15th century with the weakening of the Bahmani Sultanate . The main sources of information about this kingdom comes from contemporaneous inscriptions and writings in Persian and Kannada, travelogues of European visitors to the Deccan and inscriptions of neighbouring kingdoms.<ref name="bija">Kamath (2001), p200</ref> In 1489, Yusuf Adilkhan, a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] general in the Bahmani army, broke away to found the kingdom from modern Bijapur . Throughout his rule, the Sultanate was at war with the Vijayanagara Empire over the strategic [[Raichur]] doab, with the Portuguese over [[Goa]], with the Barid Shahis of Bidar and later with the erstwhile feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire who had gained independence after 1565. The [[Italy|Italian]] writer Varathema wrote about the founder Adilkhan and Bijapur, "A powerful and prosperous king", "the city was encircled by many fortifications and contained beautiful and majestic buildings".<ref name="bija"/>

Inter-Sultanate marriages normalised relations and Ali I (1557–1580) joined a confederacy of Sultanates who eventually inflicted a crushing defeat on the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565.<ref name="conf">Kamath (2001), p201</ref> The most notable ruler of the dynasty was Ibrahim II (1580–1626) who ascended the throne as a nine-year-old with Chandbibi, the king's aunt acting as the regent. Later when Ibrahim II was defeated by the first of the Moghul incursions into the Deccan, he gave his daughter in marriage to Daniyal, a son of Emperor [[Akbar]], but managed to collect tributes from the former feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name="erst">Kamath (2001), p202</ref> According to a historian, the rule of Ibrahim II was the high point of the Bijapur Sultanate.<ref name="high">Sinha in Kamath (2001), p2002</ref> A tolerant king inclined to the fine arts, the earliest book on music in Urdu language called ''Kitab-e-Nauras'' is ascribed to him. The opening song in the book is an invocation of the Hindu Goddess [[Saraswati]].<ref name="erst"/> During the rule of his son Muhammad, Shahji Bhosle from [[Ahmadnagar]] joined the Bijapur army and along with commander Ranadullah Khan conducted many successful campaigns in the southern Deccan collecting tribute from local rulers there. The final end of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from [[Vellore]] came during these campaigns.<ref name="camp">Kamath (2001), p203</ref>
[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gol Gumbaz]] at [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine [[Hagia Sophia]].]]
However, the rise of [[Maratha empire|Maratha]] [[Shivaji]] and constant invasions by the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughals]] from the north took its toll on the kingdom, eventually bringing it to an end in the later part of the 17th century. The contributions of the Bijapur Sultanate in the Indo-Saracenic idiom to the architectural landscape of Karnataka is noteworthy. Their most famous monuments are the mausoleums called Ibrahim Rauza and the [[Gol Gumbaz]] apart from many other palaces and mosques.<ref name="gol">Kamath (2001), p207</ref> The elegance, finish and beauty of Mehtar Mahal is claimed by a historian to be equal to anything in [[Cairo]].<ref name="cairo">Fergusson in Kamath (2001), p207</ref> Their Kali Masjid at [[Lakshmeshwar]] is a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim styles. The Ibrahim Rauza built by Ibrahim II is a combination of a mausoleum and a mosque and is called the "[[Taj Mahal]] of the Deccan".<ref name="taj">Fergusson in Kamath (2001), p208</ref> The [[Gol Gumbaz]] built by Muhammad is the largest dome in India and the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine [[Hagia Sophia]] with an impressive "whispering gallery". Some historians consider this one of the architectural marvels of the world.<ref name="gumbuz">Kamath (2001), p209</ref> Persian language was given state patronage while the use of the local languages, Kannada and Marathi was popularised in local affairs.<ref name="localaffairs">Kamath (2001), p206</ref>

==Modern era==
{{See also|Kingdom of Mysore}}
[[File:Indian Mysore Kingdom 1784 map.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Kingdom of Mysore]] under [[Tipu Sultan]].]]
[[File:Mysore Palace at dusk.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mysore Palace]] at dusk (Indo-Saracenic style).]]
The fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 at the [[Battle of Talikota]] started a slow disintegration of the Kannada speaking region into many short-lived ''palegar'' chiefdoms, and the better known [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the kingdom of [[Keladi Nayaka]]s, which were to later become important centres of Kannada literary production.<ref name="tali">Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p370; Kamath (2001), p171, p174</ref> These kingdoms and the Nayakas ("chiefs") of Tamil country continued to owe nominal support to a diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from [[Penukonda]] (1570) and later from [[Chandragiri]] (1586) in modern [[Andhra Pradesh]], followed by a brief period of independence.<ref name="nominal">Subrahmanyam (2001), pp67–68; Kamath (2001), pp173–174</ref> By the mid-17th century, large areas in north Karnataka came under the control of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] who waged several wars in a bid to establish a hegemony over the southern Deccan.<ref name="vel">Chopra (2003), p96, part2; Kamath (2006), pp173–174</ref> The defeat of the Bijapur Sultanate at the hands of the [[Mughals]] in late 17th century added a new dimension to the prevailing confusion.<ref name="dim">Chopra (2003), pp101; Kamath (2006), p204</ref> The constant wars of the local kingdoms with the two new rivals, the Mughals and the [[Marathas]], and among themselves, caused further instability in the region.<ref name="lek">Kamath (2001), p226</ref> Major areas of Karnataka came under the rule of the Mughals and the Marathas. Under [[Hyder Ali]] and his son [[Tipu Sultan]], the Mysore Kingdom reached its zenith of power but had to face the growing English might who by now had a firm foothold in the subcontinent.<ref name="tip">Chopra (2003), p71, part3; Kamath (2001), p231–234</ref> After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war, the Mysore Kingdom came under the British umbrella.<ref name="fell">Chopra (2003), pp80–81, part3</ref> More than a century later, with the dawn of India as an independent nation in 1947, the [[Unification of Karnataka|unification of Kannada speaking regions]] as modern Karnataka state brought four centuries of political uncertainty (and centuries of foreign rule) to an end.

==Timeline==
<div style="overflow:auto; margin:0.5em auto;"><timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:100
PlotArea = left:65 right:15 bottom:20 top:5
AlignBars = justify

Colors =
id:prehistoric value:rgb(0.99215,0.8,0.54)
id:early value:rgb(1,0.7019,0.23)
id:brightage value:rgb(0.5,0.764,0.1098)
id:empires value:rgb(0.302,0.706,0.5)
id:vijayanagar value:rgb(0.403,0.765,0.716)
id:european value:rgb(0.404,0.776,0.867)
id:british value:rgb(0.6,0.741,0.855)
id:india value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.788)
id:mayura value:rgb(0.694,0.447,0.714)
id:vishnuvardhana value:rgb(0.976,0.506,0.651)
id:pulakesi value:rgb(0.984,0.5,0.373)
id:vikramaditya value:rgb(0.792,0.647,0.583)
id:hakka value:rgb(0.867,0.761,0.533)
id:company value:rgb(0.702,0.698,0.369)
id:britishgov value:rgb(0.5,0.565,0.565)
id:indep value:rgb(0.6,0.592,0.569)
id:black value:black
id:white value:white

Period = from:345 till:1650
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:200 start:345
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:50 start:345

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:7 mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:Period

from: 543 till: 1650 text:Empires color:brightage
from: 345 till: 543 text:Early_Kingdoms color:hakka
bar:Ruler

from:1343 till: 1650 text:Vijayanagara_empire_&_Sultanates color:hakka
from:1180 till: 1343 text:Hoysala_empire color:european
from:973 till: 1180 text:Western_Chalukya color:vishnuvardhana
from:753 till: 973 text:Rashtrakutas_of_Manyakheta color:vikramaditya
from:543 till: 753 text:Badami_Chalukya color:pulakesi
from:345 till: 543 text:Kadambas_&_Gangas color:mayura

</timeline>
</div>
{{Karnataka timeline}}

==See also==
*[[History of India]]
*[[History of Bihar]]
*[[History of Bengal]]
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Timeline of Karnataka]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8147|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1,2,3|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples|year=1996|publisher= Abhinav|location= New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-345-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 81-7017-312-4}}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Moraes|first=George M. |title= The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka|orig-year=1931|year= 1990|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0595-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Nagaraj |first=D.R.|editor=Sheldon I. Pollock|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Berkeley and London: University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22821-9}}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last= Ramesh|first= K.V.|title= Chalukyas of Vatapi|year=1984|publisher= Agam Kala Prakashan|location= Delhi|oclc= 13869730|ol= 3007052M|lccn= 84900575|asin= B0006EHSP0 }}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first=E.P. |title=Kannada Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath|title= History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication Scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam|first= Sanjay|chapter=Warfare and State Finance in Wodeyar Mysore|editor-last=Subrahmanyam|editor-first=Sanjay|title=Penumbral Visions |year=2001|pages=161–193|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=978-0-472-11216-6}}
*{{cite book
|last = Smith
|first= Vincent Arthur
|title= The Early History of India
|url = https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryind00smitgoog
|year=1904
|publisher= The Clarendon press
}}
*{{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash|first=H.S.|editor=Ayyappapanicker|title=Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology |year= 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-0365-0|chapter= Kannada}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= The Penguin History of Early India|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
{{refend}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Political History Of Medieval Karnataka}}
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Political history of Karnataka|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medieval politics]]

Bipin Jose

2025-11-03T21:23:43Z

ArleneBelmore12: created the article and citations

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1987)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Bipin Jose
|birth_date = 13 February 1987
|birth_place = 
|occupation = Film actor, tv actor
| spouse =
| children =
|years active = 2013–present
}}

'''Bipin Jose''' is an Indian actor who works predominantly in south Indian Movies, Television and Short films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-actor-bipin-jose-divulges-about-his-dream-role/articleshow/64622299.cms |title=Seetha actor Bipin Jose divulges about his dream role |first=Deepika |last=Jayaram |date=22 June 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ayalathe-sundari-bags-thikkurssi-janmashadabdi-award-for-best-serial/articleshow/66136218.cms |title=Ayalathe Sundari bags Thikkurssi Janmashadabdi Award for best serial |first=Arya |last=UR |date=9 October 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kochi-times-most-desirable-men-on-television-2019/articleshow/73607424.cms |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Men on Television 2019 |date=25 January 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-show-chocolate-completes-200-episodes-actress-sandra-babu-thanks-viewers-for-the-support/articleshow/74494646.cms |title=Malayalam TV show 'Chocolate' completes 200 episodes; actress Sandra Babu thanks viewers for the support |date=6 March 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}
</ref>

==Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Movies
|-
! Year(s)
! Title
! Role
|-
|2016||''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''||Amit
|-
|2019||''[[Jathakam]]''||Prasad
|-
|2022||''[[Ellam Settanu]]''||Sanjay
|}
===Music Videos ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Music
|-
! Year(s)
! Title
! Music
|-
|2014||''Sneham''||[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|-
|2020||''[[Neelambarampol]]''||Unnikrishnan
|-
|2023||''[[Pranah]]''||[[K. S. Harisankar]]
|-
|2024||''1991''||[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|}
===Television ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Television performances
|-
! Year(s)
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|2013–2014||''Bhagyadevatha''||Simon||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2016–2017||''[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]]''||Devan||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2017–2019||''[[Seetha (serial)|Seetha]]''<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-dapper-dudes/articleshow/64002122.cms|title= Bipin Jose as Sreeraman|website= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> || Sree Raman || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)|Chocolate]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shyamili has helped other women also to be proud of who they are: Sandra Babu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shyamili-has-helped-other-women-also-to-be-proud-of-who-they-are-sandra-babu/articleshow/73586735.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724144602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shyamili-has-helped-other-women-also-to-be-proud-of-who-they-are-sandra-babu/articleshow/73586735.cms |archive-date=24 July 2021 |website=The Times of India|last1=Ur|first1=Arya}}</ref> ||Vikram || [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2021–2023||''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]'' || Rishikesh Adithyan|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|bipinjose_official}}
* {{IMDb name|9806381}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, Bipin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Haryana Institute of Technology

2025-10-25T12:42:21Z

ArleneBelmore12: Done!

{{Short description|Engineering college in Haryana, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|motto =
|name = Haryana Institute of Technology Bahadurgarh
|image = [[File:hitlogo.jpg|100px|HIT logo]]
|coordinates = {{coord|28.7288571|76.8537179|display=inline,title}}
|type = [[Education]]
|established = 2007
|head_label = CEO
|head = Sh. SP Rathee
|undergrad = 960
|postgrad = 200
|city = [[Bahadurgarh]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|country = [[India]]
|colors =
|campus = Urban, area {{convert|15|acre|km2}}
|website = http://www.hit.net.in/
}}

'''Haryana Institute of Technology''' is an engineering college in [[Bahadurgarh]], [[Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Institute of Technology - [HIT], Jhajjar - Admissions, Contact, Website, Facilities 2024-2025 |url=https://allegiance-educare.in/college/haryana-institute-of-technology-hit |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=allegiance-educare.in}}</ref> (located at 34/41 KM Asodha Village, Bahadurgarh).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Institute of Technology - Bahadurgarh |url=https://bharateducation.org/details.php?view_id=6543 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=bharateducation.org}}</ref>

==History==
The institute was established as Haryana Institute of Technology, Bahadurgarh in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HARYANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - Admission 2025, Fees, Courses, Placement, Ranking |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/haryana-institute-of-technology |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=CollegeDekho |language=en}}</ref> HIT is part of the Indian Society for Development of Education<ref>{{Cite web |last=CampusPro.co.in |title=Haryana Institute of Technology {{!}} CampusPro College Profile |url=https://campuspro.co.in/colleges/12815/haryana-institute-of-technology |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=campuspro.co.in |language=en}}</ref> which was formed in 2003 with the objective of providing education in the technical field of engineering, management, information technology, and vocational courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Institute of Technology (HIT), Jhajjar |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/5591-haryana-institute-of-technology-hit-jhajjar}}</ref>

The Indian Society for Development of Education was registered under the Societies Act No. XXI of 1860 vide Registration no. 45226 of 2003 dated 30.01.2003.

==Campus==
HIT is located in Asodha Village, Bahadurgarh, and is surrounded by green fields and water canals. The campus is situated on the NH-10.[[File:newhitbuilding.jpg|thumb|left|Hit building]]
The inside of the campus resembles a city with gardens, lawns, residential complexes and wide clean roads. The campus has its own water supply and backup electricity supply along with canteen and medical facility.

==Hostels==
Separate hostel facilities for boys and girls are available close to the administrative block. Each hostel has a capacity of around 200 students. Each hostel has its own mess, a common room where residents can watch television and read magazines and newspapers and a visiting room where residents can receive their guests. In addition, each hostel has its own computer room facility. All the hostel rooms are provided with an internet connection.

Every hostel has a warden, who is a faculty of the college, and a caretaker. Hostels are in general self managed by students, with the warden not interfering in the hostel affairs, other than the clearing of bills and budget.

[[File:chemlabhit.jpg|thumb|left|Chemistry lab]]
[[File:etlabhit.jpg|thumb|HIT lab]]

==Undergraduate programs==
HIT Bahadurgarh offers a Bachelor of Technology in five areas that include Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Institute Of Technology: Admission 2025, Courses, Fees, Placement, and Rankings |url=https://www.yourdegree.com/colleges/haryana-institute-of-technology-14472/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=YourDegree |language=en}}</ref> and Civil Engineering. The admission to these programs is done through AIEEE and LEET.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.hit.net.in Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090707091512/http://www.mdurohtak.com/ Official Website of the MDU ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haryana Institute Of Technology (Hit)}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Haryana]]

Dheeraj Dhoopar

2025-09-16T09:38:11Z

ArleneBelmore12: update article for clarity

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dheeraj Dhoopar
| image = Dheeraj dhoopar 2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|12|20|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-arora-shares-winsome-pictures-from-his-birthday-celebration-with-wife-vinny-arora-thanks-her-for-the-surprise/articleshow/79867643.cms|title=Dheeraj Dhooper shares winsome pictures from his birthday celebration with his wife Vinny Arora; thanks for the Surprise|date=22 December 2020|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vinny Arora]]|2016}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Dheeraj Dhoopar''' (born 20 December 1984) is an [[Indian actor]] and model who appears in [[Hindi]] television. He is best known for his portrayal of Prem Bharadwaj in ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' and Karan Luthra in ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' for which he received several awards including [[Gold Awards]] and [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] for [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor Male (Popular)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Big challenge to replace Shoaib in 'Sasural...': Dheeraj Dhoopar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/node/129818 |access-date=15 August 2022 |work=Zee News |date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Dheeraj Dhoopar with his Vinny Arora at Zee Rishtey Awards 2018.png|thumb|right|Dhoopar with wife [[Vinny Arora]] at [[Zee Rishtey Awards]], 2018]]
Dhoopar was born to Sushil Dhoopar on 20 December 1984.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Stuti |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar's love for his dad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dheeraj-Dhoopars-love-for-his-dad/articleshow/20615220.cms |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar Celebrates His 36th Birthday With Kundali Bhagya Co-Stars And Wife Vinny Arora |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/dheeraj-dhoopar-celebrates-his-36th-birthday-with-kundali-bhagya-co-stars-and-wife-vinny-arora |work=Zee5 |date=21 December 2020 |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> He belongs to a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nijher |first=Jaspreet |date=27 January 2021 |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar wears a turban for the first time, says he is ready for Punjabi debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-in-punjab-here-to-stay-where-i-belong-dheeraj-dhoopar/articleshow/80486223.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

He married actress [[Vinny Arora]] on 16 November 2016 in Delhi. They first met on the sets of ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg]].''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/tv-actors-dheeraj-dhoopar-and-vinny-arora-are-married-we-have-the-wedding-pics-lifetv-352418-2016-11-17|title=TV actors Dheeraj Dhoopar and Vinny Arora are married|date=17 November 2016|work=IndiaToday|access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, they announced that they were expecting their first child.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Tahira |date=3 April 2022 |title='Kundali Bhagya' actor Dheeraj Dhoopar, wife Vinny Arora expecting their first baby, share adorable post |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/kundali-bhagya-actor-dheeraj-dhoopar-wife-vinny-arora-expecting-their-first-baby-share-adorable-post-2450245.html |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2022 |title=Kundali Bhagya actor Dheeraj Dhoopar, wife Vinny Arora announce pregnancy: 'We're expecting, a tiny miracle' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dheeraj-dhoopar-wife-vinny-arora-announce-pregnancy-7849826/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 10 August 2022, the couple had their first child, a boy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kundali Bhagya star Dheeraj Dhoopar welcomes baby boy with wife Vinny Dhoopar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-kundali-bhagya-star-dheeraj-dhoopar-welcomes-baby-boy-with-wife-vinny-dhoopar-2975316 |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=DNA India |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar, wife Vinny Arora welcome their first child: 'All of God's grace in one tiny face' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kundali-bhagya-actor-dheeraj-dhoopar-wife-vinny-arora-welcome-their-first-child-101660102707001.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar reveals the name of his baby boy; says, "He's got my dimples, so we named him Zayn" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-reveals-the-name-of-his-baby-boy-says-hes-got-my-dimples-so-we-named-him-zayn/articleshow/94128962.cms |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Dhoopar started his career as a model and featured in over hundred commercials for brands like [[Maruti Suzuki]], Parker, Dabur Honey, Samsung Galaxy, Videocon Mobile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dheeraj-dhoopar-elated-to-bag-ad-with-vidya-balan-1822865|title=Dheeraj Dhoopar elated to bag ad with Vidya Balan |date=16 April 2013}}</ref> Before venturing in acting, Dhoopar did an advanced course in fashion designing as well as worked as an airline cabin crew member.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Swasti |title=Actor Dheeraj Dhoopar is a fashion designer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Actor-Dheeraj-Dhoopar-is-a-fashion-designer/articleshow/20555140.cms |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=You won't believe what Kundali Bhagya's Dheeraj Dhoopar used to do before entering TV industry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/you-won-t-believe-what-kundali-bhagya-s-dheeraj-dhoopar-used-to-do-before-entering-tv-industry-1234489-2018-05-16 |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=India Today |date=16 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Dhoopar made his television debut with ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg]]'' as Ansh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mulchandani |first1=Amrita |title=I am not single anymore: Dheeraj Dhoopar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-not-single-anymore-dheeraj-dhoopar/articleshow/20067142.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2013}}</ref> He also played Bhavesh Patel in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Behenein]]'', Sushant in ''[[Mrs. Tendulkar]]'' and Shikhar in ''Zindagi Kahe – Smile Please''. He also made a cameo appearance in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Dheeraj to fall in love with Dr Nidhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-to-fall-in-love-with-dr-nidhi/articleshow/15820506.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=27 August 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

From 2013 to 2017, he portrayed Prem Bhardwaj in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' opposite [[Dipika Kakar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Emotional scenes tough for Dheeraj Dhoopar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/emotional-scenes-tough-for-dheeraj-dhoopar_140481.html |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=Zee News |date=6 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New 'Prem' in Simar's life |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/new-prem-in-simar-s-life/story-aMJom4PsXQ7zOaFe11ZbJO.html |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> He also hosted the grand finale of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar to host grand finale of 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/dheeraj-dhoopar-to-host-grand-finale-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-119012301096_1.html |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=23 January 2019}}</ref> From 12 July 2017 to 9 June 2022, he played the lead role of Karan Luthra in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' opposite [[Shraddha Arya]] for 5 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar starrer Kundali Bhagya becomes the biggest weekday launch since 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-starrer-kundali-bhagya-becomes-the-biggest-weekday-launch-since-2016/articleshow/59876265.cms |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Kumkum Bhagya, Kundali Bhagya cast head to Goa for shoot amid lockdown in Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kumkum-bhagya-kundali-bhagya-cast-head-to-goa-for-shoot-amid-lockdown-in-maharashtra-1791330-2021-04-15 |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, he also hosted ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance 7]]'' but later quit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-to-host-next-season-of-dance-india-dance/articleshow/68724432.cms|title=Dheeraj Dhoopar to host next season of Dance India Dance |website=[[The Times of India]] |author=Divya Kaushik |date=5 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, Dhoopar portrayed a cameo role of Cheel Akesh and Shakura respectively, opposite [[Hina Khan]] in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naagin 5 update, August 15: Cheel Aakesh has his eyes on Sarvashreshta Adi Naagin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-5-update-august-15-cheel-aakesh-has-his-eyes-on-sarvashreshta-adi-naagin/articleshow/77571460.cms |access-date=13 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, Dhoopar quitted ''[[Kundali Bhagya|Kundali]]'' to take a paternity break.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=14 June 2022 |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar – "Not just my fans but co-actors could not believe that I'm leaving Kundali"|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dheeraj-dhoopar-not-just-fans-my-co-stars-could-not-believe-i-was-quitting-kundali-bhagya-7966761/ |work=Indian Express |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> In July 2022, Dhoopar announced that he is participating in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]'' but walked out of the show in Week 4 owing to health and personal issues.<ref name= "JDJ10">{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=21 July 2022 |title=After Paras Kalnawat and Nia Sharma, Dheeraj Dhoopar and Niti Taylor are also revealed to be confirmed contestants for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/niti-taylor-dheeraj-dhoopar-nia-sharma-and-paras-kalnawat-confirmed-for-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-1978277-2022-07-21 |magazine=India Today |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="JDJ quit">{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=21 September 2022 |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar quits Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 owing to health issues |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dheeraj-dhoopar-quits-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-owing-to-health-issues-8164124/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> From September 2022 to February 2023, he was seen in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]'' as Rajkumar Yadav opposite [[Surbhi Chandna]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar opens up about Sherdil Shergill going off air; says, "We didn't get the numbers" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dheeraj-dhoopar-opens-sherdil-shergill-going-off-air-says-didnt-get-numbers/ |work=Bollywood Hungamas |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

From September 2023 to December 2023, he portrayed Raghav, a grey character, in [[Star Bharat]]'s ''[[Saubhagyavati Bhava: * Niyam Aur Shartein Laagu]]'' alongside [[Karanvir Bohra]] and [[Amandeep Sidhu]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar to star in the new season of Saubhagyavati Bhava |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dheeraj-dhoopar-to-star-in-the-new-season-of-saubhagyavati-bhava-538787 |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=27 August 2023 |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

From February 2024 to December 2024, he was seen in ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]'' portraying the role of Subhaan Siddiqui opposite [[Yesha Rughani]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first= Aqsa Akbani |date=9 January 2024 |title=Rabb Se Hai Dua heads for leap; Dheeraj Dhoopar to play new lead |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-rabb-se-hai-dua-heads-for-leap-dheeraj-dhoopar-to-play-new-lead-1270434 |work=PINKVILLA |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

== Media ==
Dhoopar was ranked in [[Times of india|The Times Most Desirable Men On TV]] at No. 12<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2019/articleshow/77917069.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> in 2019, at No. 9<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/83403113.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> in 2020.

Dhoopar was ranked in [[The Times of India|The Times Most Desirable Men]] at No. 47<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men: Here are the stars who bagged the place in the coveted list|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/times-50-most-desirable-men-here-are-the-stars-who-bagged-the-place-in-the-coveted-list/641041|access-date=6 August 2021|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=22 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> in 2019, at No. 45<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Sushant Singh Rajput – Philosopher, dreamer, charmer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> in 2020.

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg]]''
| Ansh Tripathi
|
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news|title=I am not single anymore: Dheeraj Dhoopar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-not-single-anymore-dheeraj-dhoopar/articleshow/20067142.cms|access-date=24 February 2022|website=The Times of India|date=16 May 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Behenein]]''
| Bhavesh Patel
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Mrs. Tendulkar]]''
| Sushant
|
|-
| ''Zindagi Kahe – Smile Please''
| Shikhar
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Kuch Toh Log Kahenge]]''
| Amar
|
|-
| 2013–2017
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| Prem Bharadwaj
|
| <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Here's what Dheeraj Dhoopar has to say about romancing a fly in Sasural Simar Ka |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/here-s-what-dheeraj-dhoopar-has-to-say-about-romancing-a-fly-in-sasural-simar-ka-1501129-2019-04-13 |access-date=24 February 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=18 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Contestant
| 2 seasons
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Sohaagi Sindoor''
| Dhruv
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|Himself
|Guest
|
|-
| 2017–2022
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| Karan "TKL" Luthra
|
| <ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=8 February 2022|title='Kundali Bhagya' actor Dheeraj Dhoopar on playing a Sardar: It feels special|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/kundali-bhagya-actor-dheeraj-dhoopar-on-playing-a-sardar-it-feels-special-2022-02-08-758658|access-date=24 February 2022|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|Himself
|Guest
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2018|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]''
| rowspan="2" | Host
| Grand Finale
| <ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Kundali Bhagya actor Dheeraj Dhoopar to host Sa Re Ga Ma Pa grand finale|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kundali-bhagya-actor-dheeraj-dhoopar-to-host-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-grand-finale-1437616-2019-01-23|access-date=24 February 2022|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance Battle Of The Champions|DID: Battle Of The Champions]]''
| 2 episodes
| <ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2019|title=Host Dheeraj Dhooper quits Dance India Dance, says he needs to focus on other commitments|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/host-dheeraj-dhooper-quits-dance-india-dance-says-he-needs-to-focus-on-other-commitments/story-vpRYWgjM4DN3m98IzCKeSM.html|access-date=24 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Actor Dheeraj Dhoopar quits Kareena Kapoor's Dance India Dance. Here's why|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kundali-bhagya-actor-dheeraj-dhoopar-quits-kareena-kapoor-s-dance-india-dance-here-s-why-1552488-2019-06-20|access-date=24 February 2022|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Haiwaan : The Monster|Haiwaan: The Monster]]''
|Unnamed
|Cameo
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''
|Akesh/Shakura
|Cameo
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Indian Pro Music League]]''
|Himself
|Guest
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10) |Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]''
| Contestant
| 15th place
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar and Niti Taylor in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-mohsin-khan-and-niti-taylor-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10/articleshow/92962226.cms |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shilpa Shinde, Nia Sharma, Dheeraj Dhoopar and Paras Kalnawat feature in new promos of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shilpa-shinde-nia-sharma-dheeraj-dhoopar-and-paras-kalnawat-feature-in-new-promos-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10/articleshow/93423726.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 }}</ref><ref name="JDJ quit"/>
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''
| Rajkumar Yadav
|
| <ref name="TOI_Jun2022">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |date=14 June 2022 |title=Breaking! Dheeraj Dhoopar signs a new show; will romance Surbhi Chandna in Saurabh Tewari's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/breaking-dheeraj-dhoopar-signs-a-new-show-will-romance-surbhi-chandna-in-saurabh-tewaris-next/articleshow/92200883.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shooting begins of TV Show 'Sherdil Shergill' starring Dheeraj Dhoopar and Surbhi Chandna |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/shooting-begins-of-tv-show-sherdil-shergill-starring-dheeraj-dhoopar-and-surbhi-chandna-hot-news-1539169 |work=ABP Live |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Saubhagyavati Bhava: * Niyam Aur Shartein Laagu]]''
| Raghav Jindal
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar all set to play a grey character in Saubhavgyavati Bhava |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dheeraj-dhoopar-all-set-to-play-a-grey-character-in-saubhavgyavati-bhava-8929876/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |agency=ANI |date=8 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]''
| Subhaan "SS" Siddiqui
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=16 January 2024|title=Exclusive! Rabb Se Hai Dua Headed For A Generation Leap; Dheeraj Dhoopar To Play The New Lead|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rabb-se-hai-dua-headed-for-a-generation-leap-dheeraj-dhoopar-to-play-the-new-lead/articleshow/106895566.cms|access-date=6 February 2024|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020
|''Viah Nai Karuana''
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viah Nai Karauna sung By Asees Kaur fDheeraj Dhoopar And Shraddha Arya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-punjabi-official-music-video-song-viah-nai-karauna-sung-by-asees-kaur/videoshow/75738931.cms|access-date=9 November 2021|website=indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Mera Dil''
| Mairien James
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=देखिए 'कुंडली भाग्य' फेम धीरज धूुपर का पंजाबी गाना 'मेरा दिल'|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/punjabi-songs/watch-new-punjabi-song-mera-dil-dheeraj-dhoopar-and-sung-by-mairien-james/videoshow/80448735.cms|access-date=9 November 2021|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''Humko Tum Mil Gaye''
|Naresh Sharma and [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2020|title=Hina Khan on Humko Tum Mil Gaye: Besides being a romantic number, it also has a strong message|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/hina-khan-on-humko-tum-mil-gaye-besides-being-a-romantic-number-it-also-has-a-strong-message-6596597/|access-date=23 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Jogiya''
|[[Shibani Kashyap]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar and Smriti Kalra to feature in a Punjabi love song 'Jogiya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/dheeraj-dhoopar-and-smriti-kalra-to-feature-in-a-punjabi-love-song-jogiya/videoshow/81706090.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=26 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Kafan''
|Shekhar Khanijo
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kafan (Official Video) {{!}} Shekhar Khanijo {{!}} Dheeraj Dhoopar {{!}} Daisy Shah {{!}} Avvy Sra {{!}} Punjabi Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqyV4hQdcIM |website=YouTube |access-date=9 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}
=== Web series ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref.
|-
| 2023 || ''Tatlubaaz''|| Bulbul Tyagi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dheeraj Dhoopar To Make His OTT Debut With Tatlubaaz, Says 'Want To Be a Part of Every Platform' |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/dheeraj-dhoopar-to-make-this-ott-debut-with-tatlubaaz-says-want-to-be-a-part-of-every-platform-8528120.html |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=news18 |date=8 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date= January 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-

! Year
! Award
! Category
! Show
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2015
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|15th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Rishtey Naate Award
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor Male (Popular)]]
| rowspan="6" |''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Jodi (Popular) (with [[Shraddha Arya]])
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)
| {{nom}}
| rowspan=2 |
|-
| Best Jodi (Popular) (with [[Shraddha Arya]])
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor Male (Popular)]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://goldawards.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526000606/http://www.goldawards.in/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2015|title=Nominations for 12th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2019|website=12th Gold Awards}}</ref>
|-
| Best Jodi (Popular) (with [[Shraddha Arya]])
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2020
| [[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
| Professional Glamorous Star (Male) TV
| {{n/a}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor (Popular)
| rowspan="5" |''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/ita-awards-2019-winners-list/|title=ITA Awards 2019: Winners list|first=Raj|last=Baddhan|date=11 November 2019|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actor - Drama
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Iconic Best tv Actor of the year
| {{won}}
|-
| Iconic Most Stylish TV Actor of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| 2023
| Television Personality of the Year
| {{won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Instagram|dheerajdhoopar}}
* {{IMDb name|7787949}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhoopar, Dheeraj}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]

Mumara

2025-08-13T21:37:51Z

ArleneBelmore12: Added first pg w/ refs

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Mumara''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮੁਮਾਰਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumara |url=https://www.google.com/maps/search/Mumara/@30.7921162,74.5795768,16z?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Mumara |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1323 of which 691 are males while 632 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumaru Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35515-mumaru-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 535 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=50}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS MUMARA {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gps-mumara/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|30|47|33|N|74|35|22|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

List of tourist attractions in Vellore

2025-07-25T21:27:54Z

ArleneBelmore12: Added first pg added tags

{{short description|None}}
{{Travel guide|date=June 2023}}{{Copy to Wikivoyage}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Vellore Skyline Montage 1.jpg|thumb|right|Clockwise from top: [[Vellore Fort]], [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalakandeswarar Temple]], [[Delhi Gate (Vellore)]], Paragliding at [[Yelagiri]], [[Amirthi Zoological Park]], [[Yelagiri]] Lake, [[Vainu Bappu Observatory]], Assumption Cathedral, and [[Sripuram|Srilakshmi Golden Temple]]]]

Historic [[Vellore Fort]], Government Museum, Science Park, [[Vainu Bappu Observatory]], [[Amirthi Zoological Park]], Religious Places like [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalakandeswarar Temple]], [[Sripuram|Srilakshmi Golden Temple]], Big Mosque & [[St. John's Church, Vellore|St. John's Church]] and [[Yelagiri]] Hill station are among the top tourist attractions in and around [[Vellore]].
<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourist Places in Vellore|url=http://www.vellore.tn.nic.in/tourist/places.htm|publisher=Vellore District Administration}}</ref>

==Attractions==

===Vellore Fort===
{{Main|Vellore Fort}}
[[Vellore Fort]] is a large 16th-century [[fort]] situated in the heart of [[Vellore]] city, in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] built by [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Kings]]. The Fort was at one point of time the headquarters of the [[Aravidu Dynasty]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The fort is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat and robust masonry.

The Fort's ownership passed from [[Vijayanagara]] Kings, to the [[Bijapur Sultans]], to [[Marathas]], to the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic Nawabs]] and finally to the [[British Raj|British]], who held the fort until India gained [[Partition of India|independence]]. The Indian government maintains the Fort with the Archaeological Department. During British rule, the [[Tipu Sultan]]'s family and the last king of Sri Lanka, [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka|Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]] were held in as prisoners in the fort. The fort houses a Christian [[Church (building)|church]], a Muslim [[mosque]] and a [[Hindu temple]], the latter of which is famous for its magnificent carvings. The first [[rebellion]] against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it is also a witness to the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of [[Sriranga Raya]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600360400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202074724/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600360400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2006|title= When the Vellore sepoys rebelled|access-date=2013-10-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 August 2006}}</ref>
[[File:Vellore Fort and Jalakandeswarar temple (12).jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Vellore Fort and Jalakandeswarar temple Panorama]]

====Gallery====
{{gallery
|Image:39Vellore Fort.jpg|Vellore Fort in 1913
|Image:Vellore Fort Moat.jpg|Vellore Fort Moat
|Image:Clear picture of moat at rayavellore fort.JPG|View of moat at Vellore Fort
|Image:Vellorefort.jpg|Vellore Fort
}}

===Government Museum===
Government museum is located inside the Vellore fort in lakshmanswami town hall. It is a multipurpose museum having a great collection of different types of artifacts like archeology, history, geology and botany also. The museum is open all days except government holidays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantravellers.co.in/travel/vellore-the-fort-city-of-chennai-and-medical-center-of-india/|title= Vellore tourism|work=IndianTravellers|access-date=2 Feb 2014}}</ref> Museum has 2896 exhibits, both displayed and reserved. Museum has 8 galleries which are District Gallery, [[Stone sculpture]] Gallery, Pre-History-Philately Gallery, Paintings Gallery, [[Zoology]] Gallery, Bronze Gallery, [[Coins]] Gallery and [[Anthropology]] Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government Museum Vellore|url=http://www.vellore.tn.nic.in/museum/museum.htm|publisher=Vellore District Administration}}</ref>

===Science Park===
Vellore Science Park (also known as Vellore District Science Centre) located in [[sathuvachari]] east part of the [[Vellore]] City. This science centre is among the four centres in Tamil Nadu developed by Tamil Nadu Science and Technology centre.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2871743.ece|title= Science Parks in TN|date=8 Feb 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref> It has number of galleries including on environment; leather and physical science. Objective of the science park is to enable children learn science through play method.

Science Park here had made it possible for the students and general public to view comet ISON with its telescopic facility on 28 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Students-to-view-ISON-from-science-centre/2013/11/27/article1912894.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109053055/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Students-to-view-ISON-from-science-centre/2013/11/27/article1912894.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2014|title= Students to view ISON from science centre|date=27 November 2013|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Science Park also conducts summer camps for students teaching them on physics, chemistry, maths, biology, environmental sciences, yoga, psychology and also practical experiments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/summer-science-camp-in-vellore-from-may-15-to-17/article4694564.ece|title= Summer camp in Vellore Science Park|date=8 May 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Proposal of 3D theatre at [[Vellore]] Science Park was initiated in March 2013. If plans go expected, Vellore will be the only city other than [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] to have this facility. It would be an added attraction for students which would make watching various scientific phenomena come alive, almost real and the movies will be sourced from National Museum of Natural History, USA, would deal with concepts of cloning, life cycles, dinosaur, exploration of life, space mission, astronomy, solar system, mystic animals, and the lives of scientists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1492519.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718152745/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article1492519.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2013|title= 3d theatre proposed in Vellore Science Park|date=8 March 2013|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>{{update inline|date=March 2021}}

===[[Vainu Bappu Observatory]]===
[[File:93-inch telescope seen from the 40-inch telescope at Vainu Bappu Observatory.JPG|right|thumb|Vainu Bappu Telescope of 2.3m diameter, the largest in Asia]]

The '''[[Vainu Bappu Observatory]]''', or '''VBO''' for short, is an [[astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] owned and operated by [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]. It is located in the [[Javadi Hills]] Kavalur, near [[Vaniyambadi]] & [[Yelagiri]] and it's around 70 km from [[Vellore]] City.

[[Vainu Bappu Observatory]] (also known as Kavalur Astronomical observatory) is home to the Vainu Bappu Telescope, the largest telescope in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/worlds-largest-telescope-spells-golden-age-of-astronomy/article59187.ece|title= Asia's Biggest Telescope|date=3 Dec 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It has a diameter of 2.3 meters and was first used in 1986.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/17/stories/2009031750100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220122300/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/17/stories/2009031750100300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2014|title= 2.3m Asia's biggest Telescope|date=17 March 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Along with the Vainu Bappu telescope, the observatory has two other telescopes.

===[[Amirthi Zoological Park]]===
[[File:Amirthi Forest and Zoological Park, Vellore.jpg|thumb|right|Amirthi Forest and Zoological Park]]
Amirthi Forest & Zoological Park is situated under the Javadi hills of Tellai across the Amirthi river which is 25 km from [[Vellore]]. The area of the park is 25 hectares and one can find beautiful water falls. Half of this jungle is cleared to serve as a tourist spot while the other half is developed as a wildlife sanctuary. Animals at the park include spotted deer, mongoose, hedgehog, foxes, reason monkeys, red headed parrots, love birds, tortoises, peacock, crocodiles, wild cats, eagles, ducks, pigeons, wild parrots, rabbits, and pythons.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thechennai.wordpress.com/2011/06/01/amirthi-zoological-park/|title=Amirthy Zoological Park|work=thechennai.wordpress.com|access-date=2 Feb 2014}}
</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.vellore.tn.nic.in/amirthi_zoological_park.htm
|title=Amirthy Zoological Park
|work=vellore.tn.nic.in
|access-date=25 November 2010
}}</ref>

===Religious Places===
====[[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalakandeswarar Temple]]====
The 16th century Jalagandeeswarar Temple, dedicated to Jalagandeeswar, is noted for its sculptures, and speaks volumes of the exquisite craftsmanship of the highly skilled artisans of that period. The sculpture in the porch on the left of the entrance is a masterpiece appreciated by the connoisseurs of art and architecture. The temple was long used as an arsenal, and remained without a deity, although several years ago it was sanctified with an idol of Lord Shiva.<ref name="nic">{{cite web|url=http://www.vellore.tn.nic.in/monuments.htm|title= Historic monuments in Vellore district|access-date=2013-10-10|work=Vellore District Administration}}</ref>

====Mosques & Churches====

Assumption Cathedral and the 150-year-old [[St. John's Church, Vellore|St. John's Church]] inside the fort are among the churches in Vellore. The Big Mosque, in the heart of the city, houses the largest Arabic college in India.

====[[Sripuram|Srilakshmi Golden Temple]]====

The golden temple of ''Sripuram'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஸ்ரீபுரம்) is a spiritual park situated at the foot of a small range of green hills in a place known as "'''Malaikodi'''" in the city of [[Vellore]]. The temple is located between [[Vellore]]-[[Odugathur]] state highway and at the southern end of the city of Vellore, at Tirumalaikodi. The temple is located on 100 acres of land and has been constructed by Vellore-based ''Sri Narayani Peedam'', headed by spiritual leader ''Sri Sakthi Amma'' also known as ''Narayani Amma''. The temple with [[gold]] covering, has intricate work done by artisans specializing in temple art using gold.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082561601200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071103155704/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082561601200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2007-11-03|title= Golden Temple at Vellore|date= August 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Sripuram design represents a star-shaped path (Sri chakra), positioned in the middle of the lush green landscape, with a length of over 1.8 km. One has to walk along the star path to reach the temple in the middle, which has messages laid out along the path to the temple from ''Sri Sakthi Amma'', Gita, Bible and Quran. When one enters the Sripuram, their focus is just on the magnificent temple. But when they leave, they cannot do so without taking some messages and gaining some wisdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-vellore-a-golden-temple/211882/#|title= In Vellore, a Golden Temple|date= 22 August 2007|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

====Vallimalai Sri Thenvenkatachalapathy temple====
"Sri ThenVenkatachalapathy Temple" is a Vedic temple in the down of the [[Vallimalai]] hill town near [[thiruvalam]] in [[Vellore district]] of Tamil Nadu, India. It was located in [[Vellore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Vallimai is present 25 km from Vellore and 12 km from thiruvalam.
According to history when vishnu was in deep meditation lakshmi came like deer and she plays in front of him. At that time vishnu's meditation was dispersed and he saw that deer. Due to his holy glory a beautiful daughter was born both of them left their daughter for the sake of their devotee king. After that king found the child in Vaḷḷikiḻaṅku field so, she called as valli. In [4] the idol is Swayambumurthi now he is growing on..... also the special in that temple was for of devotees got child after praying in this temple.

====Sri Danvantri Arogya Peedam, God of Medicine ====
"Sri Danvantri Arogya Peedam" located near Walajapet (30 km from CMC Vellore), Lord Sri Danvantri is worshipped as god of medicine and here 24 hours prayer performed for global welfare and regular homams are performed for Logashemam (Global welfare), along with Lord Danvantri 75 unique deities (Lord Dattatreya, Lord Swarna Akarshana Bhairava, Lord Kuberan, 468 Siddhas) had been installed here, also Lord Danvantri has been sanctified in the garbagraha on the double-decker structure. For a few feet beneath the actual peedam upon which Idol rests, there is a deep hole lined with granite stones. A copper pipe, about seven inches diameter, has been placed at the centre of the hole and the 54 crore mantras have been tightly packed around this pipe. This copper pipe serves as carrier of the vibrations that are constantly reverberating from the strength of the mantras and spreads the energy.

Danvantri Arogya Peedam, being a universal place of healing and Lord Danvantri Himself being the Doctor of Medicines, God of Health and Doctor of Doctors, there are no limitations or contradictions based on the perspective of religion, caste and creed.

The purpose of placing the mantras beneath the peedam and idol is that the collective powers of each of these personal faiths brings forth an effect of profuse magnitude and strength.

====Gallery====
{{gallery
|Image:Sripuram Temple Full View.jpg|The Golden temple of Mahalakshmi
|Image:Assumption Cathedral, Vellore 1.jpg|Assumption Cathedral
|Image:Temple in Vellore Fort.JPG|Temple inside Vellore Fort
|Image:"Sri Jalagandeeswarar Temple, Feb 2012.jpg|Sri [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalagandeeswarar]] Temple
|Image:Sri ThenVenkatachalapthy Temple Overview.jpg|this is overview of the temple sri thenvenkatachalapathy in vallimalai
}}

===Yelagiri Hills===
{{Main|Yelagiri}}

[[Yelagiri]] is a hill station in [[Vellore|Tirupattur district]], [[India]], situated off the [[Vaniyambadi]]-[[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]] road.<ref>{{cite news|title = Miles to go for Yelagiri Hills as a tourist spot |url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/25/stories/2008052559140700.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527120037/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/25/stories/2008052559140700.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 27 May 2008 |date = 25 May 2008 |newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |access-date = 2009-04-07}}</ref> Located at an altitude of 1,410.6 metres above Mean Sea Level and spread across 30 km2, the Yelagiri village (also spelled Elagiri at times) is surrounded by orchards, rose-gardens, and green valleys.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Deccan Herald |title=Pastoral charm |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar292009/sundayherald20090328126723.asp |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=2009-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402192537/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Mar292009/sundayherald20090328126723.asp |archive-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Flora of Eastern Ghats: Hill Ranges of South East India| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pSXidQZupHYC |author1=T. Pullaiah |author2=Rao Muralidhara |author3=D. Muralidhara Rao |author4=K. Sri Ramamurthy | publisher = Daya Books | year = 2002 | isbn = 9788187498490}}</ref>

The Yelagiri hill station is not as developed as other hill stations in [[Tamil Nadu]]. However, the district administration has now taken up the task of developing Yelagiri Hills into a tourist destination by promoting adventure sports such as [[paragliding]] and [[rock climbing]].<ref>{{cite news|title = Yelagiri hills, for paragliding |url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/20/stories/2008082052410700.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080823035709/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/20/stories/2008082052410700.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 23 August 2008 |date = 20 August 2008 |newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |access-date = 2009-04-07 }}</ref> Places of attraction in yelagiri are artificial lake, Jalagamparai Waterfalls, YMCA Camp centre and YASA (Yelagiri Adventure Sports Association) which runs paragliding and other adventure sports.

====Gallery====
{{gallery
|Image:View from Yelagiri Hills.jpg|View of [[Vaniyambadi]] town from [[Yelagiri]] Hill station
|Image:Yelagiri_Lake2.jpg|[[Yelagiri]] Lake
|Image:Yelagiri Lake 56.jpg|[[Yelagiri]] Lake View
}}

===Parks===
Several parks are there in the city such as Fort Park & Periyar park. Periyar Park has one km long walking path, roller-skating ring, battery-operated mini motorcycles and birds such as ducks, parrots, love birds, ostrich and guinea fowls are being grown in the park.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper = The Hindu|title = Periyar Park inaugurated |url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/periyar-park-inaugurated-in-vellore/article854437.ece |date = 28 October 2010}}</ref>

===Shopping===
Major shopping regions in the city are Anna Salai, Main Bazaar, Long Bazaar, Filter Bed Road, Ida Scudder Road, Katpadi Road and Gandhi road.<ref>{{cite news|publisher = [[Indian Express]]|title = Gandhi Road, Vellore|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Busy-Gandhi-Road-has-No-Space-for-Parking/2014/01/19/article2007319.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140121032407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Busy-Gandhi-Road-has-No-Space-for-Parking/2014/01/19/article2007319.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 21 January 2014|date = 19 Jan 2014}}</ref> Several large textiles showroom such as [[Chennai Silks]], Pachaiyappas Silks, [[Max Fashion]], [[Pantaloons Fashion & Retail|Pantaloons]], [[Reliance Retail]], Planet Fashion and also several branded showrooms such as [[Blackberrys]], Puma, UCB, Adidas, Levis, Derby, Peter England, Raymonds, Fabindia, Johnplayers, Crocodile and many others available along the Anna Salai.

Several Branded jewellery showrooms such as TataGold Plus,<ref>{{cite news|title = Tata Gold Plus Opens in Vellore |url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/20/stories/2007032005830200.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070322185606/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/20/stories/2007032005830200.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 22 March 2007|newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |date = 20 March 2007}}</ref> [[Joyalukkas]], [[Kalyan Jewellers]], Khazana<ref>{{cite news|title = Kalyan Jewellers opening |url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/10/stories/2009121052590300.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091213121848/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/10/stories/2009121052590300.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 13 December 2009|newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |date = 10 October 2009}}</ref> Nathella,<ref>{{cite news|title = Nathella Jewellers opening |url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/22/stories/2011042251030200.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130317103800/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/22/stories/2011042251030200.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 March 2013|newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |date = 22 April 2011}}</ref> Jewel one, Khazana, Champalal and many others are available along Anna Salai.

===Entertainment===
City has many theatres like Alankar, Thirumalai, Apsara, Vishnu, Aascar, PVR Velocity, galaxy, inox selvam square and Blue Cinema which opened recently.<ref>{{cite news|publisher = [[Business Standard]]|title = PVR Opens in Vellore|url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/pvr-opens-multiplex-at-vellore-tamil-nadu-118060700315_1.html|date = 6 June 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}

* [[Sajra and Gojra Forts, Vellore]]

== References ==
{{Wikivoyage|Vellore}}
{{reflist}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vellore| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu|Vellore]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|V]]

Sinapali Block

2025-07-25T12:43:20Z

ArleneBelmore12: Put Up Some Biography V1

{{Infobox settlement
|name = [[Sinapali]] [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = 
|settlement_type = [[Panchayat Samiti]]
|image_skyline = Sinapali Administrative Map.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Administrative Map
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
|subdivision_type2 = District
|subdivision_name2 = [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|government_type = Rural Local Self – Government
|governing_body = [[Community development block|Panchayat Samiti]]
|leader_party =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = [[Block Development Officer|BDO]]
|leader_name1 = Sarbeswar Jal, OAS<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://nuapada.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ | title=Who's Who | Nuapada District, Government of Odisha | India }}</ref>
|leader_title2 = [[Tehsildar|Tahasildar]]
|leader_name2 = Upanjali Majhi, OAS<ref name="auto"/>
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 = 
|leader_name4 =
|unit_pref = Metric



|area_total_km2 = 420.44
|area_footnotes = <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e8c0653fea13f91bf3c48159f7c24f78/uploads/2018/04/2018040474.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in|accessdate=Jul 25, 2025}}</ref>
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 1,09,870
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_footnotes = <ref name="auto1"/>
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 766108<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nuapada.nic.in/std-pin-codes/ | title=STD & PIN Codes | Nuapada District, Government of Odisha | India }}</ref>
|website = 
}}

'''Sinapali''' is a Panchayat Samiti (Block) in [[Nuapada District]] of [[Odisha]]. There are five blocks in Nuapada and Sinapali one of them.

== Geography ==
Sinapali Block Situated in Southern part of Nuapada district.

== Administration ==
'''Sinapali''' is a Panchayat Samiti ('''Block''') and [[Tehsil|Tahasil]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nuapada.nic.in/tahasil-sinapali-village-list/ | title=Tahasil Sinapali Village List | Nuapada District, Government of Odisha | India }}</ref> in [[Nuapada District]] of Odisha. Administrative head of the block is Block Development Officer ('''BDO''').
There are many block level offices are located. Some of them are as follows:-
*Tahasil Office<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nuapada.nic.in/directory/tahasil-office-sinapali/ | title=Tahasil Office Sinapali | Nuapada District, Government of Odisha | India }}</ref>
*Block Education Office
*[[Police station|Police Station]]
*[[Fire station|Fire Station]]
*Community Health Center
*Regional Agriculture Office

=== Government ===
Sinapali Panchayat Samiti have a chairman in its Block level.

=== Gram Panchayat ===
There are 27 Gram Panchyats.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rdcsdbmp.nic.in/nuapada-district-grampanchayat/ | title=Nuapada District Grampanchayat | Southern Revenue Division, Odisha, India | India }}</ref>
{| class=wikitable
! Sl No
! Name of GP
!
! Sl No
! Name of GP
|-
| 1
| Kaintapadar
|
| 15
| Chatiaguda
|-
|2
| Karanbahali
|
| 16
| Timanpur
|-
| 3
| Kusumjor
|
| 17
| Niljee
|-
| 4
| Kendumunda
|
| 18
| Bargaon
|-
| 5
| Khairpadar
|
| 19
| Makhapadar
|-
| 6
| Ghatmal
|
| 20
| Ranimunda
|-
| 7
| Ghuchaguda
|
| 21
| Godal
|-
| 8
| Jharbandh
|
| 22
| Ghantiguda
|-
| 9
| Nangalbod
|
| 23
| Nuapada
|-
| 10
| Nuamalpada
|
| 24
| Bharuamunda
|-
| 11
| Singjhar
|
| 25
| Sinapali
|-
| 12
| Kharsel
|
| 26
| Hatibanda
|-
| 13
| [[Gandabahali]]
|
| 27
| Litiguda
|-
| 14
| Gorla
|
|
|
|}

===Major Place or Small Towns===
There have many Large Villages and towns in Sinapali block. Some important Place, Villages and towns mentioned in below.

*[[Hatibandha]]
*[[Gandabahali]]
*Singjhar
*Kendumunda
*Niljee
*[[Brahmanpada, Nuapada]]
*Chalna
*Timanpur
*Nangalbod
*[[Bargaon, Odisha|Bargaon]]
*Bharuamunda

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nuapada district]]

Ramdeobaba University

2025-05-24T09:37:47Z

ArleneBelmore12: added a post...

{{Short description|Indian university in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Ramdeobaba University
| native_name =
| image = RBU University's logo.png
| other_name =
| former_name = Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management (RCOEM)
| motto =
| motto_lang = hi
| mottoeng = Engineering Education is Eminent
| type = Private, co-educational university
| established = 1984
| founder = [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| academic_affiliation = [[State Government of Maharashtra]] and [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| chairman = Satyanarayan Nuwal
| chancellor = [[Shankar Subbanarasayya Mantha|S. S. Mantha]]
| president = [[Shankar Subbanarasayya Mantha|S. S. Mantha]]
| vice_chancellor = Rajesh S. Pande
| faculty =
| students =
| city =
| state =
| country =
| location = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|21|10|36.2|N|79|03|43.3|E|type:edu|display= title}}
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{Convert|17|acre}}
| website = {{Official|https://www.rbunagpur.in/}}
}}

'''Ramdeobaba University''' ('''RBU'''), previously '''Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management''' ('''RCOEM'''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramdeobaba College of Engineering now becomes University |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2024/4/24/Ramdeobaba-College-of-Engineering-now-becomes-University.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[private university]] located in [[Nagpur|Nagpur, Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-24 |title=From 2024-25 academic session, RCOEM will transform into Ramdeobaba University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/from-2024-25-academic-session-rcoem-will-transform-into-ramdeobaba-university/articleshow/109544742.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is recognized under the Maharashtra Private Universities (Establishment & Regulation) Act 2023 (Mah. Act No. VIII of 2024) by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The university holds [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001:2015]] certification and [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] accreditation with an [[Grading systems by country|A+ grade]]. The campus covers 17 acres in [[Nagpur]]. It is approved by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[New Delhi]], and the [[Government of Maharashtra]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-06-12 |title=Cabinet nod for city’s first private varsity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/cabinet-nod-for-citys-first-private-varsity/articleshow/69746537.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).<ref name=":0" /> The university is also a center for research and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title=Top 10 engineering colleges in Maharashtra accepting MHT CET |url=https://www.news9live.com/web-stories/education-and-career/top-10-engineering-colleges-in-maharashtra-accepting-mht-cet |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=News9Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Established in 1984 as RCOEM by Ramdeobaba Sarvajanik Samiti trust,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> the institution was founded under the leadership of [[Banwarilal Purohit]], former [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]] and [[List of administrators of Chandigarh|Administrator of Chandigarh]]. The institution later saw leadership under Satyanarayan Nuwal, Chairman of Shri Ramdeobaba Sarvajanik Samiti, Nagpur, and Chairman and Non Executive Director, Solar Group, Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyanarayan Nuwal: From Sleeping On Railway Platforms To Building The Rs 35,800 Crore Solar Industries |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2022/satyanarayan-nuwal-from-sleeping-on-railway-platforms-to-building-the-rs-35800-crore-solar-industries/81551/1 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-03 |title=From sleeping on railway platforms to building Rs 35,800 crore company, meet Satyanarayan Nuwal, Chairman of Solar Industries |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-from-sleeping-on-railway-platforms-to-building-rs-35800-crore-company-meet-satyanarayan-nuwal-chairman-of-solar-industries-3112537/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramdeobaba College of Engineering now becomes University |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2024/4/24/Ramdeobaba-College-of-Engineering-now-becomes-University.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> The university has received recognition for its [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] ranking, [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] grade, QS I-Gauge rating, campus awards, employability awards, and other accolades. The Chancellor and President of RB University is [[Shankar Subbanarasayya Mantha|Dr S S Mantha]], former Chairman of the [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Ramdeobaba University to Host Counseling Session on Higher Education Post-12th - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2024/06/07/ramdeobaba-university-to-host-counseling-session-on-higher-education-post-12th/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rajendra Purohit, General Secretary of Shri Ramdeobaba Sarvajanik Samiti (SRSS) and Director of [[The Hitavada]], also serves as the institution's General Secretary.<ref name=":0" />

== Schools of the Ramdeobaba University, Nagpur ==

* School of Computer Science and Engineering
* School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* School of Engineering Sciences: Mechanical Engineering
* School of Engineering Sciences: Civil Engineering
* School of Management
* School of Languages
* School of Humanities and Sciences
* School of Indian knowledge Systems
* School of Entrepreneurship, innovation and Incubation
* School of Vocational Education and Training

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking|type=University and college
|NIRF_E_2024=201-300}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 119 among engineering colleges in 2021, 146 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Govt Dental College & Hospital stands 9th in NIRF ranking in country |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/7/16/Govt-Dental-College-Hospital-stands-9th-in-NIRF-ranking-in-country.html}}</ref> The NIRF ranked the university between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

As per Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, dated October 09, 2024, Satyanarayan Nuwal & family is ranked 57th with a net worth of $5.5 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s 100 Richest |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Saiju Kurup]], Malayalam cinema actor, has a cult following for his role as ''Arackal Abu'' in the 2015 comedy movie [[Aadu 2|Aadu]].
* [[Rajneesh Gurbani]], Indian [[Cricket|cricketer]] who plays for [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]].<ref name="Bio2">{{Cite web |title=Rajneesh Gurbani |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/950165.html |accessdate=10 January 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.rbunagpur.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]

Five Minor Epics

2025-04-25T02:52:59Z

ArleneBelmore12: created initial article initial version

{{Short description|Tamil epic poems}}
{{Tamil literature}}
The '''Five Minor Epics''' ({{langx|ta|Ainchirukāppiyaṅkaḷ}}) are five [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epics according to later Tamil literary tradition. They are ''[[Neelakesi]]'', ''[[Culamani]]'', ''[[Naga Kumara Kaviyam]]'', ''[[Udayana Kumara Kaviyam]]'', and ''[[Yashodhara Kaviyam]]''.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=130}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=78}} Of these, only ''Culamani'' and ''Yashodhara Kaviyam'' have been published completely. While certain information is available on ''Neelakesi'', and ''Udayana Kumara Kaviyam'', ''Naga Kumara Kaviyam'' is not extant and is known only by mentions in other literary works.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=142}}

These five epics were written in the post [[Sangam period]] and act and provide historical information about the society, religions, culture and academic life of [[Tamil people]] over that period.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=288}}{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}

== Classification ==
{{see|Five Great Epics}}
As per the grammatical book ''Thandiyalangaram'', a literary work should follow the four codes– aram ([[morality]]), porul ([[material]]), inbam ([[happiness]]), and veedu ([[moksha]]), to be classified as a major epic. If any of these is missing, the work is considered to be a minor epic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/ta/courses-degree-a011-a0111-html-a0111en6-5243|title=Epics in Tamil literature|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Five works are classified as [[Five Great Epics|Great Epics]]–''[[Silappatikaram]]'', ''[[Manimekalai]]'', ''[[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi]]'', ''[[Valayapathi]]'' and ''[[Kundalakesi]]''.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=277}} ''[[Neelakesi]]'', ''[[Culamani]]'', ''[[Naga Kumara Kaviyam]]'', ''[[Udayana Kumara Kaviyam]]'', and ''[[Yashodhara Kaviyam]]'' are grouped as five minor epics.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=130}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=78}}

== Collection==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Five Minor Epics{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=130}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=78}}{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=142}}
|-
! Name
! Author
|-
| ''[[Neelakesi]]''
| Unknown
|-
| ''[[Culamani]]''
| Tholamozhi Thevar
|-
| ''[[Naga Kumara Kaviyam]]''
| Unknown
|-
| ''[[Udayana Kumara Kaviyam]]''
| Kandiyar
|-
| ''[[Yashodhara Kaviyam]]''
| Vel of Vennaval
|}

== Neelakesi ==
{{main|Neelakesi}}

The author and date of composition of ''Neelakesi'' is unknown.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=69-70}}{{sfn|Warder|1988|p=70}} It is a [[polemic]] work written as a [[Jain]] rebuttal to the [[Buddhist]] criticism in the [[The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature|Tamil epic]] ''[[Kundalakesi]]''.{{sfn|Ramakrishna|Gayathri|Chattopadhyaya|1983|p=259}}{{sfn|Krishnamurthy|1987|p=102}}{{sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2001|p=1151}} The epic consists of 10 ''Charukkam'' (chapters) and 894 ''Viruttam'' meter stanzas.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|Gonda|1975|p=175}} The story of the epic mainly serves as a framework to rebut teachings from other religious philosophies and to extol the tenets of Jainism.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}{{sfn|Warder|1988|p=670}} It narrates the story of a minor goddess Neelakesi, who becomes a Jain nun, and engages in rival arguments with scholars from various schools of thought such as [[Ajivika]], [[Nondualism|Lokayatika]], [[Mimamsa]], [[Sankhya]], and [[Vaisesika]].{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}{{sfn|Warder|1988|p=670}}

According to the epic, the animal sacrifices in a temple of goddess [[Kali]] is stopped in [[Panchala]] due to the influence of the Jains. Kali dispatches a local goddess Neelakesi from the [[Pallava]] kingdom in the south to seduce the Jain monks. However, Neelakesi fails, and is herself converted into Jainism. She later travels to various places indulging in philosophical debate with rhetoricians of other religious practices starting with the Buddhist Kundalakesi. She debates and defeats several Buddhist rhetoricians like Arkachandra, [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallana]], and even [[Gautama Buddha]] himself.{{sfn|Warder|1988|p=670}} As the epic ''Kundalakesi'' itself has been lost, ''Neelakesi'' which quotes extensively from the original text serves as the main source for reconstructing the earlier.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=69-70}}{{sfn|Krishnamurthy|1987|p=102}}{{sfn|Singh|Gaur|2008|p=102}}

== Culamani ==
{{main|Culamani}}

''Culamani'' is a [[Tamil Jain]] text written by Tholamozhi Thevar.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}} The introduction of the book states that it was presented to the [[Pandya]] king [[Maravarman Avanisulamani]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=79}} It is written in ''[[viruttam]]'' metre similar to ''[[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi]]'', and consists of 2131 quatrains across 12 cantos.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}{{sfn|Das|2005|p=80}} The book does not have single major plot.{{sfn|Arunachalam|1974|p=111}} It narrates a Jain version of the story of [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]] named as Vijayan and Thivittan respectively.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=79}}{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=144}} As per the epic, Thivittan is predicted to marry a wizard princess Cuyampirapai, and the wizard king Asvakantan opposes it. It narrates how Thivittan defeats the wizard king, and marries the princess.{{sfn|Warder|1988|p=670}} The epic uses many words in [[Tamil language]], that are not in contemporary use. It also narrates various customs of the [[Tamil people]] during the era it was composed such as the influence of [[Divination|soothsayers]], practice of [[swayamvara]], and various wars.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=143}}{{sfn|Das|2005|p=80}}

== Naga Kumara Kaviyam ==
{{main|Naga Kumara Kaviyam}}

''Naga Kumara Kaviyam'' is a lost book, whose author is unknown. Information on the epic is available only through secondary sources.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=142}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=244}}

== Udayana Kumara Kaviyam ==
{{main|Udayana Kumara Kaviyam}}

''Udayana Kumara Kaviyam'' consists of six cantos with 367 stanzas.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=144}} Though the complete details of the author is uncertain, it is considered to be the work of a Jain nun named Kandiyar.{{sfn|Venkataramaiah|1996|p=102}} It is based on the story of Udayanan from ''Perun kathai'' (long story) of the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] [[velir]], which was probably based on ''Brihat katha'' written in [[Prakrit]], and probably composed in the 13th or 14th century CE.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=400}}{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1195}} It narrates the story of king Uthayanan of Vathsadesa and his marriage to princess Vasava.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=144}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=288}} The book also details the various customs and practices prevalent in the region from the time of its composition.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=288}} According to [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]], the work read like the "composition of a high school boy".{{sfn|Venkataramaiah|1996|p=102}}

== Yashodhara Kaviyam ==
{{main|Yashodhara Kaviyam}}

''Yashodhara Kaviyam'' consists of 320 verses divided into five chapters.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=144}} It was written by a Jain author Vel of Vennaval, probably in the 14th century CE.{{sfn|Ramakrishna|Gayathri|Chattopadhyaya|1983|p=542}} It is based on the [[Sanskrit]] text ''Yashothara Charitham'' from the 11th century CE.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=144}} The epic narrates the story of king Yashodaran and his wife, who die after consuming poison following a sacrifice ritual. The ritual of offering a rooster made of flour was done to pacify Kali due to ill omens surrounding the incest of the queen (Yashodaran's wife), and was against Jain traditions.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=146-147}} They took re-birth as brother and sister, Apayarusi and Apayamathi respectively to Yashomathi, the son of the king Yashodaran. After Yashomathi is made to realise the story behind his parents, he does good by them and both the brother and sister left the world and attain heaven.{{sfn|Purnalingam Pillai|1994|p=147}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3sOAAAAYAAJ |title=An Introduction to the History of Tamil Literature |date=1974 |publisher=Gandhi Vidyalayam }}
* {{cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC |title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-8-126-02171-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-8-126-01194-0 }}
* {{cite book| title=Glimpses of art, architecture, and Buddhist literature in ancient India| last=Krishnamurthy| first=K. | year=1987| publisher=Abhinav Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tD-7sojtDdYC|isbn = 978-8-170-17226-0}}
* {{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |year=1999 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC |isbn=81-250-1453-5}}
* {{cite book| title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas| last=Parmeshwaranand| first=Swami| year=2001| publisher=Sarup & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC|isbn= 978-8-176-25226-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Purnalingam Pillai |first=M. S. |title=Tamil Literature |year=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-8-120-60955-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA142 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ramakrishna |first1=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIkeAAAAMAAJ |title=An Encyclopaedia of South Indian Culture |last2=Gayathri |first2=N. |last3=Chattopadhyaya |first3=Debiprasad |date=1983 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi |isbn=978-0-8364-1188-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book| title=Popular literature and pre-modern societies in South Asia| last1=Singh| first1=Surinder |last2= Gaur| first2=I. D. |year=2008| publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |isbn= 978-8-131-71358-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Venkataramaiah |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ |title=A Handbook of Tamil Nadu |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-8-185-69220-3 }}
* {{cite book| title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The bold style (Śaktibhadra to Dhanapāla)| last=Warder| first=Anthony Kennedy| year=1988| publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgBzfaARMNoC |isbn= 978-8-120-80450-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Tamil Literature |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC |isbn = 978-3-447-01582-0}}
* {{cite book| title=Handbuch der Orientalistik, Part 2| last1=Zvelebil| first1=Kamil |author-link1=Kamil Zvelebil| last2=Gonda| first2=Jan | year=1975| publisher=[[BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgLjrX3Y1g8C |isbn = 978-9-004-04190-5}}
* {{cite book| title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1992| publisher=[[BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC |ISBN = 978-9-004-09365-2}}
{{ref end}}

{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature|*]]
[[Category:Epic poems in Tamil| ]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature|Epics Of Tamil Literature]]

O. P. Bhatt

2025-03-09T22:46:48Z

ArleneBelmore12: slightly rework information based on references

{{Short description|Indian banker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Om Prakash Bhatt
| image = Prakash Bhatt - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg
| caption = Bhatt at the [[World Economic Forum]] annual meeting in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|7 March 1951}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office =22nd [[Chairman of State Bank of India]]
|predecessor = [[Arun Kumar Purwar]]
|successor = [[Pratip Chaudhuri]]
|nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| networth =
}}
'''Om Prakash Bhatt''' (born 7 March 1951) is an Indian banker and was the [[Chairman of State Bank of India]] from June 2006 until 31 March 2011<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/banking/finance/banking/SBI-becomes-first-bank-to-take-up-registration-of-UID-number/articleshow/6121046.cms SBI becomes first bank to take up registration of UID number]. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (2010-07-02). Retrieved on 2012-03-29.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/bw/2009_12_18_Bringing_About_Change_Smartly.html |accessdate=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920172413/http://businessworld.in/bw/2009_12_18_Bringing_About_Change_Smartly.html |archivedate=20 September 2010 |title=Bringing About Change, Smartly }}</ref>
Presently, he is an independent director on the board of the 'Maharatna' Central Public Sector Enterprise - [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd]] (ONGC), Tata Steel Ltd and also [[Hindustan Unilever|Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL)]].
On 25 November 2016 he was made interim chairman of [[Tata Steel|TATA Steel]], replacing [[Cyrus Mistry]]. He continues as an independent director after [[Natarajan_Chandrasekaran|N. Chandrasekaran]] took over as Chairman in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=N Chandrasekaran elected as Chairman of Tata Steel Board|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/n-chandrasekaran-elected-as-chairman-of-tata-steel-board/articleshow/57024119.cms |access-date=2 March 2023 |agency=PTI |publisher=Economic Times |date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Steel- Leadership |url=https://www.tatasteel.com/corporate/our-organisation/leadership/ |website=Tata Steel |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> The Supreme Court appointed him member of a committee to investigate issues arising out of US short-seller Hindenburg's report on the [[Adani_Group#Stock manipulation and accounting fraud allegations|Adani Group]] on 2 March 2023.

==Early life==
Om Prakash Bhatt was born on 7 March 1951 in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=CompaniesHouse>{{cite web|title=Standard Chartered plc|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00966425/officers|website=Companies House|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> He was National Science Talent Search Scholar in Physics at DAV College, Dehradun. He obtained an MA in English Literature from Meerut University. His favorite holiday destinations are hills in Uttarakhand and North-East (he was Chief General Manager of NE Circle).<ref name=Bhatt1>Bhatt, OP. [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Z7gqODIccLvx96Nmq7hmxN/Om-Prakash-Bhatt--The-chairman-in-a-hurry.html "OP Bhatt The Chairman in a hurry"], [[livemint]], Mumbai, 3 May 2008. Retrieved on 26 November 2016.</ref>

==Career==
O. P. Bhatt Started his career as a probationary officer in SBI in 1972. He also served as Managing Director, [[State Bank of Travancore]] from January 2005 to April 2006. Before becoming Managing Director of SBT he was Chief General Manager of North-East Circle and within a year he lifted the circle from bottom to No. 1 position.<ref name=Bhatt1 />

He was appointed Chairman of SBI in June 2006. He retired in March 2011 and had a long tenure as SBI Chairman in the recent past, one of the very few who served 5 years as Chairman. He is best known for transforming SBI and bringing efficiency and competitiveness in operations. Under his chairmanship, SBI adopted an aggressive strategy in marketing and operations.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/07/01/stories/2006070103090100.htm O.P. Bhatt appointed SBI Chairman]. The Hindu Business Line (2006-07-01). Retrieved on 2012-03-29.</ref>

He was the Chairman of the [[Indian Banks' Association]] (IBA) for the year 2010–11.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100619143957/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/09/stories/2010060953801500.htm Business : O. P. Bhatt elected IBA Chairman]. The Hindu (2010-06-09). Retrieved on 2012-03-29.</ref>

Bhatt is an independent Director of Tata Consultancy Services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/about-op-bhatt|title = OP Bhatt - Director, TCS}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SBI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, O. P.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]

Indian locomotive class AP

2025-02-18T21:34:00Z

ArleneBelmore12: Created Some Info Initial Version

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = BESA class AP
| bgcolor =
| color =
| image = East Indian Railway (EIR) Class AP steam locomotive Nr. 120.jpg
| alt =
| caption = EIR locomotive No. 120, built by North British Locomotive Company
| powertype = Steam
| designer = [[British Engineering Standards Association]]
| builder = {{ubl|[[Vulcan Foundry]] (28)|[[North British Locomotive Co.]] (18)|[[Kitson and Company]] (12)}}
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate =
| totalproduction = 58
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| website =
| whytetype = {{whyte|4-4-2}}
| uicclass = 2{{prime}}B1{{prime}} n2
| DRGtype =
| driver = 
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|6|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| tenderdiameter = 
| carrydiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| engine total =
| leading = {{convert|7|ft|0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| coupled = {{convert|6|ft|9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| trailing =
| tender total =
| tendertruck = 
| tenderbogie = 
| wheelbasewithtender = {{convert|50|ft|7+1/2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (3000-gal tender)
| racksystem =
| pivotcentres = 
| wheelspacing = 
| length =
| over couplers =
| over buffers = {{convert|60|ft|6+7/8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (3000-gal tender)
| over headstocks =
| width = {{convert|9|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|13|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| frametype =
| axleload = {{convert|17.25|LT}}
| leadingbogie/pony= 
| coupled all = 
| coupled 1 = 
| coupled 2 = 
| coupled 3 = 
| coupled 4 =
| coupled 5 =
| coupled 6 =
| coupled 7 =
| coupled 8 =
| trail bogie/pony= 
| tenderbogieload = 
| tenderaxle = 
| weightondrivers =
| emptyweight =
| serviceweight = {{convert|65.00|LT}}
| locoweight =
| tenderweight = {{convert|39.50|LT}}
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype =
| fueltype =
| fuelcap =
| watercap = {{convert|3000|or|4000|or|4500|impgal|abbr=on}}
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| fireboxtype = 
| firearea = {{convert|32|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| boiler = 
| boilertype = 
| pitch = 
| diameterinside =
| lengthinside = 
| smalltubediameter= 
| largetubediameter= 
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|psi|bar kgf/cm2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| safetyvalvetype = 
| feedwaterheater =
| totalsurface = {{convert|2037|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|1880|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| archarea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea = {{convert|1057|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea =
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|19|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| frontcylindersize=
| rearcylindersize =
| hpcylindersize =
| lpcylindersize =
| cogwheelbore =
| cogwheelstroke =
| cylinderpressure =
| valvegear =
| valvetype =
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| maxspeed =
| indicatedpower =
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort =
| factorofadhesion =
| operator = {{ubl|[[East Indian Railway Company]]|[[North Western Railway]]|[[Eastern Bengal Railway]]}}
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition =
| notes =
}}
The '''Class AP''' was a [[broad gauge]] tender steam locomotive introduced around 1907 for passenger trains on the railways in British India. Its class designation, AP, stands for ''Atlantic Passenger Locomotive'', where Atlantic refers to the [[4-4-2 (locomotive)|wheel arrangement]] of the same name. It was one of the BESA locomotives developed by the British Engineering Standards Committee, later called the [[British Engineering Standards Association]] (BESA).

== History ==

The AP class, designed to haul passenger trains, was first catalogued in the second edition of the BESA standard from 1907. It could be equipped with three different large tenders - the small one held 3,000, the medium 4,000 and the large 4,500 gallons of water.

[[Vulcan Foundry]] delivered a batch of 28 to the [[East Indian Railway]] (EIR), whose route network expanded from [[Calcutta]] towards the West. These locomotives, built according to British design practice, were used to pull express trains; they were numbered 1300 to 1327, and their works numbers were 2330 to 2357 of 1908.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vulcan Foundry: Steam Locomotives Catalogue|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/124446949@N06/40033372583/|url-status=|format=|access-date=2020-08-27|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=Historical Railway Images|date=2019-02-05|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>

Ten locomotives were delivered to the EIR by [[North British Locomotive Company]] in 1908, and a further 8 in 1909.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Indian Railway Class AP steam locomotive Nr. 120|periodical=Historical Railway Images|publisher=|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/124446949@N06/34057676843|url-status=|format=|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=24 May 2017|language=|pages=|quote=}}</ref>{{sfnb|Hughes|1990|p=42}}

The [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] received five from [[Kitson and Company]] in 1908, and another two in 1909.{{sfnb|Hughes|1990|pp=34, 35, 38}} They were joined in 1930 by five locomotives that had been built by Kitson for the [[North Western State Railway|North Western Railway]] in 1908.{{sfnb|Hughes|1990|pp=35, 51}}

At [[Partition of India|partition]], four of the EBR locomotives went to [[East Pakistan]], and eight to India.{{sfnb|Hughes|1990|pp=38}} Of the 14 remaining EIR locomotives, six went to the [[Eastern Railway Zone]], and the other eight went to the [[Northern Railway Zone]].{{sfnb|Hughes|1990|pp=51}}

<gallery widths="250" heights="150">
BESA Standard Broad Gauge Atlantic Passenger Locomotive AP with 3000 Gallon Tender 1907.png|Variant with 3000 gallon tender
BESA Standard Broad Gauge Atlantic Passenger Locomotive AP with 4000 Gallon Tender 1907.png|Variant with 4000 gallon tender
BESA Standard Broad Gauge Atlantic Passenger Locomotive AP with 4500 Gallon Tender 1907.png|Variant with 4500 gallon tender
</gallery>

== Design==

The locomotives were designed with two cylinders, a [[Belpaire firebox]], and used saturated steam. The grate was arranged between the coupled wheel sets. Placed outside of the frames were the cylinders, and placed between the frames were the [[Walschaerts valve gear]]. A small [[Cowcatcher|pilot]] was fitted to the locomotive's buffer beam. The BESA standard suggested an enclosed cab, with the rear wall of the cab being formed by the tender. However, the locomotives built for the East Indian Railway had tenders without a cab rear wall. The running board was positioned low, so splashers covered the two driving axles. The 3000 and 4000 gallon tenders each had three axles, while the larger 4500 gallon tenders had a pair of two-axle bogies. The two three-axle tender variants had running boards and handrails along the side walls, which made it possible to access the train from the locomotive while it was running.<ref>can be seen on builder's photo of the EIR 1300 and drawings</ref> Another peculiarity of the design was the {{Clarify|date=August 2024|reason=Unclear as to what the "riser" and "dome axes" refer to—probably lost in translation|text=riser arranged in the middle of the dome axes.}} At {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} in diameter, the AP class had the largest [[driving wheel]]s of any steam locomotive used in India.

== Similar classes ==
[[File:EM Delhi Railway Museum.jpg|thumb|EM 922 in New Delhi]]
Locomotive 992 of the EM class, which is on display at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum of India]] in [[New Delhi]], bears very similar main dimensions to the AP class locomotive; however, it was converted from an E1 class {{whyte|4-6-0}} locomotive of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR), to which a trailing axle with an external frame was added. With a diameter of 6 ft 6 in, the driving wheels have the same dimensions as those of the AP class and have a short wheelbase, characteristic of the APs.

== References ==
<references />
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos1|pages=34, 35, 38, 42, 51, 78, 83, 108}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Indian locomotive class AP}}
* [https://ba.e-pics.ethz.ch/catalog/ETHBIB.Bildarchiv/r/102333/viewmode=infoview/ Builder's photo of an AP class locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company ]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:4-4-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:2′B1′ n2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]
[[Category:Kitson locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1907]]
[[Category:Scrapped locomotives]]

1818 (film)

2024-06-07T08:46:02Z

ArleneBelmore12: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Trisha Krishnan]]

Chutti Chathan

2024-04-13T13:55:48Z

ArleneBelmore12: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[My Dear Kuttichathan]] {{R from merge}}

List of institutions of higher education in Meghalaya

2024-03-26T11:33:05Z

ArleneBelmore12: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Education in Meghalaya]]