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Mattanur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T09:01:33Z

ArianneNies1: created a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mattanur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 15
| map_image = File:Kannur district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg
| map_caption = Mattanur within Kannur district
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 1,90,139 (2021)
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = V. K. Sanoj
| party = [[File:Cpm election symbol.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
}}
'''Mattanur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the seven assembly segments that constitute the [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]]. As of [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Kerala Assembly elections]], the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] is V.K. Sanoj of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

Mattanur Was Reestablished By The 2008 Delimitation, by incorporating major parts Of previous [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency|Kuthuparamba]] seat. It recorded the largest ever victory margin (60,963)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> in the history of Kerala Legislative Assembly elections in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], achieved by K. K. Shailaja.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Rockstar' Health Minister Shailaja Teacher wins by largest margin in Kerala history |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/02/rockstar-health-minister-shailaja-teacher-wins-by-largest-margin-in-kerala-history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505205044/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/02/rockstar-health-minister-shailaja-teacher-wins-by-largest-margin-in-kerala-history.html |date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |website=theweek.in}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Mattannur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District
|access-date = 7 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]]/[[municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Mattanur]]
|Municipality
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|2
|Chittariparamba
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|3
|[[Keezhallur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|4
|[[Koloyad|Kolayad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|5
|[[Koodali]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|6
|Maloor
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|7
|[[Mangattidam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|-
|8
|[[Padiyoor]]-[[Kalliad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|-
|9
|[[Thillenkeri]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]
|}

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==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |[[N. E. Balaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[E. P. Jayarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
|[[K. K. Shailaja]]
| 2021 - 2026
|-
| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
| rowspan="2" |V. K. Sanoj
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Incumbent]]
|}
<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies
|website = kannur.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kannur district, Kerala
}}</ref>
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mattanur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = V. K. Sanoj
|votes = 81,456
|percentage = 47.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandran Thillenkeri
|votes = 67,288
|percentage = 39.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biju Elakkuzhi
|votes = 17,815
|percentage = 10.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party Of India
|candidate = Basheer Punnad
|votes = 2171
|percentage = 1.28%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = NOTA
|votes = 771
|percentage = 0.45%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanod s/o Kunhiraman k
|votes = 210
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandran Thengalath
|votes = 147
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

There were 1,90,139 registered voters in the Mattanur constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mattanur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[K. K. Shailaja]]
|votes = 96,129
|percentage = 61.97
|change = {{gain}}5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Illikkal Augusthy
|votes = 35,166
|percentage = 22.67
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biju Elakkuzhi
|votes = 18,223
|percentage = 11.75
|change = {{loss}}0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Rafeekh Keecheri
|votes = 4,201
|percentage = 2.71
|change = {{gain}}0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 796
|percentage = 0.51
|change = {{loss}}0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Agusthy N. A.
|votes = 619
|percentage = 0.40
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 60,963
|percentage = 39.24
|change = {{gain}}10.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,56,127
|percentage = 82.11
|change = {{loss}}1.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}5.35
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,77,911 registered voters in the Mattanur constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mattanur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[E. P. Jayarajan]]
|votes = 84,030
|percentage = 56.62
|change = {{gain}}0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = K. P. Prashanth
|votes = 40,649
|percentage = 27.34
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biju Elakkuzhi
|votes = 18,620
|percentage = 12.52
|change = {{gain}}6.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Rafeekh Keecheri
|votes = 3,188
|percentage = 2.14
|change = {{gain}}0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,420
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kodippadi Prashanth
|votes = 770
|percentage = 0.52
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 43,381
|percentage = 29.18
|change = {{gain}}6.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,48,677
|percentage = 83.57
|change = {{gain}}0.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}0.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,60,771 registered voters in the Mattanur constituency for the 2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mattanur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[E. P. Jayarajan]]
|votes = 75,177
|percentage = 56.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Janata (Democratic)
|candidate = Joseph Chaavara
|votes = 44,665
|percentage = 33.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biju Elakkuzhi
|votes = 8,707
|percentage = 6.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Adv. K. C. Muhammad Sabeer
|votes = 2,757
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Joseph
|votes = 858
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hameed
|votes = 783
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 30,512
|percentage = 22.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,32,947
|percentage = 82.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mattanur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhavan Nambiar, Kallorath |party=Communist Party of India |votes=29,257 |percentage=62.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subbarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,430 |percentage=24.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chattu Kutty Nambiar, Ayilath Kutteri |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,576 |percentage=11.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balakrishnan Nambiar, Kudali Thazhathveethil |party=Independent politician |votes=683 |percentage=1.45% |change=
}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,827 |percentage=37.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,946 |percentage=69.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,408 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mattanur]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

List of Kannada films of 2026

2026-05-08T06:34:16Z

ArianneNies1: created new entry!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
This is a list of [[Kannada language]] films produced in [[Karnataka]] in India that are scheduled to be released in the year 2026.

{{Sandalwood film list}}

== Box office collection ==
The [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films]] released in 2026, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Title
!Production Company
!Worldwide gross
!Ref.
|-
|1
|''[[KD: The Devil]]''
|KVN Productions
|₹27.86 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Sacnilk |date=2026-04-30 |title=KD - The Devil - Box Office Collection Day 3 |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/quicknews/KD__The_Devil_2026_Box_Office_Collection_Day_3 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Sacnilk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
|''[[Love Mocktail 3]]''
|KrissMi Films
|₹23.39 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Mocktail 3' box office collections day 18: Darling Krishna film adds Rs 53 lakhs; Third chapter continues steady run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/love-mocktail-3-box-office-collections-day-18-darling-krishna-film-adds-rs-53-lakhs-third-chapter-continues-steady-run/articleshow/130048452.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17773163999020&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fkannada%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Flove-mocktail-3-box-office-collections-day-18-darling-krishna-film-adds-rs-53-lakhs-third-chapter-continues-steady-run%2Farticleshow%2F130048452.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Rakkasapuradhol]]''
|KN Entertainments
|₹16.85 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakkasapuradhol Week 1 box office: Raj B Shetty-led thriller’s performance remains sluggish despite good reviews |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rakkasapuradhol-week-1-box-office-raj-b-shetty-led-thrillers-performance-remains-sluggish-despite-good-reviews/e2bf0f3072553 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|''[[Landlord (film)|Landlord]]''
|Sarathi Films
|₹13.39 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landlord Day 5 box office: Duniya Vijay film records lowest total yet; less than release day too |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/landlord-day-5-box-office-duniya-vijay-film-records-lowest-total-yet-less-than-release-day-too/4b4a12a073432 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''Second Case Of Seetharam''
|Flying Elephant Story Tellers
|₹10.45 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Second Case of Seetharam (2026-02-20) - Review, Rating & Box Office Collection |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Second_Case_of_Seetharam_2026 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Sacnilk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''Hayagrriva''
|KVC Productions
|₹7.22 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Hayagrriva (2026-02-27) - Review, Rating & Box Office Collection |url=https://sacnilk.com/movie/Hayagrriva_2026 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Sacnilk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
|''[[Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige]]''
|Jai Chamundeshwari Productions
|₹5.32 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive → |first=View |date=2026-01-10 |title=Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige WorldWide Collection & Budget With Verdict » Tenvow |url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/theertharoopa-thandeyavarige/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|8
|''[[Cult (2026 film)|Cult]]''
|''[[KVN Productions]]'' Loki Cinemas
|₹4.3 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive → |first=View |date=2026-02-08 |title=Cult Movie Collection {{!}} Budget {{!}} OTT {{!}} Hit/Flop » Tenvow |url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/cult-movie-collection-budget-ott-hit-flop/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|9
|''[[The Rise of Ashoka]]''
|Vriddhi Creations, Sathish Picture House
|₹3.25 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=The Rise of Ashoka (2026-02-27) - Review, Rating & Box Office Collection |url=https://sacnilk.com/movie/The_Rise_of_Ashoka_2026 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Sacnilk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|10
|''Amrutanjan''
|Lasya Vijay Entertainers
|₹2.48 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Amruthaanjan (2026-01-30) - Review, Rating & Box Office Collection |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Amruthaanjan_2026 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Sacnilk |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:45%;" |Cast
! style="width:30%;" |Studio
! style="width:1%;" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|- January!
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N'''
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Shivaleela''
| style="text-align:center;" | Ashok Jayram
| {{hlist|[[Manjamma Jogathi]]|Dachchu Divakar}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Jayram Creations
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Jan1">{{cite news |last1=B. |first1=Jayabhuvaneshwari |title=What To Watch This Week in Theatres: Ikkis, Alcohol and more |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/31/what-to-watch-this-week-in-theatres-ikkis-alcohol-and-more |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=31 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Ramenahalli Jagannatha
| {{hlist|Nihar Mukesh|[[Rachana Inder]]|[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]|[[Rajesh Nataranga]]|[[Ravindra Vijay]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Jai Chamundeshwari Productions
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Jan1"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''The Ice''
| style="text-align:center;" | Subbu Bharadwaj
| {{hlist|Venkat Reddy| Yogitha Kumbar| Rekha| Sushmitha}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Vinayakaiah Entertainments
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Jan1"/>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Jaganmathe Akkamahadevi''
| style="text-align:center;" | Vishnukanth B. J.
| {{hlist|Sulaksha Kaira|[[Suchendra Prasad]]|[[Tabla Nani]]|[[Vaijanath Biradar]]|Radhakrishna Pallaki}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Bharat Cine Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Online |first1=Cinisuddi |title=ಜನವರಿ 2ರಂದು ವಿಷ್ಣುಕಾಂತ ಬಿ.ಜೆ.ನಿರ್ದೇಶನದ "ಜಗನ್ಮಾತೆ ಅಕ್ಕಮಹಾದೇವಿ" ಚಿತ್ರ ರಿಲೀಸ್. |url=https://www.cinisuddi.com/jaganmathe-akkamahadevi-film-ready-to-release |access-date=31 December 2025 |work=Cini Suddi |date=27 December 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Maazar''
| style="text-align:center;" | Local Loki
| {{hlist|Local Loki|Srihan|Deepak|Ugramm Ravi|Sambhramashree|Raju|Ranjan|Ajay Sharma}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Sangeetha Cine House
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Maazar’ trailer released; film to hit screens on January 15 |url=https://flickfeeds.com/maazar-trailer-movie-jan-15 |access-date=3 January 2026 |work=Flickfeeds |date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''15'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Surya Power of Love]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Sagar Das
| {{Hlist|Prashanth Surya|Harshitha MK|[[Pramod Shetty]]|[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]|[[P. Ravi Shankar]]|[[T. S. Nagabharana]]|Kaddipudi Chandru|Bhajarangi Prasanna|[[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Nandi Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |date=28 December 2025 |title=Surya trailer: This love story is an entertainer rooted in North Karnataka |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/28/surya-trailer-this-love-story-is-an-entertainer-rooted-in-north-karnataka |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''16'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Bharathi Teacher''
| style="text-align:center;" | M. L. Prasanna
| {{Hlist| Rohith Raghavendra| Yashika Chaira| [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]| Govinde Gowda| Ashwin Hassan}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Poojyaya Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharathi Teacher (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bellary |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bharathi-teacher/ET00481379 |access-date=16 January 2026|website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''23'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Landlord (film)|Landlord]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Jadesh K Hampi
|{{Hlist|[[Duniya Vijay]]|[[Rachita Ram]]|[[Raj B. Shetty]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]|[[Rakesh Adiga]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sarathi Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-11-03 |title=Vijay Kumar-Rachita Ram's Landlord locks release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/03/kannadanews2025nov02vijay-kumar-rachita-rams-landlord-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Cult (2026 film)|Cult]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Anil Kumar TM
|{{Hlist|Zaid Khan|[[Rachita Ram]]|Malaika Vasupal|[[Rangayana Raghu]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]|Kishan Bilagali}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[KVN Productions]] Loki Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cult (2026) (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bellary |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bellary/cult-2026/ET00476255?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''30'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Amruthaanjan''
| style="text-align:center;" |Jothirao Mohit
|{{Hlist|Sudhakar Gowda| Payal Chengappa| Gowrav Shetty| Shree Bhavya| Karthik Ruvary}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Lasya Vijay Entertainers
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amruthaanjan (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/amruthaanjan/ET00482172|access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Bose''
| style="text-align:center;" |Avinash Babu
|{{Hlist|Karthik M Talkal| Priya Haveri| Bharath Ganganna| M Anbu}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sri Subramanya Swamy Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bose (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bose/ET00483159|access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Chowkidar (2026 film)|Chowkidar]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Chandrashekar Bandiyappa]]
|{{Hlist|[[Pruthvi Ambaar]]| [[P. Sai Kumar]]| [[Dhanya Ramkumar]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |V S Entertainments
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chowkidar (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/chowkidar/ET00447200|access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Howddo Huliya''
| style="text-align:center;" |Aneesh Poojary Venur
|{{Hlist|Govinde Gowda| [[Vijanath Biradar]]| Mimicry Gopi| Priya Savadi| Umesh Kinnal}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Swayamprabha Entertainment & Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howddo Huliya (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/howddo-huliya/ET00483567|access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Mavuta''
| style="text-align:center;" |Ravishankar Nag
|{{Hlist|Lakshmipathi Balaji| Mahalakshmi Annapoorna| [[Thriller Manju]]| [[Padma Vasanthi]]| Divya Shree}}
| style="text-align:center;" |SDR Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavuta (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/mavuta/ET00479826|access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Raktha Kashmira]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
|{{Hlist|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]| [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]| [[Parvati Melton]]| [[Doddanna]]| [[Mukesh Rishi]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |MDM Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raktha Kashmira (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/raktha-kashmira/ET00475621|access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Seat Edge''
| style="text-align:center;" |Chethan Shetty
|{{Hlist|[[Siddu Moolimani]]| Raviksha Shetty| Raghu Ramanakpppa| Girish Shivanna}}
| style="text-align:center;" |N R Cinema Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seat Edge (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/seat-edge/ET00449471|access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Sri Jagannatha Dasaru: Part 2''
| style="text-align:center;" |Madhusudhan Havaldar
|{{Hlist|Sharath Joshi| Nischitha Shetty| Srilatha Bagewadi| Vaishnavi Murthy}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Mathambhuja Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Jagannatha Dasaru Part 2 (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/sri-jagannatha-dasaru-part-2/ET00482951|access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Valavaara''
| style="text-align:center;" |Sutan Gowda
|{{Hlist|Vedic Kaushal| Master Shayan| Malathesh| Harshitha R. Gowda}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Morph Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valavaara (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/valavaara/ET00463120|access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Vikalpa''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pruthviraj Patil
|{{Hlist|Pruthviraj Patil| Nagashree Hebbar| Harini Shreekanth| Ganapati Hegde}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Suru's Talkies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikalpa (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/vikalpa/ET00481737|access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="31" style="text-align:center;background:#ede4fe;" |'''F E B'''
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Bayakegalu Beruridaga''
| style="text-align:center;" |N. Jyothi Lakshmi
|{{Hlist|Aakarsh Adithya| Sharanya| Shylaja Joshi| Manasa Joshi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Unnathi Studio Private Limited
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikalpa (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/vikalpa/ET00481737|access-date=2026-01-30 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[After Operation London Cafe]]''{{Efn|The film was produced in Marathi and Kannada languages.}}
|Sadagara Raghavendra
|Kaveesh Shetty, [[Megha Shetty]], [[Shivani Surve]], Virat Madake
|Indian Film Factory, Deepak Rane Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=After OLC: मराठीला साऊथच्या अ‍ॅक्शनचा तडका; 'आफ्टर ओ.एल.सी'मध्ये मिळणार दमदार ॲक्शन आणि थराराची पर्वणी|url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/after-olc-marathi-action-film-will-be-released-on-february-6th-kavish-shetty-megha-shetty-shivani-surve-virat-madke-in-the-lead-role-svk01|website=Saam TV|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-31|language=mr|first=Shruti Vilas|last=Kadam}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Gharga''
| style="text-align:center;" |M. Shashidhar
|{{Hlist|Arun Ramprasad| [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]]| [[Sampath Raj]]| [[Rahul Dev]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Ashwini Recording Company
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharga (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/gharga/ET00484103|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''JC: The University''
| style="text-align:center;" |Chethan Jayram
|{{Hlist|Surya Prakyath| Bhavana Reddy| [[Thriller Manju]]| [[Rangayana Raghu]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dali Pictures]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=JC: The University (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jc-the-university/ET00482211|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Karikaada''
| style="text-align:center;" |K. Venkatesh
|{{Hlist|Kada Nataraj| Niriksha Shetty| Yash Shetty| Krithi Varma| [[Bala Rajwadi]]| [[Vijay Chendoor]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Riddhi Entertainments
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karikaada (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/karikaada/ET00477602|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Katle''
| style="text-align:center;" |Srividha Abhinandan
|{{Hlist|Kempegowda| Sanmitha Puttaraju| Amrutha Raj| [[Harshika Poonacha]]| [[Harish Raj]]| [[Tabla Nani]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Bharath Gowda Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katle (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/katle/ET00482986|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Nenapugala Mathu Madhura''
| style="text-align:center;" |Afzal
|{{Hlist|Sevenraj| Afzal| Vasishta Bantanuru| Ranaveer}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sevenraj Arts
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katle (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/katle/ET00482986|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Non Veg''
| style="text-align:center;" |K. Sooraj Shetty
|{{Hlist|Atharva Prakash| Sanjana Burli| [[Prakash Thuminad]]| [[Deepak Rai|Deepak Rai Panaje]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Jayakirana Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katle (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/katle/ET00482986|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Rajakreede''
| style="text-align:center;" |Umadevi S. L.
|{{Hlist|Omprakash Naik| M. D. Kaushik| Vishnu| Megha}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Mahadeshwara Enterprises
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katle (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/katle/ET00482986|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |''[[Rakkasapuradhol]]''
| align="center" |Ravi Saranga
| {{hlist|[[Raj B. Shetty]]|[[Swathishta]]|[[Archana Kottige]]}}
| align="center" |KN Entertainments
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Rakkasapuradhol gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/29/rakkasapuradhol-gets-a-release-date |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Sarkari Shale H8''
| style="text-align:center;" |Guna Hariyabbe
|{{Hlist|Guna Hariyabbe| [[Gilli Nata]]| Meghashree| [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]| [[Suchendra Prasad]]| Jaggappa}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Girichandra Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katle (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/katle/ET00482986|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Sukhibhava''
| style="text-align:center;" |N. K. Rajesh Naidu
|{{Hlist|Mahendra| Sushmitha Nayak| Vihanshi Hegde| Gourav Shetty| [[Ravishankar Gowda]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Ved Aryan Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhibhavaa (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/sukhibavaa/ET00482728|access-date=2026-02-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Daiva''
| style="text-align:center;" |M J Jayraaj
|{{Hlist|M. J. Jayaraaj| Surabhi Reddy| Neethu Rai| [[Bala Rajwadi]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Kalpavruksha Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daiva (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/daiva/ET00483917|access-date=2026-02-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Marali Manasaagide''
| style="text-align:center;" |Nagaraja Shankar
|{{Hlist|Arjun Vedanta| Nireeksha Shetty| [[T. S. Nagabharana]]| Smruthy Venkatesh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Kalpavruksha Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marali Manasaagide (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/marali-manasaagide/ET00463854|access-date=2026-02-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''13'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Star''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vijaya Surya
|{{Hlist|Sharath Prakash| Rajatha Raksha| Vasudev M. Rao| Balaram Panchal}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Lion Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=*Star (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/star/ET00484117|access-date=2026-02-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Maggi Pusthaka''
| style="text-align:center;" |Harivarasanam Kanakapura
|{{Hlist|Ranjan Kasaragod| Ranvee Shekhar| Raksha Gowda| [[Girija Lokesh]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Chinnaswamy Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maggi Pusthaka (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/maggi-pusthaka/ET00482162|access-date=2026-02-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Rama and Ramu''
| style="text-align:center;" |Chandru Obaiah
|{{Hlist|Chandru Obaiah| Soumya Amarapurkar| Nagendra Urs| Mugu Suresh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Movies Fort Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maggi Pusthaka (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/maggi-pusthaka/ET00482162|access-date=2026-02-12 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''20'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Alpha''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vijay Nagendra
|{{Hlist|Hemanth Kumar| Gopika Suresh| [[Achyuth Kumar]]| Ayaana| [[Karthik Mahesh]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |L A Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/alpha-men-love-vengeance/ET00480450|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Doddanna Puttanna''
| style="text-align:center;" |R. Vijaya Kumar Hosur
|{{Hlist|R. Vijaya Kumar Hosur| Rajavamshi Navalgund| Nisha Koprekar| Swathi Chauhan}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Ramachandra Film Company
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doddanna Puttanna (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/doddanna-puttanna/ET00487801|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''February 30''
| style="text-align:center;" |M. L. Prashanth
|{{Hlist|Abhishek Shrikanth| Akshay Nayak| Chayashree Umesh| Sahithya Shetty| Thandav Ram}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Shankar Movies International
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February 30 (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/february-30/ET00487703|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Maarnami''
| style="text-align:center;" |Rishith Shetty
|{{Hlist|Rithvik Mathad| [[Chaithra J Achar]]| [[Sonu Gowda]]| [[Prakash Thuminad]]| [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Gunadhya Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maarnami (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/maarnami/ET00459370|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Mixing Preethi''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pollachi S. Mahalingam
|{{Hlist|Sinto Jacob| Samhita Vinya| Shriya Pavana| Priyanka Gopal| Divya Chandru}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sri Ayyappa Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mixing Preethi (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/mixing-preethe/ET00487814|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Sarala Subbarao''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Manju Swaraj]]
|{{Hlist|[[Krishna Ajai Rao]]| Misha Narang| [[Rangayana Raghu]]| [[Veena Sundar]]| [[Vijay Chendoor]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Rion Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarala Subbarao (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/sarala-subbarao/ET00465528|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Second Case of Seetharam''
| style="text-align:center;" |Devi Prasad Shetty
|{{Hlist|[[Vijay Raghavendra]]| Usha Bhandari| [[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Flying Elephant Story Tellers
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Case of Seetharam (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/second-case-of-seetharam/ET00487094|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Suri Anna''
| style="text-align:center;" |Salaga Suri Anna
|{{Hlist|Salaga Suri Anna| Sambrama Shree| [[Ravi Kale]]| Harish Rai}}
| style="text-align:center;" |D J Prakash Cine Production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suri Anna (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/suri-anna/ET00470649|access-date=2026-02-20 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''27'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Hayagrriva''
| style="text-align:center;" |Raghukumar
|{{Hlist|[[Dhanveer Gowda]]| [[Sanjana Anand]]| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]| [[Sadhu Kokila]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |KVC Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hayagrriva (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/hayagrriva/ET00484482|access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''High Voltage Rakshak''
| style="text-align:center;" |Rajesh Murthy
|{{Hlist|Yashaswa Murthy| Harshitha Gowri| Rajesh Dharma Chakra}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Voltage Rakshak (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/high-voltage-rakshak/ET00487705|access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Kanna Muchhe''
| style="text-align:center;" |Local Loki
|{{Hlist|Ravikrishna R| Tejaswini Gowda| Ugram Ravi| [[Prashanth Siddi]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Krishi Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Voltage Rakshak (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/high-voltage-rakshak/ET00487705|access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Super Hit''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vijayanand
|{{Hlist|[[Gilli Nata]]| Gowrav Shetty| Shwetha V| [[Pramod Shetty]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Vijayalakshmi Enterprises
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Hit (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/super-hit/ET00479173|access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Rise of Ashoka]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vinod V Dhondale
|{{Hlist|[[Sathish Ninasam]]| [[Sapthami Gowda]]| [[B. Suresha]]| Yash Shetty| [[P. Ravishankar]]| [[Gopalkrishna Deshpande]]| Sampath Maithreya}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Vriddhi Creation Sathish Picture House
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Ashoka (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/the-rise-of-ashoka/ET00480758|access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Veera Kambala''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
|{{Hlist|[[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]]| [[Prakash Raj]]| [[Radhika Narayan]]| [[P. Ravishankar]]| [[Naveen D. Padil]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Baba's Blessing Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Kambala (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/veera-kambala/ET00488683|access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R'''
|rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Antaryaami''
| style="text-align:center;" |Dhananjaya K
|{{Hlist|Pranav N G| Mohira Acharya| Uday Ankaravalli| Siddu Mandya}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Gururenuka Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antaryaami (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/antaryaami/ET00453073|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Gorgeous Rascal''
| style="text-align:center;" |R. Pramod Jois
|{{Hlist|Rajveer Singh| Prerana Bhat| Yuvin Yogesh| Chethan Mahesh}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Adrushta Lakshmi Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorgeous Rascal (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/gorgeous-rascal/ET00413841|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Jayakrishna''
| style="text-align:center;" |Raj Anandaram
|{{Hlist|Raj Anandaram| Rashmitha Shetty| Pranitha Ganiga}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Om Film Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayakrishna (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/jayakrishna/ET00489634|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Kanavarike''
| style="text-align:center;" |Sri Karthik Ram
|{{Hlist|Prajwal Madesh| Chillar Manju| Jogi Punga}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Chigurele Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanavarike (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kanavarike/ET00489766|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Majestic 2''
| style="text-align:center;" |Ramu S
|{{Hlist|Bharath Kumar| [[Samhita Vinya]]| [[Malashri]]| [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Amma Enterprises
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majestic 2 (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/majestic-2/ET00471499|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Neeli''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pille Gowda
|{{Hlist|Prem Sagar Tadakal| Supritha Raj| Prerana Gowda| Mico Shivakumar}}
| style="text-align:center;" | P. P. Production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neeli (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/neeli/ET00489550|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Oreo''
| style="text-align:center;" |Nandan Prabhu
|{{Hlist|Nithin Gowda| Subhi Joshi| Govinda Suchinth| Yuktha Pervi}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Shivanjaneya Production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oreo (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/oreo/ET00459044|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Pancha Ratnagalu''
| style="text-align:center;" |Gowtham R
|{{Hlist|Yashas R| Aadhya Sonu| Vihaan V| Tanvi Anand| Pratham N. K}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pancha Ratnagalu (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/pancha-ratnagalu/ET00489839|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Shesha 2016]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pradeep Arasikere
|{{Hlist|John Kaippallil| [[Pramod Shetty]]| [[Devaraj]]| [[Archana Kottige]]| Dain Davis}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Maradigudda Entertainments
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shesha 2016 (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/shesha-2016/ET00487217|access-date=2026-03-06 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''13'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Darji''
| style="text-align:center;" |Srinagara Chandru
|{{Hlist|Mico Manju| Pruthviraj| Nonavinakere Ramakrishnayya}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Sri Siddeshwara Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darji (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/darji/ET00490677|access-date=2026-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Kaadina Dari''
| style="text-align:center;" |Mandya Nagaraj
|{{Hlist|Mohan Gowda| Dhanya| Bheemanna Nayak| Apoorva}}
| style="text-align:center;" | M N Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadina Dari (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/kaadina-daari/ET00491305|access-date=2026-03-13 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''19'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Love Mocktail 3]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]]
|{{Hlist|Darling Krishna|[[Milana Nagaraj]]|[[Samvrutha Sunil]]|[[Amrutha Iyengar]]|[[Dileep Raj]]|[[Rachel David]]|Shwetha Prasad}}
| style="text-align:center;" |KrissMi Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-04 |title=Kannada film ‘Love Mocktail 3’ preponed after ‘Toxic’ delay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/toxic-yash-postponed-kvn-productions-love-mocktail-3-darling-krishna-milana-nagaraj-release-date/article70703008.ece |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''27'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Ayudha''
| style="text-align:center;" | Devaraj Kumar
| {{hlist|Devaraj Kumar|Amrutha|[[Samhita Vinya]]|Raghuraj Malnad|Sunil Beerur|Narayan|Surendra Kumar}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Likhith Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Devaraj Kumar's Ayudha to hit screens this month |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/17/devaraj-kumars-ayudha-to-hit-screens-this-month |website=Cinema Express |access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en |date=17 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Chamayya S/o Ramachari''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pallakki Radhakrishna
|{{Hlist|Pallakki Radhakrishna| Jayashri Raj| Prema Gowda| Chaitra Santhosh}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Jolige Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chamayya S/o Ramachari (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/chamayya-so-ramachari/ET00492001|access-date=2026-03-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Janmadathe''
| style="text-align:center;" |K. S. Ravindranath Kanagal
|{{Hlist|Suneel Hubballi| Rajakumari| Apoorva| Moogu Suresh}}
| style="text-align:center;" | SSHGS Film Company
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Yava Mohana Murali Kareyitu''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vishwas Krishna
|{{Hlist|Madhava H| Baby Prakruthi| Patel Varun Raju| Swapna Shettigar}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Prakruthi Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yava Mohana Murali Kareyitu (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bangalore |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/yava-mohana-murali-kareyitu/ET00491172|access-date=2026-03-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" | Opening
! style="width:18%;" | Title
! style="width:15%;" | Director
! style="width:35%;" | Cast
! style="width:15%;" |Studio
! style="width:5%;" |{{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R'''
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''3'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Aparichithe''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vishwanath Gopalakrishna
|{{Hlist|[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]| Rohith Srinath| [[Sindhu Lokanath]]| Geetha Priya| RJ Nikitha}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Amara Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Aparichithe (2026) Kannada Movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/aparichithe/ET00492807 |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=BookMyShow |date=3 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''First Night With Devva''
| style="text-align:center;" |PVR Swamy Googaredoddi
|{{Hlist|[[Pratham (Kannada actor)|Pratham]]|Nikitha Swamy|Jeevitha Vasishta|[[Srinivasa Murthy]]|[[Ramesh Bhat]]|[[Harish Raj]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Swarasya Cine Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Pratham's First Night with Devva set to hit theatres on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/26/prathams-first-night-with-devva-set-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=26 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Naanu Karunakara''
| style="text-align:center;" |Aryan Tejas
|{{Hlist|Aryan Tejas|Radha Bhagavathi|Bhavish S. Gowda|Kari Subbu|M. K. Mutt|B. M. Venkatesh|Apoorva}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Nam Popcorn Cinema
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Aryan Tejas: Naanu Karunakara is rooted in middle-class life |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/24/aryan-tejas-children-dont-always-realise-the-pressure-they-put-on-their-fathers |website=Cinema Express |access-date=25 March 2026 |language=en |date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Premi''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pradeep Varma
|{{Hlist|Advik Siddalingaiah| [[Shravya Rao]]| Dwitha Gowda| Pradeep Varma| Shobitha. M}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sri Guru Karibasaveshwara Production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Premi set for release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/22/premi-set-for-release-on-this-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en |date=22 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Psychic''
| style="text-align:center;" |Pushkara Girigowda
|{{Hlist|Sardar Sathya| Hamsa Prathap| Nikitha Dorthody| Kylas Dev}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Silk Sinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Psychic (2026) Kannada Movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/psychic/ET00370691 |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=BookMyShow |date=3 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Simhapuriya Simha''
| style="text-align:center;" |K. Y. Murthy
|{{Hlist|K. Y. Murthy| Soujanya| [[Bank Janardhan]]| [[Padma Vasanthi]]| [[M. S. Umesh]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Shri Hattimariyamma Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Simhapuriya Simha (2026) Kannada Movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/simhapuriya-simha/ET00483223 |access-date=3 April 2026 |work=BookMyShow |date=3 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Vidhi''
| style="text-align:center;" |Maliyanna H.
|{{Hlist|Arunkumar|Shakunthala|[[Bala Rajwadi]]|Keshavamurthy|Chandrashekar}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Seven Stars Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Calendar''
| style="text-align:center;" |Naveen Shakti
|{{Hlist|Adarsh Gunduraj|Nivishka Patil|Sushmitha|Ramesh Indira|[[Pramod Shetty]]|[[Prakash Thuminad]]|[[Suchendra Prasad]]|Chandraprabha}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Running Horse Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Calendar locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/20/calendar-locks-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Gangs of UK''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Ravi Srivatsa]]
|{{Hlist|Orata Prashanth|Sonu Upadhya|Srinagar Muni|Jyothi Shetty|Kote Prabhakar|[[Padma Vasanthi]]|Amogh|Ravi Srivatsa}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Deadly Arts
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Ravi Srivatsa: Vengeance doesn’t stop with one person |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/09/ravi-srivatsa-vengeancedoesnt-stop-with-one-person |website=Cinema Express |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=9 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Kaada''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vishruth Naik
|{{Hlist|[[Karthik Jayaram]]|[[Kavya Shetty]]|[[Achyuth Kumar]]|Ugram Manju|Sriram}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Splendid Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Jayaram Karthik explores the mind of a psychopath in Kaada |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/09/jayaram-karthik-explores-the-mind-of-a-psychopath-in-kaada |website=Cinema Express |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=9 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Peter (2026 film)|Peter]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Sukesh Shetty
|{{Hlist|Raajesh Dhruva|Raviksha Shetty|Jahnvi Rayala|Prathima Nayak|Ram Nadagoud}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Vruddhi Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Peter locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/25/peter-locks-release-date |access-date=28 March 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=25 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Terror''
| style="text-align:center;" |Ranjan Shivaram Gowda
|{{Hlist|[[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]]|[[Srinagara Kitty]]|[[Devaraj]]|[[Shashikumar]]|[[Kumar Bangarappa]]|[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Uppi Entertainers
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Terror introduces its world with a trailer ahead of release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Apr/04/kannadanews2026apr02terror-introduces-its-world-with-a-trailer-ahead-of-release |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=4 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Whispers of the River''
| style="text-align:center;" |K. Prabhakaran
|{{Hlist|Manjunath Pai|Shabana|Prabhakar Kundar|Prabhakar Kalyani}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Meena's Studio
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Whispers of the River (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/whispers-of-the-river/ET00493955 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=22 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''17'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Bengaluru Inn''
| style="text-align:center;" |Karthik K. Murthy
|{{Hlist|[[Dharma Keerthiraj]]|Anusha Rai|Risha Gowda|[[Shashi Kumar]]|[[Bala Rajwadi]]|Manju Pavagada|Kumar Kanhaiya Singh}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sri Sai Baba Cine Enterprises
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Dharma Keerthiraj: I’ve never let failures pull me down |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/14/dharma-keerthiraj-ive-never-let-failures-pull-me-down |website=Cinema Express |access-date=16 April 2026 |language=en |date=14 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Goggayya''
| style="text-align:center;" |Vasanth Dodmane
|{{Hlist|Vasanth Dodmane| Sneha| Vaibhav Nagaraj| Karthik Bhaskar}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Vandana Enterprises
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Goggayya (2026) Kannada Movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/goggayya/ET00495449 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=BookMyShow |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Kendada Seragu''
| style="text-align:center;" |Rocky Somli
|{{Hlist|[[Malashri]]|[[Bhoomi Shetty]]|[[Sindhu Lokanath]]|Shobhita|Prathima Thakur|Mohan Kumar|Vardhan|Yash Shetty|Harish Arasu}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sri Muthu Talkies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Malashree, Bhoomi Shetty's Kendada Seragu locks April release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/30/malashree-bhoomi-shettys-kendada-seragu-locks-april-release |access-date=5 April 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=30 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''24'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''Elra Kaaleliyatte Kaala''
| style="text-align:center;" |Sujay Shastry
|{{Hlist|[[Chandan Shetty]]|[[Archana Kottige]]|[[H. G. Dattatreya]]|[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]|Manju Pavagada}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Gokul Entertainers
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Sujay Shastry's Elra Kaaleliyatte Kaala locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/01/sujay-shastrys-elra-kaaleliyatte-kaala-locks-release-date |access-date=5 April 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=1 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Ludo''
| style="text-align:center;" |D. Yogaraj
|{{Hlist|Sharan Raj Kasaragod|Jeevitha Prabhakar|Pavan Bangere|Bhojaraj Vamanjoor|Lakshmish Suvarna}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Neelakanta Film Studio
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Ludo (2026) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/ludo-2026/ET00496048 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=24 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Puneeth Nivasa''
| style="text-align:center;" | Udbhava Nagendra Prasad
|{{Hlist|[[Abhijith (actor)|Abhijith]]|Vithal Nagaraj|Shankar Bhat|Sadananda Swamy|Shreyas|Aishwarya|[[M. S. Umesh]]|[[Dingri Nagaraj]]|[[Tennis Krishna]]|[[Rekha Das]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Sree Panchami Cine Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Puneeth Nivasa to hit theatres on Dr Rajkumar’s birth anniversary |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/31/puneeth-nivasa-to-hit-theatres-on-dr-rajkumars-birth-anniversary |website=Cinema Express |access-date=5 April 2026 |language=en |date=31 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Sankeerthana''
| style="text-align:center;" |D. S. Manjunath
|{{Hlist|[[Ramesh Bhat]]|[[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]]|[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]|Nataraj Bhat|Ajay Raj|Vijayanand Nayak|K. Padmakala Gundurao|Vijaybhaskar Harapanahalli|Lavith A.}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Saaphalya Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Sankeerthana (2026) |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/sankeerthana/ET00494590 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=24 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''30'''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[KD: The Devil]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Prem (director)|Prem]]
|{{Hlist|[[Dhruva Sarja]]|[[Reeshma Nanaiah]]|[[Sanjay Dutt]]|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]|[[Ramesh Aravind]]|[[Shilpa Shetty]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[KVN Productions]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhruva-sarjas-kd-the-devil-to-be-a-2026-post-toxic-release/79b5431647780|title=Dhruva Sarja's KD The Devil to be a 2026, post-Toxic release|work=OTT Play|date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" | '''M A Y'''
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''8'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Dhruti''
|style="text-align:center;| Jagadish M
|{{hlist|Prashanth Soppimath|Aanchal Gowdra|Bhavana Reddy}}
|style="text-align:center;| Fiction Riders Studios
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Dhriti gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/28/dhriti-gets-a-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=1 May 2026 |language=en |date=28 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Loop''
| style="text-align:center;" |Yashwantha Hassan
|{{Hlist|Shashikiran| Abhilash Narayan| Shobhitha| Manjula Urs}}
| style="text-align:center;" |HM Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Loop (2026) Kannada Movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/loop/ET00487661 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=8 May 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;| ''Mathe Male Hoyyuthide''
|style="text-align:center;| Param Gubbi
|{{hlist|Likhit Gowda|Jay Vardhan|Bhumika Gowda|Sulaksha Khaira}}
|style="text-align:center;| Sri Gaviranganatha Swami Pitchers
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathe Male Hoyyuthide (2026) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bengaluru |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/mathe-male-hoyyuthide/ET00498129 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=6 May 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Operation D''
| style="text-align:center;" |Tirumalesh V
|{{Hlist|Rudresh Budanur| Suhas Athreyas| Sneha Bhat| Inchara Bharathwaj}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Advitha Film Factory
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation D (2026) Kannada Movie |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/operation-d/ET00481972|website=BookMyShow |access-date=8 May 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''15'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Sherr''
|style="text-align:center;| Prasiddh
|{{hlist|[[Kiran Raj]]|Tanisha Kuppanda|Surekha|Krish}}
|style="text-align:center;| Grace Raj Productions
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Kiran Raj-Prasiddh's Sherr to hit screens this May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/21/kiran-raj-prasiddhs-sherr-to-hit-screens-this-may |website=Cinema Express |access-date=22 April 2026 |language=en |date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''21'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''September 21''{{efn-lg|name="KH"|The film was produced in Kannada and Hindi simultaneously.}}
|style="text-align:center;| Karen Kshiti Suvarna
|{{hlist|[[Priyanka Upendra]]|Pravin Singh Sisodia|[[Zarina Wahab]]|Ajit Shidhaye|[[Amit Behl]]|Sachin Dilip Patekar|Ricky Rudra|Yuvin|Ankita Jayaram}}
|style="text-align:center;| Visica Films, FMD Productions, [[Humaramovie]], FilmsMax
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-28 |title=September 21 trailer out ahead of Cannes 2026 premiere |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/september-21-trailer-out-ahead-of-cannes-2026-premiere/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''22'''
|style="text-align:center;| ''Makkala Sainya''
|style="text-align:center;| S. K. Sunil Kumar
|{{hlist|Mahalakshmi|Gagana|Sonakshi|Shashank|Robert|Rudrappa}}
|style="text-align:center;|
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Makkala Sainya locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/May/06/makkala-sainya-locks-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=6 May 2026 |language=en |date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U N'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Mango Pachcha''
| style="text-align:center;" | Viveka
| {{hlist|Sanchii|Kaajal Kunder|[[Mayur Patel]]|Bhavana|Harini Shreekanth|Jai Gopinath}}
|style="text-align:center;" | [[KRG Studios]] Supriyanvi Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Mango Pachcha takes Toxic date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Apr/30/mango-pachcha-takes-toxic-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=1 May 2026 |language=en |date=30 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Moda Kavida Vathavarana''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| {{hlist|Sheelam M. Swamy|Moksha Kushal|Saathvika}}
|style="text-align:center;" | Ram Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Simple Suni's next, Moda Kavida Vathavarana, locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Mar/29/simple-sunis-next-moda-kavida-vathavarana-locks-release-date |access-date=30 March 2026 |work=Cinema Express |date=29 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== July–September ==

== October–December ==

== Upcoming releases ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable"|{{Reference heading}}
|-
|''666 Operation Dream Theatre''
|[[Hemanth M. Rao]]
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], [[Priyanka Mohan]]
|Vaishak J Films
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shivarajkumar-666-operation-dream-theatre-daali-dhananjaya-hemanth-m-rao/article69711896.ece|title='666 Operation Dream Theatre': Daali Dhananjaya - Hemanth M. Rao|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Anna from Mexico''
|Shankar Guru
|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], [[Reeshma Nanaiah]], [[Poornachandra Mysore]], [[Nagabhushana]]
|Rayala Studios Aaira Films
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Dec/16/anna-from-mexico-officially-launched-2641883.html|title=Anna From Mexico officially launched|work=The New Indian Express|date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''BMW''
|Gandharva Raya Rahut
|[[Praveen Tej]], Priyanka Malnad, Ekta Rathod, [[Chikkanna]]
|Neeltop Productions
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/bmw/ET00086305|title=BMW (Kannada) (2026) - Movie: Reviews, Cast & Release date|work=Book My Show|date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhairavana Kone Paata''
|[[Hemanth M. Rao]]
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|Vaishak J Films
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shivarajkumar-bhairavana-kone-paata-hemanth-m-rao-shivanna/article69281392.ece|title=Shivarajkumar's 'Bhairavana Kone Paata' not shelved|work=The Hindu|date=2 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Billa Ranga Baasha''
|[[Anup Bhandari]]
|[[Kichcha Sudeep]], Vinay Gowda
|Primeshow Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kiccha-sudeep-billa-ranga-bhasha-goes-on-floors-first-look-poster/article69455373.ece|title=Kiccha Sudeep's 'Billa Ranga Bhasha' goes on floors: First look poster|work=The Hindu|date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Criminal''
|Raj Guru
|[[Dhruva Sarja]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
|Goldmines Telefilms
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/criminal-dhruva-sarja-and-rachita-ram-reunite-for-true-story-based-film/articleshow/125451382.cms|title='Criminal': Dhruva Sarja and Rachita Ram reunite for true story based films|work=The Times of India|date=20 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Daiji''
|[[Akash Srivatsa]]
|[[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Radhika Narayan]]
|Vibha Kashyap Productions
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/daiji-teaser-daiji-ramesh-aravind-akash-srivatsa-diganth-radhika-narayan/article70111655.ece|title='Daiji' teaser: Ramesh Aravind's next with Akash Srivatsa, Diganth, Radhika Narayan|work=The Hindu|date=30 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Father''
|[[Rajamohan.R]]
|[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Amrutha Iyengar]], [[Nagabhushana]]
|[[R. Chandru|R. Chandru Cinemaas]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jun/12/r-chandru-father-adds-a-soulful-chapter-to-the-parent-child-bond|title=R Chandru: Father adds a soulful chapter to the parent-child bond|work=The New Indian Express|date=12 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Godhraa''
|K. S. Nandeesh
|[[Sathish Ninasam]], [[Sonu Gowda]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Achyuth Kumar]]
|Jacob Films
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/godhraa/ET00124664|title=Godhraa (Kannada) (2026) - Movie: Reviews, Cast & Release date|work=Book My Show|date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Gramayana''
|Devanuru Chandru
|[[Vinay Rajkumar]], [[Megha Shetty]], [[Amritha Aiyer]]
|LMK Film Factory Venus Entertainers
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vinay-rajkumars-gramayana-relaunched-with-new-producers/article66946358.ece|title=Vinay Rajkumar's Gramayana relaunched with new producers|work=The Hindu|date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''Halagali''
|Sukesh Nayak
|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], [[Sapthami Gowda]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|Duhara Movies
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Aug/14/dhananjay-cuts-a-commanding-figure-in-halagalis-first-look|title=Dhananjay cuts a commanding figure in Halagali's first look|work=Cinema Express|date=14 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Janarinda Naanu Mele Bande''
|Navilugari Naveen PB
|Gandharva Raj, Navilugari Naveen PB, Soundarya, Krithika Diwakar, Pranav Sathish, Shanmukha Govindaraj
|Navilugari Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತೆ |first=ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ |title='ಜನರಿಂದ ನಾನು ಮೇಲೆ ಬಂದೆ' ಎಂದ ಹೊಸಬರು |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/kannada-new-film-janarinda-nanu-mele-bande-3092491 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Prajavani |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|''Jingo''
|Shashank Soghal
|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]
|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Daali Pictures]] Trishul Visionary Studios
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jingo-dhananjaya-to-play-the-lead-in-daredevil-musthafa-director-shashank-soghals-next/article68558670.ece|title='Jingo': Dhananjaya to play the lead in 'Daredevil Musthafa director Shashank Soghal's next|work=The Hindu|date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Jockey 42''
|Gurutej Shetty
|[[Kiran Raj]], Hrithika Srinivas, Deepak Rai Panaje, [[Bala Rajwadi]]
|Golden Gate Studios
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jul/22/kannadanews2025jul21hrithika-srinivas-saddles-up-for-a-dual-shaded-role-in-kiranrajs-jockey-42|title=Hrithika Srinivas saddles up for a dual-shaded role in Kiranraj's Jockey 42|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Kantara: Chapter 2''
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|Rishab Shetty
|[[Hombale Films]]
|
|-
|''Karavali''
|Gurudatha Ganiga
|[[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], Sampada Hulivana
|Gurudatha Ganiga Films VK Films
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/karavali-kannada-movie-raj-b-shetty-as-maveera-3455709|title=ಸಿನಿ ಸುದ್ದಿ: 'ಕರಾವಳಿ'ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾವೀರನಾದ ರಾಜ್‌ ಬಿ.ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ|work=Prajavani|date=7 August 2025|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|''Koragajja''
|[[Sudhir Attavar]]
|[[Kabir Bedi]], [[Bhavya]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Ganesh Acharya]]
|Success Films Trivikram Cinemas
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/15/kannadanews2025oct15koragajja-set-for-a-pan-india-release-in-six-languages|title=Koragajja set for a Pan-India release in six languages|work=The New Indian Express|date=15 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Lankasura''
|Pramod Kumar D S
|[[Vinod Prabhakar]], [[Parvathy Arun]], [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Devaraj]]
|Tiger Talkies
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jun/08/vinod-prabhakars-lankasura-shooting-wrapped-up-2462937.html|title=Vinod Prabhakar’s Lankasura shooting wrapped up|work=The New Indian Express|date=8 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Life is Beautiful''
|Sabu Aloysius
|[[Pruthvi Ambaar]], Lasya Nagaraj, [[Priyanka Upendra]], Mahantesh Hiremath
|Friday Films banner Silver Train International.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/20/priyanka-upendra-pruthvi-ambaars-life-is-beautiful-gets-a-release-date|title=Priyanka Upendra, Pruthvi Ambaar’s 'Life is Beautiful' gets a release date|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Mafia''
|Lohith H
|[[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Aditi Prabhudeva]], [[Devaraj]], [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
|Bangalore Kumar Films
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mumbai-south-central/mafia-kannada/ET00397282|title=Mafia (Kannada) (2026) - Movie: Reviews, Cast & Release date|work=Book My Show|date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Mudhol''
| Karthik Rajan
| {{hlist|Vikram Ravichandran| [[Sanjana Anand]]}}
| Tandav Studios
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Mudhol Movie: ನಿಂತೇ ಹೋಗಿದ್ದ ರವಿಚಂದ್ರನ್ ಮಗನ ಸಿನಿಮಾ! ಮುಧೋಳ್ ಮುಂದಿನ ವರ್ಷ ರಿಲೀಸ್|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/vikram-ravichandran-acted-mudhol-movie-latest-poster-released-rvj-dvp-2229847.html|date=15 November 2025|website=News 18|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|''Next Level''
|[[Aravind Kaushik]]
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], Aradhanaa Ram
|[[Tarun Shivappa|Tarun Studios]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/06/kannadainterviews2025aug06aradhanaa-being-part-of-upendras-next-level-was-worth-the-wait|title=Aradhanaa: Being part of Upendra's Next Level was worth the wait|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Pinaka''
|Dhananjay
|[[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
|People Media Factory
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/19/ganesh-is-set-to-raise-new-standards-with-pinaka|title=Ganesh is set to raise new standards with Pinaka|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Ramarasa''
|B. M. Giriraj
|[[Karthik Mahesh]], [[Hebah Patel]]
|[[Guru Deshpande|G Cinemas]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/06/the-enigmatic-mystery-of-ramarasa|title=The enigmatic mystery of 'Ramarasa'|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Richard Anthony''
|[[Rakshit Shetty]]
|[[Rakshit Shetty]]
|[[Hombale Films]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/29/rakshit-shetty-to-shoot-richard-anthony-exclusively-with-actors-from-coastal-belt|title=Rakshit Shetty to shoot Richard Anthony exclusively with actors from coastal belt|work=The New Indian Express|date=29 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]''{{efn-lg|name="ke"|The film was shot in Kannada and English languages}}
| [[Geetu Mohandas]]
| {{hlist|[[Yash (actor)|Yash]]| [[Kiara Advani]]| [[Nayanthara]]| [[Tara Sutaria]]| [[Huma Qureshi]]| [[Rukmini Vasanth]]}}
|style="text-align:center;" | [[KVN Productions]] Monster Mind Creations
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 March 2026 |title=Toxic release date postponed: Yash pushes back film by 3 months due to ‘current uncertainty in the Middle East’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/toxic-release-date-postponed-yash-pushes-back-film-by-3-months-due-to-uncertainty-in-the-middle-east-geetu-mohandas-101772598920862.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|''Ugraayudham''
|Punith Rudranag
|[[Sri Murali]]
|Suram Movies
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/07/sriimuralis-next-titled-ugrayudham|title=Sriimurali's next titled Ugrayudham|work=Cinema Express|date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Uttarakaanda''
|[[Rohit Padaki]]
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Diganth]], [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], [[Bhavana Menon]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|[[KRG Studios]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last=webdesk |first=DH |title=Shiva Rajkumar & Daali Dhananjaya's 'Uttarakaanda' goes on the floor! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shiva-rajkumar-daali-dhananjayas-uttarakaanda-goes-on-the-floor-2979220 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425073513/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shiva-rajkumar-daali-dhananjayas-uttarakaanda-goes-on-the-floor-2979220 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Yours Sincerely Raam''
|Vikhyath A. R.
|[[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Ramesh Aravind]]
|The Rayala Studios
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ganesh-ramesh-aravind-starrer-titled-yours-sincerely-raam/article68617107.ece|title=Ganesh-Ramesh Aravind starrer titled 'Yours Sincerely RAAM'|work=The Hindu|date=7 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Kannada-language films|List of Kannada films]]
* [[List of Kannada films of 2025]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{2026 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|2026]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films| ]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films|*]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian cinema]]

Priya Berde

2026-05-07T13:56:38Z

ArianneNies1: starting a data

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1970)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Priya|Arun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priya Berde
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Priya Arun Karnataki
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|07|30}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Veteran Actress Priya Berde Turns 50! Here's An Adorable Birthday Post By Son Abhinay Berde |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/marathi-veteran-actress-priya-berde-turns-50-here-s-an-adorable-birthday-post-by-son-abhinay-berde/5f23d742b8435c0304eeab1f |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.spotboye.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years_active = 1982 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Laxmikant Berde]]|1998|2004|end=died}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Valentine Day Special! Romantic love story of Laxmikant Berde and Priya Berde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/valentine-day-special-romantic-love-story-of-laxmikant-berde-and-priya-berde/photostory/89567173.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| children = 2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Abhinay Lakshya's love child? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/priya-berde-lakshmikant-berde/articleshow/41844881.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> including [[Abhinay Berde]]
| parents = Lata Arun Arun Karnataki
| occupation = Actress
| website =
}}

'''Priya Laxmikant Berde''' ([[Maiden and married names|née]] '''Arun'''; born 30 July 1970) is an Indian actress who has worked in several [[Marathi language]] films. She is the daughter of actress Lata Arun and widow of actor [[Laxmikant Berde]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which controversial actresses' life can be portrayed onscreen? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/which-controversial-actresses-life-can-be-portrayed-onscreen/photostory/41513585.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref> She joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रवादी काँग्रेसमध्ये मला...भाजप प्रवेशाबद्दल स्पष्टच बोलल्या अभिनेत्री प्रिया बेर्डे |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actress-priya-berde-open-up-about-why-she-joined-bjp-and-left-ncp/articleshow/99432258.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Priya started her career as dubbing artist. She is the daughter of Marathi theatre artist Lata Arun and Arun Karnataki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रिया बेर्डेंना सुरुवातीला ग्रामीण भाषा बोलता येत नव्हती, या व्यक्तीनं केली होती मदत |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/throwback-when-marathi-actress-priya-berde-was-was-speak-village-side-marathi-language/articleshow/101139524.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Priya started dating actor [[Laxmikant Berde]] in 1988 after meeting on the set of ''Rangat Sangat''. He was already married at that time. After 10 years, they married in 1998. They have two children, [[Abhinay Berde]] and Swanandi Berde.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Valentine Day Special! Romantic love story of Laxmikant Berde and Priya Berde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/valentine-day-special-romantic-love-story-of-laxmikant-berde-and-priya-berde/photostory/89567173.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |1988|| ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
| Kamali|| rowspan="21" |Marathi||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=33 years of 'Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi': FIVE Interesting facts about Sachin Pilgoankar and Ashok Saraf's iconic comedy film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/33-years-of-ashi-hi-banwa-banwi-five-interesting-facts-about-sachin-pilgoankar-and-ashok-sarafs-iconic-comedy-film/photostory/86451041.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Rangat Sangat''||Phooldani
|
|-
|''[[Bandiwan Mi Ya Sansari]]''
|Young Kamal
|
|-
|''Nashibwan''
|Gauri
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1989 || ''Ek Gadi Baaki Anadi''||Seema Kirkire
|
|-
| ''[[Gharkul Punha Hasave]]''
|Priya
|
|-
|''[[Thartharat]]''
|Ganga
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=2005-03-21 |title=Thartharat ( थरथराट ) |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/thartharat.php |access-date=2022-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Eeja Beeja Teeja''
|Amba Bhosale
|
|-
|''Dharla Tar Chavtay''
|Maggie/Amruta
|Double role
|-
|''De Dhadak Be Dhadak''
|Dancer
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1990 || ''Ghanchakkar''||Manu ||
|-
|''Dhamaal Bablya Ganpyachi''
|Malan
|
|-
|''Dokyala Taap Nahi''
|Ranjana
|
|-
|''Lapwa Chhapwi''
|Meena
|
|-
|''Kuthe Kuthe Shodhu Mi Tila''
|Nalini/Nale
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1991 || [[Aflatoon (1997 film)|''Aflatoon'']]||Baby
|
|-
|''Yeda Ki Khula''
|Priya
|
|-
|''Aparadhi''
|Seema
|
|-
|''[[Shame to Shame|Shame To Shame]]''
|Pallavi Dadarkar/ Shevanta Othurkar
|
|-
|''Ek Full Chaar Half''
|Radha
|
|-
|''Maskari''
|Rani
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992
|''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]''
|Sheela
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|Bollywood debut
|-
|''Sone Ki Zanjeer''
|Basanti
|
|-
|''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]''
|Champa
|
|-
|''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
|Guest appearance
|Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
|''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]''
|Bijli
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Sarech Sajjan''
|Sonali
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|-
|''Ram Rahim''
|Guest appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994 || ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
|Chameli|| |Hindi||
|-
| ''[[Bajrangachi Kamal]]''
|Maina|| rowspan="2" |Marathi||
|-
|''Sonyachi Mumbai''
|Sakhu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995
|''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]''
|Baliya's wife ||Hindi
|
|-
|''Dhamaal Jodi''
|Swati || rowspan="2"|Marathi
|
|-
|''Gandh Mateecha''
|Paula
|
|-
|1996
| [[Jaan (film)|''Jaan'']]
|Dhanno||Hindi
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''
|Priya Pendse
| rowspan="28" |Marathi
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006 || [[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|''Jatra'']] ||Bakulabai/ Akka ||
|-
| ''Deva Shappath Khot Sangen Khar Sangar Nahi''||Janaki||
|-
|''Gruhalaxmi''
|Dancer
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
|Judge of Jodi Zabardast
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008 || ''[[Full 3 Dhamaal]]''||Prema Tofhkhane
|
|-
| ''Dum Dum Diga Diga''|| Priya ||
|-
|''Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Ani Kay Hava''
|Yashoda
|
|-
|''Sakkha Savatra''
|Vaishali
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|''Mata Ekvira Navsala Pavli''
|Suman
|
|-
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|Shevanta
|
|-
|''Topi Ghala Re''
|Priya
|
|-
|''Lagli Paij''
|Yojana
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Chal Dhar Pakad]]''||Shanta
|
|-
|''[[Natarang]]''
|Yamunabai Satarkar
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''Ashi Fasli Na Nanachi Tang''
|Nani Nana Joshi
|
|-
|''Tamaasha Haach Khel Udya''
|Yamunabai
|
|-
|''Superstar''
|Herself
|Cameo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 || ''Bokad''|| Teacher ||
|-
| ''The Strugglers – Amhi Udyache Hero''|| ||
|-
|''Uchla Re Uchla''
|Seema
|
|-
|2013 || ''Yoddha''|| ||
|-
|2013 || ''Mala Anna Vhaychay''|| Anna's wife ||
|-
|2014 || ''Premacha Jholjhaal'' ||Heera
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Laal Ishq (film)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Rasika
|
|-
|2017
|''Ek Maratha Lakh Maratha''
|Rukhmani
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''[[Rampaat]]''||Kalubai Nagargoje
|
|-
|''Menka Urvashi''
|Tukaram Patil's wife
|
|-
|2020
|''Ahilya - Zunj Ekaki''
|Ahilya's mother
|Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]''
|Rahul's mother
|Marathi
|
|-
|''Varhadi Vajantri''
|Vijay's Wife
|
|
|-
|''Lagna Kallol''
|Maruti's Mother
|
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|1995
|''[[Padosan (TV series)|Padosan]]''
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=It was a hugely popular comic show in which the lead character, played by Jatin Kanakia, had frequent conversation with cupboards and sofas in his house. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/top-tv-shows/padosan/articleshow/27295828.cms |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''Nana O Nana''
|Kadambari
|
|-
|2009-2011
|''Bhagya Lakshmi''
|Jayshree
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Fu Bai Fu (TV series)|Fu Bai Fu]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|2012
|''Ajunahi Chandraat Aahe''
|Anay's mother
|
|-
|2014-2015
|''Priti Pari Tujvari''
|Priti & Pari's mother in law
|
|-
|2015
|''Tu Jivala Guntvave''
|Ninad's mother
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Jai Nako Durr Baba]]''
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Sindhutai Mazi Mai''
|Sindhutai's grandmother
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senior actress Priya Berde is all set to make her TV comeback after 7 years in the show Sindhutai Mazi Mai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/senior-actress-priya-berde-is-all-set-to-make-her-tv-comeback-after-7-years-in-the-show-sindhutai-mazi-mai/articleshow/102526293.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16989137531790&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/senior-actress-priya-berde-is-all-set-to-make-her-tv-comeback-after-7-years-in-the-show-sindhutai-mazi-mai/articleshow/102526293.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Mulgi Pasant Aahe''
|
|
|-
| 2025
| ''Kajalmaya''
| Kanakdatta
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1057856}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berde, Priya}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-1970s-stub}}

Tada, Madhya Pradesh

2026-05-06T10:08:52Z

ArianneNies1: added new stub

{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tada (टड़ा)
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Jain Mandir Tada, Kesli, Sagar, MP.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Digambar Jain Mandir
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 470235
| coordinates = {{coord|23.41|N|78.66|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative division|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar Division|Sagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kesli]]
}}

'''Tada''' is a village located in [[Sagar District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] India.
The [[Sunar River]] originates from near the town.

==Geography==
Tada is located on {{coord|23.41|N|78.66|E}}.
Tada is located 17 km from tehsil headquarter [[Kesli]], and 80 km away from district headquarter [[Saugor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/11396248198|title=Node: Umaria (11396248198)|date=5 December 2023|website=OpenStreetMap}}</ref>

==Population==
As of 2011, Tada village has a population of 3,149 (6,000 in 2021) of which 1679 are males while 1470 are females as per population census of 2011. The literacy rate of Tada village was 86.47%. It is the second largest town in Kesli tehsil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tada Village Population - Kesli - Sagar, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/461255-tada-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
Tada is connected by private bus services to all nearest major cities. Being located on [[State Highway 30 (Madhya Pradesh)|State Highway 30]], it is well connected to major cities.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9130674#map=9/23.163/78.680 Road Map mp sh 30]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sagar District]]
* [[Deori Assembly constituency]]
* [[Kesli]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district|Tada]]
[[Category:Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Tada]]

Nikitha Rajesh

2026-05-06T07:50:23Z

ArianneNies1: starting a details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2026}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikitha Rajesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2005{{endash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Manjurukum Kalam]]'' ''[[Malli (2024 TV series)|Malli]]''
| parents =
}}

'''Nikitha Rajesh''' is an Indian actress and former child artist who works in Malayalam and Tamil television. She began her career as a child actor in ''[[Omanathinkal Pakshi]]'' (2005-06) and gained recognition for her role as Jaanikutty in ''[[Manjurukum Kalam]]'' (2015-16).<ref>{{cite news |title=Premi Viswanath to Sujitha: Malayalam TV actors who are shining in neighbouring industries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/premi-viswanath-to-sujitha-malayalam-tv-actors-who-are-shining-in-neighbouring-industries/photostory/89543506.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2022 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nikitha was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. Her father, Rajesh, is a television serial director, and her mother, Chithra, is employed in the Forest Department. She attended Saraswathi Vidyalaya in Vattiyoorkavu, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="Deccan">{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Elizabeth |title=Musings of Jaanikutty |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/260216/musings-of-jaanikutty.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="IE_Bio">{{cite news |title=சூர்யவம்சம் சீரியல் சமந்தாவா இது? ஜானിക്കുட்டியின் வேற லெவல் க்ளிக்ஸ்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/zee-tamil-serial-suryavamsam-actress-samantha-nikitha-rajesh-biography-300884/ |work=The Indian Express Tamil |date=17 June 2021 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nikitha made her debut at the age of 3 in the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] serial ''Omanathinkal Pakshi'', playing Annamol.<ref name="TOI2021">{{cite news |title=Shruthi Rajanikanth to Rebecca Santhosh: TV actors who started their career as child artists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shruthi-rajanikanth-to-rebecca-santhosh-tv-actors-who-started-their-career-as-child-artists/photostory/83279139.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2021 |access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref> She subsequently appeared in numerous Malayalam television projects as a child artist, including mythological series ''Devimahathmyam'', ''Rahasyam'', ''Sasneham'', ''Sree Guruvayoorappan'' and ''Junior Chanakyan''.<ref name="Samayam">{{cite news |title=കാലില്‍ വീണ് തൊഴുത ആരാധികയെ കുറിച്ച് നിഖിത രാജേഷ്, എനിക്ക് ക്രഷ് ഒന്നുമില്ല, കോളേജ് ബഗ്ഗ് ചെയ്യാറില്ല ഞാന്‍ ശരിക്കും നല്ല കുട്ടിയാണ് എന്ന് നടി |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/nikitha-rajesh-about-crazy-fan-moments-in-her-career/articleshow/89292498.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=2 February 2022 |access-date=22 May 2024 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Samayam2">{{cite news |title=മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ അലമാര തുറക്കാനുള്ള വഴി തെളിഞ്ഞാൽ ഇങ്ങനെയിരിക്കും'എന്തൊരുമാറ്റമെന്ന് ആരാധകർ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/when-you-get-access-to-your-grandmas-wardrobe-says-nikitha-rajesh/articleshow/75290880.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=22 April 2020 |access-date=19 December 2025 |language=ml}}</ref> She also appeared as a child artist in films including ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'', ''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]'' and ''Aakasmikam''.<ref name=".2"/> She gained recognition for her portrayal of Janikutty in ''[[Manjurukum Kalam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chandra |first1=Anu |title=മഞ്ഞുരുകും കാലത്തിലെ ജാനിക്കുട്ടിയുടെ വേഷം നിഖിത ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചത് എന്തിന്|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/2017/06/06/interview-with-serial-actress-nikhitha.html |website=Manorama Online |access-date=January 4, 2026 |date=June 6, 2017 |language=ml}}</ref>

In 2019, she transitioned into the Tamil television with the supernatural drama Arundhathi on Sun TV..<ref name="TOI_Aru">{{cite news |title=Akila turns nostalgic about her show Arundhathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/akila-turns-nostalgic-about-her-show-arundhathi/articleshow/75739802.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> In 2020, she was cast as the lead protagonist "Samantha" in the [[Zee Tamil]] series ''[[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]]'', starring alongside [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]].<ref name="TOI_Sur">{{cite news |title=Daily soap Suryavamsam to launch today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-suryavamsam-to-launch-today/articleshow/78236201.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2020}}</ref> In 2024, she returned to Sun TV to play the titular lead role in ''[[Malli (2024 TV series)|Malli]]''.<ref name="Samayam2025">{{cite news |title=എന്തൊരു മാറ്റമാണ് നികിതയ്ക്ക്, തിളങ്ങുന്ന സൗന്ദര്യം! ഇന്ന് തമിഴില്‍ തിരക്കേറുന്ന മലയാളികളുടെ സ്വന്തം ജാനിക്കുട്ടി |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/nikitha-rajeshs-latest-photo-goes-viral/articleshow/117916508.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/sun-tv-actress-nikitha-rajesh-adjustment-news-1718093460|title=அட்ஜஸ்ட்மென்ட்டிக்கு கேட்டா ஓகே....இது என்னோட கருத்து!! சன் டிவி நடிகை ஓபன் டாக் |work=IBC Tamil Nadu|language=tamil|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> She returned to Malayalam television in 2025 through ''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]'', marking her third collaboration with writer Joycee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mazha-thorum-munpe-everything-about-the-nikitha-rahul-starrer/articleshow/127869389.cms|title=Mazha Thorum Munpe: Everything about the Nikitha-Rahul starrer|website=Times of India |date=3 February 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language!! Channel !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2005-06 || ''[[Omanathinkal Pakshi]]'' || Annamol || rowspan=19| [[Malayalam]] || rowspan=2|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Debut as child artist || <ref name=".1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/writer-joycee-on-mazha-thorum-munpe-if-youre-after-flashy-sarees-or-trendy-earrings-of-the-heroine-this-isnt-the-show-for-you-its-a-slice-of-life-story/articleshow/122367109.cms|title=Writer Joycee on Mazha Thorum Munpe: If you're after flashy sarees or trendy earrings of the heroine, this isn't the show for you; it's a slice-of-life story|website=Times of India |date=10 July 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| 2006-2007 || ''Swantham Suryaputhri'' || Nandana || ||
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''Sree Guruvayoorappan'' || || [[Surya TV]] || || <ref name=".2">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/work-and-life/chat-with-nikitha.html|title=ഞാനൊരു മിണ്ടാപ്പൂച്ചയല്ല|work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|-
| 2007-2009 || ''Rahasyam'' || Kanthimol || Asianet || || <ref name="Samayam2"/>
|-
| 2008-2009 || ''Priyamanasi'' || || rowspan=2|Surya TV || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Velankanni Mathavu'' || || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Sreemahabhagavatham'' || || Asianet || || rowspan=2|<ref name="Samayam2"/>
|-
| 2009 || ''Sasneham'' || || [[DD Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''Devimahathmyam'' || Meenakshi || Asianet || || <ref name="Samayam"/>
|-
| 2010|| ''Mattoruval'' || || rowspan=2|Surya TV || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Swamiye Saranamayyappa'' || || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Manjuthirum Munpe'' || || DD Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/malayalam/tv-serials/manjuthirum-munpe|title=Malayalam Tv serial Manjuthirum Munpe|work=NETTV4U|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2011-12|| ''Alavudinte Albutha Vilakku''|| Jasmine || rowspan=2|Asianet || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Amma'' || || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Malakhamar'' || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Ulkkadal'' || || [[Kairali TV]] || ||
|-
| 2013|| ''Butterflies'' || || Surya TV || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Junior Chanakyan'' || || [[Flowers TV]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-shows/junior-chanakyan|title=Malayalam Tv Show Junior Chanakyan|work=NETTV4U|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Manjurukum Kalam]]'' || Teenage Jaanikutty ||Mazhavil Manorama || Main Role || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/serial-actress-nikitha.html|title=മഞ്ഞുരുകും കാലത്തിലെ ജാനിക്കുട്ടി അത്ര പാവമല്ല|work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Arundhathi'' || Deivanai Shanmugam || rowspan=4|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/120731| title=மல்லி தொடரில் கம்பேக் கொடுக்கும் நிகிதா! | website=[[Dinamalar]]| date=|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''[[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]]'' || Samantha (Sam) || rowspan=2|[[Zee Tamil]] || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/suryavamsam-to-go-off-air-soon-actors-nithya-raj-caroline-hiltrud-mithun-raj-and-others-turn-emotional/articleshow/85398522.cms|title=Suryavamsam to go off-air soon; Actors Nithya Raj, Caroline Hiltrud, Mithun Raj, and others turn emotional |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]]'' || Samantha || Mahasangamam (Crossover) ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/neethane-enthan-ponvasantham-and-suryavamsam-to-air-mahasangamam-episodes-from-january-25/articleshow/80405604.cms|title=Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham and Suryavamsam to air 'Mahasangamam' episodes from January 25|website=The Times of India |date=23 January 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024–present || ''[[Malli (2024 TV series)|Malli]]'' || Malliga (Malli) || Sun TV || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinesamugam.com/nikitha-rajesh-act-a-new-serial-titled-malli-in-sun-tv-1709355962| title=சன் டிவியில் புதிய மெகா சீரியல்.. 'சூரிய வம்சம்' நடிகை தான் நாயகி.. 2 சீனியர் நடிகைகள்..! | website=cinesamugam.com| date=|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 2025–present || ''Mazha Thorum Munpe'' || Aleena || Malayalam || Asianet || ||<ref name=".0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/joycee-returns-with-a-heart-touching-story-mazha-thorum-munpe-set-to-premiere-on-7/7-at-7/articleshow/122277035.cms|title=Joycee returns with a heart-touching story, Mazha Thorum Munpe set to premiere on 7/7 at 7|website=Times of India |date=6 July 2025 }}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || Child artist || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || Young Pinky || Malayalam || || rowspan=2|<ref name=".2">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/work-and-life/chat-with-nikitha.html|title=ഞാനൊരു മിണ്ടാപ്പൂച്ചയല്ല|work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2| 2010 || ''[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]'' || Mohan's daughter || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' || Child artist || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Aakasmikam'' || Pratibha || Malayalam || || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doolnews.com/swetha-menons-new-film-aakasmikam-malayalam-news-236.html|title=മനുഷ്യബന്ധങ്ങളുടെ 'ആകസ്മികം'|access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=3| 2025 || She Tamil Nakshatram Awards || Best Actress (Television) || rowspan=2|''Malli'' || rowspan=3 {{won}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheawards.in/copy-of-nakshatram-2024-tamil|title=She Tamil Nakshatram Awards 2025|accessdate=23 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]] || Sirandha Sagothari (Best Sister) || <ref>{{cite AV media|title=Nikitha Receives Sirandha Sagothari Award {{!}} Malli Serial {{!}} Sun Kudumbam Virudhugal 2025 {{!}} Sun TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f15MJ8H1FmU |accessdate=23 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asianet Television Awards]] || Best Star Pair (Along with Rahul Suresh)|| rowspan=2|''Mazha Thorum Munpe'' || <ref>{{cite web |last=Manoj |first=Janani |title=Asianet Television Awards 2026 Winners List |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2026/asianet-television-awards-2026-winners-list-who-won-best-actor-actress-serial-couple-award-at-at-506927.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=2026-04-12 |date=2026-03-30 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|12344795}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh, Nikitha}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]

Srinivagilu inscriptions and hero stones

2026-05-01T05:19:38Z

ArianneNies1: added new post!

{{orphan|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Srinivagilu''' is a sub-locality in [[Koramangala]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], with a recorded history dating back to at least the 8th century CE.

It is home to two historical stone inscriptions found near a Shiva temple in the Ibbalur Military Camp: a [[hero stone]] inscription in the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] script mentioning the name '''Siyanelvagila''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=L |first=Udayakumar P. |date=12 July 2022 |title=Gayathri Nagar or Srirampura? How ward names can highlight Bengaluru's millennium-old heritage |url=https://citizenmatters.in/j-p-park-to-tannirahalli-gayathri-nagar-to-srirampura-how-new-ward-names-can-hark-back-to-the-old/ |website=Citizen Matters}}</ref> and an incomplete [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription.

== History ==
[[File:Digital Image of the Srinivagilu 800CE Palchatereyamma's Turugol Herostone With Inscription.png|thumb|373x373px|Digital image of the Srinivagilu 800CE Palchatereyamma's Turugol Herostone with inscription.]]
[[File:3D Scanning of the Srinivagilu 800CE Palchatereyamma's Turugol Herostone With Inscription.jpg|thumb|381x381px|3D scanning of the Srinivagilu 800CE Palchatereyamma's Turugol Herostone with inscription.]]

The older inscription is a [[Kannada script|Kannada]] hero stone [[Palaeography|paleographically]] dated to the 8th century CE. It commemorates the death of Palchhatereyamma, who fought thieves to rescue cows (''turugol'') in the village of Siyanelvagila (present-day Srinivagilu). Historian and epigraphist P. V. Krishnamurthy derives the etymology of Siyanelvagila from ''siya'' or ''sihi'' ("sweet") + ''nel'' ("paddy") + ''bagilu'' ("place"), meaning "the place where sweet paddy was grown".<ref>{{Cite book |last=ಎಂ. ಜಿ. ನಾಗರಾಜ |url=https://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarsanasa0000drmgsamputa-24/page/n103/mode/1up |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ 24 |date=2009 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |pages=104 |language=Kannada}}</ref> Over time, the name evolved into Srinivagilu. ''Turugol'' refers to cattle raiding. Because cattle were an important source of wealth, raids were commonplace. Numerous inscriptions document cattle raids in various villages and recount the deaths of those who defended against them.

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription is 64 cm tall and 87 cm wide. The [[Kannada script|Kannada]] characters are approximately 3 cm tall, 4 cm wide, and 0.15 cm deep, making them rather shallow. The upper section of the relief depicts a man seated on a stool, flanked by apsaras holding flywhisks (''chamara''). The lower section depicts a standing man grasping a bow and a long dagger, with a [[quiver]] of arrows strapped over his shoulders and arrows piercing his body. Because the lower part of the stone is buried or damaged, only the primary subject's top half, from the knees up, is visible.

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The inscription was first published by P. V. Krishnamurthy in Itihasa Darshana Vol 24, 2009. The text below is the rereading published in the Journal of the Mythic Society.

Digital images of the characters, the inscription, and other related information are available via the Akshara Bhandara software.

{| class="wikitable"
!Line
number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
!IAST
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಪಳ್ಚತೆಱೆ
|''svastiśrī pal̤c̤atĕṟĕ''
|-
|2
|ಯಮ್ಮ ಸಿಯ್ಯನೆಲ್ವಾ
|''yamma siyyanĕlvā''
|-
|3
|ಗಿಲ ತುಱುವನಿಕಿಸಿ
|''gila tuṟuvanikisi''
|-
|4
|ಸತ್ತು ಸಗ್ಗಿಯಾದಂ
|''sattu saggiyādaṃ''
|}

== 15th-century Kailaiyam Udayar boundary inscription ==
[[File:Digital Image Of The Srinivagilu 15th-century Kailaiyam Udayar Boundary Tamil Inscription.png|thumb|394x394px|3D Scanned Digital Image Of The Srinivagilu 15th-century Kailaiyam Udayar boundary Tamil inscription.]]

A second engraving at the site is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language inscription written in [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Tamil script|Tamil]] characters, paleographically dated to the 15th century CE. The context is unclear because the text is incomplete. The Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team discovered the stone and published its findings in the ''Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society''. The inscription may have some connection with the [[Shiva]] Temple. Both the inscription and temple are located in military-controlled lands, so prior permission and coordination may be required for general public access.{{original research inline|date=June 2025}}

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription is 94 cm tall and 36 cm wide. The [[Grantha script|Grantha]] and [[Tamil script|Tamil]] characters are 4.5 cm tall, 3.6 cm wide, and 0.5 cm deep.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Translation ===
The text was published in the ''Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society''.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2022 |title=Srinivagilu Inscription |url=https://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions/page/190/mode/1up |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=190 |via=archive.org}}</ref>

<blockquote>Swasthi Sri Paadirakodu. Sri Kailaiyamudayar temple's land. Puliya patta.....</blockquote>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:View of the 10th-century Shiva Temple at Srinivagilu.jpg|A 10th-century Shiva Temple at Srinivagilu
File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the Srinivagilu 800CE Palchatereyamma's Turugol Herostone With Inscription.jpg|Wide angle view of the Srinivagilu Temple
File:Srinivagilu 750CE Palchtereyamma Herostone.jpg|Wide angle view Srinivagilu 8th-century Palchtereyamma Herostone with Inscription
File:Srinivagilu 15th-century Kailaiyam Udayar Boundary Tamil Inscription 02.jpg|Srinivagilu 15th-century Kailaiyam Udayar boundary Tamil inscription
File:Closer view of the Srinivagilu 750CE Palchtereyamma Herostone.jpg|Srinivagilu 8th-century Palchtereyamma Herostone with inscription
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=104800 Akshara Bhandara software]

{{Coord|12.9324|N|77.6405|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Ganeshraj Bansal

2026-04-25T15:37:50Z

ArianneNies1: starting a article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ganeshraj Bansal
| office = Member of [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Hanumangarh Assembly constituency|Hanumangarh]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Vinod Choudhary
| successor =
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Independent politician]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}
'''Ganeshraj Bansal''' is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/hanumangarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647022|title=Hanumangarh Election Result 2023 Live: Ind Candidate Ganeshraj Bansal Wins From Hanumangarh|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=abplive.com|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> representing the [[Hanumangarh Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Independent politician|IND]] party.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajathan-polls-four-bjp-rebels-among-9-independents-win/articleshow/105706589.cms|title=Rajathan Polls: Four BJP Rebels Among 9 Independents candidates Wins|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |publisher =timesofindia. com|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/hanumangarh-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830383-2023-12-03|title=Hanumangarh, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Independent defeats BJP in Hanumangarh|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=aajtak.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Hanumangarh Assembly constituency and defeated opposition party [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s candidate Amit Sahu with 9441 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/hanumangarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470613-2023-12-03|title=Hanumangarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Independent's Ganeshraj Bansal with 88356 defeats BJP's Amit Sahu|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.com|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-four-bjp-rebels-leading-as-independents/article67600596.ece|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023|newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2023 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bansal, Ganeshraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station

2026-04-24T08:26:54Z

ArianneNies1:

{{Short description|RapidX's Delhi–Meerut RRTS station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A13 Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station.svg|40px]] Shatabdi Nagar
| style = RapidX
| type = {{RapidX Infobox station line|line=Delhi–Meerut}}
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Shatabdi Nagar, Sector 5, MDA, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 250002
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.94761|77.67359|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS {{rcb|Meerut Metro|Blue|croute}} MRTS
| platform = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}}
| tracks = 4
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Operational
| code =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|02|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]] '''''(TBC)'''''
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=RapidX|line1=Delhi–Meerut|left1=Meerut South|to-left1=Sarai Kale Khan|right1=Begumpul}}{{Adjacent stations|system=Meerut Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Rithani|right1=Brahmapuri}}
| route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}{{Meerut Metro Route}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| image_size =
}}
'''Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station''' is an elevated [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] and [[Meerut Metro]] station in [[Meerut]] district, Uttar Pradesh, India which serves as an elevated station for higher-speed trains on the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] that can reach speeds of up to 180 km/h. The station will be powered by solar energy, with 1,100 solar panels on the station's roof.

Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station is inaugurated on 22 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Empty section|date=November 2024}}

== Station layout ==
The Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station will have 2 elevated station platforms, with the under constructed station building located underneath the platform level. The RRTS station will have 2 [[island platform]]s, which will serve 2 rail tracks for [[Meerut Metro]] services and 2 rail tracks for [[RapidX]] services.

It will have three levels – platform, concourse and street level. Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station will be 215 meters long and 26 meters wide. The rail tracks will be constructed at a height of 24 meters above the ground level.

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="30" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="85" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
| rowspan="6" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="center" |'''L2'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1 [[Meerut Metro]]'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]] '''Next Station:'''[[File:A14 Brahampuri RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Brahmapuri metro station|Brahmapuri]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the right | </nowiki>'''P2''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2 [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|RRTS Line]]'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]] '''Next Station:''' [[File:A17 Begumpul RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Begumpul RRTS station|Begumpul]]
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 3 [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|RRTS Line]]'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards ← [[File:A01 New Ashok Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|New Ashok Nagar}} '''Next Station:''' [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P3''' Doors will open on the left<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P4''' Doors will open on the right
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 4 [[Meerut Metro]]'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}} '''Next Station:'''[[File:A12 Rithani RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Rithani metro station|Rithani]]
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Meerut district]]

Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency

2026-04-21T08:00:35Z

ArianneNies1:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gorakhpur Urban
| map_image = 322-Gorakhpur Urban.svg
| mla = [[Yogi Adityanath]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| preceded_by = [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal|R. M. Das Agarwal]], {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 322
| incumbent_image = Yogi Adithyanath in Uttar Pradesh 2023.jpg
| map_caption =
| loksabha_cons = [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,64,784
}}

'''Gorakhpur Urban''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Gorakhpur]] in the [[Gorakhpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/uttar-pradesh-elections-2017-gorakhpur-urban-constituency-bjps-ram-mohan-das-takes-on-congress-rana-rahul-singh-all-you-need-to-know/560448/lite/|title=Gorakhpur Urban constituency; BJP's Radha Mohan Das takes on Congress' Rana Rahul Singh|publisher=www.financialexpress.com|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gorakhpur-urban-election-results-2017-radha-mohan-das-agrawal-of-bjp-leading-1358749.html|title=Gorakhpur Urban Election Results 2017: Radha Mohan Das Agrawal of BJP Leading|publisher=News18|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-urban-mla-results|title=गोरखपुर शहरी विधानसभा चुनाव 2018 परिणाम, उत्तर प्रदेश|publisher=NDTV Khabar|access-date=7 November 2018|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107145400/https://khabar.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-urban-mla-results|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gorakhpur Urban is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 322 amongst 403 constituencies.

In [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] candidate [[Yogi Adityanath]] as well as the incumbent [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] won the seat by defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Sabhawati Shukla by a margin of 1,03,390 votes.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2" |Istafa Hussain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Niyamatullah Ansari
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Udai Pratap Dubey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Ram Lal Bhai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" | Awadhesh Srivastava
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sunil Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gorakhpur Urban<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:165499}}
|percentage = 66.18
|change = {{increase}}10.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subhavati Shukla|party=Samajwadi Party|votes={{formatnum:62109}}|percentage=24.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Khwaja Shamsuddin|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:8023}}|percentage=3.21|change={{decrease}}7.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]|party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|votes={{formatnum:7640}}|percentage=3.06|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chetna Pandey|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:2880}}|percentage=1.15|change={{decrease}}26.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:1194}}|percentage=0.48|change={{increase}}0.1}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:103390}}|percentage=41.34|change={{increase}}13.59}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:250067}}|percentage=53.8|change={{increase}}2.82}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}10.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gorakhpur Urban<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:122221}}
|percentage = 55.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rana Rahul Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:61491}}
|percentage = 28.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Janardan Chaudhary
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:24297}}
|percentage = 11.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Arun Kumar Shrivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:2252}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:839}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:60730}}
|percentage = 27.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218831}}
|percentage = 50.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}6.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gorakhpur Urban}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 81,148
|percentage = 49.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Raj Kumari Devi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 33,694
|percentage = 20.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Divesh Chandra Srivastava
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 23,811
|percentage = 14.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Narendra Mani Tripathi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 11,171
|percentage = 6.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Vijay Kumar
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 2,187
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 47,454
|percentage = 28.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,64,973
|percentage = 46.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.76|83.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

P. Raghavan

2026-04-20T06:57:14Z

ArianneNies1: starting article

{{Short description|Indian Communist politician (1945–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Raghavan
| image =
| birth_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Udma Assembly constituency|Udma]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 2001
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1945|10|15}}
| birth_place = Munnad, [[South Canara]], [[Madras presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|07|05|1945|10|15}}
| death_place = Munnad, Bedaduka, [[Kasaragod district]], [[Kerala]], India
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| parents = Cheviri Raman Nair Perail Maniamma
| spouse = Kamala
| children = 2
| website =
}}
'''P. Raghavan''' was a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] politician from [[Kerala]], India. From 1991 to 2001 he represented Uduma constituency in Kerala Legislative Assembly.

==Biography==
P. Raghavan was born on 15 October 1945, the youngest of seven children of Cheviri Raman Nair and Perail Maniamma in Munnad, Bedaduka in present-day [[Kasargod district]].<ref name="Asianet news">{{Cite web |last=balu.kg |title=പി രാഘവന്‍; കാസര്‍കോട് ജില്ലയില്‍ സഹകരണ-തൊഴിലാളി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന് വേണ്ടി നിലകൊണ്ട നേതാവ് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/p-raghavan-cpim-co-operative-and-labor-movement-leader-in-kasaragod-district-rej8tm |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706082243/https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/p-raghavan-cpim-co-operative-and-labor-movement-leader-in-kasaragod-district-rej8tm |url-status=live }}</ref> He was educated at Munnad AUP School, Iriyanni High School, Kasaragod Government College and Udupi Law College.<ref name="Asianet news"/> He was graduated in Economics and Law.<ref name="Asianet news"/> While a student at Munnad AUP School, he became active in student politics through KSF. He was later elected as KSF unit secretary.<ref name="Asianet news"/> While studying at Udupi Law College, he was the Secretary of the Student Federation Unit and at that time, he also served as KSF [[Kannur district|Kannur District]] Committee President and State Committee Member.<ref name="Asianet news"/>

When he left the studies, he became active in KSYF and later elected KSYF's Kasaragod Taluk Secretary.<ref name="Asianet news"/> He was a volunteer in the Parliament March organized by KSYF with the slogan 'Job or Unemployment Wages' and was arrested for it and served a month's imprisonment in Tihar Jail.<ref name="Asianet news"/> He was arrested in December 1969 in the Thalappallam case, and was imprisoned in Kasaragod sub-jail for two weeks.<ref name="Asianet news"/> It was on the complaint of a resident of the area that the volunteer camp organized by the party Bandatukka and Thalappallat was misled by the police as a Naxalite camp.<ref name="Asianet news"/> After years of trial, the court dismissed the case.<ref name="Asianet news"/>

In 1974, he started his professional career as a lawyer at the Kasaragod Bar.<ref name="Asianet news"/>

===Personal life and death===
He and his wife Kamala have two sons Ajith Kumar and Arun Raghavan.<ref name="Kerala kaumudi">{{Cite news | title=Uduma former MLA P Raghavan passes away |language=en-US |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=852910&u=uduma-former-mla-p-raghavan-passes-away |access-date=2022-07-06}}</ref> He died on 5 July 2022.<ref name="Kerala kaumudi"/>

==Political career==
Raghavan was active in politics since his school time. He started getting noticed in politics when he led the Mehboob bus workers' strike while he was a student at Kasaragod College.<ref name="madhyamam">{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2022-07-06 |title=പി. രാഘവൻ: സഹകരണമേഖലയിൽ കൈയൊപ്പ് ചാർത്തിയ നേതാവ് {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/leader-who-signed-his-signature-in-the-field-of-cooperation-1039650 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml |archive-date=2022-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710191651/https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/leader-who-signed-his-signature-in-the-field-of-cooperation-1039650 |url-status=live }}</ref> He became a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in 1964.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{Cite web |title=സിപിഐ എം നേതാവും ഉദുമ മുൻ എംഎൽഎയുമായ പി രാഘവൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/p-raghavan-passes-away/1030116 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705221316/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/p-raghavan-passes-away/1030116 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1984, when Kasaragod district came into existence, he was elected as a district committee member of CPI (M).<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Then he was elected to the district secretariat of the CPI (M), and remained in the position for 37 years.<ref name="Asianet">{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=ഉദുമ മുന്‍ എംഎല്‍എ പി രാഘവന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/former-uduma-mla-p-raghavan-passes-away-reiw53 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705050659/https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/former-uduma-mla-p-raghavan-passes-away-reiw53 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a [[trade union]] activist, he was at the forefront of organizing workers in the unorganised sector in the Kasaragod region.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He was the District Secretary of CITU Kasaragod from 1989 to 2012.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He was also elected as Member of CITU National Executive Committee and State Secretary of CITU.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> During his college days, Raghavan took up the incident of the killing of a bus conductor Varadaraja Pai.<ref name="madhyamam"/> The CITU Kasaragod district committee office, which was built when he was the general secretary of CITU, was made a Varadaraja Pai memorial.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

Later, under the leadership of P. Raghavan, the District Motor Workers' Cooperative Society was established and buses were launched under the name 'Varadaraja Pai'.<ref name="madhyamam"/> Raghavan, who organized the motor workers and strengthened the union, became the district president of the union, the state president of the bus workers' federation and a member of the national working committee of the federation.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

Under the leadership of Raghavan, more than twenty five cooperative ventures have been started in Kasaragod district.<ref name="Asianet"/> Raghavan saw the cooperative sector as the main way to grow CPI (M) and CITU in the district.<ref name="madhyamam"/> Co-operative societies like Kasaragod NGK Printing Society, Motor Workers Cooperative Society, Kasaragod People's Welfare Cooperative Society, Bedakum Clay Workers Cooperative Society, Kasaragod Ayurveda Cooperative Society, Fruit and Vegetable Cooperative Society, Kasaragod Dinesh [[Beedi]] Cooperative Society were founded by Raghavan.<ref name="madhyamam"/> At the time of death, he was the president of Kasaragod Education Cooperative society and Kasaragod People's Welfare Cooperative society.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

==Electoral politics==
From 1991 to 2001, P. Raghavan represented [[Udma Assembly constituency]] in 9th and 10th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assemblies]] as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m536.htm |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.niyamasabha.org |archive-date=2022-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122130632/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m536.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He also served as the President of Bedaduka Panchayat for eight years.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Awards and honours==
*Second E Narayanan Memorial Award instituted by Thalassery Cooperative Rural Bank.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, P.}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]

Barhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:39Z

ArianneNies1: Creating new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barhi
| type = SLA
| map_image = Barhi constituency map.svg
| map_alt =
| state = Jharkhand
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| constituency_no = 21
| established = 2000
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = MLA Manoj Kumar Yadav.jpg
| abolished =
| mla = [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Yadav]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors =
}}
'''Barhi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Overview==
[[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] police station in Hazaribagh district and [[Chauparan]] police station in Hazaribagh district.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Barhi assembly constituency is part of [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. There are four blocks under the jurisdiction of Barhi Assembly constituency- [[Barhi (community development block)|Barhi]], [[Chauparan (community development block)|Chauparan]], [[Padma, Hazaribagh (community development block)|Padma]] in Hazaribagh district and [[Chandwara (community development block)|Chandwara]] in Koderma district. Two new administrative blocks (Padma and Chandwara) were created during the 1990s when Ram Lakhan Singh was the MLA of the constituency. The constituency covers 64 panchyats under these four blocks- Barhi (20 panchayats), Chauparan (26 panchayats), Padma (8 Panchayats) and Chadwara (10 panchayats). Entire Barhi constituency is divided into 318 polling booths.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/loksabha/225-Hazaribagh.aspx |title = Hazaribagh Loksabha Constituency (Jharkhand)|publisher = India Study Channel.com|access-date = 2010-04-17 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||rowspan=2|Rameshwar Prasad Mahato || {{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan=2|I. J. N. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jan Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Rameshwar Prasad Mahato || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Lalita Rajya Lakshmi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=2|Niranjan Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Ram Lakhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan=2| [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Umashankar Akela]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Umashankar Akela]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhi<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,13,274|percentage=51.09|change={{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arun Sahu|party=Indian National Congress|votes=63,983|percentage=28.86|change={{decrease}}17.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umashankar Akela]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=23,629|percentage=10.66|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Krishn Kumar Yadav|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=4,897|percentage=2.21|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramashish Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=3,056|percentage=1.38|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Avinash Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=2,352|percentage=1.06|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Virju Paswan|party=Independent politician|votes=2,273|percentage=1.03|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=1,508|percentage=0.68|change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=49,291|percentage=22.23|change={{increase}}15.93}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,21,693|percentage=66.15|change={{increase}}3.51}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 3,35,144|ref =|change={{increase}}16.41}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}4.31}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umashankar Akela]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=84,358|percentage=46.78|change={{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=72,987|percentage=40.48|change={{increase}}11.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arbind Kumar|party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|votes=4,282|percentage=2.37|change={{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mo. Seraj|party=Independent politician|votes=3,686|percentage=2.04|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bipin Kumar Sinha|party=Independent politician|votes=2,451|percentage=1.36|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramanuj Kumar|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,219|percentage=1.23|change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md. Jamal Uddin|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,032|percentage=1.13|change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above|votes=1,898|percentage=1.05|change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=11,371|percentage=6.31|change={{increase}}2.25}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,80,319|percentage=62.63|change={{decrease}}3.73}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,87,892|ref =|change={{increase}}9.49}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}13.65}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=57,818|percentage=33.13|change={{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umashankar Akela]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=50,733|percentage=29.07|change={{decrease}}17.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sabi Devi|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=39,255|percentage=22.50|change={{increase}}19.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yogendra Pratap|party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|votes=5,857|percentage=3.36|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manju Gautam|party=Communist Party of India|votes=3,412|percentage=1.96|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Basudeo Paswan|party=Independent politician|votes=3,087|percentage=1.77|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santosh Ravidas|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,918|percentage=1.67|change={{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=3,629|percentage=2.08|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=7,085|percentage=4.06|change={{decrease}}2.21}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,74,503|percentage=66.37|change={{increase}}4.06}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,62,939|ref =|change={{increase}}26.97}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{decrease}}13.40}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umashankar Akela]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=60,044|percentage=46.53|change={{increase}}42.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=51,959|percentage=40.27|change={{decrease}}5.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hari Mehta|party=Independent politician|votes=3,482|percentage=2.70|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Binod Kumar|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=3,391|percentage=2.63|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md. Moinuddin Ahmed|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,885|percentage=2.24|change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Akhtar Ali|party=All Jharkhand Students Union|votes=1,699|percentage=1.32|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Paras Sharan Deo|party=Independent politician|votes=1,591|percentage=1.23|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=8,085|percentage=6.27|change={{decrease}}0.31}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,29,034|percentage=62.31|change={{decrease}}0.14}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,07,089|ref =|change={{increase}}2.14}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}0.48}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=58,313|percentage=46.06|change={{decrease}}21.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umashankar Akela]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=49,990|percentage=39.48|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kamta Prasad Agrawal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,525|percentage=3.57|change={{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Basudeo Paswan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,491|percentage=3.55|change={{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ranjit Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=2,406|percentage=1.90|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deepak Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=1,755|percentage=1.39|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Razak Ansari|party=Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|votes=1,483|percentage=1.17|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=8,323|percentage=6.57|change={{decrease}}42.13}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,26,613|percentage=62.45|change={{decrease}}5.12}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,02,742|ref =|change={{increase}}27.18}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}21.20}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhi<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar Yadav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=72,443|percentage=67.25|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahaveer Sahu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=19,983|percentage=18.55|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Krishna Kumar|party=Communist Party of India|votes=5,878|percentage=5.46|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umashankar Akela]]|party=Independent politician|votes=3,750|percentage=3.48|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Basudeo Paswan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,129|percentage=1.98|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Girdhari Lal Yadav|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=1,720|percentage=1.60|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Santosh Sahay|party=Jharkhand People's Party|votes=562|percentage=0.52|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=52,460|percentage=48.70|change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,07,720|percentage=68.78|change= }}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 1,59,415|ref =|change= }}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]

{{Reflist}}

{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|24.3|N|85.42|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Kundgol Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:42:44Z

ArianneNies1: made the article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kundgol
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|type = SLA
| constituency_no = 70
| map_image = 70-Kundgol constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla =[[M. R. Patil (politician)|M. R. Patil]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Kusuma Shivalli]]
|district = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]]
|established = 1956
|electors = {{formatnum:233835}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
}}
'''Kundgol Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is one of the eight constituencies which make up [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[M. R. Patil (politician)|M. R. Patil]] is the current MLA from Kundgol.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Kambali Timmanna Kenchappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Timmanna Kenchappa Kamble
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. S. Rayappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || R. V. Rangangowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Katagi Mahadevappa Shivappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kubihal Veerappa Shekarappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Uppin Basappa Andaneppa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Govindappa Hanumantappa Jutal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || M. S. Akki || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Shivalli Channabasappa Satyappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Akki Mallikarjuna Sahadevappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Chikkanagoudra Siddanagoud Ishwaragod || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | [[C. S. Shivalli]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] || [[Kusuma Shivalli]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[M. R. Patil (politician)}M. R. Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kundgol">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kundgol |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1070.htm?ac=70 |access-date=18 November 2024 |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608093225/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1070.htm?ac=70 |archive-date= 8 June 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. R. Patil (politician)}M. R. Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,105 |percentage = 49.07% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kusuma Shivalli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,764 |percentage = 26.28% |change = {{decrease}}23.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkanagoudra Siddanagoud Ishwaragod |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,425 |percentage = 19.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hazratali Shaikh Jodamani |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,304 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,001 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,341 |percentage = 22.79% |change = {{increase}}21.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,406 |percentage = 83.18% |change = {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,086}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,825 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kusuma Shivalli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,640 |percentage = 50.04% |change = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkanagoudra Siddanagoud Ishwaragod |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,039 |percentage = 49.00% |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 939 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,601 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,989 |percentage = 82.23% |change = {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,167}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,700 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Shivalli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,871 |percentage = 43.97% |change = {{increase}}4.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkanagoudra Siddanagoud Ishwaragod |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,237 |percentage = 43.54% |change = {{increase}}25.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hajaratali A. Shekh Jodamani |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 7,318 |percentage = 4.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Mallikarjuna Sahadevappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,280 |percentage = 4.26% |change = {{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,032 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 634 |percentage = 0.43% |change = {{decrease}}15.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,644 |percentage = 78.74% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,524}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,513 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Shivalli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,690 |percentage = 39.61% |change = {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkanagoudra Siddanagoud Ishwaragod |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 31,618 |percentage = 23.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,641 |percentage = 17.77% |change = {{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Mallikarjuna Sahadevappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,613 |percentage = 11.74% |change = {{decrease}}5.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupakshagouda Naganagouda Fakkiragoudra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,309 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerupakshappa Kallimani |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 869 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,072 |percentage = 15.84% |change = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,131 |percentage = 77.08% |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,018}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,831 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkanagoudra Siddanagoud Ishwaragod |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,307 |percentage = 39.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Shivalli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,931 |percentage = 33.28% |change = {{increase}}20.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddanagoudra Parvatagouda Chanaveeranagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,077 |percentage = 17.19% |change = {{increase}}13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sureshagouda Chanabasanagouda |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,305 |percentage = 2.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nadaf Hazarathsaheb Lattesab |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,236 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maruti Madevappa Vaddar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,926 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naikar Parameshappa Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 964 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhara Shivappa Dharennavar |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 943 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkappa Ningappa Shyagoti |party = Independent politician |votes = 793 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,376 |percentage = 5.75% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,969 |percentage = 71.55% |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,958}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Mallikarjuna Sahadevappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 28,184 |percentage = 29.50% |change = {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Shivalli]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,942 |percentage = 25.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arvind Mahadevappa Katagi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,110 |percentage = 12.68% |change = {{decrease}}8.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurtakoti Manjunathagouda Prabugouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,068 |percentage = 7.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanand Dyavappa Bentur |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,200 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindappa Hanumantappa Jutal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,569 |percentage = 3.74% |change = {{decrease}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parasappa Rayappa Chalawadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,900 |percentage = 3.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kobbayyanavar Rajkashekarayya Chanbasayya |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,572 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mudigouda Shankaragouda Mallanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,022 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,242 |percentage = 4.44% |change = {{decrease}}7.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,654 |percentage = 68.98% |change = {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,528}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,679 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalli Channabasappa Satyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,692 |percentage = 35.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akki Mallikarjuna Sahadevappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 20,184 |percentage = 23.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindappa Hanumantappa Jutal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,278 |percentage = 21.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ranganagouda Ninganagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,922 |percentage = 12.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kubihal Veerappa Shekarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,563 |percentage = 2.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamadoli Channappa Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,858 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthala Patil Basavaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,399 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yaraguppi Shivappa Ningappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,137 |percentage = 1.31% |change = {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,508 |percentage = 12.07% |change = {{decrease}}5.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,716 |percentage = 74.49% |change = {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,033}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,683 |percentage = 7.13% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,817 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Akki |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,707 |percentage = 42.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. S. Shivalli]] |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 19,034 |percentage = 24.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Juttal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,034 |percentage = 21.88% |change = {{decrease}}29.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Desai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,295 |percentage = 5.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. F. Kudawakkal |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 1,704 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Fakkeergoudar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,673 |percentage = 17.56% |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,463 |percentage = 71.19% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,860}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,264 |percentage = 2.81% |change = {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,022 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govindappa Hanumantappa Jutal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,925 |percentage = 51.47% |change = {{increase}}17.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravasaheb Veerabasavantrao Desai |party = Janata Dal |votes = 31,404 |percentage = 43.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devraj Tippannavar |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,652 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suragimath Sangayya Basayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 753 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapugouda Iranagouda Patil |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 489 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,521 |percentage = 7.70% |change = {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,199 |percentage = 70.80% |change = {{decrease}}4.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,735}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,464 |percentage = 5.86% |change = {{increase}}3.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,633 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Uppin Basappa Andaneppa |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,038 |percentage = 43.77% |change = {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kubihal Veerappa Shekarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,578 |percentage = 33.68% |change = {{decrease}}20.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,754 |percentage = 19.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadadevaramath Basavannayya Ningayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 778 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranganagouda Timanagouda Patil Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 445 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,460 |percentage = 10.08% |change = {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,386 |percentage = 74.91% |change = {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,063}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,323 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,286 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kubihal Veerappa Shekarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,848 |percentage = 54.43% |change = {{increase}}53.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulkipatil Shankargouda Ramanagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,489 |percentage = 42.43% |change = {{increase}}12.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Parameshwaragouda Venkanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 830 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulagund Basappa Ningagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 536 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,359 |percentage = 12.00% |change = {{decrease}}19.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,727 |percentage = 67.19% |change = {{decrease}}10.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,002}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,725 |percentage = 3.15% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,454 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}6.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Katagi Mahadevappa Shivappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,761 |percentage = 60.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munir Divanasab Haidarsab |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,884 |percentage = 29.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umachagi Linganagouda Basanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,385 |percentage = 4.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bisirotti Fakkirappa Fakkirappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,300 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Goudappagouda Shivanagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 796 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shettar Channabasappa Gurushiddappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 779 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}59.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,877 |percentage = 31.24% |change = {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,186 |percentage = 77.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,232}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,954 |percentage = 3.30% |change = {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,427 |ref = |change = {{increase}}36.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. V. Rangangowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,694 |percentage = 60.67% |change = {{increase}}31.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Rayappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 16,659 |percentage = 39.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,035 |percentage = 21.33% |change = {{decrease}}12.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,994 |percentage = 78.85% |change = {{increase}}10.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,353}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,798 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Rayappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,291 |percentage = 63.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Kenchappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,371 |percentage = 29.19% |change = {{decrease}}14.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. C. Hanamantagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,439 |percentage = 7.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,920 |percentage = 34.02% |change = {{increase}}28.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,252 |percentage = 68.63% |change = {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,101}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,906 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Timmanna Kenchappa Kamble |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,265 |percentage = 44.15% |change = {{decrease}}9.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanna Rayappa Bommai |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,465 |percentage = 38.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chanaveerappa Shankarappa Shiggaon |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 5,315 |percentage = 17.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,800 |percentage = 5.99% |change = {{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,530 |percentage = 62.67% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,045}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,904 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kundgol <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kambali Timmanna Kenchappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,819 |percentage = 54.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nadger Kenchanagouda Ranganagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,458 |percentage = 45.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,361 |percentage = 8.06% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,277 |percentage = 62.41% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,277}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,912 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|15.26|75.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Suchitra Chandrabose

2026-04-17T02:31:36Z

ArianneNies1: added new post!

{{Short description|Indian Telugu choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suchitra Chandrabose
| image =
| birth_name = Suchitra
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other names =
| occupation = [[choreographer]], [[Director (film)|director]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare awards]]
}}
'''Suchitra Chandrabose''' is an Indian choreographer, and film director from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is married to lyricist [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|last1=Neeraja|first1=Murthy|title=My first break - Chandrabose|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-chandrabose/article2057168.ece|website=The Hindu|date=28 May 2011 |publisher=Kasturi and Sons|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref> She also directed the film ''Pallakilo Pellikuthuru''. She won two [[Nandi Awards]] and one [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for Best Choreography.

She started her career as a choreographer with the film ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' (1988).<ref name="suryaa">{{cite web|author=Staff Reporter|title=కొరియోగ్రఫీలో అతివల కొత్త పుంతలు|url=http://www.suryaa.com/features/article.asp?subCategory=2&ContentId=50322|website=suryaa.com|publisher=Suryaa|accessdate=28 June 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Choreographer===
{{Cast listing|
* ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]'' (1991)
* ''[[One by Two (1993 film)|One by two]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Gandeevam]]'' (1994)
* ''Theerpu'' (1994)
* ''[[Gharana Bullodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Vajram (1995 film)|Vajram]]'' (1995)
* ''Sampradayam'' (1996)
* ''[[Ramudochadu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Vinodam]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Abbaygari Pelli]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Chinnabbayi]]'' (1997)
* ''Gilli Kajjalu'' (1998)
* ''[[Paradesi (1998 film)|Paradesi]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Shrimati Vellosta]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Sardukupodaam Randi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Jayam Manadera]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Priyamaina Neeku]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' (2002)
* ''Adrushtam'' (2002)
* ''[[Ninne Istapaddanu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Ela Cheppanu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Vaana (film)|Vaana]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
* ''[[Ra Ra... Krishnayya]]''
* ''Arrdham'' (2021)
}}

=== Director ===
* ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]''

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}} (in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] – ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' (2001)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] – ''[[Yamaleela]]'' (1994)

;[[Filmfare Award South]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]] – ''[[Ooyala (film)|Ooyala]]'' (1998)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suchitra Chandrabose Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Suchitra Chandrabose {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Suchitra-Chandrabose/awards |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=santosh |title=46th Filmfare Awards South Winners |date=2018-05-08 |url=http://archive.org/details/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners |access-date=2026-04-17}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm2856025}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrabose, Suchitra}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu women film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Ismail Khan of Bengal

2026-04-16T06:42:41Z

ArianneNies1: made the data w/ refs!

{{Short description|16th-century Bengali nobleman}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Ismail Khan
|image =
|caption =
|succession =
|coronation =
|issue =
|spouses=
|full name =
|house =
|father = [[Sulaiman Khan]]
|mother = [[Syeda Momena Khatun]]
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date = [[Sultanate of Bengal]]
|death_place =
|date of burial =
|place of burial =
}}
'''Ismail Khan''' ({{langx|bn|ইসমাঈল খাঁ}}) was a nobleman of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]]. He was the brother of [[Isa Khan]], the leader of the [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] confederacy.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.04019/page/33/mode/2up|title=Bengal Chiefs' Struggle for independence in the reign of Akbar & Jahangir|journal=[[Bengal, Past & Present]]|volume=39|year=1929|publisher=[[Calcutta Historical Society]]|author-link=Nalini Kanta Bhattasali|last=Bhattasali|first=Nalini Kanta|pages=33–34}}</ref>

==Biography==
His father, Dewan [[Sulaiman Khan]] (formerly Kalidas Gazdani), inherited this position and converted to [[Sunni Islam]]. Ismail Khan's mother, [[Syeda Momena Khatun]], was the daughter of Sultan Mahmud Shah.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Isamil and Isa were his sons by this wife|page=30|title=Islam in Bangladesh Through Ages|year=1995|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]]|editor=Abdur Rahim, Mohammad}}</ref> His maternal aunt was married to [[Khidr Khan Surak]], the governor of Bengal from 1539 to 1541 under the [[Sur Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Chowdhury| first = Kamal| year=2005|title = Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaj Pratapaditya|page = 164}}</ref> Ismail had one brother, Masnad-i-Ali [[Isa Khan]], who would later rule Bengal, and one sister, Shahinsha Bibi.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Masnad-I-Ali Isa Khan|journal=Journal of the Institute of Bangladesh Studies|editor=Akanda, Safar A.|volume=14|year=1991|location=[[Rajshahi University]]|publisher=[[Institute of Bangladesh Studies]]|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Islam Shah Suri]] in 1545, [[Muhammad Khan Sur]] was appointed as the Governor of Bengal and responsible for warding off rebellious chieftains in the region. Ismail's father was given the death penalty.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Rule of Afghans|author=Ibrahim, Muhammad}}</ref> A force led by Taj Khan and Dariya Khan were dispatched against them, and despite strong resistance from the Dewans, Ismail's father Sulaiman was eventually killed in the conflict. Ismail, and his elder brother [[Isa Khan]], were subsequently taken as captives and later sold as slaves to [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] traders in [[Turan]].<ref name=hr>{{cite book|page=342|title=History of the Pathans: The Ghurghushti, Beitani and Matti tribes of Pathans|author=Rashid, Haroon|year=2008}}</ref>

In 1563, the [[Karrani dynasty]] took control of Bengal and Bihar. Ismail's uncle, Dewan Qutbuddin Khan, was employed in the court of Sultan [[Taj Khan Karrani]] and successfully traced his nephews.<ref name=hr/> Qutbuddin Khan managed to free Ismail and Isa by buying them from their owners.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Isa Khan|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A note on Isa Khan and his family|author=Islam, Zahurul|page=331|journal=The Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference|year=1952|editor=Haq, S. Moinul|location=[[Karachi]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ismail}}
[[Category:16th-century births]]
[[Category:16th-century deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century nobility]]
[[Category:16th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Freedmen]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]

{{Asia-royal-stub}}
{{Bangladesh-hist-stub}}

Sabaash Meena

2026-04-16T01:43:22Z

ArianneNies1: starting new stub

{{short description|1958 film by B. R. Panthulu}}
{{More plot|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sabaash Meena.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| story = Dada Mirasi
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]] [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao Karnan
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| studio = Padmini Pictures
| distributor = A. L. S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1958|10|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil

}}
'''''Sabaash Meena''''' ({{translation|Bravo Meena}}) is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] and [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]], with Panthulu and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] in supporting roles. It was released on 3 October 1958. The film was remade into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Deewana]]'' (1962), in [[Kannada]] as ''Aliya Geleya'' (1971), and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Chirikkudukka]]'' (1976).

== Plot ==
Mohan is a rich spoilt brat. His erratic and irresponsible behaviour forces his father Sadasivam Pillai to send him to his friend Appadurai's place in [[Chennai|Madras]] to work and learn something in life. Mohan, a street smart man, sends his friend Shekar in his place to Appadurai. Appadurai, who has not seen Mohan before, accepts Shekar as Mohan and gives him a job. Shekar falls in love with Appadurai's daughter and Mohan who meets Meena in a bus falls for her.

Adding to the mix is Mookan, played by Chandrababu again, who gets swapped with Sekhar giving hilarious situation while Sankar, the corrupt manager of Appadurai and the intended groom for Meena, serves as villain to unite Sekhar and Mohan to resolve all issues and take their due place.

What follows is a hilarious depiction of both their love stories and the confusions it creates.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=50%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Mohan
* [[B. R. Panthulu]] as Meena's father
* [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] as Shekar
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Appadurai
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]] as Mani
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]]
* [[M. R. Santhanam]]
* [[Kallapart Natarajan|Natarajan]] as Sankar
* Ponnusamy Pillai as Sadhasivam Pillai
* Ganapathy Bhat
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Malathi
* [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]] as Meena
* P. S. Gnanam as Paravathi
* Krishnabai
* Chandra as a dancer in "Aanaaga Pirandhathellam"
* Shantha
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
Chandrababu's pay for the film was one rupee higher than Ganesan's.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=28 November 2018 |title=On the anvil, a biopic on Chandrababu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/on-the-anvil-a-biopic-on-chandrababu/article25609444.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/on-the-anvil-a-biopic-on-chandrababu/article25609444.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]], with lyrics by [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabash Meena |url=http://gaana.com/album/sabash-meena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225145515/http://gaana.com/album/sabash-meena |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The song "Kaanaa Inbam Kannidhadheno" is set in the [[Hindustani raga]] [[Bageshri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=13 April 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Bewitching Bhagesri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-bewitching-bhagesri/article3002530.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217045450/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-bewitching-bhagesri/article3002530.ece |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=8 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Alangara Valliye" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 02:38
|-
| "Aanaaga Pirandhadhellam" || [[P. Susheela]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 03:31
|-
| "Chitthiram Pesuthadi" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:18
|-
| "Kaanaa Inbam Kannidhadheno" || P. Susheela & [[T. A. Mothi]] || 03:39
|-
| "Nalla Vaazhu Kaanalaame" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || 03:33
|-
| "Oh Suyanalam Verimigu Maandhargale" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:19
|-
| "Chitthiram Pesuthadi" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 03:18
|-
| "Erungammaa Summaa Erungammaa" || [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[T. G. Lingappa]] & P. Susheela || 06:24
|-
| "Inbatthin Vegamaa Idhayatthin Dhaagamaa" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 03:40
|-
| "Selvam Nilaiyallave Maname" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:00
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sabaash Meena'' was released on 3 October 1958,<ref>{{Cite web |title=51-60 |url=http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424125329/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp6.htm |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref><ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=4 October 2022 |title='உள்ளத்தை அள்ளித்தா', 'தம்பிக்கு எந்த ஊரு'க்கெல்லாம் அக்கா 'சபாஷ் மீனா' |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/64-years-of-sabaash-meena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004155916/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/64-years-of-sabaash-meena |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> and was distributed by A. L. S. Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 1958 |title=Sabash Meena |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580926&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was previously scheduled for 19 September 1958, but got postponed due to delays in the arrival of raw film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 1958 |title=Sabash Meena |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580919&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a major success, even in non-Tamil speaking regions such as [[Karnataka]]. It was dubbed into Telugu as ''Sabash Pilla'', which did not achieve the same success.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 April 2009 |title=Sabhash Meena 1958 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sabhash-meena-1958/article3021332.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925132935/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sabhash-meena-1958/article3021332.ece |archive-date=25 September 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Sabhash Meena'' was remade into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Deewana]]'' (1962) with Panthulu again directing.<ref name="hindu" /> He also directed the [[Kannada]] remake ''Aliya Geleya'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Tera Deewana |url=http://myswar.co/album/dil-tera-diwana-1962 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923102149/http://myswar.co/album/dil-tera-diwana-1962 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=MySwar}}</ref> The film was also remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Chirikkudukka]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=20 July 2014 |title=Chirikkudukka: 1976 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chirikkudukka-1976/article6228471.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923095154/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chirikkudukka-1976/article6228471.ece |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The 1996 Tamil film ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' was an unofficial remake of ''Sabash Meena''.<ref name="kamadenu" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=ஓல்டு இஸ் கோல்டு: 'சபாஷ் மீனா'வை ஒப்பிட்டு பேசப்பட்ட படம்! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/33164 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511070858/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/33164 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{B. R. Panthulu}}

[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1958 comedy films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
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Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:56Z

ArianneNies1: made a post needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About|the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jaleswar|the constituency in Assam|Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaleswar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 35
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Aswini Kumar Patra.jpg
| mla = [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,54,539{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Jaleswar''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Bidhana Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227030426/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=35|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Jaleswar (35) District : Balasore|accessdate= 22 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Jaleswar]], Jaleswar block and 11 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Natakata, Purusottampur, Kulida, Santoshpur, Raghunathpur, Chormara, Singla, Paunsakulli, Tadada, Putura and Nabara) of Basta block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp12.htm |title= 12 - Jaleswar Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.37}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.38}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.23}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.95}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.61}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.97}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.44}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|59.33}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.07}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party}}|38.02}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|62.45}}
}}

15 elections held during 1951 to 2014. Elected members from the Jaleswar constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jaleswar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/jaleswar.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jaleswar Assembly Election Results 2024: Jaleswar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jaleswar-constituency-result-18035 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jaleswar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jaleswar-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
|Debiprasanna Chand
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Jayanarayan Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Judhisthir Jena
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |Gadadhar Giri
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="4" |Prasanna Kumar Paul
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Karunakar Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Aswini Kumar Patra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Brajamohan Pradhan by a margin of 319 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jaleswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|votes = 83,105
|percentage = 42.37
|change = {{decrease}}6.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Brajamohan Pradhan
|votes = 82,786
|percentage = 42.21
|change = {{increase}}13.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudarshan Das
|votes = 26,692
|percentage = 13.61
|change = {{decrease}}6.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dibyakam Mohanty
|votes = 1,568
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 872
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 319
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,96,131
|percentage = 77.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Aswini Kumar Patra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jayanarayan Mohanty]] by a margin of 35,443 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jaleswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|votes = 85,435
|percentage = 48.38
|change = {{decrease}}3.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jayanarayan Mohanty]]|votes=49,992|percentage=28.31|change={{increase}}20.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sudarsan Das|votes=35,026|percentage=19.84|change={{decrease}}11.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=918|percentage=0.52|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,443|percentage=20.07|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=176579|percentage=74.41|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Aswini Kumar Patra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debiprasanna Chand by a margin of 33,860 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jaleswar<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Jaleswar|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1836.htm?ac=36|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714234025/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1836.htm?ac=36|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Jaleswar (36)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203223/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=36|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|votes = 86,084
|percentage = 52.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debiprasanna Chand
|votes = 52,224
|percentage = 31.69
|change = {{decrease}}9.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Kumar Bej
|votes = 13,465
|percentage = 8.17
|change = {{decrease}}28.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 725
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,860
|percentage = 20.54
|change = 16.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,807
|percentage = 78.09
|change = 7.08
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,11,057
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debiprasanna Chand defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Aswini Kumar Patra]] by a margin of 6,304 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=6304 |accessdate=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jaleswar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Debiprasanna Chand
|votes = 59,685
|percentage = 40.95
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Aswini Kumar Patra]]
|votes = 53,381
|percentage = 36.63
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate minor party|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Gour Gopal Das
|votes = 20,251
|percentage = 13.89
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,304
|percentage = ''4.33''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,770
|percentage = 71.01
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balasore district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.80|87.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Bulldozer justice

2026-04-12T09:11:18Z

ArianneNies1: starting info.

{{Short description|Use of bulldozers in Indian politics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Bulldozer justice'''<ref name=":0" /><ref name="sco">{{cite web|url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/sc-hearings-on-bulldozer-justice-what-has-happened-so-far/|title=SC hearings on 'Bulldozer Justice': What has happened so far?|date=30 September 2024|website=Supreme Court Observer|access-date=22 October 2024|archive-date=15 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015125252/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/sc-hearings-on-bulldozer-justice-what-has-happened-so-far/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Also referreed to as "'''bulldozer raj'''";<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Sanjay |last2=Jha |first2=Satish |last3=Joy |first3=Shemin |date=24 April 2022 |title=From Yogi to Jahangirpuri: The rise of the Bulldozer Raj |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/from-yogi-to-jahangirpuri-the-rise-of-the-bulldozer-raj-1103381.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> the word "bulldozer" itself has also become a part of the political lexicon of Uttar Pradesh and India in general.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" />}} is a term referring to the use of the [[bulldozer]], an industrial machine, as a political tool and symbol in Indian politics, particularly in the politics of [[Uttar Pradesh]], starting in 2017. This trend of ''bulldozer justice'' has seen heavy machinery being deployed to demolish houses of those who have protested and have been accused of rioting often without following process established by law. Houses, shops and small establishments have been bulldozed in India, disproportionately targeting Muslims in the Hindu-majority country. The bulldozer has become a symbol for Hindu nationalist politicians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agha |first=Ambreen |date=2025-01-09 |title=How the Bulldozer Became a Symbol of Modi’s India |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/01/07/bulldozer-symbol-modi-india/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124083706/https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/01/07/bulldozer-symbol-modi-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-15 |title=What is 'bulldozer justice'? Why Indian authorities are demolishing homes |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-16/india-bulldozer-politics-justice-muslim-protesters-bjp/101147882 |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Background ==
''Bulldozer Justice'' began with the evoking of the machine by UP Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. While bulldozers are routinely used across India to remove illegal constructions, the bulldozer has been portrayed as a symbol of law enforcement in addressing property-related crimes, [[Communal violence in India|communal violence]] rioters and alleged criminal activity. Demolition of structures has been increasingly reported in states with BJP leadership as a measure against illegal constructions.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web | last=Behal | first=Anuj | title=India's Bulldozer Raj: Over 150,000 Homes Razed, 738,000 Left Homeless in Two Years | website=Frontline | date=2024-07-08 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/demolition-eviction-drives-muslims-dalit-smart-city-lucknows-akbarnagar-housing-and-land-rights/article68331521.ece | access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref> Following its usage in political messaging in Uttar Pradesh, the bulldozer was used in [[Madhya Pradesh]] to convey political messages aimed at showing a strong stance against criminals.

Its rhetorical usage by Adityanath started following the commencement of his first term in office in March 2017. By 2020, property belonging to numerous criminals such as [[Vikas Dubey]], as well as politician-strongmen and gangsters [[Mukhtar Ansari]] and [[Atique Ahmed]] had been demolished using bulldozers. The action against Dubey started after he and his associates killed eight policemen in July 2020 during an attempted arrest. The UP government committed to free up {{Convert|67000|acre|km2}}{{Efn|Uttar Pradesh is 243,286 square km}} of government land and other illegally occupied land by [[land mafia]], issuing certain directives related to the use of bulldozers and also warning of their misuse. Adityanath began his second term as chief minister in March 2022.

Similarly, the [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], another state with a [[List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP-based CM]], began usage of the bulldozer in March 2022 against properties of the mafia, accused rapists and rioters. By late April 2022, bulldozers had also been used on the property of rioters in [[Delhi]] and [[Gujarat]], with politics and legal issues ensuing, including over anti-encroachment drives in a BJP-held municipality in [[Rajasthan]], an otherwise [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-ruled state. In [[Uttarakhand]], rioters during [[Hanuman Jayanti]] processions were threatened with bulldozers parked in the vicinity of property owned by the accused.

Some media reports suggest that certain communities perceive the use of bulldozers as biased. In particular, properties belonging to and settlements primarily populated by Muslims have been disproportionately targeted.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-11-15|title=India's Supreme Court bans 'bulldozer justice' as punishment|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0k8d3ynvzxo|website=BBC|archive-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115114206/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0k8d3ynvzxo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-11-15|title=India's Supreme Court bans 'bulldozer justice' often used against Muslims|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-top-court-denounces-bulldozer-justice-demolitions-rcna180094|date=14 November 2024|website=NBC News|agency=Reuters|archive-date=15 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115121105/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/india-top-court-denounces-bulldozer-justice-demolitions-rcna180094|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics also argue that giving up on the [[rule of law]] and adopting ''"bulldozer justice"'' is the initial move toward an [[authoritarian]] society. In such a society, the safety, life, and [[fundamental rights|liberty of individuals]] would depend on the arbitrary decisions of state officials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abandoning the rule of law for 'bulldozer justice' is the first step towards an authoritarian society where ensuring a person's safety, life and liberty will be at the whims and fancies of state officials |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/demolitions-as-state-sanctioned-collective-punishment/article67180107.ece |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222050102/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/demolitions-as-state-sanctioned-collective-punishment/article67180107.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The number of displaced people rose from 107,625 in 2019 to 515,752 by 2023. In total, 153,820 houses were demolished by authorities in 2022 and 2023, leaving 738,438 people displaced.<ref name="Frontline"/> In September 2024, the Supreme Court ordered the governments to stop bulldozing homes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-questions-bulldozer-justice-will-lay-down-pan-india-norms-for-due-process-9546968/ |title=Supreme Court questions bulldozer justice, will lay down 'pan-India' norms for due process |date=3 September 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=4 September 2024 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904115822/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-questions-bulldozer-justice-will-lay-down-pan-india-norms-for-due-process-9546968/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/not-everyones-hands-can-fit-on-a-bulldozer-adityanath-says-days-after-sc-decries-house-demolitions|title='Not Everyone's Hands Can Fit on a Bulldozer': Adityanath Says Days After SC Decries House Demolitions|publisher=The Wire|access-date=4 September 2024|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904115823/https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/not-everyones-hands-can-fit-on-a-bulldozer-adityanath-says-days-after-sc-decries-house-demolitions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Bdemolition-squad-on-the-supreme-court-and-bulldozer-justice/article68601539.ece|title=Demolition squad: On the Supreme Court and 'bulldozer justice'|work=The Hindu|archive-date=4 September 2024|access-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904115822/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Bdemolition-squad-on-the-supreme-court-and-bulldozer-justice/article68601539.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-demolition-without-permission-sc-on-bulldozer-action-in-country|title=No Demolition Without Permission: SC On Bulldozer Action In Country|date=17 September 2024|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=17 September 2024|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917092356/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-demolition-without-permission-sc-on-bulldozer-action-in-country|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Course of events ==

=== Uttar Pradesh ===

==== Usage against criminals ====
[[Yogi Adityanath]] started his first term as the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in March 2017. His first announcement was that his government would clean up the law and order situation in the state among other connected issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaishnav |first=Milan |date=23 March 2017 |title=Adityanath, No Stranger To Criminal Cases, Promises Safer UP |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2017/03/adityanath-no-stranger-to-criminal-cases-promises-safer-up?lang=en |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> An anti-mafia task force was set up and political messaging included statements such as "Leave UP or go to jail".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2017 |agency=PTI |title='Leave UP or go to jail': Yogi Adityanath warns supporters of criminals, mafia |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260317/leave-up-or-go-to-jail-yogi-adityanath-warns-supporters-of-criminals-mafia.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424101014/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260317/leave-up-or-go-to-jail-yogi-adityanath-warns-supporters-of-criminals-mafia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Shiv Pujan |date=25 April 2017 |title=Yogi Adityanath government sets up anti-land mafia task force in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-land-mafia-task-force-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-government-bjp-land-encroachment-973549-2017-04-25 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424101014/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-land-mafia-task-force-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-government-bjp-land-encroachment-973549-2017-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was in September 2017 when Yogi first warned that he would bulldoze properties of those involved in crime, "My government will bulldoze houses of anyone even thinking of perpetuating crime against women and weaker sections of the society", adding that it would take some more time to reel in other criminal elements.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |editor-last=Shukla |editor-first=Srawan |title=Will bulldoze your houses even if you think of crime: Yogi Adityanath's warning to mafia |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-will-bulldoze-your-houses-even-if-you-think-of-crime-yogi-adityanath-s-warning-to-mafia-2543520 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424103621/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-will-bulldoze-your-houses-even-if-you-think-of-crime-yogi-adityanath-s-warning-to-mafia-2543520 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh police]] had already started taking action against criminals{{Efn|musclemen, strongmen, crime bosses, bahubalis, history-sheeters}} with a number of them dying in [[Encounter killings by police|police encounters]].<ref name=":2" />

By the end of 2020, properties had been demolished.{{Efn|With others being seized, confiscated, sealed.}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2020 |title=2020 में अपराधियों पर कहर बनकर टूटी यूपी पुलिस, किसी की संपत्ति कुर्क, कहीं चला बुलडोजर, देखें लिस्ट {{!}} UP Mafia total property seized in 2020 list |trans-title=In 2020, UP police broke down by creating havoc on criminals, someone's property was attached, bulldozer went somewhere, see list |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/up-mafia-total-property-seized-in-2020-list-6603755/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512194534/https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/up-mafia-total-property-seized-in-2020-list-6603755/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=भूमाफियाओं पर चला नोएडा अथॉरिटी का बुल्डोजर, कब्जे से छुड़ाई 2000 करोड़ रुपये की जमीनें |trans-title=Noida Authority's bulldozer on land mafia, land worth Rs 2000 crores rescued from possession |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/noida-authority-bulldozer-land-mafia-crime-1124131-2020-09-04 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424120526/https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/noida-authority-bulldozer-land-mafia-crime-1124131-2020-09-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2020, [[history-sheeter]] and crime boss [[Vikas Dubey]]'s house was demolished along with four vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqvi |first=Haidar |date=4 July 2020 |title=Kanpur gangster Vikas Dubey's house demolished |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanpur-gangster-s-house-demolished/story-ruwgIfK6QoPl6AjRAkhnNN.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424105935/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanpur-gangster-s-house-demolished/story-ruwgIfK6QoPl6AjRAkhnNN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A few days eight policemen had been killed in an attempted arrest in which Dubey was the main accused.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=3 July 2020 |title=Eight U.P. policemen killed after assailants open fire at them in Kanpur, two accused shot dead later |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eight-up-policemen-killed-in-encounter-with-criminals/article61686910.ece |access-date=24 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424110118/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eight-up-policemen-killed-in-encounter-with-criminals/article61686910.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name="NIENurtured3Jul">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |agency=IANS |title=Political patronage nurtured history-sheeter Vikas Dubey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/03/political-patronage-nurtured-history-sheeter-vikas-dubey-2164951.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706080212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/03/political-patronage-nurtured-history-sheeter-vikas-dubey-2164951.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vikas Dubey would go on to die in an encounter after the police vehicle carrying him met with an accident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=10 July 2020 |title=Gangster Vikas Dubey shot dead in 'exchange of fire' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gangster-vikas-dubey-dead-says-up-police/article61685582.ece |access-date=24 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424110107/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gangster-vikas-dubey-dead-says-up-police/article61685582.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2020, [[Mukhtar Ansari]], a criminal turned politician, connected properties were razed.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=UP MLA Mukhtar Ansari's Illegal Properties Demolished In Lucknow: Official |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mukhtar-ansari-illegal-properties-demolished-in-lucknow-official-2286174 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210220829/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mukhtar-ansari-illegal-properties-demolished-in-lucknow-official-2286174 |url-status=live }}</ref> A government spokesperson explained that the property had been constructed on the property of migrants in Pakistan.<ref name=":4" /> Ansari's sons property was razed.<ref name=":5" /> This involved 250 policemen and 20 bulldozers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=UP: योगी सरकार की बड़ी कार्रवाई, मुख्तार अंसारी के बेटों की अवैध संपत्ति पर चला बुलडोजर |trans-title=UP: Big action of Yogi government, bulldozer on illegal property of sons of Mukhtar Ansari |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/up-big-action-by-yogi-government-bulldozer-on-illegal-property-of-mukhtar-ansari-s-sons-prshnt/155728/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Navodaya Times |language=hindi |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417061413/https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/up-big-action-by-yogi-government-bulldozer-on-illegal-property-of-mukhtar-ansari-s-sons-prshnt/155728/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Part of a hotel he owned was demolished following a decision taken by an administrative board including the district magistrate.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 November 2020 |title=मुख्तार अंसारी के होटल पर चला योगी सरकार का बुलडोजर, गिराई गई बिल्डिंग |trans-title=Yogi Sarkar's bulldozer on Mukhtar Ansari's hotel, building demolished |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/yogi-sarkar-bulldozer-on-mukhtar-ansaris-hotel-building-collapsed-1622242 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ABPlive एबीपी न्यूज़ |language=hi |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501111213/https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/yogi-sarkar-bulldozer-on-mukhtar-ansaris-hotel-building-collapsed-1622242 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2020, properties connected to [[Atique Ahmed]] were demolished.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2020 |editor-last=Nandan |editor-first=Nishant |title=यूपी: माफिया अतीक अहमद के रिश्तेदार के घर चला बुलडोजर, 2 करोड़ का मकान तिनके में बिखर गया; देखें वीडियो |trans-title=UP: Mafia bulldozer went to Atiq Ahmed's relative's house, house worth 2 crores was scattered in straws; watch video |url=https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/uttar-pradesh-mafia-don-atiq-ahmad-realtive-house-demolished-in-prayagraj-by-yogi-adityanath-government-video/1523906/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Jansatta |publisher=The Indian Express |language=hi |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203517/https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/uttar-pradesh-mafia-don-atiq-ahmad-realtive-house-demolished-in-prayagraj-by-yogi-adityanath-government-video/1523906/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2020 |title=Operation माफिया: अतीक अहमद के 60 करोड़ रुपये की अवैध संपत्ति पर चला बुलडोजर |trans-title=Operation Mafia: Bulldozer on illegal property worth Rs 60 crore of Atiq Ahmed |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/national/yogi-governments-bulldozer-fired-on-illegal-property-worth-rs-60-crore-of-mafia-ateeq-ahmed/747417 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423190814/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/national/yogi-governments-bulldozer-fired-on-illegal-property-worth-rs-60-crore-of-mafia-ateeq-ahmed/747417 |url-status=live }}</ref> This includes Mohamed Zaid's two-story house built in 2015 over 600 square yards. 6 bulldozers took 5 hours.<ref name=":3" /> The reason given for demolishing the building was that the blueprints of the building were not cleared by local authorities before construction.<ref name=":3" /> A number of other structures, illegal constructions, or belonging to known gangsters were also raised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogesh |date=26 December 2020 |title=प्रयागराज में एक और माफिया के अवैध निर्माण पर गरजा योगी सरकार का बुलडोजर |trans-title=Yogi government's bulldozer on illegal construction of another mafia in Prayagraj |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-yogi-government-bulldozer-on-another-mafia-mansion-in-prayagraj-3706613.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226132131/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-yogi-government-bulldozer-on-another-mafia-mansion-in-prayagraj-3706613.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=फिर चला योगी सरकार का बुलडोजर: मऊ में मॉल और वाराणसी में किया इमारत ध्वस्त |url=https://www.ghazipurnews.in/2020/11/yogi-government-bulldozer-on-illegal-constructions-in-up-demolition-of-building-in-varanasi-and-mall-in-mau.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ग़ाज़ीपुर न्यूज़ |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105095828/https://www.ghazipurnews.in/2020/11/yogi-government-bulldozer-on-illegal-constructions-in-up-demolition-of-building-in-varanasi-and-mall-in-mau.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Gajendra |date=5 July 2021 |title=अपराधियों और उपद्रवियों की संपत्ति कब्जे में लेकर गरीबों में बांट रही सरकार: योगी आदित्यनाथ |trans-title=The government is distributing the property of criminals and miscreants among the poor: Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-statement-on-bulldozer-illegal-construction-demolition-administrative-action-ntc-1285446-2021-07-05 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424130533/https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-statement-on-bulldozer-illegal-construction-demolition-administrative-action-ntc-1285446-2021-07-05 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shantanu |first=Shashank |date=22 July 2021 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Vishal Pratap |title=Yogi govt bulldozes illegal Rohingya camps set up in Delhi's Madanpur Khadar over 2.10 hectares land |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rohingya-camps-removed-by-yogi-adityanath-govt-up-irrigation-department-in-delhi-madanpur-khadar-721136 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=IndiaTV}}</ref> This number increased by the end of 2021.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=योगी के बुलडोजर से इस साल जमकर कुचला गया माफिया का गुरूर, निकल गई अपराधियों की हेकड़ी |trans-title=This year the mafia's pride was crushed fiercely by Yogi's bulldozer, the arrogance of criminals came out |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/cm-yogi-bulldozer-run-on-illegal-property-of-mafia-atiq-ahmed-mukhtar-ansari-this-year-know-details/1059239 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Zee News |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424124022/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/cm-yogi-bulldozer-run-on-illegal-property-of-mafia-atiq-ahmed-mukhtar-ansari-this-year-know-details/1059239 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2021, Yogi stated that {{Convert|67000|acre|km2}} of land had been freed from mafia control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Prashasti |date=23 February 2021 |title='UP govt has freed 67,000 acres of land from land mafia': CM Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-govt-has-freed-67-000-acres-of-land-from-land-mafia-cm-yogi-adityanath-101614099369779.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424114548/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-govt-has-freed-67-000-acres-of-land-from-land-mafia-cm-yogi-adityanath-101614099369779.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Yogi said that the illegal properties that are being seized and bulldozed will be replaced by new houses for the Dalits and the poor, playgrounds and other social needs,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 October 2020 |title=Ram Naam Satya Journey Will Start, Yogi Adityanath Warns On 'Love Jihad' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-allahabad-hc-declares-conversion-void-yogi-adityanath-hails-decision/363320 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424113535/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-allahabad-hc-declares-conversion-void-yogi-adityanath-hails-decision/363320 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2021 |title=Houses for Dalits and poor on land confiscated from mafia in UP, announces CM Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-announces-houses-for-dalits-and-poor-on-land-confiscated-from-mafia-in-up/2313770/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Financial Express |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424114548/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-announces-houses-for-dalits-and-poor-on-land-confiscated-from-mafia-in-up/2313770/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Pankaj |date=28 October 2020 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Yogi Adityanath vows jail for those involved in cow slaughter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-vows-jail-for-those-involved-in-cow-slaughter/articleshow/78902549.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424114548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath-vows-jail-for-those-involved-in-cow-slaughter/articleshow/78902549.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and warned the mafia of harassing the poor, farmers and traders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathour |first=Dinesh |date=12 September 2021 |title=सीएम योगी की यूपी के माफियाओं को चेतावनी, गरीबों, किसानों व व्यापारियों को परेशान किया तो जीना हराम कर देंगे |trans-title=CM Yogi's warning to the mafia of UP, if you harass the poor, farmers and traders, you will make life haram |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-cm-yogi-said-once-the-power-was-a-disciple-of-mafia-government-bulldozer-runs-on-them-4568388.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912162524/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-cm-yogi-said-once-the-power-was-a-disciple-of-mafia-government-bulldozer-runs-on-them-4568388.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Public response within Uttar Pradesh in relation to the use of the bulldozer has been mixed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |editor-last=Verma |editor-first=Radha |title=सरकारी संपत्ति पर कब्जा करने वालों का एक ही उपचार- बुलडोज़र, बोले CM योगी |trans-title=Only one treatment for those who occupied government property - bulldozers, said CM Yogi, people started asking such questions |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-said-bulldozer-is-the-only-solution-of-people-who-used-to-do-illegal-possession-of-government-property/1830212/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Jansatta |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424124022/https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-said-bulldozer-is-the-only-solution-of-people-who-used-to-do-illegal-possession-of-government-property/1830212/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Yogi government has also warned about the misuse of bulldozers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 April 2022 |title=Misuse of bulldozers will not be tolerated: ADG Law and Order after Yogi Adityanath's new directive |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/misuse-of-bulldozers-will-not-be-tolerated-adg-law-and-order-after-yogi-adityanaths-new-directive/videoshow/90729885.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424221226/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/misuse-of-bulldozers-will-not-be-tolerated-adg-law-and-order-after-yogi-adityanaths-new-directive/videoshow/90729885.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=श्रीवास्तव |first=समर्थ |title='अपराधी-माफिया को बख्शें नहीं, गरीब को छुएं नहीं', बुलडोजर पर योगी का सख्त फरमान |trans-title='Do not spare the criminal-mafia, do not touch the poor', Yogi's strict order on the bulldozer |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-bulldozer-action-poor-people-criminals-guideline-lclv-1442742-2022-04-08 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |date=8 April 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215724/https://www.aajtak.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-bulldozer-action-poor-people-criminals-guideline-lclv-1442742-2022-04-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Elections ====
{{Quote box
| quote = We have a special machine which we are using for building expressways and highways. At the same time, we are using it to crush the mafia who exploited people to build their properties.
| author = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| source = during [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|state election campaigns, 2022]]<ref name=":0" />
| width = 260px
| bgcolor =
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}}Yogi Adityanath went on to use the bulldozer in his election campaign for the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] held between 10 February and 7 March 2022. This earned him the tag "bulldozer baba".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Majumder |first=Bhaswati Guha |date=10 March 2022 |title=Why BJP Workers in Uttar Pradesh Are Celebrating Yogi's Victory on Bulldozers |language=en |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/why-bjp-workers-in-uttar-pradesh-are-celebrating-yogis-victory-with-bulldozers-4861778.html |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024454/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/why-bjp-workers-in-uttar-pradesh-are-celebrating-yogis-victory-with-bulldozers-4861778.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=10 March 2022 |title='Bulldozer baba' -- Mighty Yogi's new sobriquet |work=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/india/bulldozer-baba-mighty-yogis-new-sobriquet/867987/ |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024454/https://theprint.in/india/bulldozer-baba-mighty-yogis-new-sobriquet/867987/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The term had initially been used as a taunt by an opposition party.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Sahu |first=Manish |date=8 March 2022 |title=Explained: Not just bulls, how bulldozers made it to election lexicon in UP |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-not-just-bulls-how-bulldozers-made-it-to-election-lexicon-in-up-7804167/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220308024333/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-not-just-bulls-how-bulldozers-made-it-to-election-lexicon-in-up-7804167/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2022 |agency=ANI |title=He is today's Aurangzeb, wasn't loyal to his father, how will he be loyal to you: Shivraj Singh Chouhan takes swipe at Akhilesh Yadav |url=https://theprint.in/india/he-is-todays-aurangzeb-wasnt-loyal-to-his-father-how-will-he-be-loyal-to-you-shivraj-singh-chouhan-takes-swipe-at-akhilesh-yadav/839741/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ThePrint |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175916/https://theprint.in/india/he-is-todays-aurangzeb-wasnt-loyal-to-his-father-how-will-he-be-loyal-to-you-shivraj-singh-chouhan-takes-swipe-at-akhilesh-yadav/839741/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In some rallies, Yogi also mentioned: "bulldozers taking rest".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Arun |date=25 March 2022 |title=Glorification of 'bulldozer politics' in UP under Yogi doesn't portend well for democracy |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/glorification-of-bulldozer-politics-in-up-under-yogi-doesnt-portend-well-for-democracy |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=National Herald |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417064811/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/glorification-of-bulldozer-politics-in-up-under-yogi-doesnt-portend-well-for-democracy |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan|Shivraj Singh Chauhan]], the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, another [[List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party|state with a BJP CM]], went on to use the bulldozer similarly as seen in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=12 April 2022 |title=Analysis {{!}} Shivraj Singh Chouhan's metamorphosis from plain 'mama' to 'bulldozer mama' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shivraj-chouhans-metamorphosis-from-plain-mama-to-bulldozer-mama/article65313790.ece |access-date=23 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X |quote=...the liberal use of bulldozers to demolish properties of alleged perpetrators of crime (many from a particular community)... |authorlink=Nistula Hebbar |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423083741/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shivraj-chouhans-metamorphosis-from-plain-mama-to-bulldozer-mama/article65313790.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> By 19 March, CM Chauhan had ordered the use of the bulldozer against the property of the mafia as well as against gang rape, rioting and kidnapping accused in [[Seoni district|Seoni]], [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]], [[Jaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaora]], [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]] and [[Raisen district|Raisen]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title='Bulldozer running...': MP chief minister warns miscreants of house demolition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/bulldozer-running-mp-chief-minister-warns-miscreants-of-house-demolition-101647973896593.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Dwary |first=Anurag |date=22 March 2022 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Akhil |title="Bulldozer Mama": After UP, BJP Pushes 'Tough-On-Crime' Image In Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bulldozer-mama-after-up-bjp-pushes-tough-on-crime-image-in-madhya-pradesh-2835833 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175915/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bulldozer-mama-after-up-bjp-pushes-tough-on-crime-image-in-madhya-pradesh-2835833 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Shahdol rape incident took place on 16 March and the house of the accused was demolished on 22 March. This was following an investigation by the chief municipality officer who found a number of illegalities in the construction of the house.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=पांडे |first=सौरभ |date=22 March 2022 |title=शहडोल में गैंगरेप-हत्या के आरोपी के घर पर चला बुलडोजर, छतरपुर में सरकारी जमीन मुक्त |trans-title=Bulldozer ran at the house of accused of gangrape-murder in Shahdol, freed government land in Chhatarpur |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/shahdol-bulldozer-gangrape-murder-accused-abdul-shadab-usmani-house-demolished-encroachment-removed-from-government-land-in-chhatarpur-mpsg-4084468.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175915/https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/shahdol-bulldozer-gangrape-murder-accused-abdul-shadab-usmani-house-demolished-encroachment-removed-from-government-land-in-chhatarpur-mpsg-4084468.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Sachin Kumar |date=21 March 2022 |title=Madhya Pradesh: मप्र के श्योपुर और सिवनी में दुष्कर्म के आरोपितों के घरों पर चला बुलडोजर |trans-title=Madhya Pradesh: Bulldozers ran on the houses of the accused of rape in Sheopur and Seoni of MP |url=https://www.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-bulldozer-ran-on-houses-of-accused-in-sheopur-in-mp-22560491.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175916/https://www.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-bulldozer-ran-on-houses-of-accused-in-sheopur-in-mp-22560491.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following clashes on Holi in Khamriya village of Raisen, the administration used bulldozers to demolish encroachments of accused rioters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=राठौड़ |first=विजय सिंह |date=21 March 2022 |title=यूपी के बाद अब एमपी में चला बुलडोजर, रायसेन झड़प के आरोपियों के घर किए गए जमींदोज |trans-title=Raisen: After UP, bulldozers started running in MP too, houses of accused of Raisen clash were demolished |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/raisen-clash-bulldozer-run-in-mp-after-up-raisen-clash-accused-houses-demolished-ann-2085064 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ABP live |language=hi |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424175915/https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/raisen-clash-bulldozer-run-in-mp-after-up-raisen-clash-accused-houses-demolished-ann-2085064 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=कुमार |first=मुनेश्वर |date=20 March 2022 |title=योगी इफेक्ट! शिवराज से ऑर्डर मिलते ही एमपी में अपराधियों के घर पर चलने लगा बुलडोजर |trans-title=Yogi Effect! Bulldozer started running at criminals' house in MP as soon as order was received from Shivraj |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/sheopur/bulldozer-started-running-at-criminals-house-in-mp-after-order-received-from-shivraj-singh-chouhan/articleshow/90335729.cms |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509122615/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/sheopur/bulldozer-started-running-at-criminals-house-in-mp-after-order-received-from-shivraj-singh-chouhan/articleshow/90335729.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the alleged perps were of a "particular community".<ref name=":9" /> Similarly to the tag given to Yogi "bulldozer baba", banners were seen in [[Bhopal]] with "bulldozer mama"{{Efn|''Mama'' is maternal uncle, ''bulldozer mama'' can be translated as uncle with the bulldozer.<ref name=":9" />}} written and an image of CM Chauhan and a bulldozer in the background.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anuraag |date=22 March 2022 |title=After UP's 'Bulldozer Baba', MP CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan dons role of 'Bulldozer Mama' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/mar/22/after-ups-bulldozer-baba-mp-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan-dons-role-of-bulldozer-mama-2433046.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Following a rape incident on 28 March in a government guesthouse in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]], CM Chauhan ordered a bulldozer to be used against the house of the accused, a [[Mahant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=31 March 2022 |title='Use Bulldozer To Demolish House of Rape Accused': MP CM Shivraj to Rewa Police |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-chief-minister-instructs-rewa-police-to-demolish-house-of-rape-accused-using-a-bulldozer |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Following [[Ram Navami riots|clashes]] in [[Khargone]] on 10 April 2022, [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], 16 houses and 29 shops were demolished by Chouhan's government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Vishnukant |date=12 April 2022 |title='All Gone to Dust': MP Govt Razes 16 Houses, 29 Shops After Ram Navami Violence |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/after-ram-navami-violence-madhya-pradesh-government-bulldozes-houses-shops |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423155548/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/after-ram-navami-violence-madhya-pradesh-government-bulldozes-houses-shops |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":ninestatesfifteendays"/> Some of the demolished buildings were constructed under the government housing initiative [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |others=FP Explainers |title='Bulldozer Baba, Bulldozer Mama, bulldozer justice': How the modest machine has become the buzzword in Indian politics |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bulldozer-baba-bulldozer-mama-bulldozer-justice-how-the-modest-machine-has-become-the-buzzword-in-indian-politics-10580201.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422085034/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bulldozer-baba-bulldozer-mama-bulldozer-justice-how-the-modest-machine-has-become-the-buzzword-in-indian-politics-10580201.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Sidebar timeline
| title = Ram Navami and Hanuman Jayanti violence in April 2022
| years1 =10 April
| color1 =
| events1 = '''Khargone''', MP;<ref name=":ninestatesfifteendays">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2022 |title=Nine states, 15 days: India is witnessing a spate of communal violence |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nine-states-15-days-india-is-witnessing-a-spate-of-communal-violence-10572031.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423145420/https://www.firstpost.com/india/nine-states-15-days-india-is-witnessing-a-spate-of-communal-violence-10572031.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Howrah and Bankura, WB<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Debayan |date=11 April 2022 |title=Hate and Harmony: The Two Sides of Ram Navami in West Bengal |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/hate-and-harmony-the-two-sides-of-west-bengals-ram-navami-celebrations |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423155558/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/hate-and-harmony-the-two-sides-of-west-bengals-ram-navami-celebrations |url-status=live }}</ref>
| years2 = 11 April
| color2 =
| events2 = '''Khambat''', GJ;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=11 April 2022 |title=Communal clashes in Gujarat: 1 killed, another injured during Ram Navami processions |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/one-killed-another-injured-in-communal-clashes-in-gujarat/article65310605.ece |access-date=24 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kshatriya |first=Dilip Singh |date=15 April 2022 |title=After MP, now bulldozer crackdown on illegal shops of riot accused in Gujarat's Khambat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/15/after-mp-now-bulldozer-crackdown-on-illegal-shops-of-riot-accused-in-gujarats-khambat-2442462.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424185501/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/15/after-mp-now-bulldozer-crackdown-on-illegal-shops-of-riot-accused-in-gujarats-khambat-2442462.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lohardaga, JH;<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |agency=PTI |title=Clashes in Jharkhand during Ram Navami procession leave 1 dead, 12 injured |url=https://theprint.in/india/clashes-in-jharkhand-during-ram-navami-procession-leave-1-dead-12-injured/911490/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ThePrint |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422040612/https://theprint.in/india/clashes-in-jharkhand-during-ram-navami-procession-leave-1-dead-12-injured/911490/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Baina, Vasco, GA <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Tension erupts in Baina as groups belonging to two communities clash |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Tension-erupts-in-Baina-as-groups-belonging-to-two-communities-clash/188716 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Herald Goa |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505235302/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Tension-erupts-in-Baina-as-groups-belonging-to-two-communities-clash/188716 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| years5 =16 April
| color5 =
| events5 ='''Jahangirpuri''', DL;<ref name=":ninestatesfifteendays" /> Hubli, KA;<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2022 |title=Explained: The violence in Karnataka's Hubballi over a WhatsApp status |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/explained-the-violence-in-karnatakas-hubballi-over-a-whatsapp-status-10567541.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''Bhagwanpur'', Roorkee, UK<ref name=":UK1">{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sumedha |date=19 April 2022 |title=Influenced by 'Kashmir Files', Hindutva Workers Threaten to Remove Muslims From Roorkee Village |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/roorkee-ground-report-kashmir-files-communal-hindutva |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The Wire |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512204519/https://thewire.in/communalism/roorkee-ground-report-kashmir-files-communal-hindutva |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":UK2">{{Cite web |last=तिवारी |first=सत्यम् |date=18 April 2022 |title=रुड़की : हनुमान जयंती पर भड़की हिंसा, पुलिस ने मुस्लिम बहुल गांव में खड़े किए बुलडोज़र |trans-title=Roorkee: Violence erupts on Hanuman Jayanti, police erected bulldozers in Muslim dominated village |url=https://hindi.newsclick.in/Roorkee-Violence-erupts-on-Hanuman-Jayanti-police-erected-bulldozers-in-Muslim-dominated-village |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=न्यूज़क्लिक |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419103958/https://hindi.newsclick.in/Roorkee-Violence-erupts-on-Hanuman-Jayanti-police-erected-bulldozers-in-Muslim-dominated-village |url-status=live }}</ref>
| years6 =17 April
| color6 =
| events6 = Holagunda, Kurnool, AP<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=17 April 2022 |title=Clashes break out on Hanuman Jayanti in Andhra's Kurnool, 20 held; section 144 imposed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kurnool-hanuman-jayanti-clashes-20-arrested-1938455-2022-04-17 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422040610/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kurnool-hanuman-jayanti-clashes-20-arrested-1938455-2022-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| years7 =18 April
| color7 =
| events7 =Amravati, MH<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maitra |first=Pradip Kumar |date=19 April 2022 |title=Curfew in Maharashtra's Amravati after clash over flags |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-in-maharashtra-s-amravati-after-clash-over-flags-101650308892419.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421014316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/curfew-in-maharashtra-s-amravati-after-clash-over-flags-101650308892419.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

| below = In '''Bold''' are locations where bulldozers were used in response. In ''Italics'' a threat to use bulldozers was seen.
}}

=== Karnataka and Uttarakhand ===
On 16 April, localized riots took place in [[Hubli]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Bharath |date=22 April 2022 |title=Many unseen hands behind Hubballi violence: Karnataka Home Minister |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/many-unseen-hands-behind-hubballi-violence-karnataka-home-minister-1102960.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Following violence, there were calls in the state demanding a "bulldozer" form of justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Demand For 'Bulldozer Model' To Deal With Communal Violence Grows Stronger In State BJP |url=https://hubballitimes.com/demand-for-bulldozer-model-to-deal-with-communal-violence-grows-stronger-in-state-bjp/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Hubballi Times |language=en-US |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903011123/https://hubballitimes.com/demand-for-bulldozer-model-to-deal-with-communal-violence-grows-stronger-in-state-bjp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2022 |agency=Press Trust of India |title='Bulldozer'-Like Action For Hubbali Rioters? What Karnataka Chief Minister Said |url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/bulldozer-like-action-for-hubbali-rioters-what-karnataka-chief-minister-said-2900930 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422112830/https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/bulldozer-like-action-for-hubbali-rioters-what-karnataka-chief-minister-said-2900930 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Amandeep |date=19 April 2022 |title=Loudspeaker and bulldozer becoming key terms in Indian political lexicon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/loudspeaker-and-bulldozer-becoming-key-terms-in-indian-political-lexicon/articleshow/90940835.cms |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423161420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/loudspeaker-and-bulldozer-becoming-key-terms-in-indian-political-lexicon/articleshow/90940835.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day, violence was also seen in Uttarakhand's [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand|Bhagwanpur]] region. In the following days, bulldozers were seen in proximity to properties of the riot accused.<ref name=":UK1" /><ref name=":UK2" />

=== Delhi ===
On 20 April, following [[2022 Jahangirpuri violence|communal violence in Delhi's Jahangirpuri]], local authorities issued the demolition of certain structures in an eviction and anti-encroachment drive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Jahangirpuri violence: Supreme Court steps in, halts demolition drive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/supreme-court-stalls-jahangirpuri-demolition-7877969/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423141714/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/supreme-court-stalls-jahangirpuri-demolition-7877969/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] intervened to stop the demolition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Jahangirpuri, in pictures: A communal flare-up, demolition drive, then SC intervention |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pics-losses-mount-ndmc-anti-encroachment-drive-jahangirpuri-7878466/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423142546/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pics-losses-mount-ndmc-anti-encroachment-drive-jahangirpuri-7878466/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Supposedly the Supreme Court had to give the orders twice as demolition continued for around an hour after the first order.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |last2=Sur |first2=Arnabjit |date=20 April 2022 |title=Supreme Court halts eviction drive in Delhi's Jahangirpuri |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/supreme-court-halts-eviction-drive-in-delhis-jahangirpuri/article65337761.ece |access-date=23 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423083639/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/supreme-court-halts-eviction-drive-in-delhis-jahangirpuri/article65337761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Street carts were also destroyed with bulldozers.<ref name=":1" /> Residents said that even registered buildings were damaged.<ref name=":1" /> Nine bulldozers were seen in the area and 20 structures were destroyed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Razdan |first1=Nidhi |last2=Ghosh |first2=Deepshikha |date=20 April 2022 |title=Mayor On Why Bulldozers Kept Moving In Delhi's Jahangirpuri Even After Court Pause |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mayor-on-why-bulldozers-kept-moving-in-delhis-jahangirpuri-even-after-supreme-court-pause-2903929 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423175015/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mayor-on-why-bulldozers-kept-moving-in-delhis-jahangirpuri-even-after-supreme-court-pause-2903929 |url-status=live }}</ref> A political blame game ensued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2022 |title=Bulldozer drive in Jahangirpuri triggers political slugfest |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bulldozer-drive-in-jahangirpuri-triggers-political-slugfest/article65339351.ece |access-date=24 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215723/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bulldozer-drive-in-jahangirpuri-triggers-political-slugfest/article65339351.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=Demolition in Jahangirpuri: After communal flare up, bulldozer politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/demolition-in-jahangirpuri-after-communal-flare-up-bulldozer-politics-shobha-yatra-hanuman-jayanti-violence-delhi-7879373/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215723/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/demolition-in-jahangirpuri-after-communal-flare-up-bulldozer-politics-shobha-yatra-hanuman-jayanti-violence-delhi-7879373/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rajasthan ===
On 22 April, bulldozers were seen demolishing some shops and three temples in Alwar, Rajasthan, a Congress-led state but in the BJP-held municipality of Rajgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=Alwar: Bulldozers raze 300-year-old Shiva temple in Rajasthan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/alwar-bulldozers-raze-300-year-old-shiva-temple-in-rajasthan-101650634847760.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423091749/https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/alwar-bulldozers-raze-300-year-old-shiva-temple-in-rajasthan-101650634847760.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=From UP, MP to Delhi & Now Rajasthan, Bulldozer Politics Hits Alwar Temples. BJP Calls it 'Revenge' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/250-yr-old-alwar-temple-razed-under-demolition-drive-bjp-slams-cong-govt-plaint-against-mla-sdm-5030785.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424075126/https://www.news18.com/news/india/250-yr-old-alwar-temple-razed-under-demolition-drive-bjp-slams-cong-govt-plaint-against-mla-sdm-5030785.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=Alwar Demolition Row: All Three Temples Razed in Anti-encroachment Drive to be Rebuilt, Says Admin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/alwar-demolition-row-all-three-temples-razed-in-anti-encroachment-drive-to-be-rebuilt-says-admin-5039791.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=News18}}</ref> Local administration said that consensus had been achieved in the destruction of the shrines, including one which had been built on a drain, and that it was part of an anti-encroachment drive and the shrines would be rebuilt on "non-controversial land".<ref name=":12" /> During another anti-encroachment drive the next day, a [[Goshala|gaushala]] was part of the removed structures and cleared land.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Santosh |date=23 April 2022 |title=राजस्थान: अलवर में मंदिर के बाद गोशाला पर चला बुलडोजर, वन विभाग ने खाली कराई 40 बीघा जमीन |trans-title=Rajasthan: After the temple in Alwar, the bulldozer ran on the cowshed, the forest department evacuated 40 bighas of land |url=https://www.aajtak.in/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-after-temple-in-alwar-bulldozer-demolished-cowshed-ntc-1451193-2022-04-23 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Aaj Tak |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423043720/https://www.aajtak.in/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-after-temple-in-alwar-bulldozer-demolished-cowshed-ntc-1451193-2022-04-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Sharmita |date=23 April 2022 |editor-last=Srinivasan |editor-first=Chandrashekar |title='Gaushala' demolished in Rajasthan's Alwar, day after razing of Shiva temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/alwar-temple-demolition-row-gaushala-demolished-in-rajasthan-s-alwar-day-after-razing-of-shiva-temple-101650705163107.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423181049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/alwar-temple-demolition-row-gaushala-demolished-in-rajasthan-s-alwar-day-after-razing-of-shiva-temple-101650705163107.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legal issues ==

=== On Jahangirpuri ===
[[Tushar Mehta]], on behalf of [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]], stated that the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act provides for the removal of "stall, chair, bench, box, ladder, bale" without notice. Just as Ganesh Gupta's juice shop was removed without notice, everything on public land was removed. In the case of buildings, notices were given. Further, the law provides some days and appellate remedy in the case of building as per the Act.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Ojha |first=Srishti |date=2022-04-21 |title="You Require Bulldozers To Remove Stalls & Chairs?" Supreme Court Asks NDMC On Jahangirpuri Demolitions |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/you-require-bulldozers-to-remove-stalls-chairs-supreme-court-asks-ndmc-on-jahangirpuri-demolitions-197162 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=LiveLaw |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426102843/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/you-require-bulldozers-to-remove-stalls-chairs-supreme-court-asks-ndmc-on-jahangirpuri-demolitions-197162 |url-status=live }}</ref> As "houses and other permanent structures were targeted" Advocate Dushyant Dave raised this as a primary point before the court.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Anmol |last2=Joseph |first2=Jeff |last3=Joshi |first3=Mukta |date=21 April 2022 |title=Despite BJP's Claims, Jahangirpuri Demolitions Were Far From a Legitimate Anti-Encroachment Drive |url=https://thewire.in/government/jahangirpuri-demolitions-not-legitimate-anti-encroachment |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Wire |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426115340/https://thewire.in/government/jahangirpuri-demolitions-not-legitimate-anti-encroachment |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Farm leader and national spokesperson of the [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]] (BKU) [[Rakesh Tikait]] warned the government that if the unjust use of bulldozers doesn't stop, tractors will be used by farmers to stop them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dilshad |first=Mohd |date=23 April 2022 |title=Now, tractor will confront bulldozer: Rakesh Tikait |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/now-tractor-will-confront-bulldozer-rakesh-tikait/articleshow/91024024.cms |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423065115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/now-tractor-will-confront-bulldozer-rakesh-tikait/articleshow/91024024.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Opposition leaders in response also stated the headquarters of the BJP should be demolished and that it was the BJP who allowed illegal constructions in Delhi in areas they had held for years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Delhi demolition: Bulldoze BJP headquarters, Amit Shah's residence to end riots, says AAP's Raghav Chadha |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/delhi-demolition-bulldoze-bjp-headquarters-amit-shahs-residence-to-end-riots-says-aaps-raghav-chadha/2497814/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Financial Express |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423171612/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/delhi-demolition-bulldoze-bjp-headquarters-amit-shahs-residence-to-end-riots-says-aaps-raghav-chadha/2497814/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Akhil |title="Demolish Home Minister's House": Opposition On 'Bulldozer' Move In Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jahangirpuri-demolition-opposition-leaders-slam-delhi-demolition-target-pm-and-home-minister-2903348 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=NDTV |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423171611/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jahangirpuri-demolition-opposition-leaders-slam-delhi-demolition-target-pm-and-home-minister-2903348 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Akhilesh Yadav]] said that BJP should make the bulldozer its emblem and that it was distracting the Chief Minister from more important governance matters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=20 April 2022 |title=BJP made the bulldozer a symbol of its unlawful power, says Akhilesh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-made-the-bulldozer-a-symbol-of-its-unlawful-power-says-akhilesh/article65338834.ece |access-date=23 April 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423161409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-made-the-bulldozer-a-symbol-of-its-unlawful-power-says-akhilesh/article65338834.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=16 April 2022 |title=With CM busy chasing opposition on bulldozer, jungle raj prevails in UP: Akhilesh Yadav |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/with-cm-busy-chasing-opposition-on-bulldozer-jungle-raj-prevails-in-up-akhilesh-yadav/articleshow/90884103.cms |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423175015/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/with-cm-busy-chasing-opposition-on-bulldozer-jungle-raj-prevails-in-up-akhilesh-yadav/articleshow/90884103.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Manish Sisodia]] said that the bulldozer was being used as a tool of extortion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=Sisodia's message to MLAs: Stand firm against BJP's 'bulldozer politics' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sisodias-message-to-mlas-stand-firm-against-bjps-bulldozer-politics-jahangirpuri-demolition-violence-7882977/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422215937/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sisodias-message-to-mlas-stand-firm-against-bjps-bulldozer-politics-jahangirpuri-demolition-violence-7882977/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Names such as "Bulldozernath" or "the lord of bulldozers" were used.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2021 |agency=PTI |title=Cong seeks to dub Yogi Adityanath as 'Bulldozernath' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/cong-seeks-to-dub-yogi-adityuanath-as-bulldozernath/406952 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Outlook India |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424133831/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/cong-seeks-to-dub-yogi-adityuanath-as-bulldozernath/406952 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bulldozer was connected to bulldozing the "dreams of the youth" and being "anti-women".<ref name=":8" /> [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] filed two petitions in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuchay |first=Bilal |date=18 April 2022 |title=India: Muslim group takes 'dangerous bulldozer politics' to court |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/18/india-muslim-group-takes-dangerous-bulldozer-politics-to-court |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423081853/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/18/india-muslim-group-takes-dangerous-bulldozer-politics-to-court |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":15" /> On 24 April 2022, Aam Aadmi Party conducted "foot marches" in all the wards of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2022 |agency=PTI |title=AAP ups ante against BJP's 'bulldozer politics', takes out foot marches in Delhi |url=https://theprint.in/india/aap-ups-ante-against-bjps-bulldozer-politics-takes-out-foot-marches-in-delhi/929511/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ThePrint |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215724/https://theprint.in/india/aap-ups-ante-against-bjps-bulldozer-politics-takes-out-foot-marches-in-delhi/929511/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Brinda Karat]], an Indian politician, has claimed that BJP aims to vilify Muslims through these actions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=24 April 2022 |title=Aim of bulldozer politics is to demonise Muslims: Brinda Karat |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/aim-of-bulldozer-politics-is-to-demonise-muslims-brinda-karat-1103390.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215724/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/aim-of-bulldozer-politics-is-to-demonise-muslims-brinda-karat-1103390.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Newslaundry]]'', an Indian media watchdog, reported on the response of sections of the Indian media and their coverage of the events and how certain anchors supported the proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 April 2022 |title=TV Newsance 168: Bulldozer ka religion and news anchors ki khushi |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/04/23/tv-newsance-168-bulldozer-ka-religion-and-news-anchors-ki-khushi |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Newslaundry |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423055645/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/04/23/tv-newsance-168-bulldozer-ka-religion-and-news-anchors-ki-khushi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anjana Om Kashyap]], a media professional, climbed on board the bulldozers at the <bdi>Jahangirpuri</bdi> site and started asking the drivers questions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 April 2022 |title=Jahangirpuri demolition drive: Anjana Om Kashyap rides a bulldozer to literally break the news |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/04/20/jahangirpuri-demolition-drive-anjana-om-kashyap-rides-a-bulldozer-to-literally-break-the-news |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Newslaundry |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423230107/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/04/20/jahangirpuri-demolition-drive-anjana-om-kashyap-rides-a-bulldozer-to-literally-break-the-news |url-status=live }}</ref> During one of the demolitions in Uttar Pradesh, a [[district magistrate]] (an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer) clicked a selfie, and shared it with the caption "{{Lang|hi|Yeh Hum Hai, Yeh Humaari Car Hai Aur Hamaari Party Ho Rahi Hai}}"{{Efn|A meme that had become a trend in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 February 2021 |title=Netflix, Zomato join 'Pawri hori hai' meme trend |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/netflix-zomato-join-yeh-humari-pawri-ho-rahi-hai-meme-trend-212853 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Tribune India }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>}} ({{Abbr|transl.|translation}} This is us, this is our car, our party is happening here).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Amidst bulldozer demolition, Hamirpur district magistrate clicks pictures of self with JCB, uploads on Whatsapp status |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/uttar-pradesh-amidst-bulldozer-demolition-hamirpur-district-magistrate-clicks-pictures-of-self-with-jcb-uploads-on-whatsapp-status |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422081254/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/uttar-pradesh-amidst-bulldozer-demolition-hamirpur-district-magistrate-clicks-pictures-of-self-with-jcb-uploads-on-whatsapp-status |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Commentary ==
The timing of the Jahangirpuri demolitions, four days after communal clashes in the same area, "reads extremely suspicious", says political commentator N. S. Moorthy.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Moorthy |first=N. Sathiya |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Why 'Bulldozer Politics' Won't Work |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/n-sathiya-moorthy-why-bulldozer-politics-wont-work/20220425.htm |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426102823/https://www.rediff.com/news/column/n-sathiya-moorthy-why-bulldozer-politics-wont-work/20220425.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court's status quo intervention brought immediate relief. However, this order does not seem to make the judiciary the answer to the larger overarching questions related to the perceived targeting of sections of the population, more than what is already being seen.<ref name=":16" />

==Supreme Court judgement==

Multiple pleas were filed time to time by different NGOs opposing the ''bulldozer justice''. They were all clubbed together by the Supreme Court. In November 2024, the directions were issued by the Supreme Court of India which outlawed ''bulldozer justice'' as a tool of punishment for accused or guilty people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/what-supreme-court-said-about-bulldozer-justice-9668571/|title=What Supreme Court said about 'bulldozer justice' in its verdict|date=14 November 2024|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=14 November 2024|access-date=14 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114101736/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/what-supreme-court-said-about-bulldozer-justice-9668571/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Supreme Court of India issued following directions to curb ''bulldozer justice.''<ref name="Jain">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Debby |date=2024-11-13 |title='Bulldozer Reminds Of Lawlessness' : Supreme Court Says Properties Can't Be Demolished Merely Because Of Criminal Accusations/Convictions |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/bulldozer-reminds-of-lawlessness-supreme-court-says-properties-cant-be-demolished-merely-because-of-criminal-accusationsconvictions-275054 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123190219/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/bulldozer-reminds-of-lawlessness-supreme-court-says-properties-cant-be-demolished-merely-because-of-criminal-accusationsconvictions-275054 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Directions
!Reference
|-
|1
|If order of demolition is passed then time has to be given to appeal this order.
|<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Bulldozer demolitions remind of a "lawless, ruthless state of affairs", declares Supreme Court, as it issues pan-India guidelines |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/bulldozer-demolitions-remind-of-a-lawless-ruthless-state-of-affairs-declares-supreme-court-as-it-issues-pan-india-guidelines/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211163527/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/bulldozer-demolitions-remind-of-a-lawless-ruthless-state-of-affairs-declares-supreme-court-as-it-issues-pan-india-guidelines/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=2024-11-13 |title=Bulldozer justice unconstitutional; officials should be penalised: Supreme Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/bulldozer-action-unconstitutional-officials-penalise-supreme-court |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|2
|No demolition is permissible without show cause notice. The notice is to be sent by registered post to the building owner and pasted outside the structure that is proposed to be demolished. At least 15 days from the date of notice must be given before any further demolition action is taken.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|3
|The notice shall contain details of the nature of violations that led the authorities to propose demolition, the date on which a personal hearing for the affected party is fixed, and before whom (which authority) it is fixed. It should also include the list of documents that the noticee has to furnish when making a reply.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|4
|To prevent any allegation of backdating such notices, as soon as the show cause notice is served, intimation of the same shall be sent to the Collector/District Magistrate (DM) of the district by email and an auto-generated reply acknowledging receipt of the mail should also be issued from the office of the Collector/DM. The Collector and DM are to appoint nodal officers and assign an email address for this purpose. This email is to be communicated to all municipal and other authorities in charge of building regulations and demolition within one month from today.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|5
|A designated digital portal is to be provided within three months from the date of the order where details of such notices, replies and the order eventually passed is made available.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|6
|The designated authority shall give an opportunity of personal hearing to the person affected and the minutes of such hearing shall be recorded.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|7
|Once a final order is passed thereafter, it should answer if the offense of constructing the unauthorized structure is compoundable. If only a part of the structure construction is found illegal/ non-compoundable, it has to be examined why the extreme step of demolition is the only answer. Orders so passed (on determining whether demolition is required) shall be displayed on the digital portal.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|8
|Opportunity must be given to the owner to demolish or remove the unauthorized structure within 15 days of the order. Steps to demolish the property can only be taken after these 15 days have elapsed without the person removing the illegal structure and if no appellate body has stayed the demolition. Only construction found to be unauthorized and not compoundable shall be demolished.
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|9
|Before demolition, a detailed inspection report shall be prepared by the concerned authority signed by two ''Panchas'' (witnesses).
|<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|-
|10
|Demolition proceedings are to be videographed. The video recording is to be preserved. A demolition report, recording which officials/ police officers/ civil personnel participated in the demolition proceedings, is to be prepared and forwarded to the concerned municipal commissioner. This report is also to be displayed on the digital portal.
|<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":17" /> [https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/1223920222024-11-13-570944.pdf Detailed-judgement]
|}
The Supreme Court also warned that if these directions are flouted, the officials responsible will be liable for contempt of Court and prosecution. Such officers shall be held liable to restitute the demolished property at their own cost and also pay compensation. The Court further made it clear that these directions will not be applicable if there is an unauthorized structure in any public place such as road, street, footpath, abutting railway line or any river body or water bodies and also to cases where there is an order for demolition made by a Court of law.<ref name=":18"/><ref name="Jain"/><ref name=":17"/>

== See also ==
* [[Israeli demolition of Palestinian property]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Ordinance, 2020]]
* [[2022 Jahangirpuri violence]]
* [[Ram Navami riots]]
* [[Illegal housing in India]]
* [[Turkman gate demolition and rioting]]

== References ==
;Notes
{{Notelist}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web |date=19 April 2022 |title=What Does 'Bulldozer Baba' Do with Seized Lands of Mafias? Expelled Families from Bangladesh Can Tell |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/what-does-bulldozer-baba-do-with-seized-lands-of-mafias-65-expelled-families-from-bangladesh-can-tell-5010277.html |website=News18}}
*{{Cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Government's Bulldozer Brand Effective Against Mafia: Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/governments-bulldozer-brand-effective-against-mafia-yogi-adityanath-4796597.html |website=News18}}
*{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 April 2022 |title=Herald View: The tyranny of the bulldozer |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/herald-view-the-tyranny-of-the-bulldozer |website=National Herald}}
*{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Muscle power: Editorial on 'bulldozer' politics |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/muscle-power-editorial-on-bulldozer-politics/cid/1860670 |website=The Telegraph India}}
*{{Cite web |date=24 April 2022 |title=Sachidananda Murthy on the validity of bulldozers |url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/Sachidananda-Murthy/2022/04/16/sachidananda-murthy-on-the-validity-of-bulldozers.html |website=The Week}}

== External links ==
* [https://theprint.in/last-laughs/make-or-break-in-india-and-what-bulldozers-are-doing-to-gandhis-legacy/925054/ Cartoons via ''ThePrint'']
* [https://scroll.in/article/1022231/in-cartoons-justice-bulldozed-as-demolition-drives-follow-communal-clashes Cartoons via ''TheScroll.in'']
* [https://twitter.com/ZOONewsTV/status/1513473680067768323 Video of a demolition]

[[Category:Democratic backsliding in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Crime in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Yogi Adityanath]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Bulldozers|Politics]]
[[Category:History of transport in India]]
[[Category:Vigilantism]]

Fursat (film)

2026-04-09T17:28:16Z

ArianneNies1: starting a article.

{{Short description|Indian musical romance short film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Fursat.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Sadhya Vyas
* Natasha Sunderan
}}
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Vishal Bhardwaj
* Jyotsna Hariharan
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Ishaan Khattar]]
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
* [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = Swapnil S. Sonawane
| editing = Vedant Joshi
| music = Vishal Bhardwaj
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Absolute Productions
* VB Pictures
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|02|03|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 30 minutes
}}
'''''Fursat''''' ({{Translation|'Leisure'}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Romance film|romance]] [[short film]] directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], who co-wrote the script with Jyotsna Hariharan. Produced by Absolute Productions and VB Pictures, the film stars [[Ishaan Khattar]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] and [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]. The film revolves around a man who finds an ancient artefact that transported him to the future, and how his quest affects his present timeline.

Bhardwaj conceived his idea on shooting a film via smartphones after discovering several short films that were filmed through them during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. He then developed a script that was inspired by Hollywood musical films that integrate song-and-dance sequences throughout the screenplay and explored [[time travel]] as the theme of the film. It was shot on an [[iPhone 14 Pro]] by cinematographer Swapnil S. Sonawane and edited by Vedant Joshi. Besides directing, Bhardwaj also composed the film score and soundtrack, with lyrics by [[Gulzar]] and [[Shiamak Davar]] handling the choreography for the song sequences.

''Fursat'' was released on 3 February 2023 on [[YouTube]]. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise directed on the cinematography, music, choreography, performances from the lead cast and the technicalities, but noted the incoherence in the screenplay and aesthetic appeal.

==Plot==
An archeologist Nishant Raj ([[Ishaan Khatter]]), discovers an ancient artifact that transports him to the future. Along the way he meets his childhood friend and doctor Diya Srivastav ([[Wamiqa Gabbi]]) and chief gangster ([[Salman Yusuff Khan]]). Nishant realizes that the more he wants to look towards the future, the greater the risk he has losing the present.
==Cast==
* [[Ishaan Khatter]] as Nishant Raj
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] as Diya Srivastav
* [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] as Chief Gangster
* Kumaradas T.N. as Jhandi Gangster
* Sahaj Singh as Arjun
* Ishrat Khan as Diya's mother
* Bimal Jeet Oberoi as Diya's father
* Arpa Parekh as Arjun's mother
* Jeetendra M. Kosambi as Arjun's father

==Production==
Vishal Bhardwaj initially spearheaded on two projects for [[Netflix]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] after the release of ''[[Pataakha]]'' (2018)—one being an adaptation of the [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' and the other based on the hijacking of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]]. Both were pulled out by the respective platforms, due to logistic reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=2023-09-30 |title='An espionage thriller is the most juicy genre': Vishal Bhardwaj on 'Khufiya' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1056596/an-espionage-thriller-is-the-most-juicy-genre-vishal-bhardwaj-on-khufiya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015127/https://scroll.in/reel/1056596/an-espionage-thriller-is-the-most-juicy-genre-vishal-bhardwaj-on-khufiya |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en |quote=Actually, it was a forced break in a way because two projects did not work out. I was doing Midnight’s Children for Netflix. One year went into writing the show but when it was time to get into production, the platform pulled out. Then I was supposed to do IC 814 for Amazon, but they had the Tandav issue so they also pulled the plug at the last moment. In that way, three years passed and then the pandemic hit.}}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Bhardwaj then watched the Chinese short films ''3 Minutes'' (2018) and ''Nian'' (2021), which were filmed on iPhone. Impressed by the technological developments of filmmaking and being keen on experiments, Bhardwaj then met the executives of [[Apple Inc.]]—which advocated major filmmaking techniques during the pandemic—and talked about the same;<ref name=":0" /> they asked the former on a script regarding "a love story and their meeting on a moving train" and further wanted it to be a Bollywood film having layers and nuances on its storytelling. They further expected on developing it as a [[musical film]] on the lines of [[Chicago (2002 film)|''Chicago'']] (2002), where "once the song comes, the cast moves to a stage to perform. That gives a wider canvas to play with the inner emotions."<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Fazreen |first=Sana |date=3 February 2023 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj on shooting Fursat on iPhone: 'Can make any subject now without a producer' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-bhardwaj-on-shooting-fursat-on-iphone-can-make-any-subject-now-with-a-producer-8421809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306182123/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vishal-bhardwaj-on-shooting-fursat-on-iphone-can-make-any-subject-now-with-a-producer-8421809/ |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Bhardwaj, who was keen on doing a musical film, had co-written a script with Jyotsna Hariharan, which is about a youngster who gets a magical device to view the future and how its impacts his present life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Vishal Bharadwaj Shoots his Next with Ishaan Khattar and Wamiqa Gabbi on an iPhone |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/vishal-bharadwaj-shoots-his-next-with-ishaan-khattar-and-wamiqa-gabbi-on-an-iphone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212114435/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/vishal-bharadwaj-shoots-his-next-with-ishaan-khattar-and-wamiqa-gabbi-on-an-iphone |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> {{Quote box
| quote = "Vishal Bhardwaj is an amazing person with a fascinating brain. He is one of those people who is born to do what he does. His vision is very strong and as an actor it's great fun to work with him because he comes up with these little suggestions that changes the way you look at things."
| source = — [[Ishaan Khatter]], on working with Bhardwaj<ref name=":2" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
[[Ishaan Khatter]] and [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] were cast as the lead pair, while [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] joined in an important role.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Swati |date=2023-03-28 |title='When Your Privacy is Invaded, You Have Every Right to Speak up': Ishaan Khatter |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/ishaan-khatter-fursat-vishal-bhardwaj-shahid-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531162134/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/ishaan-khatter-fursat-vishal-bhardwaj-shahid-kapoor |archive-date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> As the film required contemporary dance sequences, Bhardwaj was unsure about Gabbi's dancing abilities and often discussed on simplifying the choreography but was impressed on her dance performance on the very first rehearsal itself.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-27 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj reveals he was unsure about roping Wamiqa Gabbi for Fursat; says, "I had my doubts and had even discussed simplifying the choreography" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vishal-bhardwaj-reveals-unsure-roping-wamiqa-gabbi-fursat-says-doubts-even-discussed-simplifying-choreography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306204710/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vishal-bhardwaj-reveals-unsure-roping-wamiqa-gabbi-fursat-says-doubts-even-discussed-simplifying-choreography/ |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-25 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi 'impressed' an unsure Vishal Bhardwaj with her effort in 'Fursat' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/wamiqa-gabbi-impressed-an-unsure-vishal-bhardwaj-with-her-effort-in-fursat/articleshow/98235090.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303024127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/wamiqa-gabbi-impressed-an-unsure-vishal-bhardwaj-with-her-effort-in-fursat/articleshow/98235090.cms |archive-date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Gabbi, being a trained [[kathak]] dancer, learned contemporary dance steps for her role with Khatter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Ishaan Khatter and Wamiqa Gabbi learnt contemporary dance for Fursat |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ishaan-khatter-and-wamiqa-gabbi-learnt-contemporary-dance-for-fursat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212104032/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ishaan-khatter-and-wamiqa-gabbi-learnt-contemporary-dance-for-fursat |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> As she had commitments on multiple projects, she ended up shuffling between the schedules in order to prepare immensely.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi shares her experience working with Ishaan Khatter; says, "His dancing skills are something which I would like to imbibe and learn for myself" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wamiqa-gabbi-shares-experience-working-ishaan-khatter-says-dancing-skills-something-like-imbibe-learn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054346/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wamiqa-gabbi-shares-experience-working-ishaan-khatter-says-dancing-skills-something-like-imbibe-learn/ |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> She prepared for 8-9 days for the dance sequences, despite the time constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi masters a dance form in 9 days for Fursat |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wamiqa-gabbi-masters-dance-form-9-days-fursat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330235713/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wamiqa-gabbi-masters-dance-form-9-days-fursat/ |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> [[Shiamak Davar]] choreographed the film's musical sequences, who described it as an Indo-contemporary style, much different from his usual choreography styles in his films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-05 |title=Shiamak Davar: Yash Chopra wanted me to choreograph 'Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge' but I was scared my style of dancing would never work - #Big Interview |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shiamak-davar-yash-chopra-wanted-me-to-choreograph-dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-but-i-was-scared-my-style-of-dancing-would-never-work-big-interview/articleshow/98417426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306062329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shiamak-davar-yash-chopra-wanted-me-to-choreograph-dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-but-i-was-scared-my-style-of-dancing-would-never-work-big-interview/articleshow/98417426.cms |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Filming for ''Fursat'' took place in late 2022 with cinematographer Swapnil S. Sonawane shooting it on [[iPhone 14 Pro]].<ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2023 |title=Apple releases Indian-made 'Shot on iPhone' short movie |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/apple-releases-indian-made-shot-on-iphone-short-movie-1187525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708024759/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/apple-releases-indian-made-shot-on-iphone-short-movie-1187525.html |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Bhardwaj described filming on an iPhone was a "liberative" experience, compared to filming on traditional cameras, as it comes with numerous constraints. The entire film was shot in [[4K resolution]] with 30 frames per second. Much of the film was covered in "action mode".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanrajani |first=Rachna Manojkumar |date=2023-02-03 |title=iPhone 14 Pro makes Bollywood debut; Ishaan Khatter starrer Fursat released |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/story/iphone-14-pro-makes-bollywood-debut-ishaan-khatter-starrer-fursat-released-368814-2023-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205062328/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/story/iphone-14-pro-makes-bollywood-debut-ishaan-khatter-starrer-fursat-released-368814-2023-02-03 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
According to Bhardwaj, the tile ''Fursat'' is referred to "freedom" or "leisure".<ref name=":0" /> He further described about the core script, adding that "We are all running after what will happen next or pondering over what happened in the past. Amid this, we are losing our moment of leisure, our freedom to live the moment."<ref name=":0" /> Bhardwaj further explored the concept of [[time travel]] with this film.<ref name=":1" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Fursat (soundtrack)}}
The music for ''Fursat'' is composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and lyrics written by his regular collaborator [[Gulzar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj's short film Fursat shot on iPhone 14 Pro gets lauded by Apple CEO Tim Cook: 'Incredible cinematography' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fursat-vishal-bhardwaj-short-ishaan-khatter-and-wamiqa-gabbi-apple-iphone-14-pro-8421366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210093514/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/fursat-vishal-bhardwaj-short-ishaan-khatter-and-wamiqa-gabbi-apple-iphone-14-pro-8421366/ |archive-date=2023-02-10 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The album was released on the same date as the film's premiere, 3 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Vishal |date=2023-02-03 |title=Fursat (#ShotoniPhone Original Film Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/fursat-shotoniphone-original-film-soundtrack-ep/1668464502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616220247/https://music.apple.com/us/album/fursat-shotoniphone-original-film-soundtrack-ep/1668464502 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Fursat'' was announced on 3 February 2023, where the film was premiered through the official YouTube channel of Apple.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2023 |title=Ishaan Khatter's Fursat out; watch trailer of Vishal Bharadwaj-directed short film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vishal-bharadwajs-short-film-fursat-starring-ishaan-khatter-shot-completely-on-iphone-14-watch-promo-12099952.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206214949/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vishal-bharadwajs-short-film-fursat-starring-ishaan-khatter-shot-completely-on-iphone-14-watch-promo-12099952.html |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj's short movie 'Fursat' starring Ishaan Khatter and Wamiqa Gabbi is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vishal-bhardwajs-short-movie-fursat-starring-ishaan-khatter-and-wamiqa-gabbi-is-out/articleshow/97577684.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Prior to its release, the film was specially screened at the headquarters of Apple Inc. in [[Mumbai]] on 2 February.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Saikat |date=2023-02-03 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj's Ishan Khatter-Wamiqa Gabbi-starrer short film Fursat out on YouTube |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vishal-bhardwajs-ishan-khatter-wamiqa-gabbi-starrer-short-film-fursat-out-on-youtube/cid/1914051 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002111323/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vishal-bhardwajs-ishan-khatter-wamiqa-gabbi-starrer-short-film-fursat-out-on-youtube/cid/1914051 |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2023-02-04 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> The film is also available released through [[Apple TV+]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-04 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj's 'Fursat', shot on iPhone 14 Pro, released on YouTube |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/vishal-bhardwaj-fursat-shot-on-iphone-14-pro-released-on-youtube-15855721.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207104848/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/vishal-bhardwaj-fursat-shot-on-iphone-14-pro-released-on-youtube-15855721.htm |archive-date=2023-02-07 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref>

''Fursat'' was premiered at the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023]] on the closing night of the event, at the "Jio MAMI Select" programme.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=5 budding filmmakers to shoot and edit short films on iPhone and Mac: All the details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/5-budding-filmmakers-to-shoot-and-edit-short-films-on-iphone-and-mac-all-the-details/articleshow/105047659.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222042609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/5-budding-filmmakers-to-shoot-and-edit-short-films-on-iphone-and-mac-all-the-details/articleshow/105047659.cms |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three stars out of five and wrote "The film testifies to Bharadwaj’s abilities to tell a witty, intelligent, and entertaining story with comedy, drama, and some mystique in the short format."<ref>{{cite news |last=Shrivatsava |first=Abhishek |date=2023-02-03 |title=Fursat Review: This short film is a signature Vishal Bharadwaj's ability to tell an intelligent story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fursat/ottmoviereview/97619696.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218005044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/fursat/ottmoviereview/97619696.cms |archive-date=2023-02-18 |access-date=2024-11-21 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Roktim Rajpal of ''[[India Today]]'' described it as "a simple yet ambitious short film that works mainly because of Vishal Bharadwaj’s command over his craft" calling it as a "commendable" effort catering to those looking for something short, simple, and sweet.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Rajpai |first=Roktim |date=2023-02-06 |title=Fursat Movie Review: Vishal Bharadwaj's short film, shot on iPhone, is a celebration of his vision |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/fursat-movie-review-vishal-bharadwajs-short-film-shot-on-iphone-is-a-celebration-of-his-vision-2331486-2023-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212003749/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/fursat-movie-review-vishal-bharadwajs-short-film-shot-on-iphone-is-a-celebration-of-his-vision-2331486-2023-02-07 |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=India Today}}</ref> Rajpai also praised the performances of the lead pair, adding that "Wamiqa and Ishaan's chemistry is decent given the fact that Fursat is a short film."<ref name=":4" /> Prateek Lidhoo in his review for ''[[The Quint]]'', stated "the film gives a glimpse of how restrictions can sometimes get the best out of a filmmaker".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lidhoo |first=Prateek |date=2023-02-08 |title=Podcast {{!}} Fursat Review: Can an iPhone Limit Vishal Bharadwaj's Vision? |url=https://www.thequint.com/podcast/fursat-shot-on-iphone-review-vishal-bharadwaj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211043518/https://www.thequint.com/podcast/fursat-shot-on-iphone-review-vishal-bharadwaj |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref>

In his review for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Subhash K. Jha was critical of the film, stating "Imagine the resources which can be saved if expensive cameras and equipment are deleted from the filmmaking process. But while doing away with a lot of the accompanying baggage, Fursat has also done away with coherence."<ref>{{cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=12 February 2023 |title=Fursat: Eye phone misfire; Vishal Bhardwaj's most incoherent film till date |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fursat-eye-phone-misfire-vishal-bhardwajs-most-incoherent-film-till-date-12138462.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708025639/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fursat-eye-phone-misfire-vishal-bhardwajs-most-incoherent-film-till-date-12138462.html |archive-date=2023-07-08 |access-date=2023-02-13 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Prathyush Parasuraman of [[Frontline (magazine)|''Frontline'']] stated that "Cinematically, however, ''Fursat'' is a weak film, so insistent on showing the technical versatility of the phone using the visual versatility of a genre like time travel and the musical that it is not as much interested in a coherent story that builds tension and momentum [...] The aesthetic is one of technical excess, with some blurs, some odd frames—where rain looks like crosshatches on the screen, for example. The film wants to scream the possibilities of the iPhone at us. One wishes only that it had come with the whisper of a story that moved us, too. But at the very least we are sold on the product, for the most part."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=2023-02-23 |title=COUNTER CULTURE {{!}} Vishal Bhardwaj's 'Fursat': When big directors wield the small phone |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/counter-culture-fursat-by-vishal-bhardwaj-when-big-directors-wield-the-small-phone-film-shot-on-iphone-14-pro/article66504527.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811024435/https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/counter-culture-fursat-by-vishal-bhardwaj-when-big-directors-wield-the-small-phone-film-shot-on-iphone-14-pro/article66504527.ece |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

Apple CEO [[Tim Cook]] praised the film complimenting the cinematography and choreography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukheja |first=Bhavana |date=2023-02-03 |title=Apple CEO Tim Cook Praises Vishal Bhardwaj's "Beautiful" Short Film 'Fursat' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/apple-ceo-tim-cook-praises-vishal-bhardwajs-beautiful-film-fursat-3753953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162322/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/apple-ceo-tim-cook-praises-vishal-bhardwajs-beautiful-film-fursat-3753953 |archive-date=2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Divyanshi |date=2023-02-05 |title=Apple CEO Tim Cook praises filmmaker Vishal Bhardwaj's film Fursat shot on iPhone, says incredible cinematography |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/apple-ceo-tim-cook-praises-filmmaker-vishal-bhardwajs-film-fursat-shot-on-iphone-says-incredible-cinematography-2330682-2023-02-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103453/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/apple-ceo-tim-cook-praises-filmmaker-vishal-bhardwajs-film-fursat-shot-on-iphone-says-incredible-cinematography-2330682-2023-02-05 |archive-date=2023-02-10 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|2023]]
|[[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|Cannes Lions For Music]]
|[[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|Original Composition]]
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Vishal Bhardwaj Wins Bronze at Cannes Lions for Music in Fursat. He Says 'Such an Honour' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/vishal-bhardwaj-wins-bronze-at-cannes-lions-for-music-in-fursat-he-says-such-an-honour-bollywood-news-article-101224134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708023710/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/vishal-bhardwaj-wins-bronze-at-cannes-lions-for-music-in-fursat-he-says-such-an-honour-bollywood-news-article-101224134 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Times Now}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Apple TV+|state=Fursat}}{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 short films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Films released on YouTube]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:2020s films about time travel]]
[[Category:Mobile phone films]]
[[Category:Apple TV (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:2023 YouTube videos]]

Lineage of Mahabali

2026-04-05T05:30:02Z

ArianneNies1: created new bio!

{{Short description|Ancestral line in Hindu mythology}}
The '''lineage of Raja Bali''' (also known as [[Mahabali]]) represents one of the most significant ancestral lines in [[Hindu mythology]], tracing the descent of the [[Daitya]] clan from the sage [[Kashyapa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Nalini |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dashavatara/PdiYEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mahabali&pg=PA53&printsec=frontcover |title=Dashavatara: The Ten Incarnations of Vishnu {{!}} Learn About Vishnu's Avatars – Rama, Krishna, Narasimha, Parashurama & More {{!}} Hindu Mythology for Kids 9+ {{!}} With Colourful Illustrations |date=2025-10-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-7303-297-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ajith |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Murder_of_Alexander_the_Great_Book_1/-KoPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mahabali%20son&pg=PT234&printsec=frontcover |title=The Murder of Alexander the Great, Book 1: The Puranas: Book 1: The Puranas |date=2019-12-14 |publisher=Argead Star llc |isbn=978-0-9990714-0-3 |language=en}}</ref>

* Kashyapa + [[Diti]]
** [[Hiranyakashipu]] (son)
*** [[Prahlada]] (grandson)
**** [[Virochana]] (great-grandson)
***** Mahabali (great-great-grandson)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Swami Akhandananda |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Wisdom_of_Shrimad_Bhagwat_Mahapuran/PSPsEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=kashyap%20diti |title=The Wisdom of Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran: Bhagwat Sarvasva |publisher=Srikanth s |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=Munindra |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Narad_Maha_Puran/nW8WEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=prahlad%20lineage&pg=PT34&printsec=frontcover |title=Narad Maha Puran: In English rhyme |date=2024-07-24 |publisher=Munindra Misra |language=en}}</ref>

== Descendants ==
<blockquote>According to the [[Bhagavata Purana]] and the [[Vishnu Purana]], Mahabali had one hundred sons born to his wife, [[Vindhyavali]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sugumaran |first=S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/TITANIC_GODS_OF_TAMIL_NADU_INDIA/1k8tEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mahabali%20one%20hundred%20sons&pg=PA20-IA20&printsec=frontcover |title=TITANIC GODS OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A COMPARATIVE MYTHOLOGY OF STORIES ON INDIAN AND GREEK GODS |date=2021-05-07 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63806-773-3 |language=en}}</ref> The eldest and most prominent among them was [[Banasura]] he was the successor of raja bali, a thousand-armed devotee of [[Shiva]] who ruled from the city of Sonitpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Anu |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Banasura/uitM7zXHImQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=banasura |title=Banasura: The Thousand-Armed Asura |date=2012-11-30 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-537-9 |language=en}}</ref> The Puranic texts describe the other ninety-nine sons as being equally valiant, though they are often mentioned collectively rather than individually in major narratives. In the ''[[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]]'', this lineage is highlighted to illustrate the expansion of the Daitya influence across various realms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Journal_of_Indian_History/hhy2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=mahabali%20one%20hundred%20sons&dq=mahabali%20one%20hundred%20sons&printsec=frontcover |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1952 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

== Lineage ==
According to Hindu mythology, Raja bali had one hundred sons born to his wife, specifically "The Bhagavata Purana (Canto 10, Chapter 62) explicitly records that Mahabali fathered one hundred sons, with the eldest being the thousand-armed Bana.

Despite the numerical specificity, the Puranic narrative does not provide an exhaustive list of names. following Banasura, prominent children of Mahabali are Kumbha, [[Nikumbha]], [[Narakasura]]'', Kuparna, Drishadva, Nila, Bhaskara, Balayogi/Balay and Dhanurdhara.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mahabali%20one%20hundred%20sons&pg=PA103&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhri |first=S. K. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gods_Angels_and_Demons_from_the_Mahabhar/D5wlAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Nikumbha%20bali&dq=Nikumbha%20bali&printsec=frontcover |title=Gods, Angels and Demons from the Mahabharata |date=1999 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Session |first=North East India History Association |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Proceedings_of_North_East_India_History/G0A5AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Narakasura%20bali%20son&dq=Narakasura%20bali%20son&printsec=frontcover |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |date=1986 |publisher=The Association |language=en}}</ref>

However, there no mention of his direct daughter in Hindu texts but his lineage continued through his granddaughter [[Usha (princess)|Usha]], the daughter of Banasura, whose marriage to Aniruddha is a significant episode in the ''Bhagavata Purana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Anu |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Banasura/uitM7zXHImQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=usha%20banasur%20daughter |title=Banasura: The Thousand-Armed Asura |date=2012-11-30 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-537-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Community and lineage claims ==
In addition to the scriptural accounts, several historical dynasties and contemporary social groups in South Asia identify with the lineage of Mahabali. These claims often connect mythological ancestry with social identity and historical sovereignty.

=== Social and caste groups ===
* Northern communities: In Northern India, several communities—including sections of the Saini, [[Mali caste|Mali]], and various [[Agrarian society|agrarian groups]] [[Balai Bunkar|Balay/balai]] (from mahabali son ''Balayogi/Balay)'' identify themselves as Balivanshi (meaning "of the line of Bali").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA95&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This book discusses the ethnographic backgrounds and origin myths of various communities in Rajasthan and Northern India, including their claims to Puranic lineages, Balivansh ( बळीवंश ) By Dr A H Salunkhe. |url=https://akshardhara.com/products/balivansh-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%b3%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b6-by-dr-a-h-salunkhe |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Akshardhara Book Gallery |language=en}}</ref>
* Communities of Kerala: In the state of Kerala, where Mahabali is the central figure of the [[Onam]] festival, several communities (such as the [[Nair]]s and [[Ezhava]]s) historically viewed him as their ancient sovereign. While not always a claim of biological descent, the cultural identification is a core part of their social history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Digital Library Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.16780 |title=India, Snippet: This book describes Mahabali as a "peculiarly Keralan and non-Brahminical adaptation." It specifically mentions how the Nairs staged sword fights and celebrated him as a sovereign figure. |date=1949}}</ref>
* Assamese identity: Some traditions in Assam link the ancient rulers of [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]] (modern-day Tezpur) to the line of Banasura, thereby connecting the regional history to the broader lineage of Mahabali.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2026}}

Naga National Party

2026-03-28T16:00:15Z

ArianneNies1: basic fixed references and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Political party in Manipur, India}}
{{Expert needed|1=Politics|reason=Timelines are unclear|talk=Are NNP of 80s and NNP after 2002 same?|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

The '''Naga National Party''' (NNP) is [[political party|a political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]]. It works amongst the [[Naga people|Naga]] majority in the state. The party favors negotiated settlements of the conflicts in the North-East, unification of [[NAGA Group|Naga groups]], and maintaining Naga identity.

The party is in the list of 'Registered Unrecognised political parties' announced by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| title=List of Registered Unrecognised Political Parties | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Documents/RUPP/list%20of%20RUPPS.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126091827/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Documents/RUPP/list%20of%20RUPPS.pdf | archive-date=2022-11-26}}</ref> The president of the NNP is Ngathingkhui Hungyo. Its headquarters is situated at Church Road, Dewlahland, [[Imphal]], Manipur.<ref name=":0" />

== Identical name ==
There is another Naga National Party in [[Myanmar]] which is different from the Manipuri outfit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga National Party {{!}} morungexpress.com |url=https://morungexpress.com/tag/naga-national-party |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=morungexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-08 |title=Naga National Party Aims to Win Representation in Kachin State |url=https://kachinnews.com/2020/10/09/naga-national-party-aims-to-win-representation-in-kachin-state/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Kachin News Group (KNG) |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1980, the then Naga National Party (NNP) joined with the faction of another regional party, United Democratic Front (UDF) and formed Naga National Democratic Party (NNDP). They brought down the 48-day-old S.C. Jamir ministry of the Congress (i) and J.B. Jasokie, as the head of NNDP became the chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-24 |title=Nagaland: Nobody's bastion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19800630-nagaland-nobodys-bastion-821223-2014-01-24 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After being dormant and virtually invisible for many years, the party name was once again in news during the 2002 elections as a new outfit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sunil Kumar Singh |first1=Pukhrambam |last2=Noni Meetei |first2=Arambam |date=April 2023 |title=Electoral Behaviour and Identity Politics in Manipur: An Empirical Study |url= |journal=Journal for Re Attach Therapy and Developmental Diversities |volume=6 |issue=4s |pages=513–518 |eissn=2589-7799 |via=JRTDD}}</ref>

In 2004, Ng Hungyo planned to contest the [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]] election and the party took part in both [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] and [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2007, party candidate, Hungyo's wife and journalist Valley Rose Hungyo contested the [[Phungyar Assembly constituency]] but could only finish third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naga National Party for integration of Naga tribes {{!}} Northeast Vigil |url=https://northeastvigil.in/news/naga-national-party-for-integration-of-naga-tribes |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=northeastvigil.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 candidates likely to slug it out in Outer : 18th feb04 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp1.10.180204.feb04 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> She also contested the Outer Manipur MP seat in the 1996 as a [[Samata Party]] candidate,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valley Rose Hungyo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/candidates/valley-rose-hungyo-GEMN58089 |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> in 2000 and 2004 as NPP candidate{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}, and the 2009 Lok Sabha election as an independent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Votesmart India |url=https://votesmart.in/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Votesmart India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=5 February 2007 |title=Guns versus roses in Manipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/guns-versus-roses-in-manipur/story-aymF0FfGaDIa6xk0aRKndP.html |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In November 2005, Naga National Party said that a survey it conducted in hill districts of Manipur showed that the Naga people in the districts preferred the districts to merge with Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=L. Muhindro |date=2015 |title=Dynamics of Ethnic Politics in Conflict State Manipur: Repercussion on Representative Democracy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26534873 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=490–494 |jstor=26534873 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Manipur]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Mamluk

2026-03-21T22:20:24Z

ArianneNies1: fixed intro per standard format and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Slave-soldiers and enslaved mercenaries in the Muslim world}}
{{About|the class of slave-soldiers|the medieval kingdom centered in Egypt|Mamluk Sultanate|other uses|Mamluk (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Mamluks
| native_name = مماليك
| image = Three Mamelukes with lances on horseback.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| alt =
| caption = [[Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries|Ottoman]] Mamluk lancers, early 16th century. [[Etching]] by [[Daniel Hopfer]] ({{circa|1526–1536}}), [[British Museum]], London<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1845-0809-1342 |title=Mamalucke (Mamelukes) |author= |date=2021 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |location=London |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929062808/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1845-0809-1342 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dates = 830s–1811
| country = [[Abbasid Caliphate]] [[Fatimid Caliphate]] [[Seljuk Empire]] [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultanate]] [[Mamluk Sultanate]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] [[Ottoman Empire]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| type = [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|Enslaved]] [[mercenaries]], [[slave-soldier]]s, [[freed slave]]s
}}

'''Mamluk''' or '''Mamaluk''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|m|l|uː|k}}; {{langx|ar|مملوك|mamlūk}} (singular), {{lang|ar|مماليك}}, ''mamālīk'' (plural);<ref name="Ayalon 2012">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ayalon |author-first=David |author-link=David Ayalon |year=2012 |orig-date=1991 |title=Mamlūk |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor4-link=Bernard Lewis |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=6 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657 |isbn=978-90-04-08112-3}}</ref> translated as "one who is owned",{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010">{{cite book |last=Levanoni |first=Amalia |year=2010 |chapter=Part II: Egypt and Syria (Eleventh Century Until the Ottoman Conquest) – The Mamlūks in Egypt and Syria: the Turkish Mamlūk sultanate (648–784/1250–1382) and the Circassian Mamlūk sultanate (784–923/1382–1517) |editor-last=Fierro |editor-first=Maribel |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries |location=[[Cambridge]] and New York City |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=237–284 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.010 |isbn=978-1-139-05615-1 |quote=The Arabic term ''mamlūk'' literally means 'owned' or 'slave', and was used for the [[White people|White]] [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|slaves]] of [[Turkic mythology|Pagan origins]], purchased from Central Asia and the [[Eurasian steppes]] by [[Islam and politics|Muslim rulers]] to serve as soldiers in their armies. Mamlūk units formed an integral part of Muslim armies from the third/ninth century, and Mamlūk involvement in government became an increasingly familiar occurrence in the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Middle East. The road to absolute rule lay open before them [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|in Egypt]] when the Mamlūk establishment gained military and political domination during the reign of the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyūbid ruler of Egypt]], al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (r. 637–47/1240–49).}}</ref><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup">{{cite web |author= |title=Warrior kings: A look at the history of the Mamluks |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/warrior-kings-look-history-mamluks |year=2012 |work=The Report – Egypt 2012: The Guide |publisher=Oxford Business Group |pages=332–334 |access-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925104321/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/warrior-kings-look-history-mamluks |archive-date=25 September 2020 |quote=The Mamluks, who descended from non-Arab [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|slaves]] who were naturalised to serve and fight for ruling Arab dynasties, are revered as some of the greatest warriors the world has ever known. Although the word ''mamluk'' translates as "one who is owned", the Mamluk soldiers proved otherwise, gaining a powerful military standing in [[Muslim world|various Muslim societies]], particularly [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|in Egypt]]. They would also go on to hold political power for several centuries during a period known as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]]. [...] Before the Mamluks rose to power, there was a [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|long history of slave soldiers in the Middle East]], with many recruited into Arab armies by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid rulers]] of [[Baghdad]] in the ninth century. The tradition was continued by the dynasties that followed them, including the [[Fatimids]] and [[Ayyubids]] (it was the Fatimids who built the foundations of what is now Islamic [[Cairo]]). For centuries, the rulers of the Arab world recruited men from the lands of the [[Caucasus]] and Central Asia. It is hard to discern the precise ethnic background of the Mamluks, given that they came from a number of ethnically mixed regions, but most are thought to have been [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (mainly [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] and [[Cumans|Cuman]]) or [[Peoples of the Caucasus|from the Caucasus]] (predominantly [[Circassians|Circassian]], but also [[Armenians|Armenian]] and [[Georgians|Georgian]]). The Mamluks [[Conscription#Military slavery|were recruited forcibly to reinforce the armies]] of Arab rulers. As outsiders, they had no local loyalties, and would thus fight for whoever owned them, not unlike [[mercenaries]]. Furthermore, the Turks and Circassians had a ferocious reputation as warriors. The slaves were either purchased or abducted as boys, around the age of 13, and brought to the cities, most notably to Cairo and its [[Cairo Citadel|Citadel]]. Here [[Forced conversion#Islam|they would be converted to Islam]] and would be put through a rigorous military training regime that focused particularly on [[horsemanship]]. A code of behaviour not too dissimilar to that of the [[Medieval Europe|European knights]]' [[Code of Chivalry]] was also inculcated and was known as ''[[Furusiyya]]''. As in many military establishments to this day the authorities sought to instil an esprit de corps and a sense of duty among the young men. The Mamluks would have to live separately from the local populations in their garrisons, which included the Citadel and [[Rhoda Island]], also in Cairo.}}</ref>}} meaning "[[Slavery|slave]]"){{refn|<ref name="Ayalon 2012"/><ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="Britannica"/>}} were non-[[Arabs|Arab]], ethnically diverse (mostly [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]], [[Mongols|Mongol]], [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern European]])<ref name="Stowasser 1984">{{cite journal |author-last=Stowasser |author-first=Karl |date=1984 |title=Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court |journal=[[Muqarnas (journal)|Muqarnas]] |volume=2 |issue=The Art of the Mamluks |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=13–20 |doi=10.2307/1523052 |jstor=1523052 |issn=0732-2992 |s2cid=191377149 |quote=The Mamluk slave warriors, with an empire extending from [[Libya]] to the [[Euphrates]], from [[Cilicia]] to the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Sudan]], remained for the next two hundred years the most formidable power of the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and the Indian Ocean – champions of [[Sunni orthodoxy]], guardians of [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islam's holy places]], their capital, [[Cairo]], the seat of the Sunni caliph and a magnet for scholars, artists, and craftsmen uprooted by the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol upheaval in the East]] or drawn to it from all parts of the Muslim world by its wealth and prestige. Under their rule, Egypt passed through a period of prosperity and brilliance unparalleled since the days of the [[Ptolemies]]. [...] They ruled as a military [[aristocracy]], aloof and almost totally isolated from the native population, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, and their ranks had to be replenished in each generation through fresh imports of slaves from abroad. Only those who had grown up outside Muslim territory and who entered as slaves in the service either of the [[sultan]] himself or of one of the Mamluk [[emir]]s were eligible for membership and careers within their closed military caste. The offspring of Mamluks were free-born Muslims and hence excluded from the system: they became the ''awlād al-nās'', the "sons of respectable people", who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk ''ḥalqa'' troops. Some two thousand slaves were imported annually: [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]], [[Azeris]], [[Uzbeks|Uzbec Turks]], [[Mongols]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Circassians]], [[Georgians]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], [[Bulgars]], [[Albanians]], [[Serbs]], [[Hungarians]].}}</ref> [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|enslaved]] [[mercenaries]], [[slave-soldier]]s, and [[freed slave]]s who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties in the [[Muslim world]].{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="Freamon 2019">{{cite book |author-last=Freamon |author-first=Bernard K. |year=2019 |chapter=The 'Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon' – Slave Sultans, Soldiers, Eunuchs, and Concubines |editor-last=Freamon |editor-first=Bernard K. |title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Studies in Global Slavery |volume=8 |pages=219–244 |doi=10.1163/9789004398795_006 |isbn=978-90-04-36481-3 |s2cid=191690007 |quote=[[Ibn Khaldun]] argued that in the midst of the decadence that became the hallmark of the later [[Abbasid Caliphate]], providence restored the "glory and the unity" of the Islamic faith by sending the Mamluks: "loyal helpers, who were brought from the House of War to the House of Islam under the rule of slavery, which hides in itself a divine blessing." His expression of the idea that slavery, considered to be a degrading social condition to be avoided at all costs, might contain "a divine blessing", was the most articulate expression of [[Islamic views on slavery|Muslim thinking on slavery]] since the [[Early history of Islam|early days of Islam]]. Ibn Khaldun's general observation about the paradoxical nature of slavery brings to mind [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]]'s reflections on the subject some five hundred years later. The great philosopher observed that, in many instances, it is the slave who ultimately gains the independent consciousness and power to become the actual master of his or her owner. The Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon is a good historical example of this paradox.}}</ref><ref name="Poliak 1942">{{cite book |author-last=Poliak |author-first=A. N. |orig-year=1942 |year=2005 |chapter=The Influence of C̱ẖingiz-Ḵẖān's Yāsa upon the General Organization of the Mamlūk State |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVGdl09xAp4C&pg=PA27 |editor-last=Hawting |editor-first=Gerald R. |title=Muslims, Mongols, and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles |series=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=10 |issue=4 |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0009008X |isbn=978-0-7007-1393-6 |jstor=609130 |s2cid=155480831 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102092303/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVGdl09xAp4C&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>}} They were purchased as military slaves, converted to [[Islam]], and trained in martial and courtly skills. Upon completion of their training they were manumitted but remained part of the ruling military caste, forming elite regiments and, in some periods and regions, rising to sovereign power.

The most enduring Mamluk legacy was the [[knight]]ly military class in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|medieval Egypt]], which developed from the ranks of [[slave-soldier]]s.{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/>}} Originally the Mamluks were [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|slaves]] of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic origins]] from the [[Eurasian Steppe]],{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="Poliak 1942"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Isichei 1997 192">{{cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |year=1997 |title=A History of African Societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic |url-access=registration |access-date=8 November 2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic/page/192 192]}}</ref>}} but the institution of military slavery spread to include [[Circassians]],{{refn|<ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="Poliak 1942"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name=GPG>{{cite book|last=McGregor|first=Andrew James|title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War|year=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-275-98601-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15 15]|quote=By the late fourteenth century, [[Circassians]] from the [[North Caucasus]] region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks.|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15}}</ref>}} [[Mongols]],<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/> [[Abkhazians]],{{refn|<ref>А.Ш.Кадырбаев, Сайф-ад-Дин Хайр-Бек – абхазский "король эмиров" Мамлюкского Египта (1517–1522), "Материалы первой международной научной конференции, посвященной 65-летию В.Г.Ардзинба". Сухум: АбИГИ, 2011, pp. 87–95</ref><ref>Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (eds), ''The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 115–116.</ref><ref>Jane Hathaway, ''The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 103–104.</ref>}} [[Georgians]],{{refn|<ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name=autogenerated1>"Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century". Daniel Crecelius and Gotcha Djaparidze. ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', Vol. 45, No. 3 (2002), pp. 320–341. {{ISSN|0022-4995}}</ref><ref name="bbs">{{Google books|pCC4ffbOv_YC|page=19|Basra, the failed Gulf state: separatism and nationalism in southern Iraq}} By Reidar Visser</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hathaway|first=Jane|title=The Military Household in Ottoman Egypt|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=February 1995|volume=27|issue=1|pages=39–52|doi=10.1017/s0020743800061572|s2cid=62834455 }}</ref>}} [[Armenians]],{{refn|<ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="Poliak 1942"/><ref name="Walker, Paul E. 2002">Walker, Paul E. ''Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources'' (London, I. B. Tauris, 2002)</ref>}} [[Russians]],<ref name="Poliak 1942" /> and [[Hungarians]],<ref name="Stowasser 1984" /> as well as peoples from the [[Balkans]] such as [[Albanians]],<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="István Vásáry 2005"/> [[Greeks]],<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/> and [[South Slavs]]{{refn|<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="István Vásáry 2005">István Vásáry (2005) Cuman and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref name="T. Pavlidis 2011">T. Pavlidis, ''A Concise History of the Middle East'', Chapter 11: "Turks and Byzantine Decline". 2011</ref>}} (''see'' [[Saqaliba]]). They also recruited from the [[Egyptians]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |author-last=Richards |author-first=Donald S. |year=1998 |chapter=Chapter 3: Mamluk amirs and their families and households |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&pg=PA32 |editor1-last=Philipp |editor1-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Haarmann |editor2-first=Ulrich |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society |location=[[Cambridge]] and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |pages=32–54 |isbn=978-0-521-03306-0 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404201934/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Mamluk/{{shy}}Ghulam Phe{{shy}}nom{{shy}}enon",<ref name="Freamon 2019"/> as [[David Ayalon]] dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class,<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Ayalon|author-link=David Ayalon|title=The Mamlūk military society|year=1979|publisher=Variorum Reprints|isbn=978-0-86078-049-6}}</ref> was of great political importance; for one thing, it endured for nearly 1,000 years, from the 9th century to the early 19th. (See: ''[[Ghilman]]''.)

Over time, Mamluks became a powerful military knightly class in various [[Muslim world|Muslim societies]] that were controlled by dynastic Arab rulers.{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>}} Particularly in [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]],{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>}} but also in the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Levant]], [[Iraq|Mesopotamia]], and India, Mamluks held political and military power.<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/> In some cases, they attained the rank of [[sultan]], while in others they held regional power as ''[[emir]]s'' or ''[[bey]]s''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Most notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered on [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]], and controlled it as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] (1250–1517).{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>}} The Mamluk Sultanate famously defeated the [[Ilkhanate]] at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]]. They had earlier fought the western European Christian [[Crusades|Crusaders]] in 1154–1169 and 1213–1221, effectively driving them out of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] and the [[Levant]]. With the [[Fall of Ruad|capture of Ruad]] in 1302, the Mamluk Sultanate formally expelled the last Crusaders from the Levant, ending the era of the Crusades.<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Asbridge|first=Thomas|title=The Crusades Episode 3|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01bqy7r/The_Crusades_Victory_and_Defeat/|publisher=BBC|access-date=5 February 2012|archive-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203092957/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01bqy7r/The_Crusades_Victory_and_Defeat|url-status=live}}</ref>

While Mamluks were purchased as property,{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Stowasser 1984"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>}} they were [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|enslaved]] [[mercenaries]]{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Behrens-Abouseif, Doris 2008">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. ''Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture''. New York: Macmillan, 2008.{{ISBN?}}{{page?|date=September 2024}}</ref>}} and their status was above that of ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks.{{refn|<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>}} In places such as [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]], from the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] to the [[Ottoman Egypt|time of Muhammad Ali]], Mamluks were considered to be "true lords" and "true warriors", with social status above that of the general population in the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Stowasser 1984"/>

==Overview==
[[File:Ottoman Mamluk horseman circa 1550.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mail and plate armour]] with full [[horse armor]] of an [[Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries|Ottoman]] Mamluk horseman (circa 1550), [[Musée de l'Armée]], Paris]]
[[File:Dupre-Mameluk.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Greek Muslims|Muslim Greek]] Mamluk portrayed by [[Louis Dupré (painter)|Louis Dupré]] (oil on canvas, 1825)]]
[[File:A Mamluk from Aleppo.jpg|thumb|upright|A Mamluk nobleman from [[Aleppo]] ([[Ottoman Syria]], 19th century)]]

Daniel Pipes argued that the first indication of the Mamluk military class was rooted in the practice of early [[Muslim]]s such as [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] and [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]] who, before Islam, owned many slaves and practiced [[Mawla]] (Islamic manumission of slaves).<ref name="Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System2" /> The [[Zubayrids]] army under [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], son of Zubayr, used these freed slave retainers during the second civil war.<ref name="Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System2">{{harvnb|Pipes |first1=Danie|1981|pp=117–121}}</ref>

Meanwhile, historians agree that the massive implementation of a slave military class such as the Mamluks appears to have developed in [[Muslim world|Islamic societies]] beginning with the 9th-century [[Abbasid Caliphate]] based in [[Baghdad]], under the Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mu'tasim|al-Muʿtaṣim]].<ref name="Britannica"/> Until the 1990s, it was widely believed that the earliest Mamluks were known as ''[[Ghilman]]'' or ''Ghulam''<ref name="Freamon 2019"/> (another broadly synonymous term for slaves){{#tag:ref|[[David Ayalon]] uses the term "Mamluk" to refer to military slaves in [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]], and "Ghulam" (sing. of "Ghilman") to refer to military slaves elsewhere in the [[Muslim world]]. For further information, see:
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Sourdel |author-first=Dominique |author-link=Dominique Sourdel |year=2012 |orig-date=1965 |title=G̲h̲ulām |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor4-link=Bernard Lewis |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|edition =2nd |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=2 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0237 |isbn=978-90-04-07026-4}}
{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Ayalon |author-first=David |author-link=David Ayalon |year=2012 |orig-date=1991 |title=Mamlūk |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor4-link=Bernard Lewis |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor5-link=Charles Pellat |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=6 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657 |isbn=978-90-04-08112-3}}|group=Note}} and were bought by the Abbasid caliphs, especially al-Muʿtaṣim (833–842).

By the end of the 9th century, such slave warriors had become the dominant element in the military. Conflict between the Ghilman and the population of Baghdad prompted the caliph al-Muʿtaṣim to move his capital to the city of [[Samarra]], but this did not succeed in calming tensions. The caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]] was assassinated by some of these slave soldiers in 861 (see [[Anarchy at Samarra]]).<ref>D. Sourdel. "Ghulam" in the ''Encyclopedia of Islam''.</ref>

Since the early 21st century, historians have suggested that there was a distinction between the Mamluk system and the (earlier) Ghilman system, in [[Samarra]], which did not have specialized training and was based on pre-existing Central Asian hierarchies. Adult slaves and freemen both served as warriors in the Ghilman system. The Mamluk system developed later, after the return of the caliphate to Baghdad in the 870s. It included the systematic training of young slaves in military and martial skills.<ref>See E. de la Vaissière, ''Samarcande et Samarra'', 2007, and also M. Gordon, ''The Breaking of a Thousand Swords'', 2001.</ref> The Mamluk system is considered to have been a small-scale experiment of [[al-Muwaffaq]], to combine the slaves' efficiency as warriors with improved reliability. This recent interpretation seems to have been accepted.<ref>See, for instance, the review in ''Der Islam'' 2012 of de la Vaissière's book by Christopher Melchert: 'Still, de la Vaissière's dating of the Mamluk phenomenon herewith becomes the conventional wisdom'</ref>

After the fragmentation of the Abbasid Empire, military slaves, known as either Mamluks or Ghilman, were used throughout the Islamic world as the basis of military power. The [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (909–1171) of Egypt had forcibly taken adolescent male Armenians, [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], Sudanese, and [[Copts]] from their families to be trained as slave soldiers. They formed the bulk of their military, and the rulers selected prized slaves to serve in their administration.<ref name="Walker, Paul E. 2002"/> The powerful vizier [[Badr al-Jamali]], for example, was a Mamluk from [[Armenia]]. In Iran and Iraq, the [[Buyid dynasty]] used [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slaves throughout their empire. The rebel [[al-Basasiri]] was a Mamluk who eventually ushered in [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq dynastic rule]] in Baghdad after attempting a failed rebellion. When the later Abbasids regained military control over Iraq, they also relied on the Ghilman as their warriors.<ref>Eric Hanne. ''Putting the Caliph in His Place''.</ref>

Under [[Saladin]] and the Ayyubids of Egypt, the power of the Mamluks increased, and they claimed the sultanate in 1250, ruling as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Throughout the Islamic world, rulers continued to use enslaved warriors until the 19th century. The [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[devşirme]], or "gathering" of young slaves for the [[Janissaries]], lasted until the 17th century. Regimes based on Mamluk power thrived in such Ottoman provinces as the Levant and Egypt until the 19th century.

==Organization==
[[File:Mameluke-in-Full-Armour.jpg|thumb|upright|An Egyptian Mamluk warrior in full armor and armed with lance, shield, [[Mameluke sword]], [[yatagan]] and pistols.]]

Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Mamluks were purchased while still young males. They were raised in the barracks of the [[Cairo Citadel|Citadel of Cairo]]. Because of their isolated social status (no social ties or political affiliations) and their austere military training, they were trusted to be loyal to their rulers.<ref name="Behrens-Abouseif, Doris 2008"/> When their training was completed, they were discharged, but remained attached to the patron who had purchased them. Mamluks relied on the help of their patron for career advancement, and likewise, the patron's reputation and power depended on his recruits. A Mamluk was "bound by a strong esprit de corps to his peers in the same household".<ref name="Behrens-Abouseif, Doris 2008"/>

Adult Mamluks were not slaves, but former slaves. The Mamluks were sons of [[kafir]] (non-Muslim) parents from [[Dar al-harb]] (non-Muslim lands); they were bought on the slave market as children, converted to Islam and brought up in military barracks where they were raised to become Muslim soldiers, during which they were raised, as slave children without families, to view the sultan as their father and the other mamluks as their brothers.<ref>Egger, V. (2016). A History of the Muslim World to 1405: The Making of a Civilization. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p.270</ref>
Their education was finished by the kharj ceremony, during which they were manumitted and given a position in either the courtly administration or the army, and were free to begin a career as a free ex-slave Mamluk.<ref>Slavery in the Black Sea Region, C.900–1900: Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. (2021). Nederländerna: Brill. p.342</ref>
Mamluk slave soldiers were preferred to freeborn soldiers because they were raised to view the army and their sultan-ruler as their family. They were thus seen as more loyal than a freeborn soldier, who would have a biological family to whom they would have their first loyalty.<ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p.383-384</ref>

Mamluks lived within their garrisons and mainly spent their time with each other. Their entertainments included sporting events such as [[archery]] competitions and presentations of [[Horses in warfare|mounted combat]] skills at least once a week. The intensive and rigorous training of each new recruit helped ensure continuity of Mamluk practices.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Sultans owned the largest number of mamluks, but lesser ''[[amir]]s'' also owned their own troops. Many Mamluks were appointed or promoted to high positions throughout the empire, including army command.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> At first their status was non-hereditary. Sons of Mamluks were prevented from following their father's role in life. However, over time, in places such as Egypt, the Mamluk forces became linked to existing power structures and gained significant amounts of influence on those powers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Relations with homelands and families ==
In Egypt, studies have shown that mamluks from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] retained their [[Georgian language|native language]], were aware of the politics of the [[Caucasus|Caucasus region]], and received frequent visits from their parents or other relatives. In addition, they sent gifts to family members or gave money to build useful structures (a defensive tower, or even a church) in their native villages.<ref>"Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century." Daniel Crecelius and Gotcha Djaparidze. ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'', Vol. 45, No. 3 (2002), pp. 320–341. {{ISSN|0022-4995}}.</ref>

==Egypt==
{{Main|Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)}}

===Early origins in Egypt===
{{See also|Balkan slave trade}}
[[File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG|thumb|The [[battle of Wadi al-Khazandar]], 1299. depicting [[Mongol]] archers and Mamluk cavalry; 14th-century illustration from a manuscript of the ''[[La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient|History of the Tatars]]''.]]
[[File:View from the citadel.JPG|thumb|[[Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan]] (left) along with the later [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]] (right) and two [[Ottoman architecture in Egypt|Ottoman mosques]] (foreground) in [[Cairo]]]]

The practice of [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|recruiting slaves as soldiers in the Muslim world]] and turning them into Mamluks began in [[Baghdad]] during the 9th century CE,<ref name="OxfordBusinessGroup"/> and was started by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid caliph]] [[Al-Mu'tasim|al-Muʿtaṣim]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Mamluk |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mamluk |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121153759/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws |archive-date=21 January 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2023 |quote='''Mamluk''', also spelled '''Mameluke''', [[slave soldier]], a member of [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|one of the armies of slaves]] established during the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid era]] that later won political control of [[Muslim world|several Muslim states]]. Under the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid sultanate]], Mamluk generals used their power to [[Mamluk Sultanate|establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria]] from 1250 to 1517. The name is derived from an Arabic word for slave. The use of Mamluks as a major component of Muslim armies became a distinct feature of [[History of Islam|Islamic civilization]] as early as the 9th century CE. The practice was begun in [[Baghdad]] by the ʿAbbasid caliph [[Al-Mu'tasim|al-Muʿtaṣim]] (833–842), and it soon spread throughout the Muslim world.}}</ref>

From the 900s through the 1200s, [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|medieval Egypt]] was controlled by dynastic foreign rulers, notably the [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidids]], [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimids]], and [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]]. Throughout these dynasties, thousands of Mamluk [[slave-soldier]]s and guards continued to be used and even took high offices.<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/> This increasing level of influence among the Mamluks worried the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] in particular. Eventually, a Mamluk rose to become [[Sultan of Egypt]].<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>David Nicole ''The Mamluks 1250–1570''</ref> The Mamluks in medieval Egypt were predominantly of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Circassians|Circassian]] origins,<ref name="Levanoni 2010"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> and most of them descended from [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|enslaved]] Christians.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> After they were taken from their families, they became renegades.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Because Egyptian Mamluks were enslaved Christians, [[Islam and politics|Muslim rulers]] and [[Ulama|clerics]] did not believe they were true believers of Islam despite the fact that they were deployed for fighting in wars on behalf of several Islamic kingdoms as slave-soldiers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

By 1200, [[Saladin]]'s brother [[Al-Adil|al-ʿĀdil]] succeeded in securing control over the whole empire by defeating and killing or imprisoning his brothers and nephews in turn. With each victory, al-ʿĀdil incorporated the defeated Mamluk retinue into his own. This process was repeated at al-ʿĀdil's death in 1218, and at his son [[Al-Kamil|al-Kāmil]]'s death in 1238. The Ayyubids became increasingly surrounded by the Mamluks, who acted semi-autonomously as regional ''[[atabeg]]s''. The Mamluks increasingly became involved in the internal [[Court (royal)|court]] politics of the kingdom itself as various factions used them as allies.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===French attack and Mamluk takeover===
{{Main|Bahri Mamluks}}

In June 1249, the [[Seventh Crusade]] under [[Louis IX of France]] landed in Egypt and took [[Damietta]]. After the Egyptian troops retreated at first, the sultan had more than 50 commanders hanged as [[Desertion|deserters]].

When the Egyptian sultan [[as-Salih Ayyub]] died, the power passed briefly to his son [[al-Muazzam Turanshah]] and then his favorite wife [[Shajar al-Durr]] (a [[Turkish people|Turk]] according to most historians, while others say she was an [[Armenians|Armenian]]). She took control with Mamluk support and launched a counterattack against the French. Troops of the [[Bahri Mamluks|Bahri]] commander [[Baibars]] defeated Louis's troops. The king delayed his retreat too long and was captured by the Mamluks in March 1250. He agreed to pay a ransom of 400,000 ''livres tournois'' to gain release (150,000 livres were never paid).<ref>[[Thomas F. Madden|Madden, Thomas F.]] ''Crusades: The Illustrated History''. 1st ed. Ann Arbor: [[University of Michigan Press]], 2005. p. 159</ref>

Because of political pressure for a male leader, [[Shajar al-Durr|Shajar]] married the Mamluk commander, [[Aybak]]. He was assassinated in his bath. In the ensuing power struggle, [[regent|viceregent]] [[Qutuz]], also a Mamluk, took over. He formally founded the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluke Sultanate]] and the [[Bahri Mamluks|Bahri mamluk dynasty]].

The first Mamluk dynasty was named Bahri after the name of one of the regiments, the ''Bahriyyah'' or River Island regiment. Its name referred to their center on [[Rhoda Island]] in the [[Nile]]. The regiment consisted mainly of [[Kipchaks]] and [[Cumans]].{{cn|date=April 2023}}

[[File:Bowl, Syria, 1350s-1400s, glass gilded and enameled - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05255.JPG|thumb|left|Mamluk-Syrian glassware vessel from the 14th century; in the course of trade, the middle vase shown ended up in [[Yemen]] and then China.]]

===Relationship with the Mongols===
When the [[Mongol Empire]]'s troops of [[Hulagu Khan]] sacked [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Baghdad in 1258]] and advanced towards Syria, the Mamluk emir [[Baibars]] left Damascus for [[Cairo]]. There he was welcomed by Sultan [[Qutuz]].<ref>[[Al-Maqrizi]], p. 509/vol. 1, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.</ref> After taking Damascus, Hulagu demanded that Qutuz surrender Egypt. Qutuz had Hulagu's envoys killed and, with Baibars' help, mobilized his troops.

When [[Möngke Khan]] died in action against the [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song]], Hulagu pulled the majority of his forces out of Syria to attend the [[kurultai]] (funeral ceremony). He left his lieutenant, the Christian [[Kitbuqa]], in charge with a token force of about 18,000 men as a garrison.<ref>David Chambers, ''The Devil's Horsemen'', Atheneum, 1979. pp. 153–155</ref> The Mamluk army, led by Qutuz, drew the reduced [[Ilkhanate]] army into an ambush near the [[Orontes River]], routed them at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260, and captured and executed Kitbuqa.

After this great triumph, Qutuz was assassinated by conspiring Mamluks. It was widely said that Baibars, who seized power, had been involved in the assassination plot. In the following centuries, the Mamluks ruled discontinuously, with an average span of seven years.

The Mamluks defeated the Ilkhanids a second time in the [[First Battle of Homs]] and began to drive them back east. In the process they consolidated their power over Syria, fortified the area, and formed mail routes and diplomatic connections among the local princes. Baibars' troops attacked [[Acre, Israel#Arab rule and the Crusades|Acre]] in 1263, captured [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] in 1265, and took [[Antioch]] in 1268.

[[File:Siege of Tripoli Painting (1289).jpg|thumb|upright|Mamluks attacking at the [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|Fall of Tripoli]] in 1289]]
Mamluks also defeated new Ilkhanate attacks in Syria in 1271 and 1281 (the [[Second Battle of Homs]]). They were defeated by the Ilkhanids and their Christian allies at the [[Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar]] in 1299. Soon after that, the Mamluks defeated the Ilkhanate again in 1303/1304 and 1312. Finally, the Ilkhanids and the Mamluks signed a treaty of peace in 1323.

===Burji dynasty===
{{Main|Burji Mamluks}}

By the late fourteenth century, the majority of the Mamluk ranks were made up of [[Circassians]] from the [[North Caucasus]] region, whose young males had been frequently captured for slavery.<ref name=GPG/> In 1382 the [[Burji dynasty]] took over when [[Barquq]] was proclaimed sultan. The name "Burji" referred to their center at the [[citadel]] of [[Cairo]].

Barquq became an enemy of [[Timur]], who threatened to invade Syria. Timur invaded Syria, defeating the Mamluk army, and he sacked Aleppo and captured Damascus. The Ottoman sultan, [[Bayezid I]], then invaded Syria. After Timur's death in 1405, the Mamluk sultan [[an-Nasir Faraj]] regained control of Syria. Frequently facing rebellions by local [[emir]]s, he was forced to abdicate in 1412. In 1421, Egypt was attacked by the [[Kingdom of Cyprus]], but the Egyptians forced the Cypriotes to acknowledge the suzerainty of the Egyptian sultan [[Barsbay]]. During Barsbay's reign, Egypt's population became greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before; it had one-fifth the number of towns.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

[[Al-Ashraf Sayf-ad-Din Inal|Al-Ashraf]] came to power in 1453. He had friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire, which captured [[Constantinople]] later that year, causing great rejoicings in Muslim Egypt. However, under the reign of [[Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam|Khushqadam]], Egypt began a struggle with the Ottoman sultanate. In 1467, sultan [[Qaitbay]] offended the Ottoman sultan [[Bayezid II]], whose brother was poisoned. Bayezid II seized [[Adana]], [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] and other places within Egyptian territory, but was eventually defeated. Qaitbay also tried to help the [[Islam in Spain|Muslims in Spain]], who were suffering after the Catholic [[Reconquista]], by threatening the Christians in Syria, but he had little effect in Spain. He died in 1496, several hundred thousand ducats in debt to the great trading families of the [[Republic of Venice]].

===Portuguese–Mamluk Wars===
In 1497, [[Vasco da Gama]] sailed around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and pushed his way east across the Indian Ocean to the shores of [[Zamorin|Malabar]] and [[Kozhikode]]. There he [[Portuguese-Mamluk naval war|attacked the fleets]] that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the [[Red Sea]], and struck terror into the potentates all around. Various engagements took place. Cairo's Mamluk sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]] was affronted at the attacks around the Red Sea, the loss of tolls and traffic, the indignities to which [[Mecca]] and its port were subjected, and above all, losing one of his ships. He vowed vengeance upon Portugal, first sending monks from the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] as envoys. He threatened [[Pope Julius II]] that if he did not check [[Manuel I of Portugal]] in his depredations on the Indian Sea, he would destroy all Christian holy places.<ref>Palmira Johnson Brummett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bTnK1csz0swC&dq=Mamluk+pope+portuguese&pg=PA113 ''Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405223409/https://books.google.com/books?id=bTnK1csz0swC&dq=Mamluk+pope+portuguese&pg=PA113 |date=5 April 2023 }}, SUNY Press, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-1701-0}}</ref>

The rulers of [[Gujarat]] in India and [[Yemen]] also turned to the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt for help. They wanted an armed fleet in the Red Sea that could protect their important trading sea routes from Portuguese attacks. [[Jeddah]] was soon fortified as a harbour of refuge so [[Arabia]] and the Red Sea were protected. However, the fleets in the Indian Ocean were still at the mercy of the enemy.

The last Mamluk sultan, Al-Ghawri, fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels. As Mamluks had little expertise in naval warfare, he sought help from the Ottomans to develop this naval enterprise.<ref>Andrew James McGregor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QZpWx-dgbYcC&dq=Mamluk+pope+portuguese&pg=PA20 ''A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171644/https://books.google.com/books?id=QZpWx-dgbYcC&dq=Mamluk+pope+portuguese&pg=PA20 |date=4 April 2023 }}, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-275-98601-8}}</ref> In 1508 at the [[Battle of Chaul (1508)|Battle of Chaul]], the Mamluk fleet defeated the Portuguese viceroy's son, [[Lourenço de Almeida]].

In the following year, the Portuguese won the [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] and wrested the port city of [[Diu, India|Diu]] from the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. Some years after, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] attacked [[Siege of Aden (1513)|Aden]], and Egyptian troops suffered disaster from the Portuguese in Yemen. Al-Ghawri fitted out a new fleet to punish the enemy and protect the Indian trade. Before it could exert much power, Egypt had lost its sovereignty. The Ottoman Empire took over Egypt and the Red Sea, together with [[Mecca]] and all its Arabian interests.

===Ottomans and the end of the Mamluk Sultanate===
The Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]] was engaged in warfare in southern Europe when a new era of hostility with Egypt began in 1501. It arose out of the relations with the [[Safavid dynasty]] in [[Persia]]. Shah [[Ismail I]] sent an embassy to the [[Republic of Venice]] via Syria, inviting Venice to ally with Persia and recover its territory taken by the Ottomans. [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri|Mameluk Egyptian sultan Al-Ghawri]] was charged by [[Selim I]] with giving the Persian envoys passage through Syria on their way to Venice and harboring refugees. To appease him, Al-Ghawri placed in confinement the Venetian merchants then in Syria and Egypt, but after a year released them.<ref name="James Waterson, The Mamluks">James Waterson, "The Mamluks"</ref>

After the [[Battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514, Selim attacked the bey of [[Dulkadirids]], as Egypt's vassal had stood aloof, and sent his head to Al-Ghawri. Now secure against Persia, in 1516 he formed a great army for the conquest of Egypt, but gave out that he intended further attacks on Persia.

In 1515, Selim began the war, which led to the conquest of Egypt and its dependencies. Mamluk cavalry proved no match for the Ottoman artillery and [[Janissaries|Janissary infantry]]. On 24 August 1516, at the [[Battle of Marj Dabiq]], Sultan Al-Ghawri was killed. Syria passed into Turkish possession, an event welcomed in many places as it was seen as deliverance from the Mamluks.<ref name="James Waterson, The Mamluks"/>

The Mamluk Sultanate survived in Egypt until 1517, when Selim captured Cairo on 20 January. Although not in the same form as under the Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class, and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, albeit as vassals of the Ottomans.<ref name="James Waterson, The Mamluks"/><ref>Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (1998). The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society</ref>

===Independence from the Ottomans===
{{Main|History of Ottoman Egypt}}

[[File:Carle Vernet Mameluck en Attaque.jpg|thumb|Charge of the Mamluk [[cavalry]] by [[Carle Vernet]]]]

In 1768, [[Ali Bey Al-Kabir]] declared independence from the Ottomans. However, the Ottomans crushed the movement and retained their position after his defeat. By this time new slave recruits were introduced from Georgia in the Caucasus.

====Napoleon invades====
{{Main|French campaign in Egypt and Syria}}

[[File:Myrbach-Charge of the Mamluks.jpg|thumb|left|Charge of the Mamluks during the [[Battle of Austerlitz]] by [[Felician Myrbach]]. An elite body of cavalry whom the French encountered during their [[French Campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaign in Egypt in 1798]], the Mamluks could trace their lineage of service to the Ottomans back to the mid-13th century.]]
In 1798, the ruling [[French Directory|Directory]] of the [[French First Republic|Republic of France]] authorised a campaign in "The Orient" to protect French trade interests and undermine Britain's access to India. To this end, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] led an [[Armée d'Orient (1798)|Armée d'Orient]] to Egypt.

The French defeated a Mamluk army in the [[Battle of the Pyramids]] and drove the survivors out to [[Upper Egypt]]. The Mamluks relied on massed cavalry charges, changed only by the addition of [[musket]]s. The French infantry [[Infantry square|formed square]] and held firm. Despite multiple victories and an initially successful expedition into Syria, mounting conflict in Europe and the earlier defeat of the supporting French fleet by the British [[Royal Navy]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] decided the issue.

On 14 September 1799, General [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]] established a mounted company of Mamluk auxiliaries and Syrian [[Janissaries]] from Turkish troops captured at the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|siege of Acre]]. [[Jacques-François Menou|Menou]] reorganized the company on 7 July 1800, forming three companies of 100 men each and renaming it the "Mamluks de la République". In 1801 General [[Jean Rapp]] was sent to Marseille to organize a squadron of 250 Mamluks. On 7 January 1802 the previous order was canceled and the squadron reduced to 150 men. The list of effectives on 21 April 1802 reveals three officers and 155 of other rank. By decree of 25 December 1803 the Mamluks were organized into a company attached to the [[Chasseurs|Chasseurs-à-Cheval]] of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]] (see [[Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard]]).

[[File:El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid rdit.jpg|thumb|''[[The Second of May 1808]]'': the charge of the Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard in [[Madrid]], by [[Francisco de Goya]]]]
Napoleon left with his personal guard in late 1799. His successor in Egypt, General [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]], was assassinated on 14 June 1800. Command of the Army in Egypt fell to [[Jacques-François Menou]]. Isolated and out of supplies, Menou surrendered to the British in 1801.

===After Napoleon===
After the departure of French troops in 1801, the Mamluks continued their struggle for independence; this time against the Ottoman Empire. In 1803, Mamluk leaders [[Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk)|Ibrahim Bey]] and [[Osman Bey al-Bardisi]] wrote to the [[Russian Empire|Russia]]n consul-general, asking him to mediate with the Sultan to allow them to negotiate for a cease-fire, and a return to their homeland, Georgia. The Russian ambassador in [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] refused, however, to intervene, because of nationalist unrest in Georgia that might have been encouraged by a Mamluk return.<ref name="James Waterson, The Mamluks"/>

In 1805, the population of Cairo rebelled. This provided a chance for the Mamluks to seize power, but internal friction prevented them from exploiting this opportunity. In 1806, the Mamluks defeated the Turkish forces in several clashes. In June, the rival parties concluded an agreement by which [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], (appointed as governor of Egypt on 26 March 1806), was to be removed and authority returned to the Mamluks. However, they were again unable to capitalize on this opportunity due to discord between factions. Muhammad Ali retained his authority.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===End of power in Egypt===
[[File:Mamluks, Horace Vernet.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali's seizure of power#Defeat of the Mamluks|Massacre of the Mamelukes]] at the Cairo citadel in 1811.]]
[[File:Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cairo (jpg version and without frame).jpg|thumb|''[[Massacre of the Mamelukes]]'' by [[Horace Vernet]], 1819]]
Muhammad Ali knew that he would have to deal with the Mamluks if he wanted to control Egypt. They were still the feudal owners of Egypt, and their land was still the source of wealth and power. However, the economic strain of sustaining the military manpower necessary to defend the Mamluks's system from the Europeans and Turks would eventually weaken them to the point of collapse.<ref>Abu-Lughod, Janet L. ''Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250–1350''. New York: Oxford UP, 1991. 213 pp.</ref>

On 1 March 1811, Muhammad Ali invited all of the leading Mamluks to his palace to celebrate the declaration of war against the Wahhabis in Arabia. Between 600 and 700 Mamluks paraded for this purpose in [[Cairo]]. Muhammad Ali's forces killed almost all of these near the Al-Azab gates in a narrow road down from Mukatam Hill. This ambush came to be known as the [[Muhammad Ali's seizure of power|Massacre of the Citadel]]. According to contemporary reports, only one Mamluk, whose name is given variously as Amim (also Amyn), or Heshjukur (a [[Besleney]]), survived when he forced his horse to leap from the walls of the citadel.<ref>For the use of the name Amim, see Giovanni Finati, ''Narrative of the Life and Adventure of Giovanni Finati native of Ferrara'', 1830; for Heshjukur, Mustafa Mahir, ''Marks of the Caucasian Tribes and Some Stories and Notable Events Related to Their Leaders'', Boulaq, Cairo, 1892</ref>

During the following week, an estimated 3,000 Mamluks and their relatives were killed throughout Egypt by Muhammad's regular troops. In the citadel of Cairo alone, more than 1,000 Mamluks died.

Despite Muhammad Ali's destruction of the Mamluks in Egypt, a party of them escaped and fled south into what is now [[Sudan]]. In 1811, these Mamluks established a state at [[Dunqulah]] in the [[Kingdom of Sennar|Sennar]] as a base for their slave trading. In 1820, the sultan of Sennar informed Muhammad Ali that he was unable to comply with a demand to expel the Mamluks. In response, the [[Pasha]] sent 4,000 troops to invade Sudan, clear it of Mamluks, and reclaim it for Egypt. The Pasha's forces received the submission of the Kashif, dispersed the Dunqulah Mamluks, conquered [[Kordofan]], and accepted Sennar's surrender from the last [[Funj]] sultan, [[Badi VII]].

==Impact==
According to Eric Chaney and Lisa Blades, the reliance on mamluks by Muslim rulers had a profound impact on the Arab world's political development. They argue that, because European rulers had to rely on local elites for military forces, lords and the bourgeoisie acquired the necessary bargaining power to push for representative government. Muslim rulers did not face the same pressures partly because the Mamluks allowed the Sultans to bypass local elites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blaydes|first1=Lisa|last2=Chaney|first2=Eric|date=2013|title=The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/feudal-revolution-and-europes-rise-political-divergence-of-the-christian-west-and-the-muslim-world-before-1500-ce/EEF59BAF19A7D08BC254DBB35CBFB026|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=107|issue=1|pages=16–34|doi=10.1017/S0003055412000561|s2cid=33455840|issn=0003-0554|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420063016/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/feudal-revolution-and-europes-rise-political-divergence-of-the-christian-west-and-the-muslim-world-before-1500-ce/EEF59BAF19A7D08BC254DBB35CBFB026|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Other regimes==
There were various places in which Mamluks gained political or military power as a self-replicating military community. Some examples of this can be seen in the Tripolitania region of Libya, where Mamluk governors instated their various policies under the Ottoman Empire until October 18, 1912, when Italian forces took over the region in the [[Italo-Turkish War]].

===South Asia===
====India====
{{Main|Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)}}

In 1206, the Mamluk commander of the Muslim forces in the Indian subcontinent, [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], proclaimed himself Sultan, creating the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate in Delhi]] which lasted until 1290.
{{Further|Delhi Sultanate}}

===West Asia===
====Iraq====
{{Main|Mamluk dynasty of Iraq}}

Mamluk corps were first introduced in [[Iraq]] by [[Hassan Pasha (Mamluk)|Hassan Pasha]] of [[Baghdad]] in 1702. From 1747 to 1831 Iraq was ruled, with short intermissions, by Mamluk officers of [[Georgian people|Georgian]] origin<ref name="bbs"/><ref>''The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516–1800''. Jane Hathaway, Karl Barbir. Person Education Ltd., 2008, p. 96. {{ISBN|978-0-582-41899-8}}.</ref> who succeeded in asserting autonomy from the [[Sublime Porte]], suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the Janissaries, restored order, and introduced a program of modernization of the economy and the military. In 1831 the Ottomans overthrew [[Dawud Pasha of Baghdad|Dawud Pasha]], the last Mamluk ruler, and imposed direct control over Iraq.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22897 "Iraq"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216095521/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22897 |date=16 December 2007 }} ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online. Retrieved 15 October 2007</ref>

==Rulers==

===In Egypt===
{{main|List of Mamluk sultans}}

====Bahri Dynasty====
*1250 [[Shajar al-Durr]] ([[al-Salih Ayyub]]'s Widow de facto ruler of Egypt)
*1250 [[Aybak]]
*1257 [[Al-Mansur Ali]]
*1259 [[Qutuz]]
*1260 [[Baibars]]
*1277 [[Al-Said Barakah]]
*1280 [[Solamish]]
*1280 [[Qalawun]]
*1290 [[al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil]]
*1294 [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] ''first reign''
*1295 [[al-Adil Kitbugha]]
*1297 [[Lajin]]
*1299 [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] ''second reign''
*1309 [[al-Muzaffar Rukn-ad-Din Baybars II al-Jashankir]]
*1310 [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] ''third reign''
*1340 [[Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr]]
*1341 [[Kujuk]]
*1342 [[An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt]]
*1342 [[As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt]]
*1345 [[Al-Kamil Sha'ban]]
*1346 [[Al-Muzaffar Hajji]]
*1347 [[al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma'aly al-Hassan]] ''first reign''
*1351 [[al-Salih Salah-ad-Din Ibn Muhammad]]
*1354 [[al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma'aly al-Hassan]] ''second reign''
*1361 [[al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Mohamed Ibn Hajji]]
*1363 [[al-Ashraf Zein al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali ibn Shaban]]
*1376 [[al-Mansur Ala-ad-Din Ali Ibn al-Ashraf Shaban]]
*1382 [[al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji II]] ''first reign''
[[File:AMamelukeonhorsebackwithaPitonorfoo.jpg|thumb|upright|A Mamluk on horseback, with a Piéton or foot-soldier mamluk and a [[Bedouin]] soldier, 1804]]

====Burji Dynasty====
*1382 [[Barquq]] ''first reign''
*1389 [[Hajji II]] ''second reign'' (with honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur) – Temporary Bahri rule
*1390 [[Barquq]] ''second reign'' – Burji rule re-established
*1399 [[An-Nasir Naseer ad-Din Faraj]] ''first reign''
*1405 [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz|Al-Mansoor Azzaddin Abdal Aziz]]
*1405 [[An-Nasir Naseer ad-Din Faraj]] ''second reign''
*1412 [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|al-Musta'in]] ([[Abbasid Caliph]], proclaimed as Sultan)
*1412 [[Shaykh al-Mahmudi|Al-Muayad Sayf ad-Din Shaykh]]
*1421 [[Al-Muzaffar Ahmad]]
*1421 [[Sayf ad-Din Tatar|Az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Tatar]]
*1421 [[An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad|As-Salih Nasir ad-Din Muhammad]]
*1422 [[Barsbay]]
*1438 [[Al-Aziz Jamal ad-Din Yusuf]]
*1438 [[Jaqmaq]]
*1453 [[Al-Mansur Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman|Al-Mansoor Fakhr ad-Din Osman]]
*1453 [[Sayf ad-Din Inal|Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Enal]]
*1461 [[Al-Mu'ayyad Shihab al-Din Ahmad|Al-Muayad Shihab ad-Din Ahmad]]
*1461 [[Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam|Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Khushkadam]]
*1467 [[Sayf ad-Din Bilbay|Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Bilbay]]
*1468 [[Az-Zahir Temurbougha]]
*1468 [[Qaitbay]]
*1496 [[An-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qaitbay|al-Nasir Abu al-Sa'adat Muhammad bin Qait Bay]] ''first reign''
*1497 {{ill|Qansuh Khumsama'ah|arz|قانصوه خمسمئه}}
*1497 [[An-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qaitbay|al-Nasir Abu al-Sa'adat Muhammad bin Qait Bay]] ''second reign''
*1498 [[Abu Sa'id Qansuh|Qansuh Al-Ashrafi]]
*1500 Al-Bilal Ayub
*1500 [[Al-Ashraf Janbalat]]
*1501 [[Tuman bay I]]
*1501 [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]]
*1517 [[Tuman bay II]]

===In India===
[[File:QutubuddinAibakMausoleum.JPG|thumb|upright|The mausoleum of [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] in [[Anarkali]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan.]]
*1206 [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], founded [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi]]
*1210 [[Aram Shah]]
*1211 [[Shams ud din Iltutmish]], son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aybak
*1236 [[Rukn ud din Firuz]], son of Iltutmish
*1236 [[Razia Sultana]], daughter of Iltutmish
*1240 [[Muiz ud din Bahram]], son of Iltutmish
*1242 [[Ala ud din Masud]], son of Rukn ud din Firuz
*1246 [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], grandson of Iltutmish
*1266 [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]], ex-slave and son-in-law of Iltutmish
*1286 [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]], grandson of Balban and Nasiruddin
*1290 [[Kayumars of Delhi|Kayumars]], son of Muiz ud din

===In Iraq===
*1704 [[Hassan Pasha (Mamluk)|Hassan Pasha]]
*1723 [[Ahmad Pasha of Baghdad|Ahmad Pasha]], son of Hasan
*1749 [[Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha]], son-in-law of Ahmad
*1762 [[Omar Pasha of Baghdad|Omar Pasha]], son of Ahmad
*1780 [[Sulayman Pasha the Great]], son of Omar
*1802 [[Ali Pasha of Baghdad|Ali Pasha]], son of Omar
*1807 [[Sulayman Pasha the Little]], son of Sulayman the Great
*1813 [[Said Pasha of Baghdad|Said Pasha]], son of Sulayman the Great
*1816 [[Dawud Pasha of Baghdad|Dawud Pasha]] (1816–1831)

===In Acre===
*1805 [[Sulayman Pasha al-Adil]], ''mamluk'' of [[Jezzar Pasha]]
*1819 [[Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali]] (1819–1831)

==Office titles and terminology==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2013}}
The following terms originally come from either [[Turkish language|Turkish]] or [[Ottoman Turkish language]] (the latter composed of Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words and grammar structures).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! Arabic
! Notes
|-
| ''Alama Sultaniya''
| {{lang|ar|علامة سلطانية}}
| The mark or signature of the Sultan put on his decrees, letters and documents.
|-
| ''Al-Nafir al-Am''
| {{lang|ar|النفير العام}}
| General emergency declared during war
|-
| ''Amir''
| {{lang|ar|أمير}}
| Prince
|-
| ''Amir Akhur''
| {{lang|ar|أمير آخور}}
| supervisor of the royal stable (from Persian {{lang|fa|آخور}} meaning stable)
|-
| ''Amir Majlis''
| {{lang|ar|أمير مجلس}}
| Guard of Sultan's seat and bed
|-
| ''Atabek''
| {{lang|ar|أتابك}}
| Commander in chief (literally "father-lord," originally meaning an appointed step-father for a non-Mamluk minor prince)
|-
|-
| ''Astadar''
| {{lang|ar|أستادار}}
| Chief of the royal servants
|-
| ''Barid Jawi''
| {{lang|ar|بريد جوى}}
| Airmail (mail sent by carrier-pigeons, amplified by Sultan [[Baibars]])
|-
| ''Bayt al-Mal''
| {{lang|ar|بيت المال}}
| treasury
|-
| ''Cheshmeh''
| {{lang|ar|ششمه}}
| A pool of water, or fountain (literally "eye"), from Persian {{lang|fa|[[wikt:چشمه|چشمه]]}}
|-
| ''[[Dawadar]]''
| {{lang|ar|دوادار}}
| Holder of Sultan's ink bottle (from Persian {{lang|fa|دوات‌دار}} meaning bearer of the ink bottle)
|-
| ''Fondok''
| {{lang|ar|فندق}}
| Hotel (some famous hotels in Cairo during the Mamluk era were ''Dar al-Tofah, Fondok Bilal'' and ''Fondok al-Salih'')
|-
| ''Hajib''
| {{lang|ar|حاجب}}
| Doorkeeper of sultan's court
|-
| ''Iqta''
| {{lang|ar|إقطاع}}
| Revenue from land allotment
|-
| ''Jamkiya''
| {{lang|ar|جامكية}}
| Salary paid to a Mamluk
|-
| ''Jashnakir''
| {{lang|ar|جاشنكير}}
| Food taster of the sultan (to assure his beer was not poisoned)
|-
| ''Jomdar''
| {{lang|ar|جمدار}}
| An official at the department of the Sultan's clothing (from Persian {{lang|fa|جامه‌دار}}, meaning keeper of cloths)
|-
| ''Kafel al-mamalek al-sharifah al-islamiya al-amir al-amri''
| {{lang|ar|كافل الممالك الشريفة الاسلامية الأمير الأمرى}}
| Title of the Vice-sultan (Guardian of the Prince of Command [lit. Commander-in-command] of the Dignified Islamic Kingdoms)
|-
| ''Khan''
| {{lang|ar|خان}}
| A store that specialized in selling a certain commodity
|-
| ''Khaskiya''
| {{lang|ar|خاصكية}}
| Courtiers of the sultan and most trusted royal mamluks who functioned as the Sultan's bodyguards/ A privileged group around a prominent Amir (from Persian {{lang|fa|خاصگیان}}, meaning close associates)
|-
| ''Khastakhaneh''
| {{lang|ar|خاصتاخانة}}
| Hospital (from Ottoman Turkish {{lang|ota|[[wikt:خسته‌خانه|خسته‌خانه]]}}, from Persian)
|-
| ''Khond''
| {{lang|ar|خند}}
| Wife of the sultan
|-
| ''Khushdashiya''
| {{lang|ar|خشداشية}}
| Mamluks belonging to the same Amir or Sultan.
|-
| ''Mahkamat al-Mazalim''
| {{lang|ar|محكمة المظالم}}
| Court of complaint. A court that heard cases of complaints of people against state officials. This court was headed by the sultan himself.
|-
| ''Mamalik Kitabeya''
| {{lang|ar|مماليك كتابية}}
| Mamluks still attending training classes and who still live at the Tebaq (campus)
|-
| ''Mamalik Sultaneya''
| {{lang|ar|مماليك سلطانية}}
| Mamluks of the sultan; to distinguish from the Mamluks of the Amirs (princes)
|-
| ''Modwarat al-Sultan''
| {{lang|ar|مدورة السلطان}}
| Sultan's tent which he used during travel.
|-
| ''Mohtaseb''
| {{lang|ar|محتسب}}
| Controller of markets, public works and local affairs.
|-
| ''Morqadar''
| {{lang|ar|مرقدار}}
| Works in the Royal Kitchen (from Persian {{lang|fa|مرغ‌دار}} meaning one responsible for the fowl)
|-
| ''Mushrif''
| {{lang|ar|مشرف}}
| Supervisor of the Royal Kitchen
|-
| ''Na'ib Al-Sultan''
| {{lang|ar|نائب السلطان}}
| Vice-sultan
|-
|''Qa'at al-insha'a''
| {{lang|ar|قاعة الإنشاء}}
| Chancery hall
|-
| ''Qadi al-Qoda''
| {{lang|ar|قاضى القضاة}}
| Chief justice
|-
|''Qalat al-Jabal''
| {{lang|ar|قلعة الجبل}}
| Citadel of the Mountain (the abode and court of the sultan in Cairo)
|-
| ''Qaranisa''
| {{lang|ar|قرانصة}}
| Mamluks who moved to the service of a new Sultan or from the service of an Amir to a sultan.
|-
| ''Qussad''
| {{lang|ar|قصاد}}
| Secret couriers and agents who kept the sultan informed
|-
|''Ostaz''
| {{lang|ar|أستاذ}}
| Benefactor of Mamluks (the Sultan or the Emir) (from Persian استاد)
|-
| ''Rank''
| {{lang|ar|رنك}}
| An emblem that distinguished the rank and position of a Mamluk (probably from Persian {{lang|fa|[[wikt:رنگ|رنگ]]}} meaning color)
|-
| ''Sanjaqi''
| {{lang|ar|سنجاقى}}
| A standard-bearer of the Sultan.
|-
| ''Sharabkhana''
| {{lang|ar|شرابخانة}}
| Storehouse for drinks, medicines and glass-wares of the sultan. (from Persian {{lang|fa|شراب‌خانه}} meaning wine cellar)
|-
| ''Silihdar''
| {{lang|ar|سلحدار}}
| Arm-Bearer (from Arabic {{lang|ar|سلاح}} + Persian {{lang|fa|دار}}, meaning arm-bearer)
|-
| ''Tabalkhana''
| {{lang|ar|طبلخانه}}
| The amir responsible for the Mamluk military band, from Persian {{lang|fa|طبل‌خانه}}
|-
| ''Tashrif''
| {{lang|ar|تشريف}}
| Head-covering worn by a Mamluk during the ceremony of inauguration to the position of Amir.
|-
| ''Tawashi''
| {{lang|ar|طواشى}}
| A [[Eunuch (court official)|Eunuch]] responsible for serving the wives of the sultan and supervising new Mamluks. Mamluk writers seem not to have consulted the eunuchs themselves about "their origins."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Marmon|first1=Shaun Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHbmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title=Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society|last2=Marmon|first2=Assistant Professor of Religion Shaun|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507101-6|pages=32|language=en|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102092201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHbmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tebaq''
| {{lang|ar|طباق}}
| Campus of the Mamluks at the citadel of the mountain
|-
| ''Tishtkhana''
| {{lang|ar|طشتخانة}}
|Storehouse used for the laundry of the sultan (from Persian {{lang|fa|تشت‌خانه}}, meaning tub room)
|-
|''Wali''
| {{lang|ar|والى}}
| viceroy
|-
| ''Yuq''
| {{lang|ar|يوق}}
| A large linen closet used in every mamluk home, which stored pillows and sheets. (Related to the present Crimean Tatar word Yuqa, "to sleep". In modern Turkish: Yüklük.)
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mamluk.jpg|Portrait of a Mamluk, 1779
File:Mourad bey.jpg|[[Murad Bey]], Circassian Mamluk chieftain and [[cavalry]] commander, 1800
File:Mamluke.jpg|A Mamluk cavalryman, drawing by [[Carle Vernet]], 1810
File:El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid.jpg|''[[The Second of May 1808|The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamluks]]'' by [[Francisco de Goya]] (1814)
File:Le Mameluke Roustam by Jacques Nicolas Paillot de Montabert 1806.jpg|Armenian Mamluk [[Roustam Raza]] was [[Napoleon]]'s personal bodyguard; portrait by [[Jacques-Nicolas Paillot de Montabert]] (1806)
File:62emeMarmaluke.jpg|Soldiers of Napoleon's 62ème régiment de ligne and a Mamluk ([[historical reenactment]])
File:USMC Marmeluke.JPG|Today's [[U.S. Marine Corps]] officers' [[Mameluke sword]] resembles those used by the Mamluks
</gallery>

==Dynasties founded by Mamluks==
* [[Tulunids]] (868–905)
* [[Ikhshidids]] (935–969)
* [[Ghaznavids]] (977–1186)
* [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] (1077–1231)
* [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]] (1206–1290)
* [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]] (1250–1517)
** [[Bahri dynasty]] (1250–1382)
** [[Burji dynasty]] (1382–1517)
* [[Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)]] (1704–1831)

==See also==
*[[Black Guard]]
*[[Janissary]]
*[[Jerusalem in the Mamluk period]]
*[[Mamluk carpets]]
*[[Mamluk architecture]]
*[[Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard]]
*[[Saqaliba]]
*[[Sultan of Egypt]]
*[[Simjurids]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Abu-Lughod, Janet L. |title=Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250–1350|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-506774-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1}}
* Allouche, A. (1994). ''Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi's Ighathat.'' Salt Lake City
* {{cite book |last=Amitai |first=Reuven |year=2017 |chapter=Post-Crusader Acre in Light of a Mamluk Inscription and a Fatwā Document from Damascus |editor-last=Ben-Assat |editor-first=Yuval |title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=143 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1163/9789004345058_017 |isbn=978-90-04-34046-6 |s2cid=193093583}}
* {{cite book|author=Amitai, Reuven|title=Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIaFbxD64nUC|access-date=20 June 2011|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46226-6}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Blaydes, Lisa, and Eric Chaney. "The feudal revolution and Europe's rise: Political divergence of the Christian west and the Muslim world before 1500 CE." ''American Political Science Review'' 107.1 (2013): 16–34. [http://pscourses.ucsd.edu/ps200b/Blaydes%20&%20CHaney%20The%20Feudal%20Revolution%20and%20Europe%E2%80%99s%20Rise.pdf online]
* Blaydes, Lisa. "Mamluks, Property Rights, and Economic Development: Lessons from Medieval Egypt." ''Politics & Society'' 47.3 (2019): 395–424 [https://blaydes.people.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj1961/f/land1.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324015121/https://blaydes.people.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj1961/f/land1.pdf |date=24 March 2020 }}.
* Borer, Mary Cathcart. ''What Became of the Mamelukes?'' (Pergamon Press, 1969)
*{{cite book|editor=Conermann, Stephan |editor2=Gül Şen |title=The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition. Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bilād al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century|url=http://www.v-r.de/de/the_mamluk_ottoman_transition/t-0/1087084/|year=2017|publisher=Bonn University Press at V&R unipress}}
* Fay, Mary Ann. "Women and waqf: Toward a reconsideration of women's place in the Mamluk household." ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 29.1 (1997): 33–51.
* {{cite book |last=Franssen |first=Élise |year=2017 |chapter=What was there in a Mamluk Amīr's Library? Evidence from a Fifteenth-Century Manuscript |editor-last=Ben-Assat |editor-first=Yuval |title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=143 |pages=311–332 |doi=10.1163/9789004345058_016 |isbn=978-90-04-34046-6 |s2cid=67749308}}
* {{cite book |last=Frenkel |first=Yehoshua |year=2017 |chapter=Slave Girls and Learned Teachers: Women in Mamluk Sources |editor-last=Ben-Assat |editor-first=Yuval |title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=143 |pages=158–176 |doi=10.1163/9789004345058_008 |isbn=978-90-04-34046-6 |s2cid=187674117}}
* [[John Bagot Glubb|Glubb, John]]. ''Soldiers of Fortune: The Story of the Mamlukes'' (Hodder & Stoughton, 1973)
* {{Gordon-The Breaking of a Thousand Swords}}
* Hathaway, Jane. "The military household in Ottoman Egypt." ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 27.1 (1995): 39–52 [http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist494_2014/readings/hathaway%20mamluk%20household%2017th%20c.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927230004/http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist494_2014/readings/hathaway%20mamluk%20household%2017th%20c.pdf |date=27 September 2022 }}.
* Luz, Nimrod. ''The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and the Urban Landscape'' (Cambridge UP, 2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Mamluk-City-Middle-East-Civilization-ebook/dp/B00GY3MTSI/ excerpt]
* Muslu, Cihan Yuksel. ''The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Ottomans-Mamluks-Imperial-Diplomacy-Warfare/dp/178076149X/ excerpt]
* Oualdi, M'hamed. "Mamluks in Ottoman Tunisia: A Category Connecting State and Social Forces." ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 48.3 (2016): 473–490.
*{{cite book|author=Philipp, Thomas |author2=Ulrich Haarmann|title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=1–101}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pipes |first1=Daniel |title=Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System; al Maqrizi; Mawaiz |date=1981 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-02447-0 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByLG-2hZX-MC |access-date=15 October 2021}}
* Piterberg, Gabriel. "The Formation of an Ottoman Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century." ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' 22.3 (1990): 275–289.
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=Warren C. |year=2017 |chapter=Mamluk Coins, Mamluk Politics and the Limits of the Numismatic Evidence |editor-last=Ben-Assat |editor-first=Yuval |title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=143 |pages=243–268 |doi=10.1163/9789004345058_013 |isbn=978-90-04-34046-6 |s2cid=158093884}}
* Van Steenbergen, Jo, Patrick Wing, and Kristof D'hulster. "The Mamlukization of the Mamluk Sultanate? State Formation and the History of Fifteenth Century Egypt and Syria: Part I – Old Problems and New Trends." ''History Compass'' 14.11 (2016): 549–559.
** "The Mamlukization of the Mamluk Sultanate? State Formation and the History of Fifteenth Century Egypt and Syria: Part II{{snd}}Comparative Solutions and a New Research Agenda." ''History Compass'' 14.11 (2016): 560–569.
* Walker, Bethany. ''Jordan in the Late Middle Ages: Transformation of the Mamluk Frontier'' (2011)
* Waterson, James. "The Mamluks" ''History Today'' (March 2006) 56#3 pp 21–27 online.
* Ulrich Haarmann (2004). ''Das Herrschaftssystem der Mamluken'', in: Halm / Haarmann (eds.): ''Geschichte der arabischen Welt''. C.H. Beck, {{ISBN|978-3-406-47486-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Winter |first=Michael |year=2017 |chapter=Sultan Selīm's Obsession with Mamluk Egypt according to Evliyā Çelebi's ''Seyāḥatnāme'' |editor-last=Ben-Assat |editor-first=Yuval |title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=143 |pages=230–242 |doi=10.1163/9789004345058_012 |isbn=978-90-04-34046-6 |s2cid=119090870}}
* E. de la Vaissière (2007). ''Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d'Asie centrale dans l'empire Abbasside'', Peeters, [http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8356 Peeters-leuven.be] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816092113/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8356 |date=16 August 2019 }} {{in lang|fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Yosef |first=Koby |year=2017 |chapter=Usages of Kinship Terminology during the Mamluk Sultanate and the Notion of the 'Mamlūk Family' |editor-last=Ben-Assat |editor-first=Yuval |title=Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=143 |pages=16–75 |doi=10.1163/9789004345058_003 |isbn=978-90-04-34046-6 |s2cid=135107016}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mamluks}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Mamelukes}}
{{Wiktionary|Mamluk|Mameluke}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072031/http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/ Mamluk Studies Resources] from the Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies and the Chicago Online Encyclopedia of Mamluk Studies Review, at the [[University of Chicago]]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03bfmlh The Mamluks] at BBC's ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]''
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6807/ Quran Carpet Page; al-Fatihah] from a 14th-century Mamluk Quran at the [[World Digital Library]]

{{Egypt topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mamluks| ]]
[[Category:Circassian nobility]]
[[Category:Early modern history of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Kipchaks]]
[[Category:Knights]]
[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:Mamluk Sultanate]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Military history of the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Military history of the Fatimid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Military slavery]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ottoman slave trade]]
[[Category:Political people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Slavery in India]]
[[Category:Slaves in the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Slaves in the Ayyubid Sultanate]]
[[Category:Slaves in the Fatimid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Slaves in the Ottoman Empire]]

Yaaru Potta Kodu

2026-03-20T22:53:04Z

ArianneNies1: added a pg

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaaru Potta Kodu
| image = Yaaru Potta Kodu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Lenin Vadamalai
| producer = Dr. Vinitha Govindarajan
| starring = S. M. Prabakaran [[Meghali|Meghali Meenakshi]]
| cinematography = John V. Jerin
| editing = Sriram Vignesh M
| music = Esaikkavingar Soundaryan Jaikumar Natarajan
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yaaru Potta Kodu''''' ({{Translation|A line drawn by whom?}}) is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Lenin Vadamalai. The film is produced by Dr. Vinitha Govindarajan and features S. M. Prabakaran and [[Meghali|Meghali Meenakshi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12ம் தேதி வெளியாகும் ‘யாரு போட்ட கோடு’ - Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/yarupotakodu-release/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

The film was theatrical released on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சேவை |first=தினமணி செய்திச் |date=2025-12-13 |title=யாரு போட்ட கோடு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/sunday-kondattam/2025/Dec/13/who-drew-the-line |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* S. M. Prabakaran
* [[Meghali|Meghali Meenakshi]]
* Lenin Vadamalai
* Tuhin Che Guevara
* Oviyan S
* Vijay Aditiyaa
* Somasundaram
* Medhaguru Raja
* Madhu Baskar
* Shalini

== Production ==
The film was directed by Lenin Vadamalai and produced by Dr. Vinitha Govindarajan. Cinematography was handled by John V. Jerin, and editing by Sriram Vignesh M.<ref>{{Cite web |last=செய்திப்பிரிவு |first=நக்கீரன் |date=2025-12-01 |title=‘யாரு போட்ட கோடு’ பட இசை மற்றும் முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/yaaru-potta-kodu-movie-audio-released-10828306 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Nakkheeran |language=ta}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by Esaikkavingar Soundaryan and Jaikumar Natarajan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=யாரு போட்ட கோடு இசை வெளியீட்டு விழா |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2025/12/02/261540.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Maalai Malar|''Maalai Malar'']] stated that Lenin Vadamalai directed the film to highlight Indian caste discrimination and superstition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2025-12-11 |title=யாரு போட்ட கோடு திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Yaru Potta Kodu Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/yaru-potta-kodu-165209 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote that the film emphasizes the need for student activism in politics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=விமர்சனம்: யாரு போட்ட கோடு - Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/criticism-who-drew-the-line/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|39165054}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2026}}
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Francisco Ferreira do Amaral

2026-03-20T01:41:07Z

ArianneNies1: starting article

{{Short description|Portuguese naval commander and politician}}
'''Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral''', [[Order of the Tower and Sword|GCTE]] ([[Lisbon]], Santa Catarina, 11 June 1843<ref>Some sources say 1844.</ref> – 11 August 1923) was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] naval commander and politician.
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= Francisco Ferreira do Amaral
|image= Francisco Ferreira do Amaral.jpg
|caption= Official portrait, 1908
|order= [[Prime Minister of Portugal]]
|term_start = 4 February 1908
|term_end = 26 December 1908
|monarch = [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]]
|predecessor = [[João Franco]]
|successor = [[Artur de Campos Henriques]]
|birth_name= Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1843|6|11}}
|birth_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1923|8|11|1843|6|11}}
|death_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
|party = Independent
}}

==Parents==
He was the only son of [[João Maria Ferreira do Amaral]] and his wife [[Maria Helena de Albuquerque, 1st Baroness of Oliveira Lima]].

==Career==
He distinguished himself as a military and became a [[vice-admiral]] and [[admiral]] of the [[Portuguese Navy]], conquering important territories in [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]]. For his successes, the realm wanted to grant him the title of [[count]], which he refused, suggesting that it would be better to grant it to his mother instead, who would be happier with it.

He served as a [[Chamber of Most Worthy Peers|Peer of the Realm]] by Royal Letter of 17 March 1898, Member of the Council of His Most Faithful Majesty, [[Minister (government)|Minister]] of State and the first President of the Council of Ministers of King [[Manuel II of Portugal]], or [[Prime Minister of Portugal]], [[Deputy (legislator)|Deputy]] of the Nation, [[Governor]] of [[Namibe (province)|Moçâmedes]], [[Governor]] of [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé e Príncipe]], 78th [[Governor]] of [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] (1882–1886)<ref name=a>{{cite book|last=Clarence-Smith|first=W. G.|year=2008|title=Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840–1926|pages=38–39}}</ref> (1882–1886) and 101st [[Governor]] of the State of [[Portuguese India|India]] (1886–1886), [[President (corporate title)|president]] of the Society of Geography, 308th [[Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]], etc. He was also created an Honorary [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Royal Victorian Order]].

==Marriage and issue==
[[File:Jazigo de Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral 2017-02-08.png|thumb|right|Grave of Francisco Ferreira do Amaral, Prazeres Graveyard, [[Lisbon]]]]
He married in Lisbon, São Julião, on 12 September 1880 Carolina Amélia Bastos (Lisbon, Santa Justa, 4 November 1852 – [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India|India]], 22 October 1886), daughter of António Inácio Bastos and his wife Maria Cristina da Conceição Tibau, and had three children:
* João Maria Basto Ferreira do Amaral (1881 – 27 September 1884)
* Maria Cristina Basto Ferreira do Amaral ([[Luanda]], 18 March 1883 – [[Penamacor]], Aldeia de João Pires, 15 September 1960), married António Emídio Taborda de Azevedo e Costa (Penamacor, Penamacor – Penamacor, Aldeia de João Pires), and had issue
* [[Augusto Basto Ferreira do Amaral]] ([[Panaji|Nova Goa]], Goa, India, 17 October 1886 – Lisbon, São Sebastião da Pedreira, 10 February 1947)

===Illegitimate issue===
Before his marriage, he had two more recognized children.

At age 18, he impregnated a [[servant]] from his house (who was also the [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] and later second wife of his first cousin Guilherme de Albuquerque Carvalhal e França, by whom she had Júlio de Albuquerque e França), which scandal led them both to be expelled from their home, and had one daughter:
* Serícia Emília Ferreira do Amaral (Lisbon, September 1861 – ?), unmarried and without issue

By Augusta Frederica Smith Chaves (c. 1850 – after 1923), of [[English people|English]] descent, he had one son:
* [[João Maria Ferreira do Amaral II|João Maria Ferreira do Amaral]] (Lisbon, São Julião, 14 June 1876 – Lisbon, 11 March/3 November 1931)

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=16490 GeneAll.net – Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral] at www.geneall.net Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral

==Sources==
* ''Anuário da Nobreza de Portugal'', III, 1985, Tomo II, pp. 758–761

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | before = [[João Franco]]| title = [[List of Prime Ministers of Portugal|Prime Minister of Portugal]] (President of the Council of Ministers)|years=1908| after = [[Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques|Campos Henriques]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{PMPortugal1834}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amaral, Francisco Joaquim Ferreira Do}}
[[Category:Prime ministers of Portugal]]
[[Category:Naval ministers of Portugal]]
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lisbon]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lisbon]]
[[Category:Portuguese admirals]]
[[Category:Governors of Portuguese Angola]]
[[Category:1880s in Angola]]
[[Category:Governors of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese military personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Portuguese people]]

Vasudeva Sarvabhauma

2026-03-11T07:18:07Z

ArianneNies1: added details!

{{Short description|13-14th century Nyaya scholar from Mithila}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|name=Vasudeva Sarvabhauma
|native_name=वासुदेव सार्वभौम
|birth_place=Nabadwip
|alma_mater=[[Ancient Mithila University]]
|occupation=[[Philosopher]] Professor
|notable_works=Navya Nyaya ( New Logic )
|school_tradition=Navya Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy
|institutions=*[[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]]
*[[University of ancient Nadia|Ancient Nabadwip University]]
|language=[[Sanskrit]]
|era=13th century - 14th century
}}
'''Vasudeva Sarvabhauma''' ( [[Sanskrit]]: '''वासुदेव सर्वभौम''' ) was an Indian Philosopher and a scholar of [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=A. Berriedale |date=October 1914 |title=The Study of Sanskrit. By Pandit Lingesha Vidyābhusana Vedānta-Vāchaspati. Bombay, 1913. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/study-of-sanskrit-by-pandit-lingesha-vidyabhusana-vedantavachaspati-bombay-1913/C573EACA0554DE566B11DE08EFFE12F3 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=1099–1100 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00047626 |s2cid=163634671 |issn=1474-0591|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=B. N. Krishnamurti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC&q=vasudeva+sarvabhauma |title=History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1575-9 |language=en}}</ref> He is also known as Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya. He lived around 13th to 14th century of the Common Era. He belonged to [[Nabadwip]] and went to [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] for studying Nyaya Shastra. He was a student of [[Pakshadhara Mishra]], the head professor of Nyaya Shastra in the Ancient Mithila University at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narahari Upadhyaya's Anumanakhandadusanoddharah (Gaekwad's Oriental Series-179) (An Old And Rare Book) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/narahari-upadhyaya-s-anumanakhandadusanoddharah-gaekwad-s-oriental-series-179-old-and-rare-book-uaq376/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref> He memorized the entire texts of learning available there and then returned to Nabadwip to establish his own school for the study of logic ( [[Navya-Nyāya|Navya Nyaya]] or New Logic ) He was one of the founders of Navya Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parishads: Vasudeva Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya |url=https://www.bvmlu.org/SBBTM/p_vsb.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.bvmlu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=C. V. Ramachandra |title=Did Krsnadevaraya Meet with Discomfiture in His Eastern Campaign Against Prataparudra Gajapati ? |date=1977 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139073 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=38 |pages=218–221 |jstor=44139073 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vasudeva Sarvabhauma was born in a [[Brahmin]] family at Vidyanagar about four kilometres from [[Nabadwip]] town of [[Nadia district]] of present [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holy Places of Jaiva Dharma: Mithila |url=https://www.radha.name/news/general-news/the-holy-places-of-jaiva-dharma-mithila-3 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.radha.name}}</ref> His father's name was Maheshvara Visarada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya House |url=https://mayapur.in/en/sarvabhauma-bhattacharya-house/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=mayapur.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LordGuaranga |url=https://www.divyajivan.org/articles/siva/chaitnya_mahaprabhu.htm |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.divyajivan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyabhusana |first=Satis Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC&q=vasudeva+sarvabhauma |title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0565-1 |language=en}}</ref> He studied Sanskrit literature and grammar from his own father.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rq45AQAAIAAJ&q=University+of+Nadia+ |title=The Dawn and Dawn Society's Magazine |date=1907 |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life ==
Vasudeva Sarvabhauma went to the [[Vedic learning in Mithila|university of Mithila]] at the age of 25 for studying [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]] there. He was admitted in the academy of [[Pakshadhara Mishra]]. At that time, Pakshadhara Mishra was the head of Nyaya Shastra in the university of Mithila. Vasudeva Sarvabhauma studied Nyaya Shastra there. After completion of his studies, he appeared in a difficult examination of the university known as [[Shalaka Pariksha]]. In the examination of Shalaka Pariksha, one by one he explained one hundred leaves of the manuscripts presented to him. His teacher became very pleased with him, so he was honoured with the title "''Sarvabhauma''" In the university of Mithila, no one was allowed to take the copy of the manuscripts of the university to outside. When Vasudeva Sarvabhauma came to know the strict rule of the university, he pledged to memorize the manuscript of the text [[Tattvachintamani|Tattavachintamani]] and the metrical portions of the [[Nyayakusumanjali|Nyaya Kushmanjali]]. After memorizing them, he went to [[Varanasi|Kashi]]. There he studied the philosophy of [[Vedanta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Establishment of academy at Nadia ==
Vasudeva Sarvabhauma return to his home town Nadia in the beginning of 15th century CE after completing the study of the Vedanta philosophy at Kashi. In those days Nadia was emerging as a centre of Sanskrit learning. But study of the higher subjects like Nyaya Shastra was not available there. Then Vasudeva Sarvabhauma established an academy of Logic at Nadia for teaching Nyaya Shastra there. After the establishment of the academy, a large number of students from the Bengal region flocked to his academy for studying Nyaya Shastra. Some prominent disciples of Vasudeva Sarvabhauma were [[Raghunatha Siromani|Raghunath Shiromani]], Raghunandana, [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha|Krishnandana agamavagisha]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Nyaya]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]

Sivok Junction

2026-03-07T13:22:06Z

ArianneNies1:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{unfocused|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sivok
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Beauty of sevoke .jpg 02.jpg
| image_caption = View of Sivok railway station
| address = [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]], [[Sevoke]], [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8806|88.4689|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| line = *[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
*[[Sivok–Rangpo line]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|156|m|ft}}
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SVQ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Alipurduar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| status = Open (construction – new line)
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Sivok Junction''' also known as '''Sevoke Junction ''' is a junction railway station in [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]]. Its code is '''SVQ'''. The station serves [[Sevoke]] town. The station consists of two platforms.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/sivok-svq/7166| title=SVQ/Sivok| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> The station lies on [[New Jalpaiguri]]–[[Siliguri]]–[[New Mal Junction]]–[[Hasimara]]–[[Alipurduar Junction]] route under [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130411222200/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/siliguri/story_15905614.jsp Villagers’ nod to rail survey]</ref> It is also the originating point of the [[Sivok–Rangpo line|Sevoke-Rangpo Railway Line]] which is under construction. This railway station is a scenic railway station as it falls under [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] just ahead of [[Sevoke Railway Bridge]] over river [[Teesta]].

== Trains ==

Some of the trains that has stoppages in Sevoke are:

*[[Mahananda Express|Delhi Junction - Alipurduar Mahananda Express]]
* [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-alipur-duar-tourist-special-05777/8374/444/449|title = 05777/New Jalpaiguri - Alipur Duar Tourist Special - New Jalpaiguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>
* [[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|title = 15467/Siliguri - Bamanhat Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Bamanhat NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>
* [[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]
* Alipurduar–New Jalpaiguri Passenger
* Bamanhat–Siliguri Passenger
* Siliguri-New Bongaigaon DEMU
* Dinhata–Siliguri DEMU
* New Cooch Behar–Siliguri Jn DEMU (via [[Changrabandha]])
* New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Passenger

==New railway line from Sevoke to Rangpo==
{{Railways in Siliguri|collapse=y}}
[[Sivok–Rangpo line]], 44 km long line, will provide access to Gangtok in Sikkim.<ref name=railne1>[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/north-east-to-get-better-indian-railways-connectivity-5-major-rail-projects-lined-up-details-here/2027372/ North East to get better Indian Railways connectivity! 5 major rail projects lined up], ''Financial Express'', July 17, 2020.</ref>

The foundation stone for construction of a new railway line from Sevoke railway station to proposed [[Rangpo railway station]] on the border of Sikkim and [[West Bengal]] was laid in October 2009 by the vice president of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |title=Finally Sevoke-Rangpo railway link on track|date=November 2009 |access-date=4 March 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528224619/http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=WIcIBZdMByhLAS9Iyls+Og== |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, the line was proposed to be 53 km long with {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] track but the final alignment is 45 km long with 3.5 km in Sikkim state and the rest in West Bengal state. The track will have 28 bridges and 14 tunnels and 38.5 km of the track will be in tunnels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article976301.ece|title = Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Inspection survey for Sikkim rail link |access-date=2012-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131003127/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/2010012551081500.htm |archive-date=31 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Bridges over deep gorges and valleys will provide a scenic journey.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} The track is due to be constructed through the foothills of the Kanchanjungha mountain range and the Teesta river valley. New railway stations will be constructed at [[Melli]], [[Teesta Bazaar]], Geil Khola, Riang, and [[Rangpo]].{{update inline|date=September 2019}}{{speculation inline}}

The Indian Railways signed a contract with the construction company, IRCON, only in May 2010 but the final alignment had not been fixed for the first 22 km through elephant sanctuary forest even in 2013 and the final clearance of environment ministry had not been received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/northbengalsikkimrai/|title = North Bengal-Sikkim Railway Link - Railway Technology}}</ref> To obtain approval of the environment and forest ministry, the railways made a proposal in February 2013 to install elephant sensors along the stretch of the proposed railway line in Mahananda elephant sanctuary or run the trains at a speed of only 20 km per hour in the forest area and stop when an elephant is sighted close to the track.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/elephant-sensors-may-come-up-on-railway-line-to-sikkim/article4387995.ece|title = Elephant sensors may come up on railway line to Sikkim|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 February 2013|last1 = Balchand|first1 = K.}}</ref> People of two villages in East Sikkim, through which a 3.5 km stretch of the 45 km long railway line has been planned, had not agreed to give their land for laying the track.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411222200/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/siliguri/story_15905614.jsp Villagers’ nod to rail survey], ''The Telegraph'', August 28, 2012</ref> The project cost has escalated from the estimated cost of Rs.13.4 billion in 2008<ref>{{Cite web| title=Railway Project | date=February 2011 | url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070941/http://indianrailways.gov.in:80/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/works/pdf/Other_Projects_080411.pdf | archive-date=2011-05-16}}</ref> and construction of the railway line has not started even in 2018.

The [[Supreme Court of India]] approved the project in February 2016 with strict guidelines of the National Wildlife Board that cleared the project in June 2015 but ordered restricted speed, wireless animal tracking sensors and allowed digging of tunnels only during daytime. The railway line is needed for security and socio-economic reasons. The railway line will help troops and armaments move faster towards the Indo-Tibet border. Railway Board chairman visited and met the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) officials on 2 March 2018 to discuss the commencement of construction of the track and tunnels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/21/coming-soon-west-bengal---sikkim-rail-project-1776854.html|title = Coming Soon: West Bengal - Sikkim Rail project}}</ref>

* Estimated cost: Rs.1,340 crore in 2008.
* Length of final alignment: 44.98 km
* Stations en route: Riang, Gailkhola, Tista Bazaar, Melli
* Nearest junction: [[New Jalpaiguri]] (30 km from Sevoke through {{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}})
* Route under tunnels: 38.53 km (86%)
* Number of bridges: 28
* Number of tunnels: 14
* Longest tunnel: 5.1 km

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]

Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)

2026-03-03T23:44:10Z

ArianneNies1: general add structure for consistency and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shola aur Shabnam
| image = Shola aur Shabnam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Rajeev Kaul Praful Parekh '''Dialogues:''' [[Anees Bazmee]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]|[[Divya Bharti]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Bappi Lahiri]] '''Lyrics:''' [[Anjaan (lyricist) | Anjaan]] [[Govinda]]
| cinematography = Siba Mishra
| editing = [[David Dhawan]]
| distributor = Chiragdeep International
| released = {{Film date|1992|01|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|10.7|c|year=1992|lk=c}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg==|title=Box-office 1992|date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014053544/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg==|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Shola Aur Shabnam''''' ({{translation|[[Flame]] and [[Dew|Dew drops]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed and edited by [[David Dhawan]] and written by [[Anees Bazmee]], Rajeev Kaul and Praful Parekh. It stars [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Divya Bharti]], with [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Anupam Kher]]. The film revolves around the travails of a [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] student Karan (Govinda).

Initially titled ''Khiladi'', the film was meant to be the debut film of [[Divya Bharti]]. But it was delayed owing to [[wikt:censor|censor]]ship problems. Siba Mishra handled the [[cinematography]], while [[David Dhawan]] directed as well as edited the film. [[Anees Bazmee]], Praful Parekh and Rajiv Kaul penned the [[screenplay]]. [[Bappi Lahiri]] composed the [[music]]. It was distributed by Nihalani's banner, Chiragdeep International.

The film became the huge Commercial success and fourth highest-grossing Indian film of 1992, it grossed about {{INR|10.7 crore}} (US$9.3 million) and provided breakthrough to its cast members. [[Anupam Kher]] received acclaim for his portrayal of Major Indramohan Lathi and was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comic Actor]] at the [[38th Filmfare Awards]], but won for [[Khel (film)|''Khel'']] instead.

==Plot==
The spoiled and arrogant brother, Bali ([[Mohnish Behl]]), of notorious gangster, Kali Baba ([[Gulshan Grover]]), enlists in the National Cadet Corp, and wants to have his way with his fellow-students and trainer, Inder Mohan Lathi ([[Anupam Kher]]), with comical results. When he meets Divya Thapa ([[Divya Bharti]]) for the first time, he is smitten by her, and wants to be with her by hook or by crook. But Divya is in love with Karan ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]), and both plan to be with each other. Circumstances act against them, and they flee together, with Kali Baba's men, and Divya's Police Commissioner dad, Yashpal Thapa ([[Alok Nath]]), in hot pursuit, to an unknown destination, surrounded by a web of lies, deception, and no known resource to assist them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shola Aur Shabnam cast information|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5752/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606005630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/5752/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2008|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Karan
*[[Divya Bharti]] as Divya Thapa
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Kalishankar
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Bali
*[[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Police Commissioner, Yashpal Thapa, Divya Father
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Sharda Thapa, Divya's Mother
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Girl's Hostel Principal Mona
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Major Indramohan Lathi
*[[Sudha Chandran]] as Rama, Karan's Sister
*[[Madhu Kambikar]] as Sunita , Karan's mother
*[[Raja Bundela]] as Raja
*[[Satyajeet Puri|Satyajeet]] as Satya
*Girish Malik as Girish
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Inspector Anil
*[[Mahavir Shah]] as Inspector Mahadev
*[[Govind Namdeo]] as Inspector Kashinath Tiwari
*[[Harish Patel]] as Velji
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Guddi
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Boxer Deva (Special Appearance)
*[[Archana Puran Singh]] as Mrs. Deva (Special Appearance)
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Jaichand
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Brij
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shola Aur Shabnam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 January 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Hindi Film Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Ishtar Music|Venus Music]]
</div>
| producer = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]]. It consisted of five songs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shola Aur Shabnam track information|url=http://music.ovi.com/in/en/pc/Product/Govinda-Divya-Bharti/Shola-Aur-Shabnam/5425182|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> The music was released on the [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Music]] label. Lyrics were penned by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shola Aur Shabnam music information|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.com/movie/shola_aur_shabnam_1992.htm|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Bole Bole Dil Mera Bole
| extra1 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] & Chorus
| lyrics1 = Anjaan
| length1 = 6:49
| title2 = Gori Gori O Baanki Chhori
| extra2 = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
| lyrics2 = Govinda
| length2 = 7:12
| title3 = Jane De Jane De Mujhe Jane De
| extra3 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]] & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| lyrics3 = Anjaan
| length3 = 5:36
| title4 = Tere Mere Pyar Mein
| extra4 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Debashish Dasgupta]] & [[Shailender Singh|Shailendra Singh]]
| lyrics4 = Anjaan
| length4 = 7:08
| title5 = Tu Pagal Premi Awara
| extra5 = [[Shabbir Kumar]] & [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| lyrics5 = Anjaan
| length5 = 8:31
}}

==Release==

===Box office===
''Shola Aur Shabnam'' was released on 23 January 1992. It was a blockbuster, eventually becoming one of the highest-grossers in the career of Govinda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashraf|first=Syed Firdaus|date=12 October 2018|title=FryDay Review: A MUST WATCH for Govinda fans!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/fryday-review-a-must-watch-for-govinda-fans/20181012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013061010/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/fryday-review-a-must-watch-for-govinda-fans/20181012.htm|archive-date=2018-10-13|access-date=25 January 2022|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> It grossed {{INR|link=yes}}10.7{{nbsp}}[[crore]] (US[[United States Dollar|$]]9.3 million) against a minimal budget of {{INR|link=yes}}3{{nbsp}}[[crore]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Shola Aur Shabnam (1992)–Box Office Collection, Budget and Facts|date=13 August 2021 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/shola-aur-shabnam-1992-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-facts/movies-facts/|access-date=2022-01-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Adjusted for inflation, its box office gross is equal to {{INR|link=yes}}70{{nbsp}}[[crore]] as of 2020.<ref name=":1" />

===Reception===

The film received mixed reviews upon release. [[Sukanya Verma]] from [[Rediff|Rediff.com]] praised the performances of Govinda, Divya Bharti and Anupam Kher, but was critical to its story which she addressed to be a "comic-romantic-potboiler" and that in the film "logic is entirely tossed out of the window".<ref>{{Cite web|last=VERMA|first=SUKANYA|title=10 David Dhawan Movies YOU Must Watch|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/-10-david-dhawan-movies-you-must-watch/20201126.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126073752/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/-10-david-dhawan-movies-you-must-watch/20201126.htm|archive-date=2020-11-26|access-date=2022-01-25|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> Rachit Gupta from [[Filmfare]] was appreciative of Divya, stating that she "seemed at ease switching between comedy and romance as she matched Govinda step to step".<ref name=":0" /> He also deemed the scenes of conflict between NCC cadet boys headed by Govinda and girl guides headed by Divya as "particularly memorable".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Know your actor: Divya Bharti|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-divya-bharti-7968.html|date=2014-12-15|access-date=2021-06-16|work=[[Filmfare]]|last=Gupta|first=Rachit|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195626/https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-divya-bharti-7968.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[38th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Nominated'''
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comic Actor]] - [[Anupam Kher]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 action drama films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|0105394}}

Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)

2026-02-28T19:10:12Z

ArianneNies1:

{{Short description|Delhi Sultanate's governor of Bengal from 1227 to 1229}}
{{About|a governor of Bengal||Nasiruddin Mahmud (disambiguation){{!}}Nasiruddin Mahmud}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2017}}
'''Nāṣir ad-Dīn Maḥmūd''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|ناصرالدين محمود}}}}) was the eldest son of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Shamsuddin Iltutmish]] and his chief consort Turkan Khatun,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minhaj-i-Siraj |first=Abu-'Umar-i-'Usman |title=Tabaqat-i-Nasiri |publisher=Asiatic Society |year=1873 |location=London |pages=660–673 |language=English}}</ref> (as the court historian [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]] clearly mentioned in the [[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]], the only contemporary source of history of that time), the daughter of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]. He was, in all probabilities, the full brother of [[Razia Sultan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Minhaj-i-Siraj|first=Abu-'Umar-i-'Usman|title=The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1873|location=London|language=English}}</ref> He was the governor of [[Awadh]] and later served as the governor of [[Bengal]] (Preceded by [[Iwaz Khalji]]) until his death in 1229. Then in 1230 the son of Ali Sher Khalji, [[Balka Khalji]] declared himself as independent king of Bengal. Thus in 1231 [[Iltutmish]] marched against him and defeated him and made [[Alauddin Jani]] as the next governor of Bengal.

==History==
When [[Iwaz Khalji]] rebelled against [[Iltutmish|Delhi Sultan Iltutmish]], he sent his son Nasiruddin Mahmud along with [[Alauddin Jani]] to lead an invasion against Iwaz.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Iltutmish |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iltutmish |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Iwaz was defeated and killed, and Nasiruddin became the governor of [[Bengal]]. He received the title ''Malik ush-Sharq'' ({{langx|ar|{{nq|مٰلك الشّرق}}}}; {{lit|King of the East}}) from Sultan [[Iltutmish]].

In 1228, Nasiruddin attacked and killed [[Raja Prithu]] (r. 1185–1228), a ruler in [[Kamarupa]].<ref name=sarkar>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992 |page=38}}</ref> He subsequently attacked [[Tibet]] however he had to retreat back to [[Bengal]] due to cold weather and snow as many of his soldiers had died of [[hypothermia]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

After ruling for one and a half years, Nasiruddin died in 1229.<ref name=sarkar/> His tomb is now called [[Sultan Ghari]], which is the oldest [[Islam]]ic [[mausoleum]] of [[India]]. This area is now a part of [[Qutb Minar complex]]. This complex also houses the tombs of [[Ruknuddin Firuz]] and [[Muiz ud din Bahram]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|
before=[[Iwaz Khalji]] ([[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]])|
title=[[List of rulers of Bengal|Mamluk Delhi Sultanate Governor of Bengal]]|
years=1227–1229|
after=Alauddin Daulat Shah Khalji}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmud, Nasiruddin}}
[[Category:1229 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Kanjoor

2026-02-27T06:27:22Z

ArianneNies1: slightly adjust structure to improve readability and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
[[File:Third Face.jpg|thumb|Kanjoor Church]]
[[File:Kanjoor.jpg|thumb|Althara at Kanjoor church]]
'''Kanjoor''' is a small town near to [[Aluva]] and [[Kalady]]. It is in [[Ernakulam district]] in the state of Kerala, India. The estimated population is 19,712.<ref>Source : Census data 2001</ref> The town is home to the Thiruvalluvar Temple, dedicated to the poet-philosopher [[Valluvar]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Rama Vedanayagam |title= திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Original Text and Lucid Commentary] |year= 2017 |edition= 1st |publisher= Manimekalai Prasuram| language=ta |location=Chennai }}</ref> St Sebastian's Church is located here.
[[File:First Face.jpg|thumb|Kanjoor Church entrance]]
[[File:Second Face.jpg|thumb|Kanjoor Church backside]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://lsgkerala.in/kanjoorpanchayat lsgkerala.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706114924/http://lsgkerala.in/kanjoorpanchayat |date=6 July 2016 }}

{{commons category|Kanjoor}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]

Swaminarayan

2026-02-25T17:04:02Z

ArianneNies1: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Founder of Swaminarayan Sampradaya (1781-1830)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Swaminarayan
| image = Lord Swaminarayan writing the Shikshapatri.jpg
| caption = Illustration of Swaminarayan writing the ''[[Shikshapatri]]''
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 3 April 1781{{sfnp|Williams|2001|p=13}}
| birth_place = [[Chhapaiya]], [[Oudh State|Kingdom of Oudh]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| birth_name = Ghanshyam Pande
| death_date = {{death date and age|1830|6|1|1781|4|3|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Gadhada]], [[Baroda State]] (present-day [[Gujarat]], India)
| guru = [[Swami Ramanand]]
| founder = [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
| successor = Ayodhyaprasad and Raghuvira{{sfnp|Williams|2001|p=35}}
}}
'''Swaminarayan''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Svāmīnārāyaṇa}}''; 3 April 1781 – 1 June 1830), also known as '''Sahajanand Swami''', was a [[yogi]] and [[Asceticism|ascetic]] believed by followers to be a manifestation of [[Krishna]]{{sfnp|Kim|2010}}{{sfnp|Jones|2005|p=8890}}{{sfnp|Olson|2007|p=336}} or the highest [[Theophany|manifestation]] of [[Purushottama]],{{sfnp|Williams|2018|page=81}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gurus of modern yoga |date=2013 |first1=Mark |last1=Singleton |first2=Ellen |last2=Goldberg |isbn=978-0-19-993871-1 |location=New York, NY |oclc=861692270}}</ref> around whom the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]] developed.

In 1800, he was initiated into the ''Uddhava'' ''[[sampradaya]]'' by his guru, [[Swami Ramanand]], and was given the name Sahajanand Swami. Despite opposition, in 1802, Ramanand handed over the leadership of the Uddhava Sampradaya to him before his death.{{Sfnp|Williams|2018|page=17}} According to the Swaminarayan tradition, Sahajanand Swami became known as Swaminarayan, and the Uddhava Sampradaya became known as the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, after a gathering in which he taught the [[Swaminarayan Mantra]] to his followers.

He emphasized "moral, personal, and social betterment,"{{sfnp|Jones|2005|p=8889}} and ''[[ahimsa]]''.{{sfnp|Williams|2018|p=27}} He is also remembered within the sect for undertaking reforms for women{{sfnp|Raval|2012}} and the poor,{{sfnp|Mangalnidhidas|2016}} and performing large-scale non-violent [[yajna|yajñas]] (fire sacrifices).{{sfnp|Paramtattvadas|Williams|Amrutvijaydas|2016}}

During his lifetime, Swaminarayan [[Institutionalisation|institutionalized]] his charisma and beliefs in various ways.{{sfnp|Schreiner|2001}} He built six mandirs to facilitate devotional worship of God by his followers,{{sfnp|S.Patel|2017|p=65}}{{sfnp|Trivedi|2015|p=353}}{{sfnp|Hatcher|2020}} and encouraged the creation of a scriptural tradition,{{sfnp|Schreiner|2001}}{{sfnp|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=64}}{{sfnp|Williams|2018|p=200}} including the ''[[Shikshapatri]]'', which he wrote in 1826.{{sfnp|Parikh|2016}} In 1826, through a legal document titled the [[Desh Vibhag Lekh|Lekh]], Swaminarayan created two dioceses, the [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi|Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi (Vadtal Gadi)]] and [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi|Nar Narayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad Gadi)]], with a hereditary leadership of [[acharya]]s and their wives,<ref group="web">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2017 |title=When One Million People Believe Your Husband Is a God |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-one-million-people-believe-your-husband-is-a-god/ |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> beginning with two of his nephews whom he formally adopted,{{sfnp|Williams|2001|p=35}} who were authorized to install statues of deities in temples and to initiate ascetics.{{sfnp|Schreiner|2001}}

==Biography==

===Childhood as Ghanshyam===
[[File:Dharmadev and Bhaktimata.jpg|thumb|Dharmadev teaching Ghanshyam from the scriptures]]

Swaminarayan was born on 3 April 1781 ([[Chaitra]] Sud 9, [[Samvat]] 1837) in [[Chhapaiya]], a village near [[Ayodhya]], then under the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab of Oudh]], in present-day Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfnp|Williams|2001|p=13}} Born into the [[Brahmin]] or [[caste system in India|priestly caste]] of Sarvariya, Swaminarayan was named ''Ghanshyam Pande'' by his parents, Hariprasad Pande (father, also known as Dharmadev) and Premvati Pande (mother, also known as Bhaktimata and Murtidevi).{{sfnp|Williams|2001|p=13}} The birth of Swaminarayan coincided with the Hindu festival of [[Rama Navami]], celebrating the birth of [[Rama]]. The ninth lunar day in the fortnight of the [[Lunar phase|waxing moon]] in the [[Hindu calendar|month]] of [[Chaitra]] (March–April), is celebrated as both Rama Navami and [[Swaminarayan Jayanti]] by Swaminarayan followers. This celebration also marks the beginning of a ritual calendar for the followers.<ref name = "Williams141">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=141}}</ref>

Swaminarayan had an elder brother, Rampratap Pande, and a younger brother, Ichcharam Pande.<ref name="isbn8190131834">{{cite book | author=Makarand R. Paranjape | title=Dharma and development: the future of survival | publisher=Samvad India | year=2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SorXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 111 | isbn=978-81-901318-3-4}}</ref> He is said to have mastered the [[Hindu texts|scriptures]], including the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], the [[Puranas]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'', and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by the age of seven.<ref name="isbn8176500917">{{cite book | author=M. Gupta | title=Let's Know Hindu Gods and Goddesses | publisher=Star Publications | year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uscjONr3_MUC&q=poor+sahajanand+swami&pg=PT26 |access-date=15 May 2009|page = 33 | isbn=978-81-7650-091-3}}</ref>

===Travels as Nilkanth Varni===
[[File:Nilkanth Varni.JPG|thumb|left|Nilkanth Varni during his travels]]

After the death of his parents, Ghanshyam Pande left his home on 29 June 1792 (Ashadh Sud 10, Samvat 1849) at the age of 11.<ref name="NV">{{cite web|url=http://www.sksst.org/sampraday/index.asp|title=Sampradat history: Nilkanth Varni|publisher=Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple|location=Harrow, England|access-date=2009-07-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630090513/http://www.sksst.org/sampraday/index.asp|archive-date=30 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He took the name Nilkanth Varni while on his journey. Nilkanth Varni travelled across India and parts of [[Nepal]] in search of an [[ashram]], or hermitage, that practiced what he considered a correct understanding of [[Vedanta]], [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga]], and [[Pancaratra]].<ref name="Williams15">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=15}}</ref> To find such an ashram, Nilkanth Varni asked the following five questions on the basic Vaishnava Vedanta categories:<ref name="Williams 2001 36">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=36}}</ref>
* What is ''{{IAST|[[Jiva]]}}''?
* What is ''{{IAST|[[Ishvara]]}}''?
* What is ''{{IAST|[[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]}}''?
* What is ''{{IAST|[[Brahman]]}}''?
* What is ''{{IAST|[[Parabrahman]]}}''?

While on his journey, Nilkanth Varni mastered ''[[Raja Yoga|Astanga yoga]]'' (eightfold yoga) in a span of nine months under the guidance of an aged yogic master named Gopal Yogi.<ref name=isbn8176501905/> In Nepal, it is said that he met King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] and cured him of his stomach illness. As a result, the king freed all the ascetics he had imprisoned.<ref name="GujGaz">{{cite book | author=Gujarat (India) | title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Bhavnagar | publisher=Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State | year=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySkbAAAAIAAJ&q=nepal+king+swaminarayan |access-date=15 May 2009|page = 577}}</ref> Nilkanth Varni visited the [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] as well as temples in [[Badrinath]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Nashik]], [[Dwarka]], and [[Pandharpur]].<ref name= NV/>

In 1799, after a seven-year journey, Nilkanth's travels as a [[yogi]] eventually concluded in Loj, a village in the [[Junagadh district]] of Gujarat. In Loj, Nilkanth Varni met [[Muktanand Swami]], a senior disciple of [[Ramanand Swami]]. Muktanand Swami, who was 22 years older than Nilkanth, answered the five questions to Nilkanth's satisfaction.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=75}}</ref> Nilkanth decided to stay for the opportunity to meet Ramanand Swami, whom he met a few months after his arrival in Gujarat.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=16, 17}}</ref> He later claimed in the [[Vachnamrut]] that during this period, he took up a severe penance to eliminate his mother's flesh and blood from his body so that the sign of his physical attachment to family, was completely removed.<ref name="Williams15"/>

=== Leadership as Sahajanand Swami ===
[[File:Portrait of Swaminarayan.jpg|thumb|Traditional iconographical portrait of Swaminarayan]]
{{See also|Swaminarayan mantra}}

According to the sect, Nilkanth's understanding of the [[metaphysical]] and [[epistemological]] concepts of the ''[[Mahābhūta|pancha-tattvas]]'' (five eternal elements), together with his mental and physical discipline, inspired senior swamis of Ramanand Swami.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.vadtaldhamnj.info/My_Final_Webdesign/PDF%27s/Articles/Bhagwan%20Swaminarayan.pdf | title= Swaminarayan: Life|publisher=Shri Swaminarayan Mandir - Somerset, NJ (Vadtaldham)|access-date=2009-07-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Nilkanth Varni received ''[[sannyasa]]'' initiation from Ramanand Swami on 20 October 1800, and with it was granted the names ''Sahajanand Swami'' and ''Narayan Muni'' to signify his new status.<ref name="Williams17"/>

At the age of 21, Sahajanand Swami was appointed successor to Ramanand Swami as the leader of the [[Uddhav Sampraday|Uddhava Sampraday]]a<ref name = "Williams17">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=17}}</ref> by [[Ramanand Swami]], prior to his death. His sucessessional was initially opposed by some members of the group who split off, but was soon accepted as the leader of the satsang and as a manifestation of god.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=17-18}} The Uddhava Sampradaya henceforth came to be known as the [[Swaminarayan Sampraday]]a.<ref name = "Williams240">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=240}}</ref> According to sources he proclaimed the worship of one sole deity, [[Krishna]] or Narayana.<ref name="isbn81-206-0833-X">{{cite book
|title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India
|publisher=Asian Educational Services, India
|year=1995
|page=326
|isbn=978-81-206-0833-7
|volume=1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_t3zmwNQVwC&q=%22Krishna%22++%22Swami+Narayan%22&pg=PA326
}}</ref> Krishna was considered by him his own [[ista devata|ishtadevata]]. In contrast with the [[Vaishnava]] sect known as the [[Radha-vallabha]] [[Sampradaya]],<ref name="Beck2005">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA65|date=24 March 2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1|pages=65–}}</ref> he had a more puritanical approach, rather than the theological views of Krishna that are strongly capricious in character and imagery. While being a worshipper of Krishna, Swaminarayan rejected licentious elements in [[Krishnology]] in favor of worship in the mood of majesty, alike to earlier Vaishnava teachers, [[Ramanuja]] and [[Yamunacharya]].<ref name="isbn0-8028-3456-6">{{cite book
|author=Aldwinckle, Russell Foster
|title=More than man: a study in christology
|publisher=Eerdmans
|location=Grand Rapids, Mich
|year=1976
|page=[https://archive.org/details/morethanmanstudy0000aldw/page/223 223]
|isbn=978-0-8028-3456-0
|url=https://archive.org/details/morethanmanstudy0000aldw
|url-access=registration
}}</ref>

===Manifestation belief===
According to Swaminarayan-tradition, Sahajanand Swami was later known as ''Swaminarayan'' after the [[mantra]] "swaminarayan" which he taught at a gathering, in Faneni, a fortnight after the death of Ramanand Swami.<ref name="isbn8170032040">{{cite book | author= Anil Kumar Sarkar | title=Yoga, mathematics, and computer sciences: in change confronting the dawn of the twenty-first century | publisher=South Asian Publishers | year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNXWAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-81-7003-204-5 |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 53}}</ref> According to this tradition he gave his followers this new mantra, known as the [[Swaminarayan mantra]], to repeat in their rituals.<ref name="Williams17"/> When chanting this mantra, some devotees went into [[samadhi]],<ref name = "Williams21,240">{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp= 21, 240}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The word [[samadhi]] has different meanings in Hinduism. It may refer to a form [[yoga|yogic]] deep meditation. As a cause of death, it refers to the act of consciously and intentionally [[Samadhi#As leaving the body|leaving one's body]] at the time of death.<ref name="Williams240"/>}} and claimed that they could see their personal gods.<ref name=isbn8176501905/><ref name="isbn8120810023">{{cite book | author= Kirin Narayan |author-link=Kirin Narayan | title=Storytellers, Saints and Scoundrels | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmfR4nQvbSsC&q=sahajanand+samadhi&pg=PA141 |isbn=978-81-208-1002-0 |access-date=8 May 2009|page = 141}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=21}}</ref>

As early as 1804, Swaminarayan, who was reported to have performed miracles, was described as a [[Avatar|manifestation of God]] in the first work written by a disciple and paramahamsa, [[Nishkulanand Swami]].<ref name="Williams17" /><ref name="isbn8171548741">{{cite book | author= Takashi Shinoda | title=The other Gujarat | publisher=Popular Prakashan | year=2002 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZNfS7mikMoC |isbn=978-81-7154-874-3 |access-date=27 June 2009|page = 9}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In his discourses recorded in the Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan mentions that humans would not be able to withstand meeting god in his divine form, hence God takes human form (simultaneously living in his abode) so people can approach, understand and love him in the form of an [[Avatar]].<ref name="isbn0813540682">{{cite book | author= Carl Olson | title=The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction | publisher=Rutgers University Press | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC |isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9 |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 336}}</ref>}} This work, the ''Yama Danda'', was the first piece of literature written within the Swaminarayan sect.<ref name = "Williams76">{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp= 17, 76, 189}}</ref> Swaminarayan himself is said to have intimated that he was a manifestation of God in a meeting with [[Reginald Heber]], the Lord [[Bishop]] of [[Calcutta]], in 1825.<ref name="isbn0754638561"/>{{Rp|81}}

Some of Swaminarayan's followers believe he was an incarnation of [[Krishna]].<ref name= isbn0813540682/> The images and stories of Swaminarayan and Krishna have coincided in the liturgy of the sect. The story of the birth of Swaminarayan parallels that of Krishna's birth from the scripture [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name = "Williams77">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p =77}}</ref> Most of his followers believe that Swaminarayan is the complete manifestation of Narayana or [[Purashottam|Purushottama]] Narayana - the Supreme Being and superior to other avatars.<ref name="Williams17"/>

The belief of many followers that their founder was the incarnation of the Supreme God has also drawn criticism.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |author= Schmidt, Richard M. |title= Sages, Saints, and Seers: A Breviary of Spiritual Masters |publisher= Morehouse Publishing | year=2015|page=114 |isbn= 9780819229267 }}</ref> According to Professor Raymond B. Williams, Swaminarayan was criticized because he received large gifts from his followers and dressed and traveled as a [[Maharaja]] even though he had taken the vows of renunciation of the world. Swaminarayan responded that he accepts gifts for the emancipation of his followers.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=81}}</ref>

===Teaching===
Swaminarayan encouraged his followers to combine devotion and [[dharma]] to lead a pious life. Using Hindu texts and rituals to form the base of his organisation, Swaminarayan founded what in later centuries would become a global organisation with strong [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] roots.<ref name="isbn0028644824">{{cite book |author1=Cybelle Shattuck |author2=Nancy D. Lewis | title=The pocket idiot's guide to Hinduism | publisher=Alpha Books | year=2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DZBQLjgn0C |isbn=978-0-02-864482-0 |access-date=12 September 2009|pages = 163–165}}</ref> He was particularly strict on the separation of sexes in temples.<ref name="isbn0559113714">{{cite book | author= Robert Vane Russell | title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India | publisher=BiblioBazaar | year=2009 | orig-year = 1916| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHIk_afStI0C |isbn=978-0-559-11371-0 |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 404}}</ref> Swaminarayan was against the consumption of meat, alcohol or drugs, adultery, suicide, animal sacrifices, criminal activities and the appeasement of ghosts and [[Tantra|tantric]] rituals.<ref name="isbn0422609102">{{cite book | editor=Richard Burghart | volume=Hinduism in Great Britain | author = Rohit Barrot| title = Caste and sect in Swaminaran Movement| publisher=Routledge | pages= 67–70| year=1987 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA67 |access-date=8 May 2009 | isbn=978-0-422-60910-4}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp= 162}}</ref><ref name="isbn8120817788">{{cite book | author= David Gordon White | title=Tantra in practice | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC |isbn=978-81-208-1778-4 |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 269}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=77, 165}}</ref> Alcohol consumption was forbidden by him even for medicinal purposes.<ref name = chit/> Many of his followers took vows before becoming his disciple. He stated that four elements need to be conquered for ultimate salvation: dharma, [[bhakti]] (devotion), [[jnana|gnana]] (knowledge) and [[vairagya]] (detachment).{{sfnp|Olson|2007|p=336}} Doctrinally, Swaminarayan was close to eleventh century philosopher [[Ramanuja]] and was critical of [[Adi Shankara]]'s concept of [[Advaita]], or monistic [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualism]]. Swaminarayan's [[ontology]] maintained that the supreme being is not formless and that God always has a divine form.<ref name =w79>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=79}}</ref> Swaminarayan's philosophy asserts that Parabrahman and Aksharabrahman are two distinct eternal realities.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|pp=82-91}}

===Relations with other religions and the British Government===
[[File:Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday, Ahmedabad.jpg|left|200px|thumb|In 1822, [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad|The first Swaminarayan Mandir]] was constructed on the land granted by the [[British Raj|British Imperial Government]] in [[Ahmedabad]].]]

Swaminarayan strived to maintain good relationships with people of other religions, sometimes meeting prominent leaders. His followers cut across religious boundaries, including people of [[Muslim]] and [[Parsi]] backgrounds.<ref name=isbn8176501905/><ref name="isbn8183240526">{{cite book | author=J. J. Roy Burman | title=Gujarat Unknown | publisher=Mittal Publications | year=2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VemsIky3QzEC |access-date=13 June 2009|page = 18 | isbn=978-81-8324-052-9}}</ref> Swaminarayan's personal attendants included [[Khoja]] Muslims.<ref name=isbn8176501905/> In [[Kathiawad]], many Muslims wore [[Satsangi#Kanthi|kanthi]] necklaces given by Swaminarayan.<ref name="isbn8120606515">{{cite book |author1=Behramji Merwanji Malabari |author2=Krishnalal M. Jhaveri |author3=Malabari M. B | title=Gujarat and the Gujaratis | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lyd8jPbN218C&q=muktanand+swami |isbn=978-81-206-0651-7 |access-date=7 May 2009|pages = 263–269}}</ref> He also had a meeting with [[Reginald Heber]], Lord [[Bishop]] of [[Calcutta]] and a leader of [[Christians]] in India at the time.<ref name=isbn0754638561/> Bishop Heber mentions in his account of the meeting that about two hundred disciples of Swaminarayan accompanied him as his bodyguards mounted on horses and carrying [[Matchlock]]s and swords. Bishop Heber himself had about a hundred horse guards accompanying him (fifty horses and fifty muskets) and mentioned that it was humiliating for him to see two religious leaders meeting at the head of two small armies, his being the smaller contingent.<ref name="RussLai">{{cite book |author1=R.V. Russell |author2=R.B.H. Lai | title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1916 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_t3zmwNQVwC&q=swami+meeting+with+heber|isbn= 978-81-206-0833-7|access-date=7 May 2009|pages = 328, 329}}</ref><ref name="Williams69">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p =69}}</ref> As a result of the meeting, both leaders gained mutual respect for one another.<ref name= Williams69/>

Swaminarayan enjoyed a good relationship with the government of the ruling [[East India Company]]. The first temple he built, in [[Ahmedabad]], was built on {{convert|5000|acre|ha|sigfig=1|order=flip}} of land given by the company government. The company officers gave it a 101-gun salute when it was opened.<ref name = "FTimes">{{cite news|title=The foundations of devotion |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22598178_ITM|publisher=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, [[Financial Times]]|date= 2003-03-04|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref><ref name="Williams29"/> It was in an 1825 meeting with Reginald Heber that Swaminarayan is said to have intimated that he was a manifestation of Krishna.<ref name="isbn0754638561" /> In 1830, Swaminarayan had a meeting with [[Sir John Malcolm]], [[Governor of Bombay]] (1827 to 1830). According to Malcolm, Swaminarayan had helped bring some stability to a region that was considered lawless.<ref name = Will7>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=7}}</ref> During the meeting with Malcolm, Swaminarayan gave him a copy of the Shikshapatri. This copy of the Shikshapatri is currently housed at the [[Bodleian Library]] at [[University of Oxford]].<ref name = "Williams57">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p =57}}</ref>

It has been observed that the [[Pax Britannica]] in Gujarat went hand-in-hand with the Pax Swaminarayan, as both were significant in ending the violent and chaotic period Gujarat had experienced in the years before. Many of the social reforms and values that Swaminarayan preached were highly regarded by the ruling British government.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|p=4-35}}

===Relations with local Kathi rulers===
Swaminarayan maintained a close relationship with the [[Kathi people|Kathi]] rulers of [[Kathiawar|Kathiawad]], earning him the title "''Kathiya Bhagwan''" (the god revered by Kathis) due to his adoption of their attire, [[dialect]], and customs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panjavani |first=Mulji |title=અક્ષરધામ ગઢપુર |year=1993 |edition=1st |location=Gadhada |page=12 |language=gu |trans-title=Akshardham Gadhapur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khachar |first=Pradyumn |url=https://archive.org/details/itihasvaridhi122/page/n24/mode/1up |title=ઇતિહાસ વારિધી |publisher=Saurashtra University, Rajkot |year=2015 |edition=1st |page=42 |language=gu |trans-title=Ocean of History |quote=શ્રીજી મહારાજ કાઠી દરબારો સાથે એટલા બધા ઓતપ્રોત થઈ ગયા હતા કે આમજનતા તો તેમને કાઠિયા ભગવાન તરીકે પણ ઓળખવા માંડી હતી, કારણકે શ્રીજી મહારાજે કાઠી દરબારો સાથે આત્મીયજન કે સગાસ્નેહી જેવો જ નાતો, ગઢડા, સાળીંગપુર, લોયા, કારીયાણી વગેરે ગામોમાં જાળવ્યો હતો અને દરબારોના ખૂબ માનપાન અને તેઓની રહેણીકરણી ને સમજી શ્રીજી મહારાજ સબંધ જાળવતા. એટલુંજ નહી શ્રીજી મહારાજ કાઠી દરબારો જેવા વસ્ત્રો પહેરતા, ઘોડા ઉપર બેસતા અને ઘોડા ખેલવતા, અરે એટલું જ નહીં કાઠીઓની ભાષાના શબ્દો વાપરતા અને કાઠી ભોજનનો અવારનવાર સ્વાદ ચાખી દરબારોને બિરદાવતા અને તેમના નીતિ નિયમો, પોશાક અને બોલીને વખાણતા અને દરબારો સાથે ચોપાટ ખેલતા હતા.}}</ref> The Kathis served as key allies, offering him protection against opposition from local religious figures. Manilal Bhalaja observes that the Kathis left their homes to safeguard Swaminarayan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhalja |first=Manilal |title=સ્વામી સહજાનંદ |year=2011 |edition=3rd |location=Ahmedabad |page=42 |language=gu |trans-title=Swami Sahajananda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyas |first=Rashmiben |title=ઓગણીસમી સદીમાં ગુજરાતમાં સ્વામિનારાયણ સંપ્રદાયનું પ્રદાન |edition=1st |location=Rajkot |page=66 |language=gu |trans-title=The contribution of the Swaminarayan Sect in Gujarat in nineteenth century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khachar |first=Pradyumn |url=https://archive.org/details/itihasvaridhi122/page/n25/mode/1up |title=ઇતિહાસ વારિધી |publisher=Saurashtra University, Rajkot |year=2015 |edition=1st |page=43 |language=gu |trans-title=Ocean of History |quote=શ્રીજી મહારાજ ઉત્તરપ્રદેશના અને સરવરિયા બ્રાહ્મણ વળી પાછા કાઠિયાવાડમાં આવતા વેંત માત્ર ૨૦ વર્ષની નાની વયે ઉચ્ચ પદ પ્રાપ્ત કરી લેતા કાઠિયાવાડ, ગુજરાતના સાધુઓ, બ્રાહ્મણો અને આર્યસમાજીઓ નારાજ હતા તેથી તેઓ જયારે પણ તક મળે ત્યારે શ્રીજી મહારાજનો વિરોધ કરવાની તક ચૂકતા નહીં, આવા કેટલાક પ્રસંગો આપણને પ્રાપ્ત થાય છે તેવા સમયે શ્રીજી મહારાજનું રક્ષણ કરનાર શિસ્તબદ્ધ કાઠી દરબારો જ તેમના વફાદાર સૈનિક તરીકેનું કાર્ય કરતા હતા. સહજાનંદ સ્વામીના મણિલાલ ભાલજા લખે છે કાઠી દરબારો પોતાના ઘરબાર છોડી શ્રીજી મહારાજ સાથે જ તેમનું અંગરક્ષણ કરવા ફરતા રહેતા હતા.}}</ref> Additionally, they provided him with refuge during a period of concealment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khachar |first=Pradyumn |title=સ્વામિનારાયણ સંપ્રદાયમાં કાઠી દરબારોનું પ્રદાન |year=2006 |edition=1st |publication-place=Junagadh |page=12 |language=gu |trans-title=The contribution of Kathi Darbar's in the Swaminarayan Sect}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khachar |first=Pradyumn |url=https://archive.org/details/itihasvaridhi122/page/n25/mode/1up |title=ઇતિહાસ વારિધી |publisher=Saurashtra University, Rajkot |year=2015 |edition=1st |page=44 |language=gu |trans-title=Ocean of History |quote=એક સમયે શ્રીજી મહારાજને કોઈપણ કારણોસર છાના છૂપા રહેવાની જરૂરત હતી એવા સમયે બ્રિટીશરો અને દેશી રજવાડાની ખફગી વહોરી તેમને આશ્રય આપતા બધા ડરે ત્યારે બોટાદના દાહા ખાચરે કોઈપણ સત્તાની શેહશરમ કે ડર રાખ્યા વિના શ્રીજી મહારાજને પોતાના દરબારગઢમાં અજ્ઞાત વેશે દરબારગઢમાં રાખવા તૈયાર થઈ ગયા અને સફળતાપૂર્વક રાખ્યા પણ ખરા. શ્રીજી મહારાજ મોટા ઝિંઝાવદરમાં અલૈયા ખાચરના દરબારગઢમાં પણ અજ્ઞાતવાસમાં રહ્યા હતા.}}</ref> The Kathis also played a significant role in resolving conflicts during Swaminarayan's temple construction, often facing interference from [[Princely state|princely states]]. A notable instance occurred when Voldan Dhadhal, a Kathi chieftain of Refada, intervened to counter opposition from Thakor Wajesinhji, the ruler of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar state]], ensuring the successful completion of [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada|Gopinathji Mandir of Gadhada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panjavani |first=Mulji |title=અક્ષરધામ ગઢપુર |year=1993 |edition=1st |location=Gadhada |page=69 |language=gu |trans-title=Akshardham Gadhapur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khachar |first=Pradyumn |url=https://archive.org/details/itihasvaridhi122/page/n26/mode/1up |title=ઇતિહાસ વારિધી |publisher=Saurashtra University, Rajkot |year=2015 |edition=1st |page=44-45 |language=gu |trans-title=Ocean of History |quote=જયારે ગઢડામાં મંદિર બંધાતુ હતુ અને શ્રીજી મહારાજનો વસવાટ ગઢડામાં હતો તે વખતે ગઢડા ભાવનગર રાજય નીચે આવતુ હોવાથી ભાવનગર રાજયની અમુક પ્રકારની રૂકાવટ રહેતી હતી, તે સમયે રેફડા ગામના વોળદાન ઘાધલે (રેફડિયા) ભાવનગર દરબાર વજેસિંહજીને કડક અને ગુઢ શબ્દોમાં કહી દીધુ કે જો સ્વામિનારાયણને કનડગત કરશો તો ભાવનગર રાજયને ઉજજડ કરી નાંખીશ. આ સમયે વોળદાને બરવાળાના ફાટેલ વાણિયા ઘેલાશાને બાન પકડેલ કે જે ઘેલાશાથી રજવાડાઓ પણ ફફડી ઉઠતા. તેથી વોળદાનની આ ધમકીની સારી એવી અસર થઈ હતી અને મંદિરનું કામ ફટાફટ ઉકલી ગયુ.}}</ref>

===Temples and ascetics===
[[File:Shreeji Maharaj.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Swaminarayan and the Paramahamsas in [[Gadhada]]]]
{{Main|List of Swaminarayan temples|Swaminarayan ascetics}}

Swaminarayan ordered the construction of several [[Hindu temple]]s and he had built six huge temples by himself and installed the idols of various deities such as [[Radha Krishna]], [[Nara-Narayana]], [[Laxminarayan Dev|Laksmi Narayana]], [[Gopinath (god)|Gopinath]], [[Radha Ramana]], and [[Madanamohana]]. The images in the temples built by Swaminarayan provide evidence of the priority of Krishna.<ref name="isbn0754638561">{{cite book | author=Raymond Brady Williams | title=Williams on South Asian religions and immigration | publisher=Ashgate | year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVBOfE1KkAC | ol=9414082M |access-date=7 May 2009 | isbn=978-0-7546-3856-8}}</ref>{{rp|81}}<ref name="Williams96">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=96}}</ref> Disciples of Swaminarayan composed devotional poems which are widely sung by the tradition during festivals.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=189}}</ref><ref name="Mohan">{{cite book |author=Mohan Lal |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C |year=1992 |page=4255 |isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 }}</ref> Swaminarayan introduced fasting and devotion among followers.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2004|p=162}}</ref> He conducted the festivals of [[Vasant Panchami]], [[Holi]], and [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] with organization of the traditional folk dance [[Dandiya Raas|raas]].<ref name=isbn8176501905/>

The [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad|first temple]] Swaminarayan constructed was in [[Ahmedabad]] in 1822, with the land for construction given by the Company Government.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.shriswaminarayan.org/Temples.php|title=Swaminarayan temples|publisher=Shri Swaminarayan Temple (ISSO OF CHICAGO)|access-date=2009-07-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524025055/http://www.shriswaminarayan.org/Temples.php|archive-date=24 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name = FTimes/> Following a request of devotees from [[Bhuj]], Swaminarayan asked his follower Vaishnavananand to build a [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|temple]] there. Construction commenced in 1822, and the temple was built within a year.<ref name= ST/> A [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal|temple]] in [[Vadtal]] followed in 1824,<ref name= ST/> a [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera|temple]] in [[Dholera]] in 1826,<ref name= ST/> a [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh|temple]] in [[Junagadh]] in 1828<ref name= ST/> and a [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada|temple]] in [[Gadhada]], also in 1828.<ref name= ST/> By the time of his death, Swaminarayan had also ordered construction of temples in [[Muli (India)|Muli]], [[Dholka]] and [[Jetalpur]].<ref name="Williams29">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=29}}</ref>

From early on, ascetics have played a major role in the Swaminarayan sect. They contribute towards growth and development of the movement, encouraging people to follow a pious and religious life.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=107}}</ref> Tradition maintains that Swaminarayan initiated 500 ascetics as ''[[paramhansas|paramahamsas]]'' in a single night. Paramahamsa is a title of honour sometimes applied to Hindu spiritual teachers who are regarded as having attained enlightenment. Paramahamsas were the highest order of ''[[sannyasi]]'' in the sect.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=22}}</ref> Prominent paramahamsas included [[Muktanand Swami]], [[Gopalanand Swami]], [[Brahmanand Swami]], [[Gunatitanand Swami]], [[Premanand Swami]], [[Nishkulanand Swami]], and [[Nityanand Swami (Paramhansa)|Nityanand Swami]].<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=187, 189}}</ref>

===Ahmedabad and Vadtal Gadi===
Prior to his death, Swaminarayan decided to establish a line of [[acharya]]s or preceptors, as his successors.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=34}}</ref> He established two ''gadis'' (seats of leadership). One seat was established at Ahmedabad ([[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi]]) and the other one at Vadtal ([[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi]]) on 21 November 1825. Swaminarayan appointed an acharya to each of these ''gadis'' to pass on his message to others and to preserve his fellowship, the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. These acharyas came from his immediate family after sending representatives to search them out in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|last=Brady Williams|first=Raymond|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780521654227|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/173 173]}}</ref> He formally adopted a son each from his two brothers and appointed them to the office of acharya. [[Ayodhyaprasad]], the son of Swaminarayan's elder brother Rampratap, and [[Raghuvir (spiritual leader)|Raghuvira]], the son of his younger brother Ichcharam, were appointed ''acharyas'' of the [[Ahmedabad]] Gadi and the [[Vadtal]] ([[Kheda district]]) Gadi respectively.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=35–37}}</ref> Swaminarayan decreed that the office should be hereditary so that ''acharyas'' would maintain a direct line of blood descent from his family.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=35}}</ref> The administrative division of his followers into two territorial dioceses is set forth in minute detail in a document written by Swaminarayan called [[Desh Vibhaag Lekh|Desh Vibhag Lekh]].<ref name="Williams 2001 36"/> Swaminarayan stated to all the devotees and saints to obey both the Acharyas and [[Gopalanand Swami]] who was considered as the main pillar and chief ascetic<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=59}}</ref> for the sampradaya.<ref>{{cite book | last=Dave |first=Ramesh | title=Sahajanand charitra | publisher=BAPS | location= University of California | year=1978 | pages=199–200 | isbn=978-8175261525}}</ref>

The current acharya of the Ahmedabad Gadi is [[Koshalendraprasad Pande]] and Ajendraprasad Pande, of the Vadtal Gadi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.info/AcharyaShri.aspx|title=Narnarayan Devgadi DevGadi Acharyas|year=2008|publisher=Ahmedabad Gadi Official site|access-date=2009-09-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331115229/http://www.swaminarayan.info/AcharyaShri.aspx|archive-date=31 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayanvadtalgadi.org/acharya |title=Acharya Maharajshree Janmotsav Celebration – Junagadh|date=2015-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsgram.com/spread-swaminarayan-sampraday-across-globe/|title=Spread of Swaminarayan Sampraday across Globe|last=NewsGram|date=2016-04-18|website=NewsGram|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715224921/https://www.newsgram.com/spread-swaminarayan-sampraday-across-globe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Death===
{{Further|Swaminarayan Hinduism}}

[[File:Madan Mohan Dev Dholera.jpg|thumb|[[Madan Mohan]] and Radha (centre and right) with Swaminarayan in the form of Hari Krishna (left), installed by Swaminarayan on the central altar in [[Dholera]] (1826)]]
In 1830, Swaminarayan gathered his followers and announced his departure. He later died on 1 June 1830 (Jeth sud 10, Samvat 1886),<ref name="Williams29"/> and it is believed by followers that, at the time of his death, Swaminarayan left Earth for [[Akshardham (philosophy)|Akshardham]], his abode.<ref name="isbn8176501905">{{cite book |author1=Dinkar Joshi |author2=Yogesh Patel | title=Glimpses of Indian Culture | publisher=Star Publications | year=2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fw-0iBvmMAC&q=satsangi+jivan&pg=PA93| pages=92–93 | access-date=7 May 2009 | isbn=978-81-7650-190-3}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=93}}</ref> He was cremated according to Hindu rites at Lakshmi Wadi in [[Gadhada]].<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=34–36}}</ref>

== Social views ==

===Women===
Swaminarayan insisted that education was the inherent right of all people, including women, despite considerable criticism from those in his own contemporary society who "loathed the uplift of lower [[caste]] women".<ref name="dl">{{Cite book|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/106|title=Inherent Faith and Negotiated Power: Swaminarayan Women in the United States|last=Rudert|first=A.|year=2004|publisher=Cornell University|access-date=2009-05-10|chapter-url=https://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/106/2/thesis.pdf|chapter=1}}</ref> At that time, influential and wealthy individuals educated their girls through private and personal tuition. Male followers of Swaminarayan made arrangements to educate their female family members. The literacy rate among females began to increase during Swaminarayan's time, and they were able to give discourses on spiritual subjects.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.001.0001/acprof-9780199463749-chapter-4|last=Mallison|first=Françoise|pages=49–57|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|date=April 2016|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism|chapter=Gujarati Socio-religious Context of Swaminarayan Devotion and Doctrine}}</ref> Members of the sect consider Swaminarayan a pioneer of education of females in India.<ref name="W165" /><ref name="isbn0674024826">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLMQh4oc38gC&q=swaminarayan+malcolm+law|title=The clash within|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-674-02482-3|location=Boston|pages=322, 323|author=Martha Craven Nussbaum|access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="isbn8126123052">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZCv3d2XUeUC|title=Encyclopaedia of Historiography|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=978-81-261-2305-6|pages=145, 146|author=M M Rahman|access-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vadtal.com/lord-swaminarayan.html#12|title=education of females|publisher=Shree Swaminarayan Temple: Sansthan Vadtal|access-date=2009-07-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501010011/http://www.vadtal.com/lord-swaminarayan.html#12|archive-date=1 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/lordswaminarayan/biography/4.htm|title=Swaminarayan's Life - Biography: Uplift of Women|publisher=www.swaminarayan.org|access-date=2008-06-07}}</ref>

According to the author Raymond Brady Williams, "Swaminarayan is an early representative of the practice of advocacy of women's rights without personal involvement with women".<ref name="Williams01">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=169}}</ref> To counter the practice of ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' (self-immolation by a widow on her husband's funeral pyre), Swaminarayan argued that, as human life was given by God, it could be taken only by God, and that ''sati'' had no Vedic sanction. He went to the extent to call ''sati'' nothing but suicide. Swaminarayan offered parents help with [[dowry]] expenses to discourage female infanticide, calling infanticide a sin.<ref name="W165">{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp= 165, 167}}</ref><ref name="isbn0674024826" /> For calling a halt to these prevailing practices, Swaminarayan's "contemporaries naturally saw in him a pioneer of a reformed and purified Hinduism, and Swaminarayan Hinduism an 'ingrazi dharma' or British religion."<ref name=":2" />

Professor David Harman observed that Swaminarayan "criticized the popular [[Shaktism|shakta]] cults and '[[Gosains|gosai]]' and '[[nath]]' ascetics for the contemptuous and instrumental way in which they viewed and treated women. These cults were often responsible for gross sexual abuse of women."<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last=Hardiman|first=David|date=1988-09-10|title=Class Base of Swaminarayan Sect|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=23|issue=37|pages=1907–1912|jstor=4379024}}</ref> Hardiman added that Swaminarayan's view towards women was not in line with this type of misogyny and was rooted in his desire to prevent ill-treatment of women along with promoting celibacy for ascetics.<ref name="auto" /> Swaminarayan "forbade all sadhus and sadhvis (that is, male and female ascetics) of his sect from having any contact whatsoever with members of the opposite sex."<ref name="auto" /> This strict precept was one he likely internalized "after travelling as an ascetic throughout India [when] he was reported to vomit if approached by even the shadow of a woman".<ref>{{cite book |last= McKean |first= Lisa|title= Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement |publisher= University Of Chicago Press; New edition | year=1996|page=18 |isbn= 9780226560106 }}</ref> To help his male ascetic followers maintain their vow of celibacy, Swaminarayan taught “the woman who attracts attention is made up of bones, blood vessels, spittle, blood, mucus and feces; she is simply a collection of these things, and there is nothing to be attractive.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Williams 2001 152">{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=152}}</ref>

Members of the faith are defensive of the fact that some practices seem to restrict women and make gender equality in leadership impossible.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=165}}</ref> They are only permitted to enter special sections of the temple reserved for women or have to go to separate women's temples.<ref name="auto"/> As with practices of [[Niddah (Talmud)|niddah]] in Orthodox Judaism, concepts of pollution associated with the [[menstrual cycle]] lead to the exclusion of women from the temples and daily worship during the affected time.<ref>{{cite book |last= Kurien |first=Prema |title=A Place at the Multicultural Table: The Development of an American Hinduism |publisher= University Of Chicago Press; New edition | year=2007|page=102 |isbn= 9780813540566 }}</ref> Swaminarayan also directed male devotees not to listen to religious discourses given by women.<ref name=isbn8126123052/>

In the case of widows, Swaminarayan directed those who could not follow the path of chastity to remarry. For those who could, he lay down strict rules which included them being under the control of male members of the family. This may seem regressive, however, it gave them "a respected and secure place in the social order" of the time.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=167}}</ref> Swaminarayan restricted widows "to live always under the control of male members of their family and prohibited them from receiving instruction in any science from any man excepting their nearest relations."<ref name=isbn8126123052/>

=== Caste system and the poor ===
[[File:Swaminarayan charity.jpg|180px|thumb|Swaminarayan distributing food among the needy]]
After assuming the leadership of the sampradaya, Swaminarayan worked to assist the poor by distributing food and drinking water.<ref name="TimesCass">{{cite news|title=Times Music cassette on Swaminarayan serial launched |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1742150037.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]]|date= 2006-01-19|access-date=2009-03-30}}</ref> He undertook several social service projects and opened almshouses for the poor. Swaminarayan organized food and water relief to people during times of drought.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vadtal.com/lord-swaminarayan.html#9|title=Food and Water for the Needy|publisher=Shree Swaminarayan Temple: Sansthan Vadtal|access-date=2009-07-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501010011/http://www.vadtal.com/lord-swaminarayan.html#9|archive-date=1 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Some suggest that Swaminarayan worked towards ending the [[caste system]], allowing everyone into the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. However partaking in the consumption food of lower castes and caste pollution was not supported by him.<ref name = chit/> A political officer in Gujarat, ''Mr. Williamson'' reported to Bishop Herber that Swaminarayan had "destroyed the yoke of caste."<ref name = Williams01/> He instructed his paramahamsas to collect alms from all sections of society and appointed people from the lower strata of society as his personal attendants. Members of the lower castes were attracted to the movement as it improved their social status.<ref name="isbn0422609102"/><ref name=isbn8126123052/> Swaminarayan would eat along with the lower Rajput and Khati castes but not any lower.<ref>Williams 2001, p. 170</ref> He allowed dalits and lower caste people to visit places of worship.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|jstor=4379024|title=Class Base of Swaminarayan Sect|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=23|issue=37|pages=1907–1912|last1=Hardiman|first1=David|year=1988}}</ref> However, [[Dalit]]s - those outside of the caste system - were formally excluded from Swaminarayan temples.<ref>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India Christopher John Fuller P. 173</ref> Members of a lower caste are prohibited from wearing a full sect mark (tilak chandlo) on their forehead.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=170–171}}</ref> Even now, however, for the vast majority of Gujarat's lower-caste, Untouchable and tribal population, the sect is out of bounds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shah |first=A.M. |title= The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now |publisher= Routledge India |location= India | year=2010 |page=103 |isbn= 9780415586221 }}</ref>

[[Reginald Heber]], the Lord Bishop of Calcutta, noted that disciples of Swaminarayan cut across all castes, and even included Muslims. He writes "they all pray to one God with no difference of castes. They live as if they were brothers."<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn21hebegoog|last=Heber|first=Reginald|publisher=Carey, Lea, and Carey|year=1828|location=Boston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn21hebegoog/page/n119 109]}}</ref> Furthermore, in a meeting with Swaminarayan, he noted that "[Swaminarayan] did not regard the subject as of much importance, but that he wished not to give offense (to ancient Hindu system); that people might eat separately or together in this world, but that above "oopur" pointing to heaven, those distinctions would cease."<ref name=":5" /> Swaminarayan worked thus to dispel the myth that [[moksha]] (salvation) was not attainable by everyone.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=162}}</ref> He taught that the soul is neither male nor female, nor yoked to any specific caste.<ref name="isbn0422609102" /><ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=57, 77}}</ref>

=== Animal sacrifices and yajnas ===
Swaminarayan was against animal sacrifices.<ref name="isbn069112048X">{{cite book | author=Christopher John Fuller | title=The camphor flame | publisher=Princeton University Press| year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&q=incarnation+of+swaminarayan&pg=PA171 | page=171 | access-date=8 May 2009 | isbn=978-0-691-12048-5}}</ref> To solve this problem, Swaminarayan conducted several large-scale yajnas involving priests from [[Varanasi]]. Swaminarayan was successful in reinstating [[ahimsa]] through several such large-scale yajnas. Swaminarayan stressed [[lacto vegetarianism]] among his followers and forbade meat consumption, codifying the conduct in the [[Shikshapatri]].<ref name = chit/><ref name=isbn8126123052/><ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=24, 159}}</ref><ref name="isbn0813540569">{{cite book | author=Prema A. Kurien | title=A place at the multicultural table: the development of an American Hinduism | publisher=Rutgers University Press | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONMxZc5_saYC&pg=PA105 |pages=105|access-date=8 May 2009 | isbn=978-0-8135-4056-6| author-link=Prema A. Kurien }} Page 105</ref>

==Scriptures==
[[File:Sahajanand Swami.jpg|150px|thumb|Swaminarayan under a [[Neem]] tree in [[Gadhada]]]]
Swaminarayan propagated general Hindu texts.<ref name= isbn0028644824/> He held the [[Bhagavata Purana]] in high authority.<ref name="isbn0415051827">{{cite book | author=Julius Lipner | title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge| pages= 124| year=1998 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5iVWq7WJ5gC |access-date=12 September 2009 | isbn=978-0-415-05182-8| author-link=Julius Lipner }}</ref> However, there are many texts that were written by Swaminarayan or his followers that are regarded as [[shastra]]s or scriptures within the Swaminarayan sect. Notable scriptures throughout the sect include the ''[[Shikshapatri]]'' and the ''[[Vachanamrut]]''. Other important works and scriptures include the ''[[Satsangi Jeevan]]'', Swaminarayan's authorized biography, the ''Muktanand Kavya'', the ''Nishkulanand Kavya'' and the ''Bhakta Chintamani''.<ref name= WShastra/>

===Shikshapatri===
{{Main|Shikshapatri}}
Swaminarayan wrote the ''Shikshapatri'' on 11 February 1826.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/scriptures/shikshapatri/index.htm|title=Shikshapatri|publisher=BAPS Swamiranayan Sanstha|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> While the original [[Sanskrit]] manuscript is not available, it was translated into [[Gujarati (language)|Gujarati]] by [[Nityanand Swami (Paramhansa)|Nityanand Swami]] under the direction of Swaminarayan and is revered in the sect.<ref name = chit>{{cite book |author=M. G. Chitkara |title=Hindutva |publisher=APH Pub. Corp |year=1997 |chapter= Swaminarayan, Pramod Mahajan, Bal Thackeray |pages=227–228 |isbn=978-81-7024-798-2}}</ref><ref name="digitalshikshapatriproject">{{cite web|url=http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/~imagedb/content.php/psjm|title=The Digital Shikshapatri|author=Digital Shikshapatri Project|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207021200/http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/~imagedb/content.php/psjm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gazetteer of the [[Bombay Presidency]] summarised it as a book of social laws that his followers should follow.<ref name="isbn8170247985">{{cite book | author=M. G. Chitkara | title=Hindutva | publisher=APH| page= 230| year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqkBNr4U7cwC&q=swaminarayan+ahmedabad |access-date=5 May 2009 | isbn=978-81-7024-798-2}}</ref> A commentary on the practice and understanding of [[dharma]], it is a small booklet containing 212 Sanskrit verses, outlining the basic tenets that Swaminarayan believed his followers should uphold in order to live a well-disciplined and moral life.<ref name="WShastra">{{harvp|Williams|2001|pp=187–190}}</ref> The oldest copy of this text is preserved at the [[Bodleian Library]] of [[Oxford University]] and it is one of the very few presented by Sahajanand Swami himself. [[Tejendraprasad Pande|Acharya Tejendraprasad]] of Ahmedabad has indicated in a letter that he is not aware of any copy from the hand of Sahajanand older than this text.<ref name="digitalshikshapatriproject"/> Swaminarayan in various places of Shikshapatri describes Krishna as the greatest entity.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://standagainstswaminarayan.today/2016/06/03/is-swaminarayan-god-no-swaminarayan-is-not-the-god/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903230816/https://standagainstswaminarayan.today/2016/06/03/is-swaminarayan-god-no-swaminarayan-is-not-the-god/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2018|title=Swaminarayan message|date=2016-06-03|website=www.standagainstswaminarayan.today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/~imagedb/hms/mss_browse.php?reset=1&expand=638,639|title=The Digital Shiksapatri|access-date=30 May 2018|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521092427/http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/~imagedb/hms/mss_browse.php?reset=1&expand=638,639|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Vachanamrut===
{{Main|Vachanamrut}}
The Vachanamrut (IAST: ''Vacanāmṛta,'' lit. "immortalising ambrosia in the form of words") is a sacred Hindu text consisting of 273 religious discourses delivered by Swaminarayan from 1819 to 1829 CE and is considered the principal theological text within the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|6}} Compiled by four of his senior disciples, Swaminarayan edited and approved the scripture. As followers believe Swaminarayan to be Parabrahman, or God, the Vachanamrut is considered a direct revelation from God and thus the most precise interpretation of the [[Upanishads]], [[Bhagavad Gita]], and other important Hindu scriptures.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|13–14, 45}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|173}} This scripture is read by followers regularly and discourses are conducted daily in Swaminarayan temples around the world.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Brear|first=Douglas|title=Transmission of a Swaminarayan Hindu scripture in the British East Midlands|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-231-10779-X|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Brady|edition=Columbia University Press|location=New York|oclc=34984234}}</ref>{{Rp|21–27}}

===Satsangi Jeevan===
{{Main|Satsangi Jeevan}}
Satsangi Jeevan is the authorised biography of Swaminarayan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shree Swaminarayanw Temple Cardiff – Scriptures |url=http://www.swaminarayanwales.org.uk/Scriptures/scriptures.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915161142/http://www.swaminarayanwales.org.uk/Scriptures/scriptures.asp|archive-date=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The book contains information on the life and teachings of Swaminarayan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hindutva|last=Chitkara|first=M. G.|publisher=APH|year=1997|pages=228}}</ref> It is written by Shatanand Swami and completed in Vikram Samvat 1885.<ref name=":0" /> Swaminarayan decided to make Gadhada his permanent residence on the insistence of Dada Khachar and his sisters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.nu/mandirs/index.shtml|title=Six Temples|website=www.swaminarayan.nu|access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref> Swaminarayan instructed Shatanand Swami to write a book on his life and pastimes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.swaminarayan.info/ShastraDetails.aspx?ID=JgBTAGgAYQBzAHQAcgBhAEkARAA9ADIANAA%3d-cmJRLAFZpY0%3d |title=The resource cannot be found |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527183603/http://www.swaminarayan.info/ShastraDetails.aspx?ID=JgBTAGgAYQBzAHQAcgBhAEkARAA9ADIANAA%3d-cmJRLAFZpY0%3d |url-status=dead }}</ref>

To enable Shatanand Swami to write from His childhood, Swaminarayan had blessed Shatanand Swami with Sanjay Drishti - special power to see the entire past right from His childhood.<ref name=":1" />

Once written by Shatanand Swami, this book was verified and authenticated by Swaminarayan. He was much pleased to read the book. Swaminarayan then asked his disciples to do Katha of Satsangi Jeevan.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==

===Schisms===
Decades after his death, several divisions occurred with different understandings of succession. This included the establishment of [[Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]] (BAPS), the founder of which left the Vadtal Gadi in 1905, and ''Maninagar Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan'', the founder of which left the Ahmedabad Gadi in the 1940s. The followers of BAPS hold [[Gunatitanand Swami]] as the spiritual successor to Swaminarayan, asserting that on several occasions Swaminarayan revealed to devotees that Gunatitanand Swami was [[Akshar Purushottam Upasana|Aksharbrahm]] manifest. Followers of BAPS believe that the acharyas were given administrative leadership of the sect while Gunatitanand Swami was given spiritual leadership by Swaminarayan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/swamin.html|title=Swaminarayan|access-date=2010-02-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603195126/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/swamin.html|archive-date=3 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The current spiritual and administrative leader of BAPS is [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]. The followers of the Maninagar Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan hold [[Gopalanand Swami]] as the successor to Swaminarayan.<ref name="isbn0-691-12048-X">{{cite book |title=The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |year=2004 |page=172 |isbn=978-0-691-12048-5}}</ref><ref name = Will52>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=52}}</ref> The current leader of this sect is Purushottampriyadasji Maharaj.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guruparampara |url=http://www.swaminarayangadi.com/guruparampara/swamishree/swamishree.php |publisher=Swaminarayangadi.com }}</ref>

===Growth ===
[[File:NarNarayan-Kalupur.jpg|thumb|[[Nara Narayana]] installed by Swaminarayan in the first Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad.]]

According to the biographer Raymond Williams, when Swaminarayan died, he had a following of 1.8 million people. In 2001, Swaminarayan centres existed on four continents, and the congregation was recorded to be five million, the majority in the homeland of Gujarat.<ref>{{harvp|Williams|2001|p=68}}</ref><ref name="isbn1576079058">{{cite book | author=Rinehart, Robin|title=Contemporary Hinduism | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=Contemporary+Hinduism&pg=PP1 |access-date=10 May 2009|page = 215 | isbn=978-1-57607-905-8}}</ref><ref>Marcus J. Banks (1985). Review: ''A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion''. By Raymond Brady Williams. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984. Pp. xiv, 217. ''Modern Asian Studies'' 19 pp 872-874</ref> The newspaper [[Indian Express]] estimated members of the Swaminarayan sect of Hinduism to number over 20 million (2 crore) worldwide in 2007.<ref name="express">{{cite news|title=Niche Faiths|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/niche-faiths/31939/4|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date= 2007-05-26|access-date=2009-05-06}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
The manifestation belief and Swaminarayan's teachings were criticized by Hindu reformist leader [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati|Dayananda Saraswati]] (1824–1883). He questioned the acceptance of Swaminarayan as the Supreme Being and was disapproving towards the idea that visions of Swaminarayan could form a path to attaining perfection. Accused of deviating from the [[Veda]]s, his followers were criticised for the illegal collection of wealth and the "practice of frauds and tricks."<ref>{{cite book |author=Narayan, Kirin |title=Storytellers, Saints and Scoundrels |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, India |location= |year=1992|pages=141–143 |isbn=81-208-1002-3}}</ref> In the views of Dayananda, published as early as 1875, it was a "historical fact" that Swaminarayan decorated himself as Narayana in order to gain followers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Narayan, Kirin |title=Storytellers, Saints and Scoundrels |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location= |year=1992 |page=143 |isbn=81-208-1002-3}}</ref>

In 1918, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the letter to his nephew, expressed that Swaminarayan's values didn't align perfectly with his interpretation of [[Vaishnavism]] and the love taught by Swaminarayana was all about sentimentalism. According to Gandhi, Swaminarayan had not grasped the essence of non-violence.<ref name="isbn8171548741" /><ref name="jstor.org" /> In 1924, Gandhi applauded efforts of Swaminaryan and added that "what was accomplished in Gujarat by one person, Sahajanand [Swaminarayan], could not be accomplished by the power of the State".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIKGAAAAIAAJ|title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Mar. 1922-May 1924|page=469|author=Mahatma Gandhi|date=1967 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book | last =Hatcher | first =Brian | year =2020 | title =Hinduism before reform | publisher =Harvard University Press | isbn =978-0-674-24713-0 | location =Cambridge, Massachusetts | oclc =1138500516 }}

* {{cite book | last =Jones | first =Lindsay | year =2005 | title =Encyclopedia of Religion | publisher =Thomson Gale | location =Farmington Hills | isbn =978-0-02-865984-8}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Hanna|date=2010-02-19|title=Public Engagement and Personal Desires: BAPS Swaminarayan Temples and their Contribution to the Discourses on Religion|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=357–390|doi=10.1007/s11407-010-9081-4|s2cid=4980801|issn=1022-4556}}

* {{Cite book|last=Mangalnidhidas|first=Sadhu|date=April 2016|title=Sahajanand Swami's Approach to Caste|pages=115–128|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.001.0001/acprof-9780199463749-chapter-7}}

* {{cite book | last = Olson | first =Carl Olson | year=2007 | title=The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction | publisher=Rutgers University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC |isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9 |access-date=12 September 2009|page = 336}}

* {{Cite book|last1=Paramtattvadas|first1=Sadhu|last2=Williams|first2=Raymond Brady|last3=Amrutvijaydas|first3=Sadhu|date=April 2016|title=Swaminarayan and British Contacts in Gujarat in the 1820s|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=58–93|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0005|isbn=9780199086573}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Parikh|first=Vibhuti|date=April 2016|chapter=The Swaminarayan Ideology and Kolis in Gujarat|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism|pages=94–114|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.001.0001/acprof-9780199463749-chapter-6}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Shruti|title=Beyond the Lens of Reform: Religious Culture in Modern Gujarat|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|year=2017 |volume=10|pages=47–85|doi=10.1093/jhs/hix005 | url =https://www.academia.edu/33003837|ref={{sfnref|S.Patel|2017}}}}

* {{Cite book|last=Raval|first=Suresh|year=2012|title=Renunciation, Reform and Women in Swaminarayan Hinduism|publisher=Shahibaug Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}

* {{Citation | last =Schreiner | first =Peter | year = 2001 | chapter =Institutionalization of Charisma: The Case of Sahajananda | editor-last1=Dalmia | editor-first1 =Vasudha | editor-last2 =Malinar | editor-first2 =Angelika | editor-last3 =Christof | editor-first3 =Martin | title =Charisma and canon : Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent | publisher =Oxford University Press}}

* {{Cite book | last =Trivedi | year =2015 | title =Bhagwan Swaminarayan: the story of his life | isbn =978-81-7526-594-3 | edition =2nd | location =Ahmedabad | publisher =Swaminarayan Aksharpith | oclc =957581656}}

* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |year=2001 |title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65422-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |year=2004 |title=Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-3856-8 }}
* {{Cite book| last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2018 | title =An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-1-108-42114-0 | edition =Third | location =Cambridge, United Kingdom | oclc =1038043717}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book | last =Heber | first =Reginald | year =1828 | title =Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India, from Calcutta To Bombay, Volume 2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ANU7AAAAcAAJ&q=swaamee+Reginald+Heber+Lord+Bishop+of+Calcutta}}
* {{cite book | last =Killingley | first =Dermot | year =2003 | chapter =Hinduism | editor-last =Ridgeon | editor-first =Lloyd V. J. | title =Major world religions: from their origins to the present | publisher =RoutledgeCurzon | location =London | isbn =978-0-415-29796-7}}
{{sister project links}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Swaminarayan
|list =
{{Swaminarayan}}
{{Swaminarayan Sampraday}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{BAPS}}
}}

{{Good article}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaminarayan}}
[[Category:1781 births]]
[[Category:1830 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:People considered avatars by their followers]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:18th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Vaishnavite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Deified Indian men]]

St. Xavier's High School (Velim)

2026-02-21T08:56:43Z

ArianneNies1: added new article!

{{short description|Co-educational school in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Xavier's High School
| image = Velim School.jpg
| caption = Facade of St. Xavier's High School
| established = {{start date and age|1962}}
| gender = [[Co-educational]]
| school_code = 30020105904{{efn|Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) code.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studybystep.com/educational-institutions/schools-in-goa/school.php?schoolcode=30020105904-south-goa-salcete|title=ST.XAVIERS HIGH SCHOOL VELIM - School in VELIM village of South Goa district,Goa|website=studybystep.com}}</ref>
| school_board = Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, [[Porvorim]]
| classrooms = 10
| hours_in_day = 5
| location = [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], [[Salcete]], [[Goa]], India
| campus_type = Rural
| postal_code = 403723
| denomination = [[Jesuits]]
| patron = [[Francis Xavier]]
| chair = Fr. Santo Antonio Pereira<ref>{{Cite book |title=Xavieracho Nirop Velim Firgoz Potr |publisher=St. Thomas Printzone |location=Panjim, Goa |date=July 2022 |pages=3}}</ref>
| chair_label = Manager
| language = English
| headmistress = Mable Da Costa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/st-xaviers-high-school-o130e6|title=St. Xaviers High School, Goa - Address, Fees, Reviews and Admissions 2022|website=iCBSE}}</ref>
| age_range = 3–16
| sports = [[Association football|Football]]
| type = [[Unaided educational institution|Private aided]]{{efn|may be government aided school as per <ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jwIAQAAIAAJ&q=St.+Xavier%27s+High+School,+Velim | title=Debates; Official Report | year=1966 }}</ref>}} primary and secondary school
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.165518|73.974424|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholicism]]
| affiliations = [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| nickname = S.X.H.S
| lastupdate = 23 December 2022
}}

'''St. Xavier's High School''' is a private aided [[co-educational school]] located in [[Velim, Goa|Velim]] village in [[Salcete]] taluka in the Indian coastal state of [[Goa]]. The school was established in 1962 and is affiliated to [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ST. XAVIERS HIGH SCHOOL VELIM - Velim, District South Goa (Goa) |url=https://schools.org.in/south-goa/30020105904/st-xaviers-high-school-velim.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:St. Francis xavier High School, Velim.jpg|thumb|St. Xavier's High School in 2013]]
On 4 August 2013, the school's playground also known as Velim Fabrica ground managed to get the attention of the [[Government of Goa]] to have it renovated by the Directorate of Sports and Youth Affairs (DSYA) at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|18|l|year=2013}}. The ground is said to have been home to many footballers in the past, also being hosts of many soccer matches. The [[foundation stone]] for the development of the playground was blessed by then [[parish priest]] Fr. Jorge Pazzi Fernandes in the presence of then [[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]] MLA [[Benjamin Silva]] (a former [[association footballer|footballer]]), then Velim [[sarpanch]] Melvyn Sanches, school's headmistress, Mabel Da Costa, members of the school playground committee and the villagers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velim Fabrica ground to get new lease of life |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/velim-fabrica-ground-to-get-new-lease-of-life/68033 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Key people==
===Managers===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ordinal
! Officeholder
! Term start
! Term end
! Time in office
|-
| 1
| Fr. Piedade Francisco Rodrigues<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Piedade Francisco Rodrigues Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-piedade-francisco-rodrigues/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1962
| 1964
| 1–2 years
|-
| 2
| Fr. Jose Santimano<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Jose Santimano Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-jose-santimano/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1964
| 1973
| 8–9 years
|-
| 3
| Fr. Jose Maria Raimundo Pereira<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Jose Maria Raimundo Pereira Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-jose-maria-raimundo-pereira/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1973
| 1979
| 5–6
|-
| 4
| Fr. Francisco Xavier Bossuet Sta Rita de Menezes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Francisco Xavier Bossuet Sta Rita de Menezes Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-francisco-xavier-bossuet-sta-rita-de-menezes/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1979
| 1981
| 1–2
|-
| 5
| Fr. Luis Francisco do R Fernandes dos Santos<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Luis Francisco do R Fernandes dos Santos Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-luis-francisco-r-fernandes-dos-santos/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1981
| 1982
| 0–1
|-
| 6
| Fr. Nazario Antonio Santana Martins<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Nazario Antonio Santana Martins Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-nazario-antonio-santana-martins/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1982
| 1987
| 4–5
|-
| 7
| Fr. Rosario Caetano Francisco Carmo de Menezes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Rosario Caetano Francisco Carmo de Menezes Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-rosario-caetano-francisco-carmo-de-menezes/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1987
| 1995
| 7–8
|-
| 8
| Fr. Miguel Arcanjo Camilo Santana Rosario Godinho<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Miguel Arcanjo Camilo Santana Rosario Godinho Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-miguel-arcanjo-camilo-santana-rosario-godinho/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1995
| 1998
| 2–3
|-
| 9
| Fr. Santana Carvalho<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr. Santana Carvalho Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-santana-carvalho/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 1998
| 2004
| 5–6
|-
| 10
| Fr. Geraldo Aleixo Antonio da Costa<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Geraldo Aleixo Antonio da Costa Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-geraldo-aleixo-antonio-da-costa/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 2004
| 2005
| 0–1
|-
| 11
| Fr. Romano Jeronimo Belem Gonsalves<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015–2018 |title=Fr. Romano Jeronimo Belem Gonsalves Priest details |url=https://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-romano-jeronimo-belem-gonsalves/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>
| 2005
| 2012
| 6–7 years
|-
| 12
| Fr. Jorge Pazzi Fernandes
| 2012
| 9 May 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transfers of priests in Archdiocese of Goa and Daman |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFtransfers-of-priests-in-archdiocese-of-goa-and-daman/69168.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
| 8–9 years
|-
| 13
| Fr. Santo Antonio Pereira
| 9 May 2021
| ''incumbent''
| 2 years and counting
|}

===Headmaster/Headmistress===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ordinal
! Officeholder
! Term start
! Term end
! Time in office
|-
| 1
| [[Jose Vaz]]
| ?{{efn|most likely joined in 1980s.}}
| ??
| ??
|-
| 2
| Nelson Lopes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kzAAAAMAAJ&q=St.+Xavier%27s+High+School,+Velim | title=Directory, Archdiocese of Goa and Daman | year=1984 }}</ref>
| ??
| ??
| ??
|-
| 3
| Mable Da Costa
| ?{{efn|joined prior to 2013.}}
| ''incumbent''
| ??
|}

==Sports==
The school competes at inter-school and [[taluka]] and state-level [[association football|football]] competitions. On 17 December 2015, St. Xavier's High School lost to Rosary High School, [[Navelim]] by a 2–1 defeat in the All Goa Inter-School Under 17 Invitational Football Tournament at Chinchinim Church ground. The tournament was held in remembrance and honour of [[Joseph Vaz|St. Joseph Vaz]] and was organised by Mount Mary's School and Higher Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saheel nods Rosary HS to win over St Xaviers HS Velim |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Saheel-nods-Rosary-HS-to-win-over-St-Xaviers-HS-Velim/96868 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 27 December 2015, St. Xavier's High School was among the 16 schools, including [[St. Britto High School, Mapusa|St. Britto High School]] that were adopted in the [[FC Goa]] outreach programme. The programme was designed to create a safe space so that the club would reach out to as many young kids and introduce them to football in a friendly playing environment where they were encouraged to develop their inherent talent while also enjoying the sport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AND NOW, FROM MEN TO BOYS |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/AND-NOW-FROM-MEN-TO-BOYS/97206 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 28 June 2017, St. Xavier's High School beat Our Lady of Carmel High School, [[Curtorim]] by a 3–1 victory to qualify along with three other schools including [[Loyola High School (Goa)|Loyola High School]] in the U-14 inter-school Salcete taluka boys football tournament organized by Directorate of Sports and Youth Affairs (DSYA) at [[Fatorda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Xavier's, Loyola, Perpetual Succour, Holy Rosary move ahead |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=116887 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, they defeated St Jude’s High School, Betalbatim at Manora ground, [[Raia, Goa|Raia]] by a 2–0 victory to qualify in the next round of the tournament along with four other schools from Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marina English, St Xavier's HS win |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=116926 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 15 November 2017, St. Xavier's High School managed to qualify in the semi-finals of Fr Peter SVD Memorial football tournament, they were beaten by Marina English High School, [[Verna, Goa|Verna]] in a 5–0 defeat at SVD Seminary, [[Raia, Goa|Raia]] ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marina English HS thump St Xavier's HS |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Marina-English-HS-thump-St-Xavier%E2%80%99s-HS/122585 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 22 February 2018, St. Xavier's High School qualified in the playoffs of 1st teacher Dolorosa memorial U-17 girls football tournament and were teamed up against Perpetual Succour Convent High School, [[Navelim]], they were then beaten by a 4–3 defeat via a tie-breaker at [[Chandor]] ground.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perpetual Succour HS win shoot-out, storm into semi-finals |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=127211 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 25 July 2018, St. Xavier's High School were beaten by Rosary High School, Navelim in a 5–0 defeat of the U-17 Subroto Mukherjee Salcete Taluka girls football tournament which was organised by the DSYA, at [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosary HS blank St Xavier's HS |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=133788 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 27 August 2018, St. Xavier's High School beat Infant Jesus High School, [[Colva]] by a 3–2 victory via a [[tie-breaker]] to be crowned as the champions in the third edition of All Goa OLHESA inter-school football tournament which was organised by Our Lady of Health Ex Students Association, at Cuncolim School ground, Cuncolim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Xavier's HS Velim emerge victorious |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=135308 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 16 July 2022, St. Francis Xavier High School were among the five schools, including [[Regina Martyrum High School]] to qualify in U-14 Subroto Mukherjee Inter-School Salcete Taluka football tournament organised by DSYA at village school ground, [[Dramapur]]. Their win came after they defeated Our Lady of Succour High School by four goals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Xavier's, Regina Martyrum, Loyola make progress |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/St-Xavier%E2%80%99s-Regina-Martyrum-Loyola-make-progress/191749 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 27 July 2022, St. Xavier's High School was among the three schools in [[Goa]] to be qualified in the U-17 [[Salcete]] taluka inter-school Subroto Mukherjee football tournament held at Cuncolim School ground, at [[Cuncolim]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Xavier's HS, Infant Jesus HS and Bethany Convent HS make progress |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/St-Xavier%E2%80%99s-HS-Infant-Jesus-HS-and-Bethany-Convent-HS-make-progress/192234 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==COVID vaccination drive==
On 27 May 2021, a two-day [[COVID-19]] vaccination drive was held at the school for people aged 45 and above by the [[Government of Goa]] for their initiative of the ''[[Tika Utsav]]''. In total, 205 individuals received their first jab with 95 of them being vaccinated on the first day and 110 individuals the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government cutting down vaccination camp to one day in Salcete disarrays the drive |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Government-cutting-down-vaccination-camp-to-one-day-in-Salcete-disarrays-the-drive/175399 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Civic and consumer forum==
On 21 April 2013, the Velim Civic and [[Consumer forum|Consumer Forum]] (VCCF) held its monthly meeting of consumers at the school, wherein several issues were discussed upon such as [[World Health Day]], [[Earth Day]], price rise, notice of directorate of transport and bus fare hike, [[Right to education]] (RTE), taxation of wells, [[Liquefied petroleum gas]] and its transparency, violence against women, and the special [[Gram Sabha]]. Public utilities like Goa Dairy, postal services, [[Public Works Department]] water, banking and [[BSNL]] were also taken into consideration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velim civic forum meeting |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/velim-civic-forum-meeting/47159 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

On 10 August 2014, the VCCF held its general monthly meeting of consumers at the school. The issues that were discussed were gram sabha proposals, vector-borne diseases awareness, screening of migrants at [[Cutbona]], [[breast feeding]] and nutrition campaign, [[HIV/AIDS]], garbage management etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluka report |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Taluka-report/76908 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Nevel Gracias]], Indian diocesan priest and actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr Nevil turns 50 today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/fr-nevil-turns-50-today/61639 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}
* [[List of schools in Goa]]
* [[Education in Goa]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{stack|}}
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1962 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:Private schools in Goa]]
[[Category:Education in South Goa district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Goa]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]

Mangalampet

2026-02-11T12:18:13Z

ArianneNies1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = KUMARAN,
Mangalampettai
| other_name =
| nickname = MPT
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.634331|N|79.281678|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = town panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,00,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 606 104
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mangalampet''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Cuddalore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mangalampet had a population of 7,327 of which 3,590 are male and 3,737 are female. Mangalampet has an average literacy rate of 85.30%, higher than the national average of 80.09%: male literacy is 91.80%, and female literacy is 78.78%. In Mangalampet, 11.85% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]

Bijainagar

2026-02-09T04:44:01Z

ArianneNies1: starting article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name = Bijaynagar
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Vijaynagar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|55|48|N|74|38|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Beawar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1919
| founder = Rao Bijai Singh ji, Masuda
| named_for = [[Rao Bijai Singh]]
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Anita Indrajeet Mewara]] ([[BJP]])
| governing_body =
| leader_title2 = Vice chairman
| leader_name2 = [[Pritam Barola]] (BJP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,43,000
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=103267|title=Census of India|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 305624
| registration_plate =
| website = www.bijainagar.co.in
| footnotes =
| official_name = BIJAINAGAR
}}

'''Bijainagar''' is a city and headquarters of Bijainagar tehsil in the [[Beawar]] district of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]].It was founded by Shri Rao Saheb Vijay Singh ji Of Masuda in 1919 CE, This city is situated along the [[Khari River]] close to the southern border of [[Ajmer]] District.

==Demographics==

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Religion in Bijainagar (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 71.14
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Jainism]]
|value2 = 14.11
|color2 = White
|label3 =[[Islam]]
|value3 = 13.88
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.46
|color4 = dodgerblue
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.30
|color5 = darkkhaki
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.00
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Other or none
|value7 = 0.11
|color7 = Black
}}

As of the 2011 Indian [[census]], Bijainagar has a population of 32,124. The population is 51 percent male and 49 percent female. Bijainagar has an average literacy rate of 69 percent, which is higher than the national average of 59.5 percent. Male literacy is 78 percent and female literacy is 60 percent. 14 percent of the population is aged six or less.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=103267|title=Census of India|website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> Most of the population practices the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religion.

== Geography ==

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018|small=yes}}
The area is known as "Krishi Mandi" is the second largest region in the state of Rajasthan for the production of cotton.

The main water source is the Bisalpur Dam, which supplies Rajasthan's largest water treatment plant. The Para 1 Dam in Para is one of the major irrigation dams in the Ajmer District.

== Economy ==

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
Bijainagar is an industrial area with businesses that include the Agricultural Mandi (Market Yard), cattle feed plants, oil mills, woolen yarn mills, flour mills, ceramic industries, as well as a cotton and synthetic waste recycling plant.

== Culture ==

=== Temples ===

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
Bijainagar was the death place of Shri Pannalal Ji Maharaj, great saint of [[Jains]], People used to visit his samadhi Shri panna guru dhyan sadhna kendra, situated at [[Pragya College]]

Bijainagar has many temples.

# Balaji Mandir (Sabji Mandi)
# Chamatkari Hanuman Mandir (Station wale Balaji)
# Church
# Digamber Jain Mandir (Sathana Baazar)
# Ganesh Mandir
# Gurudwara
# Laxmi Narayan Mandir (Bada Mandir)
# Mosque (Rajnagar)
# Nakoda Jain Temple (Rajdarbar colony)
# Radha krishna mandir (Purana mandir)
# Shani Dev Mandir
# Shiv Mandir
# Shiv Mandir (Bapu Baazar)
# Shiv Mandir (Kekri Road, Rajnagar)
# Shiv Mandir (Peepli Chouraha)
# Shri Harshiddhi Ganesh Mandir (Chosla)
# Shwetamber Jain Mandir (Mahavir Bazar)
# Shiv ji Ki Chhatari, (Kekri Road, Rajnagar)
# Shri Dev Narayan Mandir, (Near Pokhrana Factori)
# Triveni Matna Mandir (Teja Chowk)
# Sitla mata mandir
# Tejaji Mandir
# Vishwakarma Temple
# Shri panna guru dhyan sadhna kendra
# Radha krishan temple (Gopal Badi)
# '''Karant Wale Balaji''' (Subhash Nagar)
# Charbhuja temple (Rajnagar)
# Charbhuja temple (Chosla)

== Transport ==
Direct Rail Connectivity to major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bhopal, Indore, Jammu, Haridwar, Rishikesh. The nearest airport is Kishangarh Airport 100 kms away which serves Ajmer, Kishangarh, Bijainagar, Bhilwara. Bijainagar is well connected to 6 Lane expressway which connects to major cities of India.

== Education ==

=== Colleges ===

*[https://pragyacollege.org Shri Pragya College, PG College]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
College of Science, Technology, Management, Arts and Commerce<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pragyacollege.com/ |title=Home |website=pragyacollege.com}}</ref>
* Sanjivani College, Bijainagar
*Smt. Rama Devi B.Ed. College <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indcareer.com/rajasthan/ajmer/smt-rama-devi-b-ed-college-bijainagar|title=Smt Rama Devi B Ed College, Bijainagar|last=indcareer.com|website=IndCareer.com|date=10 July 2012|language=en|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>

===Schools===

*[https://pragyainternational.com Pragya International School] (English Medium Only)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pragyainternational.com|title=Pragya International School |website=www.Pragyainternational.com}}</ref>
*St. Paul's School a Roman Catholic Diocesan Secondary School CBSE(English Medium Only)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stpaulbijainagar.in/|title=Stpaul – Stpaul|website=stpaulbijainagar.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>
* Government Senior Secondary Schools (separate for boys and girls)
*[http://www.pragyaschool.com Shri Pragya Public School] (situated near the state highway) www.Pragyaschool.Com [[File:Shri Pragya Public School.jpg|thumb|Shri Pragya Public School]]
* Saraswati Senior Secondary School Bijainagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saraswatischool.org/|title=Saraswati Senior Secondary School {{!}} Bijainagar|website=saraswatischool.org|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>
* Vaatsalya School (near head post office)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaatsalyaschool.com|title=Welcome To Vaatsalya, Bijainagar {{!}} Home :: EduManag|website=www.vaatsalyaschool.com|access-date=2018-10-19}}</ref>
* Yash Bhumi Modern School (opposite railway station) bijainagar
* Ajmeru Public School, Kekri Road, Bijianagar
* Adrash Vidhya Mandir, Bijainagar
* Keshav International School, Bijainagar
* Shashikala Primary School, Bijainagar

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Beawar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Beawar district]]

Thanjavur Air Force Station

2026-01-31T16:59:18Z

ArianneNies1: formatting fix

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Airport
| name = Thanjavur Air Force Station
| nativename = 
| image = Roundel of India.svg
| image-width = 60px
| IATA = TJV
| ICAO = VOTJ
| type = Military
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
| city-served = [[Thanjavur]]
| location = Pilaiyarpatti, Thanjavur, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| built = {{start date and age|1940|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| elevation-f = 253
| elevation-m = 77
| coordinates = {{coord|10|43|20|N|079|06|05|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label = '''TJV'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Tamil Nadu
| website = [https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/47+Wing Official website]
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 07/25
| r1-length-m = 3500
| r1-length-f = 11483
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| r2-number =
| r2-length-m =
| r2-length-f =
| r2-surface =
| stat-year =
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data =
| footnotes = Source: [[DAFIF]]<ref name="WAD">{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130217014602/http://www.worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=VOTJ Airport information for VOTJ]}} from [[DAFIF]] (effective October 2006)</ref><ref name="GCM">{{GCM|TJV|source=DAFIF}}</ref>
}}

'''Thanjavur Air Force Station''' {{airport codes|TJV|VOTJ}} is an [[Indian Air Force]] base serving the city of [[Thanjavur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located {{cvt|12|km}} south-west of the city in Pilaiyarpatti and near the village of Ravusapatti.<ref name="WAD"/> The air force base was expected to start functioning by 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/11/stories/2010081158970200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818091810/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/11/stories/2010081158970200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2010-08-18 | title=Thanjavur Air Force base to be a major one soon | access-date=2011-02-05 | date=2010-08-11 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }}</ref> However, the schedule was delayed, and the air force base was inaugurated on 27 May 2013 by the then [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], [[A. K. Antony]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=AK Antony dedicates IAF base at Thanjavur to nation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AK-Antony-dedicates-IAF-base-at-Thanjavur-to-nation/articleshow/20300585.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 May 2013|access-date=2 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The airfield was built and used by the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RAAF) in 1940 during [[World War II]] as a base for its [[Lockheed Hudson]], [[Vickers Wellington]], [[Hawker Hurricane]], and [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] aircraft. After independence, the airfield was handed over to the [[Government of India]] for civilian use and eventually came under the jurisdiction of the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). With the formation of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] in 1984, a permission for 47th [[Wing (military unit)|wing]] at the airfield was also provided and declared. In the early 1990s, the airport operated commercial flights to [[Chennai]] via [[Vayudoot]], which however, did not operate for long and was stopped due to poor patronage and financial struggles the airline faced, that caused it to cease operations in 1997. The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) took over the airfield in March 1990. During the heavy [[Cyclone Nisha (2008)|floods in Tamil Nadu]] in November 2008, IAF helicopters operating from Thanjavur dropped 15,000 kg of relief materials to the affected areas, operating from the air force base. The land acquisition for revamping the entire airfield began in 2006 and was completed and inaugurated by the former on 27 May 2013 by the former [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], [[A. K. Antony]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Information Bureau|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=96238|access-date=2021-03-11|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=47 Wing|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/47+Wing|website=Indian Air Force|access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/>

== Development ==
To foster socio-economic development and growth, connectivity and [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu|tourism in the state]], there have been repeated attempts by both the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state]] and the [[Government of India|central]] governments to restart commercial operations in the airport, since [[Vayudoot]] ceased operations in 1997. Such attempts have increased consistently after the conversion of the airport into a revamped air force base in 2013, also as part of the [[Government of India|government's]] [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]] to develop more airports in India to improve connectivity and encourage people to travel by air. In December 2022, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) for exchange of land to the AAI, so that they can regain their control over the airport and develop it for facilitating commercial operations, which they had until 1990. Out of 56.16 acres as the total land area, the IAF has granted 26.5 acres of land to AAI, where it has proposed to develop the airport as a passenger terminal. In November 2023, the AAI announced that the terminal and other associated world will be constructed at a cost ₹ 200 crore. The development works are expected to take at least a year to complete, after receiving nods from the state and central governments and the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. Land acquisition for the project is yet to be done; meanwhile, the work on a 4-lane airport approach road is yet to be started after receiving permission and assistance from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kandavel|first=Sangeetha|title=Air connectivity being planned for Thanjavur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/air-connectivity-being-planned-for-thanjavur/article67584270.ece|work=The Hindu|date=29 November 2023|access-date=2 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Development of Thanjavur airport put on fast track; AAI to invest Rs 200 cr|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/development-of-thanjavur-airport-put-on-fast-track-aai-to-invest-rs-200-cr-123112900169_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=29 November 2023|access-date=2 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The airport is situated at an [[elevation]] of {{convert|253|ft|0}} above [[mean sea level]]. It had two [[runway]]s with [[concrete]] surfaces: 07/25, measuring {{convert|5680|x|150|ft|0}}, and 14/32, measuring {{convert|4757|x|150|ft|0}}, out of which the 14/32 runway has been now converted into a taxiway.<ref name="WAD"/>

== Operational aircraft ==
It is home to the [[No. 222 Squadron IAF|No. 222 squadron]] of the IAF's [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]] [[fighter aircraft]] - the first IAF fighter squadron in Southern India.<ref name="Feb 28">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Sulur air base to get one more LCA squadron |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/sulur-air-base-to-get-one-more-lca-squadron/articleshow/68192399.cms |access-date=2019-09-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A new helicopter unit composing of [[Aérospatiale Alouette III#Variants|Chetak]] (SA 316B) helicopters was inducted in Thanjavur on 19 March 2024. The unit was tasked with peacetime [[Search and rescue|Search and Rescue]] and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDUCTION OF HELICOPTER UNIT AT AIR FORCE STATION THANJAVUR |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2015832 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Helicopter Unit inducted at Air Force Station Thanjavur |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/helicopter-unit-inducted-at-air-force-station-thanjavur/articleshow/108655820.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/47+Wing Official website]

{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Airports in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1940]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Satkhol, Nainital

2026-01-31T06:57:30Z

ArianneNies1: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Nainital district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Ann Sheetal

2026-01-26T14:22:31Z

ArianneNies1:

{{short description|Indian model and film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ann Sheetal
| image = Ann Sheetal 2019.jpg
| caption =
| other names =
| birth_name = Ann Sheetal
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active = 2017–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| children =
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Ann Sheetal''' is an Indian model and actress, who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil film]] industries.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Career ==
She made her debut as Rosy in [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj's]] Malayalam film ''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ann-Sheetal-makes-her-debut-with-Prithviraj-starrer/articleshow/55923906.cms|title=Ann Sheetal makes her debut with Prithviraj starrer|website=The Times of India|date=27 January 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> She played the lead role as the heroine in a Malayalam love based film ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/ishq-actress-on-why-she-took-2-yr-break-after-ezra-1.3828465|title=Ishq actress on why she took 2 yr break after Ezra|last=Kasim|first=Siraj|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> She also acted in Tamil action [[crime-thriller]] film ''[[Kaalidas]]'' written and directed by Sri Senthil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-sign-a-film-only-when-it-moves-me-ann-sheetal/articleshow/69174542.cms|title=I sign a film only when it moves me: Ann Sheetal|website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language!! class="unsortable" | Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]''
|Jenny's friend
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|Debut film
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]''
|Rosy
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/15/i-empathised-with-rosy-1570967.html|title='I empathised with Rosy'|work=The News Indian Express|date=16 February 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]''
| Vasudha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-ann-sheetal-team-up-for-ishq/articleshow/67141934.cms|title=Shane Nigam, Ann Sheetal team up for Ishq|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaalidas]]''
| Vidyaa Kaalidas
| Tamil
| Debut in [[Tamil cinema]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaalidas Movie Review : A reasonably engaging whodunit which could have been way better |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaalidas/movie-review/72518581.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kinnerasani (film)|Kinnerasani]] ''
| Vedha
| Telugu
| Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kinnerasani review: Ann Sheetal, Ravindra Vijay hold the fort in this passable thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kinnerasani-review-ann-sheetal-ravindra-vijay-hold-the-fort-in-this-passable-thriller/f574ca0ba2460 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Padachone Ingalu Kaatholi''
| Renuka
| Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2022-11-24 |title='Padachone Ingalu Katholi', a political satire sans violence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Nov/24/padachone-ingalu-katholi-a-political-satire-sans-violence-2521443.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Singapore Saloon]]''
| Nilarathi
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Saloon gets an OTT release partner; You can stream RJ Balaji's comedy drama soon - here's when! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/singapore-saloon-ott-release-partner-locked-rj-balaji-starrer-comedy-drama-to-stream-on-this-platform-very-soon/87839a8dcb373 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
| {{Pending film| 1 Princess Street}} || {{TBA}} || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Malayalam Actress Archana Kavi To Make A Comeback With 1 Princess Street |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-actress-archana-kavi-to-make-a-comeback-with-1-princess-street-8615684.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Language
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2015 ||''Celebrate Happiness''|| {{N/A}} || English ||
|-
|2019
|''Tehqeek''
|Shruthi Namboodiri
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/neeraj-madhav-s-tehqeek-impresses-music-lovers-1.4397061|title=Neeraj Madhav's Tehqeek impresses music lovers|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Kaaka Kadha (Mairaandi)''
|Pradeep Deva kumar
|Tamil
|Song by Vaisagh
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm8793835}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheetal, Ann}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

M. R. Poovamma

2026-01-26T05:36:02Z

ArianneNies1: created new info!

{{short description|Indian sprinter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name =
| image = Women's 4x400m Relay Povamma Raju Of India In Action.jpg| imagesize =
| caption = Poovamma at the 2017 Asian Championships
| nationality =Indian
| club = [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]<ref name=ind/>
| collegeteam =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|06|05}}
| birth_place = [[Gonikoppal]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name=ind>[https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/MACHETTIRA-Poovamma-Raju-3007315/ Poovamma Raju Machettira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065352/https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/MACHETTIRA-Poovamma-Raju-3007315/ |date=5 September 2018 }}. asiangames2018.id</ref>
| residence =
| country = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =173 cm<ref name=ind/>
| weight =60 kg<ref name=ind/>
| coach = Nagapuri Ramesh<ref name=ind/>
| sport=Athletics
| event=200–800 m
| pb =200 m – 24.31 (2018) 400 m – 51.73 (2014) 800 m – 2:09.24 (2017)<ref>{{World Athletics}}</ref>
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's 4 × 400 m]] }}
{{MedalBronze| [[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's 400 metres|400 m]] }}
{{MedalGold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|Women's 4 × 400 m]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay|Mixed 4 × 400 m]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|2013 Pune]] | [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's 4 × 400 m]]}}
{{MedalSilver| 2013 Pune | [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships|2015 Wuhan]]|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships|2019 Doha]]|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2015 Wuhan|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's 4 × 400 m]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships|2019 Doha]]|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's 4 × 400 m]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships|2019 Doha]]|[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay|Mixed 4 × 400 m]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|400 m]]}}
| updated = 21 April 2019
}}

'''Machettira Raju Poovamma''' (born 5 June 1990) is an Indian [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] who specialises in the [[400 metres]] distance.<ref>{{cite news |title= Poovamma, India's newest quarter-miler |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/poovamma-india-s-newest-quartermiler/1107294/ |newspaper= The Indian Express |date= 25 April 2013 |accessdate= 9 July 2013}}</ref> As a member of the Indian 4 × 400 m relay teams she participated in the 2016 Olympics and won gold medals at the 2014 and 2018 Asian Games and 2013 and 2017 Asian championships; individually she won a silver medal in 2013 and a bronze in 2014 at those competitions. She received the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2015 for her contributions to athletics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=MR Poovamma, Asian Games Medallist, Gets Two-Year Ban By Anti-Doping Appeal Panel |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/mr-poovamma-asian-games-medallist-gets-two-year-ban-by-anti-doping-appeal-panel-news-224506 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ }}</ref>

==Early life==
Poovamma was born to M. G. Raju and Jaji. She completed her primary and higher education in [[Mangalore]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Poovamma – Youngest Indian athlete in Beijing |url= http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=91083 |publisher= Mangalorean |date= 2 September 2008 |accessdate= 14 August 2013 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141015130303/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=91083 |archivedate= 15 October 2014 }}</ref> and acquired her bachelor's degree in business management from the Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Business Management, Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title= Confident Poovamma eyes more glory |url= http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports/confident-poovamma-eyes-more-glory.html |publisher= Daily Pioneer |date= 4 August 2013 |accessdate= 15 August 2013 |archive-date= 13 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141013024341/http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports/confident-poovamma-eyes-more-glory.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Her brother MR Manju also competed in the 400 m events at the national level.<ref name=ind/><ref>[https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6017704-poovamma-raju-machettira.htm Poovamma Raju MACHETTIRA]. gc2018.com</ref>

==Career highlights==
Poovamma won a silver medal in the 400 m and a gold in the 4 × 400 m relay at the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]]. She then won a senior national 400 m title in September 2011 in Kolkata. At the 2012 Asian Grands Prix Poovamma won two gold and a silver medal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Athletics: Hat-trick for Poovamma|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/athletics-hattrick-for-poovamma/article4709436.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 May 2013}}</ref> She also won a gold medal at the 2013 Asian Grand Prix in Bangkok. Poovamma represented India in the Moscow [[World Athletics Championships]] 2013<ref>{{cite news|last=Poovamma|first=M.R|title=Ashwini, Poovamma in Indian relay squad for Moscow World Championships|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main_Ashwini-Poovamma-in-Indian-relay-squad-for-Moscow-World-Championships.html|newspaper=Mangalore Today|date=21 July 2013}}</ref> where she was also a part of the women's 4 × 400 m relay team.

She won the gold medal in [[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games|women's 4 × 400 metres relay]] at the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]], South Korea along with [[Tintu Luka]], [[Mandeep Kaur (athlete)|Mandeep Kaur]] and [[Priyanka Pawar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/asian-games-2014/indian-eves-clinch-4x400m-relay-gold-at-asian-games-2014-set-new-asiad-record-163926/ | title=Indian eves clinch 4x400m relay gold at Asian Games 2014; set new Asiad record | publisher=India.Com | date=2 October 2014 | accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://incheon2014.kr/Sports/Medals/MenuMedallists/?discipline=AT&Date=ALL&NOC=IND&lang=en |title=search Medals |publisher=2014 Asian Games Official website |accessdate=2 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002184141/http://www.incheon2014.kr/Sports/Medals/MenuMedallists/?discipline=AT&Date=ALL&NOC=IND&lang=en |archivedate=2 October 2014 }}</ref> The team clocked 3:28:68 to break the Games Record. This is India's 4th consecutive gold in the event since 2002.

In 2017 she was part of the winning 4 × 400 m team at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Bhubaneshwar]], which also included [[Debashree Mazumdar]], [[Jisna Mathew]] and [[Nirmala Sheoran]]. The team had a problematic baton exchange, but Nirmala recovered the time in the final leg.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/asian-athletics-championships-2017-deconstruction-of-the-gold-standard-4746739/|title=Asian Athletics Championships 2017: Deconstruction of the gold standard|date=12 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

==Competition record==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{flagu|India}}
|-
|2006
|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|7th (h)
|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|56.39
|-
|2007
|[[2007 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]]
|[[Ostrava, Czech Republic]]
|7th
|400 m
|55.49
|-
|rowspan=3|2008
|[[2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Bydgoszcz, Poland]]
|8th (h)
|[[2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|57.94
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Pune, India]]
|style="background:silver;"|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|400 m]]
|55.17
|-
|style="background:gold;"|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:42.02
|-
|rowspan=3|2013
|rowspan=2|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Pune, India]]
| style="background:silver;"|2nd
|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|53.37
|-
| style="background:gold;"|1st
|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:32.26
|-
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Moscow, Russia]]
|5th (h)
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:38.81
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Incheon, South Korea]]
| style="background:bronze;"|3rd
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|52.36
|-
| style="background:gold;"|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:28.68
|-
|rowspan=3|2015
|rowspan=2|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Wuhan, China]]
|style="background:silver;"|2nd
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|53.07
|-
|style="background:silver;"|2nd
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:33.81
|-
|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|14th (h)
|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:29.08
|-
|2016
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]]
|7th (h)
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:29.53
|-
|2017
|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Bhubaneswar, India]]
|4th
|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|53.36
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gold Coast, Australia]]
|24th (h)
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]
|53.72
|-
|7th
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:33.61
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Jakarta, Indonesia]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:28.72
|-
|2019
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|11th (h)
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:29.42
|-
|2024
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Paris, France]]
|15th (h)
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 m relay]]
|3:32.51
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Povamma Raju}}
* {{World Athletics|name=Poovamma Raju Machettira}}
* {{2018 Asian Games profile|MACHETTIRA-Poovamma-Raju-3007315|Poovamma Raju Machettira}}
* {{2018 Commonwealth Games profile|athletics/athlete-profile-n6017704-poovamma-raju-machettira|Poovamma Raju Machettira}}
* {{Olympics.com|poovamma-raju-machettira|Poovamma Raju Machettira}}
* {{Olympedia|name=M. R. Povamma}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poovamma, M. R.}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Athletes from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian women middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Olympic women sprinters]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Mankameshwar Temple

2026-01-24T03:52:50Z

ArianneNies1: small updated references for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Agra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox mandir
|name = Mankameshwar Temple
|image = IAshishTripathi Mankameshwar Temple Agra.jpg
|caption = Shri Mankameshwar Temple Agra
|deity = [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
|locale = [[Rawatpara]]
|district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
}}

'''Mankameshwar Temple''' in a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Agra]] is one of the ancient temples devoted to Lord [[Shiva]]. The temple is situated at [[Rawatpara]], near [[Agra Fort Railway Station]]. This temple is believed to be one of the oldest temples in the city. It is said that the [[lingam|Shiva Linga]] in the [[temple]] is covered by silver and was founded by [[Shiva]] himself in the [[Dvapara Yuga]], when [[Krishna]] was born in [[Mathura]].

==Overview==
The temple has one sanctum sanctorum with a Vigraha of Lord Shiva . It is surrounded by the typical Shiva family idols. One has to descend down a score of stairs to reach the [[sanctum sanctorum]]. One can reach fully close to the Vigraha provided one does not wear leather items and English style pants, pyjamas, and salwaar suits.

Behind the sanctum sanctorum are several small temples within the main temple complex. These are devoted to various deities like Goddess Ganga, [[Saraswati]], [[Gayatri]], [[Hanuman]], Kaila devi, [[Narasimha]], [[Krishna]], [[Rama]] to name a few.
[[File:IAshishTripathi Mankameshwar-Temple-Agra.jpg|thumb|View of Shri Mankameshwar Temple [[Agra]] from outside]]

==See also==
* [[Mankameshwar metro station]]
*[[Agra Fort]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://agra.nic.in/tourist.htm Agra.nic.in/tourist.htm]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804132207/http://www.travelmadeeasy.in/agra.htm Travelmadeeasy.in/agra.htm]

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Agra Division topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

2026-01-12T03:31:27Z

ArianneNies1: Made some article from scratch

#REDIRECT [[List_of_butterflies_of_India#Lycaenidae]]

7th Punjab Assembly

2025-12-15T16:07:46Z

ArianneNies1: Creating a stub

{{short description|Law governing body of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Seventh Punjab Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature = '''Punjab Legislative Assembly'''
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_length = 1977-1980
| body =
| houses =
| foundation = 30 June 1977
| disbanded = 17 February 1980
| preceded_by = [[Sixth Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| succeeded_by = [[Eighth Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]<ref name="speakerpunjab">{{cite web|url=http://speakerpunjab.gov.in/former-speakers/|website=speakerpunjab.gov.in|title=Former speaker of punjab vidhan sabha|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
| leader1 = [[Ravi Inder Singh (industrialist)|Ravi Inder Singh]]
| party1 =
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[List of Deputy Speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]<ref name="page13">page xiii of ''[http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/compendium_doc.pdf Punjab Vidhan Sabha Compendium]''. [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. Retrieved on 6 January 2022.</ref>
| leader3 = Panna Lal Nayyar
| leader4 =
| leader5_type = Leader of House ([[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]])
| leader5 =[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
| leader6 =
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = [[Balram Jakhar]]
| leader8 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| next_election1 = [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| redistricting =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place =
| members = '''117'''<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3448-punjab-1977/?do=download Statistical Report of Punjab Legislative Assembly election 1977] (Pdf). ''eci.gov.in''. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</ref>
| structure1 = Seventh Punjab legislative assembly.png
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government of Punjab, India|Government]] (98)'''{{efn|The given members of parties were at the time of the formation of the Government. The numbers changed later on due to defections, resignations, mergers or splits}}
* {{Color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD+]] (83)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (58)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Janata Party|JP]] (25)
* [[Confidence and supply]] (15)
** {{Color box|#FF5C5C|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] (8)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (7)
'''Opposition (19)'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (17)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)

}}
The '''1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election''' was the seventh [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]]) election of the state. [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Janata Party]] coalition emerged as the victorious with 83 seats in the 117-seat legislature in the election. The [[Indian National Congress]] became the official opposition, holding 17 seats. On 17 February 1980, Assembly dissolved prematurely and president rule was imposed.{{efn|name=PR|''[[President's rule]]'' may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>}}

==History==
After withdrawal of [[Emergency in India|National Emergency]] in India, fresh election held in Punjab along with other States. [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Janata Party]] fought election in coalition and won. [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] extended outside support to the Government.<ref>[https://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/CoalitionpoliticsPunjab.pdf Coalition politics in Punjab] (Pdf), P. 83. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</ref>

Despite [[Indian National Congress]] contested more seats than Janata Party but could able to won 17 seats and stood at third place for the first time in Punjab.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|7th]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1977–1980| ]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Bharati-class interceptor boat

2025-12-13T21:58:22Z

ArianneNies1: added info

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox ship
| sclass = 2
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Thane Creek and Elephanta Island 03-2016 - img08 Ships on Thane Creek.jpg
| image_caption = Coast Guard Interceptor boat C-154
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = Bharati-class interceptor craft
| builders = [[Bharati Shipyard]]
| operators = [[Indian Coast Guard]]
| class_before = [[AMPL-class interceptor boat]]
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| cost =
| built_range = 2009–present
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range = 2013–present
| total_ships_building = 8
| total_ships_planned = 15
| total_ships_completed = 7
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 6<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/bharati-defence-and-infrastructure-delivers-vessel-to-indian-coast-guard-117111601370_1.html|title=Bharati Defence and Infrastructure delivers vessel to Indian Coast Guard|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 November 2017|last1=Market|first1=Capital}}</ref>
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = Interceptor boat
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{Convert|107|t|lk=on}}
| length = {{Convert|27.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{Convert|6.17|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught = {{Convert|1.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{Convert|3.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| power =
| propulsion = * 2 × Caterpillar MTU Friedrichshafen Gmbh 1630KW engines
* 2 × 69 kW 415 V 50 Hz AC
| speed = {{Convert|35|kn|lk=in}}
| range =
| endurance =
| troops =
| complement = 1 officer and 12 enlisted
| time_to_activate =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''Bharati-class of interceptor boats''' are a series of fifteen watercraft being built by [[Bharati Shipyard]] for the [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref name=irclass>[http://www.irclass.org/ship_info# IR Class ship info] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621234432/http://www.irclass.org/ship_info |date=21 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Description==
The vessels in the series have an aluminium hull, and have a length of 28 meters, with beam of 6 meters and draught of 1.2 meters.<ref name="irclass" /> They are powered by twin MTU Caterpillar engines having capacity of 1630 kW each. They have Articulate Surface Piercing Propulsion and can attain a speed of more than 35 knots. The vessels can perform high-speed interception, close-coast patrol, low-intensity maritime operations, search-and-rescue and surveillance. They have a complement of one officer and 12 sailors. They are being constructed as per a {{INRConvert|2.81|b|0}} contract signed with the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], which was announced on 6 March 2009.<ref name=business>{{cite news|title=Bharati Shipyard bags Rs 281 cr defence contract|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bharati-shipyard-bags-rs-281-cr-defence-contract/56236/on|accessdate=31 January 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=6 March 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015151534/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bharati-shipyard-bags-rs-281-cr-defence-contract/56236/on|archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref>

The first Bharati-class interceptor boat has IRS no. 40567 and its pennant no. is C-154. It was commissioned in [[Mumbai]] on 22 February 2013 in the presence of Maharashtra Chief Secretary J.K. Banthia and S.P.S. Basra, Inspector General (IG), Coast Guard Region (West).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-interceptor-boat-joins-coast-guard/article4442936.ece |title=New interceptor boat joins Coast Guard |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 February 2013 |accessdate=2016-03-14 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604022420/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-interceptor-boat-joins-coast-guard/article4442936.ece |archivedate=4 June 2013 }}</ref> It was constructed by Bharati shipyards units at [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco Da Gama]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Ships of the class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Pennant No
!Commissioned
!Homeport
|-
|C-154
|22 February 2013
|Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|url =https://nirmalomnewsline.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/480/|title =Nirmal New Online|date =22 February 2013|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160125022022/https://nirmalomnewsline.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/480/|archivedate =25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-interceptor-boat-joins-coast-guard/article4442936.ece|title=New interceptor boat joins Coast Guard|date=2013-02-22|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604022420/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-interceptor-boat-joins-coast-guard/article4442936.ece|archivedate=4 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|C-155
|14 May 2015
|Karwar<ref>{{Cite web|title = Coast Guard commissions four boats at Porbandar|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-14/news/62165577_1_indian-coast-guard-ship-porbandar-boats|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017095805/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-14/news/62165577_1_indian-coast-guard-ship-porbandar-boats|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 October 2015|website = timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate = 2015-12-27}}</ref>
|-
|C-156
|12 March 2016
|Pipavav<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indian-coast-guard-commissions-new-vessel-at-porbandar/|title=Indian Coast Guard commissions new vessel at Porbandar|date=2016-03-12|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-03-12|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313061101/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indian-coast-guard-commissions-new-vessel-at-porbandar/|archivedate=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/03/12/indian-coast-guard-ship-c-156-commissioned-at-porbandar/|title=Indian Coast Guard Ship C- 156 commissioned at Porbandar|website=DeshGujarat|date=12 March 2016|access-date=2016-03-12|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313030803/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/03/12/indian-coast-guard-ship-c-156-commissioned-at-porbandar/|archivedate=13 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|C-158
|12 April 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/coast-guard-interceptor-boat-commissioned-589149-2016-04-12|title=Coast Guard interceptor boat commissioned|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=12 April 2016 |access-date=2016-04-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421132247/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/coast-guard-interceptor-boat-commissioned/1/641313.html|archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
|Goa
|-
|C-161
|5 January 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-coast-guard-ship-c-161-commissioned-in-porbandar201801051901140002/|title=Indian Coast Guard Ship C-161 commissioned in Porbandar|website=aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-08}}</ref>
|Vadinar
|-
|C-162
|30 May 2018
|Vizhinjam<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/coast-guard-ship-commissioned/article24025829.ece|title=Coast Guard ship commissioned|date=2018-05-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Cochin Fast Patrol Vessels]]
* [[L&T fast interceptor craft]]
* [[ABG fast interceptor craft]]
* [[Swallow Craft Class Inshore Patrol Vessel|Swallow Craft Class]]
* [[AMPL Class Interceptor Boat|AMPL Class]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130217235553/http://www.igovernment.in/site/Rs-281-Cr-defence-vessel-order-to-Bharati-Shipyard Rs 281 Crore defence vessel order to Bharati Shipyard]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Patrol boat classes]]
[[Category:Auxiliary search and rescue ship classes]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Patna

2025-12-09T08:50:06Z

ArianneNies1: added new pg

{{WikiProject status|inactive|type=geo|parent=India|sc1=WP:PAT}}
{{NOINDEX}}
{| border=0 align=center cellpadding=5
|align=right|Powered by [[WP:INBR|Wikiprojet Bihar]]

|-
|align=center|'''Welcome to the WikiProject Patna'''
|-
|align=center|{{Flag icon|IND}} '''[[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]'''
|}

{{Infobox Wikipedia WikiProject
|inactive =
|name = Patna
|bodystyle =
|image = WP Patna Logo Hindi 01.svg
|imagesize =
|caption =
|shortcuts = [[WP:PAT]]
|shortcuts2 = [[WP:PATNA]]
|category = Patna
|category2 =
|portal =
|portalimg =
|portal2 =
|portal2img =
|commons = Patna
|parent = Bihar
|notice =
|notice-extended =
|userbox = User member of WikiProject Patna
|userbox2 = User Patna
|userbox3 =
|userboxnote =
|helps-organise-children =
|has-goals = yes
|assessment = WikiProject Patna/Assessment
|footnotes =
}}

'''WikiProject Patna''' is a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] that was launched on 12 September 2008 by [[User:Be.human|Be.human]], aims primarily to create, fill out, build, edit, construct, and modify articles about [[Patna]] and Greater Patna Region. [[Patna]] is one of the oldest city of world and has many places of interest, significant events and interesting people that have helped form the unique character and style of the city.

{{Project page count|project=Patna}}

If you would like to join this project, we would love your help, so please add your name to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna#Participation|list below]], and look at the to-do list for some suggestions on articles that you may be able to help with.

<div style="background:inherit; border:1px solid #000; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em; width:25em;">
<center>[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg|20px]] Coordinators</center>
{|
|'''[[User:Ivecos|Ivecos]]''' ''[[User talk:Ivecos|(Talk)]]-[[Special:Contributions/Ivecos|(Contribution)]]-[[Special:EmailUser/Ivecos|(Email)]]''
|}

{{Hidden
|header=Coordinators?
|content=The Coords keep the project pages on their watchlists, welcome new participants, maintain lists, keep the discussions tidy, on track, and on the right pages, and check for signatures and page links, and develop sub pages and templates as required, etc. - nothing much more than any expereinced project member can do. Coords offer their own suggestions and opinions in the normal way. Please post queries first on the WikiProject talk page. Do contact coordinators on their usertalk page if you have any unanswered queries or clarifications.
}}
</div>

==[[File:Searchtool.svg|45px|Divisions]]Scope==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna/Navigation}}
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to '''Greater Patna''' Region/[[Patna Metropolitan Region]]([[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]], [[Maner]], [[Danapur]], [[Paliganj]], [[Hajipur]], [[Khagaul]], [[Patna]] and [[Bihta]]) and [[Patna district]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Patna]], [[:Category:Patna district]], [[:Category:Bihar]] and [[:Category:India]].
[[File:Patna district.PNG|thumb|500px|The scope of this project]]

==Assessment==
There are still lots of articles to be assessed and tagged! Check out the directory at the bottom if you want to help (Category:WikiProject Patna). ''See also:'' Template: <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Patna#Templates|WikiProject Patna]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>, below.

==Parentage==
The parents of this WikiProject are [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities|WikiProject Cities]], and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] whose relevance is somewhat limited vis-a-vis documenting a single very large city and the many communities within it.

At a state level, the parent of this project is [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar|WikiProject Bihar]].

==[[File:Nuvola_apps_kpdf.png|45px|Goals]]Goals==

This [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] aims to help organize and contribute to the growing collection of articles about Patna.

This can be achieved by:

* '''Develop''': Improve and maintain articles that are on the [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Patna articles by quality|worklist]], [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna/Cleanup listing|cleanup list]], or requested on the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Patna|project talk page]].

* '''Coordinate''':
:* Tag all Patna-relevant articles with {{tl|WikiProject India}}, and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna/Assessment|assess]] and prioritize articles missing [[:Category:unassessed Patna articles|assessment]] or [[:Category:Unknown-importance Patna articles|importance]] values.
:* [[Wikipedia:Categorization|Categorize]] Patna related articles, including with [[WP:Stub|stub tags]] and [[WP:NAVBOX|navigation boxes]].

* '''Support''': Invite more users to join with {{tls|WikiProject Patna invitation}} and assist them whenever possible.

===Article to be created===
*[[Saguna More]]
*[[Economy of Patna]](currently a redirect)
*[[Mithapur Bus Stand]]
*[[Patna Market]]
*[[Urja Stadium]]
*[[Sabzibagh]]
*[[Digha-AIIMS Elevated Road]]
*[[Bailey Road Flyover]] (longest flyover in state)
*[[Jagjeevan Stadium]]
*[[Darbhanga House]]

==Manual of Style==
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles}}
===Indic scripts in lead===
{{Shortcut|WP:INDICSCRIPT}}
There is community consensus that the lead sentence of an article should not contain any regional or Indic language script. It is suggested that [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] be used for help with pronunciation. For details, refer to this RfC: [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_48#Native_languages_in_lead|Native languages in lead]].

==Article updates==
===Alerts===
{{/Article alerts}}

==Project Progress==
{{WP:WikiProject Patna/Progress}}

==Members==

Anyone who is interested to improve [[Patna]]-related articles can join this project.
''To add your name, click "edit source" and add your name at the bottom of the list given below, with a short message about areas of interest.''

===[[File:P social sciences.png]]Participants===
Please add your name to this list using <nowiki># {{user|username}}</nowiki>


----
01. {{User|Be.human}} (Join date- 12/09/08) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
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02. {{User|Manoj_nav}} (Join date- 27/09/08) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
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03. {{user|Maverick.Mohit}} (Join date- 24/02/11) {{font color|red|Inactive!}}
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04. {{User|Abhinav paulite}} (Join date- 15/04/11)
----
05. {{user|Ivecos}} (Join date- 06/06/13)
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06. {{user|Extra999}} (Join date- 01/09/13)
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07. {{User|Abhi.analyst}} (Join date- 09/09/13) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
----
08. {{User|Oliver gedin}} (Join date- 08/12/13) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
----
09. {{user|Atultherajput}} (Join date- 14/12/13) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
----
10. {{user|Bishwa_777}} (Join date- 25/19/13) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
----
11. {{user|Anupmehra}} (Join date- 17/01/14)
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12. {{User|Yahvi}} (Join date- 23/01/14) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
----
13. {{user|SAUDES}} (Join date- 10/03/14) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
----
<s>14. {{user|Ahmad5.farah}} (Join date- 14/03/14)</s> {{fontcolor||red|blocked}}
----
15. {{user|Abhifrm.masaurhi}} (Join date- 13/09/14) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
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16. {{user|Tom1cruz}} (Join date-01/12/2014) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
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17. {{user|ItsSkV08}} (Join date- 28/06/2021)
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18. {{user|Vraj75693}} (Join date- 05/06/2016) {{fontcolor|red|Inactive!}}
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19. {{user|PratyushSinha101}} (Join date- 07/07/2016)
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20. {{user|Narendra_PatelK}}
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21. {{user|Pratty}} (Join date- 17/04/2017)
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22. {{user|Arunbandana}} (Join date- 20/10/2020)
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23. {{user|AyushRanjan1}}
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24. {{user|Shaan Sengupta}} (Join date-14 August 2023)
----

'''# Inactive''' ''Includes those members of the project who have not edited for at least three months; it is manually updated on a periodic basis. Please feel free to remove inactive notice upon your return.''

===Member userbox===
You may place '''{{tltt|User member of WikiProject Patna}}''' on your user page to display the following userbox:
{{User member of WikiProject Patna}}
{{clear|left}}
This template will add your user page to:
*[[:Category:WikiProject Patna participants]]

==WikiProject Patna invitation==
{{Main|Template:WikiProject Patna invitation}}
To be placed on User talk pages of users who you have noticed contribute regularly to India related articles, if they decide to join they will list themselves on the list of participants. 

{{tlxs|WikiProject Patna invitation|ts{{=}}<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}

{{WikiProject Patna invitation}}

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
Other WikiProjects covering individual cities can be a good source of mutual inspiration:
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities/List of city WikiProjects}}

==Discussion==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Patna]]

==WikiProject Award==
{{main|Wikipedia:WikiProject_India#WikiProject_Award}}
If you notice someone making outstanding contributions to this project or any of the descendant WikiProjects, please feel free to give them any of the following [[Wikipedia:Barnstars|barnstars]].

==[[:Category:Patna templates|Patna templates]]==
{|border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
! Template
! Result
|-
|{{tl|Patna}}
|{{Patna}}
|-
|{{tl|Tourist attractions in Patna}}
|{{Tourist attractions in Patna}}
|-
|{{tl|Neighbourhoods of Patna}}
|{{Neighbourhoods of Patna}}
|-
|{{tl|Schools in Patna}}
|{{Schools in Patna}}
|}

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==WikiProject Patna notice==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WikiProject India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Patna for guidelines.

To use it, place
{{tlx|WikiProject India|importance{{=}}|bihar{{=}}yes|bihar-importance{{=}}|patna{{=}}yes|patna-importance{{=}}}} at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WikiProject India|importance=|bihar=yes|bihar-importance=|patna=yes|patna-importance=|category=no}}

{| style="width: 100%; background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: {{{margin-top|0.5em}}}"
| style="width: 33%; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: center; text-align: center; border: 1px solid {{{border|silver}}}; background-color: {{{background|transparent}}}" |
[[File:Seal_of_Bihar.svg|20x20px|Directory|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar]]
'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar|WikiProject Bihar]]'''
| style="width: auto" |  
| style="width: 33%; margin-left: 1%; vertical-align: center; text-align: center; border: 1px solid {{{border|silver}}}; background-color: {{{background|transparent}}}" |

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities|WikiProject Indian cities]]'''
| style="width: auto" |  
| style="width: 33%; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: center; text-align:center; border:1px solid {{{border|silver}}}; background-color: {{{background|transparent}}}" |
[[file:Flag of India.svg |20x20px|Guide|link=Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]]'''
|}

==Resources==
===Tools===
{{sisterlinks|India}}
{{Main|Wikipedia:Tools}}
*[http://tito-dutta.my3gb.com/IndianEnglishNewspapersSearch.html Indian English newspaper search]
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] - Edits bare references — adds
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Checklinks Checklinks] - Edit and repair external links
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Dab_solver Dab solver] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer Peer reviewer] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna}}
[[Category:WikiProject Patna|P]]
[[Category:WikiProject Bihar|P]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Bihar]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Patna]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express

2025-12-07T04:14:25Z

ArianneNies1:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|07|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} (SHM)
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} (MAS)
| distance = {{convert|1659|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 25hrs 50mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22825 / 22826
| speed = {{convert|64|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22825 / 22826 '''Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express''' is an [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} and {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22825/22826 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8794&did=14918224602276B07F10DCF25F33025BB54352085C29E.web91 Trains Rescheduled/Partially Cancelled due to Traffic Block]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Arasavalli-temple-set-to-get-much-needed-facelift/article15897482.ece | title=Arasavalli temple set to get much-needed facelift | date=2 November 2016 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=27 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Change-in-platform-numbers-of-some-trains-from-tomorrow/article16076530.ece?ref=tpnews Change in platform numbers in Visakhapatnam Junction]</ref>

== Service==

The 22825/Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 64 km/h and covers 1659 km in 25h 50m. The 22826/Chennai Central–Shalimar Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 1659 km in 28h 00m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Shalimar}}
* {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}
* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* [[Eluru railway station|Eluru]]
* [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]]
* [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]]
* {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}}

==Coach composition==

The train has Modern LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 19 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 End on Generation (EOG) Coaches

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi Loco Shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Shalimar to [[Visakhapatnam]]. From Visakhapatnam, trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive up to Chennai and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with;
* 22829/22830 [[Shalimar–Bhuj Weekly Superfast Express]]
* 18009/18010 [[Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express]]
* 22851/22852 [[Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Shalimar railway station]]
* [[Chennai Central railway station]]
* [[Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express]]
* [[Shalimar–Bhuj Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18387 22825/Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18388 22826/Chennai Central–Shalimar Weekly Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shalimar-Chennai Central Weekly SF Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Cherupushpa Mission League

2025-09-21T01:20:46Z

ArianneNies1: starting post

{{Short description|Mission ventures in the Catholic Church}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
'''Cherupushpa Mission League''' ('''CML''') is one of the mission ventures of the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro Malabar Church]]. It was started on October 3, 1947, as a lay initiative to promote the missionary zeal among the members of the Church, especially children and youngsters. The missionaries from other foreign countries left India after it got independence in 1947. CML was thus started for promoting indigenous vocations to priesthood and consecrated life in the Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cherupushpa Mission League|url=https://www.cmlthalassery.org/|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2021|website=CML Thalassery Diocese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609221325/http://www.cmlthalassery.org/ |archive-date=2016-06-09 }}</ref> Two visionaries P. C. Abram Pallattukunnel who is popularly known as Kunjettan (Little Brother) and Fr Joseph Maliparampil formed this pious organisation.

== History ==
Cherupushpa Mission League is a lay apostolic organisation started in 1947 which promotes the missionary cause of the Catholic Church. The pioneers of this organisation were Rev. Fr Joseph Maliparampil (24 December 1909 – 9 September 1998), the then assistant parish priest of St Mary's Church, Bharanganam and P. C. Abraham Pallattukunnel ( 1925 – 11 August 2009). The then Metropolitan of Changanessery [[James Kalacherry|Bishop James Kalacherry]] gave the official recognition to it. The official inauguration of the organisation was on 3 October 1947 on the occasion of the centenary of the death anniversary of [[Thérèse of Lisieux|Little Flower of Lisieux]]. The inauguration was done by Bishop Thomas Tharayil, the then Bishop of Kottayam diocese.

== Patron saints ==
[[File:CML Badge.png|thumb|CML Badge]]
[[Thérèse of Lisieux|Little Flower of Lisieux]] is the chief patron saint of CML. Other patrons are [[Thomas the Apostle]], [[Francis Xavier]] and [[Alphonsamma]].

== Motto and slogan ==
"Your own sons, Oh India, will be the heralds of your salvation" (''Filii tui India, administri tibi salutis''),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parkhe|first=Camil|date=29 October 2018|title=Papal Seminary turns 125 years old this year|url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/papal-seminary-turns-125-years-old-year-27027|url-status=live|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=The Bridge Chronicle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111080341/https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/pune/papal-seminary-turns-125-years-old-year-27027 |archive-date=2021-11-11 }}</ref> the words of [[Pope Leo XIII]], is taken as the motto of CML. He was well aware of promoting ingenious vocations to priesthood. He said, "Consequently, if we want to be concerned for the salvation of India and the establishment of Christianity in that immense region on a firm foundation, we will have to select candidates from the native people, who after careful training will assume priestly functions and duties."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leo XIII|first=Pope|date=24 June 1893|title=AD EXTREMAS: ENCYCLICAL OF POPE LEO XIII ON SEMINARIES FOR NATIVE CLERGY|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_24061893_ad-extremas.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128213310/http://www.vatican.va:80/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_24061893_ad-extremas.html |archive-date=2019-11-28 }}</ref>

The official slogan is "Love, Sacrifice, Service, Suffering" and is inscribed in the emblem of CML

==Emblem==
The official emblem consist a world map, Bible and lamp, Then the official slogan below that.

The map of India - Mission league began in India, it was also the first missionary movement that began in India after WW2.

The open Bible - represents the message of God you will be spreading.

== Founders ==
Rev. Fr Joseph Maliparampil, P. C. Abraham Pallattukunnel were the ones who led for the creation of the league.They were also helped by T. T. Mathew Thekkumkattil, M. K. Joseph Maramattam, P. J Thomas Palaplackal, T. T. Mathew Thakidiyel and T. S. Mathew Kizhakkekkara are the pioneering members of the group.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cherupushpa Mission League Niyamavaly|publisher=Cherupushpa Mission League National Committee|year=2019|location=Pala|pages=ix|language=Malayalam}}</ref>

== Aim ==
The organisation mainly aims at promoting the missionary works of the Catholic Church. In 1968 CML started a Vocation Bureau which of its first kind in India.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Later it is developed into Kerala Vocation Service Centre (KVSC), Bharanganam.

== Official recognition ==
The [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]] recognised Cherupushpa Mission League on 6 April 1977. Later in 1981 the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] officially recognised the organisation. In November 1990 KCBC included CML in the Commission for Church's Extension and Vocation. In 2016 CML comes under the direct administration of the Syro Malabar Bishops Council with Major Archbishop as its patron and the Chairman of the [https://www.smcvocationcommission.org/ Vocation Commission] as its co-patron.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Church]]
{{Improve categories|date=November 2021}}

Kannambakkam

2025-09-20T08:06:20Z

ArianneNies1: made first data from scratch!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kannambakkam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = கன்னம்பாக்கம்
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.5142109|N|80.0465067|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 24
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1161
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628552
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kannambakkam''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kannambakkam has 317 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.09%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1161 || 586 || 575
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 106 || 56 || 50
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 786 || 402 || 384
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 82 || 40 || 42
|-
| Literates || 634 || 366 || 268
|-
| Workers (all) || 576 || 357 || 219
|-
| Main workers (total) || 563 || 351 || 212
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 39 || 37 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 402 || 217 || 185
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 13 || 9 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Other || 109 || 88 || 21
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 13 || 6 || 7
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 4 || 1 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 7 || 4 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 585 || 229 || 356
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Gope (actor)

2025-08-20T21:42:45Z

ArianneNies1: starting a info.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gope
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1913|04|11}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1957|03|19|1913|04|11}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| death_cause =
| birth_name = Gope Bishandas Kamlani
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1933 – 1957
| spouse = Latika (actress)
}}

'''Gope''' (11 April 1913 – 19 March 1957) was an Indian actor of [[Hindi cinema]]. Starting his career with a small role in ''Insaan Ya Shaitaan'' (1933), directed by Moti Gidwani and produced by Eastern Arts Production, Gope went on to act in over one hundred forty films in a career spanning twenty-four years from 1933 to 1957.<ref name="Narwekar2012">{{cite book |author=Sanjit Narwekar |title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |access-date=14 August 2015 |date=12 December 2012 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-2625-2 |pages=40 |chapter=Lost In The Shadows}}</ref> Several of his films were released following his death.

Best known for his comedy roles, he is stated to be one of Hindi cinema's "most popular comedians". His acting in comic roles won him "critical and popular acclaim" and he soon became "the leading comedian of his time". His popularity assured him of being mentioned in the credit role of films along with the main cast.<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003">{{cite book |author1=Gulazāra |author2=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT578 |access-date=14 August 2015 |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |pages=578– |chapter=Gope}}</ref> He became famous after lip-syncing the popular number "Mere Piya Gaye Rangoon" from ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'', given playback by [[C. Ramchandra]] for Gope and by [[Shamshad Begum]] for [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]].<ref name=Narwekar2012 />

He formed a popular comic pairing with [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], in the "Laurel-and-Hardy" style, and the producers used them in several films.<ref name=Narwekar2012 /> Their most famous films together were ''Patanga'' (1949), followed by ''Bazar'' (1949), ''Beqasoor'' and ''Sagai'' (1951)

==Early years==
Gope was born Gope Bishandas Kamlani, on 11 April 1913, in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[British India]].<ref name=Narwekar2012 /> He was one of nine children. With K. S. Daryani's help, Gope moved to Mumbai and started his acting career in a small role in ''Insaan Ya Shaitaan'' (1933), which starred [[Jaddanbai]], Ermeline and the then reigning comedian, Dixit.<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003" />

==Career==
Gope acted in other memorable roles in films such as ''Hindustan Hamara'', '' Mirza Sahiban'', '' Patanga'' and ''Chori Chori''. Gope also tried playing negative roles. In the 1951 Dilip Kumar-Madhubala starrer film ''Taraana'', he teamed up with Jeevan to play the villain's role in comic style. He started Gope Productions in the 1950s, which made films such as ''Hangama'' and ''Biradari''. Some of these films were directed by Gope's brother, Ram Kamlani. Gope married actress Latika and continued to act in films until his premature death in 1957 on the set of Kundan Kumar's Teesri Gali, which was eventually released in 1958.

==Personal life==
Gope married actress Latika on 5 February 1949 under the Civil Marriages Act.<ref name=GopeLatika>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=At Home And Abroad |journal=Filmindia |date=March 1949 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=63 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194915unse#page/n145/mode/2up/search/Gope |accessdate=14 August 2015 |ref=Believe It Or Not!}}</ref> Latika had earlier acted in the film ''[[Gopinath (film)|Gopinath]]'' (1948) opposite [[Raj Kapoor]]. According to a Filmindia magazine report, "a grand reception was given to the newly wedded couple at the Shree Sound Studios in which many film people participated. There was also a moonlight party later on the Juhu sands."<ref name="Gope, the cherubic comedian">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/apr/11/5234 |title=Gope, the cherubic comedian}}</ref> Gope born a [[Hindus|Hindu]] became a [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]]. He had two sons with Latika. After his death, his widow Latika relocated to the [[United Kingdom]] with their two young sons.<ref name="Gope, the cherubic comedian"/>

==Filmography==
Gope acted in over one hundred forty films in a career spanning twenty-four years from 1933 to 1957. A partial list:<ref name=citwf>{{cite web |title=Gope |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=195090&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Cast
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Studio/Producer
|-
|1933 ||''Insan Ya Shaitan'' ||[[Jaddanbai]], [[Dixit (actor)|Dixit]] ||Moti Gidwani ||Eastern Arts Production
|-
|1934 ||''Prem Pariksha'' ||Jaddanbai, [[Hari Shivdasani]], Rajkumari ||G. R. Sethi ||Eastern Arts Production
|-
|1935 ||''Dharam Ki Devi'' (Religious Lady, Suhag Ki Raat) ||[[Sardar Akhtar]], [[Kumar (actor)|Kumar]], Hari Shivdasani, [[Anant Marathe]] ||Hiren Bose ||Eastern Arts Production
|-
|1935 ||''[[Bharat Ki Beti]]'' (India's Daughter) ||Rattan Bai, [[Gul Hamid]], Yasmin, [[Amirbai Karnataki]] ||[[Premankur Atorthy]] ||Eastern Arts Production
|-
|1936 ||''Pratima'' (The Idol Of Love, Prem Murti) ||Sardar Akhtar, [[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], Omkar Devaskar ||Ram Daryani ||Daryani Productions
|-
|1937 ||''Gentleman Daku'' (Gentleman Bandit) ||[[Leela Chitnis]], Yusuf Effendi, Kokila ||Ram Daryani ||Daryani Productions
|-
|1938 ||''Rajkumari'' (The Princess) ||[[Lalita Pawar]], Nazir, Ameena, O. K. Dar ||Dwarka Khosla ||Krishna Movies
|-
|1939 ||''[[Kaun Kisi Ka]]'' (Who Belongs To Whom?) ||[[Shobhana Samarth]], Nazir, Padma Devi, [[Khursheed Bano|Khurshid]], Mubarak, [[K. N. Singh]] ||C. M. Luhar (Chimanlal Muljibhoy Luhar) ||Hindustan Cinetone
|-
|1940 ||''Laxmi'' (Lakshmi) ||[[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]], Kumar, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Maya Devi ||Mohan Sinha||Circo Productions
|-
|1940 ||''[[Hindustan Hamara (1940 film)|Hindustan Hamara]]'' (Our India) ||[[Jamuna Barua]], Nandrekar, Padma Devi, Hari Shivdasani ||Ram Daryani ||Film Corporation of India
|-
|1941 ||''Laheri Jeevan'' (Life Is A Comedy) ||Husn Banu, Harishchandra Rao, W. M. Khan ||S. M. Yusuf ||Harishchandra Pictures
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Pyaas (1941 film)|Pyaas]]'' (Thirst) || [[Ishwarlal]], Sneh Prabha || ||
|-
|1942 ||''Society'' ||[[Sitara Devi]], Rajkumari Shukal, Nazir, Majid ||S. Nazir ||Hind Pics
|-
|1942 ||''Umar Marvi'' (Meri Duniya) ||[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], Kaushalya, Ashiq Hussain, Hari Shivdasani ||Mazhar Khan ||National Artists
|-
|1942 ||''[[Duniya Ek Tamasha]]'' (The World's A Show) ||Sardar Akhtar, W. M. Khan, Shyam, Urmila ||Dwarka Khosla ||Saubhagya Pictures
|-
|1943 ||''Jhankar'' ||Chandra Mohan, Pramila, Kumar, [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]]||S. Khalil ||Silver Films
|-
|1943 ||''[[Muskurahat (1943 film)|Muskurahat]]'' (The Smile) ||Motilal, Vanmala, Hari Shivdasani, [[Leela Mishra]] ||Dwarka Khosla ||Saubhagya Pictures
|-
|1943 ||''[[Nai Zindagi]]'' (Gharonda)||[[Sheikh Mukhtar]], Anees Khatoon, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] || S. Khalil ||United Films
|-
|1943 ||''School Master'' ||[[Karan Dewan]], Kaushalya, Maya Bannerji, Rajkumari Shukal ||C. M. Luhar ||Sun Art Pictures
|-
|1944 ||''Biswi Sadi'' ||Motilal, Nargis, Mazhar Khan ||M. D. Bhavnani (Mohanlal Dayaram Bhavnani) ||Bhavnani Productions
|-
|1944 ||''Aaina'' (Mirror) ||[[Trilok Kapoor]], Husn Banu, Yakub || ||
|-
|1944 ||''[[Krishna Bhakta Bodana]]'' (Krishna Worshipper Bodana) ||[[Sheikh Mukhtar]], Meera, Ranjit Kumari, Rani Premlata ||[[J. B. H. Wadia]] ||[[Wadia Movietone]]
|-
|1945 ||''Khiladi'' ||E. Billimoria, Agha, Rajkumari ||A. H. Essa ||Empire Pictures
|-
|1946 ||''[[Chalis Karod]]'' (Forty Crores) ||[[Nirmala Devi]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Arun Kumar Ahuja|Arun]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||[[Nanabhai Bhatt]] ||Chandra Art
|-
|1946 ||''[[Laat Saheb]]'' (Big Lord) ||Latika, Harishchandra Rao, Anees Ktoon, Dalpat ||K. P. Bhave ||Harishchandra Pictures
|-

|1947 ||''Mirza Sahiban'' ||[[Noorjahan]], [[Trilok Kapoor]]
|-

|1947 ||''Dak Bangla'' (Rest House) ||[[Suraiya]], Wasti, [[Kamal Kapoor]] ||M. Sadiq ||Indian National Pictures
|-
|1948 ||''[[Ghar Ki Izzat (1948 film)|Ghar Ki Izzat]]'' (Honour Of The House) ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Mumtaz Shanti]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] ||Ram Daryani ||Murli Movietone
|-
|1948 ||''[[Pugree (1948 film)|Pugree]]'' ||[[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Wasti]], Gope, [[Dixit (actor)|Dixit]], [[Ram Avatar]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] ||Anant Thakur ||All India Pictures
|-

|1948 ||''[[Pyar Ki Jeet (1948 film)|Pyar Ki Jeet]]'' (Love's Victory) ||[[Suraiya]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], Raj Mehra, [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], [[Leela Mishra]] ||[[O. P. Dutta]] ||Famous Pictures
|-
|1949 ||''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (The Moth) ||[[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]],Khairati,Shyam, Yakub, Purnima, Randhir ||[[H. S. Rawail]] ||Varma Films
|-
|1949 ||''[[Bazaar (1949 film)|Bazaar]]'' ||[[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]] ||[[K. Amarnath]] ||K. Amarnath
|-
|1950 ||''[[Bhai Bahen]]'' ||[[Geeta Bali]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Prem Adib]], [[Bharat Bhushan]] ||Ram Daryani ||Krishna Movies
|-
|1950 ||''[[Beqasoor]]'' ||[[Madhubala]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] ||K. Amarnath ||Madhukar Pictures
|-
|1950
|''[[Hanste Aansoo]]''
|[[Madhubala]], [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]
|
|
|-
|1950 ||''[[Anmol Ratan]]'' (Rare Jewel) ||[[Karan Dewan]], [[Meena Shorey]], [[Nirmala Devi|Nirmala]], [[Madan Puri]] ||M. Sadiq ||Jaimini Dewan for Dewan Productions
|-
|1951 ||''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (Tune) ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Madhubala]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] ||Ram Daryani ||K. S. Daryani
|-
|1951 ||''[[Sazaa (1951 film)|Sazaa]]'' || [[Dev Anand]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Nimmi]], [[Durga Khote]] || [[Fali Mistry]] || G. P. Productions
|-
|1951 ||''Nagina'' (The Jewel) ||[[Nutan]], [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], [[Bipin Gupta]] ||Ravindra Dave ||Pancholi Productions
|-
|1951 ||''[[Sagai (1951 film)|Sagai]]'' (The Engagement) ||Rehana, Premnath, Yakub ||[[H. S. Rawail]] ||Varma Films
|-
|1951 ||''[[Sanam (1951 film)|Sanam]]'' (Beloved) ||Suraiya, [[Dev Anand]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[K. N. Singh]] ||Nandlal Jaswantlal ||United Technicians
|-
|1956 ||''Chori Chori'' (The Theft)|| Raj Kapoor Nargis ||[[Anant Thakur]] L.B. Lachman||
|-
|1958 || ''Teesri Gali'', Gope died on the movie set ||Pram Adib Abhi Bhattacharya Shyama Mohan Choti || Kundan Kumar || Radiant Movies
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0329722|Gope}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gope}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]

Ilandiraiyan

2025-07-06T21:26:59Z

ArianneNies1: corrected references also and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan''' or '''Ilamtiraiyan''' was a ruler of [[Kanchipuram]] and a contemporary of the [[Early Chola]] king, [[Karikala]].{{sfn|Iyengar|1995|p=397}}{{sfn|Sastri|1961|p=126}} He is traditionally regarded as the founder of the [[Pallava dynasty]].{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=80}} {{Request quotation|date=August 2020}}Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of the [[Sangam period]] and is the hero of some of the poems in the [[Pathupattu]]. He was a poet himself and four of his songs are extant even today.{{sfn|Sastri|1961|p=126}} He ruled from [[Tondaimandalam]] and was known as 'Tondaman'.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=80}} According to historian [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar]], the Pallavas were natives of Tondaimandalam and the name Pallava is identical with the word Tondaiyar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kāñcīpuram in early South Indian history|author=T. V. Mahalingam|publisher=Asia Pub. House, 1969|page=22}}</ref>

Scholar M. Arokiaswami identifies Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan with king Adondai Chakravarthi, the legendary figure who is referred to in the ''[[Colin Mackenzie|Mackenzie Manuscripts]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History|author=M. Arokiaswami|publisher=Amudha Nilayam|page=72|year=1954}}</ref>

==Life==

According to the Sangam epic [[Manimekalai]], a son was born to the Chola king Killi and the naga princess Pilivalai of Jaffna, the daughter of king Valaivanan of [[Jaffna Peninsula|Manipallavam]]. When the boy grew up the princess wanted to send her son to the Chola kingdom. So she entrusted the prince to a merchant who dealt in woolen blankets called Kambala Chetty when his ship stopped in the island of Manipallavam. During the voyage to the Chola kingdom, the ship was wrecked due to rough weather and the boy was lost. He was later found washed ashore with a Tondai twig (creeper) around his leg. So he came to be called Tondaiman Ilam Tiraiyan meaning ''the young one of the seas or waves''. When he grew up the northern part of the Chola kingdom was entrusted to him and the area he governed came to be called Tondaimandalam after him. He is considered by some scholars to be the progenitor of the Pallava dynasty and the dynasty he founded took its name after the native place of his mother, that is Manipallavam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manimekalai: Dancer with Magic Bowl : Buddhist Epic in Tamil (second Century AD)|author=Arputha Rani Sengupta|publisher=Daya Books, 2006|page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of Ancient India|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1967|page=442}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Pallavas of Kanchi by R. Gopalan|author=R. Gopalan|editor=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=University of Madras, 1928|page=30}}</ref>

According to the ''Ulas''(historical poems in honor of Chola kings) written by poet [[Ottakoothar]], Killivalavan is said to have married a Naga princess by entering the ''bilvadara''(cave) and also it is known that Tiraiyan was the son of a Chola prince who married the Naga princess, Pilivalai by entering the ''bilvadara'' in Nagapattinam. So that Tiraiyan was the son of Killivalavan is not without force".<ref>{{cite book|title=Saiva art and architecture in South India|author=C. Krishna Murthy|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan, 1985|page=8}}</ref> According to [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]], Ilandiraiyan ascended the throne of Kanchi during the reign of the Chola king Karikalan and was probably, a feudatory of the latter.

== In poetry ==
[[Uruttiragannanar]] who wrote the ''[[Paṭṭiṉappālai]]'', gives a vivid description of Ilandiraiyan's kingdom and capital city of Kanchi in his poem ''[[Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai]]''. He advises "poets seeking rewards" to go to the court of Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan, "the great patron of bards".{{sfn|Iyengar|1995|p=388}} The ''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai'' contains 500 lines in the ''[[Tamil prosody|akaval]]'' [[Metre (poetry)|metre]] eulogising Ilandiraiyan as well as providing a mythical origin for the Tondaiman clan.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=23}}

Ilandiraiyan was also a poet himself with four of his songs still extant. One of them is on the importance of personal character and its benefits on good rule.{{sfn|Sastri|1961|p=126}} Ode 185 of the ''[[Puṟanāṉūṟu]]'' is attributed to Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation|last1=Iyengar|first1=P. T. Srinivasa|authorlink= P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar|title=History of the Tamils : from the earliest times to 600 A.D.|year=1995|orig-date=1929|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120601451|pages=388–405|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheTamilsFromTheEarliestTimesTo600A.D.|accessdate=27 May 2017|chapter=Chapter XXI: Ilandiraiyan}}
* {{citation|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|date=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9780810864450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC|accessdate=27 May 2017}}
* {{citation|last1=Sastri|first1=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta|author-link = K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]|date=1961|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en}}
* {{citation|last1=Zvelebil|first1=Kamil Veith|authorlink1=Kamil Zvelebil|title=A history of Indian Literature: Tamil Literature|date=1974|publisher=Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=9783447015820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|accessdate=30 May 2017}}

[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Pallava dynasty]]

Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan

2025-07-04T14:18:47Z

ArianneNies1: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Marco (2024 film)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Karavilai Gram Panchayat

2025-05-19T04:41:50Z

ArianneNies1: made initial pg w/ sources!

{{Short description|Village in Kanniyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{About |the place near Villukuri town|the place in Marthandam|Karavilai|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Karavilai''' is a small village in the [[Villukuri]] panchayat, [[Kanniyakumari district]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

Most of the family resides belongs to Krishnavaha community.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]

{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}

Welu River

2025-04-27T17:09:24Z

ArianneNies1: added new place!

{{short description| River in Pune District, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Welu River
| native_name =
| name_other = Vel River
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Pune District|Pune]]
| subdivision_type5 = Taluka
| subdivision_name5 = [[Khed taluka|Khed]]

| length = {{convert|68|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Western Ghats|Sahyadris]]
| source1_location = Satgaon Platue ,[[Ambegaon taluka]], Pune District, Maharashtra
| source1_coordinates=
{{coord|19|2|5|N|73|50|11|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Bhima River]]
| mouth_location = Near Talegaon Damdhere, Taluka Shirur , [[Pune District|Pune]], Maharashtra
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|10|46|N|73|02|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = 297.31 Sq.km
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Welu River''' or '''Vel River''' is a tributary of [[Bhima River]] in [[Pune district]], Maharashtra, India. It originates and flows through the [[Ambegaon taluka|Ambegaon]], [[Khed taluka|Khed]], [[Shirur taluka|Shirur]] talukas of Pune district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijfans.org/uploads/paper/eea70bc36b11cf2921a8e7cddd253a66.pdf|title="Geographical Characteristics of Vel River Basin"|work=International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences}}</ref>

== Origin and course ==
The Welu rises in the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadris]] to the north-east of [[Ambegaon Taluka]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-map-of-Vel-River-basin-showing-the-village-with-road-connectivity-of-area_fig1_367088807|title=Location Map of Vel River|work=Research Gate }}</ref> and crosses Ambegaon from north-west to south-east.

==See also==
*[[List of rivers of India]]
*[[List of major rivers of India|Rivers of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikivoyage|Maharashtra}}

{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}
{{Western Ghats}}

{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Environment of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Sneha Kishore

2025-04-04T00:50:31Z

ArianneNies1: expand intro for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sneha Kishore
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|12|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dowleswaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right handed
| bowling = Slow Left arm orthodox
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 13 December 2015
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526387.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Sneha Kishore''' (born 31 December 1993) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526387.html |title=Sneha Kishore |accessdate=13 December 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 23 November 2015 in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901869.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Railways v Andhra at Delhi, Nov 23-25, 2015 |accessdate=13 December 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/526387.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Sneha}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Andhra Pradesh]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1993-stub}}
[[Category:Telugu cricketers]]