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2026 Indian Premier League

2026-05-08T01:32:47Z

ArcherMill7063: made a entry

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{current sport|sport= cricket|event=cricket tournament|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2026 Indian Premier League
| image = 2026 IPL logo.jpg
| fromdate = 28 March
| todate = 31 May 2026
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Group stage]] and [[playoffs]]
| participants = 10
| matches = 74
| champions =
| runner up =
| most valuable player =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website = {{URL|iplt20.com}}
| previous_year = 2025
| previous_tournament = 2025 Indian Premier League
| next_year = 2027
| next_tournament = 2027 Indian Premier League
}}
{{2026 Indian Premier League Teams|main=y}}

The '''2026 Indian Premier League''', also known as '''IPL 19''' and branded as '''TATA IPL 2026''', is the 19th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]], a professional [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] league. The tournament features 10 teams competing in 74 matches. It is being played from 28 March to 31 May across 13 venues.

[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] are the defending champions.

== Background ==
The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). It has held annually since the [[2008 Indian Premier League|first edition in 2008]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] are the defending champions, having won their maiden title in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|previous season]] after defeating [[Punjab Kings]] in the [[2025 Indian Premier League final|final]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-03 |title=RCB and Virat Kohli end 18-year wait for IPL glory with six-run defeat of Punjab Kings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/jun/03/rcb-and-virat-kohli-end-18-year-wait-for-ipl-glory-with-six-run-defeat-of-punjab-kings |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Format ===
The group format has been reversed to be similar to that of [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 IPL]]. Each team will play once against the teams in their group and twice against the teams in the other group. After the [[#League stage|group stage]], the top four teams, based on aggregate points, would advance to the [[#Playoffs|playoffs]]. In this stage, the top two teams compete with each other (in a match titled "[[#Qualifier 1|qualifier 1]]"), as do the remaining two teams (in a match titled "[[#Eliminator|eliminator]]"). While the winner of Qualifier 1 would directly qualify for the final match, the losing team had another chance to qualify for the final match by competing against the winning team of the Eliminator (in a match titled "[[#Qualifier 2|qualifier 2]]"). The winner of this subsequent Qualifier 2 match advanced to the final match. Teams were seeded into groups based on the number of titles they have won.<ref name="sch2">{{Cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=Mumbai to face CSK and RCB twice as IPL releases full league stage schedule |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-full-league-stage-schedule-1529214 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=26 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327093618/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-announces-full-league-stage-schedule-1529214 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="faq">{{Cite web |first=Hemant |last=Brar |title=IPL 2026 FAQs: New venue, big trades, and the million dollar Thala question |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-faqs-new-venues-big-trades-and-the-age-old-dhoni-question-1529084 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=25 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2023 to be played from March 31 to May 28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-to-begin-on-march-31-1359430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805213000/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2023-to-begin-on-march-31-1359430 |archive-date=5 August 2025 |access-date=2026-03-27 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Indian Premier League#Organization|IPL Governing Council]] had initially announced that the IPL would expand to 84 matches for 2026 and 2027,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025: No increase in the number of matches as BCCI wary of India's workload |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-with-player-workload-in-mind-no-increase-in-number-of-matches-played-1452783 |access-date=2024-10-01 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525221102/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-with-player-workload-in-mind-no-increase-in-number-of-matches-played-1452783 |url-status=live}}</ref> with it expected to expand to 94 matches from 2028 onwards with the return of the complete [[double round-robin]] format that was used until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Dhumal hints at expanded 94-match IPL in 2028 but without new teams |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-could-expand-to-94-matches-in-2028-with-csk-dc-mi-rcb-kkr-gt-pbks-srh-rr-and-lsg-as-the-ten-teams-1483410 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429015210/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-could-expand-to-94-matches-in-2028-with-csk-dc-mi-rcb-kkr-gt-pbks-srh-rr-and-lsg-as-the-ten-teams-1483410 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=2025-12-23 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the number of matches was kept as 74 for one more edition as it was in the previous four seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026 Not Expanding Yet: 74 Matches Confirmed |url=https://www.ipl.com/cricket/news/ipl-2026-not-expanding-yet-74-matches-confirmed-full-schedule-coming-soon/ |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2026 Full Schedule Release: BCCI Confirms 74-Game Format |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/bcci-ipl-2026-full-schedule-release-no-expansion-to-84-matches-full-fixtures-expected-shortly-1832535 |work=[[ABP Live]] |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:50%;" | Group A || style="width:50%;" | Group B
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Mumbai Indians]]
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
| [[Punjab Kings]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|}

=== Schedule ===
According to [[ESPNcricinfo]], the dates of the tournament window for the three seasons between 2025 and 2027 were sent to franchises ahead of the [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025 auction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025 to begin on March 14; dates for next three seasons revealed |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-begin-on-march-14-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-1460927 |access-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122030301/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-to-begin-on-march-14-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-1460927 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2024, the tentative dates for the three seasons were announced, with the 2026 edition set to take place from 15 March to 31 May.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces dates for IPL 2025, 2026 and 2027 all at once in never-before-heard move |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-to-start-on-march-14-as-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-101732247112302.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122040833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2025-to-start-on-march-14-as-dates-for-next-three-seasons-revealed-101732247112302.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2025, it was announced that the 2025 season would commence on 26 March to allow for a three-week gap after the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup final]] scheduled to take place on 8 March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 to be held between March 26 and May 31 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-be-held-between-march-26-and-may-31-1515758 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004319/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-be-held-between-march-26-and-may-31-1515758 |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2026, it was announced that the 2026 season would commence 2 days later on 28 March.<ref name="sch0">{{Cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=IPL 2026 to begin on March 28, final scheduled for May 31 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-begin-on-march-28-and-the-final-is-scheduled-for-may-31-1526195 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=27 February 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> This led to a clash with the [[2026 Pakistan Super League]] for the second consecutive year taking place from 26 March to 3 May 2026, which was again moved from its typical February–March window for the same reason.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=PSL 2026 Set To Clash With IPL Again As PCB Courts Global Investors Ahead Of Franchise Expansion |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/hbl-pakistan-super-league/cricket-news/psl-2026-set-to-clash-with-ipl-again-as-pcb-courts-global-investors-ahead-of-franchise-expansion |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Wisden |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, it was announced that the fixtures for that season would be announced in two parts due to the [[2026 elections in India#State Assembly elections|State Assembly Elections]] in [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]], [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]] and [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]];<ref name="sch0"/><ref>{{Cite web |first=Shayan |last=Acharya |title=Assembly elections force BCCI to delay IPL 2026 schedule announcement |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2026-schedule-announcement-date-postponed-elections-west-bengal-tamil-nadu-bcci/article70699371.ece |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=3 March 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref> for which the dates were not announced till 15 March.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Assam Election Date 2026: Assam to vote on April 9; results on May 4 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/assam/assam-election-2026-result-date-when-will-votes-be-counted-in-assembly-polls-set-on-april-9-counting-on-may-4/articleshow/129588073.cms |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2026: full schedule |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-full-schedule-poll-date-counting-date-nominations-date/article70746432.ece |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=West Bengal assembly elections on April 23 and April 29, results on May 4 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-voting-date-nominations-results-date-time-phases-full-schedule-101773569374988.html |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The first part of the schedule comprising the first twenty matches was announced on 11 March, with the inaugural match being hosted at [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] between the defending champions Royal Challengers Bengaluru and [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] on 28 March.<ref name="sch1">{{Cite web |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |title=RCB vs SRH to kick off IPL 2026 in Bengaluru on March 28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-kick-off-with-rcb-vs-srh-game-on-march-28-at-m-chinnaswamy-stadium-in-bengaluru-1527318 |access-date=27 March 2026 |date=11 March 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> The complete fixtures for the league stage were announced on 26 March.<ref name="sch2"/> On 6 May the playoff fixtures were confirmed<ref name="pos1">{{cite web |access-date=6 May 2026 |title=Schedule for TATA IPL 2026 Playoffs announced; Ahmedabad to Host Grand Finale |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4332/schedule-for-tata-ipl-2026-playoffs-announced-ahmedabad-to-host-grand-finale |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref> with the qualifier 1 at [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]] on 26 May, the eliminator and qualifier 2 at [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]] on 27 and 29 May,<ref name="pos3">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivam |date=2026-04-03 |title=IPL 2026 Playoffs & Final: Complete Schedule With Dates And Venues |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-playoffs-and-final-complete-schedule-with-dates-and-venues-1834490 |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref> and the final at [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] on 31 May, with the venue hosting its fourth final after [[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]], [[2023 Indian Premier League final|2023]] and 2025.<ref name="pos2">{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Uzma |date=2026-05-06 |title=Why BCCI Shifted IPL 2026 Final From Bengaluru's M Chinnaswamy to Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad? Check Playoffs Venues And Schedule |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/sports/why-bcci-shifted-ipl-2026-final-from-bengalurus-m-chinnaswamy-to-narendra-modi-stadium-in-ahmedabad-check-playoffs-venues-and-schedule-189619/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 May 2026 |title=BCCI announces schedule for IPL 2026 Playoffs: Bengaluru loses out; Ahmedabad gets fourth final |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-announces-schedule-for-ipl-2026-playoffs-bengaluru-lose-out-ahmedabad-gets-fourth-final-101778050230401.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Exclusion of Mustafizur Rahman ===
{{see also|2026 Men's T20 World Cup#Withdrawal of Bangladesh}}
Bangladeshi fast bowler [[Mustafizur Rahman]] was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for {{INRConvert|9.2|c}} in the auction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2026 Auction: Mustafizur Rahman sold to KKR for Rs. 9.20 crore|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/mustafizur-rahman-ipl-2026-auction-kkr-kolkata-knight-riders-920-crore/article70403422.ece|work=[[Sportstar]]|language=en|date=16 December 2025|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> Following [[2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence|anti-Hindu violence in Bangladesh during 2025]] and the [[lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]] in [[December 2025 Bangladesh violence|December 2025]], there were calls for the exclusion of Bangladeshi players from the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR And Mustafizur Rahman Controversy Explained: What Is It About?|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/kkr-and-mustafizur-rahman-controversy-explained-what-is-it-about-ws-kln-9804495.html|work=[[News18]]|language=en|date=2 January 2026|access-date=3 January 2026|archive-date=1 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101185309/https://www.news18.com/cricket/kkr-and-mustafizur-rahman-controversy-explained-what-is-it-about-ws-kln-9804495.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2026, the BCCI requested that the franchise release Rahman from the squad and permitted them to select a replacement player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR release Mustafizur from IPL 2026 squad following BCCI instructions|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-bcci-asks-kkr-to-release-mustafiqur-rahman-from-their-squad-because-of-recent-developments-1517878|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|access-date=3 January 2026|archive-date=3 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103060823/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-bcci-asks-kkr-to-release-mustafiqur-rahman-from-their-squad-because-of-recent-developments-1517878|url-status=live}}</ref> This move was criticized by former Indian cricketer [[Madan Lal]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=V. M. Suriya |date=2026-01-03 |title=Former Indian cricketer blames political influence for BCCI's decision on Mustafizur Rahman |url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/former-indian-cricketer-blames-political-influence-for-bccis-decision-on-mustafizur-rahman/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Crictoday |language=en-US |archive-date=12 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112161727/https://crictoday.com/cricket/news/former-indian-cricketer-blames-political-influence-for-bccis-decision-on-mustafizur-rahman/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] politician [[Shashi Tharoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title=Who are we punishing? Shashi Tharoor after KKR releases Bangladesh's Mustafizur Rahman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-kkr-mustafizur-rahman-bangladesh-unrest-hindu-atrocities-dipu-das-khokon-das-2846070-2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103174125/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-kkr-mustafizur-rahman-bangladesh-unrest-hindu-atrocities-dipu-das-khokon-das-2846070-2026-01-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> and former Bangladeshi captains [[Khaled Mahmud]] and [[Mohammad Ashraful]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title='Totally shocked': Ex-Bangladesh captains voice concern over Mustafizur's IPL exclusion |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/totally-shocked-ex-bangladesh-captains-voice-concern-over-mustafizurs-ipl-exclusion-4072191 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104221707/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/totally-shocked-ex-bangladesh-captains-voice-concern-over-mustafizurs-ipl-exclusion-4072191 |url-status=live}}</ref> while former Indian cricketer [[Aakash Chopra]] and<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=What Is Mustafizur Rahman's Fault? Ex-KKR Star Responds With Epic 'Pakistan' Example |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/what-is-mustafizur-rahmans-fault-ex-kkr-star-responds-with-epic-pakistan-example-10247560 |work=[[NDTV Sports]] |language=en |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104045114/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/what-is-mustafizur-rahmans-fault-ex-kkr-star-responds-with-epic-pakistan-example-10247560 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician [[Sangeet Singh Som]] defended the BCCI's move.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-03 |title='Win for Hindus': BJP leaders, spiritual gurus hail Bangladeshi player Mustafizur Rahman's KKR exit |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/south-asia/win-hindus-bjp-leaders-spiritual-gurus-hail-bangladeshi-player-mustafizur-rahmans |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105063307/https://www.tbsnews.net/world/south-asia/win-hindus-bjp-leaders-spiritual-gurus-hail-bangladeshi-player-mustafizur-rahmans |url-status=live}}</ref>

This led the BCCI to put the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2026|Indian tour of Bangladesh]] on hold due to tensions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Like with Pakistan, India-Bangladesh cricket ties could snap after BCCI asks IPL franchise Shahrukh Khan's KKR, to eject Mustafizur Rahman from team |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-puts-indias-bangladesh-tour-on-hold-amid-political-uncertainty-10453303/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103102254/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-puts-indias-bangladesh-tour-on-hold-amid-political-uncertainty-10453303/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] requested the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) to shift their matches at the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] which was to be co-hosted by India and Sri Lanka, out of India, similar to that of Pakistan's.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> But the request was rejected by the ICC, and Bangladesh ultimately withdrew from the T20 World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=25 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125091831/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bangladeshi government also banned the broadcast of IPL in their country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=2026-01-05 |title=Bangladesh bans IPL telecast, cites 'hurt sentiments' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bangladesh-bans-ipl-broadcast-in-another-retaliatory-move/article70473655.ece |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105165042/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bangladesh-bans-ipl-broadcast-in-another-retaliatory-move/article70473655.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]], the newly elected government clarified that the broadcast of the IPL is not banned anymore in their country.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== Marketing ===
The [[Tata Group]] renewed their contract as the title sponsors of the IPL for a tenure of 5 years (2024–2028) for {{INRConvert|2500|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=TATA Group secures title sponsorship rights for IPL 2024-28|website=[[IPLT20.com]]|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3986/tata-group-secures-title-sponsorship-rights-for-ipl-2024-28|access-date=1 March 2024|date=20 January 2024|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221053306/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3986/tata-group-secures-title-sponsorship-rights-for-ipl-2024-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The advertising campaign for the 2026 IPL consisted of 27 sponsors including – [[Google AI Mode]], Campa Energy, [[Havells|Havells & Lloyd]], [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Opus]], [[Hero MotoCorp]] and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-26 |title=IPL 2026 advertisement gold rush: JioStar locks in 27 sponsors, big tech to FMCG pile in |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/ipl-2026-advertisement-gold-rush-jiostar-locks-in-27-sponsors-big-tech-to-fmcg-pile-in/articleshow/129818441.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Broadcasting ===
[[JioStar]]'s [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]] and [[JioHotstar]], currently holds the satellite and digital broadcasting rights for the remainder of the 2023–2027 cycle respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCaskill |first=Steve |date=2025-12-08 |title=JioStar seeks exit from US$3bn ICC cricket deal |url=https://www.sportspro.com/news/broadcast-ott/jiostar-icc-cricket-india-rights-deal-december-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=[[SportsPro]] |language=en-GB |quote=JioStar also owns the domestic broadcast and streaming rights to the IPL [...] |archive-date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208131607/https://www.sportspro.com/news/broadcast-ott/jiostar-icc-cricket-india-rights-deal-december-2025/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the opening weekend of two matches, Linear Television reported 7.84 million viewership, with a 18.8% drop in the average television viewership rating compared to last season, while JioHotstar reported 515 million viewership, with a 26% increase in total watch time to 32.6 billion minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=IPL 2026 Viewership slump: Linear TV ratings drop 18.8%, advertiser participation declines by 31% |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/ipl-2026-viewership-slump-linear-tv-ratings-drop-18-percent-advertiser-participation-falls-31-percent/4231472/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Balaram |date=2026-04-02 |title=IPL 2026 opening weekend shatters viewership records |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-opens-to-massive-audiences-setting-new-engagement-benchmarks-1.500493910 |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref>{{bsn|date=May 2026}}

== Teams ==
[[File:2026 Indian Premier League captains.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Team captains during a promotional event for the 2026 IPL.|alt=Ten team captains posing with the IPL trophy]]
The same 10 teams from the previous season returned.
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Group || Team || [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]] performance<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|title=2025 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=22 December 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250816101807/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|archive-date=16 August 2025}}</ref> || Head coach<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-18 |title=IPL 2026: List of coaches for all 10 teams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-list-of-coaches-for-all-10-teams/articleshow/129660608.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> || Captain<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-18 |title=IPL 2026 captains: All skippers leading Indian Premier League teams - full list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-captains-list-cricket-indian-premier-league |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="5" | A
| [[2026 Chennai Super Kings season|Chennai Super Kings]] || {{center|10th}} || [[Stephen Fleming]] || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
|-
| [[2026 Kolkata Knight Riders season|Kolkata Knight Riders]] || {{center|8th}} || [[Abhishek Nayar]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Abhishek Nayar appointed Kolkata Knight Riders head coach | date=26 October 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/abhishek-nayar-appointed-kolkata-knight-riders-head-coach-10327578/lite/ |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> || [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
|-
| [[2026 Punjab Kings season|Punjab Kings]] || {{center|Runners-up}} || [[Ricky Ponting]] || [[Shreyas Iyer]]
|-
| [[2026 Rajasthan Royals season|Rajasthan Royals]] || {{center|9th}} || [[Kumar Sangakkara]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=Kumar Sangakkara back to helm Rajasthan Royals' coaching staff|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kumar-sangakkara-back-to-helm-rajasthan-royals-coaching-staff-1504458 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=25 September 2025}}</ref> || [[Riyan Parag]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 February 2026 |title=Riyan Parag named Rajasthan Royals' new captain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-riyan-parag-named-rajasthan-royals-new-captain-1523698 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| [[2026 Royal Challengers Bengaluru season|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || {{center|Champions}} || [[Andy Flower]] || [[Rajat Patidar]]
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="5" | B
| [[2026 Delhi Capitals season|Delhi Capitals]] || {{center|5th}} || [[Hemang Badani]] || [[Axar Patel]]
|-
| [[2026 Gujarat Titans season|Gujarat Titans]] || {{center|4th}} || [[Ashish Nehra]] || [[Shubman Gill]]
|-
| [[2026 Lucknow Super Giants season|Lucknow Super Giants]] || {{center|7th}} || [[Justin Langer]] || [[Rishabh Pant]]
|-
| [[2026 Mumbai Indians season|Mumbai Indians]] || {{center|3rd}} || [[Mahela Jayawardene]] || [[Hardik Pandya]]{{efn|name=SKY|[[Suryakumar Yadav]] captained [[Mumbai Indians]] against [[Lucknow Super Giants]] when [[Hardik Pandya]] was unavailable.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Suryakumar Yadav leading MI vs LSG in Mumbai; here's why |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-suryakumar-yadav-leading-mi-vs-lsg-in-mumbai-here-s-why-126050401428_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[2026 Sunrisers Hyderabad season|Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || {{center|6th}} || [[Daniel Vettori]] || [[Pat Cummins]]{{efn|name=Kishan|[[Ishan Kishan]] captained [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for the first half of the season (first 7 matches) when [[Pat Cummins]] was unavailable.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 March 2026 |title=Kishan to lead Sunrisers Hyderabad in Cummins' absence |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-srh-ishan-kishan-to-lead-sunrisers-hyderabad-in-pat-cummins-absence-1528345 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=18 March 2026 |archive-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319083222/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-srh-ishan-kishan-to-lead-sunrisers-hyderabad-in-pat-cummins-absence-1528345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 May 2026 |title=Cummins cleared for IPL return, targeting late April comeback |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pat-cummins-cleared-for-ipl-return-targeting-late-april-comeback-1532080 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=16 April 2026}}</ref>}}
|}{{notelist}}

=== Personnel changes ===
{{Main|List of 2026 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 15 November 2025,<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=IPL 2026 retention rules explained: How many players can a franchise retain or release before auction? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113035257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and a total of 173 players were retained ahead of the auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TATA IPL 2026 Player Retentions Announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4247/tata-ipl-2026-player-retentions-announced |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[IPLT20.com]]}}</ref> The auction was held on 16 December 2025 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2025 |title=IPL auction set to take place on December 16 in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105022626/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the auction purse for each franchise set at {{INRConvert|125|c}}.<ref name="retain1">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026: How the squads stack up ahead of the auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116181308/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 1,355 players registered for the auction, of which 369 players were shortlisted to feature in the auction and 77 were sold in the auction.<ref name="sold1">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|auction|ref=ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|title=2026 Indian Premier League auction, sold players|access-date=23 December 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251223103935/https://www.espncricinfo.com/auction/ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|archive-date=23 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="sold2">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 player list - full squads of each team |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-teams-squads-list-player-prices |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref> [[Cameron Green]] became the most expensive overseas player and the third most expensive player in the history of IPL when he was bought by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for {{INRConvert|25.20|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL auction 2026: Australia's Cameron Green becomes most expensive overseas player in tournament's history |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12040/13484111/ipl-auction-2026-australias-cameron-green-becomes-most-expensive-overseas-player-in-tournaments-history |access-date=23 December 2025|work=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> [[Prashant Veer]] and [[Kartik Sharma]] became the joint-most expensive uncapped players in the history of IPL when they were both bought by [[Chennai Super Kings]] for {{INRConvert|14.20|c|lk=on}} each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Kartik Sharma and Prashant Veer - the costliest uncapped buys? |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136917/who-are-kartik-sharma-and-prashant-veer-the-costliest-uncapped-buys-cricbuzzcom |access-date=23 December 2025|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> Meanwhile the 79 unsold players notably included [[Jake Fraser-McGurk]], [[Jonny Bairstow]], [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]], [[Devon Conway]], [[Alzarri Joseph]], [[Gus Atkinson]], [[Deepak Hooda]] and [[Karn Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unsold players at IPL 2026 auction: Jake Fraser-McGurk, Deepak Hooda among big names - get full list |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-auction-unsold-player-list-indian-premier-league |access-date=23 December 2025|website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>

== Venues ==
The league stage is being played at 13 stadiums across India. 12 venues from the previous season returned as respective home grounds with HPCA Cricket Stadium and [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]] as secondary home venues for three Punjab Kings matches and three [[Rajasthan Royals]] matches respectively.<ref name="sch1"/><ref name="sch2"/> [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] was dropped as [[Delhi Capitals]] secondary home venue<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=IPL first phase schedule out: No matches in Vizag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ipl-first-phase-schedule-out-no-matches-in-vizag/article70731748.ece |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> while [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]] which had previously served as secondary home venue for [[Delhi Daredevils]] until 2016, was added as secondary home venue for two Royal Challengers Bengaluru matches.<ref name="faq"/><ref name="sch2"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-13 |title=Treat for Kohil fans: Raipur to host 2 RCB matches this IPL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/treat-for-kohil-fans-raipur-to-host-2-rcb-matches-this-ipl/articleshow/126508201.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The opening match was played at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium.<ref name="sch1"/> The playoffs will be played at HPCA Cricket Stadium and Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium with the final at Narendra Modi Stadium.<ref name="pos3"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:85%;"
! [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Bengaluru]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Delhi]] || [[Dharamshala]]
|-
| [[Gujarat Titans]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 132,000 || Capacity: 40,000 || Capacity: 39,000 || Capacity: 35,200 || Capacity: 21,200
|-
| [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] || [[File:Chinnaswamy Stadium.jpg|alt=M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in 2017|150px]] || [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] || [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] || [[File:Dharamshala stadium,himachal pradesh.jpg|alt=HPCA Cricket Stadium in 2015|150px]]
|-
! [[Guwahati]] || colspan="3" rowspan="10" | {{location map+ |India |float=center|caption=|width=500|alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Indian Premier League venues|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.05 |long=72.35 |label=[[Ahmedabad]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.96 |long=77.56 |label=[[Bengaluru]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.08 |long=80.27 |label=[[Chennai]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label=[[Delhi]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=32.20 |long=76.33 |label=[[Dharamshala]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=26.13 |long=91.73 |label=[[Guwahati]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=17.40 |long=78.45 |label=[[Hyderabad]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.92 |long=75.82 |label=[[Jaipur]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=22.5646 |long=88.3433 |label=[[Kolkata]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.84 |long=80.94 |label=[[Lucknow]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=30.7789 |long=76.7242 |label=[[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]] |position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.97 |long=72.82 |label=[[Mumbai]] |position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.16 |long=81.78 |label={{nobr|[[Raipur]]}} |position=right}}
}} || [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 46,000 || Capacity: 55,000
|-
| [[File:Barsapara Cricket Stadium match under floodlights.jpg|alt=ACA Cricket Stadium in 2018|150px]] || [[File:Uppal stadium Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium.jpg|alt=Rajiv Gandhi Stadium in 2024|150px]]
|-
! [[Jaipur]] || [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|-
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] || [[Eden Gardens]]
|-
| Capacity: 30,000 || Capacity: 68,000
|-
| [[File:Sawai-Mansingh-Stadium-Jaipur.jpg|alt=Sawai Mansingh Stadium in 2013|150px]] || [[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2023|150px]]
|-
! [[Lucknow]] || [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Raipur]]
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[Punjab Kings]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]] || [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]]
|-
| Capacity: 50,000 || Capacity: 38,000 || Capacity: 33,108 || Capacity: 65,000
|-
| [[File:Ekana cricket stadium .jpg|alt=Ekana Cricket Stadium in 2018|150px]] || || [[File:Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] || [[File:Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium, Raipur.jpg|alt=Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium in 2021|150px]]
|}

== League stage ==
=== Points table ===
<section begin="pt"/>{{#invoke:Sports table |main |style=CricketRR |show_tie=no |show_groups=yes |title=League stage standings
|source=[[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name=pts>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2026-1510719/points-table-standings|title=2026 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=28 March 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> |update=7 May 2026

|team_order=SRH, PBKS, RCB, RR, GT, CSK, DC, KKR, MI, LSG

|group_CSK=A |win_CSK=5 |loss_CSK=5 |nr_CSK= |nrr_CSK=0.151
|group_DC=B |win_DC=4 |loss_DC=6 |nr_DC= |nrr_DC=-0.949
|group_GT=B |win_GT=6 |loss_GT=4 |nr_GT= |nrr_GT=-0.147
|group_KKR=A |win_KKR=3 |loss_KKR=5 |nr_KKR=1 |nrr_KKR=-0.539
|group_LSG=B |win_LSG=3 |loss_LSG=7 |nr_LSG= |nrr_LSG=-0.934
|group_MI=B |win_MI=3 |loss_MI=7 |nr_MI= |nrr_MI=-0.649
|group_PBKS=A |win_PBKS=6 |loss_PBKS=3 |nr_PBKS=1 |nrr_PBKS=0.571
|group_RR=A |win_RR=6 |loss_RR=4 |nr_RR= |nrr_RR=0.510
|group_RCB=A |win_RCB=6 |loss_RCB=4 |nr_RCB= |nrr_RCB=1.234
|group_SRH=B |win_SRH=7 |loss_SRH=4 |nr_SRH= |nrr_SRH=0.737

|name_CSK=[[Chennai Super Kings]] |name_DC=[[Delhi Capitals]] |name_GT=[[Gujarat Titans]] |name_KKR=[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] |name_LSG=[[Lucknow Super Giants]] |name_MI=[[Mumbai Indians]] |name_PBKS=[[Punjab Kings]] |name_RR=[[Rajasthan Royals]] |name_RCB=[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] |name_SRH=[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=A |result4=A |result5= |result6= |result7= |result8= |result9= |result10=

|col_Q=green1 |col_A=yellow1 |res_col_header=Q
|text_Q={{nobr|Advance to the}} [[#Qualifier 1|qualifier 1]] |text_A={{nobr|Advance to the}} [[#Eliminator|eliminator]] |text_E=Eliminated
|status_text_C=Champions |status_text_R=Runners-up
}}<section end="pt" />

=== Match summary ===
{{Indian Premier League results summary|mode=progression/summary|dls=Y
| Home team | Away team | result | margin | DLS

| RCB | SRH | H | 6W |
| MI | KKR | H | 6W |
| RR | CSK | H | 8W |
| PBKS | GT | H | 3W |
| LSG | DC | A | 6W |
| KKR | SRH | A | 65R |
| CSK | PBKS | A | 5W |
| DC | MI | H | 6W |
| GT | RR | A | 6R |
| SRH | LSG | A | 5W |

| RCB | CSK | H | 43R |
| KKR | PBKS | N | |
| RR | MI | H | 27R |
| DC | GT | A | 1R |
| KKR | LSG | A | 3W |
| RR | RCB | H | 6W |
| PBKS | SRH | H | 6W |
| CSK | DC | H | 23R |
| LSG | GT | A | 7W |
| MI | RCB | A | 18R |

| SRH | RR | H | 57R |
| CSK | KKR | H | 32R |
| RCB | LSG | H | 5W |
| MI | PBKS | A | 7W |
| GT | KKR | H | 5W |
| RCB | DC | A | 6W |
| SRH | CSK | H | 10R |
| KKR | RR | H | 4W |
| PBKS | LSG | H | 54R |
| GT | MI | A | 99R |

| SRH | DC | H | 47R |
| LSG | RR | A | 40R |
| MI | CSK | A | 103R |
| RCB | GT | H | 5W |
| DC | PBKS | A | 6W |
| RR | SRH | A | 5W |
| CSK | GT | A | 8W |
| LSG | KKR | A | SO |
| DC | RCB | A | 9W |
| PBKS | RR | A | 6W |

| MI | SRH | A | 6W |
| GT | RCB | H | 4W |
| RR | DC | A | 7W |
| CSK | MI | H | 8W |
| SRH | KKR | A | 7W |
| GT | PBKS | H | 4W |
| MI | LSG | H | 6W |
| DC | CSK | A | 8W |
| SRH | PBKS | H | 33R |
| LSG | RCB | H | 9R | Y

| DC | KKR | | |
| RR | GT | | |
| CSK | LSG | | |
| RCB | MI | | |
| PBKS | DC | | |
| GT | SRH | | |
| RCB | KKR | | |
| PBKS | MI | | |
| LSG | CSK | | |
| KKR | GT | | |

| PBKS | RCB | | |
| DC | RR | | |
| CSK | SRH | | |
| RR | LSG | | |
| KKR | MI | | |
| GT | CSK | | |
| SRH | RCB | | |
| LSG | PBKS | | |
| MI | RR | | |
| KKR | DC | | |

| P1W = | P1L =
| P2W = | P2L =
| P3W = | P3L =
| P4W = | P4L =
}}

=== Fixtures ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
<section begin=match1/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 201/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 80 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Jacob Duffy]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 203/4 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 69[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[David Payne (cricketer)|David Payne]] 2/35 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527674.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jacob Duffy]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Abhinandan Singh]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) made his T20 debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 28 March 2026 |work= [[Business Standard]] |url= https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/who-is-abhinandan-singh-rcb-pacer-who-makes-ipl-debut-vs-srh-in-bengaluru-126032800715_1.html |title= Who is Abhinandan Singh? RCB pacer who makes IPL debut vs SRH in Bengaluru |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[Jacob Duffy]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) and [[David Payne (cricketer)|David Payne]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite news | date = 28 March 2026 |work= [[Mathrubhumi]] |url= https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/cricket/duffy-magic-rcb-debutant-wrecks-srh-top-order-in-ipl-opening-clash-tpgl7cdq |title= Duffy magic! RCB debutant wrecks SRH top order in IPL opening clash |access-date= 29 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date = 29 March 2026 |work= [[Gloucestershire Live]] |url= https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/gloucestershire-star-david-payne-makes-10891961 |title= Gloucestershire star David Payne makes Indian Premier League debut for Sunrisers Hyderabad hours aft-er flying in as an injury replacement |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match1/>
----
<section begin=match2/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match2}}'''Match 2'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 220/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 67 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 224/4 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ryan Rickelton]] 81 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Narine]] 1/30 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527675.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Saidarshan Kumar (Ind) and Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind)
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Mumbai Indians played their 300th T20 match.<ref>{{cite news | date = 29 March 2026 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/mumbai-indians-hit-300-match-mark-first-franchise-to-reach-t20-milestone/articleshow/129877681.cms |title= Mumbai Indians hit 300-match mark, first franchise to reach T20 milestone |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Allah Ghazanfar]] (Mumbai Indians), [[Finn Allen]] and [[Blessing Muzarabani]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) all made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite news | date = 28 March 2026 |work= [[Cricket Country]] |url= https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/who-is-allah-ghazanfar-afghanistans-young-mystery-spinner-makes-ipl-debut-for-mumbai-indians-1333908/ |title= Who is Allah Ghazanfar? Afghanistan’s young mystery spinner makes IPL debut for Mumbai Indians |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date = 2 April 2026 |work= [[NDTV Sports]] |url= https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/who-is-blessing-muzarabani-kkr-pacer-who-shone-with-four-wicket-haul-in-ipl-2026-11303727 |title= Who Is Blessing Muzarabani? KKR Pacer Who Shone With Four-Wicket Haul In IPL 2026 |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Narendra Chaudhary | date = 3 April 2026 |work= Gyanhi Gyan |url= https://gyanhigyan.com/sports/cricket/finn-allen-sets-new-record-in-ipl-debut-for-kkr/cid18460552.htm |title= Finn Allen Sets New Record in IPL Debut for KKR |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) played his 200th IPL match.<ref>{{cite news | date = 2 April 2026 |work= [[NewsX]] |url= https://www.newsx.com/sports/kkr-vs-srh-ipl-2026-ajinkya-rahane-hits-special-double-century-at-eden-gardens-192926/ |title= Ajinkya Rahane Hits Special ‘Double Century’ At Eden Gardens |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref>
* This was Mumbai Indians' highest successful run chase in the IPL.<ref>{{cite news | date = 30 March 2026 |work= [[News 18]] |url= https://www.news18.com/cricket/mumbai-indians-break-record-of-their-highest-successful-run-chase-in-ipl-10004169.html |title= Mumbai Indians Break Record Of Their Highest Successful Run Chase In IPL |access-date= 6 April 2026}}</ref>
* For the first time since [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]], [[Mumbai Indians]] won their opening match.<ref>{{cite news | date = 29 March 2026 |work= [[ESPNcricinfo]] |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2026-1510719/mumbai-indians-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-2nd-match-1527675/match-report |title= Rickelton, Rohit, Shardul break Mumbai's first-game jinx |access-date= 30 March 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match2/>
----
<section begin=match3/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match3}}'''Match 3'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|30|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 127 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jamie Overton]] 43 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| score2 = 128/2 (12.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 52 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 2/27 (3 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527676.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Nandre Burger]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Brijesh Sharma (Rajasthan Royals) made his T20 debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 30 March 2026 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/who-is-brijesh-sharma-jk-pacer-making-his-ipl-debut-for-rr-against-csk/articleshow/129902816.cms |title= Who is Brijesh Sharma? J&K pacer making his IPL debut for RR against CSK |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Kartik Sharma]] (Chennai Super Kings) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 3 April 2026 |work= Be Right News |url= https://berightnews.com/2026/04/03/kartik-sharma/ |title= Kartik Sharma Shines in IPL Debut with Chennai Super Kings |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match3/>
----
<section begin=match4/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match4}}'''Match 4'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|03|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 162/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 39 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 165/7 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Cooper Connolly]] 72[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527677.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Cooper Connolly]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Cooper Connolly]] (Punjab Kings) and Ashok Sharma (Gujarat Titans) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite news |date= 1 April 2026 |work= [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-01/ipl-cooper-connolly-stars-in-debut-for-punjab-kings/106519488 |title= Australia's Cooper Connolly makes stunning IPL debut with Punjab Kings |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 31 March 2026 |work= [[ESPNcricinfo]] |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-pbks-vs-gt-ashok-sharma-and-cooper-connolly-debut-as-pbks-choose-to-bowl-1529967 |title= PBKS bowl against GT, Ashok and Connolly make IPL debut |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Gujarat Titans) took his 300th wicket in T20s.<ref>{{cite news |date= 1 April 2026 |work= IPL T20 Players |url= https://iplt20players.com/news/kagiso-rabada-reaches-300-t20-wickets-milestone-in-ipl-2026-clash |title= Kagiso Rabada Reaches 300 T20 Wickets Milestone in IPL 2026 Clash |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match4/>
----
<section begin=match5/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match5}}'''Match 5'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|01|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 141 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] 36 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Lungi Ngidi]] 3/27 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 145/4 (17.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sameer Rizvi]] 70[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 2/20 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527678.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sameer Rizvi]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Pathum Nissanka]] (Delhi Capitals) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite news | date = 4 April 2026 |work= Emsekflol |url= https://www.emsekflol.com/2026/04/pathum-nissanka-fails-at-ipl-debut.html |title= Pathum Nissanka fails at IPL debut |access-date= 8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match5/>
----
<section begin=match6/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match6}}'''Match 6'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|02|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 226/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 52 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Blessing Muzarabani]] 4/41 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 52 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 3/21 (3 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 65 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527679.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Vinod Seshan (Ind) and Saidarshan Kumar (Ind)
| motm = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Abhishek Sharma]] became the second player after [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] to hit 100 sixes for Sunrisers Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |title= Abhishek Sharma Becomes First Indian Cricketer To Hit 100 Sixes In IPL For Sunrisers Hyderabad |work= [[News18]] |url= https://www.news18.com/amp/cricket/abhishek-sharma-becomes-first-indian-cricketer-to-hit-100-sixes-in-ipl-for-sunrisers-hyderabad-ws-no-10011908.html | date=3 April 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= match6/>
----
<section begin=match7/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match7}}'''Match 7'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 209/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ayush Mhatre]] 73 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 2/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 210/5 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 50 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 2/43 (3.4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527680.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| attendance =
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Priyansh Arya]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= match7/>
----
<section begin=match8/>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match8}}'''Match 8'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| score1 = 162/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 51 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| score2 = 164/4 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sameer Rizvi]] 90 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Deepak Chahar]] 1/20 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527681.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Sameer Rizvi]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= match8/>
----
<section begin=match9/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match9}}'''Match 9'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 210/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 75 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 204/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 73 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 4/41 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527682.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end= match9/>
----
<section begin=match10/>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 10'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = true
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 156/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 62 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/9 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 68[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Harsh Dubey]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527683.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Saidarshan Kumar (Ind) and Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohammed Shami]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] and [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] posted the [[List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records#Highest partnerships by wicket|highest fifth-wicket partnership for Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (116).<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaasen and Reddy Forge Historic Partnership to Revive Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://iplt20players.com/news/klaasen-and-reddy-forge-historic-partnership-to-revive-sunrisers-hyderabad |work=IPL T20 Players |date=5 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match10" />
----
<section begin="match11" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match11}}'''Match 11'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|05|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 250/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tim David]] 70[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 1/30 (2 overs)
| score2 = 207 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] 50 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/41 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 43 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527684.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Tim David]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Tim David]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) scored his 400th six in T20s.{{Cn| date = April 2026}}
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) took his 200th wicket in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bhuvneshwar Kumar becomes first fast bowler to take 200 wickets in IPL |url= https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/48404430/bhuvneshwar-kumar-becomes-first-fast-bowler-take-200-wickets-ipl |work= [[ESPN]] |access-date= 5 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match11" />
----
<section begin="match12" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match12}}'''Match 12'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 25/2 (3.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 8[[not out|*]] (6)
| wickets1 = [[Xavier Bartlett]] 2/9 (1.4 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
|report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527685.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) | motm =
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
}}<section end= "match12" />
----
<section begin="match13" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match13}}'''Match 13'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|07|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
|score1 = 150/3 (11 overs)
|runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 77[[not out|*]] (32)
|wickets1 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/20 (2 overs)
|score2 = 123/9 (11 overs)
|runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 25 (8)
|wickets2 = [[Nandre Burger]] 2/21 (2 overs)
|result = Rajasthan Royals won by 27 runs
|report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527686.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
|umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
|toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
|notes = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals) scored his 100th six in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |title= RR Star Jaiswal Enters 'Century Of Maximums' Club With Six Against MI |url= https://www.news18.com/cricket/rr-star-jaiswal-enters-century-of-maximums-club-with-six-against-mi-10020219.html |work= [[News 18]] |access-date= 7 April 2026}}</ref>
|rain = The match was reduced to 11 overs per side due to rain.<ref>{{cite web |title= Rain-Shortened Thriller: RR vs MI Clash Reduced to 11 Overs After Delay |url= https://www.newkerala.com/news/a/ipl-2026-match-13-between-rajasthan-royals-mumbai-916.htm |work= New Kerala |access-date= 15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match13" />
----
<section begin="match14" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match14}}'''Match 14'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|08|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| score1 = 210/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 70 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] 2/55 (4 overs)
| score2 = 209/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 92 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 1 run
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527687.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Jos Buttler]] (Gujarat Titans) scored his 600th six in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jos Buttler Makes History with 600th Six in IPL 2026 |url=https://dailykiran.com/jos-buttler-makes-history-with-600th-six-in-ipl-2026/ |work=Daily Kiran |date=9 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match14" />
----
<section begin="match15" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match15}}'''Match 15'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 181/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 45 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Digvesh Rathi]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 182/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mukul Choudhary]] 54[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[Anukul Roy]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527688.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Mukul Choudhary]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match15" />
----
<section begin="match16" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match16}}'''Match 16'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 201/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 63 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 202/4 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dhruv Jurel]] 81[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527689.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium|ACA Cricket Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Swaroopanand Kannur (Ind)
| motm = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match16" />
----
<section begin="match17" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match17}}'''Match 17'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 219/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 74 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Shashank Singh]] 2/20 (3 overs)
| score2 = 223/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 69[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = Shivang Kumar 3/33 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527690.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match17" />
----
<section begin="match18" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match18}}'''Match 18'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 212/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 115[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 60 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Overton]] 4/18 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 23 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527691.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Saidarshan Kumar (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings) recorded his 400th six in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanju Samson Enters Rare 400 Club, Outpowers Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli In Elite T20 List |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/sanju-samson-enters-rare-400-club-outpowers-rohit-sharma-virat-kohli-in-elite-t20-list-11344370 |work=[[NDTV Sports]] |date=11 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match18" />
----
<section begin="match19" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match19}}'''Match 19'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 164/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 30 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 165/3 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 60 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 1/31 (4 overs)<br>[[Digvesh Rathi]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527692.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind)
| motm = [[Prasidh Krishna]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match19" />
----
<section begin="match20" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match20}}'''Match 20'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 240/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Phil Salt]] 78 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 1/32 (2 overs)
| score2 = 222/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 71[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Suyash Sharma]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 18 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1527693.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Swaroopanand Kannur (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Phil Salt]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match20" />
----
<section begin="match21" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match21}}'''Match 21'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 216/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 91 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 159 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Donovan Ferreira]] 69 (44)
| wickets2 = Sakib Hussain 4/24 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 57 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529264.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = Praful Hinge (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Praful Hinge]] and [[Sakib Hussain]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite web |title=From debut dreams to dominance: Praful Hinge and Sakib Hussain spark a new dawn for Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://www.sportsyaari.com/cricket/from-debut-dreams-to-dominance-praful-hinge-and-sakib-hussain-spark-a-new-dawn-for-sunrisers-hyderabad-24680/ |work=Sports Yaari |date=15 April 2026 |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref>
* Praful Hinge (Sunrisers Hyderabad) became the first bowler to take 3 wickets in his debut over and also became the first bowler to take 3 wickets in the opening over of an innings in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |date= 13 April 2026 |work= [[ESPNcricinfo]] |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/srh-vs-rr-ipl-2026-who-is-praful-hinge-who-started-his-ipl-career-with-a-triple-wicket-over-1531840 |title= Meet Praful Hinge, who started his IPL career with a triple-wicket over |access-date= 14 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match21" />
----
<section begin="match22" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match22}}'''Match 22'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 192/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 48 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Kartik Tyagi]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] 35 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 32 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529265.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and Saidharshan Kumar (Ind)
| motm = [[Noor Ahmad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Rovman Powell]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored his 6,000th run in T20s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rovman Powell completes 6,000 runs in T20s: 6 key stats behind the milestone |url=https://www.el-balad.com/16912929 |work=El Balad |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match22" />
----
<section begin="match23" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match23}}'''Match 23'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|15|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 146 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 40 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Rasikh Salam]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 149/5 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 49 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 3/32 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529266.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Krunal Pandya]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) took his 100th wicket in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krunal Pandya achieves huge career milestone, completes 100 IPL wickets |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/stats-krunal-pandya-achieves-huge-career-milestone-completes-100-ipl-wickets/ |work=Cric Tracker |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match23" />
----
<section begin="match24" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match24}}'''Match 24'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|16|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 195/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 112[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 198/3 (16.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 80[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529267.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Arshdeep Singh]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match24" />
----
<section begin="match25" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match25}}'''Match 25'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 180 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Cameron Green]] 79 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 181/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 86 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529268.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Jos Buttler]] (Gujarat Titans) took 300 catches in T20s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jos Buttler Becomes 4th Cricketer In The World To Take 300 Catches In T20s |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/jos-buttler-becomes-4th-cricketer-the-world-after-pollard-miller-and-de-kock-to-take-300-catches-in-t20s-10041873.html |work=[[News 18]] |date=18 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match25" />
----
<section begin="match26" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match26}}'''Match 26'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 175/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Phil Salt]] 63 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| score2 = 179/4 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tristan Stubbs]] 60[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529269.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm = [[Tristan Stubbs]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was Royal Challengers Bengaluru's 100th game at this venue.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2026: RCB to play 100th match at Chinnaswamy, first team to achieve home ground landmark|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-rcb-100th-match-chinnaswamy-first-team-home-ground-landmark-10642933/ |work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match26" />
----
<section begin="match27" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match27}}'''Match 27'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 194/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 59 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 3/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 184/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matthew Short]] 34 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 10 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529270.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Eshan Malinga]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match27" />
----
<section begin="match28" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match28}}'''Match 28'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 46 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/6 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 53[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/8 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529271.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end= "match28" />
----
<section begin="match29" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match29}}'''Match 29'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 254/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Priyansh Arya]] 93 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Prince Yadav]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 200/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 43 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Marco Jansen]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529272.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Priyansh Arya]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match29" />
----
<section begin="match30" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match30}}'''Match 30'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|04|20|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 199/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 101[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 100 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 26 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Ashwani Kumar (cricketer)|Ashwani Kumar]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 99 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529273.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya (Ind) and [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tilak Varma]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Krish Bhagat and Danish Malewar (Mumbai Indians) both made their T20 debuts.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2026: Who are Danish Malewar and Krish Bhagat? Mumbai Indians unveil new debutants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/ipl-2026-gt-vs-mi-danish-malewar-krish-bhagat-debut-2899084-2026-04-20 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Hardik Pandya]] scored 2000 runs in IPL for Mumbai Indians.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hardik Pandya, the seventh cricketer to score 2000 runs in IPL for Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/hardik-pandya-joins-rohit-sharma-in-elite-list-becomes-7th-cricketer-to-10046107.html |work=[[News 18]] |date=20 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Tilak Varma]] (Mumbai Indians) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tilak Varma slams maiden IPL hundred; rescues MI from collapse vs GT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/tilak-varma-slams-maiden-ipl-hundred-rescues-mi-from-collapse-vs-gt-126042001166_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match30" />
----
<section begin="match31" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match31}}'''Match 31'''
| date = 21 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 242/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 135[[not out|*]] (68)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/23 (2 overs)
| score2 = 195/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 57 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 4/32 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 47 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529274.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Anish Sahasrabudhe (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) made his IPL debut.
}}<section end= "match31" />
----
<section begin="match32" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match32}}'''Match 32'''
| date = 22 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| score1 = 159/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 43[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 55 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 40 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529275.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match32" />
----
<section begin="match33" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match33}}'''Match 33'''
| date = 23 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night =
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 207/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 101[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets1 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 104 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 37 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Akeal Hosein]] 4/17 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 103 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529276.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Parashar Joshi (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was Mumbai Indians' [[List of Mumbai Indians records#Greatest loss margin (by runs)|biggest defeat by a margin of runs]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 April 2025 |title=103-run hammering: CSK hand MI their biggest IPL defeat as Sanju Samson, spinners lead rout|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/103-run-hammering-csk-hand-mi-their-biggest-ipl-defeat-as-sanju-samson-spinners-lead-rout/articleshow/130477148.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match33" />
----
<section begin="match34" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match34}}'''Match 34'''
| date = 24 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| score1 = 205/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 100 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 206/5 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 81 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/49 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529277.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and Amit Rana (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match34" />
----
<section begin="match35" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match35}}'''Match 35'''
| date = 25 April 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 264/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 152[[not out|*]] (67)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 1/49 (4 overs)
| score2 = 265/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prabhsimran Singh]] 76 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 2/46 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529278.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[KL Rahul]] (Delhi Capitals) made the highest individual score by an Indian player in the history of IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2026 |title=The V-King: KL Rahul breaks Virender Sehwag's record, hits 47-ball century for Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/dc-vs-pbks-ipl-2026-punjab-kings-kl-rahul-fastest-century-delhi-capitals-2901505-2026-04-25 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match35" />
----
<section begin="match36" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match36}}'''Match 36'''
| date = 25 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 228/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]] 103 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Eshan Malinga]] 2/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 229/5 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 74 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529279.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end= "match36" />
----
<section begin="match37" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match37}}'''Match 37'''
| date = 26 April 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 158/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 74[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/2 (16.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 87 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 1/29 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529280.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This match was initially scheduled at [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], but was moved to [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] due to the [[2026 Gujarat local elections]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 April 2026 |title=Venues for both matches between CSK and GT in IPL 2026 swapped |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-venues-for-both-matches-between-csk-and-gt-swapped-1531807 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end= "match37" />
----
<section begin="match38" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match38}}'''Match 38'''
| date = 26 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] 83[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 5/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 42 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Vaibhav Arora]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = Match tied<br/>(Kolkata Knight Riders won the [[Super Over]])
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529281.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and Keyur Kelkar (Ind)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = Super Over: Lucknow Super Giants 1/2 (0.3 overs), Kolkata Knight Riders 4/0 (0.1 overs)
}}<section end= "match38" />
----
<section begin="match39" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match39}}'''Match 39'''
| date = 27 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 75 (16.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abishek Porel]] 30 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 4/12 (3.3 overs)
| score2 = 77/1 (6.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 34[[not out|*]] (13)
| wickets2 = [[Kyle Jamieson]] 1/42 (3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529282.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bengaluru) scored 9000 runs in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 April 2026 |title=Virat Kohli in a league of his own, completes 9000 IPL runs in style|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/virat-kohli-first-batter-9000-ipl-runs-rcb-vs-delhi-capitals-2902419-2026-04-27 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match39" />
----
<section begin="match40" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match40}}'''Match 40'''
| date = 28 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 222/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Marcus Stoinis]] 62[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets1 = Yash Raj Punja 2/41 (4 overs)
| score2 = 228/4 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Donovan Ferreira]] 52[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529283.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Donovan Ferreira]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match40" />
----
<section begin="match41" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match41}}'''Match 41'''
| date = 29 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 243/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ryan Rickelton]] 123[[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets1 = [[Praful Hinge]] 2/54 (4 overs)
| score2 = 249/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Travis Head]] 76 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Allah Ghazanfar]] 2/51 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529284.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Ryan Rickelton]] (Mumbai Indians) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.
}}<section end="match41" />
----
<section begin="match42" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match42}}'''Match 42'''
| date = 30 April 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 155 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 40 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Arshad Khan (Indian cricketer)|Arshad Khan]] 3/22 (3.2 overs)
| score2 = 158/6 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 43 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529285.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Jason Holder]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
}}<section end="match42" />
----
<section begin="match43" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match43}}'''Match 43'''
| date = 1 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 225/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 90 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 3/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 226/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 75 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 1/33 (3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529286.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
}}<section end="match43" />
----
<section begin="match44" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match44}}'''Match 44'''
| date = 2 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Naman Dhir]] 57 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Anshul Kamboj]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 67[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 1/20 (3 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529287.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] (Chennai Super Kings) and [[Raghu Sharma (cricketer)|Raghu Sharma]] (Mumbai Indians) both made their IPL debuts.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Who is Ramakrishna Ghosh? CSK’s new all-rounder handed IPL debut vs MI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-who-is-ramakrishna-ghosh-csks-new-all-rounder-handed-ipl-debut-vs-mi/articleshow/130719004.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Who is Raghu Sharma? MI’s surprise pick in high-stakes clash vs CSK|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-who-is-raghu-sharma-mis-surprise-pick-in-high-stakes-clash-vs-csk/articleshow/130718518.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match44" />
----
<section begin="match45" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match45}}'''Match 45'''
| date = 3 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 165 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Travis Head]] 61 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 169/3 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angkrish Raghuvanshi]] 59 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Sakib Hussain]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529288.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Abhijeet Bengeri (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = Ravichandran Smaran (Sunrisers Hyderabad) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=Who is Smaran Ravichandran? Karnataka batter replaces Nitish Kumar Reddy to make IPL debut during SRH vs KKR|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/who-is-smaran-ravichandran-karnataka-batter-replaces-nitish-kumar-reddy-to-make-ipl-debut-during-srh-vs-kkr/11777800969830.html|work=Mint}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Narine]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) took his 200th wicket in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2026 |title=Sunil Narine etches his name in IPL folklore, becomes first overseas player to achieve monumental feat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sunil-narine-etches-his-name-in-ipl-folklore-becomes-first-overseas-player-to-achieve-monumental-feat-101777807581777.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
}}<section end="match45" />
----
<section begin="match46" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match46}}'''Match 46'''
| date = 3 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 163/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryansh Shedge]] 57 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 167/6 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 57 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529289.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Parashar Joshi (Ind)
| motm = [[Jason Holder]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Nishant Sindhu]] (Gujarat Titans) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=IPL 2026: Gujarat Titans opt to bowl vs Punjab Kings; Nishant Sindhu handed debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026/ipl-2026-gujarat-titans-opt-to-bowl-vs-punjab-kings-nishant-sindhu-handed-debut/articleshow/130733618.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match46" />
----
<section begin="match47" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match47}}'''Match 47'''
| date = 4 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 228/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 63 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Corbin Bosch]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| score2 = 229/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 84 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Manimaran Siddharth]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529290.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ajitesh Argal]] (Ind) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ryan Rickelton]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Akshat Raghuwanshi]] (Lucknow Super Giants) made his IPL debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Who is Akshat Raghuwanshi? MP batter makes IPL debut against idol Rohit Sharma debut |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2026-mi-vs-lsg-rohit-sharma-akshat-raghuwanshi-ipl-debut-2906581-2026-05-04 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}<section end="match47" />
----
<section begin="match48" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match48}}'''Match 48'''
| date = 5 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sameer Rizvi]] 40[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 159/2 (17.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanju Samson]] 87[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529291.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match48" />
----
<section begin="match49" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match49}}'''Match 49'''
| date = 6 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 235/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 69 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 202/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Cooper Connolly]] 107[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 33 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529292.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = Keyur Kelkar (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Pat Cummins]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Cooper Connolly]] (Punjab Kings) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2026 |title=SRH Crush PBKS by 33 Runs Despite Connolly's Stunning Maiden IPL Century |url=https://openthemagazine.com/sports/srh-crush-pbks-by-33-runs-despite-connollys-stunning-maiden-ipl-century |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open The Magazine]] |access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>
| rain =
}}<section end="match49" />
----
<section begin="match50" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match50}}'''Match 50'''
| date = 7 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 = 209/3 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 111 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 1/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 203/6 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 61 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Prince Yadav]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 9 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529293.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Parashar Joshi (Ind) and Akshay Totre (Ind)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bengaluru won the toss and elected to field.
| notes =
| rain = The match was reduced to 19 overs per side due to rain.
* Royal Challengers Bengaluru were set a revised target of 213 runs from 19 overs due to rain.
}}<section end="match50" />
----
<section begin="match51" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match51}}'''Match 51'''
| date = 8 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529294.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match51" />
----
<section begin="match52" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match52}}'''Match 52'''
| date = 9 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529295.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match52" />
----
<section begin="match53" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match53}}'''Match 53'''
| date = 10 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529296.html Scorecard]
| report =
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and Tony Ematty (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match53" />
----
<section begin="match54" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match54}}'''Match 54'''
| date = 10 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529297.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match54" />
----
<section begin="match55" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match55}}'''Match 55'''
| date = 11 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529298.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match55" />
----
<section begin="match56" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match56}}'''Match 56'''
| date = 12 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529299.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match56" />
----
<section begin="match57" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match57}}'''Match 57'''
| date = 13 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] (H)
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529300.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match57" />
----
<section begin="match58" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match58}}'''Match 58'''
| date = 14 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529301.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and Bhavesh Patel (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match58" />
----
<section begin="match59" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match59}}'''Match 59'''
| date = 15 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529302.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and Tony Ematty (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match59" />
----
<section begin="match60" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match60}}'''Match 60'''
| date = 16 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1529303.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match60" />
----
<section begin="match61" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match61}}'''Match 61'''
| date = 17 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match61" />
----
<section begin="match62" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match62}}'''Match 62'''
| date = 17 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = Amit Rana (Ind) and Keyur Kelkar (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match62" />
----
<section begin="match63" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match63}}'''Match 63'''
| date = 18 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]] (H)
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tanmay Srivastava]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match63" />
----
<section begin="match64" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match64}}'''Match 64'''
| date = 19 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and Parashar Joshi (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match64" />
----
<section begin="match65" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match65}}'''Match 65'''
| date = 20 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match65" />
----
<section begin="match66" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match66}}'''Match 66'''
| date = 21 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes = This match was initially scheduled at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]], but was moved to [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] due to the [[2026 Gujarat local elections]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2026 |title=IPL 2026: BCCI announces venue change for both the CSK vs GT matches |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-bcci-announces-venue-change-for-both-the-csk-vs-gt-matches-126041301112_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
| rain =
}}<section end="match66" />
----
<section begin="match67" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 67'''
| date = 22 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and Amit Rana (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match67" />
----
<section begin="match68" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match68}}'''Match 68'''
| date = 23 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and Vinod Seshan (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match68" />
----
<section begin="match69" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 69'''
| date = 24 May 2026
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = Tony Ematty (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match69" />
----
<section begin="match70" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match70}}'''Match 70'''
| date = 24 May 2026
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
| rain =
}}<section end="match70" />

== Playoffs ==
=== Bracket ===
<section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px

| RD1 = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]]'''
| RD1-text1 = 26 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[HPCA Cricket Stadium|Dharamshala]]
| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = 1st placed team
| RD1-score1 =
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = 2nd placed team
| RD1-score2 =

| RD1b = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]]'''
| RD1b-text1 = 27 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Mullanpur]]
| RD1b-seed1 = 3
| RD1b-team1 = 3rd placed team
| RD1b-score1 =
| RD1b-seed2 = 4
| RD1b-team2 = 4th placed team
| RD1b-score2 =

| RD2 = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]]'''
| RD2-text1 = 29 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|Mullanpur]]
| RD2-seed1 = Q1L
| RD2-team1 = Loser of Qualifier 1
| RD2-score1 =
| RD2-seed2 = EW
| RD2-team2 = Winner of Eliminator
| RD2-score2 =

| RD3 = '''[[2026 Indian Premier League final|Final]]'''
| RD3-text1 = 31 May 2026 {{en dash}} [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]]
| RD3-seed1 = Q1W
| RD3-team1 = Winner of Qualifier 1
| RD3-score1 =
| RD3-seed2 = Q2W
| RD3-team2 = Winner of Qualifier 2
| RD3-score2 =
}}
* Source: [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name=IPL>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2026-1510719/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|title=2025 Indian Premier League, schedule fixtures and results|access-date=31 May 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref><section end="bracket"/>

=== Qualifier 1 ===
<section begin="match71" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match71}} '''Qualifier 1'''
| date = {{Start date|2025|05|26|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = 1st placed team
| team2 = 2nd placed team
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535462.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match71" />

=== Eliminator ===
<section begin="match72" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match72}} '''Eliminator'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = 3rd placed team
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| team2 = 4th placed team
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535463.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match72" />

=== Qualifier 2 ===
<section begin="match73" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match73}} '''Qualifier 2'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = Loser of Qualifier 1
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| team2 = Winner of Eliminator
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535464.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match73" />

=== Final ===
{{Main|2026 Indian Premier League final}}
<section begin="match74" />{{Single-innings cricket match
| round = {{anchor|match74}} '''Final'''
| date = {{Start date|2026|05|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = Winner of Qualifier 1
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| team2 = Winner of Qualifier 2
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1535465.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}<section end="match74" />

== Statistics ==
{{hatnote|As of 6 May 2026}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most runs<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-17740|title=2026 Indian Premier League|stat=most runs|access-date=28 March 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
! 494
| [[Heinrich Klaasen]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
! 475
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
! 445
| [[KL Rahul]]
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
|-
! 409
| [[Ishan Kishan]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
! 404
| [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most wickets<ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=indian-premier-league-17740|title=2026 Indian Premier League|stat=most wickets|access-date=29 March 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref>
! scope=col | [[Wicket]]s
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
! rowspan=2|17
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Anshul Kamboj]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
! rowspan=3|16
| [[Prince Yadav]]
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|-
| [[Kagiso Rabada]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
| [[Eshan Malinga]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most valuable player<ref name="mvp">{{cite web |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2026/playerPoints |title=IPL 2026 Stats – Most Valuable Player |website=[[IPLT20.com]]|access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>
! scope=col | Points
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Team
|-
! 268.0
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
! 248.0
| [[Kagiso Rabada]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
|-
! 239.0
| [[Anshul Kamboj]]
| [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
! 234.5
| [[Jofra Archer]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
! 230.0
| [[Vaibhav Sooryavanshi]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== General references ===
* {{Cite journal |date=11 March 2026 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2026 Part 1 |url=https://documents.iplt20.com/bcci/documents/1773233174530_TATA%20IPL%20Schedule%202026_Part%201.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=1}}
* {{Cite journal |date=26 March 2026 |title=IPL Season Schedule 2026 Complete |url=https://scores.iplt20.com/TATA%20IPL%202026%20Season%20Schedule.pdf |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=2}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.iplt20.com/}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2026-1510719}}

{{2026 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Portal bar|India|Cricket}}

[[Category:2026 Indian Premier League|*]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2026]]
[[Category:Current cricket seasons|Indian Premier League]]

Karma Wangchu

2026-04-30T02:25:39Z

ArcherMill7063: creating a data

{{Short description|Indian politician and social worker}}
{{Use indian english|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Karma Wangchu
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Tawang Assembly constituency|Tawang]]
| term_start = 1978
| term_end = 1994
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Minister for Health, Transport and Co-operation, Arunachal Pradesh
| governor2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = 27 September 1936
| birth_place = Seru, [[Tawang district]], [[North-East Frontier Agency]], [[British India]] (now [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|10|20|1936|9|27}}
| death_place = [[Tawang]], Arunachal Pradesh, India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Yes
| children = Six sons, three daughters (including Jambey Wangdi)
| occupation = Politician, Social Worker
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023, posthumous)
| term_start2 = 18 September 1979
| term_end2 = 3 November 1979
}}

'''Karma Wangchu''' (27 September 1936–20 October 2022) was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and [[Social work|social worker]] from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. He was known for his contributions to the preservation of [[Monpa people|Monpa]] culture and traditions, as well as philanthropic work, particularly in providing education to underprivileged children in border areas. He served four terms as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Tawang]] constituency from 1978 to 1994 and was a Minister in the [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh government]]. In 2023, he was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, for his contributions in the field of social work.<ref name="MyGovPadma2">{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Awardees - MyGov.in |url=https://secure.mygov.in/padma-shri/?field_year_value=All&page=24 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MyGov.in}}</ref><ref name="EastMojoPadma2">{{cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Ex-Arunachal Minister Karma Wangchu conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2023/03/23/ex-arunachal-minister-karma-wangchu-conferred-with-padma-shri/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=EastMojo}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Karma Wangchu was born on 27 September 1936, in Seru village, Tawang district, then part of the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), British India.<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2">{{cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Karma Wangchu conferred Padma Shri award posthumously |url=https://echoofarunachal.in/news_details.php?nid=21205 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Echo Of Arunachal}}</ref><ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2">{{cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Fmr minister Karma Wangchu passes away |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2022/10/21/fmr-minister-karma-wangchu-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The Arunachal Times}}</ref> He did not receive formal education.<ref name="EastMojoPadma2" />

Wangchu began his career with the Assam Border Police (NEFA Police) from 1959 to 1960. He then served as a Junior Intelligence Officer-II in the Subsidiary Intelligence Bureau (SIB) from 1960 to 1976.<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" /><ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> During the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Indo-China war]], he was on active duty, tasked with intelligence gathering attached to the Indian Army in areas like Bumla, Mago-Thingbu, and Zemithang. For his distinguished and meritorious service during the war, he received a certificate and a cash award.<ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /><ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" /> He was also awarded a silver medal for meritorious service in 1972.<ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> At the age of 16, he undertook a trip to [[Lhasa]] on foot and had an audience with [[Dalai Lama|His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama]] at the [[Potala Palace]].<ref name="Arunachal24Obit2">{{cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Arunachal: Former Minister Karma Wangchu passes away at 86 |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-former-minister-karma-wangchu-passes-away-at-86/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Arunachal24}}</ref>

Karma Wangchu was married and had six sons and three daughters.<ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> One of his sons, Jambey Wangdi, serves as the Chairman of the Department of Karmik and Adhyatmik (DoKA), Government of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="TibetNetPadma2" /> The Dalai Lama visited Wangchu's residence in Tawang in 1997 and 2003.<ref name="TibetNetPadma2" />

== Political career ==
Karma Wangchu was elected to the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Tawang constituency for four consecutive terms, serving from 1978 to 1994.<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Former Minister Karma Wangchu passes away aged 86 |url=https://easternsentinel.in/news/state/former-minister-karma-wangchu-passes-away-aged-86.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=easternsentinel.in}}</ref> He also served as a Pro-Tem Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. During the Tomo Riba government, Wangchu held the portfolios of Minister for Health, Transport, and Co-operation.<ref name=":0" /> He retired from active politics in 1994, having reportedly never lost an election in his career.<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" />

== Social work and cultural preservation ==
After retiring from politics, Wangchu dedicated himself to social service. In 1998, he founded the Choephelling Public School in Tawang, which means 'Land of flourishing virtues'.<ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> The school provides free education and residential facilities to underprivileged children, primarily orphans, destitute children, and those from poor families in border villages such as Mago, Thingbu, and Zemithang. It has supported over 1,256 children.<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" /><ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> He also funded the education of 18 students from poor families in extreme border areas from his pension savings.<ref name="Arunachal24Obit2" />

Wangchu was a devout follower of the [[Dalai Lama]] and his teachings of compassion.<ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> He was actively involved in philanthropic activities and worked towards the preservation and promotion of the Monpa culture and traditions in the border areas of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" /><ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> He was also a supporter of the Tibetan people and their cause, and was one of the forefront supporters of the central government's decision to implement the Tibetan Rehabilitation Policy in 2014 in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="TibetNetPadma2">{{cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Sikyong Congratulates Padma Shri Award Conferment on late Karma Wangchu, Former Minister of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://tibet.net/sikyong-congratulates-shri-jambey-wangdi-on-padma-shri-decoration-on-his-late-father-former-minister-karma-wangchu/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Central Tibetan Administration}}</ref> His composition 'Himalayan Range Unit Tawang' reflects his commitment to the cause of Tibet.<ref name="TibetNetPadma2" />

== Legacy and death ==
Karma Wangchu died on 20 October 2022, at the age of 86, in Tawang.<ref name="EchoArunachalBio2" /><ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" /> He is remembered as a pioneering leader who worked to bring government policies and development to remote areas of Tawang district. Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister [[Pema Khandu]] described him as "an institution in himself, and a great source of wisdom, vision and guidance."<ref name="ArunachalTimesObit2" />

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>{{Authority control}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wangchu, Karma}}
[[Category:Politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Tawang district]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

Kaajal Oza Vaidya

2026-04-29T04:43:32Z

ArcherMill7063: creating page

{{Short description|Indian author and radio personality (born 1966)}}
{{BLP sources|date= August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kaajal Oza Vaidya
| image = Kaajal Oza Vaidya, 2020 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Kaajal Oza Vaidya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|09|29}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = author, screenwriter
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = [[Sanjay Vaidya]]
| children = son: Tathaagat
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature = Kaajal Oza Vaidya signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 2005-
| module =
| website = {{URL|http://kaajalozavaidya.in/}}
}}
'''Kaajal Oza Vaidya''' is an author, screenwriter, radio personality and journalist from [[Ahmedabad]], India. She initially worked as a journalist and actress. She has written more than 56 books including novels, short stories and essays. She has written stories, dialogues and scripts of [[soap opera]]s and films. She writes columns in several publications and hosts a radio show.<ref name="SBS2015">{{cite web | title=કાજલ ઓઝા વૈદ્ય સાથે SBS સ્ટુડીઓ માં વાત-ચિત | website=SBS Gujarati | date=8 May 2015 | url=http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/gujarati/gu/content/kaajl-ojhaa-vaidya-saathe-sbs-sttuddiio-maan-vaat-cit?language=gu | language=gu | access-date=9 August 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kaajal was born on 29 September 1966 in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meria |first=Hiral |date=2024-09-19 |title=Kaajal Oza Vaidya : 29 સપ્ટેમ્બર 1966 ના જન્મેલા, કાજલ ઓઝા વૈદ્ય એક લેખક, પટકથા લેખક, રેડિયો વ્યક્તિત્વ અને પત્રકાર છે. |url=https://www.newscontinuous.com/life-style/history/born-on-29-september-1966-kaajal-oza-vaidya-is-an-author-screenwriter-radio-personality-and-journalist/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> She graduated with a degree in English and Sanskrit from [[Gujarat University]] in 1986. She completed her post-graduate certificate in advertising management from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|Saint Xavier's College]] in Mumbai.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Career==
She debuted in writing with a short story collection, ''Sambandh.. To Akash'' in 2005 was followed by a collection of poetry, ''Sheshyatra''. Her popularity grew when her first novel ''Yog Viyog'' was serialized in ''[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]]'' weekly. She worked on plays during her earlier career. She teaches [[creative writing]] as a Visiting Faculty in the Master of Developmental Communication Department of [[Gujarat University]].

She worked as a journalist with ''[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]'', ''Gujarat Daily,'' ''Loksatta-Jansatta'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''Abhiyan'' magazine and ''Samkalin'', ''[[Sambhaav]]''. She writes columns in ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'', ''Gujarat Mitra'', ''[[Kutchmitra]]'', ''Janmabhhomi Pravasi'' and ''Culcutta Halchal''. She regularly gives speeches on different subjects across Gujarat and beyond.<ref name="Akilanews.com 2015">{{cite web | title='સંતાનો સાથે દોસ્‍તી કેળવો' : કાજલ ઓઝા વૈદ્ય..... | website=[[Akila Daily]] | date=9 August 2015 | url=http://www.akilanews.com/11042014/rajkot-news/1397213788-24049 | language=gu | access-date=9 August 2015 | archive-date=3 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003185753/http://www.akilanews.com/11042014/rajkot-news/1397213788-24049 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shah 2014">{{cite web | last=Shah | first=Kinjal | title=Writing More Important: Ahmedabad's First Gujarati Literature Festival Opened on Friday with a Fiery and Interesting Discussion between Four Renowned Authors and the Audience Gujarati Literature Festival | website=DNA | date=4 January 2014 | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3172533161.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301134524/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3172533161.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2016 | access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> She hosts the radio show ''Kaajal@9'' on 94.3 My FM Ahmedabad.<ref name="Radioandmusic.com 2015">{{cite web | title=My FM unveils two shows Aradhana and Kajal@9 | website=Radioandmusic.com | date=9 August 2015 | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/my-fm-unveils-two-shows-aradhana-and-kajal | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

==Works==

===Literary works===
Kaajal has written more than 86 books.<ref name="www.divyabhaskar.co.in 2014">{{cite web | title=મારી જર્ની માણસોને સ્વીકારવાની જર્ની છે : કાજલ ઓઝા વૈદ્ય | website=www.divyabhaskar.co.in | date=7 October 2014 | url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news-fb/MGUJ-VAD-MAT-latest-vadodara-news-030005-660737-NOR.html | language=gu | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

She published several novels: ''Yog Viyog'' (Part 1 – 2 - 3, 2007), ''Krishnayan'' (2010), ''Sannata Nu Sarnamu'' (2011), Purna Apurna, Chahera PAchhalno Chahero (2013), Purvardh (2014), Symphony of Silence (2014), Rag Vairag (2018), ''Draupadi'', ''Shukra – Mangal'', ''Satya – Asatya'', ''Dariyo Ek Taras No'', ''Lilu Sagpan Lohi Nu'', ''Pot Potani Pankhar ''(Part 1 & 2), ''Tara Vina na Shaher Ma'', ''Ek Saanj Na Sarname'', ''Parijat Nu Parodh'', ''Chhal'' (Part 1 -2), ''Maun Raag'', ''Madhyabindu''.<ref name="Salam 2014">{{cite web | last=Salam | first=Ziya Us | title=Sacred notes | website=The Hindu | date=1 February 2014 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/sacred-notes/article5643007.ece | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> ''Sheshyatra'' is her poetry collection. Her short story collections are ''Heartbreak Pachhini Savar'', ''Kaajal Oza Vaidya Ni Vartao'', ''Sambandh.. To Aakash''.

She published several collections of essays and articles: ''Mari Mummy Mara Pappa..'', ''Sangath Ekbijano'', ''Marji Ekbijani'', ''Shradhdhha Ekbijani'', ''Satya Ekbijanu'', ''Sukh Ekbijanu'', ''Samjan Ek Bijani'', ''Saath Ek Bijano'', ''Sneh Ek Bijano'', ''Mausam Ek Bijani'', ''I Love You'', ''Ek Bijane Gamta Rahiye'' (2009), ''Get Well Soon'', ''Man — Minus Thi Plus'', ''Searchlight, Tujse Hoti Bhi To, Kya Hoti Shikayat Mujhko?''. Her books published in letter format include ''Tane, Jindagi...;'' ''Vhali Astha'' (2008); ''Priya Naman''.

''Guru Brahma'', ''Doctor, Tame Pan!'', ''Chung Ching'', ''Savka'', ''Perfect Husband'', ''Silver Jubilee'' and ''Vaat Ek Raat Ni'' are her plays. She edited coffee table books; ''Smit'' (Smile), ''Aansu'' (Tear), ''Prarthna'' (Prayer), ''Chumban'' (Kiss) and ''Prem'' (Love). Her audio books include ''Tran Pedhi Ni Kavita'', ''Prempatro'', ''Tara Chaherani Lagolag''. She translated [[Gary Chapman (author)|Gary Chapman]]'s ''[[The Five Love Languages]]'' as ''Premni Panch Bhasha'' and [[Shobha De]]'s ''Spouse'' as ''Jeevansathi'' in Gujarati.

===Screen works===
She wrote story, script and dialogues of several productions. She wrote some plays for Hum Production. She wrote story, screenplay and dialogues of three Gujarati telefilms; ''Antarna Ujas'', ''Sukhno Arth'', ''Hu Ja Bhagyavidhata''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

She wrote story for several TV [[soap opera]]s. Her ''Ek Daalna Pankhi'' (2001) which was aired on [[DD Girnar]], and completed 1600 episodes while ''Moti Ba'' aired on [[ETV Gujarati]] completed 500 episodes. Her other weekly soaps in Gujarati were ''Saat Taali'', ''Ek Moti Eklavyanu''. In Hindi, she wrote story of ''Apne Paraye'' aired on B4U and ''Mahasati Savitri'' aired on SAB TV. She wrote the screenplay of Gujarati films like ''Dikri To Parki Thapan Kehvay'' and ''[[Saptapadii]]'' (2013);<ref name="SBS2015"/><ref name="India TV News 2015">{{cite web | title=Amitabh Bachchan elated by success of his company's Gujarati film | website=India TV News | date=9 August 2015 | url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-elated-by-success-of-his-gujarati-film-6482.html | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> and Hindi films like ''Ghat'' and ''Diwanagi''.

Her novel ''Yog Viyog'' was being adapted as TV series ''Vasundhara''<ref name="Navya MaliniNavya Malini 2014">{{cite web | last=Navya MaliniNavya Malini | first=TNN | title=TV showmakers give literary adaptations a twist | website=The Times of India | date=22 February 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-showmakers-give-literary-adaptations-a-twist/articleshow/30797969.cms | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> starring [[Jaya Bachchan]]<ref name="India Today 2014">{{cite web | title=Hunt on for younger Jaya Bachchan for TV show : Top Stories, News | website=India Today | date=28 February 2014 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/jaya-bachchan-tv-show-amitabh-yog-viyog-kajal-oza-vaidya-183172-2014-02-28 | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="bl2014">{{cite web | title=Who will play younger Jaya Bachchan on TV? | date=28 February 2014 | url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/who-will-play-younger-jaya-bachchan-on-tv/ | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> but production was delayed later.<ref name="mid-day 2014">{{cite web | title=Telly rattles! Controversies galore from the television world | website=mid-day | date=26 June 2014 | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/telly-rattles-controversies-galore-from-the-television-world/15405153 | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

She acted in the 2024 Gujarati horror comedy film ''Karkhanu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-28 |title=સ્માર્ટ હોરર કોમેડી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ “કારખાનું”નું ટીઝર લોન્ચ - Khabarpatri |url=https://khabarpatri.com/teaser-launch-of-smart-horror-comedy-gujarati-movie-karkhanu/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, she acted in Gujarati family drama film ''Taaro Thayo.''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/taaro-thayo/movieshow/117296048.cms |title=Taaro Thayo Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2026-01-18 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She lives in [[Ahmedabad]]. She is a daughter of Digant Oza and is married to photographer Sanjay Vaidya since 22 June 1993. They have a son, Tathaagat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oza |first=Kajal |year= 2014|title=Marriage Rocks (A collection of articles in Gujarati on marriage by various people from different walks of life) |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Nabharat Sahitya Mandir |isbn=978-81-8440-974-1}}</ref>

==Recognition==
She was recognized on International Women's Day in 2015.<ref name="Piyush Mishra 2015">{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Piyush | title=Women achievers awarded at a function in Ahmedabad | website=The Times of India | date=9 March 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Women-achievers-awarded-at-a-function-in-Ahmedabad/articleshow/46502773.cms | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oza Vaidya, Kaajal}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gujarat University]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Manmadan Ambu

2026-04-25T06:57:19Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manmadhan ambu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| producer = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Crazy Mohan]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
* [[R. Madhavan]]
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Manush Nandan]]
| editing = [[Shan Mohammed]]
| studio = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| distributor = [[Gemini Film Circuit]] (worldwide)<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2010 |title=GFC acquires Manmadhan Ambu |url=http://sify.com/movies/gfc-acquires-manmadhan-ambu-news-tamil-klwtyFaehje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125151208/http://sify.com/movies/gfc-acquires-manmadhan-ambu-news-tamil-klwtyFaehje.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |access-date=21 October 2025 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> <br /> Sree Gokulam Films (Kerala)<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2011 |title=Producer ready for Kamal Haasan film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/jan/19/producer-ready-for-kamal-haasan-film-220476.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210160020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/jan/19/producer-ready-for-kamal-haasan-film-220476.html |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|12|23}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}} 50 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2010 |title=Grateful for the Kerala link, says Kamal Hassan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Grateful-for-the-Kerala-link-says-Kamal-Hassan/article15599302.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111070332/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Grateful-for-the-Kerala-link-says-Kamal-Hassan/article15599302.ece |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Manmadan Ambu''''' ({{translation|''Cupid's Arrow''}})<ref name="RF">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Manmadhan Ambu hits all the right notes |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-manmadhan-ambu/20101126.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201000015/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-manmadhan-ambu/20101126.htm |archive-date=1 February 2011 |access-date=2012-01-24 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]] and written by [[Kamal Haasan]]. The film stars Haasan, [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[R. Madhavan]] in the title roles and [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]. [[Kunchan (actor)|Mohan Das]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Usha Uthup]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Ramesh Aravind]] play supporting roles with [[Caroline Furioli|Caroline]] and [[Oviya]] making cameo appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=Kamal Haasan's ''Yavarum Kaelir'' |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14928918 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129120641/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14928918 |archive-date=2010-01-29 |access-date=2010-11-03 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film features music composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with several songs written and sung by Kamal Haasan himself, while [[Manush Nandan]] and [[Shan Mohammed]] made their debuts as cinematographer and editor.

After significant pre-production which included rehearsals of the entire script before filming, the film was extensively shot in Europe and on a [[cruise ship]], whilst scenes were also canned across [[Chennai]] and [[Kodaikanal]].<ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2010 |title=Manmadhan Ambu audio launch on Vijay TV! |url=http://sify.com/movies/manmadhan-ambu-audio-launch-on-vijay-tv-news-tamil-klpsI2jedbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118010904/http://sify.com/movies/manmadhan-ambu-audio-launch-on-vijay-tv-news-tamil-klpsI2jedbb.html |archive-date=18 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], ''Manmadan Ambu'' released worldwide on 23 December 2010. The movie was based on the 1948 movie ''[[Romance on the High Seas]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=19 International films Inspired Kamal Haasan movies…? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-hollywood-inspired-kamal-haasan-movies/etphotostory/92260775.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424064213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-hollywood-inspired-kamal-haasan-movies/etphotostory/92260775.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Ambujakshi alias "Nisha", a film actress, arrives in Europe to spend the vacations with her friend Deepa, a divorcee, and her two children Viswanath alias Vish and Bhagirathi alias Bags. While going in a taxi, Ambu recalls an early incident regarding her ex-boyfriend Madhanagopal, a wealthy entrepreneur. Three years ago, she was shooting for a film with actor [[Suriya]] in a bright park, and Madhan was suspicious of her relationship with the actor. While returning, he let Ambu drive his new car. Madhan insisted that Ambu stop acting but she refused, leading to an argument that almost caused their car to crash into a smaller white car. Unable to bear Madhan's jealousy, Ambu broke her relationship with Madhan and walked away.

Madhan now suspects that Ambu may be having a relationship with her colleagues in the film industry. To end that, he hires detective Major Raja Mannar to follow her when she goes on a cruise for a vacation in [[Barcelona]]. Mannar accepts, as he needs money to pay the hospital bills of his friend Rajan, who is diagnosed with cancer, and who is being taken care of by his wife Mallika. Contrary to Madhan's suspicions, Ambu is loyal and virtuous; when Mannar reports this, Madhan refuses to pay him as his suspicions were unfounded.

Disappointed, Mannar, to save his dying friend Rajan, fabricates a story and tells Madhan that she is having a secret affair during her trip. In the process, he introduces himself as a manager of a security company to Ambu, Deepa, and Deepa's children, and becomes close to the group. While getting closer to Ambu, Mannar says to Madhan that Ambu's intentions are good, but the man she was being seen with, is of poor character. Madhan does not like what he hears and eventually breaks up with Ambu. In the background, Madhan's mother Indira, who has never liked Ambu, calls her brother to inform that Madhan has broken up with Ambu and that they should get his daughter Sunanda married to Madhan as agreed previously.

While recollecting his past as an [[Indian Army|army officer]] to Ambu, Mannar reveals that he lost his wife Juliet three years ago in a car accident. Ambu realizes to her horror that the accident was caused by her during the argument with Madhan. Both of them decide to confront each other with the truth, but Ambu misidentifies Kunju Kurup as Madhan's detective, slaps him, and tells him that she loves Mannar. Meanwhile, Rajan undergoes an operation immediately after the chemotherapy, in an attempt to keep him alive. To make things worse, Madhan announces that he will visit them in person at [[Venice]]. Ultimately, Mannar and Deepa (who now knows that Mannar is Madhan's actual spy) stage a plan with the help of Kurup and his wife Manju to deceive Madhan for the final break-up with Ambu.

Madhan arrives at the place and various mix-ups and misunderstandings take place among the characters. Finally, Madhan realises that Ambu has fallen in love with Mannar and accepts it with a heavy heart. At the same time, Rajan recovers from cancer. Mallika calls and tells Mannar this with tears and thanks him. The film ends as everyone returns to India on the cruise, with Madhan and Deepa starting a relationship and Mannar and Ambu proposing their love.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Major Raja Mannar (Major R Mannar)
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Ambujakshi (Ambu) / Nisha
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Madhanagopal (Madhan)
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Deepa
* [[Caroline Furioli|Caroline]] as Juliet
* Aasish Mahesh as Viswanath Srinivasan (Vish)
* Pooja as Bagirathi (Bags)
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Mohan Das]] as Kunju Kurup
* [[Manju Pillai]] as Manju Kurup
* [[Usha Uthup]] as Indira
* Ramji as Jeyagopal
* [[Oviya]] as Sunanda
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Mallika
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Rajan
* Akash as Karthik
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Palani
* Biriyaalayam Thurai as Thurai
* Madhumitha as Vasantha
;Cameo appearances
* [[Suriya]] (in the song "Oyyale")
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] (in the song "Oyyale")
* [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]] (in the song "Oyyale")
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] (in the song "Neela Vaanam")
* [[Suriya|Diya]] (voice only) (in the song "Oyyale")
}}

==Production==
The launch ceremony of ''Manmadan Ambu'' was held on 3 June 2010. During the launch, [[Kamal Haasan]] said that prior to the shoot [[rehearsal]]s were performed.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2010 |title=Kamal's ''Manmadhan Ambu'' launched |url=http://sify.com/movies/kamals-manmadhan-ambu-launched-news-tamil-kkfq23hicia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117025340/http://sify.com/movies/kamals-manmadhan-ambu-launched-news-tamil-kkfq23hicia.html |archive-date=2010-11-17 |access-date=2010-11-03 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Haasan, along with [[Crazy Mohan]], wrote the film's screenplay and dialogues.{{cn|date=February 2026}} The film also marked the debut of cinematographer [[Manush Nandan]] in Tamil cinema.<ref name="Mid Day">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2010 |title=Manmadhan Ambu: Movie Review |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manmadhan-ambu-movie-review/107069 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416100908/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manmadhan-ambu-movie-review/107069 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

Haasan worked again with director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] for the fifth time after ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' (1996), ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000), ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002) and ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' (2008).<ref name="Shot">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2010 |title=Kamal Haasan back on humour track |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Kamal-Haasan-back-on-humour-track/article16240808.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141011/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema//article61761162.ece |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ramji, who worked as a [[location scouting|location scouter]] for ''Manmadan Ambu'', also played Madhavan's father.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 October 2010 |title=Kollywood in search of exotic locations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kollywood-in-search-of-exotic-locations/articleshow/6809384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120161715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Kollywood-in-search-of-exotic-locations/articleshow/6809384.cms |archive-date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Film shoots were subsequently held aboard a [[cruise liner]] from [[Dubai]], and the film was shot across various regions of Europe including Paris and [[Marseille]] in France, [[Barcelona]] in Spain, and [[Rome]] and [[Venice]] in Italy. Parts of the film were also shot in [[Kodaikanal]] in [[South India]] including scenes with French actress [[Caroline Furioli|Caroline]], who was selected amongst 15 women;<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2010 |title=Trisha's a fine talent: K S Ravikumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trishas-a-fine-talent-k-s-ravikumar/articleshow/6841909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921213742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trishas-a-fine-talent-k-s-ravikumar/articleshow/6841909.cms |archive-date=21 September 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> remaining portions were completed in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Shot" /> 90 per cent of the film was shot abroad, and 40 per cent was on the ship [[MSC Splendida]]. French crew also worked in the film.<ref name="Cupid calling">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=Cupid calling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Cupid-calling/article15589255.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216013204/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article945879.ece |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Neela Vanam" was shot in reverse chronology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=9 December 2021 |title=Andha Naal to Maanaadu: 62 Tamil films that broke the mould |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/andha-naal-maanaadu-62-tamil-films-broke-mould-158515 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manmadan Ambu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2010|11|20}}
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 28:50
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Singam]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
The film's music was scored by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and all the lyrics were written by Kamal Haasan himself. The soundtrack album was launched at a promotional event held on 20 November 2010, at Singapore Expo, Singapore, where the film's cast and crew and other celebrities attended the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2010 |title=Haasan, Maddy, Trisha to perform live! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Haasan-Maddy-Trisha-to-perform-live/articleshow/6940339.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Haasan-Maddy-Trisha-to-perform-live/articleshow/6940339.cms |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song "Kamal Kavidhai" elicited controversy due to lines about a woman's desire and for references to Hindu deities like [[Ranganatha|Aranganathar]] and Sri Varalakshmi. Therefore, Udhayanidhi Stalin opted to remove it from the film.<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2010 |title='Manmadhan Ambu' drops controversial song |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/21/manmadhan-ambu-drops-controversial-song-212856.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141009/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/21/manmadhan-ambu-drops-controversial-song-212856.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2020 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Thinkal |date=23 October 2017 |title=When these films courted controversies over its lines... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-these-films-courted-controversies-over-its-lines-/articleshow/61172119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-these-films-courted-controversies-over-its-lines-/articleshow/61172119.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Pavithra Srinivasan of [[Rediff]] gave the album 3/5 saying that "DSP has a reputation for sticking with his regulation format of tunes and here too, you can see it pop up at certain places but there's also a departure from the usual, mostly an influence of Haasan in both lyrics and music. Whatever the reason, the end result is an album that provides you a treat. Go for it."<ref name=RF/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:50
| title1 = Dhagudu Dhattham
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| lyrics1 = Kamal Haasan
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = Who's The Hero
| extra2 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics2 = Kamal Haasan
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Neela Vaanam
| extra3 = Kamal Haasan, [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics3 = Kamal Haasan
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Oyyale
| extra4 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Suchitra]], [[Karthik Kumar]]
| lyrics4 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length4 = 3:54
| title5 = Kamal Kavidhai
| extra5 = Kamal Haasan, [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
| lyrics5 = Kamal Haasan
| length5 = 5:15
| title6 = Manmadan Ambu
| extra6 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyrics6 = Kamal Haasan
| length6 = 4:21
| title7 = Theme Music
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 1:46
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track list<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=Manmadha Baanam |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5aUwGtQelzIoa6cWtvRqKp |via=[[Spotify]] |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804035501/https://open.spotify.com/album/5aUwGtQelzIoa6cWtvRqKp |url-status=live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Dhagulu Dhanda
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| length1 =
| title2 = Who's The Hero
| extra2 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Neelakasam
| extra3 = Kamal Haasan, [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length3 =
| title4 = Uyyala
| extra4 = Mukesh, [[Suchitra]], Karthik Kumar
| lyrics4 = Sahithi
| length4 =
| title5 = Kannu Kannu Kalisela
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| lyrics5 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Manmadha Baanam
| extra6 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length6 =
| title7 = Theme Music
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 =
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The premiere of ''Manmadan Ambu'' in late November 2010 was canceled due to technical problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2010 |title=MA live telecast for media cancelled |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ma-live-telecast-for-media-cancelled-news-tamil-klvl7Dffdfh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220140948/http://www.sify.com/movies/ma-live-telecast-for-media-cancelled-news-tamil-klvl7Dffdfh.html |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=21 October 2025 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 23 December 2010, during the Christmas weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2010 |title=Friday Fury- December 24 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-24-news-tamil-kmykdTehfib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226232753/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-24-news-tamil-kmykdTehfib.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
[[Kalaignar TV]] bought the satellite rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2012 |title=Satellite rights stirs up TV market |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Satellite-rights-stirs-up-TV-market/articleshow/15601267.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422002059/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Satellite-rights-stirs-up-TV-market/articleshow/15601267.cms |archive-date=22 April 2014 |access-date=1 June 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Manmadhan Ambu'' was released on 19 screens in Chennai and around 600 to 650 screens worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manmadhan-ambu-opening-big-news-tamil-kmxhEkgeabg.html|title=Manmadhan Ambu, opening big|work=[[Sify]]|date=23 December 2010|access-date=21 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121031348/http://www.sify.com/movies/manmadhan-ambu-opening-big-news-tamil-kmxhEkgeabg.html|archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|46.2|m}} in [[Chennai]] alone over a period of 4 weeks. In UK, it grossed first week $77,360<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manmadhan Ambu (2010) |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&wk=2011W1&id=_fMANMADHANAMBU01 |access-date=2012-01-24 |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215205215/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&wk=2011W1&id=_fMANMADHANAMBU01 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Malaysia $653,942. [[Sify]] declared the film as "average".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2011 |title=Chennai Box Office – Jan 7 to 9 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14960403&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117042019/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14960403&cid=13525926 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |access-date=10 January 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5, claiming that "''Manmadhan Ambu'' has all the elements of a good entertainer, but still something seems to be lacking. However, overall, the film is entertaining and enjoyable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Manmadhan Ambu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/manmadhan-ambu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141008/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/manmadhan-ambu/ |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote "''Manmadhan Ambu'' does impress but it lacks the punch to captivate the audiences".<ref name="Mid Day" /> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3 out of 5, claiming that "''Manmadhan Ambu'' defies characterization as either a romantic film or a comedy, largely because the two don't mix".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=Kamal Haasan delivers with Manmadhan Ambu |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-of-manmadhan-ambu/20101223.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221062159/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-of-manmadhan-ambu/20101223.htm |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' gave 3 out of 5, said, "''Manmadhan Ambu'' is consistently engaging. Cleverly written and sharply cast, it is a film that delivers hearty laughs. It is one of those rare Tamil films that's funny and smart at the same time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Review- Manmadhan Ambu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/review--manmadhan-ambu-review-tamil-pclxNgibggcgj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621081647/https://www.sify.com/movies/review--manmadhan-ambu-review-tamil-pclxNgibggcgj.html |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that, "Sprinkled with humour, joy, love, sadness and sentiment with an undercurrent of jealousy running through it, MMA [''Manmadhan Ambu''] is a cocktail of emotions – tasty, but at times queer!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2010 |title=Man Madan Ambhu: Cruising with Kamal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Man-Madan-Ambhu-Cruising-with-Kamal/article15608192.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922141010/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Man-Madan-Ambhu-Cruising-with-Kamal/article15608192.ece |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=5 May 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]|last=Rangarajan|first=Malathi|language=en}}</ref> T.S. Sudhir of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote, "Don't go expecting a ''Panchatantiram'' from the Kamal-K. S. Ravikumar combo, for you will be disappointed. MMA has starting trouble and one hour into the film, you are desperately waiting for the comic fireworks to start, given that the film has been marketed as a laugh riot. The riot, when it happens post the interval, leaves you with a feeling of being shortchanged." He further mentioned, "The problem with MMA is as much with Kamal as with the audience for you expect nothing short of brilliance from this Master of all trades. In MMA, Kamal has shot the Cupid's arrow (which is what Manmadhan Ambu means) rather lazily. Go without expecting a world record in archery!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2010 |title=Movie Review: Kamal Hassan's Manmadhan Ambu |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-kamal-hassans-manmadhan-ambu-617783 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425065502/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/movie-review-kamal-hassans-manmadhan-ambu-617783 |archive-date=25 April 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 April 2026|last=Sudhir|first=T S|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "the first half moves at a brisk pace, with some genuine fun moments, and crackling one-liners, all with the promise of more good times to come. But the second half fizzles out totally as the script nosedives never to recover".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2010 |title=An up and down journey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/29/an-up-and-down-journey-214794.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120081051/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/29/an-up-and-down-journey-214794.html |archive-date=20 November 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The Telugu dubbed version of the film, ''Manmadha Banam'' which was distributed by [[Gemini Film Circuit]], also opened to mixed reviews from critics. Jeevi from ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 rating and stated "The comedy in this film is predictable at times and fresh in certain scenes. The plus points of the movie are main leads and comedy quotient. On the flipside, the characters and narration becomes confusing towards end and the editing should have been smoother. On a whole, ''Manmadha Banam'' is a decent comedy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Manmadha Banam: Kamal kind of sitcom |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manmadhabanam.html |access-date=4 September 2012 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623011857/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manmadhabanam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Y. Sunita Chowdary from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "''Manmadha Banam'' does have a plot but the character development, narration and the pace makes it a very restless and a tedious watch." and was critical about the dubbing. She finally concluded by stating that "The film could have drawn a little wider audience than the filmmakers intended, if the length would have been a half an hour shorter."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |title=Manmadha Banam: A rom-com without heart |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Manmadha-Banam-A-rom-com-without-heart/article15608207.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |access-date=4 September 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804202412/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Manmadha-Banam-A-rom-com-without-heart/article15608207.ece }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films set in Athens]]
[[Category:Films set in Spain]]
[[Category:Films set on cruise ships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Ishmeet Singh

2026-04-21T09:25:47Z

ArcherMill7063: creating biography

{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ishmeet Singh Sodhi
| image = Ishmeet_singh_Sodhi_Singer.jpg
| caption = Ishmeet Singh
| image_size =
| birth_name = Ishmeet Singh Sodhi
| native_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1988|9|2}}
| death_place = [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|7|29|1988|9|2}}
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2007–2008
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Amul STAR Voice of India]], [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar]]
| website = {{URL|http://ishmeetinstitute.com}}
}}
[[File:Ishmeet Singh Music Institute.jpg|thumb|Ishmeet Singh Music Institute]]

'''''Ishmeet Singh''''' (2 September 1988 – 29 July 2008) was a winning singer on the [[STAR Plus]] show [[Amul STAR Voice of India]].<ref name="as">{{cite web | url=http://www.aboutsikhismasyo.com/sikh_models/ishmeetsingh.html | title=Ishmeet Singh |website=www.aboutsikhismasyo.com | accessdate=29 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822025514/http://www.aboutsikhismasyo.com/sikh_models/ishmeetsingh.html | archive-date=22 August 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Hailing from Model town, [[Ludhiana]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Ishmeet won the Star Plus show in 2007 and also participated in another reality show called [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar]]. His first album was a religious [[Gurbani]] album called '''Satgur Tumre Kaaj Savaare'''.

He died by suspected drowning in [[Malé]], [[Maldives]] on 29 July 2008.<ref name="ti">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080730/main3.htm | title=Ishmeet dies in Maldives | work=News on death | date=30 July 2008 | agency=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> He was a second year student of MNC College, [[Mumbai]].<ref name=as/>

== Early life ==

Singh was born on 2 September 1988 in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] to a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] family: his father being named Gurpinder Singh and his mother Amritpal Kaur.<ref name=as/> He attended Guru Nanak Public School, Sarabha Nagar, Ludhiana and was a second year student at MNC College, [[Mumbai]], pursuing a bachelor's degree in commerce. During his second reality show competition attempt he had promised his mother to study up to C.A. level.

Ishmeet received training in [[kirtan]] singing from Principal Sukhwant Singh, of Gur Shabad Sangeet Academy, [http://www.jawadditaksal.org/ Jawaddi Taksaal], [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] and from his uncle Dr. Charan Kamal Singh, a professor at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana who supported him during the Amul Star Voice of India competition. He had learned how to sing, but was not trained to sing classical Indian music. This was evident and criticised during the Star Voice of India contest.

== Star Voice of India ==
Ishmeet Singh entered the Star Voice of India contest at the age of 17, making him one of the youngest competitors. He was one of top two finalists and won the title on 24 November 2007. He was given the winner's trophy by singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Voice_of_India_winner_drowns/articleshow/3303144.cms 'Voice of India' Ishmeet Singh drowns in Maldives]</ref> He was also one of the contestants of [[Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar]], a singing reality show on Star Plus, and represented the Champions' team. He was eliminated on 20 June 2008.

His style of singing was very similar to [[Bollywood]] singer [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]. Shaan even said that when they were singing together he could not tell which lines he was singing himself. Although Ishmeet was from [[Punjab region|Punjab]] he made a conscious effort to sing more Hindi songs.

== Post – Star Voice of India ==
Ishmeet promised his community that he would release a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] religious album as his first, regardless of the result the Voice of India contest. Titled ''Satguru Tumre Kaaj Savaare'' it was released by BIG Music and contains six tracks;

*''Satguru Tumre Kaaj Savaare''
*''Mera Maat Pita''
*''Mitar Pyare Nu''
*''Ram Japo''
*''Naam Japat Dukh Jaae''
*''Ek Noor''

After releasing his initial religious album, Ishmeet joined a show titled ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar]]'', which would pit champions of Indian musical reality shows against each other.

He sang a Sikh hymn, ''Dithe Sabhe Thanv'', for a Punjabi film, ''Sat Sri Akal''. His voice was described as sounding very similar to Sonu Nigam's. When the film was released, [[Jagjit Singh]] spoke of Ishmeet as "an excellent singer. He had everything at an early age. In ''Sat Sri Akal'' he sang the ''shabad'' beautifully."

Ishmeet worked with Salim-Suleiman to produce a song called "Shukriya" and promoted this single with live performances. He toured Hong Kong, Bangkok and Malaysia and sang in concerts with members of the Voice of India competition, also singing ''kirtan'' in [[gurdwara]]s – his last performance in a gurdwara was with Veer Manpreet Singh.

Ishmeet was set to release a new album at the time of his death, having [[Lalit Pandit]] of the [[Jatin–Lalit|Jatin-Lalit duo]] as composer. [[Jatin Pandit]] announced he would try to get this album released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywood.com/music-industry-shocked-voice-india-ishmeet-singhs-death |title=Music industry shocked by 'Voice of India' Ishmeet Singh's death | Bollywood.com : Entertainment news, movie, music and fashion reviews |access-date=31 December 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905181034/http://www.bollywood.com/music-industry-shocked-voice-india-ishmeet-singhs-death |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Death ==
In July 2008 Ishmeet visited the [[Maldives]] with fellow Star Voice of India contestants Sumitra and Vyom for a concert that was to be held on 1 August 2008. He was found drowned on 29 July 2008 in the hotel's swimming pool.<ref name="toi_drowns">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021115138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-29/india/27900097_1_ishmeet-singh-mnc-college-ludhiana Reality show star Ishmeet Singh drowns in Maldives]</ref> Ishmeet Singh was staying at the Chaaya Island Dhonveli resort in Male.<ref>[http://delhidekho.com/cms/index.php/Newsflash/Ishmeet-Singh-the-Voice-of-India-drowns.html Voice of India Ishmeet Singh slips on the pool, hitting his head and killing him, in Maldives]</ref>

His family demanded an enquiry due to possible manslaughter as his accomplices watched him drown and the event management company may have failed to "manage" the event properly. Webnewswire conducted an in-depth investigation on his death and suggested that there was foul play.<ref>[http://www.webnewswire.com/node/445325 Was Ishmeet Singh murdered?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917081035/http://www.webnewswire.com/node/445325|date=17 September 2008}}. [[Webnewswire]]. 31 July 2008.</ref> The Punjab government ordered a police probe. The final post-mortem report will not be released before the viscera results are received.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080806104556/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080801/jsp/nation/story_9629168.jsp Ishmeet probe]. ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', [[Calcutta]]. 1 August 2008.</ref>

Ishmeet's family have listed their concerns on the [http://www.ishmeetsinghfoundation.org/ Ishmeet Singh Foundation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721191143/http://ishmeetsinghfoundation.org/ |date=21 July 2011 }}. His father, Gurpinder Singh, and uncle, Charan Kamal Singh, recently paid a three-day visit to the Maldives to investigate "unexplained" head injuries. His family members had earlier said that the post-mortem and forensic laboratory reports stated death was by drowning but later stressed "under noticed" injury marks on Ishmeet's forehead and temple. According to a report by ADK Hospital, Maldives, where Ishmeet was taken after his death, a linear cut on the forehead was recorded. The post-mortem report in India also mentions a blood clot, "hematoma", under his skin behind his right eye and blood froth in his nostrils and his mouth.

"We have inspected every nook and corner of the resort and the pool from every possible angle," said Charan Kamal Singh, a pathologist in Ludhiana. "The pool has no pointed surface that could lead to such an external injury," Ismeet's uncle stressed, "his injuries show inflammatory change. Inflammatory alterations cannot take place after a person's death and nor in a swimming pool. These injuries could have taken place only when he was outside the pool. Ishmeet was living but unconscious when he was slipped into the pool," he claimed.

According to The Indian High Commission, Maldives...
Narayan Swami, first secretary, Indian high commission in Maldives, was not in the country while Ishmeet's family visited the Indian high commission there. However, Mr Thomas, the official spokesperson of the high commission told us, "Ishmeet's father and two uncles had visited Maldives. They met the police authorities and have requested for further enquires about the incident. So, the Indian high commission in Maldives has forwarded the family's request for further enquiries into the matter to the government of Maldives. The letter has already been forwarded. We are taking appropriate steps now, following Ishmeet's family's request." The case was investigated by CBI, who approached Professor [[Tirath Das Dogra|T D Dogra]] of AIIMS for opinion.

===Funeral===
Rest In Power, Ishmeet Singh. Thousands of people, including commoners and celebrities, attended Singh's journey from his home to the cremation ground on 31 July 2008. Shops in the area closed out of respect for their star.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Thousands_bid_adieu_to_Ishmeet/articleshow/3311319.cms |title=Thousands turn up to bid adieu to Ishmeet |accessdate=12 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111152009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Thousands_bid_adieu_to_Ishmeet/articleshow/3311319.cms |archivedate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

== Posthumous events ==

BIG Music released two albums in tribute to Ishmeet Singh, both of which contain songs that were recorded prior to his death. The first album is entitled ''Mool Mantar'', and contains the first hymn of the Sikh holy scripture, [[Guru Granth Sahib]].

The second album, titled ''We'll Miss You'', contains around six tracks, including the popular song ''Shukriya'':

''We'll Miss You'' has been released on both CD and DVD, and is distributed worldwide.

Under the ISF banner, Principal Sukhwant Singh and Gurpinder Singh, father of Ishmeet, travelled to Malaysia to spread the message of the foundation. They stayed in the same room at the same hotel (Citrus Hotel) where Ishmeet stayed during his visit to [[Malaysia]]. They sang kirtan in Titiwangsa and Petaling Jaya Gurdwara where Ishmeet did the previous year, on the very same stage.

In 2010 the [[Ishmeet Singh Music Institute]] was established at [[Ludhiana]] in Singh's memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ishmeetinstitute.com/about-ishmeet-singh/|title=About Ishmeet Singh}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202075036/http://ishmeetsinghfoundation.net/index.html Ishmeet Singh Foundation]
* http://ishmeetinstitute.com/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Sodhi, Ishmeet}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Performers of Sikh music]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in the Maldives]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Star Voice of India winners]]

Poreyahat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:17Z

ArcherMill7063: Added Details

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Poreyahat
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| district = [[Godda district|Godda]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Pradeep Yadav.jpg
| constituency_no = 16
| established = 2000
| map_image = Poreyahat constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
}}
'''Poreyahat''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

Currently MLA from this seat is pradeep yadav of Indian National Congress

<ref name="jhceo">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Overview==
Poreyahat Assembly constituency covers: Poreyahat Police Station in Godda district, Sarayiahat Police Station in Dumka district and Burhikura, Dammajhilua, Sandmara, Nonbatta, Makhni, Pathra and Punsiya gram panchayats of Godda Police Station in Godda district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

Poreyahat Assembly constituency is part of [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Poreyahat cum Jarmundi constituency''}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-62: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Jadunandan Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||M. Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||Edward Marandi || {{Full party name with color|Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Prithwi Chand Kisku || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Kamlakant Prasad Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=3|[[Suraj Mandal (politician)|Suraj Mandal]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||Prashant Kumar Mandal
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 elections in India#Jharkhand|2003^]]||Prashant Kumar Mandal ||{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=5|[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Poreyahat<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,17,842 |percentage=52.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendranath Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=83,712 |percentage=37.58% |change={{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes=3,665 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chandra Hembrom |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,318 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praween Kumar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,316 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Yadav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,654 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,761 |percentage=2.14% |change={{increase}}0.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,130 |percentage=15.32% |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,22,763 |percentage=70.26% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,17,044 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Poreyahat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=77,358 |percentage=41.00% |change={{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajadhar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=63,761 |percentage=33.80% |change={{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=34,745 |percentage=18.42% |change={{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simon Marandi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,061 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhammad Ansari |party=Bharatiya National Janta Dal |votes=1,833 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Sinha |party=Bhartiya Dalit Party |votes=1,648 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Mishra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,639 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=3,078 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,597 |percentage=7.21% |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,88,662 |percentage=68.69% |change= {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,662 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Poreyahat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=64,036 |percentage=35.51% |change={{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendranath Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,878 |percentage=29.33% |change={{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=44,737 |percentage=24.81% |change={{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neebha Jaiswal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,314 |percentage=2.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Divyandu Shekhar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,473 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishor Kisku |party=Independent politician |votes=2,039 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,402 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,210 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,158 |percentage=6.19% |change= {{decrease}}20.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,80,315 |percentage=68.52% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,155 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Poreyahat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=67,105 |percentage=48.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mandal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=30,401 |percentage=21.83% |change={{decrease}}13.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,133 |percentage=17.33% |change={{decrease}}35.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khagendra Prasad Mahto |party=Loktantrik Samata Dal |votes=3,779 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buniya Devi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,655 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemant Kumar Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=2,267 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshmikant Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=1,555 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,704 |percentage=26.35% |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,286 |percentage=63.37% |change= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,19,806 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Poreyahat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=72,342 |percentage=52.56% |change={{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=48,050 |percentage=34.91% |change={{decrease}}10.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=3,693 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Kumar Lal |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,344 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deolal Hemram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,242 |percentage=2.36% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheela Devi Urf Shail Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,116 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamvodar Darwe |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=1,280 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,292 |percentage=17.65% |change= {{increase}}17.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,635 |percentage=62.06% |change= {{decrease}}6.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,21,773 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 elections in India#Jharkhand|2003 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Poreyahat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=58,924 |percentage=45.39% |change={{increase}}16.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,316 |percentage=44.93% |change={{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Prasad Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,755 |percentage=3.66% |change={{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Mirdha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,713 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karulal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=953 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srikant Bagwe |party=Independent politician |votes=942 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aniruddh Sah |party=Jharkhand Vikas Dal |votes=858 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=608 |percentage=0.47% |change= {{decrease}}14.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,29,803 |percentage=68.75% |change= {{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,804 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Poreyahat<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=54,287 |percentage=43.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prashant Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=35,874 |percentage=29.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar Sah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,083 |percentage=11.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phani Bhushan Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,922 |percentage=6.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mandal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=5,158 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Kant Yadav |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,061 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anjani Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,700 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,413 |percentage=14.90% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,567 |percentage=66.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,025 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Poraiyahat]]
*[[Godda (community development block)]]
*[[Saraiyahat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Godda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Chhotu Singh Bhati

2026-04-17T07:31:06Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chhotu Singh Bhati
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|1|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Poonam Nagar, [[Jaisalmer district]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| office1 = Member of the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rooparam]]
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]]
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = Sang Singh
| successor2 = [[Rooparam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Geeta Kunwar|13 March 1985}}
| children = 2
| education =
| occupation = Agriculturalist
}}

'''Chotu Singh Bhati''' (born 19 January 1955) is an Indian politician and a member of [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]] constituency of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Zee"/><ref name="NavBharatTimes"/> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=State Assembly Election 2023 Notification |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/State_Assembly_Election_2023/Gazette%20Notification%20-%20List%20of%20contesting%20Candidates.pdf |website=Rajasthan Gazette |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Zee"/> He was also a member of the [[13th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|13th]] and the [[14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Zee"/>

==Personal life==
Bhati was born on 19 January 1955 to Karan Singh Bhati and Chand Kunwar in the Poonam Nagar village of [[Jaisalmer district]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |title=श्री छोटू सिंह |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/MemberBioData.aspx |website=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> He completed [[intermediate education]] from S.S School, Rajasthan in [[Ajmer]] in the year 1973–74.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Chhotu Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Jaisalmer (Jaisalmer) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=810 |website=MyNeta |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Singh married Geeta Kunwar on 13 March 1985, with whom he has two sons.<ref name="Profile"/> Singh is an agriculturalist by profession.<ref name="MyNeta"/>

==Political career==
Bhati won from the [[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]] constituency in the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and repeated it again in [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]], becoming a member of the [[13th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|13th]] and the [[14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] respectively.<ref name="Zee">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Shankar |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jaisalmer Chunav Result 2023: जैसलमेर सीट से भाजपा प्रत्याशी छोटू सिंह भाटी ने तीसरी बार जीत कर बनाया रिकॉर्ड |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaisalmer/jaisalmer-chunav-result-2023-bjp-candidate-chhotu-singh-bhati-won-from-jaisalmer-seat-for-third-time/1992889 |work=Zee News |language=hi |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], Bhati again representing Bharatiya Janata Party, went on to defeat rival and incumbent [[Rooparam]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 18,687 votes, regaining the Jaisalmer constituency seat in the process.<ref name="Zee"/><ref name="NavBharatTimes">{{cite news |last1=चतुर्वेदी |first1=सम्ब्रत |title=Jaisalmer Vidhan Sabha Chunav Result 2023: जैसलमेर सीट पर 10 साल बाद आमने - सामने हुए दो प्रतिद्वंद्वी, कांग्रेस के रूपाराम पर भारी पड़ें बीजेपी के छाेटू सिंह |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaisalmer/jaisalmer-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2023-check-partywise-bjp-congress-aap-parinam-el23/articleshow/105541957.cms |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=Navbharat Times |date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 Assembly Constituency 132 - Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20132.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhati, Chotu Singh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]

Khandela Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:45Z

ArcherMill7063: creating new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khandela
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-37-Khandela.svg
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Subhash Meel]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sikar district]]
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 37
}}

'''Khandela Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Subhash Meel]] is serving as MLA of Khandela.<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Khandela Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Subhash Meel defeats INC's Mahadev Singh with 42763 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khandela-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470648-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| [[Ram Chandra Sunda]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]|| [[Gopal Singh Khandela]]
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| [[Gopal Singh Khandela]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]|| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]|| [[Gopal Singh Khandela]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]|| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]|| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]|| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]|| [[Banshidhar Bajiya]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]|| [[Banshidhar Bajiya]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]|| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election2018">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2018/Stats_report_RJ2018.pdf 2018 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]|| [[Subhash Meel|Subhash Meel Khandela]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhash Meel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:114236}}
|percentage = 56.0
|change = +27.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahadev Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:71597}}
|percentage = 35.1
|change = +9.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Banshidhar Khandela
|votes = {{formatnum:11808}}
|percentage = 5.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1445}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = -0.63
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42639}}
|percentage = 20.9
|change = +18.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204003}}
|percentage = 76.26
|change = +4.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khandela<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahadeo Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:53864}}
|percentage = 31.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Banshidhar Bajiya
|votes = {{formatnum:49516}}
|percentage = 28.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahadeo Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:44772}}
|percentage = 25.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subhash Nehara
|votes = {{formatnum:16378}}
|percentage = 9.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2306}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4348}}
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172575}}
|percentage = 71.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.60|75.50|display=title}}

[[Category:Sikar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Bijnor Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:14Z

ArcherMill7063: put up a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bijnor
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = 22-Bijnor.svg
| mla = [[Suchi (politician)|Suchi Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = 317,824 (2012)
| type = SLA
}}

'''Bijnor Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bijnor district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1951 after the delimitation order (DPACO - 1951) was passed in 1951. The constituency was assigned identification number 22 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="DPACO (1951) ">{{cite news |title= DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website |access-date= 1 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 August 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news |title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website |access-date= 1 August 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news |title= All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in |access-date= 1 August 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bijnor.html}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bijnor Assembly constituency is KC Mandawar, Bijnor, Dara Nagar, Mandawar NP, Jhalu NP & Bijnor MB of Bijnor Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Muzaffarnagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/muzaffarnagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Chandrawati
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunwar Satya Vir]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Ram Pal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|[[Azizur Rahman (Indian politician)|Azizur Rahman]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Kunwar Satya Vir]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Azizur Rahman (Indian politician)|Azizur Rahman]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Sukhveer Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Mahendra Pal Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Raja Gazaffar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Kunwar [[Bharatendra Singh]] Kakrana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Shahnawaz Rana]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Bharatendra Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2014^
|[[Ruchi Veera]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Suchi (politician)|Suchi Chaudhary]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijnor<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgItW4eTUyTFD%2BDUyB1G1fBKOuW00SdZqELiEOB05oPhRO74%2F4p%2BuSikD0u7%2BVrCmQyhaJANaxWi%2FXMLUEuMmRVRLJ2%2BdBIBswoUnKE3KB7EMq|title= Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suchi (politician)|Suchi Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97165}}
|percentage = 38.54
|change = {{decrease}}4.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Neeraj Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:95720}}
|percentage = 37.96
|change = {{increase}}34.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ruchi Veera]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52035}}
|percentage = 20.64
|change = {{increase}}0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Adv. Muneer
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:2290}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1114}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1445}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{decrease}}10.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:252142}}
|percentage = 64.56
|change = {{decrease}}3.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijnor<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIk%2B0o9SdPlDTb8MxwP6rVC6OhA30eHogh4pDOFiIulVKCFCDV4OXYPVtphZl11RU0Ab9memMGkyg3jvjH4KTFPbdbTRiXXuWJTShPVmismOQ|title= Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suchi (politician)|Suchi Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:105548}}
|percentage = 42.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ruchi Veera]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78267}}
|percentage = 31.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rashid Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:49788}}
|percentage = 20.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Rahul Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7799}}
|percentage = 3.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1241}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27281}}
|percentage = 11.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245771}}
|percentage = 67.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=2014 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly By election: Bijnor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ruchi Veera]]
|votes = 1,01,748
|percentage = 49.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemendra Pal
|votes = 90,181
|percentage = 43.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Jameel Ahmad
|votes = 3,242
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Humayun Baig
|votes = 2,585
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Rashtriya Arya Raj Sabha|RARS]]
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh
|votes = 2,487
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,479
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,567
|percentage = 5.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,05,966
|percentage = 58.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijnor<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIoHXo0Pf37dzd2n9ajKsx6DJKfrgNkxsl%2Fpkf2yxw4nS2XiJ%2Bn9eWuqdiqYHlJKutUVsfs7FUP89U2Io%2BCa3o%2Fg%3D|title= Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bharatendra Singh]]
|votes = 68,600
|percentage = 32.04
|change = {{decrease}}4.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahboob
|votes = 51,133
|percentage = 24.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Shahnawaz Rana]]
|votes = 47,402
|percentage = 22.67
|change = {{decrease}}14.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ruchi Veera]]
|votes = 25,173
|percentage = 12.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Bala
|votes = 4,673
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Kumar
|votes = 1,620
|percentage = 0.78
|change = {{increase}}0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kamal
|votes = 1,425
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shehzad Ali
|votes = 1,178
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishan Kumar
|votes = 969
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Surendra Singh
|votes = 842
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Anwar Babu
|votes = 825
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh
|votes = 682
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chatenram
|votes = 678
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hukam Singh
|votes = 555
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lokmanch
|candidate = Mehfooz
|votes = 493
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = PHSP
|candidate = Totaram
|votes = 363
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = RLNP
|candidate = Nasir
|votes = 362
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mehendra
|votes = 352
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vanchit Jamat Party
|candidate = Anil
|votes = 323
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Kranti Party
|candidate = Ghanshyam
|votes = 313
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = SSD
|candidate = Fakhruddin
|votes = 290
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Zakir Ali Rana
|votes = 260
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = ARVP
|candidate = Kamar Haidar
|votes = 240
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party
|candidate = Netram
|votes = 188
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,467
|percentage = 8.15
|change = {{increase}}7.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 209,385
|percentage = 65.88
|change = {{increase}}8.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

===2007===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2007"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijnor<ref name="election2007">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIj14%2BWfKx5w7yI7v6DORKRX2T9oorrP93l1swvdi2N3XYM9xmdOaO7EQCBfg3PnrCeK1NacIEZbWJjtfD%2ByJRzA%3D|title= Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2007|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Shahnawaz Rana]]
|votes = 61,588
|percentage = 37.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bharatendra Singh]]
|votes = 61,031
|percentage = 36.83
|change = {{increase}}1.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shahid Ali
|votes = 21,826
|percentage = 13.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Sukhvir Singh
|votes = 5,890
|percentage = 3.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudhir Parashar
|votes = 3,811
|percentage = 2.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nishchal Kumar
|votes = 1,415
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dheer Singh
|votes = 1,250
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = PHSP
|candidate = Kirpal Singh Saini
|votes = 947
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rampal
|votes = 943
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naiver Malik
|votes = 927
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Narpal
|votes = 910
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Kumar
|votes = 847
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Harveer Devi
|votes = 656
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Zishan Malik
|votes = 546
|percentage = 0.33
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Kumar
|votes = 485
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tasleem
|votes = 470
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Prakash
|votes = 375
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shahnawaz
|votes = 353
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Dr. Sukh Pal Singh
|votes = 339
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samullah
|votes = 286
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Purshottam
|votes = 271
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Lokhind Party
|candidate = Irshad
|votes = 265
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandra Pal Singh
|votes = 259
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 557
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{decrease}}10.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 165,691
|percentage = 57.58
|change = {{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2007"/>

===2002===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2002"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijnor<ref name="election2002">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIq6%2FkSN%2FwdqqbDA2Hw8KPiQTizSM%2FgucolNBjtD8PROtaAlmZ8%2FdBRROoJJjkd4jNUzHwMMlX7ceXDC7BSIdhWI%3D|title= Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2002|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bharatendra Singh]]
|votes = 52,195
|percentage = 35.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Tasleem
|votes = 35,856
|percentage = 24.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tariq Ali
|votes = 34,723
|percentage = 23.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Udayan Vira
|votes = 4,947
|percentage = 3.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = Tejpal Verma
|votes = 4,308
|percentage = 2.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = [[Raja Gazaffar]]
|votes = 3,612
|percentage = 2.43
|change = {{decrease}}42.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Neeraj Chaudhary
|votes = 3,223
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Muslim League Kerala State Committee
|candidate = Javaid Aftab Siddiqui
|votes = 2,779
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Zishan Malik
|votes = 1,035
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohd. Kasim
|votes = 955
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Kranti Party
|candidate = Ram Kishan
|votes = 702
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rekha Hojra
|votes = 640
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NINM
|candidate = Azeezurrehman
|votes = 626
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Sharvan Kumar
|votes = 538
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Umrav Singh
|votes = 532
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Qazi Ziaurrehman
|votes = 429
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{decrease}}0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Meena Khan
|votes = 416
|percentage = 0.28
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Parivartan Dal
|candidate = Shamim Khan
|votes = 333
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gajraj Singh
|votes = 316
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Vinay Singh
|votes = 259
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,339
|percentage = 11.01
|change = {{decrease}}4.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 148,424
|percentage = 57.87
|change = {{decrease}}8.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2002"/>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bijnor district]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Bijnor]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

2004 Indian general election

2026-04-11T14:13:57Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1999 Indian general election
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = {{nowrap|20 April 26 April, 5 and 10 May 2004}}
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 13th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|Anglo-Indians]] and filled by presidential nomination}}
| majority_seats = 272
| registered = 671,487,930
| turnout = 58.07% ({{decrease}} 1.92[[Percentage point|pp]])
| 1blank = Alliance seats
| image_size = 130x130px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sonia Gandhi and Vladimir Putin in March 2010 04.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120
|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| last_election1 = 28.30%, 114 seats
| seats1 = '''145'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 31
| popular_vote1 = '''103,408,949'''
| percentage1 = '''26.53%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 1.77[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election2 = 23.75%, 182 seats
| seats2 = 138
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 44
| popular_vote2 = 86,371,561
| percentage2 = 22.16%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.59[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Surjith-6.JPG|bSize=250|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=60|oTop=60}}
| leader3 = [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
| party3 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| last_election3 = 5.40%, 33 seats
| seats3 = 43
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 10
| popular_vote3 = 22,070,614
| percentage3 = 5.66%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 0.26[[Percentage point|pp]]
| 1data1 = '''218'''
| 1data2 = 181
| 1data3 = 60
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 2004.svg
| map_caption = Results by constituency
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] in four phases between 20 April and 10 May 2004. Over 670 million people were eligible to vote, electing 543 members of the [[14th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections 2004: Facts and figures |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/general-elections-2004-facts-and-figures-41654-2009-03-12 |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=India Today |date=13 March 2009 |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723081609/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/general-elections-2004-facts-and-figures-41654-2009-03-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Seven states also held assembly elections to elect [[States and union territories of India|state]] governments. They were the first elections fully carried out with [[electronic voting machines]] (EVMs).

On 13 May the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the lead party of the [[National Democratic Alliance]] conceded a shocking mysterious defeat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2004 |title=In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Party Wins Election in India (Published 2004) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |access-date=22 August 2023 |last1=Waldman |first1=Amy |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214424/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]], which had governed India for all but five years from independence until 1996, returned to power after a record six years out of office. It was unable to put a majority alone in 2004. It formed UPA, which had together a comfortable majority of more than 335 members out of 543 with the help of its allies. The 335 members included both the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]], the governing coalition formed after the election and external support from the [[Communism in India#Alliances|Left Front]], who threatened to withdraw their support during Nuclear Deal.

==Background==
Speaker [[Manohar Joshi]], who was from the Shiva Sena(NDA), had recommended premature dissolution of the [[13th Lok Sabha]] (in accordance with a provision of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]) to pave the way for early elections apparently in view of the recent good showing of the BJP in the Assembly elections in four states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2004 |title=The dissolution debate |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30221286.ece |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004113657/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30221286.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President dissolves Lok Sabha |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040207/main1.htm |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004233705/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040207/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> But though this recommendation was not accepted by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Bajpayee, the Speaker dissolved the Lok Sabha.

==Organisation==
[[File:2004 Indian general election schedule.jpg|Polling dates|thumb]]

The election dates for the parliamentary elections were:<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060517/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election Schedule 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/?do=download&r=7022&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=9b39aa893d335b61e29f64e45be0cf2d|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
*20 April – 141 constituencies
*26 April – 137 constituencies
*5 May – 83 constituencies
*10 May – 182 constituencies

Counting began simultaneously on 13 May. Over 370 million of the 675 million eligible citizens voted, with election violence claiming 48 lives, less than half the number killed during the 1999 election. The Indian elections were held in phases in order to maintain law and order. A few states considered sensitive areas required deployment of the armed forces. The average enrolment of voters in each constituency was 12 lakhs, although the largest constituency had 31 lakhs.

The [[Election Commission of India]] is responsible for deciding the dates and conducting elections according to constitutional provisions. The Election Commission employed more than a million [[electronic voting]] machines for these elections.

According to ''[[India Today]]'', 115.62 billion rupees were expected to have been spent in campaigning for the elections by [[List of political parties in India|all political parties]] combined. Most of the money was spent on the people involved in the election. The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] limited poll expenses to Rs. 25 lakhs per [[constituency]]. Thus, the actual spending is expected to have been approximately ten times the limit. About 6.5 billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on mobilising 1,50,000 vehicles. About a billion rupees are estimated to have been spent on helicopters and aircraft.

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|+Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
!rowspan="3" |State/Union territory
!rowspan="3" |Total constituencies
!colspan="4" |Election dates and number of constituencies
|-
!Phase 1
!Phase 2
!Phase 3
!Phase 4
|-
!20 April
!26 April
!5 May
!10 May
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|''42''
|21
|21
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|''2''
|
|
|2
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
|''14''
|6
|8
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
|''40''
|11
|17
|12
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|''11''
|11
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]]
|''2''
|
|2
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|''26''
|26
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
|''10''
|
|
|
|10
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|''4''
|
|
|
|4
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|''6''
|2
|1
|1
|2
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|''14''
|6
|8
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|''28''
|15
|13
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
|''20''
|
|
|
|20
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|''29''
|
|
|12
|17
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|''48''
|24
|24
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
|''2''
|1
|1
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|''1''
|
|
|1
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Orissa|Orissa]]
|''21''
|11
|10
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
|''13''
|
|
|
|13
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|''25''
|
|
|25
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|''39''
|
|
|
|39
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|''80''
|
|32
|30
|18
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|''5''
|
|
|
|5
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|''42''
|
|
|
|42
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Daman and Diu|Daman and Diu]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
|''7''
|
|
|
|7
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election in Pondicherry|Puducherry]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|1
|-
!Constituencies
!543
!141
!137
!83
!182
|-
! colspan=2|Total states/UTs polling on this day
! 16
! 11
! 7
! 16
|-
!colspan=2|Total constituencies by end of phase
!141
!278
!361
!543
|-
!colspan=2|% complete by end of phase
!26%
!51%
!66%
!100%
|-
! colspan=2|
! colspan=2| States/UTs
! colspan=2| Constituencies
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in single phase
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 24
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 219
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in two phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 8
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 198
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in three phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 2
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 120
|-
| colspan=2| Number of states and UTs polling in four phases
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 1
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 35
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 543
|-
!colspan=2| Result
! colspan="4" | 13 May 2004
|}

==Pre-poll alliances==
In these elections, compared to all the Lok Sabha elections of the 1990s, the battle was more of a head-to-head contest in the sense that there was no viable third front alternative. Largely the contest was between BJP its allies on one hand and Congress its allies on the other. However, the situation did show large regional differences.

The BJP fought the elections as part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), although some of its seat-sharing agreements were made with strong regional parties of the NDA such as [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) in [[Tamil Nadu]].

Ahead of the elections there were attempts to form a Congress-led national level joint opposition front. In the end, an agreement could not be reached, but on regional level alliances between Congress and regional parties were made in several states. This was the first time that Congress contested with that type of alliances in a parliamentary election.

The left parties, most notably the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], contested on their own in their strongholds [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kerala]], confronting both Congress and NDA forces. In several other states, such as [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], they took part in seat sharings with Congress. In [[Tamil Nadu]] they were part of the DMK-led [[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DPA (Democratic Progressive Alliance)]].

Two parties refused to go along with either Congress or BJP, they were [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] and [[Samajwadi Party]]. Both are based in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the largest state of India (in terms of population). Congress made several attempts to form alliances with them, but in vain. Many believed that they would prevent Congress of an electoral victory. The result was a four-cornered contest in UP, which didn't really hurt or benefit BJP or Congress significantly.

==Forecast and campaigns==
Most analysts believed the NDA would win the elections. This assessment was also supported by opinion polls. The economy had shown steady growth in the last years and the [[Privatization in India|disinvestment]] of government owned production units (a continuation of [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's liberalisation policies]] ) had been on track. The Foreign Exchange Reserves of India stood at more than US$100 billion (7th largest in the world and a record for India). The service sector had also generated a lot of jobs. The Vajpayee government had launched numerous welfare schemes, thus starting the culture of "Yojana"s in Indian governments. The party was supposed to have been riding on a wave of the feel good factor, typified by its promotional campaign "[[India Shining]]".<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP spends Rs 150 cr on 'India Shining' campaign |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/brand-equity/advertising/bjp-spends-rs-150-cr-on-india-shining-campaign/articleshow/684246.cms?from=mdr |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017022311/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/brand-equity/advertising/bjp-spends-rs-150-cr-on-india-shining-campaign/articleshow/684246.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the past, BJP has largely been seen as a hardline [[Hindutva|Hindu right]] wing party with close ties with the hardline organisations the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]. Over the years, the party under Vajpayee has slightly distanced itself from hardline policies in order to accommodate a variety of parties within the NDA, like [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] (a Congress-breakaway party), breakaway factions of the [[Janata Dal]] like [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]], [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] and [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], [[Dravidian nationalism|Dravidianist]] parties like [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (which left the alliance in December 2003), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] (which left the alliance in January 2004) and [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (which joined after DMK left) and parties largely representing non-Hindus like [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] and [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] (which joined the alliance in 2002), a change that was being questioned after the party's good performance in the [[2003 elections in India|2003 assembly elections]] of [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]], [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]] & [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh]], [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]. These elections were marked by the campaign's emphasis on economic gains instead of issues involving religious polarisation. [[Cattle slaughter in India|Ban on cow-slaughter]], implementation of a [[Uniform Civil Code]], construction of [[Ram Mandir|Ram-mandir]] at the [[Ayodhya dispute|site of Ayodhya]], abolition of the provisions of [[Secularism in India|secularism]] in order to make [[Hinduism]] the country's state religion etc. characterised BJP's campaign in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 election]]. From the last few elections, BJP had realised that its voter base had reached a ceiling and had concentrated on pre-poll rather than post-poll alliances. The Vajpayee wave and foreign origin of [[Sonia Gandhi]] also constituted part of the NDA's campaign.

===Opinion polls===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="width:100px;"| Conducted in month(s)
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:gray;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! August 2002
|'''250'''
| 195
| 100
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! February 2003
|'''315'''
| 115
| 115
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! August 2003
|'''247'''
| 180
| 115
|- class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center"
! January 2004
|'''335'''
| 110
| 100
|}

===Exit polls===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;font-size:80%;line-height:20px;"
|-
! class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="width:180px;"| Polling organisation
| bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}} |
| bgcolor={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}} |
| style="background:gray;"|
|-
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:90px;"| [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! class="wikitable" style="width:70px;"| [[List of political parties in India|Other]]
|-
|[[NDTV]]-AC Nielsen
|230-250
|190-205
|100-120
|-
|[[ABP News|Star News]]-C voter
|263-275
|174-184
|86-98
|-
|[[Aaj Tak]]-MARG
|248
|190
|105
|-
|Sahara DRS
|278
|181
|102
|-
|[[Zee News]]-Taleem
|249
|176
|117
|-
! Actual result
! 181
! 218
! 143
|-
! colspan="4" |Sources:-<ref>{{Cite web |title=2004 exit polls: when surveys got it horribly wrong |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/2004-exit-polls-when-surveys-got-it-horribly-wrong-2892987.html |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=Oneindia |date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004135936/https://www.oneindia.com/india/2004-exit-polls-when-surveys-got-it-horribly-wrong-2892987.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can 2019 exit polls turn out to be wrong like 2004? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-exit-polls-will-2019-turn-out-to-be-like-2004-3993761.html |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Moneycontrol |date=20 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121084547/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-exit-polls-will-2019-turn-out-to-be-like-2004-3993761.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exit polls: How accurate are they? A look back at 2004, 2009, 2014 predictions |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/exit-polls-opinion-polls-bjp-congress-nda-upa-predictions-results-in-2004-2009-2014/1582662/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Financial Express |date=19 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140650/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/exit-polls-opinion-polls-bjp-congress-nda-upa-predictions-results-in-2004-2009-2014/1582662/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==State/UT-wise voter turnout details==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! rowspan=2| State/UT
! rowspan=2| Seats
! colspan=3| Electors
! colspan=3| Voters
! colspan=3| Turnout
|-
!Men
! Women
!Total
!Men
! Women
!Total
!Men
! Women
!Total
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 42 || 2,53,55,118 || 2,57,91,224 || 5,11,46,342 || 1,83,20,019 || 1,73,84,444 || 3,57,76,275 || 72.25 || 67.4 || 69.95%
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 2 || 3,51,564 || 3,32,470 || 6,84,034 || 1,99,413 || 1,83,909 || 3,85,446 || 56.72 || 55.31 || 56.35%
|-
| Assam || 14 || 78,21,591 || 71,93,283 || 1,50,14,874 || 56,71,454 || 47,01,710 || 1,03,77,354 || 72.51 || 65.36 || 69.11%
|-
| Bihar || 40 || 2,70,53,408 || 2,35,06,264 || 5,05,59,672 || 1,71,95,139 || 1,21,34,913 ||2,93,32,306 || 63.56 || 51.62 || 58.02%
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 11 || 69,04,742 || 68,14,700 || 1,37,19,442 || 40,39,747 || 31,00,827 || 71,46,189 || 58.51 || 45.50 || 52.09%
|-
| Goa || 2 || 4,75,847 || 4,65,320 || 9,41,167 || 2,86,156 || 2,64,934 || 5,53,105 || 60.14 || 56.94 || 58.77%
|-
| Gujarat || 26 || 1,73,41,760 || 1,63,33,302 || 3,36,75,062 || 86,64,929 || 65,43,424 || 1,52,13,501 || 49.97 || 40.06 || 45.18%
|-
| Haryana || 10 || 66,60,631 || 56,59,926 || 1,23,20,557 || 45,36,234 || 35,54,361 ||80,97,064 || 68.11 || 62.80 || 65.72%
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 4 || 21,28,828 || 20,53,167 || 41,81,995 || 12,69,539 || 12,11,994 || 24,97,149 || 59.84 || 59.03 || 59.71%
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 6 || 34,68,235 || 28,99,880 || 63,68,115 || 13,91,263 || 8,41,489 ||22,41,729 || 40.11 || 29.02 || 35.20%
|-
| Jharkhand || 14 || 89,14,164 || 78,98,175 || 1,68,12,339 || 55,61,056 || 38,01,786 ||93,63,363 || 62.38 || 48.13 || 55.69%
|-
| Karnataka || 28 || 1,96,05,257 || 1,89,86,838 || 3,85,92,095 || 1,31,19,442 || 1,19,62,519 || 2,51,39,122 || 66.92 || 63.00 || 65.14%
|-
| Kerala || 20 || 1,01,68,428 || 1,09,57,045 || 2,11,25,473 || 74,80,351 || 75,67,329 ||1,50,93,960 || 73.56 || 69.06 || 71.45%
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 29 || 2,00,28,161 || 1,83,61,940 || 3,83,90,101 || 1,13,22,391 || 71,24,280 || 1,84,63,451 || 56.53 || 38.80 || 48.09%
|-
| Maharashtra || 48 || 3,27,88,476 || 3,02,23,732 || 6,30,12,208 || 1,89,57,642 || 1,52,63,748 || 3,42,63,317 || 57.82 || 50.50 || 54.38%
|-
| Manipur || 2 || 7,46,054 || 7,90,456 || 15,36,510 || 5,22,526 || 5,12,834 || 10,35,696 || 70.03 || 64.88 || 67.41%
|-
| Meghalaya || 2 || 6,48,654 || 6,40,720 || 12,89,374 || 3,02,113 || 3,77,125 || 6,79,321 || 46.58 || 58.86 || 52.69%
|-
| Mizoram || 1 || 2,73,454 || 2,76,505 || 5,49,959 || 1,75,372 || 1,70,000 || 3,49,799 || 64.13 || 61.48 || 63.60%
|-
| Nagaland || 1 || 5,47,114 || 4,94,319 || 10,41,433 || 5,05,682 || 4,46,002 || 9,55,690 || 92.43 || 90.23 || 91.77%
|-
| Orissa || 21 || 1,31,91,691 || 1,24,60,298 || 2,56,51,989 || 90,10,592 || 79,29,405 || 1,69,45,092 || 68.30 || 63.64 || 66.06%
|-
| Punjab || 13 || 86,52,294 || 79,63,105 || 1,66,15,399 || 54,37,861 || 47,94,658 || 1,02,33,165 || 62.85 || 60.21 || 61.59%
|-
| Rajasthan || 25 || 1,81,49,028 || 1,65,63,357 || 3,47,12,385 || 1,00,09,085 || 72,90,569 || 1,73,46,549 || 55.15 || 44.02 || 49.97%
|-
| Sikkim || 1 || 1,45,738 || 1,36,199 || 2,81,937 || 1,12,404 || 1,02,890 || 2,19,769 || 77.13 || 75.54 || 77.95%
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 39 || 2,32,69,301 || 2,39,82,970 || 4,72,52,271 || 1,50,06,523 || 1,36,42,797 || 2,87,32,954 || 64.49 || 56.89 || 60.81%
|-
| Tripura || 2 || 10,23,368 || 9,54,854 || 19,78,222 || 7,14,491 || 6,04,452 || 13,27,000 || 69.82 || 63.30 || 67.08%
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 80 || 6,03,28,608 || 5,02,95,882 || 11,06,34,490 || 3,25,52,479 || 2,07,20,447 || 5,32,78,071 || 53.96 || 41.20 || 48.16%
|-
| Uttarakhand || 5 || 28,38,204 || 27,24,433 || 55,62,637 || 14,70,496 || 11,97,917 || 26,73,832 || 51.81 || 43.97 || 48.16%
|-
| West Bengal || 42 || 2,47,98,089 || 2,26,39,342 || 4,74,37,431 || 1,98,04,552 || 1,70,66,370 || 3,70,21,478 || 79.86 || 75.38 || 78.04%
|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) || 1 || 1,31,502 || 1,10,143 || 2,41,645 || 83,520 || 70,284 || 1,53,841 || 63.51 || 63.81 || 63.66%
|-
| Chandigarh (UT) || 1 || 2,92,438 || 2,53,246 || 5,27,684 || 1,51,932 || 1,17,886 || 2,69,849 || 51.95 || 50.11 || 51.14%
|-
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) || 1 || 65,059 || 57,622 || 1,22,681 || 43,795 || 40,904 || 84,703 || 67.32 || 70.99 || 69.04%
|-
|Daman & Diu (UT) || 1 || 39,595 || 39,637 || 79,232 || 29,751 || 55,591 || 25,839 || 65.26 || 75.06 || 70.16%
|-
| Lakshadweep (UT) || 1 || 19,880 || 19,153 || 39,033 || 15,698 || 16,122 || 31,820 || 78.96 || 84.17 || 81.52%
|-
| NCT OF Delhi || 7 || 49,53,925 || 38,09,550 || 87,63,475 || 24,28,289 || 16,97,944 || 41,26,443 || 49.02 || 44.57 || 47.09%
|-
| Pondicherry (UT) || 1 || 3,10,658 || 3,26,009 || 6,36,667 || 2,40,114 || 2,44,202 || 4,84,336 || 77.29 || 74.91 || 76.07%
|-
| '''India''' || '''543''' || '''34,94,90,864''' || '''32,19,97,066''' || '''67,14,87,930''' || '''21,72,34,104''' || '''17,27,14,226''' || '''38,99,48,330''' || '''62.16''' || '''53.64''' || '''58.07%'''
|-
|colspan=12|Source-ECI [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/]
|}

==Results==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|caption='''Seat share of parties in the election'''|other=yes
|value1=26.60|label1=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value2=25.32|label2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value3=7.88|label3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|value4=6.60|label4=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]|color4={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
|value5=4.40|label5=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]|color5={{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|value6=3.48|label6=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|color6={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value7=2.93|label7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|color7={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|value8=2.20|label8=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]|color8={{party color|Shiv Sena}}
|other-color={{Party color|Other}}
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Vote share of parties in the election'''
| other = yes
| value1 = 26.53
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 22.16
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 5.66
| label3 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| value4 = 5.33
| label4 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| color4 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| value5 = 4.32
| label5 = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| color5 = {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
| value6 = 3.04
| label6 = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| color6 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| value7 = 2.41
| label7 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| color7 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| value8 = 2.35
| label8 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| color8 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| other-color = {{Party color|Other}}
}}

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2004.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=103408949|seats1=145|sc1=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=86371561|seats2=138|sc2=
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=22070614|seats3=43|sc3=
|party4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes4=20765229|seats4=19|sc4=
|party5=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes5=16824072|seats5=36|sc5=
|party6=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes6=11844811|seats6=5|sc6=
|party7=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes7=9384147|seats7=24|sc7=
|party8=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes8=9144963|seats8=8|sc8=
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=8547014|seats9=0|sc9=
|party10=[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]|votes10=8071867|seats10=2|sc10=
|party11=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes11=7064393|seats11=16|sc11=
|party12=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes12=7056255|seats12=12|sc12=
|party13=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes13=7023175|seats13=9|sc13=
|party14=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes14=5732296|seats14=3|sc14=
|party15=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes15=5484111|seats15=10|sc15=
|party16=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes16=5082849|seats16=11|sc16=
|party17=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes17=3506681|seats17=8|sc17=
|party18=[[Lok Janshakti Party]]|votes18=2771427|seats18=4|sc18=
|party19=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes19=2463607|seats19=3|sc19=
|party20=[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes20=2441405|seats20=5|sc20=
|party21=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes21=2169020|seats21=6|sc21=
|party22=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes22=2069600|seats22=2|sc22=
|party23=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes23=1936703|seats23=0|sc23=
|party24=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes24=1846843|seats24=5|sc24=
|party25=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes25=1689794|seats25=3|sc25=
|party26=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes26=1679870|seats26=4|sc26=
|party27=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes27=1365055|seats27=3|sc27=
|party28=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes28=1281688|seats28=0|sc28=
|party29=[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]|votes29=844053|seats29=0|sc29=
|party30=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes30=770098|seats30=1|sc30=
|party31=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes31=720189|seats31=0|sc31=
|party32=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes32=715366|seats32=1|sc32=
|party33=[[Janata Party]]|votes33=517683|seats33=0|sc33=
|party34=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes34=506122|seats34=0|sc34=
|party35=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes35=493067|seats35=2|sc35=
|party36=[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]|votes36=428566|seats36=0|sc36=
|party37=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes37=417248|seats37=1|sc37=
|party38=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes38=387682|seats38=0|sc38=
|party39=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes39=367510|seats39=1|sc39=
|party40=[[National Loktantrik Party]]|votes40=367049|seats40=1|sc40=
|party41=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes41=353905|seats41=1|sc41=
|party42=[[Kannada Nadu Party]]|votes42=349183|seats42=0|sc42=
|party43=[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]|votes43=337386|seats43=1|sc43=
|party44=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes44=319572|seats44=0|sc44=
|party45=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes45=295545|seats45=0|sc45=
|party46=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes46=275267|seats46=0|sc46=
|party47=[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|PDP(in Kashmir)]]|votes47=267457|seats47=1|sc47=
|party48=[[Peoples Republican Party]]|votes48=261219|seats48=0|sc48=
|party49=[[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]|votes49=256411|seats49=1|sc49=
|party50=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes50=209880|seats50=0|sc50=
|party51=[[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]|votes51=209694|seats51=0|sc51=
|party52=[[Samta Party]]|votes52=201276|seats52=0|sc52=
|party53=[[Lok Bhalai Party]]|votes53=187787|seats53=0|sc53=
|party54=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes54=182864|seats54=1|sc54=
|party55=[[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]]|votes55=171080|seats55=1|sc55=
|party56=[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|votes56=157930|seats56=0|sc56=
|party57=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes57=153409|seats57=1|sc57=
|party58=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes58=147470|seats58=0|sc58=
|party59=[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]|votes59=146571|seats59=0|sc59=
|party60=[[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal]]|votes60=139145|seats60=0|sc60=
|party61=[[Jharkhand Disom Party]]|votes61=135685|seats61=0|sc61=
|party62=Pyramid Party of India|votes62=130362|seats62=0|sc62=
|party63=[[Ekta Shakti]]|votes63=126924|seats63=0|sc63=
|party64=[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]|votes64=101808|seats64=0|sc64=
|party65=[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]|votes65=92210|seats65=0|sc65=
|party66=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes66=88214|seats66=0|sc66=
|party67=[[Federal Party of Manipur]]|votes67=88179|seats67=0|sc67=
|party68=[[Bihar People's Party]]|votes68=86418|seats68=0|sc68=
|party69=[[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party of Democratic Socialism]]|votes69=81999|seats69=0|sc69=
|party70=[[Samata Samaj Party]]|votes70=78791|seats70=0|sc70=
|party71=Mahabharat People's Party|votes71=77055|seats71=0|sc71=
|party72=[[Arunachal Congress]]|votes72=76527|seats72=0|sc72=
|party73=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes73=74364|seats73=0|sc73=
|party74=[[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]]|votes74=70078|seats74=0|sc74=
|party75=[[Indian Justice Party]]|votes75=67914|seats75=0|sc75=
|party76=Jharkhand Party (Naren)|votes76=67782|seats76=0|sc76=
|party77=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes77=64657|seats77=0|sc77=
|party78=Labour Party (Secular)|votes78=63989|seats78=0|sc78=
|party79=[[Rashtriya Swabhimaan Party]]|votes79=58296|seats79=0|sc79=
|party80=[[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]|votes80=54746|seats80=0|sc80=
|party81=[[Lok Rajya Party]]|votes81=54097|seats81=0|sc81=
|party82=Bahujan Kisan Dal|votes82=52669|seats82=0|sc82=
|party83=[[Majlis Bachao Tahreek]]|votes83=47560|seats83=0|sc83=
|party84=[[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]|votes84=45720|seats84=0|sc84=
|party85=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes85=43899|seats85=0|sc85=
|party86=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes86=38766|seats86=0|sc86=
|party87=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes87=38107|seats87=0|sc87=
|party88=Vidharbha Rajya Party|votes88=36974|seats88=0|sc88=
|party89=[[Urs Samyuktha Paksha]]|votes89=33128|seats89=0|sc89=
|party90=Ambedkarist Republican Party|votes90=31467|seats90=0|sc90=
|party91=Prabuddha Republican Party|votes91=29792|seats91=0|sc91=
|party92=[[Rashtravadi Communist Party]]|votes92=28757|seats92=0|sc92=
|party93=Rashtriya Samajik Nayak Paksha|votes93=27594|seats93=0|sc93=
|party94=[[Sampurna Vikas Dal]]|votes94=27135|seats94=0|sc94=
|party95=Tamil Desiyak Katchi|votes95=25348|seats95=0|sc95=
|party96=Kosi Vikas Party|votes96=25258|seats96=0|sc96=
|party97=Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party|votes97=24696|seats97=0|sc97=
|party98=[[Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Party]]|votes98=24176|seats98=0|sc98=
|party99=[[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]]|votes99=22811|seats99=0|sc99=
|party100=Savarn Samaj Party|votes100=21246|seats100=0|sc100=
|party101=[[Ambedkar Samaj Party]]|votes101=20767|seats101=0|sc101=
|party102=[[Indian National League]]|votes102=20159|seats102=0|sc102=
|party103=Bharatiya Gaon Taj Dal|votes103=19909|seats103=0|sc103=
|party104=Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)|votes104=19548|seats104=0|sc104=
|party105=Socialist Party (Lohia)|votes105=18628|seats105=0|sc105=
|party106=Shivrajya Party|votes106=18374|seats106=0|sc106=
|party107=[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]|votes107=17717|seats107=0|sc107=
|party108=[[Hindustan Janata Party]]|votes108=17410|seats108=0|sc108=
|party109=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)]]|votes109=16691|seats109=0|sc109=
|party110=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|votes110=16546|seats110=0|sc110=
|party111=Rashtriya Vikas Party|votes111=15159|seats111=0|sc111=
|party112=[[Trinamool Gana Parishad]]|votes112=14933|seats112=0|sc112=
|party113=Manuvadi Party|votes113=14233|seats113=0|sc113=
|party114=Bharat Kranti Rakshak Party|votes114=12547|seats114=0|sc114=
|party115=Rashtriya Hamara Dal|votes115=12346|seats115=0|sc115=
|party116=Parivartan Samaj Party|votes116=12273|seats116=0|sc116=
|party117=Bharatiya Eklavya Party|votes117=12197|seats117=0|sc117=
|party119=Proutist Sarva Samaj Party|votes119=11561|seats119=0|sc119=
|party120=[[Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha]]|votes120=11459|seats120=0|sc120=
|party121=Pachim Banga Rajya Muslim League|votes121=10446|seats121=0|sc121=
|party122=Rajasthan Vikash Party|votes122=10032|seats122=0|sc122=
|party123=Lokpriya Samaj Party|votes123=9913|seats123=0|sc123=
|party124=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes124=9707|seats124=0|sc124=
|party125=Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party|votes125=9145|seats125=0|sc125=
|party126=[[Vidarbha Janata Congress]]|votes126=9097|seats126=0|sc126=
|party127=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes127=8862|seats127=0|sc127=
|party128=Jai Hind Party|votes128=8645|seats128=0|sc128=
|party129=[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]|votes129=8200|seats129=0|sc129=
|party130=Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha|votes130=7696|seats130=0|sc130=
|party131=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes131=7584|seats131=0|sc131=
|party132=Rashtriya Swarn Dal|votes132=7374|seats132=0|sc132=
|party133=Navabharata Nirman Party|votes133=7169|seats133=0|sc133=
|party134=[[Krantikari Samyavadi Party]]|votes134=6948|seats134=0|sc134=
|party135=[[Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes135=6717|seats135=0|sc135=
|party136=Youth and Students Party|votes136=6580|seats136=0|sc136=
|party137=[[Ephraim Union]]|votes137=6512|seats137=0|sc137=
|party138=Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Alp-Sankhyak Jan Morcha|votes138=6003|seats138=0|sc138=
|party139=[[United Goans Democratic Party]]|votes139=5881|seats139=0|sc139=
|party140=Pichhra Samaj Party|votes140=5672|seats140=0|sc140=
|party141=[[All India Momin Conference]]|votes141=5113|seats141=0|sc141=
|party142=Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)|votes142=4977|seats142=0|sc142=
|party143=[[All India Minorities Front]]|votes143=4874|seats143=0|sc143=
|party144=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes144=4790|seats144=0|sc144=
|party145=Naari Shakti Party|votes145=4649|seats145=0|sc145=
|party146=Bahujan Vikas Party|votes146=4533|seats146=0|sc146=
|party147=Bharatiya Ekta Dal|votes147=4312|seats147=0|sc147=
|party148=Shikshit Berozgar Sena|votes148=4303|seats148=0|sc148=
|party149=Yuva Gantantra Party|votes149=4140|seats149=0|sc149=
|party150=[[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]|votes150=3737|seats150=0|sc150=
|party151=Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena|votes151=3393|seats151=0|sc151=
|party152=Mudiraj Rashtriya Samithi|votes152=3345|seats152=0|sc152=
|party153=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes153=3216|seats153=0|sc153=
|party154=Janata Vikas Party|votes154=3173|seats154=0|sc154=
|party155=National Students Party|votes155=3069|seats155=0|sc155=
|party156=Secular Party of India|votes156=3041|seats156=0|sc156=
|party157=Vikas Party|votes157=2998|seats157=0|sc157=
|party158=Social Action Party|votes158=2987|seats158=0|sc158=
|party159=Akhil Bharatiya Rashtriya Azad Hind Party|votes159=2801|seats159=0|sc159=
|party160=Loktantrik Chetna Party|votes160=2776|seats160=0|sc160=
|party161=[[Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad]]|votes161=2765|seats161=0|sc161=
|party162=Janmangal Paksh|votes162=2684|seats162=0|sc162=
|party163=Sanatan Samaj Party|votes163=2679|seats163=0|sc163=
|party164=Lok Sewa Dal|votes164=2646|seats164=0|sc164=
|party165=[[Jana Unnayan Mancha]]|votes165=2592|seats165=0|sc165=
|party166=Rashtriya Lok Seva Morcha|votes166=2476|seats166=0|sc166=
|party167=[[Republican Party of India (Democratic)]]|votes167=2370|seats167=0|sc167=
|party168=Bhartiya Lok Kalyan Dal|votes168=2242|seats168=0|sc168=
|party169=Panchayat Raj Party|votes169=2165|seats169=0|sc169=
|party170=Bharatiya Backward Party|votes170=2162|seats170=0|sc170=
|party171=All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party|votes171=2158|seats171=0|sc171=
|party172=Akhil Bhartiya Rajarya Sabha|votes172=2080|seats172=0|sc172=
|party173=Bharat Ki Lok Jimmedar Party|votes173=2055|seats173=0|sc173=
|party174=Rashtriya Garima Party|votes174=2043|seats174=0|sc174=
|party175=Rashtriya Garib Dal|votes175=1977|seats175=0|sc175=
|party176=Ekta Krandi Dal U.P.|votes176=1939|seats176=0|sc176=
|party177=Bharatiya Labour Party|votes177=1758|seats177=0|sc177=
|party178=Phule Bharti Lok Party|votes178=1690|seats178=0|sc178=
|party179=Bharatiya Prajatantrik Shudh Gandhiwadi Krishak Dal|votes179=1689|seats179=0|sc179=
|party180=Mool Bharati (S) Party|votes180=1675|seats180=0|sc180=
|party181=Bharatiya Nagrik Party|votes181=1580|seats181=0|sc181=
|party182=[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami League]]|votes182=1519|seats182=0|sc182=
|party183=Hind Morcha|votes183=1459|seats183=0|sc183=
|party184=[[Jharkhand People's Party]]|votes184=1449|seats184=0|sc184=
|party185=Maharashtra Rajiv Congress|votes185=1399|seats185=0|sc185=
|party186=[[Janhit Samaj Party]]|votes186=1310|seats186=0|sc186=
|party187=Vijeta Party|votes187=1304|seats187=0|sc187=
|party188=Socialistic Democratic Party|votes188=1265|seats188=0|sc188=
|party189=Jansatta Party|votes189=1189|seats189=0|sc189=
|party190=Federal Congress of India|votes190=1037|seats190=0|sc190=
|party191=Nidaya Malik (N) Party|votes191=1030|seats191=0|sc191=
|party192=Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party|votes192=972|seats192=0|sc192=
|party193=Desh Bhakt Party|votes193=912|seats193=0|sc193=
|party194=Ambedkar National Congress|votes194=825|seats194=0|sc194=
|party195=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes195=759|seats195=0|sc195=
|party196=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes196=754|seats196=0|sc196=
|party197=Jebamani Janata|votes197=734|seats197=0|sc197=
|party198=Niswarth Sewa Party|votes198=730|seats198=0|sc198=
|party199=Jan Chetna Party|votes199=671|seats199=0|sc199=
|party200=Hindu Ekta Andolan Party|votes200=620|seats200=0|sc200=
|party201=[[Krantikari Manuwadi Morcha]]|votes201=597|seats201=0|sc201=
|party202=Bharatiya Prajatantra Party|votes202=573|seats202=0|sc202=
|party203=Bharatiya Muhabbat Party (All India)|votes203=566|seats203=0|sc203=
|party204=Manav Jagriti Manch|votes204=552|seats204=0|sc204=
|party205=Bharatiya Janvadi Party|votes205=543|seats205=0|sc205=
|party206=Bharatiya Surajya Manch|votes206=515|seats206=0|sc206=
|party207=Rashtriya Janadhikar Party|votes207=487|seats207=0|sc207=
|party208=Praja Party|votes208=485|seats208=0|sc208=
|party209=Bharti Sarvadarshi Parishad|votes209=427|seats209=0|sc209=
|party210=Shoshit Samaj Party|votes210=395|seats210=0|sc210=
|party211=Rashtriya Sakar Party|votes211=379|seats211=0|sc211=
|party212=Bharatiya Sarvkalyan Krantidal|votes212=365|seats212=0|sc212=
|party213=Awami Party|votes213=327|seats213=0|sc213=
|party214=Swaraj Dal|votes214=298|seats214=0|sc214=
|party215=Akhand Bharti|votes215=138|seats215=0|sc215=
|party216=Parmarth Party|votes216=126|seats216=0|sc216=
|party217=Independents|votes217=16549900|seats217=5|sc217=
|row218=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats218=2
|invalid=168546
|electorate=671487930
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ ECI]
}}

===Region-wise results===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:right
!Region
!Total seats
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
! colspan="2" |Others
|-
|align=left|South India
|131
|48
|{{Increase}} 14
|18
|{{Decrease}} 1
|'''65'''
|{{Decrease}} 13
|-
|align=left|West India
|78
|27
|{{Increase}} 10
|'''28'''
|{{Decrease}} 7
|23
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|align=left|Hindi-Heartland
|225
|46
|{{Increase}} 12
|78
|{{Decrease}} 34
|'''101'''
|{{Increase}} 22
|-
|align=left|North-East India
|25
|11
|{{Decrease}} 3
|4
|{{Increase}} 2
|'''13'''
|{{Increase}} 4
|-
|align=left|East India
|63
|8
|{{Increase}} 3
|7
|{{Decrease}} 4
|'''48'''
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|align=left|Union Territories
|22
|5
|{{Decrease}} 5
|3
|{{Steady}}
|'''14'''
|{{Increase}} 5
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''
|'''543'''
|'''145'''
|''+31''
|'''138'''
|''-44''
|'''264'''
|''+17''
|-
| colspan="8" align="left" |Source: Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha Results Constituency Map: Lok Sabha Election Result with constituencies details along electoral map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|access-date=20 July 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/constituency-map|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===By state and territory===
====States====
{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]
!rowspan="2"|Seats
|bgcolor="{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}"|
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Other}}"|
|-
![[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
!Others
|-
![[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency#General Election 2004|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
!42
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|35
|5
|2
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
!2
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|11
|3
|0
|2
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
!40
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|29
|11
|0
|0
|-
![[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
!11
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|10
|0
|0
|-
!Dadra and Nagar Haveli
!1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Daman and Diu
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|6
|1
|0
|0
|-
!Goa
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
!26
|12
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|14
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
!10
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|9
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
!4
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|3
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
!5
|3
|0
|0
|3
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
!14
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|12
|1
|1
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
!28
|8
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|18
|2
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
!20
|2
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|18
|0
|-
![[2024 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
!29
|4
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|25
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
!48
|23
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|25
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
!2
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Meghalaya
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004|Mizoram]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2024 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
!Orissa
!21
|3
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|18
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Pondicherry|Pondicherry]]
!1
|style="background:{{Party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
!13
|2
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|11
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
!25
|4
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|21
|0
|0
|-
![[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004|Sikkim]]
!1
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|1
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
!39
|style="background:{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}; color:white;"|39
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
!2
|0
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|2
|0
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
!80
|9
|11
|0
|style="background:{{Party color|Other}}; color:white;"|61
|-
![[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
!5
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white;"|3
|0
|1
|-
![[2004 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
!42
|6
|1
|style="background:{{Party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}; color:white;"|35
|0
|-
!Total
!543
!218
!181
!60
!84
|-
|}

====Territories====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Territories
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% of Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Alliance
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency#General Election 2004|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''55.77'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|35.95
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|0
|2.71
|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|1.72
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|3.85
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|[[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency#General elections 2004|Chandigarh]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''52.06'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|0
|35.22
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|0
|6.61
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|3.42
|None
|-
|align=left| Others
|0
|2.69
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[2004 Indian general election in Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|align=left| '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|'''6'''
|'''54.81'''
|'''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1
|40.67
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|0
|2.48
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|0
|1.27
|None
|-
|align=left rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004|Lakshadweep]]
|align=left| '''[[Janata Dal (United)]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''49.02'''
|'''[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|-
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|0
|48.79
|[[United Progressive Alliance]]
|-
|align=left| [[Janata Party]]
|0
|1.47
|None
|-
|align=left| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|0
|0.72
|None
|}

==Analysis==
{{main|2004 Indian general election analysis}}
Though pre-poll predictions were for an overwhelming majority for the BJP, the exit polls (immediately after the elections and before the counting began) predicted a [[hung parliament]]. However, even the exit polls could only indicate the general trend and nowhere close to the final figures. There is also the general perception that as soon as the BJP started realising that events might not proceed entirely in its favour, it changed the focus of its campaign from ''India Shining'' to issues of stability. Congress was regarded as old-fashioned by the ruling NDA and many. But Congress declared that it has largely backing of poor, rural, lower-caste and minority voters though all sections of the society had participated in the economic boom of Vajpayee's years. The BJP declared that, PV Narasimha Rao's govt had created a wealthy middle class. But Congress achieved its victory on grounds of coalition politics.

==Impact==
The rout of the ruling parties in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] in the general elections led to calls for the dissolution of the governments of these states.

The stock market ([[Bombay Stock Exchange]]) fell in the week prior to the announcement of the results due to fears of the defeat of NDA government and stoppage of its economic reforms. As soon as counting began, however, it became clear that the Congress coalition was headed for a sizeable lead over the NDA and the market surged, only to crash the following day when the left parties, whose support would be required for government formation, announced that it was their intention to do away with the disinvestment ministry. Following this, [[Manmohan Singh]], the Prime Minister (in office 2004–14) and the prime architect of the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, hurried to reassure investors that the new government would strive to create a business-friendly climate. Later in his Book, Turning Points Former president [[Abdul Kalam]] said that he has no objection against Sonia's candidancy and he said to ready the documents with Sonia as Prime Minister.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalam-was-ready-to-make-sonia-pm/article3585909.ece</ref>

==Events==
*13 May - Congress wins a minority of seats in the Lok Sabha (142) and forms UPA which has plurality of seats (219 seats against 188 for the BJP). This event shocks many.
*13 May - Counting of votes in the parliamentary elections begins.
*11 May - Congress wins the Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh by 2/3 majority.
*10 May - The fourth and final phase of elections comes to an end. Results will come out for 542 of the 543 parliament seats with elections to be held again in [[Chhapra]].
*5 May - Third phase of polling comes to an end with the ruling coalition government gaining seats according to exit polls but still off the victory target. Reports of [[booth capturing]] in Chhapra, capture headlines.
*26 April - Second phase of elections sees 55-60% polling. This is the final phase for assembly elections. Polling covers 136 parliamentary constituencies in 11 states. The share market starts to crash as the investors suspected that the NDA government might find it hard to come back to power—raising doubts about the continuation of economic reforms initiated by the NDA government.
*22 April - [[Tripura]], where polling was delayed because of a local holiday, votes for its two MPs. A turnout of close to 60% is reported, despite calls for abstention made by separatists.
*20 April - The first phase of the vote is held, with average turnouts of between 50% and 55%. Voting is reported as brisk, and the day unfolds relatively smoothly, albeit with some glitches reported with the electronic voting machines. Isolated violent incidents take place in [[Kashmir]], [[Jammu]], [[Manipur]], and [[Jharkhand]].
*8 April - The NDA's top leaders meet in [[New Delhi]] to adopt its [[manifesto]] for the elections, Agenda for Development and Good Governance.
*7 April - Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Bajpayee files nomination as the candidate from his seat [[Lucknow]].
*6 April - The BJP and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) tell the Election Commission that they will continue to raise the issue of the foreign origin of Congress president Sonia Gandhi.
*4 April - An [[First Information Report|FIR]] is lodged against [[external affairs]] [[Political minister|minister]] [[Yashwant Sinha]] for alleged violation of election [[code of conduct]] during a poll meeting in [[Ranchi]]. Besides Sinha, FIRs were lodged against three other BJP leaders who participated in the meeting. All were acquitted.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha]]
*[[2004 elections in India]]
*[[Election Commission of India]][[:Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==Further reading==
*Shastri, Sandeep, K.C. Suri & Yogendra Yadav (2009) (ed.). ''Electoral Politics in Indian States : Lok Sabha Elections in 2004 and Beyond'', New Delhi : Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-806329-6}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in/ Election Commission of India]
*[http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ Parliament of India]
*[http://in.rediff.com/election/map04.htm Interactive map at rediff.com]
*[http://theravingreporter.com/india-2004-gangsters-politics-poverty-caste-and-communal-violence-in-modis-home-state-and-bombay/ Report from Mumbai, Gujarat during 2004 election]

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2004 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:2004 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:2004 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]

Physiographical Regions of Bihar

2026-04-08T16:50:51Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Infobox place geography|name=[[Bihar]]|map=Satellite Map of Bihar.jpg|region=[[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], [[East India]]|coordinates=24°-20'-10" N ~ 27°-31'-15" N (latitude) and 83°-19'-50" E ~ 88°-17'-40" E longitude<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/main.htm |title=State Profile |access-date=2008-11-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409234618/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/main.htm |archive-date=2009-04-09 }}</ref>|area ranking=13|km area=94163|percent land=|percent water=|borders='''North Side''' – [[Nepal]] <br />'''East Side''' – [[West Bengal]] <br />'''West Side''' – [[Uttar Pradesh]] <br />'''South Side''' – [[Jharkhand]]|highest point=|lowest point=|longest river=[[Ganges]]|largest lake=|natural resources=[[Steatite]], [[Pyrites]], [[Quartzite]], [[Crude Mica]], [[Limestone]]|natural hazards=[[Floods in Bihar|Floods]]|neighbors=|lakes=|valley=|islands=|deserts=|natural issue=}}Located in the [[East India|eastern India]], [[Bihar]] is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|twelfth-largest Indian state]] with an area of 94,163 km<sup>2</sup> (36,357 mi<sup>2</sup> ) and an average elevation of about 150 meters above mean sea level. The [[Landlocked state|landlocked]] [[Bihar]] shares boundary with [[Nepal]] to the north, the states of [[West Bengal]] to the east, [[Jharkhand]] to the south and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the west.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar {{!}} History, Map, Population, Government, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Bihar has three parts on basis of physical and structural conditions- [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau Region]], [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar Plain]], and [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Region]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=2017-12-20|title=Geographical location of Bihar|url=https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Bihar PSC Exam Notes|language=en-US}}</ref> Third, [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Region]] in sub-Himalayan foothills of [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik range's]] shadows the state from Northern part of [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] over an area 32 km long and 6–8 km wide. [[West Champaran district]] are clad in a belt of moist deciduous [[forest]]. As well as trees, this consists of scrub, grass and reeds.

== Physiographical Regions ==
Physiographical, Bihar state can be divided into three Physiographical regions.

=== The [[Shivalik Range Region of Bihar|Shivalik Range Region]] ===
[[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Hills]] are off-shoots of the Himalayan system and this sub-Himalayan foothills region lies in the northern part of the [[Bihar]]. There are some small hills like [[Someshwar Hills|Someshwar hills]] and the [[Dun Hills|Dun hills]], in the extreme north of [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=2017-12-20|title=Geographical location of Bihar|url=https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Bihar PSC Exam Notes|language=en-US}}</ref> South of it lies the [[Terai region|Tarai region]], a belt of marshy and sparsely populated region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=2017-12-20|title=Geographical location of Bihar|url=https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Bihar PSC Exam Notes|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== The [[Bihar Plain]] ===
[[Gangetic Plain|Bihar's Plain]] is located between the [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau]] and [[Shivalik Range|Northern Mountains]] which is bounded by 150m contour line in the North as well as in the South. The Ganga is the most dominant river of Bihar state and is joined by the rivers: [[Ghaghara|Ghaghra]], [[Gandaki River|Gandak]], [[Burhi Gandak River|Burhi Gandak]], [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]], [[Kamla Balan|Kamla-Balan]], [[Kosi River|Kosi]] and [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]] flowing southward from [[Himalayas]] in northern part of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]]. The vast stretch of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|fertile]] [[Bihar Plain]] is divided by the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] into two unequal part - the [[North Bihar]] and the [[South Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=Geographical Structure of Bihar: Geology {{!}} Physiology {{!}} Plain {{!}}Plateau|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

==== [[Northern Bihar Plain]] ====
It is located in [[Supaul district|Supaul]], [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] & [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] (Terai area with higher elevation), and plains of [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Begusarai]], [[Saharsa]] and [[Katihar district|Kathihar]]. Region is drained by Saryu, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, Kosi and Mahanadi and their tributaries.

==== [[South Bihar|Southern Bihar Plain]] ====
It is narrow than northern plain of Bihar and triangular in shape because many hills are located in this region such as hills of [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Rajgir]], Giriak, [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]], [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] and Kharagpur hills.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deo|first=Avinash Mohan|title=Physiographic Divisions of Bihar|url=https://www.csejunction.com/2020/08/physiographic-divisions-of-bihar.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=CSE Junction|language=en}}</ref>

=== The [[Southern Plateau Region of Bihar|Southern Plateau Region]] ===
The region is in the southern flanks of [[Bihar]] between [[Southern Plain]] and [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhotanagpur]] Plateau of [[Jharkhand]]. It lies between [[Kaimur Range|Kaimur]] in the West to [[Banka district|Banka]] in the East and It is made up of hard rock's like [[gneiss]], [[schist]] and [[granite]]. This region blessed with many conical hills which are made up of [[batholith]] like Pretshil, Ramshila and Jethian hill.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India
}}

* [[Geography of Bihar]]
* [[Administration in Bihar|Administrative Division in Bihar]]
* [[Climate of Bihar]]
* [[Floods in Bihar]]

== References and footnotes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Bihar}}
[[Category:Geography of Bihar| ]]

Ashraf Ali Khan (politician, born 1972)

2026-04-08T04:55:43Z

ArcherMill7063: made a bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashraf Ali Khan
| image = MLA_Ashraf_Ali_Khan.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| constituency = [[Thana Bhawan (Assembly constituency)|Thana Bhawan]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Suresh Rana]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|08|18}}
| spouse = Rama Ashraf
| children = Shayan Ali Khan (Son)
Ayan Ali Khan (Son)
Rahma Ali Khan (Daughter)
| parents = Shaukat Ali Khan (father),
Firasat Jahan Begum (mother).
died 23 July 2023.
| birth_place = [[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]], [[shamli district]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]], [[Politician]]
}}
'''Ashraf Ali Khan''' is an Indian Politician and a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thana Bhawan (Assembly constituency)|Thana Bhawan]] representing [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] since March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Thana Bhawan Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ashraf Ali Khan of RLD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/thana-bhawan-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4849367.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-03-10 |title=Thana Bhawan Vidhan Sabha seat: सुरेश राणा की बड़ी हार, RLD प्रत्याशी अशरफ अली की 10 हजार से अधिक वोटों से जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/up-assembly-election-2022-thana-bhavan-vidhan-sabha-chunav-bjp-minister-suresh-rana-and-sp-rld-candidate-ashraf-ali-in-fray-1069384.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Thana Bhawan Election Result 2022LIVE: RLD के ASHRAF ALI KHAN की हुई जीत, AAP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/thana-bhawan-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-2078077 |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thana Bhawan Election Result 2022 LIVE: Thana Bhawan MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/thana-bhawan-assembly-elections-up-9/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ashraf Ali}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-RLD-politician-stub}}

INS Aravali

2026-04-07T19:48:04Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{promotional tone|date=September 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since early versions, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] -- undue emphasis on significance, vocab distro typical of LLM output etc}}
{{Short description|Indian Navy's Command and Control and IoR Domain Awareness centre}}

{{Infobox military installation
| name = INS Aravali
| image =
| caption =
| location = Gurugram, [[Gurugram district]], [[Haryana]], India
| type = Inland Naval Base
| coordinates = 
| ownership = [[Indian Navy]]
| controlledby = [[Western Naval Command]]
| occupants = [[Information Management and Analysis Centre|IMAC]] and [[Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region|IFC-IOR]]
| open_to_public = No
| site_area =
| built = 12 September 2025<ref name=led1/><ref name=led2/><ref name=led3/>
| used = Ongoing 
| current_commander =
| past_commanders =
| garrison =
| battles =
}}

'''INS Aravali''' serves as the [[Indian Navy]]'s Naval Information and Communication centre, located in [[Gurugram]] city of [[Haryana]] state of [[India]], where it enhances India's [[command and control]] (C2) and [[maritime domain awareness]] (MDA),<ref name=hin1/> and provides support to the co-located ''[[Information Management and Analysis Centre]]'' (IMAC) and ''[[Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region]]'' (IFC-IOR).<ref name=toist1/> As a land-based naval establishment,<ref name="UNI Commissioning"/> which is referred to as a "[[stone frigate]],"<ref name="OED">{{cite web |title=stone frigate, n. |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/stone-frigate_n?tl=true |website=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=18 September 2024 |quote=A naval establishment on land.}}</ref> INS Aravali is not a naval vessel but a landlocked facility commissioned into the Indian Navy.<ref name="UNI Commissioning">{{cite news |title=Defence Minister To Commission INS Aravali In Gurugram On Saturday |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/north/defence-chandigarh-ins-aravali/3575400.html |work=United News of India |date=16 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref>

==Background==

===Etymology===

Named after the [[Aravalli Range]], the base embodies resilience and vigilance, with its crest featuring a central mountain symbol for the Aravalli mountain range and a rising sun.<ref name=vajir1>{{cite web |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/ins-aravali/ |title=INS Aravali, Design, Features, Strategic Role, Capacity, Latest News |publisher=Vajiram & Ravi |date=13 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

=== History ===

INS Aravali was commissioned on 12 September 2025 by Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi, the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], in the presence of senior naval officers, including Vice Admiral Sanjay Vatsayan (Vice Chief of the Naval Staff) and Vice Admiral Tarun Sobti (Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff), as well as Mrs. Shashi Tripathi, President of the Naval Welfare and Welfare Association.<ref name=hub1>{{cite web |url= https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2166105 |title=Indian Navy commissions INS Aravali at Gurugram |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=12 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=hin1/> The commissioning warrant was read by Captain Sachin Kumar Singh.<ref name=hin1/>

==Details==

=== Significance ===

INS Aravali's motto '''''सामुद्रिकसुरक्षायाः सहयोगं''''' (''{{lang|en|Maritime Security through Collaboration}}''),<ref name=hin1>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-aravali-commissioned-as-navys-new-nerve-centre-in-gurugram/article70042441.ece |title=INS Aravali Commissioned as Navy's new nerve centre in Gurugram |author=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=led1>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy to strengthen its Maritime Domain Awareness capability with commissioning of INS Aravali at Gurugram |date=2025-09-11 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2165772 |access-date=2025-09-12}}</ref><ref name=led2>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2025-09-11 |title=Indian Navy to operationalise new info centre in Gurugram today |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-to-operationalise-new-info-centre-in-gurugram-today-3723886 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=led3>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-09-10 |title=Indian Navy to commission INS Aravalli tomorrow, aiming at strengthening maritime domain awareness |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/11/indian-navy-to-commission-ins-aravalli-tomorrow-aiming-at-strengthening-maritime-domain-awareness |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> reflects its emphasis on ensuing maritime security through inter-agency and international cooperation.<ref name=hub1/><ref name=vajir1/> INS Aravali plays a pivotal role in bolstering India's [[maritime security]] architecture, particularly in the [[Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean Region]] (IOR). It reinforces India's position as the [[Indian Ocean Naval Symposium|preferred security partner]] in the region and aligns with the vision of ''MAHASAGAR'' (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and [[Indian Ocean Rim Association|Growth Across Regions]]), promoting collaborative efforts for regional stability.<ref name=hub1/><ref name=vajir1/> By enhancing situational awareness and inter-agency coordination, the base contributes to the Navy's operational readiness and eternal vigilance over maritime domains.<ref name=hin1/> The base will also support the [[Information Management and Analysis Centre]] (IMAC), which was founded in Gurugram in 2014, and the [[Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region]] (IFC-IOR), established in 2018. The IMAC gathers data from various sources, including coastal radars and satellites, to evaluate threats in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).<ref name=toist1/> IFC-IOR works towards enhancing maritime security and safety in the Indian Ocean and it has established more than 65 international working-level linkages with nations and multinational/maritime security centres.<ref name="IFC-IOR website">{{cite web |title=IFC-IOR |url=https://ifcior.indiannavy.gov.in/about_us |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> The establishment of INS Aravali is a key part of the Indian Navy's strategy to integrate advanced technology into its operations. By focusing on [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), feeds from [[Integrated Coastal Surveillance System]] radars and [[Integrated Space Cell]]'s [[ISRO]]-launched [[Defence_Space_Agency#Operational|Indian military satellites]], [[big data]], and [[data analytics]] this initiative aims to be a dedicated '''Satellite Data Analytics Centre'''. The overall goal is to significantly improve India's maritime domain awareness (MDA), providing a comprehensive, real-time picture of activities in the maritime IOR.<ref name="UNI Commissioning"/>

INS Aravali's establishment reflects the Indian Navy's evolving strategy of expanding its support infrastructure inland. By diversifying its assets away from the coast, the navy ensures greater strategic redundancy and protection against threats. This naval facility in Haryana also extends the navy's outreach and recruitment efforts into the northern regions of India.<ref name=toist1>{{cite news |title= Navy commissions new base to support surveillance in Indian ocean region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-commissions-new-base-to-support-surveillance-in-indian-ocean-region/articleshow/123862327.cms |work= Times of India |date=13 September 2025 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> The base's establishment marks a significant expansion of the Indian Navy's inland infrastructure, leveraging Gurugram's strategic proximity to [[New Delhi]] and its [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] for enhanced logistical support.<ref name=Drish1>{{cite web |url= https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/ins-aravali-commissioned-in-gurugram |title=INS Aravali Commissioned in Gurugram |publisher=Drishti IAS |date=15 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Function and Role ===

As an inland naval station, INS Aravali's primary functions are not combat-oriented.<ref name=hub1/><ref name=Drish1/> The facility's location in Gurugram, surrounded by natural terrain, offers inherent security while facilitating rapid coordination with national and regional stakeholders.<ref name=hin1/> INS Aravali is designed as a technology and collaboration hub, providing administrative and logistical support to naval operations. It integrates various information and communication centers essential for the Indian Navy's MDA capabilities, enabling seamless connectivity across naval platforms and international partners. Training, administration (a nodal center for administrative control and coordination for naval operations and personnel in IOR), logistics and maintenance, and naval mobilisation.<ref name=hub1/><ref name=Drish1/> The base upholds the Navy's core values of duty, honour, and courage, focusing on information dominance to defend India's maritime interests.<ref name=hub1/>

==See also==

* [[Indian Military]]
** [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
** [[History_of_Haryana#Military|Indian Military establishments in Haryana]]
** [[List_of_Indian_Navy_bases#Military|Indian military related lists]]
** [[List_of_Indian_Navy_bases#Navy|Indian navy related lists]]
** [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
** [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
** [[List of Cantonments in India]]
** [[Hisar Military Station]]

* [[Indian Ocean]]
** [[Indian Ocean Naval Symposium]]
** [[Indian Ocean Research Group]]
** [[List of islands in the Indian Ocean]]
** [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean]]
** [[Indian Ocean Rim Association]]
** [[Maritime Silk Road]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Indian Navy bases]]

Vidyagauri Nilkanth

2026-04-05T22:46:53Z

ArcherMill7063: Starting Initial Info Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Indian social reformer, educationist and writer (1876-1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vidyagauri Nilkanth
| image = Vidyaben Nilkanth 1895.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Vidyagauri around 1895
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1876|6|1}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1958|12|07|1876|6|1}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ramanbhai Nilkanth]]|1889}}
| children = [[Jyotsna Mehta]]<nowiki> [ [Sarojini Mehta]] </nowiki>[[Kandarpkumar Nilkanth]] [[Saudamini Mehta]] [[Vinodonee Nilkanth]] [[Sushrutkumar Nilkanth]] [[Tarngini Cholia]]
| known_for = [[Social reformer]], educationist and writer
| awards =
| relatives = [[Sharda Mehta]] (sister)
[[Sohan Nilkanth]] (grandson)
Swatiben Desai (granddaughter)
[[Rohini Patel]] (granddaughter)
[[Mukul Patel]] (great-grandson)
[[Indigo Luksch]] (great-great-grandson)
[[Elektra Luksch]] (great-great-granddaughter)
}}

'''Vidyagauri Nilkanth''' (1876-1958) was an Indian social reformer, educationist, and writer. She was also one of the first two women graduates in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Stree Shakti">{{cite web|title=Stree Shakti|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookV.aspx?author=3|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref><ref name="Win Entrance Biography">{{cite web|title=Win Entrance Biography|url=http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/vidya-gauri-nilkanth.html|access-date=2016-11-10|archive-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110174644/http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/vidya-gauri-nilkanth.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Ramanbhai Nilkanth Vidyagauri Nilkanth.jpg|thumb|Vidyagauri with her husband [[Ramanbhai Nilkanth]]|upright=0.8|left]]
Vidyagauri Nilkanth was born on 1 June 1876 in [[Ahmedabad]]. She was the daughter of a judicial officer, Gopilal Dhruva and Balaben.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Vidyagauri-Nilkanth.html|title=વિદ્યાગૌરી નીલકંઠ|last=Bhatt|first=Pushpa|website=gujaratisahityaparishad.com|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language=gu|trans-title=Vidyagauri Nilkanth|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref name="Stree Shakti"/> She was a granddaughter of [[Bholanath Divetia]], a social reformer and poet.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeaVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|title=International Journal of Afro-Asian Studies|last=Sujata|first=Menon|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-1-61233-709-8|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Siddhartha|volume=4|pages=17–18|issue=1}}</ref> She got her primary education (till Class VII) from Raibahadur Maganbhai Girl's High School and completed secondary school education from Anglo-vernacular classes at the Mahalakshmi Teachers Training College. She married [[Ramanbhai Nilkanth]] in 1889 and together they wrote many articles, books and jointly edited a magazine, ''[[Jnanasudha]]''.<ref name="Win Entrance Biography"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Vinodini Nilkanth]] and [[Sarojini Mehta]] were their daughters.<ref name=":1"/>

With the support of her husband, she completed her matriculation in 1891 standing the first in Gujarati in the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] and pursued higher education.<ref name=":2" /> She enrolled in 1894 and graduated from [[Gujarat College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in moral philosophy and logic in 1901. Her education was interrupted by frequent pregnancies.<ref name=":2" /> She was awarded a fellowship and thus her younger sister, [[Sharda Mehta]], and she became the first two women graduates in Gujarat.<ref name="Win Entrance Biography"/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=વીસમી સદીનું ગુજરાતી નારીલેખન|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=2005|isbn=8126020350|editor-last=Chaudhari|editor-first=Raghuveer|editor-link=Raghuveer Chaudhari|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|pages=349, 351|language=gu|trans-title=20 Century Women's Writing's in Gujarati|chapter=લેખિકા-પરિચય|trans-chapter=Introduction of Women Writers|oclc=70200087|editor-last2=Dalal|editor-first2=Anila|editor-link2=Anila Dalal}}</ref>

==Social work==
Nilkanth was involved in social work from a young age. She devoted her life for the upliftment of women.<ref name="Win Entrance Biography"/> She started tailoring classes for poor Muslim women with support from the [[National Indian Association]]. She organized adult education classes and various activities for the War Relief Fund during [[World War I]]. She was made [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] for her service. She started the Ahmedabad branch of the [[All India Women's Conference]]. She also presided over the Lucknow session of the AIWC. She was associated with numerous educational institutions such as the Maganbhai Karamchand Girls’ High School, the Diwalibai Girls’ School, Ranchhodhal Chhotalal Girls’ High School and the Vanita Vishrams which provided secondary education to women who were widows or dropouts from school because of marriage.<ref name="Stree Shakti"/>

She founded Lalshanker Umia Shanker Mahila Pathshala, which was later affiliated to [[SNDT Women's University|SNDT (Karve) University]]. She taught English, Psychology and Philosophy in this college.<ref name="Stree Shakti"/>

She was briefly served as a government appointed member of a committee in the [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad municipality]].<ref name=":0" /> She was associated with Prartha Samaj and was Honorary Secretary and then President of the Mahipatram Rupram Anath Ashram, an orphanage.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Stree Shakti"/>

== Literary career ==
She contributed to women’s magazines such as ''Gunsundari'', ''Streebodh'', and ''Sharada''. She was the president of the 15th session of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]. She had also served as a president of [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha|Gujarat Vidya Sabha]] and [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Stree Shakti"/><ref name=":1" />

She had written several essays with light humour as well as biographical sketches. ''Foram'' (1955) includes biographical sketches of his relatives and associates which influenced her. Her other essay collections are: ''Grihadipika'' (1931), ''Narikunj'' (1956), ''Gyansudha'' (1957). Her miscellaneous essays are included in ''Hasyamandir''. She had written biography ''Pro. Dhondo Keshav Karve'' (1916).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

With her sister [[Sharda Mehta]], she translated [[R.C. Dutt|Romesh Chunder Dutt]]’s book, ''[[The Lake of Palms]]'' (1902) as Sudhasuhasini (1907); and [[Baroda State|The Maharani of Baroda]] (Chimnabai II)'s ''Position of Women in Indian Life'' (1911) as ''Hindustanma Streeonu Samajik Sthan'' (1915).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Stree Shakti"/>

== Awards ==
In 1926, she was awarded [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind]] medal.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nilkanth, Vidyagauri}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Nilkanth family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Madhya Pradesh High Court Bench at Indore

2026-03-31T02:01:09Z

ArcherMill7063: put up a info.

{{Short description|Government court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox high court
|court_name =Madhya Pradesh High Court Bench at Indore
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|established = 1920
|location = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates={{coord|22|43|10.15|N|75|52|27.12|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
|type = [[President of India|Presidential]] appointment with [[advice and consent|confirmation]] of [[Chief Justice of India]] and [[Governors of states of India|Governor of respective state]].
|authority = [[Constitution of India]]
|appealsto = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|terms = Till 53 years of age
|positions =
|website = [http://indorehcbar.org/ indorehcbar.org]
|chiefjudgetitle =
|chiefjudgename =
|termstart =
|termend =
}}
'''Madhya Pradesh High Court Bench at Indore''' is a permanent bench of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] in [[Indore]]. Hon’ble the Chief Justice, vide order dated 1 November 1956 constituted temporary benches of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at [[Indore]] and [[Gwalior]]. Later, by a Presidential Notification Dated 28 November 1968, issued in the exercise of the powers conferred by the Subsection (2) of section 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, permanent benches of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Indore and Gwalior were established.

==History==
In 1913, under Mandsaur Treaty, the British established their existence in Indore through [[East India Company]]. The English, wherever they went, established their military, civil and health services as well as judicial system. Implementation of proceeding to impart justice to the people having transaction with the English and residing under their jurisdiction, was initiated at all levels. Until the end of 19th century, the portions of Indore city under the jurisdiction of the British were known as cantonment. In the court of Resident, British law was applicable and District Judge of Khandwa in the British India used to come to exercise jurisdiction of High Court Judge in the cases of cantonment. In the rest of Indore under [[Holkars]] imparting justice went on as per old pattern by the jurists and petitions were finally decided in the Court of King. From the beginning of 20th Century administrative system of Holkar was highly influenced and the Britishers went on increasing their control over [[Malwa]] as advisers. From the beginning of 20th Century, officers of judiciary were being appointed according to advise of English and in Indore under the reign of Holkar, retired High Court Judges of British India were being appointed as Chief Justice. During this process, British law was adopted which prevailed as law made by Holkar. In 1931, extension of legal education started at Holkar College and thereafter study of law completely started in Indore. Prior to it, citizens of Indore had to go to pune, Bombay, Agra and Allahabad for obtaining degree of law.

==Formation==
In 1947, a new State known as [[Madhya Bharat]] came into existence in which Indore and other states were included and, capital and High Court both the places remained at [[Indore]] and [[Gwalior]]. On 26 January 1950, the Republic Day, constitutional High Court at Indore came into existence, and under the leadership of Hon'ble Justice [[P.K. Kaul|Shri P.K. Kaul]], the present system of High Court started at Indore. Justice Shri Kaul hailed from [[Allahabad High Court]]. Under his guidance it was decided that High Court should work at a different place. For it, the Government of Madhya Bharat obtained land from Maharaja Holkar for the present building on 22 March 1955. The [[President of India]], Hon'ble [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] laid foundation stone of this building.

==Bench Conflict==
In 1956, State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] came into existence. That time, it was apprehended that the Bench of High Court at Indore might cease its existence, because [[Jabalpur]] was awarded with the High Court in lieu of capital. The then Chief Justice Hon'ble [[Mohammad Hidayatullah|Shri Hidayatullah]] tried his best to keep High Court intact and only at a place. After Hon'ble late Justice P.K. Dixit became the Chief Justice, Bench at Indore resumed its lost dignity. During his tenure Indore Bench was declared a permanent bench by the President of India instead of being a bench established by the powers vested with the Chief Justice.

In March 1959, Indore Bench was established in the present building, then the work started here with only 4 Judges. For the first time Hon'ble Shri Justice Newaskar, Hon'ble Shri Krishnan, Hon'ble Shri S.B. Sen and Hon'ble Shri Justice Razzaque were appointed.

==Territorial Jurisdiction==
The Indore High Court bench has the second largest jurisdiction area in state with 14 revenue districts which covers whole [[Malwa]] and [[Nimar]] region i.e. western Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mphighcourt.nic.in/history_mp.htm | title=HISTORY & CONSTITUTION OF THE HIGH COURT | access-date=16 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122134815/http://mphighcourt.nic.in/history_mp.htm | archive-date=22 November 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The revenue districts includes [[Alirajpur District]], [[Barwani District]], [[Dewas District]], [[Dhar District]], [[Indore District]], [[Jhabua District]], [[Mandsaur District]], [[Neemuch District]], [[Ratlam District]], [[Rajgarh District]], [[Shajapur District]], [[Ujjain District]] and [[Khargone District]] (West Nimar), [[Agar Malwa District]].

==See also==
* [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
* [[List of high courts in India]]

== References ==
* [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts]
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore]]
[[Category:High courts of India]]

Tipu Sultan

2026-03-29T14:51:36Z

ArcherMill7063: cleanup section as per guidelines and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Sultan of Mysore from 1782 to 1799}}
{{other uses|Tipu Sultan (disambiguation)|Tipu (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tipu Sultan
| title = [[Padishah|Badshah]]<br />Nasīb-ud-Daulah<br />Amīr-e-Watan<br>Sher-e-Mysore
| titletext =
| image = TipuSultan1790.jpg
| caption = Portrait {{circa|1790s}}
| reign = {{Nowrap|10 December 1782 – 4 May 1799}}
| reign-type =
| coronation = 29 December 1782<br>[[Tipu Sultan Fort|Seringapatam Fort]]
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Hyder Ali]]
| succession = [[List of Indian monarchs|Sultan of Mysore]]
| successor = [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III|Krishnaraja III]] <br/> <small> (as [[Maharaja of Mysore]]) </small>
| pre-type =
| regent = [[Purnaiah]]
| reg-type = [[Dewan of Mysore|Dewan]]
| consort = Ruqaiya Begum
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
|{{marriage|Ruqaya Banu Begum|1774}}
|{{marriage|Khadija Zaman Begum|1796|1797|end=died}}
}}
| spouse-type = Wife
| issue = [[Shezada Hyder Ali]]<br>[[Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib]]
| issue-link = Tipu Sultan#Family
| dynasty = Khudadad
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Army]]
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sultanate of Mysore]]
| serviceyears = 1766–1799
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[Sultan]]<br>[[Ispahsalar]]<br>[[Amir]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]]
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]
* [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]
** [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Pollilur (1780)]]
** Annagudi (1782)
** [[Siege of Bednore|Bednore (1783)]]
**[[Siege of Mangalore|Mangalore (1783–84)]]
*[[Maratha-Mysore War]]
**Moti Talab (1771)
**[[Second siege of Nargund|Nargund (1785)]]
**[[Siege of Adoni|Adoni (1786)]]
**[[Battle of Savanur|Savanur (1786)]]
**[[Siege of Bahadur Benda|Bahadur Benda (1787)]]
*[[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
*[[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
**[[Battle of Nedumkotta|Nedumkotta (1789–90)]]
**[[Siege of Bangalore|Bangalore (1791)]]
**[[Battle of Arakere|Arakere (1791)]]
**[[Siege of Coimbatore|Coimbatore (1791)]]
**[[Siege of Nundydroog|Nundydroog (1791)]]
**[[Siege of Savendroog|Savendroog (1791)]]
**[[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|Seringapatam (1792)]]
*[[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]
**[[Battle of Seedaseer|Seedaseer (1799)]]
**[[Battle of Sultanpet Tope|Sultanpet Tope (1799)]]
**[[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Seringapatam (1799)]]{{KIA}}

{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
| full name = Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu
| era name = Mauludi
| era dates = 10 March 1784 – 4 May 1799
| regnal name = Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur
| posthumous name = Hazrat Ṭīpū Sultān Shahīd Raḥmatu -llāhi ʿAlayhū
| father = [[Hyder Ali]]
| mother = Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa
| signature = Official Seal of Tipu Sultan.png
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
| religion = [[Islam]]{{Efn|Tipu was non-sectarian, frequently revering both the 3 caliphs and the 12 Imams, Tipu also attended and propagated Muharram mourning activities and there are many instances of Muharram activities being carried out in Srirangapatnam}}<ref>{{cite book |last1= H. Davis |first1= Richard |title=Lives of Indian Images | chapter= |year =1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press | location= Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=0-691-00520-6 |page=149 | quote="Both Haidar 'Ali and Tipu Sultan were parvenu Sunni Muslim rulers..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Writing of the Nation by Its Elite: The Politics of Anglophone Indian Literature in the Global Age|year =2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-54129-3 |first=MK|last=Raghavendra| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_kvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tipu+Sunni&pg=PT59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yazdani |first1=Kaveh |title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) | chapter= 2: Mysore |year =2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33078-8 |issn=1877-3206 |pages=312, 313 | doi=10.1163/9789004330795_004 | quote="After coming into power, Tipu ordered his ‘ulama’ to collect significant matters of Mohammadan law, especially those corresponding to the ''Hanafi'' School of thought. As a result, a Persian treatise on the important laws of Islam called ''Fiqh-i Mohammadi'' was written down. Indeed, the existing sources suggest that Tipu was in all likelihood a Sunni Muslim who belonged to the ''Hanafi'' School." }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Modern Indian Language Literature | chapter= 6: The Private as Public |year =2024 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-69578-5 | first=MK|last=Raghavendra| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KO_1EAAAQBAJ&dq=tipu+Sultan+Sunni&pg=PT70}}</ref>
| suc-type =
| birth_name = Fateh Ali
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1751|12|01}}
| birth_place = [[Devanahalli]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] <br /> (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1799|5|4|1751|12|01}}
| death_place = [[Seringapatam]], [[Sultanate of Mysore]] <br /> (present-day Karnataka, India)
| burial_date = 5 May 1799
| burial_place = [[Gumbaz, Srirangapatna]]<br>(present-day [[Mandya]], Karnataka)<br />{{coord|12|24|36|N|76|42|50|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Tipu Sultan''' ({{IPA|ur|ʈiːpuː sʊlt̪aːn|lang}}, {{IPA|kn|ʈipːu sult̪aːn|lang}}, ''Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu''; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as '''Sher-e-Mysore''' (Tiger of Mysore),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cavendish|first=Richard|title=Tipu Sultan killed at Seringapatam|journal=History Today|date=4 May 1999|volume=49|issue=5 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/tipu-sultan-killed-seringapatam|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Brittlebank | first=Kate | title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan | publisher=Claritas Books | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-905837-87-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ | access-date=15 April 2024}} Quote=Aer he died, it became his epithet – 'the Tiger of Mysore' the British called him.</ref> was the [[List of Indian monarchs|Sultan of Mysore]] from 1782 until his death in 1799.<ref>{{cite book|title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ&dq=Tipu+Sultan+indian+muslim+ruler&pg=PA318 |page=67 |first=Kaveh |last=Yazdani |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004330795}}</ref> He was a pioneer of [[rocket artillery]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colley |first1=Linda |title=Going Native, Telling Tales: Captivity, Collaborations and Empire |journal=Past & Present |date=2000 |issue=168 |page=190 |jstor=651308 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref>{{sfn|Dalrymple|2019|p=243}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamil |first1=Arish |title=Why Mysore? The Idealistic and Materialistic Factors Behind Tipu Sultan's War Rocket Success |url=http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-jamil.pdf |website=Emory Endeavors in World History – Volume 5 |publisher=Emory College of Arts and Science |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref> He expanded the iron-cased [[Mysorean rockets]] and commissioned the military manual ''[[Fathul Mujahidin]]''. The [[economy]] of Mysore reached a zenith during his reign. He deployed rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], including the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]] and [[Siege of Srirangapatna (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatna]].<ref name="Narasimha" />

Tipu Sultan and his father [[Hyder Ali]] used their French-trained army in alliance with the French in their struggle with the British,{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=77}} and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers: against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Sira, India|Sira]], and rulers of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], [[Keladi Nayaka Kingdom|Bednore]], [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], and [[Travancore]]. Tipu became the ruler of Mysore upon his father's death from cancer in 1782 during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. He negotiated with the British in 1784 with the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] which ended the war in [[status quo ante bellum]].

Tipu's conflicts with his neighbours included the [[Maratha–Mysore War]], which ended with the signing of the [[Gajendragarh#Treaty of Gajendragad|Treaty of Gajendragad]].{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=105–107}}

Tipu remained an enemy of the British [[East India Company]]. He initiated an [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|attack]] on British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], he was forced into the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]], losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and [[Mangalore]]. In the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], a combined force of British East India Company troops supported by the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] defeated Tipu. He was killed on 4 May 1799 while [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|defending his stronghold of Seringapatam]].

Tipu also introduced administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and calendar,{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=399}} and a new land revenue system, which initiated the growth of the [[Mysore silk]] industry.<ref name="Global Silk Industry">{{cite book |last=Datta |first=R.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC |title=Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-313-0087-9 |page=17}}</ref> He is known for his patronage to [[Channapatna toys]].<ref name="Handmade"/>

== Early years ==
[[File:Birth place of Tipu Sultan , 01.jpg|thumb|Birth place of Tipu Sultan ]]
===Childhood===
Tipu Sultan was born in [[Devanahalli]], in present-day [[Bangalore Rural district]], about {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]] on 1 December 1751.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}<ref name="N18_20210719">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-19|title=Rewriting History: How I Discovered the True Birth Date of Tipu Sultan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/rewriting-history-how-i-discovered-the-true-birth-date-of-tipu-sultan-3980294.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=News18}}</ref> He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]]. Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a religious education and a very early exposure to military and political affairs. At age of 17 onwards Tipu was given charge of diplomatic and military missions and supported his father Hyder in his wars.<ref>{{cite news |title=The history of South India is relatively unknown: Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/the-history-of-south-india-is-relatively-unknown-rajmohan-gandhi-118120900174_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

Tipu's father, [[Hyder Ali]], was a military officer in service to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] who had become the ''de facto'' ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of [[Kadapa]]. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like [[Urdu]], Persian, Arabic, [[Kannada]], [[Beary]], [[Quran]], [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[Equestrianism|riding]], shooting and fencing.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}<ref name="AnwarH">{{cite book |last=Haroon |first=Anwar |title=Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan |date=June 2013 |page=95 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781483615349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7y-KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref>{{sfn|Wenger|2017|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sultan of Mysore – Tipu Sultan |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/ |publisher=Karnataka.com |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

===Language===
Tipu Sultan's mother tongue was [[Urdu]]. The French noted that "Their language is Moorish[Urdu] but they also speak Persian."<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uF_SDwAAQBAJ&dq=moors+urdu&pg=PA31 |title= Muslims and Citizens:Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution|first= Ian |last=Coller |date=2020 |page=31|publisher= Yale University Press|isbn= 9780300243369}}</ref> ''Moors'' at the time was a European designation for Urdu: "I have a deep knowledge [''je possède à fond''] of the common tongue of India, called ''Moors'' by the English, and ''Ourdouzebain'' by the natives of the land."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71h7DgAAQBAJ&dq=follow+theme+in+their+conversation,+even+though+i+have+a+deep+knowledge+%5Bje+possede+a+fond%5D+of+the+common+tongue+of+India,+called+Moors+by+the+English,+and+Ourdouzebain+by+the+natives+of+the+land.&pg=PA259 |title= Europe's India: Words, People, Empires, 1500–1800 |first= Sanjay |last=Subrahmanyam |date= 2017|publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 9780674977556 }}</ref>

'''Religion'''

Tipu hailed from a religious family and used to perform his 5 daily prayers, he was also peer o murshid of popular saint [[Bande Nawaz]] also known as gesu daraz, prayers and celebration of [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] were performed in kingdom along with celebration of [[Mawlid]], [[Ashura]] and [[Urs|Urs of sufi saints]]

Tipu was also secular to allow and celebrate other religion festivals as well.

== Early military service ==
[[File:War coat of Tipu Sultan.jpg|left|thumb|upright|War coat used by Tipu Sultan of Mysore.c. 1785-1790]]
[[File:Flintlock Blunderbuss Tipoo Sahib Seringapatam 1793 1794.jpg|left|thumb|A [[flintlock]] [[blunderbuss]], built for Tipu Sultan in [[Srirangapatna]], 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.<ref name="Moma">Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</ref>]]

=== Early Conflicts ===
Tipu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by French officers in the employment of his father. At age 15, he accompanied his father against the British in the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1766. He commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] in 1767 at age 16. He also took part in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1775–1779.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

[[Alexander Beatson]], who published a volume on the [[Fourth Mysore War]] entitled ''View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun'', described Tipu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands; he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose; his complexion was fair, and the general expression of his countenance, not void of dignity".<ref name=Beatson1>{{cite book |last=Beatson |first=Alexander |year=1800 |title=A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun |chapter-url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html |publisher=G. & W. Nichol |location=London |pages=ci–civ |chapter=Appendix No. XXXIII |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104725/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html |archive-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

===Second Anglo-Mysore War===
{{main|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}

[[File:Battle of pollilur.jpg|thumb|[[Mural]] of the [[Battle of Pollilur]] on the walls of Tipu's summer palace, painted to celebrate his triumph over the British]] [[File:Tipu Sultan%27s cannon.jpg|thumb|Very small Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces now in Government Museum (Egmore), Chennai]]In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis%20medows%20mysore&pg=PA546|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902|pages=431–432}}</ref> During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept [[William Baillie (East India Company officer)|Colonel William Baillie]] who was on his way to join Sir [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]]. In the [[Battle of Pollilur]], Tipu defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he retreated to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|title=The Tiger and The Thistle – Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India|work=nationalgalleries.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111064154/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|archive-date=11 November 2006}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Annagudi near Tanjore on 18 February 1782. Braithwaite's forces, consisting of 100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 [[sepoy]]s and 10 field pieces, was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tipu Sultan seized all guns and took the detachment prisoner. In December 1781 Tipu Sultan seized Chittur from the British. Tipu Sultan had gained sufficient military experience by the time Hyder Ali died on Friday, 6 December 1782. Some historians put Hyder Ali's death at 2 or 3 days later or before due to the Hijri date being 1 [[Muharram]], 1197 as per some records in Persian (which can result in a difference of 1 to 3 days due to the Lunar Calendar). He became the ruler of Mysore on Sunday, 22 December 1782 (the inscriptions in some of Tipu's [[regalia]] show it as 20 [[Muharram]], 1197 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] Sunday) in a simple coronation ceremony.
He subsequently worked on to check the advances of the British by making alliances with the [[Marathas]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. The Second Mysore War came to an end with the 1784 [[Treaty of Mangalore]].{{Clarify|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vs6AQAAMAAJ&q=treaty+of+mangalore&pg=PA139|title=The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803|date=1817|publisher=T.C. Hansard}}</ref>

==Ruler of Mysore==
On 29 December 1782, Tipu Sultan crowned himself ''Badshah'' or Emperor of Mysore with the title Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur at age 32, and struck coinage.<ref name="Brittlebank 2022">{{cite book | last=Brittlebank | first=K. | title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan | publisher=Claritas Books | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-905837-87-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ | access-date=15 April 2024 }}</ref>

===Conflicts with Maratha Confederacy===
{{See also|Battles involving the Maratha Empire#Conflict with the Kingdom of Mysore}}
[[File:Tipu Sultan seated on his throne.jpg|thumb|right|Tipu Sultan seated on his throne (1800), by [[Anna Tonelli]]]]
[[File:Gardens Tipu Summer Palace Srirangapatna Jan24 A7C 08975.jpg|thumb|right|[[Daria Daulat Bagh|Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace]] at [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka]]
The [[Maratha Empire]] under its new [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I]] regained most of Indian subcontinent, twice defeating Tipu's father in 1764 and then in 1767. In 1767 Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao defeated both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and entered Srirangapatna, the capital of Mysore. Hyder Ali accepted the authority of Madhavrao who gave him the title of Nawab of Mysore.{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=72}}

Subsequently, to escape the treaty, Tipu tried to take some Maratha forts in Southern India captured by in the previous war and also stopped the tribute to Marathas which was promised by Hyder Ali.<ref name='tipu 2'>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&q=tipu+48+lacs+maratha&pg=PA175|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|date=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788131300343}}</ref> This brought Tipu in direct conflict with the Marathas, leading to [[Maratha–Mysore War]]<ref name='tipu 2'/>
Conflicts between Mysore (under Tipu) and Marathas:
* [[Second siege of Nargund|Siege of Nargund]] during February 1785 won by Mysore
* [[Siege of Badami]] during May 1786 in which Mysore surrendered
* [[Siege of Adoni]] during June 1786 won by Mysore
* [[Battle of Gajendragad]], June 1786 won by Marathas
* [[Battle of Savanur]] during October 1786 won by Mysore
* [[Siege of Bahadur Benda]] during January 1787 won by Mysore

Conflict ended with [[Gajendragarh#Treaty of Gajendragad|Treaty of Gajendragad]] in March 1787, as per which Tipu returned all the territory captured by [[Hyder Ali]] to [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name='tipu 2'/>{{sfn|Sen|1995|p=54}} Tipu would release Kalopant and return Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas and Tipu would also pay an annual tribute totaling 12 lakhs for an agreed period of 4 years to the Marathas. In return, Tipu Sultan would get all the region that he had captured during the war. This included Gajendragarh and Dharwar.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=105}}{{sfn|Sen|1995|p=59}} The Marathas in return agreed to recognize his authority and to address Tipu sultan as "Nabob Tipu Sultan Futteh Ally Khan".{{sfn|Sen|1995|p=59}} However the Marathas ultimately reneged on the treaty and in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] the Marathas presented their support to the British East India Company which helped the British to take over Mysore in 1799.{{sfn|Moienuddin|2000}}{{page needed|date=December 2023}}{{sfnm|Hasan|2005|1p=105|Sen|1995|2p=59}}

===The Invasion of Malabar (1766–1790)===
{{main|Mysorean invasion of Malabar}}

[[File:Tippoo Sahib at the lines of Travancore in the 1850s.jpg|thumb|200px|Tipu Sultan at the lines of [[Travancore]].]]

In 1766 when he was 15 years old Tipu accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the incident- [[Siege of Tellicherry]] in [[Thalassery]] in North [[Malabar District|Malabar]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/86/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Indian biography|year=1906|publisher=London S. Sonnenschein}}</ref> Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came from [[Mysore]] to reinstate the authority over Malabar. After the [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90]]), due to the monsoon flood, the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the attack of British in [[Srirangapatnam]] he went back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/|title=Tipu Sultan – Personalities|work=Karnataka.com|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

===Third Anglo-Mysore War===
{{main|Third Anglo-Mysore War}}

[[File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|thumb|left|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of [[Srirangapatna]] 1799]] [[File:Surrender of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], receiving two of Tipu Sultan's sons as hostages in the year 1793.|left]]

In 1789, Tipu Sultan disputed the acquisition by [[Dharma Raja of Travancore]] of two [[Dutch Republic|Dutch-held]] fortresses in [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. In December 1789 he massed troops at [[Coimbatore]], and on 28 December [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|made an attack]] on the lines of Travancore, knowing that Travancore was (according to the [[Treaty of Mangalore]]) an ally of the [[British East India Company]].{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} On account of the staunch resistance by the Travancore army, Tipu was unable to break through the Tranvancore lines and the Maharajah of Travancore appealed to the East India Company for help. In response, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] mobilised company and British military forces, and formed alliances with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Tipu. In 1790 the company forces advanced, taking control of much of the Coimbatore district.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} Tipu counter-attacked, regaining much of the territory, although the British continued to hold Coimbatore itself. He then descended into the Carnatic, eventually reaching [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], where he attempted without success to draw the French into the conflict.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}}

In 1791 his opponents advanced on all fronts, with the main British force under Cornwallis [[Siege of Bangalore|taking Bangalore]] and threatening Srirangapatna. Tipu harassed the British supply and communication and embarked on a "scorched earth" policy of denying local resources to the British.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} In this last effort he was successful, as the lack of provisions forced Cornwallis to withdraw to Bangalore rather than attempt a siege of Srirangapatna. Following the withdrawal, Tipu sent forces to Coimbatore, which they retook [[Siege of Coimbatore|after a lengthy siege]].{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}}

The 1792 campaign was a failure for Tipu. The allied army was well-supplied, and Tipu was unable to prevent the junction of forces from Bangalore and Bombay before Srirangapatna.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} After [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|about two weeks of siege]], Tipu opened negotiations for terms of surrender. In the [[Treaty of Seringapatam|ensuing treaty]], he was forced to cede half his territories to the allies,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} and deliver two of his sons as hostages until he paid in full three crores and thirty lakhs rupees fixed as war indemnity to the British for the campaign against him. He paid the amount in two instalments and got back his sons from Madras.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}}

===Napoleon's attempt at a junction===
{{Main|Franco-Indian alliances}}

In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the [[Jacobin Club of Mysore]] for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Upendrakishore|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&pg=PA101|date=April 2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|page=101}}</ref> In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Les "lettres de créances" du corsaire Ripaud. Un "club jacobin" à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797|journal=Les Indes Savantes|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc|last=Boutier|first=Jean|date=2005}}</ref>

One of the motivations of Napoleon's [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|invasion of Egypt]] was to establish a junction with India against the British. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13|title=Tricolor and Crescent|isbn=9780275974701|year=2003|last1=Watson|first1=William E.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref> Napoleon assured the [[French Directory]] that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions."<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12|title=Napoleon and Persia|isbn=9780934211581|date=January 1999|last1=Amini|first1=Iradj|publisher=Mage Publishers }}</ref> According to a 13 February 1798 report by [[Talleyrand]]: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from [[Suez]] to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."<ref name="books.google.com"/> Napoleon was unsuccessful in this strategy, losing the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|Siege of Acre]] in 1799 and at the [[Battle of Abukir (1801)|Battle of Abukir]] in 1801.<ref name=karsh11>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilxxaKRKkC&pg=PA11|title=Empires of the Sand|isbn=9780674005419|year=2001|last1=Karsh|first1=Efraim|last2=Karsh|first2=Inari|publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref>

{{rquote|centre|Although I never supposed that he (''[[Napoleon]]'') possessed, allowing for some difference of education, the liberality of conduct and political views which were sometimes exhibited by old [[Hyder Ali]], yet I did think he might have shown the same resolved and dogged spirit of resolution which induced Tipu Sahib to die manfully upon the breach of his capital city with his sabre clenched in his hand.|Sir [[Walter Scott]], commenting on the abdication of [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte in 1814}}

==Death==
{{Further information|Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}

[[File:Tipu Sultan, Indian warrior Emperor of Mysore.gif|left|thumb|upright=0.8|Tipu Sultan confronts his opponents during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatna.]]]]
[[Horatio Nelson]] defeated [[François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from [[Bombay]] and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Francis |first1=P. Sempa |title=Wellington in India: A Great Commander in Embryo |website=thediplomat.com |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/wellington-in-india-a-great-commander-in-embryo/ |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref> They besieged the capital [[Srirangapatna]] in the [[Fourth Mysore War]].<ref>The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the [House of Lords and House of Commons]-J. Almon, 1793</ref> There were more than 60,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces numbered only around 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to make an easy path for the British.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Sunderlal 2018 p. 364">{{cite book |last=Sunderlal |first=Pandit |title=How India Lost Her Freedom |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-5280-642-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 |access-date=20 January 2022 |page=364}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan led British General Harris to exclaim "Now India is ours."{{sfn|Moienuddin|2000}}{{page needed|date=December 2023}}

When the British [[Battle of Srirangapatna|broke through]] the city walls, French military advisers told Tipu Sultan<ref name="Tipu's french advisors">{{cite news |title=Tipu Sultan: Here're lesser known facts about 'Tiger of Mysore' |url=https://www.siasat.com/tipu-sultan-herere-lesser-known-facts-about-tiger-mysore-1715508/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=2 November 2019}}</ref> to escape via secret passages and to fight the rest of the wars from other forts, but he refused.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tipu, the Citizen-Sultan and the Myth of a Jacobin Club in India |url=https://thewire.in/history/the-citizen-sultan-a-jacobin-club-in-india |website=The Wire}}</ref> Tipu famously said "Better to live one day as a tiger than a thousand years as a sheep".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199539536.001.0001/acref-9780199539536-e-156 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs|edition=5 |access-date=14 February 2017|isbn=978-0-19-953953-6 |last1=Speake |first1=Jennifer |last2=Simpson |first2=John |date=23 October 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

[[File:Tipu death.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun]]'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], c. 1800]]
Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located {{convert|300|yd|m}} from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort.<ref>{{cite web|title=View of the Hoally Gateway, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore)|publisher=British Library Online Gallery |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000138u00000000.html|access-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> He was buried the next afternoon at the [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumaz]], next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that [[Nawab of Carnatic]] [[Umdat Ul-Umra]] secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the war and sought his deposition after 1799.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} These five men include Mir Sadiq, Purnaiya, two military commanders Saiyed Saheb and Qamaruddin, and Mir Nadim, commandant of the fort of Seringapatam. The episode of treachery as narrated by Hasan starts with the disobedience of Tipu's instructions.<ref>{{Cite web|title= A Revaluation of tales of concerning Tipu Sultan's defeat|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/323998/a-re-evaluation-of-tales-of-betrayal-concerning-Tipu-Sultan's-defeat|first=Ayesha|last=Rafiq |date=20 November 2018|work=Daily Times|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> When he died there were jubilant celebrations in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter |title=Seven things you may not have known about Tipu Sultan, India's first freedom fighter |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |date=22 July 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=Scroll.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184846/https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter|url-status=live}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in Britain.<ref name="te Deum">{{cite book |first= Anjali |last=Sengupta |date= 1984 |title= Cameos of Twelve European Women in India, 1757-1857 |publisher= Ṛddhi-India |pages= 11 |oclc= 13531696 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hHwtAAAAMAAJ&q=tipu+public+holiday}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Tipu introduced a new calendar, new coinage, and seven new government departments, during his reign, and made military innovations in the use of rocketry.

===Mysorean rockets===
{{main|Mysorean rockets}}

[[File:Indian soldier of Tipu Sultan's army.jpg|thumb|upright|A soldier from Tipu Sultan's army, using his [[rocket]] as a flagstaff.]]
[[File:Congreve rockets.gif|thumb|Tipu Sultan organised his [[Rocket]] artillery brigades known as ''Cushoons'', Tipu Sultan expanded the number of servicemen in the various ''Cushoons'' from 1500 to almost 5000. The [[Mysorean rockets]] utilised by Tipu Sultan, were later updated by the British and successively employed during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].]]

Dr [[APJ Abdul Kalam]], the former [[President of India]], in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the [[Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum|Royal Artillery Museum]] in London. According to historian Dr [[Dulari Qureshi]] Tipu Sultan was a fierce warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on many fronts at the same time.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029152509/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Tipu's legend lives on |last1=Zachariah |first1=Mini Pant |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 November 2010 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> Tipu managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies.

Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on [[Mysorean rockets|Mysore's use of rocketry]], making critical innovations in the rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had twin side sharpened blades mounted on them, and when fired ''en masse'', spun and wreaked significant damage against a large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time.<ref name="5000 rockets">{{cite news |title=Over 5,000 'war rockets' of Tipu Sultan unearthed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/over-1000-war-rockets-tipu-684169.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=28 July 2018}}</ref> The rockets deployed by Tipu during the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]] were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range).<ref name="5000 rockets"/><ref name=Narasimha/>

British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-mysorean-rocket-helped-tipu-sultans-military-might-gain-new-heights/|title=How the Mysorean rocket helped Tipu Sultan's military might gain new heights|date=5 August 2018}}</ref> During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=Narasimha>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034357/https://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.}}</ref>

===Navy===
In 1786 Tipu Sultan, again following the lead of his father, decided to build a navy consisting of 20 battleships of 72 cannons and 20 frigates of 65 cannons. In the year 1790 he appointed Kamaluddin as his ''Mir Bahar'' and established massive dockyards at [[Jamalabad]] and Majidabad. Tipu Sultan's board of admiralty consisted of 11 commanders in service of a ''Mir Yam''. A ''Mir Yam'' led 30 admirals and each one of them had two ships. Tipu Sultan ordered that the ships have [[copper sheathing|copper-bottoms]], an idea that increased the longevity of the ships and was introduced to Tipu by [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Admiral Suffren]].{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=22}}

===Army===
Due to their perpetual battle engagements, Haidar and Tipu required a disciplined standing army. Thus, [[Rajput]]s, Muslims and able tribal men were enrolled for full time service replacing the local militia called the ''Kandachar''<ref>{{cite book |first=Mysore Hatti |last=Gopal|date=1960|title=The Finances Of The Mysore State 1799 – 1831 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UJKAAAAMAAJ&q=Kandachar+militia|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=255|quote=These were armed militia who served as police officers, helped in the collection of revenue and often garrisoned small forts . They resembled the sibundi in the Company ' s territories . In Mysore they were divided into the huzur kandachar or those who were in the capital and about the Maharaja, and the taluq kandachar or those in the taluqs, the latter being far more numerous than the former.}}</ref> force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier. The removal of the [[Vokkaliga]]s from the local militia which had taken part in wars for centuries and the imposition of higher taxes on them in place of their quit rent led indirectly to the implementation of [[Ryotwari]] system. Now the [[Ryot#Ryotwari system|Ryots]] could not rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities since their slaves were enrolled in the army in some places. Besides paying higher taxes they had to endure the additional responsibility of feeding the slaves and financing their marriages. This led to the weakening of the system of slavery in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=R. Gopal|date=2010|title=Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDT0UsWn7mUC&q=vokkaliga+kandachar|location=Mysore|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|page=279|oclc=813417527|quote=Since Haidar and Tipu were perpetually engaged in battles, they formed a disciplined standing army . Thus, instead of the local militia called the Kandachar force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier, Haidar and Tipu enrolled to their army forces the able tribal men, Muslims and Rajputs on full time service. In this way, Haidar and Tipu removed the Vokkaligas of the agricultural base from the local militia which took part in wars for centuries and in place of their quit rent, they imposed higher taxes and thus became indirectly responsible for implementation of Ryotwari system. The Ryots were not liberated from the shackles of Kandachar service; the slaves who were with them were enrolled in the army in some places. As a result, the Ryots removed from the military service could not even rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities. Hence these ryots had to endure the greater responsibility of feeding the slaves and of financing their marriages besides paying the higher taxes. So in the plains of Mysore the system of slavery was loosened.}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
{{Main|Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore}}

{{Further|Mysore silk|Economic history of India}}

The peak of [[Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore's economic power]] was under Tipu Sultan in the late 18th century. Along with his father Hyder Ali, he embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming to increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore.{{sfn|Parthasarathi|2011|p=207}} Under his reign, Mysore overtook [[Bengal Subah]] as [[Economic history of India|India's dominant economic power]], with highly productive [[agriculture]] and [[textile manufacturing]].{{sfn|Parthasarathi|2011|pp=38, 271}} Mysore's average income was five times higher than [[subsistence]] level at the time.{{sfn|Parthasarathi|2011|p=45}}

Tipu Sultan laid the foundation for the construction of the [[Kannambadi]] dam (present-day [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] or KRS dam) on the [[Kaveri]] river, as attested by an extant stone plaque bearing his name, but was unable to begin the construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/040819/tiger-of-mysore-saviour-or-savage.html|title=Tiger of Mysore: Saviour or savage?|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=4 August 2019|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/how-tipu-sultan-was-the-original-tech-innovator/articleshow/61588682.cms|title=How Tipu Sultan was the original tech innovator|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 November 2017|access-date=22 September 2019|last1=Shekhar|first1=Divya}}</ref> The dam was later built and opened in 1938. It is a major source of drinking water for the people of Mysore and Bangalore.

The [[Mysore silk]] industry was first initiated during the reign of Tipu Sultan.<ref name="Hunter512">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Indian empire : its peoples, history, and products |year=1886 |publisher=Trubner, London |page=512 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich/page/512/mode/1up?q=tipu |access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref> He sent an expert to [[Bengal Subah]] to study [[silk]] cultivation and processing, after which Mysore began developing polyvoltine silk.<ref name="Global Silk Industry"/>

The greater prominence of the [[Channapatna toys]] can be traced to patronage from Tipu Sultan, the historic ruler of [[Mysore]], though these toys existed before this period historically given as gifts as part of [[Mysore Dasara|Dusshera]] celebrations. It is known that he was an ardent admirer of arts, and in particular of woodwork.<ref name="Handmade">Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian, Page 362, Aditi Ranjan, M. P. Ranjan (2009)</ref>

==== Road development ====
Tipu Sultan was considered as pioneer of road construction, especially in Malabar, as part of his campaigns, he connected most of the cities by roads.<ref name="Edgar185">{{cite book |last1=Edgar |first1=Thurston |title=The Madras presidency, with Mysore, Coorg and the associated states |publisher=Cambridge, University press |page=185 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924021471002/page/n200/mode/1up |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===

[[File:Louis XVI Receives the Ambassadors of Tipu Sultan 1788 Voyer after Emile Wattier 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[Louis XVI]] receives the ambassadors of Tipu Sultan in 1788. Tipu Sultan is known to have sent many diplomatic missions to France, the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Sultanate of Oman]], [[Zand dynasty]] and [[Durrani Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|author=B. Sheik Ali |date=August 1999 |title=The Vision and Mission of Tipu Sultan |work=Islamic Voice |url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.99/tippu.htm |access-date=16 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005002119/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.99/tippu.htm}}</ref>]]

;Mughal Empire

Both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan owed nominal allegiance to the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]; both were described as [[Nabob]]s by the [[British East India Company]] in all existing treaties. But unlike the [[Nawab of Carnatic]], they did not acknowledge the overlordship of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].{{sfn|Brittlebank|1999|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}}

Immediately after his coronation as ''Badshah'', Tipu Sultan sought the investiture of the Mughal emperor. He earned the title ''"Nasib-ud-Daula"'' with the heavy heart of those loyal to Shah Alam II. Tipu was a selfdeclared "[[Sultan]]" this fact drew towards him the hostility of [[Nizam Ali Khan]], the Nizam of Hyderabad, who clearly expressed his hostility by dissuading the Mughal emperor and laying claims on Mysore. Disheartened, Tipu Sultan began to establish contacts with other Muslim rulers of that period.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s04pus5jBNwC&q=tipu+sultan+and+ottoman&pg=PA11 |title=Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877–1924 |isbn=978-90-04-10632-1 |last1=Özcan |first1=Azmi |year=1997| publisher=BRILL}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan was the master of his own diplomacy with foreign nations, in his quest to rid India of the [[East India Company]] and to ensure the international strength of [[France]]. Like his father before him he fought battles on behalf of foreign nations which were not in the best interests of Shah Alam II.

After [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have broken into tears.<ref>{{Cite book |quote=plight. |title=Secret correspondence of Tipu Sultan |publisher=Light and Life Publishers |last1=Kausar |first1=Kabir |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12717}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2022}}

[[File:The storming of Seringapatam - John Vendramini, 1802 - BL P779.jpg|thumb|Tipu Sultan's forces during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatna]].]]

After the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Fall of Seringapatam]] in 1799, the blind emperor did remorse for Tipu, but maintained his confidence in the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who had now made peace with the British.

; Afghanistan

After facing substantial threats from the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], Tipu Sultan began to correspond with [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], the ruler of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], so they could defeat the British and Marathas. Initially, Zaman Shah agreed to help Tipu, but the Persian attack on Afghanistan's Western border diverted its forces, and hence no help could be provided to Tipu.

; Ottoman Empire

In 1787, Tipu Sultan sent an embassy to the [[Turkish Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] capital Constantinople, to the Ottoman [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid I]] requesting urgent assistance against the [[British East India Company]]. Tipu Sultan requested the Ottoman Sultan to send him troops and military experts. Furthermore, Tipu Sultan also requested permission from the Ottomans to contribute to the maintenance of the [[Islam]]ic shrines in [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]].

However, the Ottomans were themselves in crisis and still recuperating from the devastating [[Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18|Austro-Ottoman War]] and a new conflict with the [[Russian Empire]] had begun, for which Ottoman Turkey needed British alliance to keep off the Russians, hence it could not risk being hostile to the British in the Indian theatre.

Due to the Ottoman inability to organise a fleet in the Indian Ocean, Tipu Sultan's ambassadors returned home only with gifts from their Ottoman brothers.

Nevertheless, Tipu Sultan's correspondence with the Ottoman Empire and particularly its new Sultan [[Selim III]] continued till his final battle in the year 1799.<ref name="auto2"/>

; Persia and Oman

Like his father before him, Tipu Sultan maintained friendly relations with [[Mohammad Ali Khan Zand|Mohammad Ali Khan]], ruler of the [[Zand dynasty]] in [[Persia]]. Tipu Sultan also maintained correspondence with [[Hamad bin Said]], the ruler of the [[Sultanate of Oman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhacker |first1=Mohmed Reda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxtpQSa1DXgC&q=tipu+sultan+oman&pg=PA214 |title=Trade and Empire in Muscat and Zanzibar: The Roots of British Domination |isbn=978-0-415-07997-6 |year=1992| publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

;Qing China

Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received an ambassador from the [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasty-ruled China]] at his court. The ambassador presented him with a silk cloth. Tipu was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production in his kingdom. He sent a return journey to China, which returned after twelve years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A sultan's silken dreams |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=downtoearth.org.in |date=18 November 2015 }}</ref>

; France

[[File:Louis-François Baron Lejeune 001.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|In his attempts to junction with Tipu Sultan, [[Napoleon]] annexed [[Ottoman Egypt]] in the year 1798.]]

Both Hyder Ali and Tipu sought an alliance with the French, the only European power still strong enough to challenge the British East India Company in the subcontinent. In 1782, Louis XVI concluded an alliance with the [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao II|Madhu Rao Narayan]]. This treaty enabled [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Bussy]] to move his troops to the [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (now [[Mauritius]]). In the same year, French Admiral [[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|De Suffren]] ceremonially presented a portrait of Louis XVI to Haidar Ali and sought his alliance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tigerandthistle.net/tipu315.htm |title=Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121224521/http://www.tigerandthistle.net//tipu315.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008|url-status=dead |access-date=11 March 2017|website=The Tiger and The Thistle}}</ref>

[[Napoleon]] conquered [[Egypt]] in an attempt to link with Tipu Sultan.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In February 1798, Napoleon wrote a letter to Tipu Sultan appreciating his efforts of resisting the British annexation and plans, but this letter never reached Tipu and was seized by a British spy in Muscat. The idea of a possible Tipu-Napoleon alliance alarmed the British Governor, General Sir [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]] (also known as Lord Wellesley), so much that he immediately started large scale preparations for a final battle against Tipu Sultan.

===Social system===
====Judicial system====
Tipu Sultan appointed judges from both communities for Hindu and Muslim subjects. '''Qadi''' for Muslims and '''Pandit''' for Hindus in each province. Upper courts also had similar systems.<ref name="SocialScientist110">{{cite journal|last1=Panikkar|first1=K.N.|date=1991|title=Men of Valour and Vision|journal=Social Scientist|volume=19|issue=8|page=110|doi=10.2307/3517708|jstor=3517708}}</ref>

====Moral Administration====
Usage of liquor and prostitution were strictly prohibited in his administration.{{sfn|Sastri|1943|p=269}} Usage and agriculture of [[psychedelic]]s, such as [[Cannabis]], was also prohibited.<ref name="BSN211">{{cite book |last=Naik |first= B. Shreedhara |title=The society and politics in South Kanara 1500 A D to 1800 A D |page=211 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/132248/13/13_chapter%205.pdf |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

Polyandry in Kerala was prohibited by Tipu Sultan. He passed a decree for all women to cover their breasts, which was not practised in Kerala in the previous era.<ref name="REMiller">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Rolland E. |title=Mappila Muslim Culture |date=27 April 2015 |page=34 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438456027 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjSzCAAAQBAJ&q=history%20of%20india%2C%20miller&pg=PA34 |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Sastri|1943|p=270}}

===Religious policy===

On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special attention to mosques in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4397149|title = Tipu Sultan: Giving 'The Devil' His Due|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|volume = 25|issue = 52|pages = 2835–2837|last1 = Yadav|first1 = Bhupendra|year = 1990}}</ref> Regular endowments were made during this period to about 156 Hindu temples,<ref name="chetty2">A. Subbaraya Chetty "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions" in [[#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']]</ref> including the famed [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Ranganathaswami Temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|last=Pande |first=B. N. |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788185220383}}</ref> Many sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in Tipu's administration{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}} and his land grants and endowments to Hindu temples,<ref name="padiga3">[[#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']], p. 118</ref><ref name="A. Subbaraya Chetty 2002">A. Subbaraya Chetty, "Tipu's endowments to Hindus", pp. 111–115 in [[#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']].</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=360}} which are cited as evidence for his religious tolerance.

His religious legacy has become a source of considerable controversy in India, with some groups (including Christians<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC&pg=PA30|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|publisher=ISPCK|page=30|year=1983}}</ref> and even Muslims) proclaiming him a great warrior for the faith or ''Ghazi''{{sfn|Brittlebank|1999|pp=1-3}}<ref name="rpersecutor1">{{Cite book | last = Valath | first = V. V. K. | title = Keralathile Sthacharithrangal – Thrissur Jilla | year = 1981 | publisher = Kerala Sahithya Academy | language = ml | pages = 74–79}}</ref> for both religious and political reasons.<ref name="pande"/> Various sources describe the massacres,<ref>{{cite book|title=Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero? : an Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk5uAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Voice of India|isbn=978-81-85990-08-8|last1=Goel|first1=Sita Ram}}</ref> imprisonment<ref name="acc">{{Citation
|last= Farias
|first= Kranti K.
|title= The Christian Impact on South Kanara
|year= 1999|page=76
|publisher= Church History Association of India
}}</ref> and forced conversion<ref name=cariappa>{{citation |last1=Cariappa |first1=M. P. |last2=Cariappa |first2=Ponnamma |title=The Coorgs and their Origins |publisher=Aakar Books |year=1981 |oclc=641505186|page=48}}</ref> of Hindus ([[Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam|Kodavas of Coorg]], [[Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam|Nairs of Malabar]]) and Christians ([[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|Catholics of Mangalore]]), the destruction of churches<ref name="Lobo2">[https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi. Sarasvati's Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206081443/https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi. |date=6 December 2022 }}, Joe Lobo</ref> and temples, and the clamping down on Muslims ([[Malabar Muslims|Mappila of Kerala]], the [[Mahdavia]] Muslims, the [[Savanur State|rulers of Savanur]] and the people of [[Hyderabad State]]), which are sometimes cited as evidence for his intolerance.

====British accounts====
Historians such as Brittlebank, Hasan, Chetty, Habib, and Saletare, amongst others, argue that controversial stories of Tipu Sultan's religious persecution of Hindus and Christians are largely derived from the work of early British authors (who were very much against Tipu Sultan's independence and harboured prejudice against the Sultan) such as [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick|James Kirkpatrick]]<ref>Kirkpatrick, W. (1811) [https://archive.org/details/selectlettersoft00tipu ''Select Letters of Tipu Sultan''], London</ref> and [[Mark Wilks]],<ref>Wilks, M. (1930) ''Report on the Interior Administration, Resources and Expenditure of the Government of Mysore under the System prescribed by the Order of the Governor-General in Council dated 4 September 1799'', Bangalore 1864, and ''Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysore'', 2 vols, ed. M. Hammick, Mysore.</ref> whom they do not consider to be entirely reliable and likely fabricated.<ref name="habib"/> A. S. Chetty argues that Wilks' account in particular cannot be trusted.<ref name="chetty111">A. Subbaraya Chetty "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions", p. 111 in [[#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']]</ref>

[[Irfan Habib]] and Mohibbul Hasan argue that these early British authors had a strong vested interest in presenting Tipu Sultan as a tyrant from whom the British had liberated Mysore.<ref name="habib">Habib, Irfan (2001). "War and Peace. Tipu Sultan's Account of the last Phase of the Second War with the English, 1783-4", p. 5 in ''State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan: Documents and Essays'', Manohar Publishers and Distributors, {{ISBN|81-85229-52-X}}</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=368}} This assessment is echoed by Brittlebank in her recent work where she writes that Wilks and Kirkpatrick must be used with particular care as both authors had taken part in the wars against Tipu Sultan and were closely connected to the administrations of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] and [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]].{{sfn|Brittlebank|1999|pp=2–12}}

====Relations with Hindus====
Tipu Sultan's treasurer was Krishna Rao, [[Shamaiya Iyengar]] was his Minister of Post and Police, his brother Ranga Iyengar was also an officer, and [[Purnaiah|Purnaiya]] held the very important post of "Mir Asaf". Moolchand and Sujan Rai were his chief agents at the Mughal court, and his chief "Peshkar", Suba Rao, was also a Hindu.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}}

The Editor of Mysore Gazette reports of correspondence between his court and temples, and his having donated jewellery and deeded land grants to several temples, which he was compelled to for forming alliances with Hindu rulers. Between 1782 and 1799 Tipu Sultan issued 34 "Sanads" (deeds) of endowment to temples in his domain, while also presenting many of them with gifts of silver and gold plate.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=360}}

The Srikanteswara Temple in Nanjangud still possesses a jeweled cup presented by the Sultan.<ref name="A. Subbaraya Chetty 2002"/> He also gave a greenish [[linga]]; to Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatna, he donated seven silver cups and a silver [[camphor]] burner. This temple was hardly a stone's throw from his palace from where he would listen with equal respect to the ringing of temple bells and the [[muezzin]]'s call from the mosque; to the [[Lakshmikanta Temple, Kalale|Lakshmikanta Temple]] at [[Kalale]] he gifted four cups, a plate and [[Spitoon]] in silver.<ref name="padiga3"/>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=360}}

During the [[Maratha–Mysore War]] in 1791, a group of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] horsemen under Raghunath Rao Patwardhan raided the temple and ''matha'' of [[Sringeri]] ''[[Shankaracharya]]''. They wounded and killed many people, including Brahmins, plundered the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and desecrated the temple by displacing the image of goddess Sarada.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}}

The incumbent ''Shankaracharya'' petitioned Tipu Sultan for help. About 30 letters written in [[Kannada]], which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan's court and the [[Sringeri]] [[Shankaracharya]], were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in [[Mysore]]. Tipu Sultan expressed his indignation and grief at the news of the raid:{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bO9Ma9Sb2g4aUvIUT29fCP/Why-we-love-to-hate-Tipu-Sultan.html|title=Why we love to hate Tipu Sultan|last=Sampath |first=Vikram |work=livemint.com|date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

<blockquote>"People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse: "Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir-anubhuyate" (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying)."<ref>''Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department'' 1916 pp 10–11, 73–6</ref> </blockquote>

He immediately ordered the Asaf of [[Bednur]] to supply the Swami with 200 ''rahati''s (''[[Travancore Fanam|fanam]]''s) in cash and other gifts and articles. Tipu Sultan's interest in the Sringeri temple continued for many years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=359}}

In light of this and other events, historian Irfan Habib has described Tipu Sultan as a defender of the Hindu [[dharma]], who also patronised other temples including one at Melkote, for which he issued a Kannada decree that the Shrivaishnava invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form.<ref name='tipu defender of Hindu faith'>Saletare, B.A. "Tipu Sultan as Defender of the Hindu Dharma", pp. 116–8 in [[#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']]</ref> The temple at Melkote still has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were presented by the Sultan. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale.<ref name='tipu defender of Hindu faith'/> Tipu Sultan does seem to have repossessed unauthorised grants of land made to [[Brahmin]]s and temples, but those which had proper ''sanads'' (certificates) were not. It was a normal practice for any ruler, Muslim or Hindu, on his accession or on the conquest of new territory.

====Persecution of Hindus in Melkote ====

Tipu killed 1200+ Iyengar Brahmins in Melkote, as part of his military campaign against the Wodeyars of Mysore and the Marathas. The Hindu Iyengar Brahmins, who were closely associated with the Sri Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple in Melkote, were targeted during this attack.

The town of Melkote in Karnataka has stopped celebrating Deepavali as a mark of mourning for the massacre of Hindu Iyengar Brahmins carried out by Tipu Sultan's forces.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

====Persecution of Kodavas outside Mysore====
{{Main|Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam}}


Tipu got Runmust Khan, the ''[[Kurnool|Nawab of Kurnool]]'', to launch a surprise attack upon the [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] who were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas fled to the woods and concealed themselves in the mountains.{{sfn|Prabhu|1999|p=223}} Thousands of Kodavas were seized along with the Raja and held captive at Seringapatam.<ref name=cariappa/>

Mohibbul Hasan, Prof. Sheikh Ali, and other historians cast great doubt on the scale of the deportations and forced conversions in Coorg in particular. Hassan says that it is difficult to estimate the real number of [[Kodava people|Kodava]] captured by Tipu.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=79}}

In a letter to Runmust Khan, Tipu himself stated:<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Sen
|first=Surendranath
|title=Studies in Indian history
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511908
|publisher=University of Calcutta
|year=1930|page=157
}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and sedition-exciting [[Kodava people|Kodavas]], who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our Ahmedy corps."
<ref>{{cite book|last=Sultan|first=Tipu|title=Select letters of Tippoo Sultan to various public functionaries|publisher=Black|year=1811|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/selectlettersoft00tipu/page/228 228]|url=https://archive.org/details/selectlettersoft00tipu}}</ref>}}

==The coinage system==
{{cleanup lang|section|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Double paisa of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|Among his many innovations, Tipu introduced new coin denominations and new coin types, including this copper double paisa weighing over 23 gm. The coin on the left also contains the emblem of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]].]]
[[File:Mysore AV Fanam. AM 1218 (AD 1790-1791). Tipu Sultan. vz - MA-Shops.jpg|thumb|A gold coin issued by the Kingdom of Mysore during the reign of the Tipu Sultan.]]
The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of the most complex and fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local South India coinage had been struck in the area that became [[Mysore]] since ancient times, with the first gold coinage introduced about the 11th century (the elephant [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]]), and other pagodas continuing through the following centuries. These [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]] were always in the South Indian style until the reign of [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]] (1761–1782), who added pagodas with Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver rupees, always in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam II]] plus the Arabic letter "ح" as the first letter of his name. His successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]], mohurs and [[rupee]]s, with legends that were completely new. As for copper, the new large [[paisa]] was commenced by Haidar Ali in AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan introduced a set of new [[Persian language|Persian]] names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were:

'''Copper''': Qutb "قطب" for the 1/8 paisa ([[Persian language|Persian]] for the [[pole star]]) – Akhtar "اختر" for the 1/4 paisa (star) – Bahram "بهرام" for the 1/2 paisa (the planet [[Mars]]) – Zohra "زهره" for the paisa (the planet [[Venus]]) – either Othmani "عثمانی" for the double-paisa ([[Uthman|the third caliph]] of the Rashidun) or Mushtari "مشتری" (the planet [[Jupiter]]).

'''Silver''': Khizri "خضری" for the 1/32 rupee ([[Khidr|Khizr]] the prophet) – Kazimi "کاظمی" for the 1/16 rupee (for [[Musa al-Kadhim|Musa]], the seventh Shi'ite Imam) – Ja'fari "جعفری" for the 1/8 rupee ([[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the sixth Shi'ite Imam) – Bâqiri "باقری" for the 1/4 rupee ([[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the fifth Imam) – Abidi "عبیدی" for the 1/2 rupee ([[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zain al-'Abidin]], the fourth Imam) – Imami for the rupee (reference to the [[The Twelve Imams|12 Shi'ite Imams]]) – Haidari "حیدری" for the double-rupee (lion, for [[Ali|Ali b. Abi Talib]], who was both the fourth caliph and the first Shi'ite Imam).

'''Gold''': Faruqi "فاروقی" for the pagoda ([[Umar|Umar al-Faruq]], the second caliph) – Sadîqi "صدیقی" for the double-pagoda ([[Abu Bakr]] al-Sadiq, the first caliph) – Ahmadi "احمدی" for the four-pagoda ( "most praised ", one of the name of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]). During his first 4 years, the large gold coin was the [[mohur]], with an average weight of about 10.95g (AH1197-1200), replaced with the four-pagoda of 13.74g with the calendar change to the Mauludi "مولودی" system (AM1215-1219).

===Coinage dating system===
[[File:Coin of Tipu Sultan.jpg|left|thumb|2 gold Two [[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]] Coins issued by tipu Sultan ]]
The denomination does not appear on the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] dated gold coins, but was added on all the Mauludi dated pieces.

At the beginning of his first year, Tipu Sultan abandoned the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] dating system and introduced the Mauludi system (from the Arabic word "walad ", which means "birth "), based on the [[Solar calendar|solar]] year and the birth year of Muhammad (actually 571 AD, but for some perplexing reason reckoned as 572 by Tipu Sultan for his staff).

From the beginning of his reign, Tipu Sultan added the name of the Indian cyclic year on the large silver and gold coins, including this double-pagoda, together with his regnal year. Each of the names is Persian, though in several examples, the meaning of the names in India was different from the Iranian meaning (not indicated here). According to the Indian meanings, these are the cyclic years: Zaki "زکي" for cyclic 37, which corresponded to his year 1 ( "pure ") – Azâl "أزل" for 38 ( "[[eternity]] ", year 2) – Jalal "جَلال" for 39 ( "splendor ", year 3) – Dalv "دَلو" for 40 (the sign of [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]], year 4) – Shâ "شاه" for 41 ( "king ", year 5) – Sârâ "سارا" for 42 ( "fragrant ", year 6) – Sarâb "سراب" for 43 ( "[[mirage]] ", for year 7) – Shitâ "شتا" for 44 ( "winter ", year 8) – Zabarjad "زبرجد" for 45 ( "topaz ", year 9) – sahar "سَحَر" ( "[[dawn]] ", year 10) – Sâher "ساحِر" ( "magician ", year 11).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coinarchives.com/w/lotviewer.php?LotID=3800760&AucID=3949&Lot=2596&Val=8b527bcdc15cad93b00771f495bbf0ca|title=CoinArchives.com Lot Viewer|website=coinarchives.com|access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref>

==Assessment and legacy==
[[File:Tipu Sultan, Death Place.jpg|thumb|The spot in [[Srirangapatna]] where Tipu's body was found|left]]

'''India'''

The original copy of the [[Constitution of India]] bears a painting of Tipu Sultan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramdas |first=Inayat |date=27 January 2016 |title=Bet You Didn't Know All This About the Indian Constitution! |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bet-you-didnt-know-all-this-about-the-indian-constitution |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/llscd.57026883/ |title=The Constitution of India |date=1950 |publisher=Photolithographed at the Survey of India Offices |editor-last=India |location=[Dehra Dun |language=english}}</ref> School and college textbooks in India officially recognize him as a "freedom-fighter" along with many other rulers of the 18th century who fought European powers.<ref name="textbooks">{{cite news |last1=Moudgal |first1=Sandeep |date=1 November 2019 |title=Tipu Sultan history lessons can't be erased, says textbook committee chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/tipu-sultan-history-lessons-cant-be-erased-says-textbook-committee-chairman/articleshow/71845989.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Assessments of Tipu Sultan have often been passionate and divided. Successive [[Indian National Congress]] governments have often celebrated Tipu Sultan's memory and monuments and relics of his rule while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has been largely critical.

In 2017 the 14th Indian president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] hailed Tipu Sultan in his address to the Karnataka Assembly on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the state secretariat [[Vidhana Soudha]] saying "Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This technology was later adopted by the Europeans."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aji|first=Sowmya|title=President Ram Nath Kovind hails Tipu Sultan, sparks war of words between Congress and BJP|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-hails-tipu-sultan-sparks-war-of-words-between-congress-and-bjp/articleshow/61226875.cms|date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan has been admired by another Indian freedom fighter [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], the former President [[Ram Nath Kovind]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaggere |first1=Niranjan |title=President Ram Nath Kovind, not the Congress, spoke about Tipu Sultan's heroism |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/bangalore/cover-story/president-ram-nath-kovind-not-the-congress-spoke-about-tipu-sultans-heroism/articleshow/61252601.cms |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> former President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], and former President [[K. R. Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=S. N. |date=2018-11-10 |title=BJP's opposition to Tipu an affront to Netaji and three Presidents |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/bjps-opposition-to-tipu-an-affront-to-netaji-and-three-presidents |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 October 1943, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] proclaimed the Provisional Government of [[Azad Hind]] (Free India), and the proclamation highlighted the "Warriors" Tipu and his father [[Hyder Ali]] for their names are "forever engraved in letters of gold."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind or Free India |url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1278996 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.roots.gov.sg |language=en}}</ref>

'''Pakistan'''

In Pakistan, Tipu Sultan is a household name and symbolises courage and bravery. There is a ship (guided missile destroyer) of [[Pakistan Navy]] that is named after him and is called [[PNS Tippu Sultan (D-185)]].

Tipu Sultan is also admired as a hero in [[Pakistan]]. Former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] has said that he admires Tipu Sultan as a freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan PM Imran pays tribute to Tipu Sultan on his death anniversary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-pm-imran-pays-tribute-to-tipu-sultan-on-his-death-anniversary/article27039000.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 May 2019}}</ref> He has admired Tipu on multiple occasions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-26 |title=Imran Khan's desire for a 'crown of freedom like Tipu Sultan' costing bankrupt Pakistan about Rs 6,000 crore per day |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/imran-khans-desire-for-a-crown-of-freedom-like-tipu-sultan-costing-bankrupt-pakistan-about-rs-6000-crore-per-day/articleshow/115688463.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] said, "It is distressing to learn that some people believe that Tipu Sultan was anti-Hindu."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1990-03-15 |title='It is distressing to learn that some people believe that Tipu Sultan was anti-Hindu' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/letters/story/19900315-it-is-distressing-to-learn-that-some-people-believe-that-tipu-sultan-was-anti-hindu-812402-1990-03-14 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her father, former Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], was also an admirer of Tipu and in his library, he had kept Tipu Sultan's letters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhutto |first=Fatima |date=2016-04-07 |title=Fatima Bhutto: My Grandfather's Library, Relic of a Freer Pakistan |url=https://lithub.com/fatima-bhutto-my-grandfathers-library-relic-of-a-freer-pakistan/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Literary Hub |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025, in the [[Parliament of Pakistan]], Minister [[Shahid Ahmed Khattak]], quoted Tipu Sultan in his criticism of the Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pakistan MP Lambasts 'Buzdil' Shehbaz Sharif: 'He Can't Even Take Modi's Name' {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/asia/pakistan-mp-lambasts-buzdil-shehbaz-sharif-he-cant-even-take-modis-name-article-151598860 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

'''Abroad'''

In his sermon on 4 July 1800, John Russell, a [[Baptists|Baptist]] minister in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], told his congregation of Tipu’s death at the hands of British soldiers: ‘here the full heart must have vent… [Tipu Sultan] defended his power with a spirit which showed he deserved it. His death was worthy of a king.’<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why American revolutionaries admired the rebels of Mysore {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-american-revolutionaries-admired-the-rebels-of-mysore |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Aeon |language=en}}</ref>

'''Art, media and culture'''

Tipu also patronised art forms such as [[Ganjifa]] cards, effectively saving this art form.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Traditions Tribal and Folk Paintings of India |url=http://ccrt.addsofttech.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Living-of-Tradition-Tribal-Painting.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216194731/http://ccrt.addsofttech.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Living-of-Tradition-Tribal-Painting.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=ccrt.addsofttech.com |publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training}}</ref> Ganjifa card of Mysore have the GI Tag today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/60}}</ref>

Several TV series on Tipu Sultan have been released in India and Pakistan, such as:

* ''[[Tipu Sultan: The Tiger Lord]]'', Pakistani television series about the sultan
* ''[[The Dreams of Tipu Sultan]]'', Indian play about the sultan by Girish Karnad
* ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'', Indian television series about the sultan

=== Sword and tiger ===
{{main|Tipu's Tiger}}

[[File:Tipu Sultan's Tiger.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tipu's Tiger|Tipu Sultan's Tiger]]. [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London]]
[[File:Inscribed Sword of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|Sword of Tipu Sultan. [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]], [[New Delhi]]]]
Tipu Sultan had lost his sword in a war with the [[Nair]]s of [[Travancore]] during the [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789)]], in which he was forced to withdraw due to the severe joint attack from the Travancore army and British army.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2011|title=The swords of Tipu Sultan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/03/stories/2011050362330300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110509010059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/03/stories/2011050362330300.htm |archive-date=9 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Nair Brigade|Nair army]] under the leadership of [[Raja Kesavadas]] again defeated the army of Tipu near Aluva. The Maharaja, [[Dharma Raja]], gave the famous sword to the Nawab of [[Arcot]], from whom the sword was taken as a war trophy by the British after annexing Arcot and sent to London. The sword was on display at the Wallace Collection, No. 1 Manchester Square, London.

Tipu was commonly known as the '''Tiger of Mysore''' and adopted this animal as the symbol (''bubri/babri'')<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2011|title=Tipu Sultan and the tiger motif |url=http://toshkhana.wordpress.com/2011/08/18/tipu-sultan-and-the-tiger-motif/|access-date=13 December 2013|work=The Seringapatnam Times|publisher=Toshkhana : wordpress}}</ref> of his rule.<ref name="ModernAsianStudies">{{Cite journal|last1=Brittlebank|first1=K.|year=1995 |title=Sakti and Barakat: The ∀ Power of Tipu's Tiger. An Examination of the Tiger Emblem of Tipu Sultan of Mysore|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=257–269 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00012725|jstor=312813 |s2cid=145790819 }}</ref> It is said that Tipu Sultan was hunting in the forest with a French friend. They came face to face with a tiger there. The tiger first pounced on the French soldier and killed him. Tipu's gun did not work, and his dagger fell on the ground as the tiger jumped on him. He reached for the dagger, picked it up, and killed the tiger with it. That earned him the name "the Tiger of Mysore". {{citation needed|date=December 2020}} He even had French engineers build a mechanical tiger for his palace.<ref>{{cite book|last=James |first=Lawrence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xygrApPFw_4C&pg=PA67 |title=Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India|date=2000 |publisher=MacMillan|isbn=978-0-312-26382-9 |access-date=12 February 2010}}</ref> The device, known as [[Tipu's Tiger]], is on display in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tippoo's Tiger|date=11 April 2004 |publisher=Victoria & Albert Museum |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/Tippoo's_tiger/index.html |access-date=10 December 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825074241/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/object_stories/Tippoo's_tiger/index.html|archive-date=25 August 2006}}</ref> Not only did Tipu place relics of tigers around his palace and domain, but also had the emblem of a tiger on his banners and some arms and weapons. Sometimes this tiger was very ornate and had inscriptions within the drawing, alluding to Tipu's faith – Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger Motif |publisher=Macquarie University Library |url=https://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/images/tiger/|access-date=12 February 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304051433/http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/images/tiger/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian [[Alexander Beatson]] reported that "in his palace was found a great variety of curious swords, daggers, fusils, pistols, and blunderbusses; some were of exquisite workmanship, mounted with gold, or silver, and beautifully inlaid and ornamented with tigers' heads and stripes, or with Persian and Arabic verses".<ref name="Beatson">{{cite book |last=Beatson|first=Alexander |year=1800 |url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html|title=A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun |publisher=G. & W. Nichol|location=London |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104725/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html |archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The last sword used by Tipu in his last [[Battle of Srirangapatna|battle, at Sri Rangapatnam]], and the ring worn by him were taken by the British forces as war trophies. They are kept on display at the [[British Museum]] London as gifts to the museum from Maj-Gen Augustus W.H. Meyrick and Nancy Dowager.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ring and sword of Tipu Sultan |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/ring_and_sword_of_tipu_sultan.aspx|access-date=13 December 2013 |work=Exploring the museum|publisher=The British Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019091134/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/ring_and_sword_of_tipu_sultan.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> At an [[auction]] in London in April 2004, [[Vijay Mallya]] purchased a sword of Tipu Sultan and some other historical artefacts, and brought them back to India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beary|first=Habib|date=7 April 2004|title=Tipu's sword back in Indian hands |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3609205.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

In October 2013, another sword owned by Tipu Sultan and decorated with his ''babri'' (tiger stripe motif) surfaced and was auctioned by [[Sotheby's]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Kounteya|date=4 October 2013|title=Another Tipu Sultan sword surfaces, to be auctioned|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/uk/42716329_1_tipu-sultan-sword-dagger|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007080528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/uk/42716329_1_tipu-sultan-sword-dagger |archive-date=7 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was purchased for £98,500<ref>{{cite news|last=Nag|first=Ashoke |date=21 October 2013 |title=Tipu Sultan memorabilia goes under hammer at Sotheby's 'The Arts of Imperial India' auction |newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-21/news/43250493_1_mawludi-sayyid-ma-sum-auction-sales-middle-east|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023922/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-21/news/43250493_1_mawludi-sayyid-ma-sum-auction-sales-middle-east|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2015|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> by a telephone bidder.

===Tipu Sultan Jayanti===
In 2015, the [[Government of Karnataka]], under the leadership of then Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party, began to celebrate Tipu's birth anniversary as the "Tipu Sultan Jayanti".<ref name="dc:">{{cite web|date=30 July 2019|title=BJP govt orders cancellation of Tipu Sultan Jayanti |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bjp-govt-orders-cancellation-of-tipu-sultan-jayanti-750690.html |access-date=20 September 2019|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Congress regime declared it as an annual event to be celebrated on 20 November.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2019|title=Tipu Sultan Birth Anniversary: Life And Works of the 18th Century Ruler |publisher=NDTV|agency=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tipu-sultan-birth-anniversary-tipu-jayanti-today-know-about-mysore-ruler-2135552|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> It was officially celebrated in Karnataka initially by the Minority Welfare department, and later by the Kannada & Culture department. However, on 29 July 2019, the next Chief Minister [[B. S. Yediyurappa]], who belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), ordered the celebrations cancelled, saying: "Legislators from [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] had highlighted incidents of violence during Tipu Jayanti."

Objecting against the cancellation of the celebrations, the previous Chief Minister Siddaramaiah said: "BJP has cancelled it because of their hatred towards minorities. It's a big crime. He [Tipu] was a king of Mysore and fought against the British [as] a freedom fighter. It was during his time when the foundation was laid for the [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] dam. He also tried to improve industry, agriculture and trade". The previous year, not a single JD(S) leader, including the then chief minister HD Kumaraswamy, attended the event, turning it into a fiasco.<ref name="dc:" />

The [[Lok Sabha]] Congress leader, [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], also earlier criticized BJP and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] for their opposition against holding the celebrations, and asked: "When RSS can celebrate [[Nathuram Godse]], can't we celebrate Tipu Sultan?"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhya|first1=Harish |date=31 October 2016|title=Karnataka Prepares To Celebrate Tipu Sultan Jayanti, BJP Threatens Stir Karnataka|publisher=NDTV|agency=NDTV |url=http://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnataka-prepares-to-celebrate-tipu-sultan-jayanti-bjp-threatens-stir-1587064|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref>

===In fiction===
[[File:General Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tippoo Sahib.jpg|thumb|''[[Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib]]'' by [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]], 1839]]
* He has a role in [[G. A. Henty|G. A. Henty's]] 1896 book ''[[G. A. Henty#List of titles|The Tiger of Mysore]]'',<ref name="gutenberg">{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18813/18813-h/18813-h.htm |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Tiger of Mysore, by G. A. Henty|date=12 July 2006 |via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> and is also mentioned in Henty's 1902 ''[[G. A. Henty#List of titles|At the Point of the Bayonet]]'',<ref name="gutenberg" /> which deals with much of the same period.
* In [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Mysterious Island]]'', [[Captain Nemo]] is described as Tipu's nephew.
*He was portrayed by [[Paidi Jairaj]] in the 1959 Indian historical drama film ''Tipu Sultan'', directed by Jagdish Gautam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tipu Sultan (1959)|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b779b10ec|website=[[BFI]]}}</ref>
*''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', a 1988 Indian television series based on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[The Discovery of India]]'' which aired on [[DD National]], dedicated an episode to Tipu Sultan with [[Salim Ghouse]] portraying the king.
* Tipu's life and adventures were the central theme of a short-running [[South Indian]] television series ''The Adventures of Tipu Sultan'', and of a more popular national television series ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan (TV serial)|The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'' based on a historical novel by Bhagwan Gidwani.<ref name="pod">{{cite web|last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra|title=The return of the Sultan |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/20/stories/2006052000080200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804095954/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/05/20/stories/2006052000080200.htm|url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2009|work=The Hindu |date=20 May 2006 |access-date=17 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khosla|first=G. D.|date=1977 |title=Review of The Sword of Tipu Sultan |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=4|issue=2 |pages=214–216|jstor=23001501 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>
*''[[The Dreams of Tipu Sultan]]'' is a 1997 play written in Kannada by Indian writer [[Girish Karnad]]. It follows the last days as well as the historic moments in the life of Tipu, through the eyes of an Indian court historian and a British Oriental scholar.
* ''[[Tipu Sultan: The Tiger Lord]]'' is a Pakistani television series that broadcast on [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] in 1997, deals with the life of Sultan.
* [[Naseem Hijazi]]'s novels ''Muazam Ali'' and ''Aur Talvar Ṭūṭ Gaye'' (''And The Sword Broke'') describe Tipu's wars.
* [[Wilkie Collins]]'s novel ''[[The Moonstone]]'' contains an account of Tipu and the fall of [[Srirangapatna]] in the prologue.
* In ''The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen'' by [[Rudolf Erich Raspe]], [[Baron Munchausen|Munchausen]] vanquishes Tipu near the end of the novel.
* ''[[Sharpe's Tiger (novel)|Sharpe's Tiger]]'' is a novel by [[Bernard Cornwell]] in which Napoleonic–era British soldier [[Richard Sharpe (fictional character)|Richard Sharpe]] fights at Seringapatam, later killing Tipu.
* Tipu appears as a "Great Person" in the video games, ''[[Civilization Revolution|Sid Meier's Civilization: Revolution]]'' and ''[[Civilization IV|Sid Meier's Civilization IV]]''.
* In his historical [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-language novels on the [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|Seringapatam captivity]] of Konkani Catholics by Indian littérateur [[V. J. P. Saldanha]], ''Belthangaddicho Balthazar'' (Balthazar of [[Belthangady]]), ''Devache Krupen'' (By the Grace of God), ''Sardarachi Sinol'' (The sign of the Knights) and ''Infernachi Daram'' (The gates of Hell), Tipu is portrayed as "cunning, haughty, hard-hearted, revengeful, yet full of self-control".<ref name="Saldanha">{{cite book|last=George|first=K. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA217|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|volume=2|page=217}}</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Gumbaz.jpg|thumb|right|The mausoleum housing Tipu Sultan's tomb is another example of [[Islamic architecture]].Tipu Sultan's flag is in the foreground.]]
[[File:Tipu tomb.jpg|thumb|right|The tomb of Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatna. Tipu's tomb is adjacent to his mother's and father's graves.]]
Tipu had several wives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |date=October 2021 |title=Tipu Sultan's female entourage under East India Company rule |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/tipu-sultans-female-entourage-under-east-india-company-rule/D60AA908187F73DCDBC3F2EDAA235CE5 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=855–874 |doi=10.1017/S135618632000067X |s2cid=229455847 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His first wife was Sultan Begum Sahib also known as Padishah Begum.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=372}} She was the daughter of Imam Sahib Bakhshi Naita from Arcot,<ref name="d118">{{cite book | last=Brittlebank | first=K. | title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-563977-3 | page=23}}</ref> and sister of Ghulam Husain Khan, known as the Pondicherry Nawab, a descendant of Chanda Sahib.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=372}} They married in 1774.<ref name="c791">{{cite book | last=Brittlebank | first=K. | title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan | publisher=Claritas Books | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-905837-87-8 | page=51}}</ref> Another wife married at the same time was Ruqaya Banu Begum. She was the daughter of Lala Miyan Shaheed Charkoli,<ref name="u647">{{cite book | last=Mahmood | first=M.K. | title=Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan: Sultanat E Khudadad | publisher=Xlibris US | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4836-1536-3 | page=77}}</ref> and the sister of Sheikh Burhanuddin.<ref name="i329">{{cite book | last=Nadvī | first=M.I. | title=Tipu Sultan, a Life History | publisher=Institute of Objective Studies | year=2004 | page=216}}</ref> She died in February 1792 at the time of the siege of Seringapatam.<ref name="d118"/> Another wife was Khadija Zaman Begum. She was the daughter of Mir Sayyid Moinuddin Khan<ref name="i329"/> also known as Sayyid Sahib.<ref name="u252">{{cite book | last=Hoover | first=J.W. | title=Men Without Hats: Dialogue, Discipline, and Discontent in the Madras Army 1806-1807 | publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7304-725-1 | page=83}}</ref> They married in 1796. She died in childbirth in 1797.<ref name="c791"/> Another wife was Buranti Begum. She was the daughter of Mir Muhammad Pasand Beg, a nobleman from Delhi and her mother's father was Sayyid Muhammad Khan, once a ''subedar'' of Kashmir. Another wife was Roshani Begum. She was the mother of his eldest son Fath Haider.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=372}}

His sons were [[Shezada Hyder Ali|Hyder Ali Khan Sultan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Karunanidhi to release stamp on Vellore sepoy mutiny |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/karunanidhi-to-release-stamp-on-vellore-sepoy-mutiny/article3102882.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2006}}</ref>
Muin-ud-din Sultan, Abdul Khaliq Sultan, Muiz-ud-din Sultan, Muhammad Subhan Sultan, Shukrullah Sultan, Ghulam Ahmad Sultan, [[Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib|Ghulam Muhammad Sultan]], Sarwar-ud-din Sultan, Muhammad Yasin Sultan, Jamal-ud-din Sultan and Munir-ud-din Sultan. One of his daughters was married to Husain Ali Khan.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=372}}

==Image gallery==
<gallery heights=150 widths=200>
File:View of the Hoally Gateway, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore) (cropped).jpg|A view of the Hoally Gateway, Srirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham ({{circa|1799}})
File:Flintlock Blunderbuss Tipoo Sahib Seringapatam 1793 1794.jpg|A [[flintlock]] blunderbuss, made for Tipu Sultan in [[Srirangapatna]]m in 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.<ref name="Moma" />
File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan in the battle of [[Srirangapatna]]m 1799
File:The tableau of Karnataka passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2014, in New Delhi on January 23, 2014.jpg|During the Republic Day Parade in 2014, in [[New Delhi]], the tableau of [[Karnataka]], highlighting ''"Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore,"'' made its way through the [[Rajpath]].
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Div col |colwidth=15em}}
*[[Muslim warriors]]
*[[Mysore invasion of Kerala]]
*[[PNS Tippu Sultan]]
*[[Tipu Sultan Mosque]]
*[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]] – an Indian TV series on Tipu Sultan
*[[Tipu's Tiger]]
*''[[The Dreams of Tipu Sultan]]'' by [[Girish Karnad]]
*[[Mir Ghulam Ali]], an official and senior military commander
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==

* {{cite book |last= Brittlebank |first=Kate |year=1999 |title= Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy |location=Delhi |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-563977-3 |oclc= 246448596}}

* {{Cite EB1911|editor-last= Chisholm |editor-first= Hugh |date=1911 |wstitle= Tippoo Sahib |volume= 26 | page=1005}}

* {{Cite book |last= Dalrymple |first= William |year= 2019 |title= The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |location= New York |publisher= Bloomsbury publishing |type= Hardcover |isbn= 978-1-63557-395-4}}

* {{Cite book
|last=Fernandes
|first=Praxy
|year=1969
|title=Storm over Seringapatam: the incredible story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan
|publisher=Thackers
}}.

*{{cite book |ref=Confronting|editor-last=Habib|editor-first=Irfan |year= 2002|title=Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies)|publisher= Anthem Press|isbn=1-84331-024-4}}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|title=History of Tipu Sultan|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=978-81-87879-57-2}}

* {{Cite book
|last=Knight
|first=Charles
|year=1858
|title=The English cyclopædia: a new dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 6
|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QuY-AAAAYAAJ_2
|publisher=Bradbury & Evans
|access-date=28 November 2011}}.

* {{cite book |last=Moienuddin |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim |title=Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan |publisher=Sangam Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-86311-850-0 |location=London |oclc=48995204}}

* {{Cite book
|last=Palsokar
|first=R. D.
|year=1969
|title=Tipu Sultan
|publisher=s.n
}}.
* {{Cite book
|last=Punganuri
|first=Ram Chandra Rao
|year=1849
|title=Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo: rulers of Seringapatam, written in the Mahratta language
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7QIAAAAQAAJ
|publisher=Simkins & Co.
|access-date=28 November 2011}}.
* {{cite book |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |first=Prasannan |last=Parthasarathi |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC}}
*{{Cite book |last= Prabhu |first= Alan Machado |year= 1999 |title= Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |publisher= I.J.A. Publications |isbn= 978-81-86778-25-8 }}

*{{Cite book |last= Roy |first= Kaushik |year= 2011 |title= War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 |publisher= Taylor & Francis |isbn= 978-1-136-79087-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA72}}

* {{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=K.N.V. |title=Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan |date=1943 |publisher=Indian History Congress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100038/page/n291 |access-date=25 August 2019}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath |date=1995 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788171547890}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Sharma
|first=Hari Dev
|year=1991
|title=The real Tipu: a brief history of Tipu Sultan
|publisher=Rishi Publications
}}.

* {{cite book |last1=Wenger |first1=Estefania |title=Tipu Sultan: A Biography |date=March 2017 |isbn=9789386367440 |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQQ1DgAAQBAJ }}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=Balakrishna |first=Sandeep |title=Tipu Sultan, The Tyrant of Mysore |publisher=Rare Publications}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Surendra Nath |title=Studies in Indian History |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1930 |oclc=578119748}}
* {{citation |last=Subramanian |first=K. R. |title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore |publisher=self-published |year=1928 |oclc=249773661}}
* {{citation |last=William |first=Logan |title=Malabar Manual |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC |year=1887 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0446-9}}
* {{citation |title=A Voyage to the East Indies |year=1777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrA2AAAAMAAJ |last1=Grose|first1=John Henry |last2=Charmichael}}
* {{cite book|title=The last siege of Seringapatam|last=Thompson|first=Rev. E. W.|publisher=Wesleyan Mission|location=Mysore City|orig-year=1923|ref=fort|isbn=978-8120606029|year=1990}}
* Agha, Shamsu. ''Tipu Sultan", "Mirza Ghalib in London";, "Flight Delayed"'', Paperback, {{ISBN|0-901974-42-0}}
* Ali, B Sheik. ''Tipu Sultan'', Nyasanal Buk Trast
* Amjad, Sayyid. 'Ali Ashahri, ''Savanih Tipu Sultan'', Himaliyah Buk Ha®us
* Banglori, Mahmud Khan Mahmud. ''Sahifah-yi Tipu Sultan'', Himālayah Pablishing Hā'ūs,
* {{cite book|last=Bhagwan|first=Gidwami S|title=The Sword of Tipu Sultan: a historical novel about the life and legend of Tipu Sultan of India|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1976|oclc=173807200|location=}} A fictionalised account of Tipu's life.
* Buddle, Anne. ''Tigers Round the Throne'', Zamana Gallery, {{ISBN|1-869933-02-8}}
* Campbell, Richard Hamilton. ''Tippoo Sultan: The fall of Srirangapattana and the restoration of the Hindu raj'', Govt. Press
* Chinnian, P. ''Tipu Sultan the Great'', Siva Publications
* Hashimi, Sajjad. ''Tipu Sultan'', Publisher: Maktabah-yi Urdu Da®ijast
* Home, Robert. ''Select Views in Mysore: The Country of Tipu Sultan from Drawings Taken on the Spot by Mr. Home'', Asian Educational Services, India, {{ISBN|81-206-1512-3}}
* Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico Pub. House.
* V.M. Korath, P. Parameswaran, Ravi Varma, Nandagopal R Menon, S.R. Goel & P.C.N. Raja: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993). {{ISBN|9788185990088}}
* Mohibbul Hasan. ''Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople'', Aakar Books, {{ISBN|81-87879-56-4}}
* Pande, B. N. ''Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of their religious policies (IOS series)'', Institute of Objective Studies
* Sil, Narasingha P. "Tipu Sultan: A Re-Vision," ''Calcutta Historical Journal'' (2008) 28#1 pp 1–23. historiography
* Strandberg, Samuel. ''Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore: or, to fight against the odds'', AB Samuel Travel, {{ISBN|91-630-7333-1}}
* Taylor, George. ''Coins of Tipu Sultan'', Asian Educational Services, India, {{ISBN|81-206-0503-9}}
* Wigington, Robin. ''Firearms of Tipu Sultan, 1783–99'', J. Taylor Book Ventures, {{ISBN|1-871224-13-6}}
* Ashfaq Ahmed Mathur – "SALTANATH-E-KHUDADAT" and a book by Allama Iqbal ahmed (RH) "Daana e Raaz Diyaar e Dakan mein"
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXM3vZhVhrs The Sword of Tipu Sultan – Volume 1]
* [[:gutenberg:18813|The Tiger of Mysore]] – Dramatised account of the British campaign against Tipu Sultan by [[G. A. Henty]], from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00003-00075/ Illuminated Qurʾān from the library of Tippoo Ṣāḥib, Cambridge University Digital Library]
* [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tipu-sultans-gun-sword-discovered-in-attic-in-uk-2004365 UK Family Finds Tipu Sultan's Gun, Sword In Attic]
* [https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/print-edition/2019/february/2377/news/collection-of-tipu-sultan-treasure-including-gold-encrusted-sword-offered-at-anthony-cribb-sale/ Tipu's Legacy]

{{Tipu Sultan}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tipu Sultan}}
[[Category:Tipu Sultan| ]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1799 deaths]]
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Indian military writers]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:Cancelled invasions]]

Muhammad Afzal Sahi

2026-03-26T07:52:09Z

ArcherMill7063: update formatting as per guidelines and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = '''Chaudhry Muhammad Afzal Sahi'''<br>{{Nastaliq|'''چوہدری محمد افضل ساہى'''}}
| image = Chaudhary Muhammad Afzal Sahi.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| office = [[Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab]]
| term_start = 27 November 2002
| term_end = 11 April 2008
| predecessor = [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]]
| successor = [[Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sahianwala]], [[Faisalabad District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Punjab]]
| relatives = [[Ghulam Rasool Sahi]] (brother)
| deputy = [[Shaukat Hussein Mazari]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| constituency1 = [[Constituency PP-52 (Faisalabad-II)|PP-52 (Faisalabad-II)]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2013
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018
| term_start2 = 25 November 2002
| term_end2 = 17 November 2007
| constituency2 = [[Constituency PP-51 (Faisalabad-I)|PP-51 (Faisalabad-I)]]
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (2018-2023)<br>[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2013-2018)<br>[[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2002-2013)<br>[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1993-2001)<br>[[Islami Jamhuri Ittihad|IJI]] (1988-1993)<br>[[Pakistan Muslim League|PML]] (1985-1988)
| children = [[Ali Afzal Sahi]] (son)<br />[[Junaid Afzal Sahi]] (son)
}}

'''Chaudhary Muhammad Afzal Sahi''' (born 1 November 1945) is a member of the [[Sahi clan|Sahi]] [[Jat]] family in [[Faisalabad]] and is a Pakistani politician.

==Early life and education==
Muhammad Afzal Sahi was born on 1 November 1949. He is the son of Chaudhry Nawab Khan Sahi, a famous landlord of [[Sahianwala]]. He got his early education from Government High School for Boys, [[Salarwala]] and then from Government College. He carried on with his education in [[Lahore]] and graduated from the [[University of the Punjab]] ([[Lahore]]) in 1971.<ref name=pap/>

==Political career==
After completing his education, Sahi stepped into politics in 1973.

=== District Government Faisalabad ===
He served as Member District Council Faisalabad for three consecutive terms from 1979 to 1991.<ref name=pap/>

=== Provincial Assembly of Punjab ===
In 1985, he participated in the non-party basis Punjab Assembly elections, the first elections to be held during [[General Zia Ul-Haq]]'s Martial Law regime. Although earlier results indicated that Sahi was defeated by 88 votes, the majority of the population was of the view that the elections were rigged. Mr. Sahi filed an election petition against these results which went in his favour. In February 1988, He was asked to take oath as member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] but the then government never allowed him to take oath until the assembly was dissolved on 30 May 1988.

He remained undefeated from his constituency from 1988 till 2008.<ref name=pap/>

He served as a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] in 1988–90, 1990–93,
1993–96, 1997–99, 2002-2007 and 2013–2018.<ref name=pap/> He functioned as Parliamentary Secretary for Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife during 1990-93 and as Minister for Communications & Works in Punjab during 1997–99.<ref name=pap/> He was elected for the fifth consecutive term as a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]] and was elected as the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]].<ref name=DailyTimes>{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/23-May-2007/iranian-envoy-calls-on-speaker-afzal-sahi |title=Iranian envoy calls on speaker Afzal Sahi |date=23 May 2007 |newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308162214/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/23-May-2007/iranian-envoy-calls-on-speaker-afzal-sahi |archive-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

He remained in this post from 2002 to 11 April 2008. During this period he also functioned as governor of Punjab several times.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/lahore/05-Apr-2007/sahi-takes-oath-as-acting-governor|title=Sahi takes oath as acting governor (of Punjab)|newspaper=Daily Times (newspaper) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121114353/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/lahore/05-Apr-2007/sahi-takes-oath-as-acting-governor |date=5 April 2007|archive-date=21 January 2016|access-date=22 July 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His most recent term in the Provincial Assembly was from 29 May 2013 to 31 May 2018.<ref name=pap>{{cite web|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/906|url-status=dead|title=Member Profile - Muhammad Afzal Sahi|website=Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, Government of Pakistan website|archive-date=21 June 2018|access-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621135758/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/906}}</ref>

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly from [[PP-98 Faisalabad-II]] as a candidate of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI) in the [[2018 Punjab provincial election]], but was unsuccessful. He received 44,933 votes and lost to [[Rana Shoaib Adrees Khan]], a candidate of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PP-98 Results - Election 2018 Results - - Candidates List - Constituency Details - Geo.tv |url=https://www.geo.tv/election/PP-98 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref>

After losing this election, Sahi announced his retirement from active politics.

== Family ==
Afzal Sahi's elder brother, Lt. Col. (Retd.) [[Ghulam Rasool Sahi]], is also a veteran politician. He served as member of [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly from 2002 to 2007]]. He returned for his second term as member [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from 2013 to 2018.<ref name=pap/>

His nephew Zafar Zulqarnain Sahi served as member of Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, he was elected from PP-52 in the February 2008 elections. Sahi's younger brother, Akram Sahi is a (retired) major general of Pakistan Army. His son Ch Junaid Afzal Sahi was chairman UC 10 Faisalabad from 2015 to 2020.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khalid Maqbool]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]]<br><small>Acting</small>|years=2002–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Khalid Maqbool]]}}
{{succession box |title=[[Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Speaker of Punjab Assembly]]|
years=2002 – 2008|
before=[[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]]|
after=[[Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan]]}}
{{succession box |title=Minister for Communication and Works|
years=1997 – 1999|
before=[[Zulfiqar Ali Khosa]]|
after=Choudhry Zaheeruddin}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahi, Chaudhry Muhammad Afzal}}
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Faisalabad]]
[[Category:Politicians from Faisalabad]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1985–1988]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1988–1990]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1990–1993]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1997–1999]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]

Tamil Nadu

2026-03-25T12:05:24Z

ArcherMill7063: made basic data from scratch.

{{Short description|State in southern India}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Tamil Nadu
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Mamallapuram view.jpg
| caption1 = [[Shore Temple]]
| image2 = Left side view Brihadeeswara.jpg
| caption2 = [[Brihadisvara Temple]]
| image3 = Statue of Thiruvalluvar.jpg
| caption3 = [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]]
| image4 = A Magnificient Evening Sunset With Pamban Railway Bridge and Boat Mail Express Passes Through this Pamban Railway Bridge !-.jpg
| caption4 = [[Pamban Bridge]]
| image5 = Hogenakkal Falls Close.jpg
| caption5 = [[Hogenakkal Falls]]
| image6 = Nilgiri Hills.jpg
| caption6 = [[Nilgiri Mountains]]
| image_alt =}}
| type = State
| image_seal = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| etymology = Tamil Country
| nickname = "Land of Temples"
| motto = Vāymaiyē Vellum (Truth alone triumphs)
| anthem = "[[Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Thai Valthu]]" <br/>
("Invocation to Mother Tamil")
| image_map = IN-TN.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|N|79|E|region:IN-TN_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = South India
| before_was = [[Madras State]]
| formation_date4 = 1 November 1956
| capital = Chennai
| largestcity = capital
| metro = Chennai metropolitan area
| districts = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|38]]
| Governor = [[Rajendra Arlekar]]
| Chief_Minister = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 234 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 18 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 39 seats
| judiciary = [[Madras High Court]]
| area_total_km2 = 130058
| area_rank = 10th
| length_km = 1076
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 2,637
| elevation_max_point = [[Doddabetta]]
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite report|title=Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, Tamil Nadu|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229191706/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Primary census abstract (PCA) data, India & States/UTs - State and district level - 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6191/download/9268/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811062646/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6191/download/9268/DDW_PCA0000_2011_Indiastatedist.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = 72,147,030
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 6th
| population_density = 554.7
| population_urban = 48.4%
| population_rural = 51.6%
| population_demonym = {{Hlist|[[Tamilian]]|[[Tamilar]]|}}
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="Lang">{{cite act|url=https://archive.org/details/1956TN39/mode/1up|title=The Tamil Nadu Official Language Act, 1956|legislature=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|page=1|date=27 December 1956}}</ref>
| additional_official = [[English language|English]]<ref name="Lang"/>
| official_script = [[Tamil script|Tamil]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{cite report|title=Tamil Nadu budget 2025-26|url=https://financedept.tn.gov.in/budget/|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=21 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321192343/https://financedept.tn.gov.in/budget/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/tamil-nadu/2025/TN_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu state budget analysis 2025-26|work=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|31159.98|b|year=2024}}
| GDP_year = 2024–25
| GDP_rank = 2nd
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|350695|year=2024}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 9th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.692 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 15th
| literacy = 85.5%<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf|title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024)|date=23 September 2024|publisher=National Sample Survey Office, [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]], [[Government of India]]|pages=A-10|chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (aged 7 & above, rural+urban) column 6}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 17th
| sex_ratio = 996[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 3rd
| iso_code = IN-TN
| registration_plate = TN
| website = tn.gov.in
| mammal = [[Nilgiri tahr]]
| bird = [[Emerald dove]]
| butterfly = [[Tamil yeoman]]
| flower = [[Gloriosa (plant)|Gloriosa pily]]
| tree = [[Borassus flabellifer|Asian palm]]
| fruit = [[Jackfruit]]
| image_highway = SH IN-TN.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|TN SH1 - TN SH223]]
}}

'''Tamil Nadu'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|æ|m|ᵻ|l|_|ˈ|n|ɑː|d|uː}}; {{IPA|ta|ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ|lang|Tamil Nadu.ogg}}, {{small|abbr.}} '''TN'''}} is the southernmost [[States and union territories of India|state]] of India. The [[List of states and union territories of India by area|tenth largest Indian state by area]] and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|sixth largest by population]], it is the home of the [[Tamils]], who speak the [[Tamil language]], the state's official language and the first to be recognised as a [[Classical languages of India|classical language]] in India. [[Chennai]] is the state's largest city and capital.

Located on the south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]], Tamil Nadu is straddled by the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Deccan Plateau]] in the west, the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the north, the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] lining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] to the south-east, the [[Laccadive Sea]] at the southern [[Cape (geography)|cape]] of the peninsula, with the river [[Kaveri]] bisecting the state. Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], and encloses a part of the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It shares an international [[maritime border]] with the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]] at [[Pamban Island]].

[[Archaeological evidence]] indicates that the Tamil Nadu region could have been inhabited more than 385,000 years ago by [[archaic humans]]. The state has more than 5,500 years of continuous cultural history. [[History of Tamil Nadu|Historically]], the [[Tamilakam]] region was inhabited by Tamil-speaking [[Dravidian people]], who were ruled by several regimes over centuries such as the [[Sangam era]] [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of the [[Cheras]], [[Cholas]] and [[Pandyas]], the [[Pallavas]] (3rd–9th century CE), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE). [[Colonial India|European colonisation]] began with establishing trade ports in the 17th century, with the [[British Raj|British controlling]] much of the state as a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] for two centuries. After the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the region became the [[Madras State]] of the Republic of India and was further reorganised when [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|states were redrawn linguistically in 1956]] into its current shape. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil Country", in 1969. Hence, [[Tamil culture|culture]], [[Tamil cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|architecture]] have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely.

{{As of|2023|24}}, Tamil Nadu had an [[economy of Tamil Nadu|economy]] with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|27.22|t|lk=r}}, making it the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|second-largest]] economy amongst the 28 states of India. It has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|9th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|315220|lk=r}} and ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|11th]] in [[human development index]]. Tamil Nadu is also one of the most industrialised states, with the [[manufacturing sector]] accounting for nearly one-third of the state's GDP. With its diverse culture and architecture, long coastline, forests and mountains, Tamil Nadu is home to a number of ancient relics, historic buildings, religious sites, [[beaches]], [[hill stations]], [[forts]], [[waterfalls]] and four [[World Heritage Site]]s. The state's [[Tourism in Tamil Nadu|tourism industry]] is the largest among the Indian states. The state has three [[biosphere reserves]], [[mangrove]] forests, five [[National Parks]], 18 [[wildlife sanctuaries]] and 17 [[bird sanctuaries]]. The [[Tamil film industry]], nicknamed as Kollywood, plays an influential role in the state's popular culture.

==Etymology==
The name is derived from [[Tamil language]] with ''nadu'' meaning "land" and Tamil Nadu meaning "the land of Tamils". The [[Tamil language#Etymology|origin]] and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.<ref name="Zvelebil">{{cite book|first=Kamil V.|last=Zvelebil|year=1973|title=The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=11–12}}</ref> In the ancient [[Sangam literature]], [[Tamilakam]] refers to the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]] and parts of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' (2nd to 1st century BCE) indicates the borders of Tamilakam as [[Tirumala]] and [[Kanniyakumari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2011/Jan/02/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-291655.html|title=Venkadam to Kumari|work=[[Dina Mani]]|date=January 2011|language=ta|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The name ''Tamilakam'' is used in other Sangam era literature such as ''[[Puṟanāṉūṟu]]'', ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]]'', ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', and ''[[Manimekalai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/a031/a0311/html/a0311332.htm|title=History of Ancient Tamilakam|language=ta|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508065803/https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/a031/a0311/html/a0311332.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Cilappatikaram'' (5th to 6th century CE) and ''[[Ramavataram]]'' (12th century CE) mention the name ''Tamil Nadu'' to denote the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/slet/l3100/l3100uri.jsp?slno=2700&subid=2700026|title=Cilappatikaram|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|language=ta|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=8344|title=Cilappatikaram|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224143527/https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=8344|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilconcordance.in/TABLE-KAMBAN-4-TEXT.html|title=Kambaramayanam|work=Tamil Concordance|language=ta|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508064327/http://tamilconcordance.in/TABLE-KAMBAN-4-TEXT.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Tamil Nadu}}

=== Prehistory (before 5th century BCE) ===
[[Archaeological evidence]] indicates that the Tamil Nadu region could have been inhabited more than 385,000 years ago by [[archaic humans]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|title=Science News : Archaeology – Anthropology: Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183736/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|title= Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Artifacts recovered in [[Adichanallur]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) indicate a continuous history from more than 3,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution|access-date=11 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2006|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Neolithic]] [[Celt (tool)|celts]] with the [[Indus script]] dated between 1500 and 2000 BCE indicate the use of the [[Harappan language]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=T|first1=Saravanan|date=22 February 2018|title=How a recent archaeological discovery throws light on the history of Tamil script|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script/article22814589.ece|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005047/https://www.thehindu.com/society/10th-century-ce-oil-press-discovered-near-andipatti-with-a-tamil-script/article22814589.ece|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=the eternal harappan script|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-eternal-harappan-script-tease|date=27 November 2014|work=Open magazine|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134658/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-eternal-harappan-script-tease|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Excavations at [[Keezhadi excavation site|Keezhadi]] have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanisation in the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]].<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2020|title=Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|access-date=31 January 2021|newspaper=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124023909/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|url-status=live|first=Anjana|last=Shekar }}</ref> Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use [[Tamil Brahmi]], a rudimentary script dated to 5th century BCE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Potsherds uncovered from Keeladi indicate a script which might be a transition between the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece|title=Artifacts unearthed at Keeladi to find a special place in museum|date=19 February 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114173611/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/artefacts-with-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-keeladi-to-find-a-special-place-in-museum/article66529594.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sangam period (5th century BCE – 3rd century CE) ===
{{Main|Sangam period|Tamilakam|Sangam landscape}}

[[File:South India in Sangam Period.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tamilakam]] during the [[Sangam Period]] (500 BCE–300 CE)]]

The [[Sangam period]] lasted for about eight centuries, from 500 BCE to 300 CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=20 September 2019|title=Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bc-report/article29461583.ece|access-date=12 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dr. Anjali|title=Social and Cultural History of Ancient India|publisher=OnlineGatha—The Endless Tale|date=2017|location=Lucknow|pages=123–136|isbn=978-9-386-35269-9}}</ref> Ancient [[Tamilakam]] was ruled by a [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of monarchical states, [[Cheras]], [[Cholas]] and [[Pandyas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the [[Kaveri]] delta. The kings called ''Vendhar'' ruled over several tribes of ''Velala'' (peasants), headed by the ''[[Velir]]'' chiefs.<ref>{{cite book|title=From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-71120-0|publisher=Pearson Education|page=425}}</ref> The rulers patronised multiple religions including [[Historical Vedic religion|vedic religion]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being [[Tolkāppiyam]], a book of Tamil grammar.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature|journal=Archiv Orientální|volume=59|year=1991|pages=345–359}}</ref>

The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the [[Roman Empire|Romans]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Edicts of King Ashoka|url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=Colorado State University|quote=Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083821/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the commerce from the Romans and Han China were facilitated via seaports including [[Muziris]] and [[Korkai]] with [[spices]] being the most prized goods along with [[pearls]] and [[silk]].<ref>{{cite book|first=K.A.|last=Neelakanta Sastri|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times To the Fall of Vijayanagar|publisher=Oxford|isbn=978-0-195-60686-7|year=1955|pages=125–127}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2|title=The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile|date=26 October 2021|journal=Gastronomica|volume=7|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026111301/https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2|url-status=live}}</ref> From 300 CE, the region was ruled by the [[Kalabhras]], warriors belonging to the [[Vellalar]] community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chakrabarty|first=D.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties|publisher=Oxford|year=2010|isbn=978-0-199-08832-4|page=84|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004104153/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference|year=1981|publisher=South Indian History Congress|pages=28–34}}</ref> The twin Tamil epics [[Cilappatikaram]] and [[Manimekalai]] were written during the era.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang, 1991|page=233}}</ref> Tamil classic [[Tirukkural]] by [[Thiruvalluvar]], a collection of couplets is attributed to the same period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture as Revealed in Tirukkural|author=Iḷacai Cuppiramaṇiyapiḷḷai Muttucāmi|publisher=Makkal Ilakkia Publications|page=137|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Philosophy of Tirukkural|first=Subramania|last=Gopalan|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press|page=53|year=1979}}</ref>

=== Medieval era (4th–13th century CE) ===
[[File:Five Rathas - Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|[[Rock cut]] monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] built by the [[Pallavas]]]]

Around the 7th century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas, who patronised Buddhism and Jainism before the revival of [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] during the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K.A. Nilakanta|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-date=1955|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-195-60686-7|page=333}}</ref> Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the [[Pallavas]] in the sixth century CE under [[Mahendravarman I]], who ruled parts of [[South India]] with [[Kanchipuram]] as their capital.<ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first=Emmanuel|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |chapter=Pallavas |date=28 October 2021 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499 |pages=1–4|doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|isbn=978-1-119-39991-9|s2cid=240189630|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171504/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|url-status=live}}</ref> The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture: the massive [[gopuram]], ornate towers at the entrance of temples, originated with the [[Pallava architecture]]. They built the group of [[Rock cut|rock-cut]] monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and temples in [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name="UNC"/> Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas and Pandyas. The Pandyas were revived by [[Kadungon]] towards the end of the 6th century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in [[Uraiyur]], the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pandya dynasty|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005225758/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Aparajitavarman|Pallavas]] were finally defeated by Chola prince [[Aditya I]] in the 9th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Pallavas|first=Gabriel|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|journal=Asian Educational Services|year=1995|page=83}}</ref>

[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|left|The [[Chola Empire]] at its greatest extent, during the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1030]]

The Cholas became the dominant kingdom in the 9th century under [[Vijayalaya Chola]], who established [[Thanjavur]] as Chola's new capital with further expansions by subsequent rulers. In the 11th century CE, [[Rajaraja I]] expanded the Chola Empire with conquests of entire Southern India and parts of present-day [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]], and increased Chola influence across the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Coins of the Cholas|publisher=Numismatic Society of India|first=Charles Hubert|last=Biddulph|year=1964|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas of the year 1000|publisher=Harvard University Press|author=John Man|year=1999|page=104|isbn=978-0-674-54187-0}}</ref> Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units.<ref>{{cite book|title=From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-71120-0|publisher=Pearson Education|page=590}}</ref> Under his son [[Rajendra Chola I]], the Chola Empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as [[Bengal]] in the north and across the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0-143-02989-2|location=New Delhi|pages=364–365|language=|orig-date=2002|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171526/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|url-status=live}}</ref> The Cholas built many temples in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style with the most notable being the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at Thanjavur, one of the foremost temples of the era built by Rajaraja, and [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], built by Rajendra.<ref name="Great Living Chola Temples">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Pandyas again reigned supreme early in the 13th century under [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman Sundara I]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1921|place=Chennai|page=44}}</ref> They ruled from their capital of [[Madurai]] and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-8-122-41198-0|page=458|language=en}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Marco Polo]] mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] at Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|title=Meenakshi Amman Temple|date=30 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE) ===
In the 13th and 14th centuries, there were repeated attacks from [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-198-03123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> The [[Vijayanagara empire|Vijayanagara kingdom]] was founded in {{CE|1336}}.<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Gilmartin|first2=Bruce B.|last2=Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-813-03099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref> The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by {{circa|1370}} and ruled for almost two centuries until its defeat in the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 by a confederacy of [[Deccan sultanates]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Kanhaiya L|last=Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202|isbn=978-8-121-50224-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006|chapter=Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761|year=2005|pages=78–104|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7}}</ref>
Later, the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayaks]], who were the military governors in the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region amongst whom the [[Nayaks of Madurai]] and [[Nayaks of Thanjavur]] were the most prominent.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Eugene F. Irschick]]|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1969|page=8|isbn=978-0-520-00596-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balendu Sekaram|first=Kandavalli|title=The Nayaks of Madurai|date=1975|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi|location=Hyderabad|language=English|oclc=4910527}}</ref> They introduced the [[Polygar|palayakkararar]] system and re-constructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-89103-5|edition=Reprinted|page=48}}</ref>

=== Later conflicts and European colonisation (17th to 20th century CE) ===
In the 18th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] administered the region through the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] with his seat at [[Arcot]], who defeated the Madurai Nayaks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M.S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2014|isbn=978-8-131-30034-3|pages=151, 154–158}}</ref> The [[Marathas]] [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|attacked]] several times and defeated the Nawab after the [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–1752)]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswami|first=N. S.|title=Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1984|isbn=978-0-836-41262-8|pages=43–79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33538-9|pages=1034–1035|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. R.|title=The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore|year=1928|publisher=K. R. Subramanian|place=Madras|pages=52–53}}</ref> This led to a short-lived [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Contributions of Thanjavur Maratha Kings|first=Pratap Sinh Serfoji Raje|last=Bhosle|year=2017|isbn=978-1-948-23095-7|publisher=Notion press|page=3}}</ref>

[[File:Fort Dansborg.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Dansborg]] at [[Tharangambadi]], built by the [[Danes]]]]

Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in 1522 and built a port named [[São Tomé de Meliapore|São Tomé]] near present-day [[Mylapore]] in Madras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|title=Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal|publisher=Indian Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207042633/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1609, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] established a settlement in [[Pulicat]] and the [[Danes]] had their establishment in [[Tharangambadi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/|title=Origin of the Name Madras|work=Corporation of Madras|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202458/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=6 November 2009|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 August 1639, Francis Day of the [[British East India Company]] met with the Vijayanager emperor [[Peda Venkata Raya]] and obtained a grant for land on the Coromandel coast for their trading activities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka Period Tamilnadu|publisher=Oxford University Press, Delhi|year=1998|first1=Velcheru Narayana|last1=Rao|first2=David|last2=Shulman|first3=Sanjay|last3=Subrahmanyam|isbn=978-0-195-64399-2|page=xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates: ill., maps; 22 cm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583|title=Facets of Contemporary History|last1=Thilakavathy|first1=M.|last2=Maya|first2=R. K.|date=5 June 2019|publisher=MJP Publisher|page=583|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert Eric|date=26 June 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-198-26377-7|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, the company built [[Fort St. George]], the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the [[British Raj]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book|title=A short history of the world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC|publisher=Helicon publishing Ltd.|page=277|year=1997|author=Roberts J. M.|isbn=978-0-195-11504-8|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081944/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wagret|first=Paul|title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide|publisher=Nagel Publishers|location=Geneva|year=1977|series=India, Nepal|page=556|isbn=978-2-826-30023-6|oclc=4202160}}</ref> By 1693, the [[French people|French]] established trading posts at [[Pondichéry]]. In September 1746, the French captured Madras during the [[Battle of Madras]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |title=The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company |publisher=Harper Collins|year=1993|pages=31–36}}</ref> The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] and resisted a [[Siege of Madras|French siege attempt]] in 1759.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 November 2010|last=S.|first=Muthiah|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501074741/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A global chronology of conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756|publisher=ABC—CLIO|page=756|year=2010|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|isbn=978-1-851-09667-1|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082105/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756|url-status=live}}</ref> The British and French competed to expand the trade which led to [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1760 as part of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm|title=Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash|work=History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live|date=21 August 2006}}</ref> The Nawabs of the Carnatic surrendered much of their territory to the British East India Company in the north and bestowed tax revenue collection rights in the South, which led to constant conflicts with the Palaiyakkarars known as the [[Polygar Wars]]. [[Puli Thevar]] was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by [[Rani Velu Nachiyar]] of [[Sivagangai]] and [[Kattabomman]] of Panchalakurichi in the first series of Polygar wars.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691|title=Velu Nachiyar, India's Joan of Arc|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727120955/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=Anand A|title=Bandits and Kings:Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India|doi=10.1017/S0021911807001234|jstor=20203235|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=66|issue=4|pages=881–896|year=2007 | issn = 0021-9118 }}</ref> The [[Maruthu brothers]] along with [[Oomaithurai]], the brother of Kattabomman, formed a coalition with [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and Kerala Varma [[Pazhassi Raja]], which fought the British in the Second Polygar War.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|title=A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras|publisher=Government Press|date=1881|pages=195–222}}</ref> In the later 18th century, the [[Mysore kingdom]] captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four [[Anglo-Mysore War]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|page=94|year=2002|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|isbn=978-8-126-90085-5|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082104/https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|left|thumb|An 18th-century coloured [[engraving]] of [[Fort St. George]] and Madras]]

By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the [[Madras Presidency]] with Madras as the capital.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency|title=Madras Presidency|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017071545/https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency|url-status=live}}</ref> After the defeat of Mysore in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799 and the British victory in the second Polygar war in 1801, the British consolidated most of southern India into what was later known as the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|place=New Delhi|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2014|isbn=978-8-131-30034-3|pages=172–181}}</ref> On 10 July 1806, the [[Vellore mutiny]], which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in [[Vellore Fort]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/july-1806-vellore/231918|title=July, 1806 Vellore|date=17 July 2006|work=Outlook|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/july-1806-vellore/231918|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624875/Vellore-Mutiny|first=Kenneth|last=Pletcher|title=Vellore Mutiny|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501053701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624875/Vellore-Mutiny|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Parliament]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Adcock|first=C.S.|title=The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvMVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|pages=23–25|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-199-99543-1}}</ref>

Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the [[Ryotwari]] system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]] and the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897]] which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded labourers to other British countries eventually forming the present [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-great-famine-of-madras-and-the-men-who-made-it/article5045883.ece|title=The great famine of Madras and the men who made it|first=B.|last=Kolappan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509042855/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-great-famine-of-madras-and-the-men-who-made-it/article5045883.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Independence movement]] gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the [[Indian National Congress]], which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sitaramayya|first=Pattabhi|year=1935|title=The History of the Indian National Congress|publisher=Working Committee of the Congress|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all|title=Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress|last=Bevir|first=Mark|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|publisher=University of California|year=2003|volume=7|issue=1–3|pages=14–18|doi=10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4|s2cid=54542458|quote="Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress."|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630205548/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu was the base of various contributors to the Independence movement including [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]], [[Subramaniya Siva]] and [[Bharatiyar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece|title=Subramania Bharati: The poet and the patriot|date=9 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110344/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/subramania-bharati-the-poet-and-the-patriot/article37912151.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite news|date=7 November 2023|title=An inspiring saga of the Tamil diaspora's contribution to India's freedom struggle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-inspiring-saga-of-the-tamil-diasporas-contribution-to-indias-freedom-struggle/article67510190.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152818/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-inspiring-saga-of-the-tamil-diasporas-contribution-to-indias-freedom-struggle/article67510190.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-Independence (1947–present) ===
After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the Madras Presidency became [[Madras state]], comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. [[Andhra state]] was split from the state in 1953 and the state was further reorganised when states were redrawn linguistically in [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|1956]] into the current shape.<ref>{{cite act|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1953-30_0.pdf|title=Andhra State Act, 1953|date=14 September 1953|legislature=[[Madras Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite act|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf|title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956|date=14 September 1953|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref> On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Tracing the demand to rename Madras State as Tamil Nadu |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sundari|first1=S.|year=2007|title=Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies|page=105|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|isbn=978-8-176-29966-4|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035218/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, [[Anti-Hindi agitations|agitations]] against the [[imposition of Hindi]] and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication arose which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai says it in Hindi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 August 2011|author=V. Shoba|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174614/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/|url-status=live}}</ref> After independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu conformed to a [[socialist]] framework, with strict governmental control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu consistently exceeded national average growth rates from the 1970s, due to [[Economic reforms in India|reform-oriented]] economic policies.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|title=Economic Growth in Indian States|publisher=Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations|first=K.L.|last=Krishna|date=September 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2000s, the state has become one of the most urbanised states in the country with a higher [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compared to national average.<ref name="DG"/>

== Environment ==
=== Geography ===
{{Main|Geography of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Tamil Nadu topo deutsch mit Gebirgen.png|thumb|Topographic map of Tamil Nadu]]

Tamil Nadu covers an area of {{convert|130058|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and is the tenth-largest state in India.<ref name="DG"/> Located on the south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]], Tamil Nadu is straddled by the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Deccan Plateau]] in the west, the [[Eastern Ghats]] in the north, the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] lining the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, the [[Gulf of Mannar]] and the [[Palk Strait]] to the south-east, and the [[Laccadive Sea]] at the southern [[Cape (geography)|cape]] of the peninsula.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers's Concise Gazetteer of the World|page=353|year=1907|publisher=W.& R.Chambers|first=David|last=Patrick}}</ref> Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It shares an international [[maritime border]] with the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]] at [[Pamban Island]]. The [[Palk Strait]] and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as [[Rama's Bridge]] separate the region from [[Sri Lanka]], which lies off the southeastern coast.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Adam's bridge|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2007|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=13 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113002452/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003680|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/srilanka.pdf|title=Map of Sri Lanka with Palk Strait and Palk Bay|publisher=UN|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117132426/http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/srilanka.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The southernmost tip of mainland India is at [[Kanyakumari]] where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari-cape-comorin|title=Kanyakumari alias Cape Comorin|publisher=Lonely Planet|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103130726/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/kanyakumari-cape-comorin|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Western Ghats Gobi.jpg|thumb|left|[[Western Ghats]] traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu]]

The Western Ghats run south along the western boundary with the highest peak at [[Doddabetta]] ({{convert|2636|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) in the [[Nilgiri Hills]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6772/fig_tab/403853a0_T6.html|title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities|journal=Nature|year=2000|doi=10.1038/35002501|access-date=16 November 2013|last1=Myers|first1=Norman|last2=Mittermeier|first2=Russell A.|last3=Mittermeier|first3=Cristina G.|last4=Da Fonseca|first4=Gustavo A. B.|last5=Kent|first5=Jennifer|volume=403|issue=6772|pages=853–858|pmid=10706275|bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M|s2cid=4414279|archive-date=9 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009072333/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6772/fig_tab/403853a0_T6.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Southern India: its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources|last1=Playne|first1=Somerset|last2=Bond|first2=J. W|last3=Wright|first3=Arnold|year=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Service|oclc=58540809|page=417}}</ref> The [[Eastern Ghats]] run parallel to the Bay of Bengal along the eastern coast and the strip of land between them forms the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Eastern-Ghats|title=Eastern Ghats|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702092046/https://www.britannica.com/place/Eastern-Ghats|url-status=live}}</ref> They are a discontinuous range of mountains intersected by [[Kaveri river]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes|year=2020|isbn=978-0-128-16097-8|publisher=Elsevier Science|first1=Dominick A.|last1=DellaSala|first2=Michael I.|last2=Goldstei|page=546|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Both mountain ranges meet at the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]] mountains which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eagan|first=J. S. C|title=The Nilgiri Guide And Directory|url=https://archive.org/details/nilgiriguideandd031416mbp|publisher=S.P.C.K. Press|location=Chennai|isbn=978-1-149-48220-9|year=1916|page=30}}</ref> The [[Deccan Plateau]] is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges and the plateau slopes gently from west to east resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Earth Sciences|publisher=Indian Journal of Earth Sciences|first=Mihir|last=Bose|year=1977|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ERA-East-Deccan-Moist-Deciduous-forests.pdf|title=Eastern Deccan Plateau Moist Forests|publisher=Ecological Restoration Alliance|access-date=5 January 2007|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603083113/https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ERA-East-Deccan-Moist-Deciduous-forests.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jadoan|first=Atar Singh|title=Military Geography of South-East Asia|publisher=Anmol Publications|date=September 2001|isbn=978-8-126-11008-7}}</ref> The [[coastline of Tamil Nadu]] is {{convert|1076|km|abbr=on}} long, and is the second longest state [[coastline]] in the country after [[Gujarat]].<ref name=Info>{{cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|title=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt|publisher=Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University Chennai|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110439/http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|url-status=live}}</ref> There are [[coral reef]]s located in the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep islands.<ref>{{cite book|title=Coral Reefs of the World: Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Gulf|year=1988|page=84|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|first1=Martin|last1=Jenkins}}</ref> Tamil Nadu's coastline was permanently altered by the [[Indian Ocean tsunami]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/disenvi/tsunami.html|title=The Indian Ocean Tsunami and its Environmental Impacts|publisher=Global Development Research Center|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164107/http://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/disenvi/tsunami.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Geology ===
Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II and III.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-tamil-nadu.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Hazard Zone map|publisher=Amateur Seismic Centre, Pune|date=30 March 2007|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717015554/http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-tamil-nadu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The volcanic [[basalt]] beds of the Deccan plateau were laid down in the massive [[Deccan Traps]] eruption, which occurred towards the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period, between 67 and 66 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/volcanic-eruption-dinosaur-extinction-1211|title=What really killed the dinosaurs?|publisher=MIT|first1=Jennifer|last1=Chu|date=11 December 2014|access-date=28 August 2023|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226120208/http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2014/volcanic-eruption-dinosaur-extinction-1211|url-status=live}}</ref> Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted many years and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154969/Deccan|title=Deccan Plateau|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501005236/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154969/Deccan|url-status=live}}</ref> The predominant soils of Tamil Nadu are [[red soil|red loam]], [[laterite]], [[chernozem|black]], [[alluvial]] and [[saline soil|saline]]. Red soil, with a higher iron content, occupies a larger portion of the state and all the inland districts. Black soil is found in [[Kongu Nadu|western Tamil Nadu]] and parts of the southern coast. Alluvial soil is found in the fertile Kaveri delta region, with laterite soil found in pockets, and saline soil across the coast where the evaporation is high.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|title=Strategic plan, Tamil Nadu perspective|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=20|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309100229/https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IND present.svg|thumb|Climatic zones of India]]

The region has a [[tropical climate]] and depends on monsoons for rainfall.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKnight|first1=Tom L|last2=Hess|first2=Darrel|year=2000|chapter=Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System|title=Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/205 205–211]|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-130-20263-5|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn|url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/205}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones: northeast, northwest, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and [[Kaveri]] delta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/TN/Introduction.htm|title=Farmers Guide, introduction|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626154923/https://farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/TN/Introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[tropical wet and dry climate]] prevails over most of the inland peninsular region except for a semi-arid [[rain shadow]] east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long dry periods with temperatures averaging above {{convert|18|°C|°F|0}}; summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding {{convert|50|°C|°F|0}}; and the rainy season lasts from June to September, with annual rainfall averaging between {{convert|750|and|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1994174.stm|title=India's heatwave tragedy|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 May 2002|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1994174.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg|thumb|left|Tamil Nadu gets most of the rains from the [[monsoon]]]]

A [[hot semi-arid climate]] predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats which includes inland south and south central parts of the state and gets between {{convert|400|and|750|mm|1}} of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around {{convert|20|–|24|C|F}}. The months between March and May are hot and dry, with mean monthly temperatures hovering around {{convert|32|C|F}}, with {{convert|320|mm|in|0}} precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caviedes|first=C. N.|title=El Niño in History: Storming Through the Ages|edition=1st|publisher=University Press of Florida|date=18 September 2001|isbn=978-0-813-02099-0}}</ref>

The [[southwest monsoon]] from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the west of the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon hits the Western Ghats from Kerala and moves northward along the [[Konkan coast]], with precipitation on the western region of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/climate.htm|title=Climate of Western Ghats|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124321/https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/climate.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau; hence, the leeward region (the region deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.<ref>{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=im0209|name=South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|access-date=5 January 2005}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0209|name=South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|access-date=5 January 2005}}</ref> The Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon heads toward northeast India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the southwest monsoon, due to the shape of the land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-monsoon|title=Indian monsoon|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801140005/https://www.britannica.com/science/Indian-monsoon|url-status=live}}</ref> The northern and eastern parts of Tamil Nadu receive most of their rains from the [[northeast monsoon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm|title=North East Monsoon|publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]]|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229133725/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The northeast monsoon takes place from November to early March, when the surface [[high-pressure system]] is strongest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Climatology|first1=Robert V.|last1=Rohli|first2=Anthony J.|last2=Vega|page=204|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2007|isbn=978-0-763-73828-0}}</ref> The [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]s occur throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/climatology/annualcd.pdf|title=Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and land surface of India|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623160147/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/climatology/annualcd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html|title=The only difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon is the location where the storm occurs|publisher=NOAA|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111165427/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The annual rainfall of the state is about {{convert|945|mm|in|abbr=on}} of which 48 per cent is through the northeast monsoon, and 52 per cent through the southwest monsoon. The state has only 3% of the water resources nationally and is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources. Monsoon failures lead to acute [[water scarcity]] and [[2016–17 Drought in Tamil Nadu|severe drought]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Assessment of Recent Droughts in Tamil Nadu|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=droughtnetnews|publisher=Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute|date=October 1995|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140326/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=droughtnetnews|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|title=Strategic plan, Tamil Nadu perspective|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=3|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309100229/https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/TAMILNADU%20STATE%20PERSPECTIVE%20%26%20STRATEGIC%20PLAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Tamil Nadu|List of birds of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:9113jpg.jpg|thumb|Tamil Nadu has one of the largest population of [[Asian elephant]]s]]

Forests occupy an area of {{convert|22,643|km2|abbr=on}} constituting 17.4% of the geographic area.<ref name="TNAU"/> There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in Tamil Nadu, resulting from its varied climates and geography. [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|Deciduous forests]] are found along the Western Ghats while [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests|tropical dry forests]] and [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|scrub lands]] are common in the interior.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-tamilnadu.pdf|title=Forest Survey of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|year=2019}}</ref> The southern Western Ghats have rain forests located at high altitudes called the [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/South-Western-Ghats-Montane-Rainforest.pdf|title=South Western Ghats montane rain forests|publisher=Ecological Restoration Alliance|access-date=15 April 2006|archive-date=9 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309224923/https://era-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/South-Western-Ghats-Montane-Rainforest.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ghats eco-region is one of the eight hottest [[biodiversity hotspot]]s in the world and a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1921|title=Western Ghats|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=21 February 2014|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118010253/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/multiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1921|url-status=live}}</ref> There are about 2,000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu, 5640 species of [[angiosperm]]s (including 1,559 species of [[medicinal plant]]s, 533 [[endemic]] species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants, 230 [[red-listed]] species), 64 species of [[gymnosperm]]s (including four indigenous species and 60 introduced species) and 184 species of [[pteridophyte]]s apart from [[bryophyte]]s, [[lichen]], [[fungi]], [[algae]], and [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnenvis.nic.in/tnenvis_old/forest.htm|title=Forests of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Environmental Information System (ENVIS)|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000441/http://tnenvis.nic.in/tnenvis_old/forest.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Common plant species include the state tree: [[Borassus flabellifer#Cultural symbolism|palmyra palm]], [[eucalyptus]], rubber, [[cinchona]], clumping bamboos (''[[Bambusa]] arundinacea''), [[Tectona grandis|common teak]], ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'', [[Terminalia tomentosa|Indian laurel]], [[grewia]], and blooming trees like [[Indian laburnum]], [[ardisia]], and [[solanaceae]]. Rare and unique plant life includes ''Combretum ovalifolium'', [[ebony]] (''Diospyros nilagrica''), ''[[Habenaria]] rariflora'' (orchid), ''[[Cyathea sect. Alsophila|Alsophila]]'', ''[[Impatiens]] elegans'', ''[[Ranunculus]] reniformis'', and [[Osmunda regalis|royal fern]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Biodiversity.pdf|title=Biodiversity, Tamil Nadu Dept. of Forests|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629090946/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Biodiversity.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:A courting male in Eravikulam NP AJTJohnsingh DSCN2997.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nilgiri tahr]], an [[endangered]] animal found only in the [[Nilgiris]], is the state animal]]

Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Nilgiri Hills]], the [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]] in the [[Agastya Mala]]-[[Cardamom Hills]] and [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]] coral reefs.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf|title=Biosphere Reserves in India|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=2019|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205222104/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve]] covers an area of {{cvt|10500|km2}} of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline including [[coral reef]]s, [[salt marsh]]es and mangroves. It is home to [[endangered]] aquatic species, including [[dolphin]]s, [[dugong]]s, [[whale]]s and [[sea cucumbers]].<ref>{{cite book|page=10|title=Environment impact assessment|first1=J.|last1=Sacratees|first2=R.|last2=Karthigarani|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-8-131-30407-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Conservation and Sustainable-use of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve's Coastal Biodiversity|date=5 April 2001 |url=https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/634|publisher=Global Environment Facility|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225102135/https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/634|url-status=live}}</ref> Bird sanctuaries, including [[Thattekad]], [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary|Kadalundi]], [[Vedanthangal]], [[Ranganathittu]], [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary|Kumarakom]], [[Neelapattu Sanctuary|Neelapattu]], and [[Pulicat Lake|Pulicat]], are home to numerous migratory and local birds.<ref>{{cite book|title=The birds of southern India, including Madras, Malabar, Travancore, Cochin, Coorg and Mysore|first1=H.R.|last1=Baker|first2=Chas. M.|last2=Inglis|year=1930|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|place=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Birds of Southern India|first1=Richard|last1=Grimmett|first2=Tim|last2=Inskipp|date=30 November 2005|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref><ref name="ENVIS"/>

[[File:Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg|thumb|[[Bengal tiger]] at [[Mudumalai National Park]]]]

Protected areas cover an area of {{convert|3305|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the {{convert|22643|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state.<ref name="TNAU">{{cite web|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_wildlife_resources_index.html|title=Forest Wildlife resources|access-date=1 February 2023|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129055829/https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forest_wildlife_resources_index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]], established in 1936, was India's first [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Bird life international|title=Vedanthangal and Karikili Bird Sanctuary|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vedanthangal-and-karikili-bird-sanctuary-iba-india|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318164345/http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vedanthangal-and-karikili-bird-sanctuary-iba-india|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mudumalai National Park]] was established later in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hegde, R.|author2=Enters, T.|title=Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India|date=2000|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=27|issue=3|pages=250–259|doi=10.1017/S037689290000028X|bibcode=2000EnvCo..27..250H |s2cid=86160884|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231857621}}</ref> The protected areas are administered by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the government of India and the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]. [[Pichavaram]] consists of a number of islands interspersing the [[Vellar River|Vellar]] estuary in the north and [[Coleroon]] estuary in the south with [[mangrove]] forests. The Pichavaram mangrove forests is one of the largest mangrove forests in India covering {{cvt|45|km2}} and supports the existence of rare varieties of economically important shells, fishes and migrant birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/|title=Pichavaram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014529/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-mangrove-and-swamp-forest-in-india|title=Top 5 Largest Mangrove and Swamp Forest in India|date=7 January 2014|publisher=Walk through India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816063146/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-mangrove-and-swamp-forest-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has five [[National parks of India|National Parks]] covering {{convert|307.84|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{ndash}}[[Indira Gandhi National Park|Anamalai]], Mudumalai, [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]], [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]], a marine national park and [[Guindy National Park|Guindy]], an urban national park within Chennai.<ref name="ENVIS"/> Tamil Nadu has 18 [[Protected areas of India#Wildlife sanctuaries|wildlife sanctuaries]].<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824135751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is home to one of the largest populations of endangered [[Bengal tigers]] and [[Indian elephants]] in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Panwar|first=H. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110|title=Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future|publisher=Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.|pages=110–117|year=1987|isbn=978-0-815-51133-5|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152818/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mysore/Project_elephant_status_for_Bhadra_sanctuary/articleshow/4066438.cms|title=Project Elephant Status|date=2 February 2009|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2009|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802102040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mysore/Project_elephant_status_for_Bhadra_sanctuary/articleshow/4066438.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> There are five declared elephant sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu as per [[Project Elephant]]{{ndash}}Agasthyamalai, [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]], [[Coimbatore Elephant Reserve|Coimbatore]], Nilgiris and [[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Srivilliputtur]].<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|title=Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|publisher=ENVIS|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055618/http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu participates in [[Project Tiger]] and has five declared [[tiger reserves]]{{ndash}}Anamalai, [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakkad-Mundanthurai]], [[Mudumalai]], [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam]] and Megamalai.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref name="MOEF">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|title=Eight New Tiger Reserves|date=13 November 2008|work=Press Release|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India|access-date=2009-10-31|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193258/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 February 2021|title=Srivilliputhur–Megamalai Tiger Reserve in TN approved|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|access-date=28 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419202157/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are seventeen declared bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds flock to Vettangudi Sanctuary|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2004|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825122713/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhuveli wetland in Tamil Nadu declared bird sanctuary|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825130556/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Pichavaram_1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mangrove]] forests at [[Pichavaram]]]]

There is one conservation reserve at [[Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve|Tiruvidaimarudur]] in [[Thanjavur district]]. There are two [[List of protected areas in India#Zoos|zoos]] recognised by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] namely [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] and [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], both located in [[Chennai]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> The state has other smaller zoos run by local administrative bodies such as [[VOC park and zoo|Coimbatore Zoo]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Amirthi Zoological Park]] in [[Vellore]], Kurumpampatti Wildlife Park in [[Salem district|Salem]], Yercaud Deer Park in [[Yercaud]], Mukkombu Deer Park in [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]] and Ooty Deer Park in [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> There are five crocodile farms located at [[Amaravathi Dam#Crocodiles|Amaravati]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Hogenakkal (village)|Hogenakkal]] in [[Dharmapuri district]], Kurumbapatti in [[Salem district]], [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] in [[Chennai]] and [[Sathanur Reservoir|Sathanur]] in [[Tiruvannamalai district]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> Threatened and endangered species found in the region include the [[grizzled giant squirrel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/wildlife/grizzled-squirrel-sanctuary.php|title=Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208034129/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/wildlife/grizzled-squirrel-sanctuary.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[grey slender loris]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=M.|last2=Lindburg|first2=D.G.|last3=Udhayan|first3=A.|last4= Kumar|first4=M.A.|last5=Kumara|first5=H.N.|year=1999|title=Status survey of slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus|publisher=Oryx|pages=31–37}}</ref> [[sloth bear]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Daroji-an ecological destination|last=Kottur|first=Samad|publisher=Drongo|year=2012|isbn=978-9-3508-7269-7}}</ref> [[Nilgiri tahr]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nilgiri-tahr-population-over-3000-wwfindia/article7717561.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Nilgiri tahr population over 3,000: WWF-India|date=3 October 2015|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208090051/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/nilgiri-tahr-population-over-3000-wwfindia/article7717561.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nilgiri langur]],<ref>{{cite report|last1=Malviya|first1=M.|last2=Srivastav|first2=A.|last3=Nigam|first3=P.|last4=Tyagi|first4=P.C.|title=Indian National Studbook of Nilgiri Langur (''Trachypithecus johnii'')|url=https://www.cza.nic.in/Nilgiri%20Langur%20studbook.pdf|year=2011|publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]], Dehradun and [[Central Zoo Authority]], New Delhi|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023432/http://www.cza.nic.in/Nilgiri%20Langur%20studbook.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[lion-tailed macaque]],<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Singh, M.|author2=Kumar, A.|author3=Kumara, H.N.|date=2020|title=''Macaca silenus''|volume=2020|article-number=e.T12559A17951402|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12559A17951402.en|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> and the [[Indian leopard]].<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Stein, A.B.|author2=Athreya, V.|author3=Gerngross, P.|author4=Balme, G.|author5=Henschel, P.|author6=Karanth, U.|author7=Miquelle, D.|author8=Rostro-Garcia, S.|author9=Kamler, J.F.|author10=Laguardia, A.|author11=Khorozyan, I.|author12=Ghoddousi, A.|date=2020|title=''Panthera pardus''|volume=2020|article-number=e.T15954A163991139|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Symbols of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|title=State Symbols of India|publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102907/https://wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/state-symbol.php|title=Symbols of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152841/https://tnbb.tn.gov.in/state-symbol.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Animal
!Bird
!Butterfly
!Tree
!Fruit
!Flower
|-
|[[Nilgiri tahr]] (''Nilgiritragus hylocrius'')
|[[Emerald dove]] (''Chalcophaps indica'')
|[[Tamil Yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa thais'')
|[[Borassus flabellifer|Palmyra palm]] (''Borassus flabellifer'')
|[[Jackfruit]] (''Artocarpus heterophyllus'')
|[[Gloriosa superba|Glory lily]] (''Gloriosa superba'')
|}

== Administration and politics ==
=== Administration ===
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-right:1em"
|+ Administrative officials
|-
!Title
!Name
|-
|[[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]]
|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-governors-in-states-ut-tns-ravi-replaces-bose-in-bengal-ahead-of-polls-hasnain-for-bihar-sandhu-gets-delhi-10566960/|title=New Governors in states, UT: TN’s Ravi replaces Bose in Bengal ahead of polls, Hasnain for Bihar, Sandhu gets Delhi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief minister]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece|title=MK Stalin sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|access-date=23 June 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 May 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181732/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|Chief Justice]]
|[[S. A. Dharmadhikari]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-sa-dharmadhikari-as-madras-high-court-chief-justice-525367|title=Centre Notifies Appointment Of Justice SA Dharmadhikari As Madras High Court Chief Justice|work=Live Law|date=5 March 2026|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
|}
{{Further|Local government bodies in Tamil Nadu|List of departments of the government of Tamil Nadu}}
Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state executive]], [[legislative]] and [[High Courts of India|head of judiciary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120141242/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> The administration of the state government functions through various secretariat departments. There are 43 departments of the state and the departments have further sub-divisions which may govern various undertakings and boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department|title=List of Departments|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331152823/https://www.tn.gov.in/department|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is divided into 38 [[Districts of Tamil Nadu|districts]], each of which is administered by a [[District Collector]], who is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) appointed to the district by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. For land revenue administration, the districts are further subdivided into 87 revenue divisions administered by [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officers]] (RDO) which comprise 310 [[taluks]] administered by [[Tehsildar|Tehsildars]].<ref name="AS" /> The taluks are divided into 1349 [[revenue block]]s called ''[[Firka|Firkas]]'' which consist of 17,680 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]].<ref name="AS">{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/government|title=Government units, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207162622/https://www.tn.gov.in/government|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Administrative divisions of India|local administration]] consists of 15 [[City Municipal Corporations of Tamil Nadu|municipal corporations]], 121 [[Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu|municipalities]] and 528 [[town panchayat]]s in the urban areas, and 385 [[panchayat union]]s and 12,618 [[Village Panchayat|village panchayats]], administered by Village Administrative Officers (VAO).<ref name="LG" /><ref name="AS" /><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch42.pdf|title=Statistical year book of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170002/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch42.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], established in 1688, is the second oldest in the world and Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish town panchayats as a new administrative unit.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sriram V.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world/article5180124.ece|title=Chennai - the 2nd oldest Corporation in the world|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 September 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="oldestcorp">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm|archive-date=2004-01-28|title=The first corporation |date=2003-04-02|access-date=14 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|title=Town panchayats|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219001439/https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LG">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legislature ===
[[File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai_2.jpg|thumb|[[Fort St. George]] is the seat of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]]]

In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head and appoints the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] who has the ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://interstatecouncil.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CHAPTERI.pdf|title=Chapter I, Constitution of India|date=June 2015|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|page=5}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Durga Das Basu]]|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=2011|edition=22|pages=241, 245|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9}}</ref> The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] established the Madras Presidency legislative council with four to eight members but was a mere advisory body to the governor of the presidency. The strength was increased to twenty in [[Indian Councils Act of 1892|1892]] and fifty in [[Indian Councils Act 1909|1909]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-1892-India|title=Indian Councils Act|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201040438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-1892-India|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-of-1909|title=Indian Councils Act, 1909|publisher=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226203954/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-of-1909|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras legislative council]] was set-up in 1921 by the [[Government of India Act 1919]] with a term of three years and consisted of 132 Members of which 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected.<ref name="SL">{{cite web|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|title=History of state legislature|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110150502/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of India Act 1935]] established a [[bicameral legislature]] with the creation of a new [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|legislative council]] with 54 to 56 members in July 1937.<ref name="SL"/>

The [[1st Madras Assembly|first legislature]] of Madras state under the [[Constitution of India]] was constituted on 1 March 1952 after the [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952 elections]]. The number of seats post the reorganisation in 1956 was 206, which was further increased to 234 in 1962.<ref name="SL"/> In 1986, the state moved to a [[unicameral legislature]] with the abolition of the Legislative Council by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) act, 1986.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/little-hope-for-revival-of-tns-legislative-council/articleshow/84956355.cms|title=Little hope for revival of Tamil Nadu's legislative council|date=2 August 2021|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/little-hope-for-revival-of-tns-legislative-council/articleshow/84956355.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly is housed in the [[Fort St. George]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history_fort.php|title=History of fort|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082644/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history_fort.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The state elects 39 [[Member of Parliament (India)|members]] to the [[Lok Sabha]] and 18 to the [[Rajya Sabha]] of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Electoral statistics|url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ELECTROAL%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=2|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082518/https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ELECTROAL%20STATISTICS-WRITEUP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
[[File:A building in Chennai.JPG|thumb|[[Madras High Court]], the highest judicial authority in the state]]

The [[Madras High Court]] was established on 26 June 1862 and is the highest judicial authority of the state with control over all the civil and criminal courts in the state.<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/high-court-of-madras/|title=History of Madras High Court|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815125725/https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/high-court-of-madras/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is headed by a [[Chief Justice]] and has a bench at Madurai since 2004.<ref name="HC"/>

The [[Tamil Nadu Police]], established as Madras state police in 1859, operates under the [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|home ministry]] of the Government of Tamil Nadu and is responsible for maintaining law and order in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnpmcbe.in/history.html|title=Tamil Nadu Police-history|publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Police]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217150604/https://tnpmcbe.in/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it consists of more than 132,000 police personnel, headed by a [[Director General of Police]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Police-Policy document 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=3|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105161838/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/OrganisationChart|title=Tamil Nadu Police-Organizational structure|publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Police]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208193015/https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/OrganisationChart|url-status=live}}</ref> Women form 17.6% of the police force and specifically handle [[violence against women in Tamil Nadu|violence against women]] through 222 special all-women police stations.<ref name="PS"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/women-police-personnel-face-bias-says-report/article7554550.ece?theme=true|title=Women police personnel face bias, says report|author=Rukmini S.|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016041856/http://www.thehindu.com/data/women-police-personnel-face-bias-says-report/article7554550.ece?theme=true|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live|date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://womenpoliceindia.org/state/tamil-nadu|title=Tamil Nadu, women in police|publisher=Women police India|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629230940/http://womenpoliceindia.org/state/tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has 1854 police stations, the highest in the country, including 47 railway and 243 traffic police stations.<ref name="PS">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Police-Policy document 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=5|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105161838/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/police_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/PSRanking2022EngliishFinal_16022023.pdf|title=Police Ranking 2022|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 September 2023|page=12|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173137/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/PSRanking2022EngliishFinal_16022023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The traffic police under different district administrations are responsible for the traffic management in the respective regions.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf|title=The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 35 of 1972)|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616025502/http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is consistently ranked as one of the [[Indian states ranking by safety of women|safest for women]] with a crime rate of 22 per 100,000 in 2018.<ref>{{cite report|title=Crime in India 2019 - Statistics Volume 1|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|access-date=12 September 2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528004416/https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Elections in Tamil Nadu|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:K_Kamaraj_1976_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[K. Kamaraj]] served as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] from 1954 to 1963]]

Elections in India are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]], an independent body established in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/about/about-eci/the-setup-r1/|title=Setup of Election Commission of India|date=26 October 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124025555/https://eci.gov.in/about/about-eci/the-setup-r1/|url-status=live}}</ref> Politics in Tamil Nadu was dominated by national parties till the 1960s. Regional parties have ruled ever since. The [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and [[Swaraj Party]] were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.<ref name="encyclopp">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Political Parties|last=Ralhan|first=O.P.|year=2002|publisher=Print House|pages=180–199|isbn=978-8-1748-8287-5}}</ref> During the 1920s and 1930s, the [[Self-Respect Movement]], spearheaded by [[Theagaroya Chetty]] and [[E. V. Ramaswamy]] (commonly known as Periyar), emerged in the Madras Presidency and led to the formation of the Justice party.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929|last=Irschick|first=Eugene F.|year=1969|oclc=249254802|publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref> The Justice Party eventually lost the [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1937 elections]] to the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] became the chief minister of the Madras Presidency.<ref name="encyclopp"/> In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice party into a social organisation, renaming the party [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], and withdrew from electoral politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/75-years-of-carrying-the-legacy-of-periyar/article29255010.ece|title=75 years of carrying the legacy of Periyar|date=26 August 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224112854/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/75-years-of-carrying-the-legacy-of-periyar/article29255010.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_addressing_the_nation_on_the_eve_of_58th_Republic_Day,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_25,_2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[APJ Abdul Kalam]] served as the [[List of presidents of India|eleventh]] [[President of India]]]]

After independence, Rajagopalachari served as the last [[Governor General of India]] before India became a republic.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 10, 2015|title=Remembering C Rajagopalachari: 10 interesting facts about India's last Governor-General|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/c-rajagopalachari-276533-2015-12-10|access-date=18 June 2022|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328110726/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/c-rajagopalachari-276533-2015-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref> [[C. N. Annadurai]], a follower of Periyar, formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in 1949.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-03-1971/marican-genesis%20dmk.pdf|title=Genesis of DMK|journal=Asian Studies|page=1|first=Y.|last=Marican|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210185715/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-09-03-1971/marican-genesis%20dmk.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in the 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of [[K. Kamaraj]], who led the party after the death of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and ensured the selection of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]] as [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]].<ref name="CM">{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/cmlist.htm|title=Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726082924/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/cmlist.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year=1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/164 164]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]|asin=B003DXXMC4}}</ref>

The [[anti-Hindi agitations]] led to the rise of [[Dravidian parties]] and the first such government was formed in [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]].<ref>{{cite report|title=The Madras Legislative Assembly, 1962-67, A Review|url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224112855/https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) led by [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-look-at-the-events-leading-up-to-the-birth-of-aiadmk/article37046741.ece|title=A look at the events leading up to the birth of AIADMK|date=21 October 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203143001/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-look-at-the-events-leading-up-to-the-birth-of-aiadmk/article37046741.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> These two Dravidian parties continued to dominate the electoral politics in the state with the national parties often aligning as junior partners.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wyatt|first=A.K.J.|title=New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=42|issue=5|pages=733–753|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2002|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733|hdl=1983/1811|url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/new-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu(ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d).html|hdl-access=free|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070038/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/new-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu(ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d).html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[M. Karunanidhi]], who became the leader of the DMK after Annadurai and [[J. Jayalalithaa]], who succeeded as the leader of AIADMK after M. G. Ramachandran dominated the state politics from the 1980s to early 2010s, serving as chief ministers combined for over 32 years.<ref name="CM"/><ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2017|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece|title=Jayalalithaa vs Janaki: The last succession battle|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=10 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210193617/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-vs-Janaki-The-last-succession-battle/article17284902.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state has produced three [[President of India|Indian presidents]], namely, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/a-winner-at-the-end-why-amartya-sen-should-become-the-next-president-of-india/cid/1024890|title=Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India|access-date=30 November 2023|first=Ramachandra|last=Guha|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=15 April 2006|archive-date=28 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228073532/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060415/asp/opinion/story_6099278.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. Venkataraman]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Sanjoy|last=Hazarika|title=India's Mild New President: Ramaswamy Venkataraman|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 July 1987|access-date=6 January 2009|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDD1239F934A25754C0A961948260&n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/India|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812204533/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/17/world/man-in-the-news-india-s-mild-new-president-ramaswamy-venkataraman.html?n=Top%2FNews%2FWorld%2FCountries+and+Territories%2FIndia|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[APJ Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream|last1=Ramana|first1=M. V.|last2=Reddy, C.|first2=Rammanohar|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-1250-2477-4|page=169}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|align = right
|state =
|1901|1,92,52,630
|1911|2,09,02,616
|1921|2,16,28,518
|1931|2,34,72,099
|1941|2,62,67,507
|1951|3,01,19,047
|1961|3,36,86,953
|1971|4,11,99,168
|1981|4,84,08,077
|1991|5,58,58,946
|2001|6,24,05,679
|2011|7,21,47,030
|footnote=Source:Census of India<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|title=Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229191706/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43366/download/47068/33%20A-2%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{Main|Demographics of Tamil Nadu}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Tamil Nadu had a population of 72.1 million and is the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|seventh most populous state]] in India.<ref name="pop"/> The population is projected to be 76.8 million in 2023 and to grow to 78 million by 2036.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|title=Population projection report 2011-36|page=56|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151511/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanised states in the country with more than 48.4 per cent of the population living in urban areas.<ref name="DG">{{cite report|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_1168.aspx?format=Print|title=Demography of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209234142/https://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/Demography_1168.aspx?format=Print|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, the [[sex ratio]] was 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 943.<ref name="SR">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98466|title=Sex Ratio, 2011 census|date=21 August 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314221118/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98466|url-status=live}}</ref> The sex ratio at birth was recorded as 954 during the fourth [[National Family Health Survey]] (NFHS) in 2015–16 which reduced further to 878 in the fifth NFHS in 2019–21, ranking [[List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio|third worst]] amongst states.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|title=Fifth National Family Health Survey-Update on Child Sex Ratio|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=17 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922222826/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1782601|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|Literacy rate]] was 80.1%, higher than the national average of 73%.<ref name="LR">{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22070|title=State wise literacy rate|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224183329/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22070|url-status=live}}</ref> The literacy rate was estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 [[National Statistical Commission]] (NSC) survey.<ref name="NSC">{{cite report|title=Household Social Consumption on Education in India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf|year=2018|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, there were about 23.17 million households with 7.42 million children under the age of six.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca_2011/PCA_datahighlights-TN.pdf|title=Census highlights, 2011|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> A total of 14.4 million (20%) belonged to [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC) and 0.8 million (1.1%) to [[Scheduled tribes]] (ST).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://census.tn.nic.in/PCA_data_highlights/chapter2_scst_population.pdf|title=SC/ST population in Tamil Nadu 2011|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224183332/https://census.tn.nic.in/PCA_data_highlights/chapter2_scst_population.pdf}}</ref>

{{As of|2017}}, the state had the [[Indian states ranking by fertility rate|lowest]] [[fertility rate]] in India with 1.6 children born for each woman, lower than required for sustaining the population.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|title=Population projection report 2011-36|page=25|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151511/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, Tamil Nadu had a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) of 0.692, higher than that of the overall HDI of the country (0.644) and [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|ranked]] 14th amongst the Indian states and territories.<ref name="HDI">{{cite report|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|publisher=Global Data Lab, [[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071728/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, the [[life expectancy]] at birth was 74 years, one of the [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth|highest]] amongst Indian states.<ref name="LE">{{cite report|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/maps/lifexp/2019/|title=Life expectancy 2019|publisher=Global Data Lab|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103195910/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/maps/lifexp/2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, 2.2% of the people live below the [[poverty line]] as per the [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]], one of the lowest rates amongst Indian states.<ref name="PL">{{cite report|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-11/National_MPI_India-11242021.pdf|page=35|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513171951/https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-11/National_MPI_India-11242021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cities and towns ===
{{Main|List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population}}

{{Further|List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population}}
The capital of Chennai is the [[List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu|most populous]] urban agglomeration in the state with more than 8.6 million residents, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, [[Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Tiruppur]], respectively.<ref name="UA">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Urban Agglomerations and Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=10 August 2014|archive-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>
{{Largest cities
|nonav = y
|country = Tamil Nadu
|stat_ref = (2011)<ref name="UA"/>
|list_by_pop = List of cities in Tamil Nadu
|div_name = District
|div_link = List of districts in Tamil Nadu{{!}}District

|city_1 = Chennai
|div_1 = Chennai district{{!}}Chennai
|pop_1 = 8,696,010

|city_2 = Coimbatore
|div_2 = Coimbatore district{{!}}Coimbatore
|pop_2 = 2,151,466

|city_3 = Madurai
|div_3 = Madurai district{{!}}Madurai
|pop_3 = 1,462,420

|city_4 = Tiruchirappalli
|div_4 = Tiruchirappalli district{{!}}Tiruchirappalli
|pop_4 = 1,021,717

|city_5 = Tiruppur
|div_5 = Tiruppur district{{!}}Tiruppur
|pop_5 = 962,982

|city_6 = Salem, Tamil Nadu{{!}}Salem
|div_6 = Salem district{{!}}Salem
|pop_6 = 919,150

|city_7 = Erode
|div_7 = Erode district{{!}}Erode
|pop_7 = 521,776

|city_8 = Vellore
|div_8 = Vellore district{{!}}Vellore
|pop_8 = 504,079

|city_9 = Tirunelveli
|div_9 = Tirunelveli district{{!}}Tirunelveli
|pop_9 = 498,984

|city_10 = Thoothukudi
|div_10 = Thoothukudi district{{!}}Thoothukudi
|pop_10 = 410,760
}}

=== Religion and ethnicity ===
{{bar box
|float = right
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|title = Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite report|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|6.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|5.86}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.4}}
}}
{{Main|Religion in Tamil Nadu}}

The state is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece|title=The magic of melting pot called Chennai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 December 2011|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-different-mirror/article14588903.ece|date=25 August 2016|title=A different mirror|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-different-mirror/article14588903.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]] is followed by 87.6% of the population. [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christians]] form the largest [[religious minority]] in the state with 6.1% of the population; [[Tamil Muslim|Muslims]] form 5.9% of the population.<ref name="RL">{{cite report|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224183408/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tamils]] form a majority of the population with minorities including [[Telugus]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/18/telugu-speaking-people-in-tn-are-not-aliens-587462.html|title='Telugu Speaking People in TN are Not Aliens'|date=18 March 2014|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044308/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/mar/18/Telugu-Speaking-People-in-TN-are-Not-Aliens-587462.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Marwaris]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/nov/06/from-rajasthan-with-love-54864.html|title=From Rajasthan with love|date=6 November 2023|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044310/https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/nov/06/from-rajasthan-with-love-54864.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gujaratis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/oct/20/go-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html|title=Go Gujrati this navratri|date=20 October 2023|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044309/https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/oct/20/go-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Parsi]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html|title=The Parsis of Madras|journal=Madras Musings|date=15 October 2008|volume=XVIII|issue=12|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619183804/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sindhis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms|title=Sindhis to usher in new year with fanfare|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002201726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> [[Odias]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-oriyas-find-chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms|title=Why Oriyas find Chennai warm and hospitable|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 May 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Why-Oriyas-find-Chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Kannadigas]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chennais-kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms|title=Chennai's Kannadigas not complaining|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2008|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609022307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chennais-Kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms|archive-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> [[Anglo-Indians]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html|title=The Anglo-Indians of Chennai|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XX|issue=12|date=15 October 2010|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309162918/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengalis]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms|title=A slice of Bengal in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 October 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[Punjabis]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html|first=Madhu|last=B.R.|title=The Punjabis of Chennai|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XX|issue=12|date=16 September 2009|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217003501/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Malayalees]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mediaindia.eu/eyetalk/chennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations/|title=Chennai Malayalee Club leads Onam 2023 celebrations|newspaper=Media India|date=1 September 2023|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128145731/https://mediaindia.eu/eyetalk/chennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state also has a significant [[expatriate]] population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240817/when-madras-welcomed-them.html|title=When Madras welcomed them|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=27 August 2007|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240817/when-madras-welcomed-them.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/24/deepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html|title=Deepavali, the expat edition|date=24 October 2023|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/24/deepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the state had 3.49 million immigrants.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[Government of India]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941077|title=Migration of Labour in the Country|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173148/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941077|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|radius=75
|caption = Distribution of languages in Tamil Nadu (2011)<ref name="LRT"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|color1 = orange
|value1 = 88.35
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|color2 = Blue
|value2 = 5.87
|label3 = [[Kannada]]
|color3 = deeppink
|value3 = 1.78
|label4 = [[Urdu]]
|color4 = Green
|value4 = 1.75
|label5 = [[Malayalam]]
|color5 = violet
|value5 = 1.01
|other-label = Others
|other = 1.24
|other-color = turquoise
}}
Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu, while [[English language|English]] serves as the additional official language.<ref name="Lang"/> Tamil is one of the oldest languages and was the first to be recognised as a [[classical language of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007012008/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 88.4% of the state's population, followed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (5.87%), [[Kannada]] (1.78%), [[Urdu]] (1.75%), [[Malayalam]] (1.01%) and other languages (1.24%)<ref name="LRT">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222|title=Census India Catalog|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208151656/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222|url-status=live}}</ref> Various [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Tamil are spoken across regions such as [[Madras Bashai]] in northern Tamil Nadu, [[Kongu Tamil]] in [[Kongu Nadu|Western Tamil Nadu]], [[Madurai Tamil]] around Madurai and [[Nellai Tamil]] in South-eastern Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smirnitskaya|first1=Anna|title=Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai|journal=Acta Linguistica Petropolitana|date=March 2019|issue=3|pages=318–334|doi=10.30842/alp2306573714317|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782|access-date=4 November 2022|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173206/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782_Diglossia_and_Tamil_varieties_in_Chennai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inkl.com/news/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family|title=Several dialects of Tamil|date=31 October 2023|work=Inkl|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224181431/https://www.inkl.com/news/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family|url-status=live}}</ref> It is part of the [[Dravidian languages]] and preserves many features of [[Proto-Dravidian]], though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses [[loanword]]s from other languages such as [[Sanskrit]] and English.<ref>{{cite book|last=Southworth|first=Franklin C.|title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-33323-8|pages=129–132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|series = Cambridge Language Surveys|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-77111-5|page=480}}</ref> [[Korean language|Korean]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece|title=K and the city: Why are more and more Chennaiites learning Korean?|first=Sweta|last=Akundi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030545/https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece|archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> [[Japanese Language|Japanese]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1|title=Konnichiwa!|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 September 2017|access-date=25 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210354/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> [[French language|French]],<ref name="FP">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html|title=How many tongues can you speak?|website=The New Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107191558/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> [[Mandarin Chinese]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece|title=How Mandarin has become crucial in Chennai|first=Sweta|last=Akundi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203115726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece|archive-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> [[German language|German]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms|title=Guten Morgen! Chennaiites signing up for German lessons on the rise|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms|archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> and [[Spanish Language|Spanish]] are spoken by foreign expatriates in the state.<ref name="FP"/>

===LGBT rights===
{{Main|LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu}}

The [[LGBT]] rights in Tamil Nadu are among the most progressive in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/|title=LGBT community in Tamil Nadu seeks state government's support|date=15 December 2013|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827081359/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lgbt-community-in-city-sees-sign-of-hope/article8185883.ece|title=LGBT community in city sees sign of hope|first1=Zubeda|last1=Hamid|date=3 February 2016|access-date=3 July 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054046/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lgbt-community-in-city-sees-sign-of-hope/article8185883.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, Tamil Nadu set up the Transgender welfare board and was the first to introduce a transgender welfare policy, wherein transgender people can avail free [[sex reassignment surgery]] in government hospitals.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.undp.org/india/publications/case-tamil-nadu-transgender-welfare-board-insights-developing-practical-models-social-protection-programmes-transgender-people|title=The Case of Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board: Insights for Developing Practical Models of Social Protection Programmes for Transgender People in India|date=27 May 2013|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224181431/https://www.undp.org/india/publications/case-tamil-nadu-transgender-welfare-board-insights-developing-practical-models-social-protection-programmes-transgender-people|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Rainbow Pride]] has been held in Chennai annually since 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Priya|title=A decade of Pride in Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2021|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809145605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to ban conversion therapy and [[Intersex medical interventions|forced sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants]], following the directions of the Madras High Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/madras-hc-conversion-therapy-pride-month-b1861601.html%3famp|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/madras-hc-conversion-therapy-pride-month-b1861601.html%3famp|archive-date=26 May 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Indian state set to be the first to ban conversion therapy of LGBT+ individuals|first=Maroosha|last=Muzaffar|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|title=1st in India & Asia, and 2nd globally, Tamil Nadu bans sex-selective surgeries for infants|newspaper=The Print|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607025339/https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|title=Tamil Nadu Becomes First State to Ban So‑Called Corrective Surgery on Intersex Babies|work=The Swaddle|date=30 August 2019|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803061033/https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the Madras High Court ruled that the term "bride" under the [[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]] includes trans-women, thereby legalising marriage between a man and a transgender woman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theleaflet.in/transgenders-have-marriage-rights-under-the-indian-constitution-says-madras-high-court/|title=Transgenders have marriage rights says Madras High Court|newspaper=leaflet|date=23 December 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224181432/https://theleaflet.in/transgenders-have-marriage-rights-under-the-indian-constitution-says-madras-high-court/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture and heritage==
{{Further|Tamil culture}}

===Clothing===
[[File:Kanchipuram sarees (7642282200).jpg|thumb|[[Kanchipuram silk sari]]s worn by women on special occasions]]

Tamil women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment measuring {{cvt|15|to|27|ft}} in length and {{cvt|2|to|4|ft}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to [[Indian philosophy]], the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<ref name="Drape">{{cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-966-14961-6|pages=6, 15, 29-32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari: Styles, Patterns, History, Techniques|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-810-94461-9|pages=7-11}}</ref> Ancient Tamil poetry such as the ''Cilappadhikaram'', describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=R.|year=1993|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-07849-8}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk]] saris on special occasions such as marriages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Apr/02/tales-of-threads-there-are-now-more-silk-saris-than-at-any-time-ever-in-history|title=Tales of threads|date=2 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=Monahan|first2= William|last2=Mirola|first3=Michael|last3=Emerson|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-130-25380-4|page=83}}</ref> The [[Kanchipuram silk sari]] is a type of silk sari made in the [[Kanchipuram]] region in Tamil Nadu and these saris are worn as a part of the bridal attire and during special occasions. It has been recognised as a [[Geographical indication]] by the Government of India in 2005{{ndash}}2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weaving through the threads|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=14 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614090426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GI">{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|title=Geographical indications of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=28 June 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015172118/https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kovai Cora Cotton|Kovai Cora]] is a type of [[cotton]] sari made in the Coimbatore.<ref name="GI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708/292305|title=31 ethnic Indian products given|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173207/https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708-292305/|url-status=live}}</ref> Young girls wear a long skirt called ''pavaadai'' along with a long over cloth called ''dhavani''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|page=34|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140850/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/ALUvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref>

The men wear a ''[[veshti]]'', a rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, of varying lengths, that is wrapped around the legs and knotted at the waist. It is often white, bordered in brightly coloured stripes.<ref name="Dress">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cocktail-conversations-veshti-vs-dhoti/articleshow/8324642.cms|title=Veshti Vs Dhoti|date=15 May 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The style of draping might vary between communities, and men sometimes wear a hip belt to hold the veshti in place.<ref name="Drape"/> Traditional attire includes a ''[[dhoti]]'', a costume similar to veshti, which is a long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, that is wrapped around the waist, looped around the legs (similar to trousers) and knotted at the waist.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|title=About Dhoti|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150055/http://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[lungi]]'', which is similar to a veshti but made tubular with the ends stitched together, designed with colourful [[batik]] patterns, is a common form of male attire in the countryside.<ref name="Dress"/><ref name="Cloth">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|title=Clothing in India|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|url-status=live}}</ref> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<ref name="Cloth"/>

===Cuisine===
[[File:Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG|thumb|Traditional meal served on a [[banana leaf]]]]

[[Rice]] is the diet staple and is served with ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]'', and ''[[poriyal]]'' as a part of a Tamil meal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faostat.fao.org/site/616/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=616#ancor|title=Food Balance Sheets and Crops Primary Equivalent|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003034113/http://faostat.fao.org/site/616/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=616#ancor}}</ref> [[Coconut]] and spices are used extensively in Tamil cuisine. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes made of rice, [[legume]]s, and [[lentil]]s with its distinct aroma and flavour achieved by the blending of [[flavouring]]s and spices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Czarra|first=Fred|year=2009|title=Spices: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar|url-access=registration|publisher= Reaktion Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar/page/128 128]|isbn=978-1-861-89426-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalby|first=Andrew|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5}}</ref> The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a [[banana leaf]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific|page=84|last1=Molina|first1=A.B.|last2=Roa|first2=V.N.|last3=Van den Bergh|first3=I.|last4=Maghuyop|first4=M.A.|publisher=Biodiversity International|year=2000|isbn=978-9-719-17513-1}}</ref> and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Culture|first=Bobbie|last=Kalman|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|year=2009|page=29|isbn=978-0-778-79287-1}}</ref> After the meal, the fingers are washed; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|title=Serving on a banana leaf|publisher=ISCKON|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220859/http://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavour to the food, and is considered healthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves|work=India Times|date=9 March 2015|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Idli]]'', ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', ''[[uthappam]]'', ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'', and ''[[paniyaram]]'' are popular breakfast dishes in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|first=K.T.|last=Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|date=1 November 2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-8-173-71293-7|page=80}}</ref> [[Palani Panchamirtham]], [[Ooty varkey]], [[Chikki|Kovilpatti Kadalai Mittai]], [[Manapparai Murukku]] and [[Khoa|Srivilliputhur Palkova]] are unique foods that have been recognised as [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indications]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{further|Tamil Literature}}
[[File:The Hindu Sage Agastya.jpg|thumb|upright|Sculpture of sage [[Agastya]]]]

Tamil Nadu has an independent [[Tamil literature|literary]] tradition dating back over 2500 years from the Sangam era.<ref name="Zvelebil"/> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as the [[Tamil Sangams]], the earliest of which, according to legend, were held on a now vanished [[Kumari Kandam|continent]] far to the south of India.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031|title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=42|issue=2|page=207|year=2003|last1=Abraham|first1=S. A.|s2cid=153420843|hdl=10125/17189|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|title=The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elYyJuYuAhwC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24032-2|pages=131, 156}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Jayakaran, S. C.|year=2004|url=http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ifrj/article/download/178/183|title=Lost Land and the Myth of Kumari Kandam|journal=Indian Folklore Research Journal|volume=1|issue=4|pages=94–109|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202742/http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ifrj/article/download/178/183}}</ref> This includes the oldest grammatical treatise, ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'', and the epics ''Cilappatikaram'' and ''[[Manimekalai]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs|year=1993|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|volume=21|issue=9/11|pages=113–129|doi= 10.2307/3520429|quote=As early as the Tolkappiyam (which has sections ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE) the eco-types in South India have been classified into|journal=Social Scientist|jstor=3520429}}</ref> The earliest [[epigraphic]] records found on rock edicts and ''[[hero stone]]s'' date from around the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2943246|jstor=2943246|title=The Beginnings of Civilization in South India|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=603–616|year=1970|last1=Maloney|first1=C.|s2cid=162291987}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2053325|jstor=2053325|title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=37|issue=1|pages=7–26|year=1977|last1=Stein|first1=B.|s2cid=144599197}}</ref> The available literature from the Sangam period was categorised and compiled into two categories based roughly on chronology: the [[Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku]] consisting of [[Eṭṭuttokai]] and the [[Pattupattu]], and the [[Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku]]. The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the 13th-century grammar book ''{{IAST|Naṉṉūl}}'' based on the ''Tolkāppiyam.'' Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely ''{{IAST|eḻuttu}}'', ''sol'', ''{{IAST|poruḷ}}'', ''yāppu'', ''{{IAST|aṇi}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html|title=Five fold grammar of Tamil|work=University of Pennsylvania|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609115617/http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html|archive-date=9 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Giovanni Ciotti|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352695179|title=Tamil Ilakkaṇam ('Grammar') and the Interplay between Syllabi, Corpora and Manuscripts|date=June 2021|doi=10.1515/9783110741124-016|pages=315–352|isbn=978-3-11-074112-4|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082621/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352695179_Tamil_Ilakkanam_%27Grammar%27_and_the_Interplay_between_Syllabi_Corpora_and_Manuscripts|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Tirukkural]]'', a book on ethics by [[Thiruvalluvar]], is amongst the most popular works of Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. S. Purnalingam|last=Pillai|title=Tamil literature|publisher=Asian Education Service|date=1994|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-120-60955-6|page=73}}</ref>

The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the [[Five Great Epics]] and the [[Five Minor Epics]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|year=1992|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-00409-365-2|pages=12–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133218/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Companion_Studies_to_the_History_of_Tami/qAPtq49DZfoC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress|year=1981|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|pages=28–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang|year=1991|page=233}}</ref>
In the early medieval period, [[Vaishnava]] and [[Saiva|Shaiva]] literature became prominent following the [[Bhakti movement]] in the sixth century CE with hymns composed by the [[Alvars]] and the [[Nayanars]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=P. Govinda|title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?|date=4 October 2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-78039-0|quote=Thirdly, the movement had blossomed first down south or the Tamil country|chapter=Chapter 11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8-170-17398-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Rukmini Bhaya|title=Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century|last2=de Souza|first2=Peter Ronald|year=2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-03925-4|page=208}}</ref> In the following years, Tamil literature again flourished with notable works including [[Ramavataram]], written in the 12th century CE by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=P S Sundaram|title=Kamba Ramayana|date=3 May 2002|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-9-351-18100-2|pages=18–}}</ref> After a lull in the intermediate years due to various invasions and instability, the Tamil literature recovered in the 14th century CE, with the notable work being ''[[Tiruppukal]]'' by [[Arunagirinathar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrike|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-380-60721-4|page=107}}</ref> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named ''Thambiraan Vanakkam'', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578|author=Karthik Madhavan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|date=21 June 2010}}</ref> ''[[Tamil Lexicon]]'', published by the [[University of Madras]], is the first among the [[dictionaries]] published in any Indian language.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|title=Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=22 June 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704063848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century gave rise to the [[Tamil Renaissance]] and writings and poems by authors such as [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]], [[U.V. Swaminatha Iyer]], [[Ramalinga Swamigal]], [[Maraimalai Adigal]], and [[Bharathidasan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The embodiment of bhakti|author=Karen Prechilis|page=8|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-195-12813-0|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944|first=K. Nambi|last=Arooran|publisher=Koodal|year=1980}}</ref> During the [[Indian Independence Movement]], many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts, notably [[Subramania Bharati]] and Bharathidasan.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|title=Bharathiyar Who Impressed Bharatidasan|journal=Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|issn=1305-578X|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200602/https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{Further|Architecture of Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|thumb|The large ''[[gopuram]]'' is a hallmark of [[Dravidian architecture]]]]
[[Dravidian architecture]] is the distinct style of rock architecture in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P.|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|date=9 October 1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=6|isbn=978-8-1208-0810-2}}</ref> In Dravidian architecture, the temples consisted of porches or ''mantapas'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or ''[[gopuram]]s'' in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and ''pillared halls'' used for many purposes. These features are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a [[temple tank|tank]] called the ''kalyani'' or ''pushkarni''.<ref>{{cite book|last= Fergusson|first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture|orig-date= 1910|edition= 3rd|year= 1997|publisher=Low Price Publications|location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref> The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of [[koil]]s and [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian style.<ref name="Gopuram">{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 2007|title= A Global History of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-26892-5|page=762|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''kalasam'', a bulbous stone [[finial]] and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 1995|title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-28451-2|page=253}}</ref> The gopuram's origins can be traced back to the [[Pallava art and architecture|Pallavas]] who built the group of monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202145914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chola art and architecture|Cholas]] later expanded the same and by the [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandya]] rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=George|title=The Hindu Temple|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages= 151–153|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura|title=Gopuram|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=20 January 2008|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu|state emblem]] also features the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] with an image of a Gopuram on the background.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|title=Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?|date=7 November 2016|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112160826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanam]]'' are similar structures built over the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|title = Middle Chola Temples|publisher=Thomson Press|year=1975|isbn=978-9-060-23607-9|pages=16–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neela|first1=N.|last2=Ambrosia|first2=G.|title=Vimana architecture under the Cholas|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|date=April 2016|volume=3|issue=4|page=57|url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|access-date=5 July 2019|issn=2321-788X|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Mugal Empire|Mugal]] influence in medieval times and the [[British Empire|British]] influence later gave rise to a blend of [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]] and [[Gothic revival]] styles, resulting in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture. Several buildings and institutions built during the British era followed the style.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalfe|first=Thomas R.|title=A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj|journal=History Today|volume=32|issue=9|url=http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-saracenic Architecture|work=Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922|publisher=higman.de|url=http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> By the early 20th century, [[art deco]] made its entry in the urban landscape.<ref>{{cite news|title=Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing|date=2 September 2014|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/art-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132502/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/Art-Deco-Style-Remains-But-Elements-Missing-655242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After Indian Independence, Tamil architecture witnessed a rise in [[Modernism]] with the transition from lime-and-brick construction to [[concrete]] columns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai looks to the skies|location=Chennai|date=31 October 2014|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Arts===
{{Further|Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|The [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] [[Bharatanatyam]] is one of the oldest dance forms of India]]

Tamil Nadu is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music|first=Mark|last=Slobin|isbn=978-0-819-56882-3|year=2008|page=140|publisher=Wesleyan University Press}}</ref> Chennai is called the cultural capital of South India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rina|last=Kamath|title=Chennai|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1378-5|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082657/https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Sangam era, art forms were classified into: ''iyal'' (poetry), ''isai'' (music) and ''nadakam'' (drama).<ref>{{cite book|title=Delights and Disquiets of Leisure in Premodern India|year=2023|isbn=978-9-394-70128-1|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|first=Seema|last=Bahwa}}</ref> [[Bharatanatyam]] is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is one of the oldest dances of India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262|title=World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Peter|last=Fletcher|isbn=978-0-19-816636-8|date=29 April 2004|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055734/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=|title=India's Dances Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|last=Massey|first=Reginald|year=2004|isbn=978-8-170-17434-9|publisher=Abhinav|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Samson|first=Leela|title=Rhythm in Joy: Classical Indian Dance Traditions|year=1987|publisher=Lustre Press|location=New Delhi|page=29|isbn=978-9-9919-4155-4}}</ref> Other regional folk dances include [[Karakattam]], [[Kavadi]], [[Koodiyattam]], [[Oyilattam]], [[Parai Attam|Paraiattam]] and [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam|Puravaiattam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage|year=2000|publisher=International Tamil Language Foundation|location=Chicago|page=1201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|date=1 February 1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Jersey|page=43|isbn=978-8-170-17175-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Bowers|first=Faubion|title=The Dance in India|date=June 1953|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|pages=13–15|isbn=978-0-4040-0963-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fairs and Festivals of India|volume=2|first1=Madan Prasad|last1=Bezbaruah|first2=Krishna|last2=Gopal|year=2003|isbn=978-8-1212-0809-3|page=286|publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref> The dance, clothing, and sculptures of Tamil Nadu exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Brenda|year=1976|title=The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=213–243|doi=10.1177/006996677601000202|s2cid=143220583}}</ref> [[Koothu]] is an ancient folk art, where artists tell stories from the epics accompanied by dance and music.<ref>{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC|author1=Gita Wolf|author2=Va Kītā|author3=V. Geetha|author4=Anushka Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-186-21147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|page=37|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082652/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories|last1=Bhargava|first1=Gopal K.|last2=Shankarlal|first2=Bhatt|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467|isbn=978-8-178-35381-4|access-date=6 February 2024|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173140/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467#v=snippet&q=thevaram&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ancient Tamil country had its own [[Ancient Tamil music|system of music]] called Tamil Pannisai described by Sangam literature such as the ''Silappatikaram''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nijenhuis|first=Emmie te|title=Indian Music: History and Structure|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|place=Leiden|year=1974|isbn=978-9-004-03978-0|pages=4–5}}</ref> A [[Pallava]] inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Widdess|first=D. R.|contribution=The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation|editor-last=Picken|editor-first=Laurence|title=Musica Asiatica|volume=2|place=London|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1979|pages=115–150}}</ref> There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as [[parai]], [[tharai]], [[yazh]] and [[murasu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=When the Kurinji Blooms|first=Rājam|last=Kiruṣṇan̲|year=2002|page=124|isbn=978-8-125-01619-9|publisher=[[Orient BlackSwan]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology|year=2015|isbn=978-0-199-35171-8|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=370|editor1=Jeff Todd Titon|editor2=Svanibor Pettan}}</ref> [[Nadaswaram]], a [[reed instrument]] that is often accompanied by the [[thavil]], a type of [[drum instrument]], are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Venkatasubramanian|first=T. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C&dq=nadasvaram+music&pg=PA50|title=Music as History in Tamilnadu|date=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-38060-706-1|page=50}}</ref> [[Melam]] is a group of [[madhalam]]s and other similar percussion instruments from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events.<ref name="AA"/> The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as [[Carnatic music]], which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such as [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|title=Karnatak music|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064333/https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gaana]], a combination of various folk musics, is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|last=G|first=Ezekiel Majello|date=10 October 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|archive-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] in Chennai, the second oldest museum in India]]

The state is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest/articleshow/17633409.cms|title=CM moots a global arts fest in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2012|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208140112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest/articleshow/17633409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in the early 18th century, the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] and the [[National Art Gallery, Chennai|National Art Gallery]] are amongst the oldest in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/for-a-solid-grounding-in-arts/article2042038.ece|title=For a solid grounding in arts|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 April 2009|access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/|title=Fort St. George museum|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063923/https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/|url-status=live}}</ref> The museum is managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], and has in its possession the first [[Flag of India]] hoisted at [[Fort St George]] after the declaration of India's Independence on [[15 August 1947]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian tri-colour hoisted at Chennai in 1947 to be on display|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182137/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood" and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|title=Tamil Nadu leads in film production|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116192759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/|title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood|date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 February 2012|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024848/https://www.business-standard.com/article/Companies/Tamil-Telugu-film-industries-outshine-Bollywood-106012501034_1.html}}</ref> The term ''Kollywood'' is a blend of [[Kodambakkam]] and Hollywood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|title=After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World|year=2010|isbn=978-1-56858-427-0|page=248|publisher=PublicAffairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|url-status=live }}</ref> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first talkie was a multilingual film, ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', which was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture ''[[Alam Ara]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|year=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|title=From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2020|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|title=Cinema and the city|date=9 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023234933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|title=Farewell to old cinema halls|date=9 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 October 2013|title=A way of life|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|url=https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206150806/https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|archive-date=6 February 2014}}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|[[Jallikattu]], a traditional bull taming event held during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festivities]]

[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major and multi-day [[harvest festival]] celebrated by [[Tamils]].<ref name="CushRobinson2008p610">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-700-71267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is observed in the month of Thai according to the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil solar calendar]] and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.<ref name=Beteille73>{{cite journal|last=Beteille|first=Andre|title=89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|year=1964|issue=2 |issn=0025-1496|doi=10.2307/2797924|pages=73–75|jstor=2797924 }}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[Surya]], the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with [[jaggery]] offered to Surya.<ref>{{cite book|author=R Abbas|editor=S Ganeshram and C Bhavani|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|year=2011|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|isbn=978-9-380-32591-0|pages=751–752|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-598-84206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-930-74198-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of [[cattle]] when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colours, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data|author= G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume = Bd. 103, H. 1|year= 1978|issue= 1|pages= 86–108|publisher= Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|jstor=25841633}}</ref> [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=26 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:2019 kolam decoration for Pongal festival, South India.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tamils]] decorate their homes with colourful geometric designs called [[kolam]] made from rice powder<ref name=mercer22>{{cite book|author=Abbie Mercer|title=Happy New Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC|year=2007|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-404-23808-4|page=22}}</ref>]]

[[Puthandu]] is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the [[Tamil calendar]]. The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the solar [[Hindu calendar]], as the first day of the Tamil month ''Chithirai'' and falls on or about 14 April every year on the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-143-41421-6|page=406}}</ref> [[Karthikai Deepam]] is a festival of lights that is observed on the [[Amavasya|full moon day]] of the [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] month, called the [[Kartik Purnima|Kartika Pournami]], falling on the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] months of November or December.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spagnoli|first1=Cathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last2=Samanna|first2=Paramasivam|date=1999|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-563-08576-5|page=133|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-8-182-05061-7|page=207|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]] is a Tamil festival celebrated on the first full moon day of the Tamil month of Thai coinciding with [[Pushya|Pusam]] star and dedicated to lord [[Murugan]]. [[Kavadi Aattam]] is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees which is a central part of Thaipusam and emphasises debt bondage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kent, Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-791-11489-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]] is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month of [[Tamil calendar|Adi]] which pays tribute to [[water]]'s life-sustaining properties. The worship of [[Mariamman|Amman]] and [[Ayyanar]] deities are organised during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<ref name="AA">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|title=An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Panguni Uthiram]] is marked on the [[purnima]] (full moon) of the month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]] and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-538-10686-0|page=131}}</ref>

[[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] is an annual music festival devoted to composer [[Tyagaraja]]. In [[Tiruvaiyaru]] in [[Thanjavur district]], thousands of music artists congregate every year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|page=14|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-8-180-94432-1}}</ref> [[Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru]] is a music festival which has been conducted from 18 to 25 December every year in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|title=Chennai music season begins with 'Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru' festival|date=5 December 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Sangamam]] is a large annual open [[Tamil people|Tamil]] cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|title=Chennai Sangamam to return after a decade|date=30 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Music Season]], initiated by [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional [[Carnatic music]] by artists from the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas M. Jr.|title=Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life|year=2010|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-819-56906-6|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Tamil Nadu}}

The economy of the state consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to [[Economic reforms in India|reform-oriented]] economic policies in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|title=Economic Growth in Indian States|publisher=ICRIER|first=K.L.|last=Krishna|date=September 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023|24}}, Tamil Nadu's [[Gross state product|GSDP]] was {{INRConvert|27.22|t|lk=r}}, [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|second]] highest amongst Indian states, which had grown significantly from {{INRConvert|2.19|t|lk=r}} in 2004.<ref name="GSDP">{{cite report|url=https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in/datacatalogue/NASdata/SDP/SDP-as%20on%2001.08.2024/State_wise_SDP-01082024_GSDP_Current.xlsx|title=Gross State Domestic Product (Current Prices)|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126172329/https://esankhyiki.mospi.gov.in/datacatalogue/NASdata/SDP/SDP-as%20on%2001.08.2024/State_wise_SDP-01082024_GSDP_Current.xlsx}}</ref> The per-capita [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|NDSP]] is {{INRConvert|315220|lk=r}}.<ref name="NSDP">{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_as_on_15032024.xls|title=Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (Current Prices)|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/02/tamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html|title=Tamil Nadu the most urbanised State says EPS|date=2 January 2021|access-date=10 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121175637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/02/tamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the state had the lowest percentage of people under the poverty line, rural unemployment rate is considerably higher at 47 per thousand compared to the national average of 28.<ref name="PL"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22079|title=Rural unemployment rate|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094648/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22079|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the state had the most number of factories at 38,837 units with an engaged work-force of 2.6 million.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22178|title=Number of factories|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094646/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22185|title=Engaged workforce|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094649/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22185|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including [[automobile]]s, [[software services]], [[Electronic hardware|hardware]], [[textiles]], [[healthcare]] and [[financial services]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Making Tamil Nadu future ready|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/making-tamil-nadu-future-ready/articleshow/96338870.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=15 October 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/making-tamil-nadu-future-ready/articleshow/96338870.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/traderep/chennai/chennai8.htm|title=Industrial potential in Chennai|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327011055/http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/publications/traderep/chennai/chennai8.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, services contributed to 55% of the GSDP followed by manufacturing at 32% and agriculture at 13%.<ref name="TNB">{{cite report|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/tamil-nadu-budget-analysis-2023-24|title=Tamil Nadu Budget analysis|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529111112/https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/tamil-nadu-budget-analysis-2023-24|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 42 [[Special Economic Zone]]s (SEZ) in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.mepz.gov.in/listSEZTN.html|title=List of SEZs|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715084509/https://www.mepz.gov.in/listSEZTN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per a report by Government of India, Tamil Nadu is the most export competitive state of India in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/what-india-s-top-exporting-states-have-done-right-11689788707048.html|title=What India's top exporting states have done right|date=19 July 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Mint|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094647/https://www.livemint.com/economy/what-india-s-top-exporting-states-have-done-right-11689788707048.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Services===
[[File:Tid.jpg|thumb|[[Tidel Park]], the first [[IT]] [[Special Economic Zone]] in the state]]

{{As of|2022}}, the state is amongst the major [[Information technology]] (IT) exporters of India with a value of {{INRconvert|576.87|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://factly.in/data-karnataka-tamil-nadu-maharashtra-telangana-account-for-more-than-80-of-indias-software-exports/|title=Data: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra & Telangana Account for More Than 80% of India's Software Exports|date=4 July 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Factly|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094647/https://factly.in/data-karnataka-tamil-nadu-maharashtra-telangana-account-for-more-than-80-of-indias-software-exports/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=1 May 2008|access-date=28 December 2012|first=Rajesh|last=Chandramouli|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820000027/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms|archive-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> Established in 2000, [[Tidel Park]] in Chennai was amongst the first and largest IT parks in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM opens Asia's largest IT park|url=https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/|date=4 July 2000|publisher=CIOL|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062949/https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/|url-status=live}}</ref> The presence of [[SEZ]]s and government policies have contributed to the growth of the sector which has attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html|title=Maharashtra tops FDI equity inflows|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=1 December 2012|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070339/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry/articleshow/99926653.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: A small step in inclusivity, a giant leap in India|date=2 May 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry/articleshow/99926653.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2020s, Chennai has become a major provider of [[SaaS]] and has been dubbed the "SaaS Capital of India".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/|title=Here's why Chennai is the SAAS capital of India|date=24 August 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Crayon|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506031522/https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms|title=A silent SaaS revolution is brewing in Chennai|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515030121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state has two [[stock exchange]]s, [[Coimbatore Stock Exchange]], established in 2013, and [[Madras Stock Exchange]], established in 2015 and India's third-largest by trading volume.<ref>{{cite news|title=Investors told to go in for long term investment, index funds|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/investors-told-to-go-in-for-long-term-investment-index-funds/article3222777.ece|date=25 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/investors-told-to-go-in-for-long-term-investment-index-funds/article3222777.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/stock-exchanges.html|title=List of Stock exchanges|publisher=SEBI|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828151333/https://www.sebi.gov.in/stock-exchanges.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[The Madras Bank (1683)|Madras Bank]], the first European-style banking system in India, was established on 21 June 1683, followed by the first commercial banks such as Bank of Hindustan (1770) and General Bank of India (1786).<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukund|first=Kanakalatha|title=Insight into the progress of banking|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|date=3 April 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701143955/http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/04/03/stories/2007040300301600.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bank of Madras]] merged with two other presidency banks to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]] in 1921 which in 1955 became the [[State Bank of India]], the largest bank in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Shiv|title=200 years and going strong|newspaper=The Tribune|date=26 June 2005|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804210248/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm|archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> More than 400 financial industry businesses including three [[Banking in India|banks]] are headquartered in the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shivakumar|first=C.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/28/chennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html|title=Chennai Finance City taking shape|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=28 February 2018|access-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162239/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/28/chennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shivakumar|first=C.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/08/state-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html|title=State-of-the-art commerce hub likely on Anna Salai|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|date=8 June 2019|access-date=1 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921100423/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/08/state-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html|archive-date=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/indian-banks-and-their-headquarters-1690786564-1|title=Indian Banks and their Headquarters|date=31 July 2023 |publisher=Jagran Josh|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The state hosts the [[Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office|south zonal office]] of the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and staff college at Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=RBI staff college|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/rbsc.aspx|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123403/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/rbsc.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a [[World Bank office, Chennai|permanent back office]] of the [[World Bank]] in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/world-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space/articleshow/54860801.cms|title=World Bank expands footprint in city, adds 70k sqft back office|date=5 October 2015|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/world-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space/articleshow/54860801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Manufacturing===
[[File:Arjun MBT bump track test 2.JPG|thumb|[[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] battle tanks are manufactured by [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited|AVANI]] in Chennai]]

Manufacturing in various sectors is governed by the state owned industrial corporation [[Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation]] (TIDCO) apart from central government owned companies. Electronics hardware is a major manufacturing industry with an output of $5.37 billion in 2023, largest amongst Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html|title=TN tops in electronic goods' export|date=5 July 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101381471.cms|title=In a first, Tamil Nadu overtakes UP and Karnataka to emerge first|date=1 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084625/https://ssum-sec.casalemedia.com/usermatch?d=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F&s=184674&cb=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.indexww.com%2Fht%2Fhtw-pixel.gif%3F|url-status=live}}</ref> A large number of automotive companies have their manufacturing bases in the state with the [[automotive industry in Chennai]] accounting for more than 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output, earning the nickname "[[Detroit of India]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html|title=Chennai: The next global auto manufacturing hub?|work=CNBC-TV18|access-date=28 December 2012|date=27 April 2011|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111093534/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm|title=Madras, the Detroit of South Asia|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=30 April 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133843/http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=U.S. International Trade Commission|title=Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30|year=2007|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-457-81829-5|pages=2–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173000/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Integral Coach Factory]] in Chennai manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile, Integral Coach Factory|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062951/https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another major industry is textiles with the state being home to more than half of the operating fiber textile mills in India.<ref>{{cite press release|title=State wise number of Textile Mills|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108277|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=7 August 2014|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901165437/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108277|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Erode has potential to become a textile heaven says Narendra Modi|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317|newspaper=DNA India|date=17 April 2014|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119120152/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317|url-status=live}}</ref> Coimbatore is often referred to as the ''[[Manchester]] of [[South India]]'' due to its cotton production and textile industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html|access-date=9 May 2011|newspaper=CNBC-TV18|date=24 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311111630/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html|archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, Tiruppur exported garments worth US$480 billion, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India and the city is known as the ''knitwear capital'' due to its cotton knitwear export.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html|title=How can India replicate the success of Tiruppur in 75 other places?|newspaper=Business Standard|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201064216/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruppur district|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf|website=DCMSME|publisher=Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Industries, Government of India|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101505/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17% of the total invested capital in all the industries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece|title=New textile policy on the anvil|author=Sangeetha Kandavel|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live|date=24 July 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, 40% of leather goods exported from India worth {{INRconvert|92.52|b}} are being manufactured in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/94015664.cms|title=TN to account for 60% of India's leather exports in two year|date=6 September 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-to-account-for-60-of-indias-leather-exports-in-two-years/articleshow/94015664.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The state supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of [[wet grinder]]s with "[[Coimbatore Wet Grinder]]", a recognised [[Geographical indication]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms|title=Poor sales hit pump unit owners, workers|access-date=28 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604112159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms|archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html|title=Poll code set to hit wet grinders business|newspaper=Live Mint|date=6 August 2015|access-date=20 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820234015/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html|archive-date=20 August 2015}}</ref>

There are two ordnance factories in Aruvankadu and [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=28 September 2021|title=Govt. dissolves Ordnance Factory Board, transfers assets to 7 PSUs|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-dissolves-ordnance-factory-board-transfers-assets-to-7-psus/article36707478.ece|access-date=28 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928140631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-dissolves-ordnance-factory-board-transfers-assets-to-7-psus/article36707478.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Seven new defence companies carved out of OFB|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL)|access-date=1 December 2023|date=15 October 2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406005242/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL)|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited|AVANI]], headquartered in Chennai, manufactures [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s, [[main battle tank]]s, tank engines and armored clothing for the use of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roche|first1=Elizabeth|title=New defence PSUs will help India become self-reliant: PM|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html|access-date=16 October 2021|work=mint|date=15 October 2021|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122133224/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=Modi to launch seven new PSUs this week, Defence Ministry approves Rs 65,000-crore orders|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 October 2021|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514175130/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ISRO]], the Indian space agency, operates a propulsion facility at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|Mahendragiri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ojha|first=N.N.|title=India in Space, Science & Technology|publisher=Chronicle Books|pages=110–143|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Rice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|[[Rice]] is the staple food grain and the state is one of the largest producers in India]]

Agriculture contributes 13% to the GSDP and is a major employment generator in rural areas.<ref name="TNB"/> {{As of|2022}}, the state had 6.34 million hectares under cultivation.<ref name="Agri">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/agri_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Department of Agriculture, Policy document, 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=12|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201032934/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/agri_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22119|title=State-wise Pattern of Land Use - Gross Sown Area|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094653/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22119|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rice]] is the staple food grain with the state being one of the largest producers in India with an output of 7.9 million tonnes in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22124|title=State-wise Production of Foodgrains - Rice|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094655/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22124|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kaveri delta region is known as the ''Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thanjavur.nic.in/history/|title=Thanjavur, history|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922223302/https://thanjavur.nic.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among non-food grains, [[sugarcane]] is the major crop with an annual output of 16.1 million tonnes in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22131|title=State-wise Production of Non-Foodgrains - Sugercane|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094647/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22131|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is a producer of [[spices]] and is the top producer of [[oil seed]]s, [[tapioca]], [[clove]]s and [[flower]]s in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://investingintamilnadu.com/DIGIGOV/TN-pages/why-tn.jsp?pagedisp=static|title=Why Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094651/https://investingintamilnadu.com/DIGIGOV/TN-pages/why-tn.jsp?pagedisp=static|url-status=live}}</ref> The state accounts for 6.5% of fruit and 4.2% of vegetables production in the country.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22140|title=State-wise Production of Fruits|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094657/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22141|title=State-wise Production of Vegetables|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094651/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22141|url-status=live}}</ref> The state is a leading producer of [[banana]] and [[mango]] with more than 78% of the area under fruit cultivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/stateprofile|title=State profile|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084711/https://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in/stateprofile|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, the state was the second largest producer in India of [[natural rubber]] and [[coconut]]s.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578142|title=Production of Natural Rubber|date=10 July 2019|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201204805/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578142|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tea]] is a popular crop in hill-stations with the state being a major producer of a unique flavoured [[Nilgiri tea]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.teauction.com/statistics/indprodstate.asp|title=Production of Tea in India During And Up to August 2002|publisher=Teauction|year=2002|access-date=10 September 2012|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406125111/http://www.teauction.com/statistics/indprodstate.asp|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=84–85|title=The Tea Book: Experience the World s Finest Teas, Qualities, Infusions, Rituals, Recipes|last=Gaylard|first=Linda|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-465-43606-1}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}}, the state is the largest producer in India of [[poultry]] and [[eggs as food|eggs]] with an annual production of 20.8 billion units, contributing to more than 16% of the national output.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22158|title=State-wise Production of Eggs|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094652/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22158|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has a fishermen population of 1.05 million and the coast consists of 3 major fishing harbors, 3 medium fishing harbors and 363 fish landing centres.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/12th_fyp_tn/2.%20Agriculture%20and%20Allied%20Sectors/2_8.pdf|title=Agriculture allied sectors|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094650/https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/12th_fyp_tn/2.%20Agriculture%20and%20Allied%20Sectors/2_8.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the fishing output was 0.8 million tonnes with a contribution of 5% to the total fish production in India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22159|title=State-wise Production of Eggs|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094656/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22159|url-status=live}}</ref> Aquaculture includes [[shrimp]], [[sea weed]], [[mussel]], [[clam]] and [[oyster]] farming across more than 6000 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.tn.gov.in/Aquaculture|title=Tamil Nadu fisheries department, Aquaculture|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094648/https://www.fisheries.tn.gov.in/Aquaculture}}</ref> [[M. S. Swaminathan]], known as the "father of the Indian [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" was from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gopalkrishnan|first1=G|title=M.S. Swaminathan: One Man's Quest for a Hunger-free World|date=2002|publisher=Education Development Centre|oclc=643489739|page=14}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Water supply ===
[[File:Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG|thumb|[[Kaveri]] river is one of the major water sources in the state]]
Tamil Nadu accounts for nearly 4% of the land area and 6% of the population of India, but has only 3% of the water resources of the country. The per capita water availability is {{convert|800|m3|abbr=on}} which is lower than the national average of {{convert|2300|m3|abbr=on}}.<ref name="WR"/> The state is dependent on the monsoons for replenishing the water resources. There are 17 major river basins with 61 reservoirs and about 41,948 tanks with a total surface water potential of 24,864 million cubic metres (MCM), 90% of which is used for [[irrigation]]. The utilisable groundwater recharge is 22,423 MCM.<ref name="WR">{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|page=1|title=Water resources of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210339/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf}}</ref> The major rivers include [[Kaveri]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Vaigai]] and [[Thamirabarani]]. With most of the rivers originating from other states, Tamil Nadu depends on neighbouring states for considerable quantum of water which has often led to [[Kaveri River water dispute|disputes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnenvis.nic.in/Content|title=Water resources|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The state has 116 [[List of dams and reservoirs in Tamil Nadu|large dams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://damsafety.cwc.gov.in/?page=Tamil%20Nadu%20Water%20Resources%20Department&origin=front-end&page_id=94&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|title=Dam safety|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061125/https://damsafety.cwc.gov.in/?page=Tamil%20Nadu%20Water%20Resources%20Department&origin=front-end&page_id=94&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the rivers, the majority of the water comes from rainwater stored in more than 41,000 [[tanks]] and 1.68 million [[well]]s across the state.<ref name="Agri"/>

Water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the respective local administrative bodies such as the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Desalination]] plants including the country's largest at [[Minjur]] provide alternative means of drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|title=IVRCL desalination plant-Minjur|publisher=IVRCL|access-date=12 August 2023|url=http://www.ivrcl.com/desalination.php|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061124/http://www.ivrcl.com/desalination.php|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, only 83.4% of the households have access to safe drinking water, less than the national average of 85.5%.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/households-access-safe-drinking-water|title=Households access to safe drinking water|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719150926/https://data.gov.in/resources/households-access-safe-drinking-water|url-status=live}}</ref> Water sources are also threatened by [[environmental pollution]] and effluent discharge from industries.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|page=12|title=Water resources of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210339/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf}}</ref>

=== Health and sanitation ===
[[File:GH_Chennai.JPG|thumb|The [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India]]
The state is one of the [[Indian states ranking by prevalence of open defecation|leading states]] in terms of sanitation facilities with more than 99.96% of people having access to toilets.<ref>{{cite report|title=Swachh Bharat Mission dashboard|url=https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207003137/https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has robust health facilities and ranks higher in all health related parameters such as high life expectancy of 74 years (sixth) and 98.4% [[Indian states ranking by institutional delivery|institutional delivery]] (second).<ref name="LE"/><ref>{{cite report|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/TN_FactSheet.pdf|title=TN fact sheet, National health survey|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205438/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/TN_FactSheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Of the three demographically related targets of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] set by the [[United Nations]] and expected to be achieved by 2015, Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.<ref name="IMR">{{cite news|url=https://www.frontline.in/other/data-card/missing-targets/article5740024.ece|title=Missing targets|work=Frontline|date=12 March 2014|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620170437/http://www.frontline.in/other/data-card/missing-targets/article5740024.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf|title=Millennium Development Goals – Country report 2015|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170139/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The health infrastructure in the state includes both government-run and private hospitals. {{As of|2023}}, the state had 404 public hospitals, 1,776 public dispensaries, 11,030 health centres and 481 mobile units run by the government with a capacity of more than 94,700 beds.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Health department, policy note|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=6|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105031648/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf|title=Medical and health report|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061648/https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India|journal=The National Medical Journal of India|date=2020|volume=33|issue=3|pages=175–179|url=https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started|doi=10.4103/0970-258X.314010|pmid=33904424|access-date=23 May 2021|doi-access=free|author1=Amarjothi JMV|last2=Jesudasan|first2=J.|last3=Ramasamy|first3=V.|last4=Jose|first4=L|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523103919/https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started|url-status=live}}</ref> The state government administers free [[polio vaccine]] for eligible age groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms|title=5.67 lakh kids get polio vaccines at 1,647 camps in Chennai|date=28 February 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is a major centre for medical tourism and Chennai is termed as "India's health capital".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|title=The medical capital's place in history|date=20 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Medical tourism]] forms an important part of the economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medical Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71|page=71|last=Connell|first=John|isbn=978-1-845-93660-0|year=2011|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173511/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Communication ===
Tamil Nadu is one of four Indian states connected by [[Submarine communications cable|undersea fibre-optic cables]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharti and SingTel Establish Network i2i Limited|newspaper=Submarine network|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202122711/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's 1st undersea cable network ready|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|location=Singapore|date=8 April 2002|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817121213/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms|archive-date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BRICS Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services Between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa|publisher=Business Wire|date=16 April 2012|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208184214/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, four mobile phone service companies operate [[GSM]] networks including [[Bharti Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Reliance Jio]] offering [[4G]] and [[5G]] mobile services.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu|title=Coimbatore, Madurai, Hosur & Trichy gets ultrafast Airtel 5G Plus services in addition to Chennai|date=24 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Airtel|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182655/https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TRAI">{{cite report|url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|title=TRAI report, August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=TRAI|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095115/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.<ref name="TRAI"/> Tamil Nadu is amongst the states with a high internet usage and penetration.<ref>{{cite news|title=After losing 6 lakh internet connections, Tamil Nadu adds|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=24 January 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept/articleshow/80426908.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept/articleshow/80426908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the state government unveiled a plan to lay {{convert|55,000|km|abbr=on}} of [[optical fiber]] across the state to provide high-speed internet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html|title=Tamil Nadu all set for Rs 1,500 crore mega optic fibre network|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206213544/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html|archive-date=6 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Power and energy ===
[[File:Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg|thumb|[[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kudankulam]], the largest nuclear power station in India]]
Electricity distribution in the state is done by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] headquartered at Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=TANGEDCO, contact|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url=https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185659/https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the average daily consumption is 15,000 MW. Only 40% of the power is generated locally, with the remaining 60% met through purchases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html|title=Chennai ranks second among big cities in power usage|date=1 September 2023|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the state was the fourth largest power consumer with a per capita availability of 1588.7 Kwh.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200|title=Per-capita availability of power|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225071620/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203|title=Power consumption|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070116/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has the [[States of India by installed power capacity|third highest]] installed power capacity of 38,248 MW with 54.6% from renewable resources.<ref name="PW">{{cite report|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf|title=Installed power capacity:Southern region|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331070509/https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22202|title=Installed power capacity|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070117/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22202|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thermal power]] is the largest contributor with more than 10,000 MW.<ref name="PW"/> Tamil Nadu is the only state with two operational [[nuclear power plant]]s. The plant at [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam]] is the first fully indigenous nuclear power station in India. The [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] is the largest nuclear power station in India. It generates nearly one-third of the total nuclear power generated in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chetal|first1=SC|title=Beyond PFBR to FBR 1 and 2|journal=IGC Newsletter|date=January 2013|volume=95|page=2|url=http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]]|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223156/http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India's largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|access-date=1 December 2023|work=WION|date=17 February 2022|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421082157/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants|title=Nuclear power plants|publisher=Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121095725/https://www.aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu has the largest established wind power capacity in India with over 8,000 MW, mostly based out of two regions, [[Palghat Gap]] and [[Muppandal Wind Farm|Muppandal]]. The latter is one of the [[List of largest power stations#Wind|largest]] operational onshore wind farms in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45ehmdh/muppandal-wind-farm/#25626e5a5b83|title=Muppandal Wind Farm|first=Christopher|last=Helman|website=Forbes|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044635/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45ehmdh/muppandal-wind-farm/#25626e5a5b83|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Media ===
[[File:SUN network office.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of [[Sun Network]], India's largest private TV broadcaster]]
Newspaper publishing started in the state started with the launch of the weekly ''[[The Madras Courier]]'' in 1785.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece|title=The first newspaper of Madras Presidency had a 36-year run|date=25 November 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021204421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was followed by the weeklies ''[[Madras Gazette]]'' and ''[[Government Gazette]]'' in 1795.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4|title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937|publisher=South Asia Books|author=A. Ganesan|date=January 1988|page=4|isbn=978-8-170-99082-6|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173448/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=madras%20gazette&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf|title=The Story of the Indian Press|author=Reba Chaudhuri|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=22 February 1955|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225131254/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf}}</ref> ''[[The Spectator (Indian newspaper)|The Spectator]]'', founded in 1836 was the first English newspaper to be owned by an Indian and became the first daily newspaper in 1853.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mxmindia.com/media/chennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years/|title=Chennai@175: Madras to Chennai – Evolution of media in the last 150 years|work=MXM India|date=25 August 2014|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084714/https://www.mxmindia.com/media/chennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Mail, Madras' only English eveninger and one of India's oldest newspapers, closes down|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22|date=22 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=India Today|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326174134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The first Tamil newspaper, ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' was launched in 1899.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras Rediscovered|last=Muthiah|first=S.|year=2004|publisher=East West Books|isbn=978-8-188-66124-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&q=andhra+patrika+madras|title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology|last1=Narayana|first1=Velcheru|last2=Shulman|first2=David|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22598-5}}</ref> The state has a number of newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Tamil, English and Telugu.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9|page=32|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095128/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The major dailies with more than 100,000 circulation per day include ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'', ''[[Dinakaran]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Dina Malar]]'', and ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6|page=8|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from multiple cities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7|page=5|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Government-run [[Doordarshan]] broadcasts terrestrial and [[satellite television]] channels from its Chennai centre set up in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/|title=DD Podighai|publisher=Prasar Bharti|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161844/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[DD Podhigai]], Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dd-podhigai-to-be-renamed-as-dd-tamil-from-pongal-day-mos-l-murugan-747473|title=DD Podhigai to be renamed as DD Tamil from Pongal day: MoS L Murugan|date=10 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=DT Next|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225063018/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dd-podhigai-to-be-renamed-as-dd-tamil-from-pongal-day-mos-l-murugan-747473|url-status=live}}</ref> There are more than 30 private satellite television networks including [[Sun Network]], one of India's largest broadcasting companies is the state, established in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/|title=Sun Group|publisher=Media Ownership Monitor|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109202439/http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/|url-status=live}}</ref> The cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government while [[Direct broadcast satellite|DTH]] and [[IPTV]] is available via various private operators.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arasu Cable to launch operations from September 2|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arasu-cable-to-launch-operations-from-september-2/article2411833.ece|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2011|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arasu-cable-to-launch-operations-from-september-2/article2411833.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bsnl-launches-iptv-services-to-its-customers-in-tamil-nadu/article66661237.ece|title=BSNL launches IPTV services to its customers in Tamil Nadu|date=25 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071340/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bsnl-launches-iptv-services-to-its-customers-in-tamil-nadu/article66661237.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radio broadcasting]] began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muthiah|first=S.|title=AIR Chennai's 80-year journey|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 May 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece|access-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece|archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> [[All India Radio]] was established in 1938.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780|title=All India Radio, Chennai celebrates 85th anniversary|date=16 June 2002|publisher=News on Air|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128191801/https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many [[amplitude modulation|AM]] and [[frequency modulation|FM]] radio stations operated by [[All India Radio]], [[Hello FM]], [[Suryan FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] and [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] among others.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gilbert|editor-first=Sean|title=[[World Radio TV Handbook|World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting]]|publisher=WRTH Publications Ltd.|year=2006|place=London|pages=237–242|isbn=0-823-05997-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|title=IRS survey, 2019|publisher=MRUC|access-date=1 December 2023|page=46|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to all families, which has led to high penetration of television services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514|title=Jayalalithaa govt scraps free TV scheme in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707003607/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|date=10 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0|title=What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025800/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live|last1=Romig|first1=Rollo}}</ref> From the early 2010s, [[Direct to Home]] has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616|title=FY-2015: Inflection point for DTH companies in India|publisher=India Television|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011318/http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> [[List of Tamil-language television channels|Tamil television]] serials form a major prime time source of entertainment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Regional Language Television in India: Profiles and Perspectives|year=2021|isbn=978-1-000-47008-6|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Mira|last=Desai}}</ref>

===Others===
Fire services are handled by the [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services]] which operates 356 operating fire stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/|title=List of fire stations|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173457/https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> Postal service is handled by [[India Post]], which operates more than 11,800 post offices in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf|title=Post offices of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070909/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The first post office was established at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php|title=History, Tamil Nadu circle|publisher=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204115809/https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
===Roads===
[[File:Highway Network of Tamil Nadu.png|thumb|Highways network of Tamil Nadu]]
{{Main|Road network in Tamil Nadu}}

Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 271,000 km as of 2023 with a road density of {{convert|2084.71|km}} per 1000 km<sup>2</sup> which is higher than the national average of {{convert|1926.02|km}} per 1000 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Policy">{{cite report|title=Highway policy|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616204832/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]] (HD) of the state was established in April 1946 and is responsible for construction and maintenance of [[List of National Highways in India#Tamil Nadu|national highways]], state highways, major district roads and other roads in the state.<ref name="TNGov">{{cite report|url= http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf|title= Highways Department renamed as Highways and Minor Ports Department|publisher= [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date= 15 July 2010|archive-date= 31 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122821/http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> It operates through eleven wings with 120 divisions and maintains {{convert|73187|km}} of highways in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization|title=Wings of Highways Department|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601220752/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HW">{{cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus|title=Tamil Nadu highways, about us|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225355/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Road length in TN<ref name="HW"/>
!Type
!{{tooltip|NH|National Highways}}
!{{tooltip|SH|State Highways}}
!{{tooltip|MDR|Major District Roads}}
!{{tooltip|ODR|Other District Roads}}
!{{tooltip|OR|Other Roads}}
!'''Total'''
|-
|Length (km)
|6,805
|12,291
|12,034
|42,057
|197,542
|'''271,000'''
|}

[[File:Kathipara.jpg|thumb|[[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara]] [[cloverleaf interchange|interchange]] in Chennai]]

There are 48 National Highways in Tamil Nadu, totalling {{convert|6805|km}} in length. The National Highways Wing of the state highways department, established in 1971, is responsible for the maintenance of National Highways, as laid down by [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway|title=National Highways wing|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202061432/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of national highways|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091514/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also [[List of state highways in Tamil Nadu|state highways]], totalling {{convert|6805|km}} long, which connect [[district]] headquarters, important towns and national highways in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf|title=Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202064513/https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HW"/> As of 2020, 32,598 buses are operated with the state transport units operating 20,946 buses along with 7,596 private buses and 4,056 mini buses.<ref name="TNSTC"/> [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC), established in 1947 when private buses operating in [[Madras presidency]] were nationalised, is the primary [[public transport]] bus operator in the state.<ref name="TNSTC">{{cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu STUs|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121802/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It operates buses along intra and inter state bus routes, as well as city routes with eight divisions including the [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation Limited]] (SETC) which runs long-distance express services. Metropolitan Transport Corporation in Chennai and State Express Transport Corporation.<ref name="TNSTC"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf|title=History of SETC|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095101/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, Tamil Nadu had 32.1 million registered vehicles.<ref name="RV">{{cite report|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/665693/total-number-of-vehicles-in-tamil-nadu-india/|title=Number of registered motor vehicles across Tamil Nadu in India from financial year 2007 to 2020|publisher=statista|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212204327/https://www.statista.com/statistics/665693/total-number-of-vehicles-in-tamil-nadu-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Central]] is a major rail station]]
[[File:Alstom Metropolis train-set at Guindy Metro station in Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Metro]], the only operational metro rail in the state]]
{{Further|Southern Railway zone}}

The rail network in Tamil Nadu forms a part of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]], which is headquartered in Chennai with four divisions in the state namely [[Chennai railway division|Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]] and [[Salem railway division|Salem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Southern Railways, about us|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104302/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, the state had a total railway track length of {{convert|5601|km|0|abbr=on}} covering a route length of {{convert|3858|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SR1">{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|title=System map, Southern Railway|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063842/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 532 railway stations in the state with [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore]], [[Coimbatore Junction]] and [[Madurai Junction]] being the top revenue earning stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|title=Railways, plan your trip|publisher=Tamil Nadu tourism|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107192152/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|title=List of stations|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095122/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian railways also has a coach manufacturing unit at [[Integral Coach Factory|Chennai]], [[electric locomotive]] sheds at [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]], [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] and [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]], [[diesel locomotive]] sheds at [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]], [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet|Tondiarpet]], [[Steam locomotive]] shed at [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway|Coonoor]] along with various maintenance depots.
<ref>{{cite news|title=DNA Exclusive: Is It Time for Indian Railways to Tear Up Ageing Tracks and Old Machinery?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|publisher=[[Zee Media Corporation]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606192252/https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|title=Sheds and Workshops|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606042648/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Railway in Tamil Nadu<ref name="SR1"/>
!colspan="5"|Route length (km)
!colspan="3"|Track length (km)
|-
!colspan="3"|[[Broad Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|[[Metre Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|Total
!rowspan="2"|[[Broad Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|[[Metre Gauge]]
!rowspan="2"|Total
|-
!Electrified
!Non electrified
!Total
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|3,476
|style="text-align:center;"|336
|style="text-align:center;"|3,812
|style="text-align:center;"|46
|style="text-align:center;"|3,858
|style="text-align:center;"|5,555
|style="text-align:center;"|46
|style="text-align:center;"|5,601
|}

Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, covering {{cvt|212|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} which was established in 1928.<ref name="CSR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|work=Chennai Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530085500/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|title=List of Stations, Chennai|lang=en|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120200740/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Mass Rapid Transit System]] (MRTS) is an elevated urban mass transit system established in 1995 operating on a single line from [[Chennai Beach]] to [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]].<ref name="CSR"/><ref name="MRTS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|title=About MRTS|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090557/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] rail system in Chennai which was opened in 2015 and consists of two operational lines operating across {{cvt|54.1|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|title=Project status of Chennai Metro|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited|access-date=31 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901191324/https://wcag.chennaimetrorail.org/project-status/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] is a {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Nilgiris district]] which was built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1908 and is the only [[rack railway]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 March 2010|archive-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm|title=Indian Hill Railways: The Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=21 February 2010|access-date=1 March 2010|medium=TV|publisher=BBC|archive-date=24 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224133659/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qzzlm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:International Terminal Airside Chennai Airport Aug22 D72 24874.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai International Airport]] is one of the busiest airports in [[South Asia]]]]
{{see|List of airports in Tamil Nadu}}

The aviation history of the state began in 1910, when [[Giacomo D'Angelis]] built the first powered flight in Asia and tested it in [[Island Grounds]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2021/05/mygov-10000000001960522275.pdf|title=History of Indian Air Force|publisher=[[Government of India]]|page=2|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208172949/https://static.mygov.in/indiancc/2021/05/mygov-10000000001960522275.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1915, [[Tata Sons|Tata Air Mail]] started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras, marking the beginning of civil aviation in India.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|title=100 years of civil aviation|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226224125/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69345|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 October 1932, [[J. R. D. Tata]] flew a [[De Havilland Puss Moth|Puss Moth]] aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to [[Bombay]]'s [[Juhu aerodrome|Juhu Airstrip]] and the flight was continued to Madras piloted by aviator [[Nevill Vintcent]] marking the first scheduled commercial flight.<ref>{{cite book|language=en|title=Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939|last=Higham|first=Robin|page=168|publisher=Shoe String Press|year=1961|isbn=978-0-208-00171-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=De Havilland Gazette|year=1953|page=103publisher=De Havilland Aircraft Company}}</ref> There are three [[international airport|international]], one [[customs airport|limited international]] and six domestic or private airports in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073533/https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212185132/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Port of Chennai, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai port]] is amongst India's busiest]]

[[Chennai airport]], which is the fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic in India, is a major international airport and the main gateway to the state.<ref name="AAI">{{cite report|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|type=pdf|title=Traffic Statistics, September 2023|publisher=Airport Authority of India|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102072028/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Other international airports in the state include [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]] and [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport|Tiruchirapalli]] while [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]] is a customs airport with limited international flights.<ref name="AAI"/> Domestic flights are operational to certain airports like [[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin]] and [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]] while flights are planned to be introduced to more domestic airports by the [[UDAN]] scheme of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf|title=Regional Connectivity Scheme|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002225126/https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Regional_Connectivity_Scheme_version_4.0%20_Scheme_Document_0.pdf}}</ref> The region comes under the purview of the [[Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force|Southern Air Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The Air Force operates three air bases in the state{{nbsp}}[[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]], [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Tambaram]] and [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Air Force Commands|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|publisher=[[Indian Air Force]]|access-date=29 June 2010|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528093815/https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Navy]] operates airbases at [[INS Rajali|Arakkonam]], [[INS Parundu|Uchipuli]] and Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organisation of Southern Naval Command|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 August 2023|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206221912/https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ENC Authorities & Units|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=26 October 2015|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072321/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/enc-authorities-units|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) announced the setting up a new rocket launch pad near [[Kulasekharapatnam]] in [[Thoothukudi district]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=6 December 2019|title=Why Thoothukudi was chosen as ISRO's second spaceport|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-thoothukudi-was-chosen-isro-s-second-spaceport-113331|date=2 December 2019|work=The News Minute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202190344/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-thoothukudi-was-chosen-isro-s-second-spaceport-113331|archive-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

===Water===
There are three major ports, [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Kamarajar Port Limited|Ennore]] and [[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority|Thoothukudi]], which are managed by the [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|title=Ports of India|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India]]|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320115121/https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There is an intermediate sea port at [[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam]] and sixteen other minor ports, which are managed by the department of highways and minor ports of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Policy"/> Tamil Nadu forms part of both the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and [[Southern Naval Command]] of the Indian Navy, which has a major base at Chennai and logistics support base at [[Thoothukudi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/basic-organization.html|title=Basic Organization|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004063836/https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/about-us/basic-organization.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|title=Southern naval command|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206221912/https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation-southern-naval-command-kochi|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Tamil Nadu}}

Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India, with a literacy rate estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 National Statistical Commission survey, higher than the national average of 77.7%.<ref name="NSC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms|title=Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2003|access-date=1 September 2010|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215035621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The state had seen one of the highest literacy growth since the 1960s due to the [[midday meal scheme]] introduced on a large scale by K. Kamaraj to increase school enrolment.<ref>{{cite report|year=2011|title=Literacy rates|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921224039/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Muthiah|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA354|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-8-183-79468-8|page=354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Dipa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyYFDAAAQBAJ&q=kamaraj+free+school+uniform&pg=PT119|title=Women, Health and Public Services in India: Why are states different?|date=20 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-23525-5|access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701171453/https://books.google.com/books?id=hyYFDAAAQBAJ&q=kamaraj+free+school+uniform&pg=PT119|url-status=live}}</ref> The scheme was further upgraded in 1982 to "Nutritious noon-meal scheme" to combat [[Malnutrition in India|malnutrition]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=K.|date=22 December 2022|title=When MGR proved Manmohan wrong on a visionary scheme|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-mgr-proved-manmohan-wrong-on-a-visionary-scheme/article66293772.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2022-12-26|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719225830/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-mgr-proved-manmohan-wrong-on-a-visionary-scheme/article66293772.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19821115-mgr-midday-nutritious-meal-scheme-a-shrewd-political-move-772378-2013-08-01|title=Tamil Nadu: Midday Manna|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 November 1982|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211603/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mgr-midday-nutritious-meal-scheme-a-shrewd-political-move/1/392281.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the state has one of the highest enrolment to secondary education at 95.6%, far above the national average of 79.6%.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22071|title=Gross enrollment ratio|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22071|url-status=live}}</ref>
An analysis of primary school education by [[Pratham]] showed a low drop-off rate but poor quality of education compared to certain other states.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bunting|first=Madeleine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/15/education-goals-assessment-india-school|title=Quality of Primary Education in States|work=The Guardian|date=15 March 2011|access-date=20 May 2012|location=London|archive-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208204151/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/15/education-goals-assessment-india-school|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}}, the state had over 37,211 government schools, 8,403 government-aided schools and 12,631 private schools which educate 5.47 million, 2.84 million, and 5.69 million students respectively.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/sedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=School education department, policy 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103122900/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/sedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/987-out-of-over-11000-private-schools-in-tamil-nadu-remain-shut-following-kallakurichi-violence/article65653894.ece|title=987 out of over 11000 private schools shut|date=18 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/987-out-of-over-11000-private-schools-in-tamil-nadu-remain-shut-following-kallakurichi-violence/article65653894.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 3,12,683 teachers with 80,217 teachers in government-aided schools with an average teacher-pupil ratio of 1:26.6.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/jun/01/is-tamil-nadu-government-sidelining-government-aided-schools-29135.html|title=Is Tamil Nadu government sidelining government aided schools|work=Edex|date=1 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.edexlive.com/news/2022/jun/01/is-tamil-nadu-government-sidelining-government-aided-schools-29135.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Public schools are all affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]], while private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (ICSE) or [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/23/tn-private-schools-told-to-teach-tamil-for-students-till-class-10|title=TN private schools told to teach Tamil for students till Class 10|date=23 May 2023|newspaper=DT Next|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208160150/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/23/tn-private-schools-told-to-teach-tamil-for-students-till-class-10|url-status=live}}</ref> School education starts with two years of kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian [[Education in India|10+2 plan]], ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/education/structure-of-education-india.html|title=Educational structure|publisher=Civil India|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324160622/https://www.thecivilindia.com/pages/education/structure-of-education-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Senate House (University of Madras).jpg|thumb|[[University of Madras]] is one of the oldest universities in India]]

{{As of|2023}}, there are 56 universities in the state including 24 [[public universities]], four [[private universities]] and 28 [[Deemed university|deemed-to-be universities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aubsp.com/universities-in-tamil-nadu/|title=Universities in Tamil Nadu|date=8 June 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=AUBSP|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.aubsp.com/universities-in-tamil-nadu/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[University of Madras]] was founded in 1857 and is one of India's first modern universities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university|title=A brief history of the modern Indian university|date=24 November 2016|work=Times Higher Education|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204708/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university|archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> There are 510 engineering colleges including 34 government colleges in the state.<ref name="Gov1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/tamil-nadu-over-200-engineering-colleges-fill-just-10-seats-37-get-zero-admission/articleshow/102983032.cms|title=Tamil Nadu: Over 200 engineering colleges fill just 10% seats; 37 get zero admission|date=23 August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/tamil-nadu-over-200-engineering-colleges-fill-just-10-seats-37-get-zero-admission/articleshow/102983032.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] is a premier institute of engineering and [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Anna University]] founded in 1794 is the oldest engineering college in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoSome-colleges-schools-in-Chennai-oldest-in-countryrdquo/article16520378.ece|title=Some colleges, schools in Chennai oldest in country|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2009|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323074238/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ldquoSome-colleges-schools-in-Chennai-oldest-in-countryrdquo/article16520378.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Officers Training Academy]] of the [[Indian Army]] is headquartered at Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab Mukherjee to review passing-out parade at Chennai OTA|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pranab-mukherjee-to-review-passingout-parade-at-chennai-ota/article9040488.ece|access-date=28 August 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 August 2016|location=Chennai|language=en-IN|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827125317/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pranab-mukherjee-to-review-passingout-parade-at-chennai-ota/article9040488.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also 496 [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]] institutions with 92 government colleges and 935 arts and science colleges in the state including 302 government run colleges.<ref name="Gov1">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Higher education policy report 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105040554/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hedu_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://static.tneaonline.org/docs/arts/college_list.pdf?t=1685000725270|title=Arts college list|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419103006/https://static.tneaonline.org/docs/arts/college_list.pdf?t=1685000725270|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/approved_institut_websites/tn.pdf|title=AICTE Approved Institutions in Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[All India Council for Technical Education]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/approved_institut_websites/tn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Christian College]] (1837), [[Presidency College, Madras|Presidency College]] (1840) and [[Pachaiyappa's College]] (1842) are amongst the oldest arts and science colleges in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-colleges-100-and-counting/article6273124.ece|title=Chennai colleges 100 and counting|date=2 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-colleges-100-and-counting/article6273124.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Connemara_Public_Library,_Chennai-8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Connemara Public Library]] is one of the oldest and is amongst the four [[National Depository Centre]]s in India]]

There are over 870 medical, nursing and dental colleges in the state including 21 for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/examination/2-uncategorised/2874-a.html|title=Affiliated colleges|publisher=Dr MGR university|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Madras Medical College]] was established in 1835 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=ih&sqf=415|title=Institution History|publisher=Madras Medical College|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515184430/http://www.mmc.ac.in/mmc/content_page.jsp?sq1=ih&sqf=415|url-status=live }}</ref> As per the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) rankings in 2023, 26 universities, 15 engineering, 35 arts science, 8 management and 8 medical colleges from the state are ranked amongst the top 100 in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/sf-specials/nirf-rankings-2023-53-colleges-from-south-india-in-the-top-100/|title=NIRF Rankings 2023: 53 colleges from South India in the top 100|date=6 June 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=South First|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://thesouthfirst.com/sf-specials/nirf-rankings-2023-53-colleges-from-south-india-in-the-top-100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Report/IR2023_Report.pdf|title=NIRF rankings 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922083956/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Report/IR2023_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has a 69% reservation in educational institutions for socially [[List of denotified communities of Tamil Nadu|backward sections]] of society, the highest among all Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|work=News minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116|title=How Tamil Nadu's reservation stands at 69% despite the 50% quota cap|date=29 March 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225051939/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116|url-status=live}}</ref> There are ten [[Institutes of National Importance|institutes of national importance]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institution of National Importance|url=https://www.education.gov.in/institutions-national-importance|access-date=12 August 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811141036/https://www.education.gov.in/institutions-national-importance|url-status=live}}</ref> Research institutes including [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Central Institute for Cotton Research]], [[Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute]], [[Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB)]] and [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] are involved in agricultural research.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf|title=Working group committee on agriculture|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407092417/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About ICFRE|url=http://www.icfre.org/index.php?linkid=left8311&link=1|work=Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003624/http://www.icfre.org/index.php?linkid=left8311&link=1|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|url=http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/|work=Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education|access-date=22 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030151240/http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/|archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

{{As of|2023}}, the state has 4,622 public libraries.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf|title=Public library data|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814211226/http://rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 1896, [[Connemara Public Library]] is one of the oldest and is amongst the four [[National Depository Centre]]s in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country. The [[Anna Centenary Library]] is the largest library in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html|last=Venkatsh|first=M. R.|title=Chennai now boasts South Asia's largest library|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 September 2010|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227105421/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96894/chennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html|archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece|title=Connemara library's online catalogue launched|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2012|date=23 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185717/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> There are many research institutions spread across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs|title=CSIR labs|publisher=CSIR|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208160153/https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organised by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edu-minister-says-2nd-intl-book-fair-in-jan-2024/articleshow/100835652.cms|title=Edu minister says 2nd int'l book fair in Jan 2024|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=8 June 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Tourism and recreation==
{{Main|Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:NMR Train on viaduct 05-02-26 33.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] in the [[Nilgiri hills]] is a declared [[World Heritage Site]]]]
With its diverse culture and architecture and varied geographies, Tamil Nadu has a robust tourism industry. In 1971, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] established the [[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]], which is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of [[tourism]] and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|title=Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002075336/https://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|url-status=live}}</ref> It is managed by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130115242/https://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The tag line "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" was adopted in the tourism promotions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|title=Enchanting Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090225/https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EC">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|title=Tamil Nadu ranks first for domestic tourism: Official|date=10 November 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090231/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, the state has been amongst the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.<ref name="EC"/><ref>{{cite report|title=India Tourism Statistics 2020|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|access-date=10 August 2023|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608163829/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls with more than 140.7 million tourists visiting the state.<ref name="CR">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|title=India Tourism statistics-2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922083717/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tamil Nadu's coastline is {{convert|1,076|km}} long, with many beaches dotting the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches|title=Tamil Nadu beaches|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142050/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Marina Beach]] spanning {{cvt|13|km|abbr=on}} is the second-longest urban beach in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|title=Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium|author=EARSeL|year=2002|isbn=978-9-058-09254-0|publisher=A. A. Balakema|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090223/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|url-status=live}}</ref> As the state is straddled by the Western and Eastern ghats, it is home to many hill stations, popular amongst them are [[Udagamandalam]] (Ooty) situated in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] and [[Kodaikanal]] in the Palani hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills|title=Tamil Nadu hill stations|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143609/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|title=Ooty|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143745/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave-temples and more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala|first=D.|last=Dayalan|year=2014|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> With many rivers and streams, there are a number of waterfalls in the state including the [[Courtallam]] and [[Hogenakkal Falls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls|title=Coutrallam|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074246/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls|title=Waterfalls|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074249/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref> There are four [[World Heritage Site]]s declared by [[UNESCO]] in the state: [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104085753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Great Living Chola Temples]],<ref name="Great Living Chola Temples"/> [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain Railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|publisher=Indian Railway|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 January 2021|title=Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|access-date=28 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri|title=Nilgiri biosphere|date=11 January 2019|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001705/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Sadugudu sadugude.jpg|thumb|[[Kabaddi]] is the state game of Tamil Nadu]]

[[Kabaddi]] is a [[contact sport]] which is the state game of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452|title=Kabaddi Introduction, Rules, Information, History & Competitions|last=siddharth|date=31 December 2016|website=Sportycious|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814165951/https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Sport Management|first1=Ming|last1=Li|first2=Eric W.|last2=MacIntosh|first3=Gonzalo A.|last3=Bravo|year=2012|publisher=Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo|isbn=978-0-736-08273-0|page=106}}</ref> [[Pro Kabaddi League]] is the most popular region based franchise tournament with [[Tamil Thalaivas]] representing the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pro Kabaddi League Teams|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams|access-date=23 August 2023|language=en|publisher=Pro Kabbadi|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827164341/https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28660432|title=Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment|date=7 August 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306160132/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28660432|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chess]] is a popular [[board game]] which originated as [[Chaturanga|Sathurangam]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray, H. J. R.|title=A History of Chess|publisher=Benjamin Press|year=1913|isbn=978-0-936-31701-4|quote=Chathuranga, four-handed dice chess}}</ref> Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]s, including former world champion [[Viswanathan Anand]]. The state played host to the [[World Chess Championship 2013]] and [[44th Chess Olympiad]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son|title=Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son|date=6 June 2020|website=[[ESPN]]|first=Susan|last=Ninan|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426215559/https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shanker|first1=V. Prem|last2=Pidaparthy|first2=Umika|title=Chennai: India's chess capital|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=27 November 2013|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital|access-date=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175311/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/chennai-indias-chess-capital|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece|title=Chennai to host first ever Chess Olympiad in India from July 28|date=12 April 2022|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144224/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|first=Hari Hara|last=Nandanan|date=21 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[Traditional games of India|Traditional games]] like [[Pallanguzhi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Russ|first=Laurence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli|title=Mancala Games|date=1984|publisher=Reference Publications|isbn=978-0-917-25619-6|page=60|language=en|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827164356/https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sports in Tamil Nadu#Uriyadi|Uriyadi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/traditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities/article1096563.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2011|location=Erode, India|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090112/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Traditional-sports-and-games-mark-Pongal-festivities/article15521808.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gillidanda]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Steve|last=Craig|year=2002|title=Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)|isbn=978-0-313-31600-5|page=63|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]}}</ref> [[Pachisi|Dhaayam]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Finkel|first=Irving|year=2004|contribution=Round and Round the Houses: The Game of ''Pachisi''|editor-last=Mackenzie|editor-first=Colin|editor2-last=Finkel|editor2-first=Irving|title=Asian Games: The Art of Contest|publisher=Asia Society|pages=46–57|isbn=978-0-878-48099-9}}</ref> are played across the region. [[Jallikattu]] and [[Rekla]] are traditional sporting events involving [[bull]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms?from=mdr|title=What is Jallikattu? This 2,000-year-old sport is making news in India. Here's why|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 January 2017|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110050141/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pongal 2023: Traditional Bullock Cart Race Held In Various Parts Of Tamil Nadu|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/tamil-nadu/pongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249|date=17 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=ABP News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225102135/https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/tamil-nadu/pongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249 |archive-date= Dec 25, 2023 }}</ref> Traditional martial arts include [[Silambattam]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=20 January 2017|title=A stick in time …|url-access=subscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|access-date=2023-02-11|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gatta gusthi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=P.|first=Anand|title=Understanding Gatta Gusthi: Kerala's own style of wrestling|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683|access-date=9 August 2021|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=1 January 2024|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110050142/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Adimurai]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India|last=Raj|first=J. David Manuel|publisher=College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Univ. of Oregon|year=1977|location=Oregon|pages=44, 50, 83}}</ref>

[[File:MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg|thumb|left|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in Chennai, one of the oldest cricketing venues]]

Cricket is the most popular sport in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|title=Top 10 Most Popular Sports in India|publisher=Sporteology|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111511/https://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]] established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=MA Chidambaram stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705052200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece|title=International cricket venues in India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529005450/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/afghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197|title=Afghanistan to face Bangladesh in first T20I at Dehradun on Sunday|date=2 June 2018|work=Mid-day|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511194534/https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/afghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[MRF Pace Foundation]] is a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowling]] academy based in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=McGrath takes charge of MRF Pace Foundation|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431|date=2 September 2012|access-date=16 January 2021|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001751/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai is home to the most successful [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) cricket team, [[Chennai Super Kings]], and hosted the finals during the [[Indian premier league 2011|2011]],<ref>{{cite news|title=RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|date=24 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|date=30 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> and [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/full-scorecard|title=SRH vs KKR, Final at Chennai, IPL, May 26 2024 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Association football|Football]] is also popular with the [[Indian Super League]] being the major club competition and [[Chennaiyin FC]] representing the state.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 July 2020|title=Indian Super League: The Southern Derby|url=http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150456/http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/|archive-date=9 January 2021|access-date=28 December 2020|work=Turffootball}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 November 2016|title=Chennaiyin FC versus Kerala Blasters in ISL's most bitter rivalries|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries/story-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html|access-date=6 December 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150451/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries/story-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2020-21: Bengaluru FC renew rivalry with Chennaiyin FC|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html|access-date=6 December 2020|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150536/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are multi-purpose venues in major cities including [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Chennai]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Coimbatore]], which host [[Association football|football]] and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]. Chennai also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[kabaddi]] and [[table tennis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms|title=Chennai City to stay at Kovai for next 5 years|first=Vivek|last=Krishnan|date=22 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms|archive-date=23 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SDAT">{{cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513165046/https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennai hosted the [[1995 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|date=31 May 2016|title=From sleepy Madras to sporting Chennai: How SAF Games helped put city on international athletics map|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of [[Field Hockey|hockey]] in the state and [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]] in Chennai was the venue for the international hockey tournaments, the [[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005 Men's Champions Trophy]] and the [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007 Men's Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php|title=Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152739/https://sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Boat Club]] (founded in 1846) and [[Royal Madras Yacht Club]] (founded in 1911) promote [[sailing]], [[rowing]] and [[canoeing]] sports in Chennai.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|page=184|isbn=978-1-615-30142-3|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC|url-status=live}}</ref> Inaugurated in 1990, [[Madras Motor Race Track]] was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece|title=The view from the fast lane|date=10 April 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153650/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Coimbatore is often referred to as "India's Motorsports Hub" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports" and hosts the [[Kari Motor Speedway]], a Formula 3 Category circuit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coimbatore may have a Grade 3 circuit, says Narain|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece|access-date=5 March 2016|last=Rozario|first=Rayan|quote=city, oft referred to as India's motor sport hub, may well have a Grade 3 racing circuit in the years to come|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221192154/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=City of speed|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 April 2006|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3191375.ece|access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref> [[Horse racing]] is held at the [[Guindy Race Course]] and the state has three 18-hole golf courses, the [[Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)|Cosmopolitan Club]], the [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]] and the [[Coimbatore Golf Club]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Survivors of time: Madras Race Club - A canter through centuries|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124519/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

== See also ==
*[[Chronology of Tamil history]]
*[[Outline of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Tamil inscriptions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Tamil Nadu}}
*{{osmrelation-inline|96905}}

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:South India|.]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1950]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Tamil is an official language]]

Konkona Sen Sharma

2026-03-23T21:45:15Z

ArcherMill7063: minor improved content for consistency and updated info

{{short description|Indian actress and filmmaker (born 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Konkona Sen Sharma
| image = Konkona Sen Sharma, 21st Jio MAMI Film Festival 2019 (3).jpg
| caption = Sen Sharma in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|3}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|filmmaker}}
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ranvir Shorey]]|2010|2020 | reason=divorced}}
| children = 1
| mother = [[Aparna Sen]]
| father = [[Mukul Sharma (writer)|Mukul Sharma]]
}}

'''Konkona Sen Sharma''' ({{IPA|bn|kɔŋkɔna ʃen ʃɔrma|lang|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-কঙ্কনা সেন শর্মা.wav}}; born 3 December 1979) is an Indian actor and filmmaker who works primarily in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. She has received several awards, including two [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]] and three [[Filmfare Awards]]. The child of filmmaker and actress [[Aparna Sen]], she is primarily known for her work in independent films, in addition to working in mainstream films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Konkona Sen Sharma's mother Aparna Sen never allowed them to watch Ramayan and Mahabharat on TV: 'She insisted that…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/konkona-sen-sharma-mom-aparna-sen-never-allowed-watch-mainstream-hindi-bengali-films-8889010/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref>

Making her debut as a child artist in the film ''Indira'' (1983),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Did you know that Konkona Sen Sharma made her acting debut as a child artist? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-that-konkona-sen-sharma-made-her-acting-debut-as-a-child-artist/articleshow/79545232.cms#:~:text=Yes,%20you%20read%20it%20right,she%20portrayed%20a%20negative%20character |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=3 December 2020 |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> Sen Sharma had her first leading role as an adult in the Bengali thriller ''[[Ek Je Aachhe Kanya]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Mimansa |date=2 December 2020 |title=First of Many: Konkona revisits Ek Je Aachhe Kanya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/konkona-sen-sharma-first-of-many-7073980/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> She gained notice with the English-language film ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'' (2002), directed by her mother, which won her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]],.<ref>{{Cite news |title="I went back to sleep because...": Konkona recalls the day she won National Award for 'Mr and Mrs Iyer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-went-back-to-sleep-because-konkona-recalls-the-day-she-won-national-award-for-mr-and-mrs-iyer/articleshow/106831211.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=ANI |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=23 June 2025 |date=14 January 2024}}</ref> She forayed into Hindi cinema with the drama ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'' (2005)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkona Sen Sharma Films and Shows – Apple TV |url=https://tv.apple.com/in/person/konkona-sen-sharma/umc.cpc.5d49ws9s25nicenkdmp2c9fjs |website=Apple TV |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> and won two consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Filmfare Awards for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performances in the dramas ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006) and ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' (2007), with the former also winning her the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NDTV |work=54th National Awards |url=http://www.ndtvmovies.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20080052570 |access-date=10 June 2008 |archive-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612152134/http://www.ndtvmovies.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20080052570 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=rediff.com |work=Top Bollywood Actresses |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25sd1.htm |access-date=25 August 2006 |archive-date=1 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901085426/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25sd1.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her other notable films during this period include ''[[15 Park Avenue]]'' (2005), ''[[Dosar]]'' (2006), ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'' (2007), ''[[Luck By Chance]]'' (2009), ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009) and ''[[Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge?]]'' (2010).

Sen Sharma achieved further success with starring roles in ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]'' (2013), ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' (2014), ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'' (2015) and ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' (2017). She made her directorial debut with the drama ''[[A Death in the Gunj]]'' (2017), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners |title=Filmfare Award 2018 Winners – List of Filmfare Award Winners |website=filmfare.com |language=en |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125745/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also received praise for starring in the anthology film ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]'' (2021) and for directing a segment in ''[[Lust Stories 2]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Konkona Sen Sharma was born on 3 December 1979.<ref name="DOB">{{cite web |title=Konkona Sen Sharma turns 34! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-konkona-sen-sharma-turns-34/20131203.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=10 February 2014 |date=3 December 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221153126/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-konkona-sen-sharma-turns-34/20131203.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Her father [[Mukul Sharma (writer)|Mukul Sharma]] was a science writer and journalist and her mother [[Aparna Sen]] is an actress and film director. She has an elder sister, Kamalini Chatterjee.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vivek |last=Bhatia |title=Mother's day out |newspaper=filmfare.com |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/mothers-day-out-389.html |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=2 October 2015 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003152136/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/mothers-day-out-389.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sen Sharma's maternal grandfather, [[Chidananda Dasgupta]], was a film critic, scholar, professor, writer and one of the co-founders of the [[Calcutta Film Society]]. Her grandmother Supriya Dasgupta was a cousin of legendary modern Bengali poet [[Jibanananda Das]].

Sen Sharma appeared as a child artist in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''Indira'' (1983), and later as a teenager in ''[[Amodini]]'' (1994).
She graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] with a Bachelor's degree in English in 2001. She was a student of Modern High School for Girls.<ref>{{cite web |title=bollywoodgate.com |work=Konkona's education |url=http://www.bollywoodgate.com/indian-actresses/konkona-sen-sharma.html |access-date=27 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043353/http://www.bollywoodgate.com/indian-actresses/konkona-sen-sharma.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
=== 2001–2004: Early work and breakthrough ===
In 2001, she made her adult debut in the Bengali film ''[[Ek Je Aachhe Kanya]]'', in which she played a negative character. This was followed by a role in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s acclaimed film ''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]'' (2002), opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and her mother Aparna Sen. These films earned her critical acclaim and helped her gain notice in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].

[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Best Film Actress Award for the year 2002 to Konkona Sen Sharma for her role in "Mr. And Mrs. Iyer" at the 50th National Film Award function in New Delhi on December 29, 2003.jpg|thumb|right|Sen Sharma receiving the [[National Film Award for Best Actress|National Award]] for ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'' (2002) from president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. Abdul Kalam]] in 2003.]]

Sen Sharma achieved her breakthrough in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] with the English-language drama ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]'', directed by Aparna Sen opposite [[Rahul Bose]]. The film told the story of two strangers during a fateful bus journey amidst the carnages of a communal strife in India. It performed moderately well at the box-office, but earned widespread critical acclaim from domestic and international critics upon release. Sen Sharma's performance as a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] housewife and her mastery of the accent received universal acclaim and earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Standing ovation for Dev Anand |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031230/main7.htm |access-date=21 December 2010 |newspaper=The Tribune |date=30 December 2003 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102045644/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031230/main7.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Praising her performance in the film, ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote, "What's special about her performance as Meenakshi Iyer is not the effort she put into it as much as the apparent lack of it. [...] Be it her squabbling with the urbane photographer Jehangir Chaudhary or her gently reprimanding him about how her name is pronounced ('It's Mee-naa-kshi not Minakshi') or even when she is screaming at her infant, you believe it's Meenakshi you’ve met. And therein lies the key to her iconic performance."<ref name="Filmfare">{{cite news |url=http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=990 |title=Filmfare – 80 Iconic Performances 9/10 |date=5 June 2010 |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=8 July 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711002536/http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=990 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her performance was later included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by ''Filmfare''.<ref>{{cite web |title=filmfare.com |work=80 Iconic Performance 9/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=990 |access-date=9 June 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711002536/http://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=990 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2004, she worked in an independent [[English language]] film titled ''Chai Pani Etc...'', made by independent maker Manu Rewal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://manurewal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Nov-2004-Censors-clear-film-Hindu.pdf |title=Nov 2004 Censors clear film}}</ref> The film drew huge response at the [[35th International Film Festival of India]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://manurewal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Goa-Huge-dec-2004.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212180121/http://manurewal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Goa-Huge-dec-2004.pdf | archive-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> but had a delayed theatrical release a year later and became a box office disaster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chai Pani Etc... boxofficeindia.com|work=[[Box Office India]]|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=1730}}</ref>

=== 2005–2010: Success and acclaim ===
In 2005, Sen Sharma starred in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s drama [[Page 3 (film)|''Page 3'']], which saw her portray the role of a smart journalist who steps into the world of [[Page 3 culture]] media and journalism in the city of Mumbai. Upon release, the film received high critical acclaim, and emerged as a moderate commercial success at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 3 – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=417 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> ''Page 3'' helped Sen Sharma gain notice in [[Hindi cinema]] and earned her the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]]. The same year, she also starred alongside [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and Bose in her mother's directorial ''[[15 Park Avenue]]'', which saw her play a mentally-ill woman, which also earned her critical praise, despite the film's commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 Park Avenue – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1614 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Sen Sharma was next offered the lead role in [[Mira Nair]]'s [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] drama ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' (2007), but owing to clashing dates with other films, she could not commit to the project.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kulkarni, Ronjita |work=[[Rediff.com]] |title=Namesake is very uncannily my story! |date=7 February 2005 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/07mira.htm |access-date=22 December 2007 |archive-date=24 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224213506/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/07mira.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a critically-acclaimed performance as a mentally-ill woman in the drama ''[[15 Park Avenue]]'' (2006), she portrayed a middle-aged village woman who unknowingly becomes a pawn in her husband's scheme in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s crime drama [[Omkara (2006 film)|''Omkara'']] (2006). Starring an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Bipasha Basu]] alongside Sen Sharma, the film opened to widespread critical acclaim, with high praise for her performance. However, due to its dark here and strong language which kept away family audiences, it emerged as a moderate commercial success at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omkara – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=306 |access-date=8 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Her performance in the film earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|National Film Award]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Filmfare Award]] for Best Supporting Actress. Her next release was the suspense thriller ''[[Deadline: Sirf 24 Ghante]]'' (2006), which was a critical and commercial disaster. The same year, she made her directorial debut with an 18-minute [[Bengali language|Bengali]] short film titled ''Naamkoron (Naming Ceremony)'' for the Kala Ghoda Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=udc.edu |work=Film Index |url=http://www.udc.edu/dcmd/list.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317154703/http://www.udc.edu/dcmd/list.htm |archive-date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Following this, she starred alongside [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] drama ''[[Dosar]]'', directed by [[Rituporno Ghosh]]. The film premiered at several international film festivals and emerged as a [[sleeper hit]] at the box-office. Her performance in the film won her the Best Actress award at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref name="ndtvmovies">{{cite news |title=Konkona wins best actress award in NYC |url=http://www.ndtvmovies.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20070032562 |work=NDTV |access-date=12 November 2007 |archive-date=14 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114123848/http://www.ndtvmovies.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20070032562 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Konkona Sen Sharma.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Sen Sharma at an event in 2007.|upright]]

She began 2007 by portraying a street prostitute in the [[Film noir|noir film]] ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]'' which marked her second collaboration with Bhandarkar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-traffic-signal/32637-8-1.html |title=Masand's Verdict: Traffic Signal |date=2 February 2007 |work=IBN Live |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205052916/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-traffic-signal/32637-8-1.html}}</ref> Her performance, like the film, earned positive reviews; however, it emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traffic Signa |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1431 |website=Box Office India |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> She next starred alongside an ensemble cast including [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] in [[Anurag Basu]]'s urban drama ''[[Life in a... Metro]]''. The film depicted the lives of nine different individuals in [[Mumbai]], and dealt with heres such as [[extramarital affairs]], sanctity of marriage, [[commitment phobia]] and love. It opened to widespread critical acclaim, with Sen Sharma's performance as a young and insecure woman receiving high praise. Despite expectations, the film emerged as a [[Sleeper hit|surprise commercial success]] at the box-office, grossing over ₹250 million worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life In A Metro |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=348 |website=Box Office India |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=indiafm.com |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/boxoffice/12912/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922104254/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/boxoffice/12912/index.html |archive-date=22 September 2007 |access-date=27 August 2007 |work=Life in a Metro status}}</ref> ''Life in a... Metro'' earned her a second consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

In the latter half of 2007, Sen Sharma starred in two films under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner – the women-centric drama ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'' and the musical drama ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''. She noted her excitement toward these two projects as these were the first films in which she had to [[lip sync]] for songs. [[Pradeep Sarkar]]'s ''Laaga Chunari Mein Daag'' saw her star alongside an ensemble cast of [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. The film tackled heres of duty, sacrifice and morality. She portrayed the role of a young girl who moves to [[Mumbai]] only to find her older sister moonlighting as an escort unbeknownst to her family, and helps her sister redeem herself. It opened to mixed reviews from critics upon release, however Sen Sharma's performance received praise, thus earning a third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. [[Anil Mehta]]'s ''Aaja Nachle'', which marked the comeback of [[Madhuri Dixit]], saw Sen Sharma in the supporting role of a tomboy. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews, but praise was directed to her performance, with [[Rajeev Masand]] from ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' noting her performance in the film as being "...nothing short of fantastic. Her greatest strength is that she isn't afraid of making a fool of herself and she doesn't worry about being laughed at. As a result, her performance in ''Aaja Nachle'' is fearless and uninhibited."<ref name="AN CNN-IBN Review">{{cite web |title=Movie Review:AAJA NACHLE |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-madhuri-spectacular-in-aaja-nachle/53368-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201204337/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-madhuri-spectacular-in-aaja-nachle/53368-8.html |archive-date=1 December 2007 |access-date=30 November 2007 |work=Madhuri spectacular in Aaja Nachle}}</ref> ''Laaga Chunari Mein Daag'' emerged as a below-average grosser, while ''Aaja Nachle'' emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laaga Chunari Mein Daag – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=344 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaja Nachle – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=231 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2008, she starred in the critically and commercially unsuccessful romantic comedy ''[[Dil Kabaddi]]''. She next appeared in a short film (''How Can It Be?'') directed by [[Mira Nair]] for a film project called ''[[8 (2008 film)|8]]'', which was screened at several film festivals in 2008 before having a theatrical release.<ref name="Konkona in Mira Nair's 8">{{cite web |title=Konkona's next a controversial film? |work=NewKarala.com |url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-47538.html |access-date=17 November 2008 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614093311/http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-47538.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, her first film appearance was in the low-budget English-language film ''[[The President Is Coming]]'', directed by [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]]. The film explores a day in the life of six contestants who will stop at nothing as the US President is coming to town, with Sen Sharma playing one of the six contestants who will represent New India in front of the President. It received positive reviews from critics upon release, with particular praise for Sen Sharma's performance. [[Nikhat Kazmi]] from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Performance-wise, it's the uptight and complex-ridden Sen Sharma who walks away with laurels and laughs even as the film takes a healthy snigger at the desi self."<ref name="The President Is Coming: Review">{{cite news |title=The President Is Coming: Review |work=Time of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/the-president-is-coming/movie-review/3953342.cms |access-date=8 January 2009 |first1=Nikhat |last1=Kazmi |date=8 January 2009 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231133/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/english/The-President-Is-Coming/movie-review/3953342.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sen Sharma next starred in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s directorial debut, the drama ''[[Luck by Chance]]'', leading an ensemble cast alongside [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref name="Konkona in LBC">{{cite news |title=Hard Luck, Tabu! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hard-luck-Tabu/articleshow/2620439.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-14/news-interviews/27993331_1_zoya-akhtar-tabu-konkana-sen-sharma |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=14 December 2007 |first1=Parag |last1=Maniar |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 December 2007}}</ref> The film saw her portray a starlet trying to make it big in the Hindi film industry. It opened to widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise directed towards Sen Sharma's performance; however, the film emerged as an underwhelming success at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=374&moviename=Luck+By+Chance |title=Movie Review: Luck By Chance |author=Anupama Chopra |date=30 January 2009 |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131084104/http://movies.ndtv.com/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=374&moviename=Luck+By+Chance |archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/moviereview/4046162.cms |title=Movie Review: Luck By Chance |author=Gaurav Malani |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=30 January 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131141238/http://movies.indiatimes.com/moviereview/4046162.cms |archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Luck By Chance – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=786 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> She followed the film up with [[Ayan Mukerji]]'s directorial debut, the [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' opposite [[Ranbir Kapoor]]. The film told the story of a careless rich college brat who is taught the value of owning up to responsibility by an aspiring writer from [[Kolkata]], the latter portrayed by Sen Sharma. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise directed towards her performance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Avijit Ghosh |date=2 October 2009 |title=Movie Review: Wake Up Sid |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/wake-up-sid/movie-review/5081263.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817030906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Wake-Up-Sid/movie-review/5081263.cms |archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, "Sen Sharma is natural to the core and the best part is, she's so effortless. Here's another winning performance from this incredible performer!"<ref>{{cite news |author=Taran Adarsh |date=2 October 2009 |title=Movie Review: Wake Up Sid |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13966/index.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914092939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13966/index.html |archive-date=14 September 2009}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Ms. Sen Sharma has made a specialty of characters like Aisha: independent urban women, whose dreams involve careers as well as love. Her Aisha is a nuanced creation — ambitious, sympathetic, believable — and Mr. Mukerji, making his directing debut, is right to let her run away with the film."<ref>{{cite news |author=Saltz, Rachel |date=3 October 2009 |title=Career Woman Helps a Man-Child Grow Up |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/03/movies/03wake.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228082046/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/03/movies/03wake.html |archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref> The film emerged as a commercial success at the box-office, grossing ₹471 million worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wake Up Sid – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=157 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In June 2009, Sen Sharma starred onstage first time at Atul Kumar's ''The Blue Mug'' alongside [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Ranvir Shorey]] and [[Sheeba Chadha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Memory Central |author=Piyasree Dasgupta |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/memorycentral/598014/0 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041102/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/memorycentral/598014/0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=abuzzintown |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/event_the-blue-mug-play--id_109582.html |access-date=26 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309114541/http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/event_the-blue-mug-play--id_109582.html |archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> In 2010, the play was toured around the nation and abroad.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} In 2010, Sen Sharma starred as a working woman in Ashwani Dheer's comedy ''[[Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge]]'' alongside [[Ajay Devgan]] and [[Paresh Rawal]].<ref name="Konkona, Ajay in a comedy">{{cite news |title=3 is company! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/3-is-company/articleshow/5235355.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-17/news-interviews/28063544_1_amita-wide-frame-films-atithi-tum-kab-jaoge |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2009 |first1=Meena |last1=Iyer |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 November 2009}}</ref> and as a lawyer in Neeraj Pathak's ''[[Right Yaa Wrong]]''. The former emerged as a critical and commercial success, while the latter emerged as a disaster critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge? |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=94 |website=Box Office India |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Right Yaa Wrong |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=116 |website=Box Office India |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> The same year, she finished shooting for [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s unreleased comedy ''[[Sunglass (film)|Sunglass]]'' and [[Vinay Shukla]]'s comedy-drama ''[[Mirch]]'', a critical and commercial failure.

=== 2011–2016: Continued work ===
[[File:Konkona at Taj lands end.jpg|thumb|150px|Sen Sharma at [[Karan Johar]]'s birthday party in 2012.]]
Sen Sharma began 2011 with a special appearance in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s [[black comedy]] ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'' alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Vivaan Shah]]. She then played the leading role in Aparna Sen's drama ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Konkona in her mother's next film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Soha-is-a-busy-girl/articleshow/3926050.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-03/news-interviews/28032606_1_saif-and-kareena-saif-kareena-soha-ali-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=3 January 2009 |first1=Piyali |last1=Dasgupta |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata calling for Konkona |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kolkata-calling-for-Konkona/articleshow/5031099.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-20/news-interviews/28088106_1_konkona-sen-sharma-70s-80s-kolkata-iti-mrinalini |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=20 September 2009 |first1=Ruman |last1=Ganguly |first2=Zinia |last2=Sen |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 September 2009}}</ref> reportedly a semi-autobiographical film directed by the acclaimed Indian director Aparna Sen, also her mother. She next appeared in Amitabh Verma's ''[[Jackpot (2009 film)|Jackpot]]'' opposite [[Ranvir Shorey]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/03/12/13862/index.html |title=Konkona Sen Sharma, Ranvir Shorey in suspense-thriller |access-date=12 March 2010 |date=12 March 2010 |work=bollywoodhungama.com |archive-date=14 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314225403/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/03/12/13862/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Suman Mukhopadhyay|Suman Mukherjee]]'s adaptation of ''[[Shesher Kobita]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Roshini |title=Rahul Bose & Konkona Sen in Shesher Kabita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Rahul-Bose-Konkona-Sen-in-Shesher-Kabita/articleshow/11458903.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509234021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/news-interviews/30619532_1_konkona-sen-sharma-rahul-bose-love-story |url-status=live |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=19 January 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 January 2012}}</ref> and [[Goutam Ghose]]'s ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]''.

In 2013, she appeared alongside [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Kalki Koechlin]] and [[Huma Qureshi]] in [[Balaji Telefilms]]' supernatural thriller ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]'', directed by newcomer Kannan Iyer and produced by Vishal Bhardwaj and [[Ekta Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 2012 |title=Konkona, Kalki opposite Emraan in 'Daayan' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Kalki--Konkona-opposite-Emraan-in---Daayan--/939328/ |access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> The film itself is inspired by the short story written by her father Mukul Sharma.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1436495/Emraan-to-play-a-magician-in-Ek-Thi-Daayan |title=Emraan to play a magician in 'Ek Thi Daayan' |date=9 May 2012 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511231419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1436495/Emraan-to-play-a-magician-in-Ek-Thi-Daayan |url-status=dead }}</ref> It opened to positive reviews from critics upon release, with Sen Sharma's performance receiving high praise in particular, earning her a fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. The film emerged as a moderate commercial success at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Thi Daayan |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=388 |website=Box Office India |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> She also starred in Aparna Sen's horror comedy ''[[Goynar Baksho]]'' which earned her critical acclaim and won her the [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 August 2012 |title=Aparna Sen to film 'Goynar Baksho' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Aparna-Sen-to-film-Goynar-Baksho/articleshow/15324905.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509194316/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-02/news-interviews/33000466_1_filmmaker-aparna-sen-production-house-konkona-sen-sharma |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, Sen Sharma starred in the Bengali film ''[[Kadambari (2015 film)|Kadambari]]'' as [[Kadambari Devi]], Tagore's sister-in-law and also portrayed Lakshmi Das, the wife of Gour Hari Das, an Odisha freedom fighter who spent 32 years attempting to convince the government of his patriotism in the biographical film ''[[Gour Hari Dastaan]]''. The same year, she played a character based on Nupur Talwar in [[Meghna Gulzar]]'s thriller drama ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'', based on the [[2008 Noida double murder case]]. The film premiered at the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]] to widespread critical acclaim with high praise directed towards her performance; moreover, the film also emerged as a [[sleeper hit]] at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news |first=Meena |last=Iyer |title=Konkona Sensharma: My mother is shy around my son |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Konkona-Sensharma-My-mother-is-shy-around-my-son/articleshow/49044901.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923055906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Konkona-Sensharma-My-mother-is-shy-around-my-son/articleshow/49044901.cms |url-status=live |archive-date=23 September 2015 |date=22 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> In the same year she played Nayantara in a short film, ''Nayantara's Necklace''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sonal |first1=Gera |title='Nayantara's Necklace', starring Konkona, Tilotama, makes you wonder about life: Watch short film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/nayantaras-necklace-starring-konkona-tilotama-makes-you-wonder-about-life-watch-short-film/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402113356/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/nayantaras-necklace-starring-konkona-tilotama-makes-you-wonder-about-life-watch-short-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Sharma portrayed a cop in [[AR Murugadoss]]' action thriller ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]'', alongside [[Sonakshi Sinha]], which received mixed reviews from critics, and emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title='Luckily', no stunts for Konkona Sen Sharma in 'Akira' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/luckily-no-stunts-for-konkona-sen-sharma-in-akira/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2015 |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402113053/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/luckily-no-stunts-for-konkona-sen-sharma-in-akira/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2017–present: Debut as a ''director'' and streaming projects ===
In 2017, she ventured into film direction with the English-language drama ''[[A Death in the Gunj]]'', which starred an ensemble cast including [[Vikrant Massey]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ananya |title=A Death In The Gunj movie review: A stunning debut from Konkona Sensharma |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/a-death-in-the-gunj-movie-review-konkona-sensharma-980645-2017-06-02 |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=India Today |date=2 June 2017 |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402112843/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/a-death-in-the-gunj-movie-review-konkona-sensharma-980645-2017-06-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[2016 Toronto International Film Festival]] and received widespread critical acclaim upon theatrical release. It won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director]] and a nomination for the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics)]]. Additionally, she also won the Best Director award at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] and the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#Film Festival|MAMI Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 May 2017 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma's directorial debut A Death In The Gunj finally gets a release date in India |language=en |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/konkona-sen-sharmas-directorial-debut-a-death-in-the-gunj-finally-gets-a-release-date-in-india-3441972.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402112844/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/konkona-sen-sharmas-directorial-debut-a-death-in-the-gunj-finally-gets-a-release-date-in-india-3441972.html |archive-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> The same year, she also starred in the ensemble black comedy-drama ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' directed by [[Alankrita Shrivastava]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vetticad |first1=Anna MM |title=Lipstick Under My Burkha movie review: It's clear why censors were unnerved by this brave, fun film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lipstick-under-my-burkha-movie-review-its-clear-why-censors-were-unnerved-by-this-brave-fun-film-3832881.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=20 July 2017 |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402112843/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lipstick-under-my-burkha-movie-review-its-clear-why-censors-were-unnerved-by-this-brave-fun-film-3832881.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Revolving around the secret lives of four women who are in search of her freedom, the film received critical acclaim upon release, and won her the Best Actress award at the New York Indian Film Festival and the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]. However, despite critical acclaim, both ''A Death in the Gunj'' and ''Lipstick Under My Burkha'' emerged as below-average commercial successes at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Death In The Gunj |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3540 |website=Box Office India |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lipstick Under My Burkha |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6215 |website=Box Office India |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

In 2020, she starred in the comedy-drama ''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]'' alongside [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as a middle-class woman struggling with societal expectations. It released on [[Netflix]] to mixed reviews, but earned her (and Pednekar) a nomination for the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics)]]. Her next project, titled ''Scholarship'', alongside Kalki Koechlin is in pre-production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nisha |title=Arjun Rampal Wraps The Rapist With A Thank-You Note. Konkona Sen Sharma Drops This Comment |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-wraps-the-rapist-with-a-thank-you-note-konkona-sen-sharma-drops-this-comment-2396500 |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402112843/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-wraps-the-rapist-with-a-thank-you-note-konkona-sen-sharma-drops-this-comment-2396500 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, her first film appearance was as a woman who loses her father in [[Seema Pahwa]]'s directorial debut, the ensemble family comedy-drama ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''. The film opened to critical acclaim, and earned her a fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. However, the film emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office. She followed it up with her portrayal of a lower-caste androgynous woman who develops feelings for her colleague in [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]'s ''Geeli Pucchi'', a segment of the Netflix [[anthology film]] ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''. Her performance earned her high critical acclaim and won her the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actress in a Web Original Film, and the Best Actress in a Leading Role award at the [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]] Grand Finals. She next appeared as the Social Services Director of a [[general hospital]] in the [[Amazon Prime]] medical drama web series ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''. Directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]], the series was set in the emergency room of a government hospital, focusing on the challenges faced by medical staff and first responders during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2020 |title=Mumbai Diaries 26/11 teaser: The story of first responders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mumbai-diaries-26-11-teaser-story-of-the-first-responders-7068581/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175426/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mumbai-diaries-26-11-teaser-story-of-the-first-responders-7068581/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma: Roles may leave a mark that I'm not yet aware of |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/konkona-sen-sharma-roles-may-leave-a-mark-that-im-not-yet-aware-of-23189775 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=mid-day.com |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912134913/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/konkona-sen-sharma-roles-may-leave-a-mark-that-im-not-yet-aware-of-23189775 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma: Mumbai Diaries 26/11 is Our Homage to Frontline Workers |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/konkona-sen-sharma-ive-come-across-interesting-roles-written-for-women-late-in-my-career-4178156.html |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912134912/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/konkona-sen-sharma-ive-come-across-interesting-roles-written-for-women-late-in-my-career-4178156.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series, and Sen Sharma's performance, received critical acclaim upon release.

[[File:Konkona Sen Sharma at the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Sen Sharma at the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]] ceremony.]]
In 2023, her first film appearance was as a hardened cop in the action thriller ''[[Kuttey]]'', which received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as a commercial disaster at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuttey |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6215 |website= Box Office India |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> she next collaborated as a director with [[R. Balki]], [[Amit Ravindernath Sharma]] and [[Sujoy Ghosh]] for the Netflix anthology film ''[[Lust Stories 2]]''. Her segment titled "The Mirror", which starred [[Tillotama Shome]] and [[Amruta Subhash]], tackled heres of female desire and voyeurism. It received positive reviews upon release, with high praise for Sen Sharma's segment, winning her the Filmfare OTT Award for Best Web Original Film (Critics).

she later reprised her role of Dr. Chitra Das in the second season of the ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11|Mumbai Diaries]]'' that focussed on [[2005 Mumbai floods]]. She was given more screen time this season, and her performance stood out as she depicted a vulnerable woman grappling with her inner demons, especially in moments with her ex-husband, played by [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |date=6 October 2023 |title=Mumbai Diaries 2 review: Too dramatic, yet gripping |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumbai-diaries-2-review-too-dramatic/20231006.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref> Season 2 review of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described her performance as "by turns steely and tremulous in an affecting role," highlighting how she navigated the challenging emotional terrain of a healthcare worker during a crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=5 October 2023 |title=Mumbai Diaries Season 2: Series review — Nikkhil Advani's medical drama is still gripping despite gaps |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mumbai-diaries-season-2-series-review-nikkhil-advanis-medical-drama-is-still-gripping-despite-gaps/article67388194.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>

In January 2024, Sen Sharma appeared in the black comedy [[crime thriller]] series ''[[Killer Soup]]'', on Netflix. She played the lead role alongside [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and received good reviews for her performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=25 August 2023 |title=Killer Soup series review: Manoj Bajpayee and Konkona Sen Sharma are good fun in safe caper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/killer-soup-series-review-manoj-bajpayee-and-konkona-sensharma-are-good-fun-in-safe-caper/article67733392.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, Sen Sharma starred in [[Anurag Basu]]'s ''[[Metro... In Dino]]'' alongside an ensemble cast of Anupam Kher, [[Neena Gupta]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Ali Fazal]] and [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]. The film is a [[spiritual successor]] of ''Life in a... Metro'' (2007), with her being the only actor from the original to also star in the second part, albeit in a different role. She will star alongside [[Ronit Roy]] in Preetam Mukherjee's mystery film ''Bioscope''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |date=18 May 2022 |title=Bioscope: Konkona Sen Sharma And Ronit Roy To Pair First Time In A Bengali Film! |url=https://womansera.com/bioscope-konkona-sen-sharma-and-ronit-roy-to-pair-first-time-in-a-bengali-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518064107/https://womansera.com/bioscope-konkona-sen-sharma-and-ronit-roy-to-pair-first-time-in-a-bengali-film/ |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=8 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Media image ==

Sen Sharma is considered as one of the most popular actresses of 2000's in [[Hindi cinema]]. In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Sudhirendar |date=16 August 2022 |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694 |url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Best Bollywood Actresses", Sen Sharma was placed 4th in 2002, 11th in 2006, 2nd in 2020 and 1st in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/27sld4.htm |title=Best Actresses 2002 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910063450/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/27sld4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25sd1.htm |title=Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actresses |work=Rediff.com |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/25sd1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |title=2020's 10 BEST ACTRESSES |website=Rediff.com |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912063450/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/-2020s-10-best-actresses-yearend/20201231.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-best-actresses-of-2021/20211231.htm |title=The Best Actresses of 2021 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=28 January 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914063450/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-best-actresses-of-2021/20211231.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Konkona-and-Ranvir.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Konkona Sharma with her ex-husband [[Ranvir Shorey]] in 2008.]]

Sen Sharma started dating actor and co-star [[Ranvir Shorey]] in 2007. The couple got married on 3 September 2010 in a private ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |title=A quiet wedding for Konkona |work=The Telegraph (India) |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100904/jsp/calcutta/story_12892681.jsp |access-date=4 September 2010 |location=Calcutta, India |date=4 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904015046/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100904/jsp/calcutta/story_12892681.jsp |archivedate=4 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Sen Sharma gave birth to her first child, Haroon Shorey, on 15 March 2011 at a [[South Mumbai]] hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Konkona-Ranvir blessed with baby boy |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news-interviews/28694112_1_baby-boy-konkona-ranvir-ranvir-shorey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807040744/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-16/news-interviews/28694112_1_baby-boy-konkona-ranvir-ranvir-shorey |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=16 March 2011 |date=16 March 2011}}</ref>

Sen Sharma and Shorey announced her separation in September 2015. They still remain cordial and share the custody of her son.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |first=Sonup |last=Sahadevan |title=I hold myself responsible for my separation from Konkona, says Ranvir Shorey |date=26 December 2015 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hold-myself-responsible-for-my-separation-from-konkona-ranvir-shorey/#sthash.EYKQnZJ6.dpuf |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203114059/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-hold-myself-responsible-for-my-separation-from-konkona-ranvir-shorey/#sthash.EYKQnZJ6.dpuf |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple finally got divorced on 13 August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lalwan |first1=Vickey |title=Ranvir Shorey and Konkona Sen Sharma get divorced: It's official – Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranvir-shorey-and-konkona-sen-sharma-get-divorced-its-official/articleshow/77525686.cms |access-date=28 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=13 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930171119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranvir-shorey-and-konkona-sen-sharma-get-divorced-its-official/articleshow/77525686.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2022, Sen Sharma identified as [[Non-binary gender|gender-neutral]], stating: "I don't view myself as a woman. I see myself as being completely neutral. Gender is a taught concept that I don't relate to."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=25 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/konkona-sensharma-says-i-ve-always-felt-a-bit-androgynous-identifies-herself-as-gender-neutral-1929332-2022-03-25 |title=Konkona Sensharma says I've always felt a bit androgynous, identifies herself as gender neutral |magazine=India Today |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/never-related-to-being-labelled-a-woman-konkona-sensharma-opens-up-about-the-concept-of-gender-7835644/ |title='I've always felt a bit androgynous': Konkona Sensharma on why she doesn't conform to societal gender norms |work=The Indian Express |date=25 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> She has described herself as an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Bamzai | first=Kaveree | title=Konkona Sen Sharma: Act of Fluidity | website=Open Magazine | date=23 April 2021 | url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/konkona-sen-sharma-act-of-fluidity | access-date=31 December 2025|quote=I am a woman, I am an Indian, I am a Bengali, I am an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosal | first=Sharmistha | title=Special: Konkona Sensharma makes a mark with a credible performance in the upcoming film, The Rapist| website=Indulgexpress | date=5 May 2022 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/May/05/special-konkona-sensharmamakes-a-mark-with-a-credible-performance-in-the-upcoming-film-the-rapist-40664.html | access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, media speculated about Sen Sharma's relationship with actor [[Amol Parashar]], though she did not comment publicly on the rumours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amol Parashar reacts to dating rumours with Konkona Sen Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amol-parashar-reacts-to-dating-rumours-with-konkona-sensharma-recalls-vicky-kaushals-similar-phase-with-katrina-kaif-before-marriage/articleshow/121735832.cms |website=The Times of India |date=July 2025 |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;" |{{dagger|alt=Film yet to release}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{refh}}
|-
|1983
|''Indira''
| Child artist age 4
| rowspan="4" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|
|-
| 1994
|''[[Amodini]]''
| Teenage Step mother
|
|
|-
| 2001
|''[[Ek Je Aachhe Kanya]]''
| Ria
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002
|''[[Titli (2002 film)|Titli]]''
| Titli
|
|
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
| Meenakshi Iyer
| rowspan="3" |[[English language|English]]
|
|
|-
| 2004
|''Chai Pani Etc.''
| Shanti/Radha Joshi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2005
|''[[Amu (film)|Amu]]''
| Kaju "Amu"
|
|
|-
|''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
| Madhvi Sharma
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|
|-
|''[[15 Park Avenue]]''
| Mithi
| English
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2006
|''[[Dosar]]''
| Kaberi Chatterjee
| Bengali
|
|
|-
|''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]''
| Malti
| rowspan="11" | Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Yun Hota To Kya Hota]]''
| Tilottima Punj
|
|
|-
|''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''
|[[Emilia (Othello)|Indu]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Deadline: Sirf 24 Ghante]]''
| Sanjana
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2007
|''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
| Noori
|
|
|-
|''Meridian''
| Pramilla
|
|
|-
|''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
| Shruti Ghosh
|
|
|-
|''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]''
| Shubhavari 'Shubhi/Chutki' Sahay
|
|
|-
|''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
| Anokhi Anokhelal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008
|''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Dil Kabaddi]]''
| Simi
|
|<ref name="Konkona in Bubblegum">{{cite web |title=Irrfan-Rahul swap roles |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1151066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115012404/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1151066 |archive-date=15 January 2009 |access-date=15 February 2008 |work=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[8 (2008 film)|8]]''
| Zeinab
| rowspan="2" | English
| Segment "How Can It Be?"
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009
|''[[The President Is Coming]]''
| Maya Roy
|
|
|-
|''[[Luck by Chance]]''
| Sona Mishra
| rowspan="6" | Hindi
|
|<ref name="Konkona in LBC" />
|-
|''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
| Aisha Banerjee
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010
|''[[Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge]]''
| Munmun
|
|
|-
|''[[Right Yaa Wrong]]''
| Radhika Patnaik
|
|<ref name="Konkona in R o W">{{cite web |title=Sunny, Irrfan, Konkona in 'Right or Wrong |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2007/09/07/10066/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909164311/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2007/09/07/10066/index.html |archive-date=9 September 2007 |access-date=7 September 2007 |work=IndiaFM}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mirch]]''
| Lavni/Anita
|
|<ref name="Konkona in Mirch">{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Shweta |date=24 November 2008 |title=It's action time in desert state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Its-action-time-in-desert-state/articleshow/3747219.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104090803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-24/news-interviews/27916684_1_ila-arun-film-shooting |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2011
|''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]''
| Nandini
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Iti Mrinalini]]''
| Mrinalini 'Mili' Mitra
| rowspan="3" | Bengali
|
|<ref name="Aparna Sen announces Iti Mrinalini">{{cite web |title=Aparna Sen and Konkona in Iti Mrinalini |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/aparna-sen-announces-iti-mrinalini/503496/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925161819/http://www.screenindia.com/news/aparna-sen-announces-iti-mrinalini/503496 |archive-date=25 September 2009 |access-date=21 August 2009 |work=ScreenIndia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2013
|''[[Shunyo Awnko]]''
| Raka Biswas
|
|
|-
|''[[Goynar Baksho]]''
| Shomlata
|
|
|-
|''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]''
| Diana
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Blind Night''
| Ninu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sunglass (film)|Sunglass]]''
| rowspan="2" | Chitra
| Hindi
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
|Bengali
|
|-
|''Shesher Kabita''
| Labannya
| Bengali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015
|''[[Shajarur Kanta (2015 film)|Shajarur Kanta]]''
| Deepa Bhatto
| rowspan="2" | Bengali
|
|
|-
|''[[Kadambari (2015 film)|Kadambari]]''
|[[Kadambari Devi]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Gour Hari Dastaan]]''
| Lakshmi Das
| rowspan="6" | Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''
| Nutan Tandon
|
|
|-
|''Saari Raat''
| The wife
|
|
|-
|''Nayantara's Necklace''
| Nayantara
|
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]''
| SP Rabiya
|
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]''
| Shireen Aslam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan="2" |''Bird of Dusk''
| rowspan="2" |Herself
|English
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2019
| ''A Monsoon Date''
|Young Woman
| rowspan="10" |Hindi
|Short film
|<ref>{{cite news |title='A Monsoon Date': Moving homage to transgender community (Review) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/a-monsoon-date-moving-homage-to-transgender-community-review-119060700417_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=IANS |date=7 June 2019 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|''[[Cargo (2019 film)|Cargo]]''
|Mandakini
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]''
|Dolly
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |date=12 October 2018 |title=Konkona Sensharma, Bhumi Pednekar to play leads in Alankrita Shrivastava's next |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/konkona-sensharma-bhumi-pednekar-to-play-leads-in-alankrita-shrivastavas-next/articleshow/66170448.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012045309/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/konkona-sensharma-bhumi-pednekar-to-play-leads-in-alankrita-shrivastavas-next/articleshow/66170448.cms |archive-date=12 October 2018 |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
|''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
| Seema
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''
| Bharti Mandal
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Rapist]]''
|Naina Malik
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=6 September 2021 |title=Aparna Sen's 'The Rapist' to compete for Busan's Kim Jiseok award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/aparna-sens-the-rapist-to-compete-for-busans-kim-jiseok-award/articleshow/85966130.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703181405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/aparna-sens-the-rapist-to-compete-for-busans-kim-jiseok-award/articleshow/85966130.cms |archive-date=3 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Kuttey]]''
| Lakshmi Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=7 November 2022 |title=Arjun Kapoor, Tabu starrer 'Kuttey' set for release in January 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-kapoor-tabu-starrer-kuttey-set-for-release-in-january-2023/article66106939.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121062810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-kapoor-tabu-starrer-kuttey-set-for-release-in-january-2023/article66106939.ece |archive-date=21 November 2022 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Chashma (short film)|Chashma]]''
|Aarti
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chashma |url=https://gubbaraentertainment.com/chashma/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Gubbara Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
| Kajol
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anurag Basu announces Metro In Dino with Sara Ali Khan, Aditya Roy Kapur and Pritam's music |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-basu-announces-metro-in-dino-with-sara-ali-khan-aditya-roy-kapur-and-pritams-music-11768421.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220140859/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-basu-announces-metro-in-dino-with-sara-ali-khan-aditya-roy-kapur-and-pritams-music-11768421.html |archive-date=20 December 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Accused (2026 film)|Accused]]''
| Dr. Geetika
|[[Netflix film]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pratibha-ranta-wraps-next-project-anubhuti-kashyap-konkona-sen-sharma/|title=Pratibha Ranta and Konkona Sen Sharma wraps up next project with Anubhuti Kashyap |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=18 December 2024|access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== As filmmaker ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''Naamkoron''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|Bengali
| Short film
|-
| 2017
| ''[[A Death in the Gunj]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|English<br />Hindi<br />Bengali
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Hindi
| Anthology film <br />Segment : The Mirror
|-
| 2026
| Welcome To Khoya Mahal
| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|-
|}

===Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1989
| ''Picnic''
| Daughter
| Bengali
| Child artist
|-
|2005
|''Karkat Rashi''
|College girl
|Hindi
|TV movie
|-
|2009
|[[54th Filmfare Awards]]
|Co-host
|English
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/filmfare/Filmfare-Jodha-bags-5-Priyanka-Hrithik-shine/articleshow/4205152.cms |title=Filmfare: 'Jodha...' bags 5, Priyanka, Hrithik shine |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903124728/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/filmfare/Filmfare-Jodha-bags-5-Priyanka-Hrithik-shine/articleshow/4205152.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]''
|Herself
|Hindi
|Mini-series
|-
|2018
|''Side Hero''
|Herself
|Hindi
| Episode: "Aaj Ki Party"
|-
|2020–2023
|''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11|Mumbai Diaries]]''
| Chitra Das
| Hindi
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|2024
|''[[Killer Soup]]''
|Swati Shetty
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2022 |title=Soup teaser: Manoj Bajpayee, Konkona Sen Sharma are cooking something shady in this diabolical dark comedy. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/soup-teaser-manoj-bajpayee-konkona-sen-sharma-are-cooking-something-shady-101664003267443.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220140901/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/soup-teaser-manoj-bajpayee-konkona-sen-sharma-are-cooking-something-shady-101664003267443.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Search: The Naina Murder Case]]''
|ACP Sanyukta Das
|Hindi
|JioHotstar, Applause Entertainment<ref>{{cite news |title=Search: The Naina Murder Case trailer: Konkona Sensharma investigates a brutal murder in Rohan Sippy's show. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/search-the-naina-murder-case-trailer-konkona-sensharma-investigates-a-brutal-murder-in-rohan-sippys-show-10270515/ |work=The Indian Express |date=25 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Podcast and audiobook ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
!Author!! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''Twin Beds''
| [[Anita Nair]]
|Nisha (wife)
| rowspan="7" | English
| with [[Satyadeep Mishra]]
|-
|''The Rumour''
|[[Anushka Ravishankar]]
| rowspan="5" |Narrator
|
|-
|''The Last Bargain''
|Samita Aiyer
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''A Swiss Mountain Adventure''
|
| rowspan="2" |Mindhouse App
|-
|''The Timeless Love of Lily Moon''
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Kadambari Devi]]'s Suicide Note''
|Ranjan Bandopadhyay
|Translated from Bengali by Jhimli Mookherjee<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kadambari Devi's Suicide Note |url=https://www.storytel.com/in/en/books/2319748-Kadambari-Devi-s-Suicide-Note |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=storytel.com |date=19 April 2021 |language=EN |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428095959/https://www.storytel.com/in/en/books/2319748-Kadambari-Devi-s-Suicide-Note |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Barefoot Boys''
|
|Podcaster
|Podcast<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barefoot Boys on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/barefoot-boys/id1655172479 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Apple Podcasts |date=21 November 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220140859/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/barefoot-boys/id1655172479 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Track
!Album
!Record label
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2013
|"Bangla Rap"
|''[[Goynar Baksho]]''
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| rowspan="3" |Bengali
|with [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Pijush Ganguly]] & [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|"The Broken Heart (Bhogno Hridoy)"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kadambari (2015 film)|Kadambari]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Times Music]]
|with [[Saskia Rao-de Haas|Saskia Rao De Haas]], Sandipan Ganguly & [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
|-
|"Kadambori's Letter"
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2002
|''[[Ek Je Aachhe Kanya]]''
|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2003 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/97660.cms |title=Bengal magic at National Film Awards |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613145505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/97660.cms |archive-date=13 June 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Anandalok Awards]]
|Best Actress (Critics)
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
| rowspan="4" |''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]''
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] <small>(jointly with [[Vidya Balan]])</small>
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/27/981/index.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2006 nominations |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=27 January 2006 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117120517/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/27/981/index.html |archive-date=17 November 2006 }}</ref>
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060618/world.htm |title='Black' bags major IIFA awards |work=The Tribune |agency=Press Trust of India |location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates |date=18 June 2006 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911224255/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060618/world.htm |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2006 |title=Bhansali's 'Black' bags 10 Apsara Awards |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhansali-s-black-bags-10-apsara-awards/story-E1Xw5M9ot1IJL6jK79AYzO.html |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhansali-s-black-bags-10-apsara-awards/story-E1Xw5M9ot1IJL6jK79AYzO.html |archive-date=19 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=Black sweeps Screen Awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12screen.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114063842/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12screen.htm |archive-date=14 January 2006 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2007
| rowspan="6" |''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''
| [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards: 2003 & 2005 |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=BollywoodAwards.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|National Film Awards
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards 2006|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2007/101|title=52nd Filmfare Awards 2007 Winners|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Zee Cine Awards
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2007 |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=1 April 2007 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524075741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|International Indian Film Academy Awards
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2007-winnerslist.htm |title=Latest winners and nominees |access-date=18 August 2020 |date=February 2007 |publisher=International Indian Film Academy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207221602/http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2007-winnerslist.htm |archive-date= 7 February 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|Screen Awards
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rang-de-omkara-sweep-screen-nominations/19252/|title=Rang De, Omkara sweep Screen nominations|website=The Indian Express|date=24 December 2006|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[15 Park Avenue]]''
|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
|Most Outstanding Performance of the Year
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|''[[Dosar]]''
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
| rowspan="5" |''[[Life in a... Metro]]''
|International Indian Film Academy Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-2008-and-the-award-goes-to-290781.html|title=IIFA 2008: And the award goes to...|website=CNN-News18|date=9 June 2008|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Producers Guild Film Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |title=Winners of 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=1 April 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814215007/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Screen Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/11/3466/index.html|title=Winners of 14th Annual Star Screen Awards|date=11 January 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/11/3466/index.html|archivedate=23 October 2011|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref>
|-
|Zee Cine Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/zee-cine-awards-2008-winners-announced_438321.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2008 winners |website=Zee News |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Filmfare Awards
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/23/3610/index.html|title=Winners of 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards|date=23 February 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122012020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/23/3610/index.html|archivedate=22 November 2011|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2010
|''[[Wake Up Sid]]''
|Producers Guild Film Awards
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Iti Mrinalini]]''
|New York Indian Film Festival
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]''
|Filmfare Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Awards
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role (Female)]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|''[[Goynar Baksho]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
| rowspan="4" |''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''
|International Indian Film Academy Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2016/ |title=Nominations 2016 – IIFA |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527170146/http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2016/ |archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |Producers Guild Film Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9444 |title=Nominations for 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards {{!}} Latest Movie Features – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050155/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9444 |archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Zee Cine Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2016: Here are the nominations for the awards {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=22 May 2016 |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522181239/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867 |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Role – Female
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2017 |title=Big ZEE Entertainment Awards: Nominations list |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215355/https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/ |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" |2018
|{{N/a}}
|[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India Awards]]
|Excellence in Direction and Acting
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[A Death in the Gunj]]''
| rowspan="2" |Filmfare Awards
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/critics-award-nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-26179-2.html |title=Critics' Award nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards |work=filmfare.com |access-date=26 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065635/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/critics-award-nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-26179-2.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|International Indian Film Academy Awards
|Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Gollapudi Srinivas Award]]s
|Best Debut Director
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#Film Festival|MAMI Film Festival]]
|Mastercard Best Indian Filmmaker (Female)
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|Best Director
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |New York Indian Film Festival
|Best Director
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]''
|Best Feature Film
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Indian Film Festival of Melbourne
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-iffm-awards-2017-lipstick-under-my-burkha-dangal-baahubali-2-win-big-in-pics-396076 |title=IFFM Awards 2017: Lipstick Under My Burkha, Dangal, Baahubali 2 win big (in pics) |access-date=10 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Screen Awards
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics)|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04 |title=Star Screen Awards 2017: Dangal wins big, Vidya Balan-Rajkummar Rao named best actor and actress |date=4 December 2017 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090920/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Zee Cine Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/ |title=2018 Archives – Zee Cine Awards |website=Zee Cine Awards |language=en-US |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212032/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]''
|Filmfare Awards
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''
|[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/awards/asia/asian-academy-creative-awards-winners-1235125526/ |title=Asian Academy Creative Awards: Full List of Winners |author=Patrick Frater |work=Variety |date=3 December 2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203143926/https://variety.com/2021/awards/asia/asian-academy-creative-awards-winners-1235125526/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/winners |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 – Winners |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=FilmFare |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209180128/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]''
|Filmfare Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819053921/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
|Filmfare OTT Awards
|Best Web Original Film (Critics)
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html|title=Winners Of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out
|date=27 November 2023|access-date=28 November 2023|language=en-In}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Bengali actresses (disambiguation)|List of Bengali actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|konkona-sen-sharma}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Konkona Sen Sharma
|list =
{{Asian Academy Creative Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role}}
{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActress 2001-2020}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{Screen Award for Best Actress}}
{{StarGuildAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorFemale}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen Sharma, Konkona}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
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[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
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[[Category:Indian non-binary actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]
[[Category:Women podcasters]]

Shri Guru Kottureshwara Temple

2026-03-23T02:25:39Z

ArcherMill7063: fixed page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Guru Kottureshwara Shrine
| alt = Shri Guru Kottureshwara
| image = Kottureshwara.JPG
| caption = Shri Guru Kottureshwara Rathothsava
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates ={{coord|14 | 49 | 12 | N| 76 | 13 | 11 | E}}
| coordinates_footnotes=
| native_name = Kotturu
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
| locale = [[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]]
| elevation_m = 519
| deity = Guru Kottureshwara
| festivals = Car Festival ([[Rathothsava]]) & Karthikotsava
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 4
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator = Vishwa Kumar MC
| website = https://www.srigurubasaveshwara.com/
}}
'''Shri Guru Kottureshwara Shrine at Kotturu''' is an ancient [[shrine]] located at [[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]] taluk, [[Vijayanagara District]], [[North Karnataka]], [[India]], 583134.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/karnataka/bellary.htm | title=Pin code of Bellary District | accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> This temple is 19 km from [[Kudligi]], 28 km from [[Harapanahalli]], 70 km from [[Davanagere]] and 253  km from [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="GoK">{{Cite web|author=|url=http://kotturtown.mrc.gov.in/en/node/1|title=Kottur Town Panchayat|publisher=Government of Karnataka}}</ref>

==History==
===Origin===

Kotturu (Kannada: '''ಕೊಟ್ಟೂರು''') is named after Saint Kottureshwara, and its history is closely associated with the life and legend of Guru Kottureshwara. According to local tradition, at a time when the Veerashaiva sect was under threat, Lord Shiva and Parvati, from Kailasa, instructed Nandi to descend to Sarasipura (also known as Shikapura, an earlier name of Kotturu) to protect the people. Nandi is said to have taken the form of a saint and arrived in Shikapura.<ref name="GoK"/>

This figure came to be known as Kottureshwara—derived from the Kannada words "Kottu" or "Kodu," meaning "to give," and "Eshwara," referring to Lord Shiva—signifying "the one who grants blessings."<ref name="GoK"/>

Kotturu is also known for a popular local dish, mandakki menasinakai. There are several varieties of mandakki, and it is customary for visitors and devotees to partake in this specialty during their visit.<ref name="GoK"/>

===Ancient history===
[[File:Kottureshwara Darbar Temple.JPG|thumb|300px|The entrance of Darbar Mutt at ಕೊಟ್ಟೂರು]]

It is believed that Darbar Matha (or Dodda Matha or Hire Matha) ([[Shrine]]) used to be a temple of Lord Virabhadra. Once people started visiting Lord Kottureswara to get the blessings, they stopped worshiping Lord Virabhadra. Lord Virabhadra complained about this to Lord Kottureshwara. Then the Guru asked him to occupy another place called Kodathgudda where Lord Virabhadra [[Swamy]] temple is now. This is an equally famous temple in this region.

[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] who disappeared from Kailasa (Heaven) and appeared in the image of an untidy saint in the Shikapura or Sarasipura [[Shrine]] (Murkal Matha: The three stone temple or shrine). The presence of the Rushi (singer of sacred hymns, also an inspired poet or sage) spread throughout the Sarasipura. People started troubling Nandi by throwing stones and using bad words. All the people who troubled Nandi lost their eyes and become blind. The people realized their mistake and bowed their heads in front of the saint. By this incident Nandi who was in a disguise form became famous and people started visiting him to solve their problems. It is said that one day, a buffalo died and the cow boy approached to the Saint to save the buffalo; than the Saint kept his hand on the buffalo's head, the dead buffalo got back its life. Day by day the popularity of the saint increased. Saint offered his blessings with Shiva accompanied in his heart to all the people and solved the people's problem.

Lord Kottureshwara temple has been classified into four Mathas ([[Shrines]]):

* Murkal Matha (Three Stone Shrine): This is where Lord [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] came first to earth.
* Thotal Matha (Shrine with Cradle): This is where Lord blesses devotees with a child.
* Darbar Matha or Dodda Mutta (Kings Assembly Shrine or Big Shrine): This is where he used solve the problems of people.
* Gachina Matha (Meditating Place): This is where Guru Kottureswara reached Lord [[Shiva]] by meditating.

Kotturamma (Parvathi's temple) is neither the wife or related to Lord Kottureshwara. She is a form of Goddess Parvathi. There is a temple outskirts of Kottur of her. The Karnam family of Kottur maintains it. There is a festival in every August which lakhs of people attend.

==Temple Activities==

There is annual fair which happens just before MahaShivaratri. The devotees from all over the Karnataka and other states assemble here to witness the fair and car festival. Karthikotsava is celebrated during December. Karlingeshwara family members are taking care of this deity. Only their family members perform all the ritual activities for the deity.

[[File:Kottureshwara.JPG|thumb|300px|This is the ratha in which Lord's idol is placed]]

=== Festival activities===

Devotees from all over Karanataka and other states visit this place during Guru Kottureshwara Theru ([[Rathothsava]]) held just before the [[Maha Shivaratri]] during February every year. The Lord Guru Kottureshwara idol is kept inside the [[Ratha]] and then he is served milk (Kannada: ಗಿಣ್ಣು-ಹಾಲು) by the tribal people. It is believed that every year cow or buffalo or goat gives birth to their young ones on this day to this tribal family; the milk which is obtained at this time is served to the Lord. Then the ratha moves based on the particular [[Nakshatra]] called [[Mula (astrology)|mula]] which matches at some time on that particular day. This ratha does not move unless and until this Nakshatra matches to mula. Once the Nakshatra is matched, the [[ratha]] moves a bit on its own. This is one amazing thing to watch; it signifies that Lord Kottureshwara is now inside the [[ratha]]. Only then the devotees will be able to pull the ratha by chanting [[mantra]] "Om Shri Guru Kottureshwaraya Namaha", "Kottureshwara Doreye, Ninagyaru Sariya, Sari Sari Yendavara, Agnyana Thoreye.. Bahuparak, Bahuparak, Bahuparak||". Later when the ratha starts moving, the devotees offer flower garlands, coconuts and bananas to the Lord Kottureshwara.

[[File:Kottureshwara Belli Theru.JPG|thumb|300px|Silver ratha at the entrance of Darbar Mutt at ಕೊಟ್ಟೂರು]]

Some of the devotees reach Kottur by walking from their native places which is normally called as Padha Yatra (procession). People from nearby villages serve them food, fruit, juice and medicine on the way as part of their tribute to the Lord Guru Kottureshwara. On reaching the place Kottur, devotees visit Darbar Mutta first, then the remaining three shrines and then stay at Gachina Mutta or other Muttas.

During the month of December, there will be Karthikotsava that is celebrated for about six weeks, where they light the diyas in the temple. Diya are small earthen lamp that is specially lit on Diwali for [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and decoration purposes. A cotton wick is used in diyas and oil or ghee serves as the burning fuel. The whole shrine will be glowing bright with these beautiful diyas.

===Prasadam activities===
The devotees are provided with Prasadam on [[Rathothsava]] day which is provided by the devotees of [[Davangere]] in form of [[Dāna|dana]].

==Transport==
===Road===
* [[Bangalore]]-[[Chitradurga]]-[[Jagalur]]-[[Ujjini]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]].
* [[Bangalore]]-[[Chitradurga]]-[[Kudligi]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]].
* [[Bellary]]-[[Hospet]]-[[Hagaribommanahalli]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]].
* [[Davangere]]-[[Harihara]]-[[Harapanahalli]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]].
* [[Haveri]]-[[Harihara]]-[[Harapanahalli]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]].
* [[Shimoga]]-[[Harihara]]-[[Harapanahalli]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]].

There are direct K.S.R.T.C. ([[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]) buses to [[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]] from [[Bangalore]] during the night. Passengers have to board the bus going to [[Hagaribommanahalli]] and [[Harapanahalli]]. There are some special buses provided by the K.S.R.T.C. to reach Kotturu during this car festival.

===Railway station===

* [[Bangalore]]-[[Harihar]]-[[Darwar]].
* [[Bangalore]]-[[Davangere]]-[[Harihar]]-[[Harapanahalli]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]]

Alight at [[Harihar]] and then catch a bus; K.S.R.T.C. buses are available from here to reach Kotturu.

===Airports===
The nearest airport is at [[Hubli]] and an international airport is at [[Bengaluru]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}



{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guru Kottureshwara}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]

Dasavathaaram

2026-03-19T14:40:12Z

ArcherMill7063: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|2008 film directed by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{for-multi|the ten Avatars of Vishnu|Dashavatara||Dashavatar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dasavathaaram
| image = Dasavathaaram.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| writer = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]]<br/>[[Asin]]<br/>[[Nagesh]]<br/>[[Jaya Prada]]<br/> [[Mallika Sherawat]]<br/>[[K. R. Vijaya]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br/>'''Score:'''<br/> [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]
| editing = K. Thanigachalam<br/>[[Ashmith Kunder]]
| studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Networks|Sony Pictures India]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|6|13}}
| runtime = 185 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}200 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181|title=Baahubali to Thuppakki: Tamil Cinema's 100 Cr Films|website=NDTV.com|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dasavathaaram''''' ({{Translation|The 10 [[Avatar]]s}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[science fiction action film]] directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]], written by [[Kamal Haasan]] and produced by [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]] under [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]. It stars Kamal Haasan in 10 distinct roles with [[Asin]] (in her penultimate Tamil film appearance and played in a dual roles), alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Jaya Prada]], [[Mallika Sherawat]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Rekha Harris]], [[Nagesh]], [[P. Vasu]], [[Raghuram]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] and [[M. S. Bhaskar]]. In the film, a [[biotechnology]] scientist named Govind is forced to steal a vial containing a deadly [[bioweapon]] from his corrupt boss, who intended to sell it to a [[Axis of evil|terrorist nation]], and keep it contained. During that, Govind is hunted by an [[United States|American]] mercenary named Christian Fletcher and a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] police officer named Balram Naidu and a set of dark events. Several other people also get involved in Govind's journey and all their stories connect after the striking of [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], thus bringing philosophical views into the picture. The film incorporates numerous themes and philosophies, such as [[Theism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[existence of God]], [[determinism]], [[casteism]], [[chaos theory]] and [[butterfly effect]].

The film, which had been under production for nearly three years, was distributed by V. Ravichandran. Primary filming locations included the [[United States]] and across [[Tamil Nadu]] in India. The songs were composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], while the background score was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Ravi Varman]] and K. Thanigachalam respectively.

After delays in post-production, ''Dasavathaaram'' was released on 13 June 2008 in around 1300 prints worldwide<ref name="numbers" /> and received positive reviews from critics. Though its Hindi version was an average success, the film was a massive success at the box-office. ''Dasavathaaram'' is the first South indian and Tamil movie to surpass {{INR}}200 [[crore]] worldwide box-office gross and was the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]], until it was surpassed by ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news| date=2 July 2023| title=This superstar gave Tamil cinema's first Rs 200 crore hit; and it's not Rajinikanth, Thalapathy Vijay, Ajith, or Vikram| work=dnaindia.com| url= https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tamil-cinema-first-200-crore-grosser-dasavathaaram-kamal-haasan-not-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-ajith-vikram-3050017|access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A prologue, set in the 12th century, where Rangarajan Nambi, a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]], resists King Kulothunga II's efforts to desecrate a Vishnu idol. Nambi is executed by drowning, along with the idol, setting a thematic backdrop for the story.

In 2004, Govindarajan Ramaswamy, an Indian scientist in the [[United States|U.S.]], is working on a bio-weapon—a synthetic virus. When a lab monkey dies after ingesting the virus, Govind realizes the threat it poses. After discovering that his superior, Dr. Sethu, plans to sell the virus to terrorists, Govind flees with the vial. During a scuffle, the vial is mistakenly shipped to India. Christian Fletcher, a mercenary ex-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent hired to retrieve the vial, kills several people in pursuit, including Govind's friend Suresh and his wife Yuka. Govind follows the package to Chidambaram, where it ends up with an elderly woman, Krishnaveni, who unknowingly hides it inside a Vishnu idol. Govind's attempts to retrieve it are complicated by Fletcher's pursuit, the local police, and Krishnaveni's devout granddaughter, Andal, who believes he is trying to steal the idol.

Multiple subplots unfold: Fletcher's translator-wife and partner-in-crime, Jasmine, is killed during a skirmish involving a rogue [[elephant]]; Yukha's brother Shingen, a Japanese martial artist arrives to avenge Yuka's death; and Telugu police officer Balram Naidu investigates Govind's activities. Along the way, Govind and Andal encounter various characters, including social activist Vincent Poovaraghan and a Muslim family headed by the towering Khalifulla. The vial is accidentally switched with a medicine cooler belonging to singer Avatar Singh, who is being treated for throat cancer. Eventually, Fletcher takes hostages, demanding the virus in exchange. After a series of chases and confrontations—including one at Avatar's concert—the vial ends up back in the idol.

Govind attempts to neutralize the virus by immersing it in the ocean after finding out that [[sodium chloride]] weakens it. A fight breaks out at a construction site between Govind and Fletcher, with Shingen intervening. Fletcher swallows the virus but dies as a [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|massive tsunami]] hits the coast. The natural disaster wipes out the threat, killing Fletcher and causing widespread destruction. Govind, Andal, and others survive. Andal believes the tsunami was divine intervention, but Govind maintains a rationalist view, questioning the morality of such devastation as a means of salvation. They then profess their love for each other. Govind is honored for his efforts with an event, attended by world leaders, and a final glimpse of Nambi's idolized remains washed ashore.

== Cast ==
[[File:Dasavathaaram ten roles.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Kamal Haasan]] plays ten different characters in the movie and had to wear excessive [[prosthetic makeup]] to portray all of them except Rangarajan Nambi and Govind.]]
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] in decuple role as:
*# Ramaswamy Rangarajan Ramanuja Nambi, a 12th-century [[Vaishnavite]] priest who tries to prevent the destruction of the statue of [[Vishnu]] and got killed by [[Chola]] Emperor [[Kulothunga Chola II|Kulothunga II]]; the ancestor of Govind
*# Govindarajan "Govind" Ramaswamy, a [[Tamil Americans|Tamil American]] bio-scientist who discovers the [[bioweapon]] and whose sole mission is to protect it.
*# Balram Naidu, a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] high-ranking police officer in India, who initially labels Govind as a terrorist and later pursues Fletcher to retrieve the vial.
*# Avathar Singh, a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] pop singer, who suffers from advanced-stage throat cancer.
*# Shingen Narahashi, a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[martial arts|martial artist]] who wants to take revenge on Fletcher for killing his sister Yuka and protects Govind from Fletcher.
*# Christian Fletcher, an [[American people|American]] ex-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agent and mercenary, who wants possession of the [[vial]] for bioterrorism.
*# [[George W. Bush]], the 43rd [[President of the United States]].
*# Krishnaveni, an [[insane]] [[centenarian]] woman in Chidambaram, who is Andal's great-grandmother.
*# Vincent Poovaraghan a Kanyakumari Tamilan social [[activist]], who is against a politically-backed sand mafia.
*# Khalifullah Khan Mukhtar, a [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]-[[Tamil people|Tamil]] tailor with [[gigantism]], who helps Govind and Andal.
* [[Asin]] in dual roles as
**Kodhai Radha, Nambi's wife
**Andal, Govind's fiancee and Krishnaveni's great granddaughter
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Ranjita Kaur, Avathar Singh's wife
* [[Mallika Sherawat]] as Jasmine, a skilled assassin who marries Fletcher to become his translator
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Meenakshi, Ragavendra's wife
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Begum, Mukhtaar's wife and Khalifullah's mother
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as [[Kulothunga Chola II]]
* [[Raghuram]] as Appa Rao, Naidu's assistant
* [[Nagesh]] as Sheikh Mukhtaar, Khalifullah's father
* [[Chakri Toleti]] as Sairam, Govind's friend
* [[Shammu]] as Assistant Biotechnologist Suresh
* Akash as [[Inspector]] Bharath
* [[Ramesh Kanna]] as Doctor Pradeep
* Raj Toleti as Dr. Setu, Govind's chief doctor
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Broadway Kumar, Fletcher's assistant in India
* [[P. Vasu]] as J. Ragavendra
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Sundaram, Ragavendra's brother-in-law
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Jeevan
* [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] as Kabilan, Vincent Poovaraghan's supporter
* [[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Ekambaram, Balram's aide
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Prabhu, courier man
* Kesava Chandra as Young Lord Krishna in the song "Mukundha Mukundha" (uncredited)
* [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (archive footage)
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] special appearance in the song "Ulaga Nayagane"
* [[Ravi Varman|Ravivarman]] special appearance in the song "Ulaga Nayagane"
}}

== Production ==

=== Pre-production ===
Kamal Haasan came up with an original storyline and approached a number of directors, including [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] to direct it, when [[K. S. Ravikumar]] accepted the offer. It began soon after the announcement of ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kamath, Sudhish|date=6 January 2007|title=The next big things|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/01/06/stories/2007010600170100.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=6 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618180012/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/01/06/stories/2007010600170100.htm|archive-date=18 June 2007}}</ref> Ravikumar and Kamal Haasan came together for the fourth time following their three previous successful ventures, ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'', ''[[Thenali]]'' and ''[[Panchatanthiram]]''.

=== Development ===


[[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]] signed up to produce the venture securing distribution rights in the process. Pyramid Film Fund had an exposure of 50 percent in the project.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306050409/https://www.hcilondon.in/indiadigest/Issue-86/page7.pdf Pyramid Saimira funds Dasavatharam]</ref>

Following nearly a year of pre-production, deciding the cast and the locations, the film began its first schedule on 11 September 2006.<ref name="sify"/>

=== Casting ===
Over the course, of the production more supporting actors were added to the film, the first being [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], who was signed up to portray a king in the film. Other veteran actors, [[Jaya Prada]], [[Nagesh]], [[P. Vasu]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as well as a bevy of American supporting actors were roped into essay other small roles in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=The latest on 'Dasavatharam' |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 October 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/04/stories/2007100450700200.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=4 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012181718/http://hindu.com/2007/10/04/stories/2007100450700200.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> Actors, [[Jayaram]] and [[Vadivelu]] opted out of the film during the production of the project, citing date problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/29jayaram.htm|title='I love watching Kamal Haasan'|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209232406/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/29jayaram.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Dashaavtaram film set vishnu idol.jpg|thumb|Picture of the film set depicting the [[Vishnu]] idol used in the film. The idol, made out of black stone and smeared with [[kumkuma]] and [[sandalwood]] paste, depicts [[Vishnu]] lying on his 7-headed [[Indian cobra|serpent]] [[Shesha]], attended by Vishnu's consorts [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] at right.]]

A preliminary schedule took place before the start of the film, which featured no filming, but only the make-up tests, lasting for 25 days in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|year=2008 |title=Kamal Hassan on Dasavatharam |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 May 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14669905&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512094429/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14669905&cid=2363 |archive-date=12 May 2008 }}</ref> The make-up used for Kamal's characters proved to create difficulties. It took nine hours to implement the make-up and it failed to stay for a long period of time. To compensate for that, he had to rest and take fluids using a straw and at the same time, refrain from making movement in the facial muscles to make sure that it was not disturbed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042059140400.htm |title=Kamal in 'Dasavatharam' impresses Karunanidhi |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=24 April 2012 |author=Srinivasan, Meera |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030032824/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042059140400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 October 2013 }}</ref>

Major portions of the films were shot extensively in overseas locations which included the US, [[Tokyo]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]].<ref name="shoot">{{cite web |title=Jackie Chan: Actor, Singer, Bollywood Star? |work=Asia Pacific Arts [[UCLA]] |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=25 February 2014 |url=http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/080502/article.asp?parentID=91659 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304015350/http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/080502/article.asp?parentID=91659 |archive-date=4 March 2014 }}</ref> The film's final shoot occurred on 8 October 2007 at Uthandi, a coastal village.<ref name="sify">{{cite web|year=2007 |title=Uthandi to Uthandi! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 October 2007 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14541374 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012114037/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14541374 |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dasavathaaram
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 April 2008
| recorded = 2007–2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:58
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| prev_title = [[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Karzzzz]]
| next_year = 2008
| misc =
}}

The film was originally announced with [[A. R. Rahman]] as the music director of the film. However he opted out of the project owing to schedule clashes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-didn-t-have-time-for-dasavatharam-saysar-rahman/story-CgZS51czQ5PiUVZc11HGTI.html|title=I didn't have time for Dasavatharam, saysAR Rahman|work=Hindustan Times |date=29 April 2008|access-date=16 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224059/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/i-didn-t-have-time-for-dasavatharam-saysar-rahman/story-CgZS51czQ5PiUVZc11HGTI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kamal, who quickly wanted the tunes, roped in [[Himesh Reshammiya]], for whom ''Dasavathaaram'' became his Tamil film debut and only Tamil film to date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-dont-think-remix-is-a-bad-word-ar-rahman/66365-8.html |title=Rahman, Man who delivers music from the heart |publisher=IBN Live |date=31 May 2008 |author=[[Rajeev Masand]] |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409163942/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-dont-think-remix-is-a-bad-word-ar-rahman/66365-8.html |archive-date= 9 April 2009 }}</ref> The background score was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. As the film demanded a "stylish and western" quality of music, two reels of music were initially composed and tested. A two-and-a-half-minute theme song was later composed for the promos. The background music in the second half consisted of extensive usage of violins and chorus and the entire score for the film was recorded over a period of one month, in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/26devi.htm |title=I want to make Kamal Sir sing |publisher=Rediff |date=27 May 2008 |access-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309083553/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/26devi.htm |archive-date= 9 March 2013 }}</ref>

The soundtrack was released on 25 April 2008 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Chennai]], which became the largest audio launch for a south Indian film. Prominent film personalities across the world attended the event, with [[Jackie Chan]], in his first such appearance, being Hollywood's ambassador for the function. Other prominent regional Indian artistes such as [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mammootty]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] attended the launch.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sreedhar Pillai |date=21 April 2008 |title=When stars descend on namma Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/news-interviews/27783296_1_jackie-chan-nehru-indoor-stadium-oscar-ravichandran |url-status=dead |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615095645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-21/news-interviews/27783296_1_jackie-chan-nehru-indoor-stadium-oscar-ravichandran |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], attended the event. The event saw overcrowding and the [[Chennai Police]] employed [[lathi charge]] on the streets to regain control.<ref name="jackiechan">{{cite web |author=Warrier, Shobha |year=2008 |title=Kamal, Jackie bring the house down |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/28sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501202645/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/28sld1.htm |archive-date=1 May 2008 |access-date=25 April 2008 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> The event hosted by [[Shobana]], was attended by all the artistes of the film apart from producer [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]], who avoids attending public events.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} The soundtrack album was acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony BMG]], purchasing their first Tamil film, for a record of {{INRConvert|20|m}}.<ref name="numbers">{{cite news
|author=Gopalan, Krishna
|title=Dasavatharam: India's most ambitious film to date
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]
|access-date=28 June 2008
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Special_Pages/Business_of_Bollywood/Dasavatharam_Indias_most_ambitious_film_to_date/articleshow/msid-3173741,curpg-1.cms
|date=28 June 2008
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701120803/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Special_Pages/Business_of_Bollywood/Dasavatharam_Indias_most_ambitious_film_to_date/articleshow/msid-3173741%2Ccurpg-1.cms
|archive-date= 1 July 2008
}}</ref>

''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'', however, gave 2 out of 5 stars and concluded that the album was "a mediocre listening experience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/28ssdas.htm|title=Dasavatharam music is mediocre|work=Rediff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606112512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/28ssdas.htm |date=28 April 2008|archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:58

| title1 = Ulaga Nayagan
| note1 =
| extra1 = Vinit Singh
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 5:34

| title3 = Kallaimattum Kandal
| note3 =
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & Chorus
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| length3 = 5:28

| title2 = Oh...Ho...Sanam
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| length2 = 5:31

| title4 = Mukundha Mukundha
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], Kamal Haasan
| lyrics4 = Vaalee
| length4 = 6:32

| title5 = Kaa...Karuppanukkum
| note5 =
| extra5 = [[Pop Shalini|Shalini Singh]]
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| length5 = 5:06

| title6 = Oh...Ho...Sanam {{small|(Re-Mix)}}
| note6 =
| extra6 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| length6 = 3:47
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| title2 = Koi Tumsa
| note2 =
| extra2 = Vinit Singh
| lyrics1 =
| length2 = 5:34
| title1 = Om Namo Narayan
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & Chorus
| lyrics2 =
| length1 = 5:28
| title3 = Oh Sanam Ho Sanam
| note3 =
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 5:31
| title4 = Mukundha Mukundha
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 6:32
| title5 = Hey Black Ho Ya White
| note5 =
| extra5 = [[Pop Shalini|Shalini Singh]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 5:06
| title6 = Oh Sanam Ho Sanam {{small|(Re-Mix)}}
| note6 =
| extra6 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 3:47
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was delayed for multiple times when scheduled for a release in 2007 and also in [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] 2008, due to extensive post-production works and in February 2008, V. Ravichandran announced that Dasavaatharam will be released worldwide 08 in the eve of [[Tamil New Year]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-12|title=Kamal's Dasavatharam set for April release|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-s-dasavatharam-set-for-april-release/story-EFfAHLH5KGjqO1ProZ9AlL.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627175718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-s-dasavatharam-set-for-april-release/story-EFfAHLH5KGjqO1ProZ9AlL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> But due to the success of inaugural [[2008 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]] season, the release of the film along with [[Suriya]]'s ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'', scheduled for May 2008 release, was put on hold till 1 June 2008, the date when the tournament is concluded.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-04-30|title='IPL success worries Tamil showbiz'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-success-worries-tamil-showbiz/story-oBadYdDtqVTooJa0CV8Q5L.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627174825/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-success-worries-tamil-showbiz/story-oBadYdDtqVTooJa0CV8Q5L.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In late May 2008, the makers announced the release date as 13 June 2008 along with Telugu dubbed version,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-06-13|title=Kamal starrer 'Dasavatharam' released|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-starrer-dasavatharam-released-1170867|access-date=2021-06-27|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627175718/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-starrer-dasavatharam-released-1170867|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Hindi dubbed version was postponed to 27 June 2008. The film was shown subsequently to the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], M. Karunanidhi, by the request of the producer on 8 June 2008.<ref>{{cite web|year=2008 |title=4 days D- Day- CM watches the film |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 June 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14690244&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612015704/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14690244&cid=2363 |archive-date=12 June 2008 }}</ref>

===Distribution===
[[Sony Pictures India]] distributed the film in [[North India]], whilst [[Ayngaran International]] sold the film to cinema halls in the United Kingdom, Singapore and the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]].<ref name="Ayngaran buys Dasavatharam!">{{cite web|year=2008 |title=Ayngaran buys Dasavatharam! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=27 May 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14681946 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527192241/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14681946 |archive-date=27 May 2008 }}</ref> Canadian rights for the film were bought by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] through their [[Buena Vista International]] label, becoming the first distributional venture of an Indian film by the production house.<ref name="Moviebuzz">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/4-days-for-d-day-cm-watches-the-film-news-tamil-kkftykdaegg.html |title=4 days for D- Day- CM watches the film |website=[[Sify]] |author=Moviebuzz |date=8 June 2008 |access-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506090610/http://www.sify.com/movies/4-days-for-d-day-cm-watches-the-film-news-tamil-kkftykdaegg.html |archive-date= 6 May 2012 }}</ref>

The film released worldwide with 1,300 prints in all the respective languages. [[Tamil Nadu]] had 275 prints, and [[Karnataka]] had 80, with 190 prints released overseas. The Hindi version ''Dashavtar'' had an unusually high 410 prints in North India. The Telugu version had 260 prints in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name="numbers"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-24/news-interviews/27896225_1_diwali-releases-star-studded-box-office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615080409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-24/news-interviews/27896225_1_diwali-releases-star-studded-box-office|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|first1=Sreedhar|last1=Pillai|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Diwali dampeners|date=24 October 2008}}</ref> including 45 prints in Nizam region. The film opened in 25 screens in Hyderabad. The Malayalam version had 85 prints in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mayyam.com/talk/archives/Tamil_Films/t11695_Nadipu_Kadavul_Kamal_Haasar_s_Dasavatharam_Part_9.html|title=Dasavatharam opens in 25 screens in Hyderabad|date=30 June 2008|work=Mayyam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192222/http://mayyam.com/talk/archives/Tamil_Films/t11695_Nadipu_Kadavul_Kamal_Haasar_s_Dasavatharam_Part_9.html |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The film's [[theatrical trailer]] was released publicly on 23 April 2008, a day after it was shown to special guests, which included M. Karunanidhi at a screen.<ref>{{cite news|author=Srinivasan, Meera |title=Kamal in 'Dasavatharam' impresses Karunanidhi |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 April 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042059140400.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=20 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213916/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042059140400.htm |archive-date=23 April 2008 }}</ref> The first exclusive screening of the film, prior to release, was held on the morning of the audio launch on 25 April 2008, to visiting guests [[Jackie Chan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mammootty]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], all of whom were full of praise for the film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shah, Kunal |year=2008 |title=Jackie-Mallika together again |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=26 April 2008 |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2008042620080426020622346670e78b0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309123417/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood&sectid=30&contentid=2008042620080426020622346670e78b0 |archive-date= 9 March 2013 }}</ref>

===Home media===
The satellite rights of Tamil version of the film were sold to [[Kalaignar TV]] for {{INR}}4.5 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3173741,flstry-1.cms |title=Kalaignar TV buys Dasavatharam rights for 4.5 crore |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=28 June 2008 |access-date=27 October 2011 |first1=Krishna |last1=Gopalan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617111628/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3173741%2Cflstry-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref>

=== Legal issues ===
Assistant director Senthil Kumar filed a case against the film at the [[Madras High Court]]. He claimed to have created the story of ''Dasavathaaram'', in a script titled, ''Ardhanari alias Clones'', and that [[Kamal Haasan]] and V. Ravichandran had "stolen" the script and left him out of the credits, violating the copyright act.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} On the basis of this complaint, the Chennai police queried the actor and later accepted his explanation with the high court sending notices to Kamal Haasan and the producer V. Ravichandran announcing an interim stay on the release of the film. The film was allowed to continue with its schedules, but the case was delayed till in 2007. However, in September 2007, the Court dismissed the petition of Senthil Kumar in the case, clearing the legal hurdles for the film.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Following the audio launch on 25 April 2008, [[Mallika Sherawat]] received a police complaint against the donning of improper attire at a film function. [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]], a splinter group of the Hindu Munnani, lodged a complaint with the police, saying that Sherawat's attire at the function to release audio-CDs of ''Dasavathaaram'', in which Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] had been present, had "hurt the sentiments of Hindus". The actress was accused of wearing a mini-skirt and exposing her back in front of the chief minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/moral-police-targets-mallika-sherawat-news-tamil-kkft9Ucedag.html |title=Moral police targets Mallika Sherawat! |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 May 2008 |author=Moviebuzz |access-date=19 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030024139/http://www.sify.com/movies/moral-police-targets-mallika-sherawat-news-tamil-kkft9Ucedag.html |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref>

The charges were cleared on 29 May 2008 insisting that ''Dasavathaaram'' did not portray Hindu culture in bad light.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Two petitions against 'Dasavatharam' dismissed
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=30 May 2008
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/30/stories/2008053050080100.htm
|location=Chennai, India
|date=30 May 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530171220/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/30/stories/2008053050080100.htm
|archive-date=30 May 2008
}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
==== India ====
''Dasavathaaram'' completed a 100-day run on 20 September 2008 in four screens in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 September 2008|title=Kamal Hassan's unique feat!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14762841&cid=2363|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901185207/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14762841&cid=2363|archive-date=1 September 2015|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The Chennai Corporation had given the producer special permission to hold five shows daily, which helped the film to garner the extraordinary opening. In the second weekend too, the film registered at least 95% at multiplexes and 80% in single screens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Box Office — sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14702150&cid=13525926|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020003630/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14702150&cid=13525926|archive-date=20 October 2015|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|96|l|year=2008}} from 17 screens in Chennai in the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Box Office — sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14696360&cid=13525926|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120247/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14696360&cid=13525926|archive-date=16 August 2016|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|21|c|year=2008}} all over Tamil Nadu on its first weekend. It grossed {{INRConvert|60|l|year=2008}} outside South India in the three-day weekend.<ref name="weekend">{{cite news|author=Krishna, Sonali|date=17 June 2008|title=The Happening grosses $31.5 mn in US|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Media__Entertainment_/The_Happening_grosses_315_mn_in_US/articleshow/3135416.cms|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624053413/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Media__Entertainment_/The_Happening_grosses_315_mn_in_US/articleshow/3135416.cms|archive-date=24 June 2008}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|91|l|year=2008}} in a fortnight in Mayajaal multiplex.<ref>{{cite web|title=nakeeranarticlepage2tu8.jpg — Click to see more photos|url=http://imageshack.us/f/144/nakeeranarticlepage2tu8.jpg/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211649/http://imageshack.us/f/144/nakeeranarticlepage2tu8.jpg/|archive-date=15 August 2016|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> In Sathyam Cinemas multiplex, the film grossed {{INRConvert|90|l|year=2008}} in a fortnight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadipu Kadavul Kamal Haasar's Dasavatharam Part 9|url=http://mayyam.com/talk/archives/Tamil_Films/t11695_Nadipu_Kadavul_Kamal_Haasar_s_Dasavatharam_Part_9.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041804/http://mayyam.com/talk/archives/Tamil_Films/t11695_Nadipu_Kadavul_Kamal_Haasar_s_Dasavatharam_Part_9.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> The film stayed at No.1 position in Chennai box office for five consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Box Office — sify.com| website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14721360&cid=13525926|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816104901/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14721360&cid=13525926|archive-date=16 August 2016|access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

The Hindi version ''Dashavtar'', that was released after almost one year opened to a 5–10% response.<ref name="IBOgross">{{cite news|date=18 April 2009|title=Dashavtar Opens to a Poor Response|publisher=Box Office India Trade Network|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=887&nCat=box_office_report|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212191755/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=887&nCat=box_office_report|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> ''Dashavtar'' netted {{INRConvert|1.93|c|year=2008}} in six weeks in North India and was declared as an average success.<ref>{{cite web|title=All India 2009 (Figures in INR Crore)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=290&catName=MjAwOQ==|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020055631/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=290&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D|archive-date=20 October 2013|website=Box Office India}}</ref> The Malayalam version of the film grossed {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2008}} in Kerala in the first week.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gopalan|first1=Krishna|date=28 June 2008|title=Dasavatharam: India's most ambitious film to date|publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/Dasavatharam-Indias-most-ambitious-film-to-date/articleshow/3173741.cms?curpg=3|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617112111/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/business-of-bollywood/Dasavatharam-Indias-most-ambitious-film-to-date/articleshow/3173741.cms?curpg=3|archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref>

==== Other territories ====
''Dasavathaaram'' grossed $4,632,719 and was ranked No.7 in the opening week, becoming the first Tamil film to reach the Top 10 at the International box office.<ref>{{cite web|year=2008|title=Overseas Total Box Office (June 13–15, 2008)|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2008&wk=24&p=.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216043449/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2008&wk=24&p=.htm|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=15 June 2008|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> In [[Malaysia]], the film opened in second place, having collected $601,000 from 58 screens on the opening weekend<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Box Office, June 12–15, 2008|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2008&wk=24&p=.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612224542/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2008&wk=24&p=.htm|archive-date=12 June 2013|access-date=27 October 2011|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2008|title=Dasava's extraordinary collections!|url=http://www.theindiaweb.com/news/127/ARTICLE/1100/2008-06-24.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822031111/http://www.theindiaweb.com/news/127/ARTICLE/1100/2008-06-24.html|archive-date=22 August 2008|access-date=15 June 2008|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and $1,720,780 in nine weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Box Office, August 7–10, 2008|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2008&wk=32&p=.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612202604/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2008&wk=32&p=.htm|archive-date=12 June 2013|access-date=27 October 2011|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref>

The film grossed ₹200 crore (US${{To USD|2000|IND|year=2008}} million) worldwide, and is currently [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|one of the highest-grossing Tamil films]] of all time.

=== Critical response ===
''Dasavathaaram'' received positive reviews from critics, with critical acclaim on the performances of Kamal Haasan as the ten characters, script, music, narration, and concepts used in the film. Although some critics felt that the plot was little bit confusing and that Kamal Haasan's ten roles were forced, with only four or five relevant to the plot and the film's [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] received mixed response.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=305}}

On the contrary, ''[[Rediff]]'' praised the film as "spectacular" and a "superhuman effort", rating it with 4 out of 5 stars. The reviewer concluded that the film will "go down in the history of Indian cinema as a unique experiment in the commercial circuit".<ref>{{cite web|author=Vijayasarathy, R G |year=2008 |title=Dasavathaaram is spectacular |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=13 June 2008 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/13dasa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617213231/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/13dasa.htm |archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' called the film "average", stating that it would "fall short of the huge expectation and hype it had generated." The reviewer also criticised the make-up, lamenting that "Kamal's prosthetic makeup, especially as George Bush, Fletcher and Khan, is a bit of a dampener" but claimed that Brian Jennings's special effects, "mainly of the climax Tsunami scene, are a top-class by Indian standards". The reviewer praised cinematographer Ravi Varman, noting: "[He] may take a bow, as his camerawork is glossy and superb", but noted that some of Haasan's characters like Avatar Singh and Khalifullah Khan were "unnecessarily stitched together to make it a perfect 10."<ref>{{cite web|year=2008 |title=Dasavathaaram (Review) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 June 2008 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?cid=2429&ctid=5&id=14693882 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615054015/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14693882&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=15 June 2008 }}</ref>

T S Sudhir of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote, "Dasavathaaram, unfortunately, remains just a film with its USP of 10 Kamals. This Kamal does not blossom the way he did in Indian or Nayakan, Appu Raja, Mahanadi, Avvai Shanmughi or in Thevar Magan" and further stated, "One of the best in the business falters with the film's story and screenplay."<ref>{{cite web|title=Dasavathaaram |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dasavathaaram-316 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=24 January 2013 |author=T S Sudhir |date=14 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522130616/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dasavathaaram-316 |archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and said, "EXPERIMENTS aren't always successful. Like Dasavatharam, Kamal Haasan's ambitious venture sees him playing ten roles which include a take on George Bush too. Daring, we'd like to insist; only the make-up and the fake appearance borders more on the comic."<ref>{{cite news|title=Dasavatharam – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Dasavatharam/movie-review/3127454.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2013 |author=Nikhat Kazmi |date=13 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512043100/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Dasavatharam/movie-review/3127454.cms |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> The ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said, "The ten roles are awfully disparate: they are more like pantomime characters. Kamal appears too flabby and jaded. Sorry, Appu Raja (or shall we say Michael, Madana, Kamarajan) it's time you start being your age. From start to finish there is a severe decibel assault aided and abetted by Himesh Reshammiya."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun142008/movies2008061373381.asp |title=Dasavathaaram |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=2013-01-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204024955/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun142008/movies2008061373381.asp |archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref>

Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "The film would have worked even better had the narrative been tauter and more purposive post-interval" but concluded, "All in all, Dasavathaaram shows that Kamal Haasan has once again taken great pains to make his cinematic projects convincing. The effort has paid off."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/14/stories/2008061454122000.htm |location=Chennai, India |title='Dasavathaaram': in the manner of an epic |date=14 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110155924/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/14/stories/2008061454122000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 43 out of 100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/44960--2|title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: தசாவதாரம்|date=25 June 2008 |access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200938/https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/44960--2|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+{{Sronly|List of awards and nominations}}
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|rowspan="4"| 28 September 2009
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film Award]]
|[[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/rajini-kamal-win-best-actor-awards/article26297.ece |title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=12 October 2016 |work=The Hindu|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082724/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/rajini-kamal-win-best-actor-awards/article26297.ece |archive-date= 3 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor Award]]
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist Award]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist Award]]
| [[Michael Westmore]], Kothandapani
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="15" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="15" | [[3rd Vijay Awards|13 June 2009]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Kamal Haasan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="15" | <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.panasianbiz.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-awards-2008-winners-list-videos/|title= Vijay Awards Winners List, Photos and Videos|publisher= panasianbiz.com|access-date= 13 November 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120802021708/http://www.panasianbiz.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-awards-2008-winners-list-videos/|archive-date= 2 August 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
| [[Gautami]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|[[Samir Chanda]], M. Prabhaharan, [[Thota Tharani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Asin]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
| [[Ravi Varman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
| Thyagarajan, [[Kanal Kannan]], Joop Katana
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up Artistes]]
| [[Michael Westmore]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film]]
| Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd.
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director]]
| [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]]
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]] - 'Kallai Mattum' from ''Dasavathaaram''
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|V. Shantaram Awards
|rowspan="2"| January 2009
| Best Sound Award
| [[H. Sridhar]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tzp-wins-v-shantaram-award-for-best-film/story-K2EJqidXHMm9qYktYzx0hM.html |title=TZP wins V Shantaram award for Best Film |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 January 2009 |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210101658/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tzp-wins-v-shantaram-award-for-best-film/story-K2EJqidXHMm9qYktYzx0hM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| {{nom}}
|}

== Cancelled spin-off ==
A spin off film ''[[Sabaash Naidu]]'', based on this film's character Balaram Naidu, the police officer, was planned but eventually dropped due to financial issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sabash-naidu-kamal-haasan-returns-back-to-india-marudhanayam-358806-2016-12-21 |title=SEE PIC: Kamal Haasan returns to India, snapped at the airport |work=India Today |date=21 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222072618/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sabash-naidu-kamal-haasan-returns-back-to-india-marudhanayam/1/839820.html |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G.|author-link=G. Dhananjayan|title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010|year=2011|publisher=Galatta Media|isbn=978-81-921043-0-0}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0479651}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian disaster films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Films about tsunamis]]
[[Category:Disaster films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films shot in Florida]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films set in the 12th century]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Manmohan Singh]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
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[[Category:2008 martial arts films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]
[[Category:Films set in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Weapons of mass destruction in fiction]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films about infectious diseases]]
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[[Category:2008 controversies]]
[[Category:Films set in the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush]]
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[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
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[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]

James Anderson (cricketer)

2026-03-16T21:36:51Z

ArcherMill7063: updated page

{{short description|English cricketer (born 1982)}}
{{About|the England Test player|other cricketers named James Anderson|James Anderson (disambiguation)#Sports}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
| name = James Anderson
| honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|OBE|size=100%}}
| image = JIMMY ANDERSON.jpg
| caption = Anderson during [[Ashes 2013-14]]
| country = England
| fullname = James Michael Anderson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[Burnley]], Lancashire, England
| height = 6 ft 2 in
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm fast-medium
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2002–2024

| testdebutdate = 22 May
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| testcap = 613
| lasttestdate = 10 July
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttestagainst = West Indies

| odidebutdate = 15 December
| odidebutyear = 2002
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 172
| odishirt = 9 (formerly 40)
| lastodidate = 13 March
| lastodiyear = 2015
| lastodiagainst = Afghanistan

| T20Icap = 21
| T20Idebutdate = 9 January
| T20Idebutyear = 2007
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| lastT20Idate = 15 November
| lastT20Iyear = 2009
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| T20Ishirt = 9


| club1 = [[Lancashire Cricket Board]]
| year1 = 2000
| club2 = [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2001–present}}
| club3 = [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]]
| year3 = 2007/08
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 188
| runs1 = 1,353
| bat avg1 = 8.96
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 81
| deliveries1 = 40,037
| wickets1 = 704
| bowl avg1 = 26.45
| fivefor1 = 32
| tenfor1 = 3
| best bowling1 = 7/42
| catches/stumpings1 = 107/–

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 194
| runs2 = 273
| bat avg2 = 7.58
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 28
| deliveries2 = 9,584
| wickets2 = 269
| bowl avg2 = 29.22
| fivefor2 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/23
| catches/stumpings2 = 53/–

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 304
| runs3 = 2,061
| bat avg3 = 9.32
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 81
| deliveries3 = 60,111
| wickets3 = 1,143
| bowl avg3 = 24.54
| fivefor3 = 55
| tenfor3 = 6
| best bowling3 = 7/19
| catches/stumpings3 = 167/-

| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 261
| runs4 = 376
| bat avg4 = 8.95
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 28
| deliveries4 = 12,730
| wickets4 = 358
| bowl avg4 = 28.57
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/23
| catches/stumpings4 = 68/–
| date = 26 September 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/8608.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|ENG}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010 West Indies]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2004 ICC Champions Trophy|2004 England]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|2013 England and Wales]]|}}|club4=[[Manchester Originals]]|year4=2025}}

'''Sir James Michael "Jimmy" Anderson''' (born 30 July 1982) is an English [[cricket]]er who played for [[England cricket team|England]] from 2002 to 2024. He is currently serving as the [[Fast bowling|fast-bowling]] mentor of the [[England cricket team]] and continues to play for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Anderson to play the 2025 season with Lancashire |url=http://cricket.lancashirecricket.co.uk/news/2025-news/james-anderson-to-play-the-2025-season-with-lancashire/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Lancashire County Cricket Club |language=en-gb}}</ref> Widely regarded as one of the greatest [[Bowling (cricket)|bowlers]] in the history of the sport, he holds the record for the most [[Dismissal (cricket)|wickets]] taken by a [[fast bowling|fast bowler]] in [[Test cricket]] (704) and third most wickets in international cricket (991).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smyth |first=Rob |date=2024-07-12 |title=England beat West Indies in first Test by innings and 114 runs as Anderson signs off – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2024/jul/12/england-v-west-indies-first-cricket-test-day-three-live |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most wickets in career in Tests+ODIs+T20Is |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-wickets-in-career-283980 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

Anderson was a member of the England team that won the [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] in [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010.]] In February 2023, he became the oldest player to top the [[ICC men's player rankings|ICC men's Test bowling rankings]].<ref name=2023Rankings>{{cite web |last=Hogwood |first=Cameron |date=22 February 2023 |title=Anderson returns to top of ICC Test bowling rankings |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12817017/james-anderson-returns-to-top-of-icc-men-s-test-bowling-rankings-for-sixth-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601071335/https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12817017/james-anderson-returns-to-top-of-icc-men-s-test-bowling-rankings-for-sixth-time |archive-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Sky Sports]] |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/englands-evergreen-anderson-becomes-oldest-cricketer-to-top-test-rankings/articleshow/98153436.cms | title=England's 'evergreen' Anderson becomes oldest cricketer to top Test rankings | newspaper=The Times of India | date=22 February 2023 }}</ref> and is one of the few fast bowlers (after [[Maurice Tate]] in 1935 and [[Gubby Allen]] in 1948) to play at Test match level into his forties.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=16 August 2022 |title=James Anderson: England bowler set to join illustrious list of stars to compete at the elite level after turning 40 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/62286380 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |location=London |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>

Anderson made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut in 2003, played for England's [[One-Day International]] (ODI) team between 2002 and 2015, and played for England's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) team between 2007 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/james-anderson-8608|title=James Anderson profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos, and videos}}</ref> On the occasion of England's 1,000th Test in 2018, Anderson was named in the country's greatest all-time Test XI by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 July 2018 |title=England's greatest Test XI revealed |publisher=ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/790131 |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222212057/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/790131 |archive-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Between 2016 and 2023, he had six spells as the top-rated Test bowler in the world according to the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] men's player rankings.<ref name=2023Rankings/><ref>{{Cite web |title=James Anderson ICC Test Bowling Ranking |url=https://www.relianceiccrankings.com/playerdisplay/test/bowling/2467-james-anderson/?graph=ranking |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.relianceiccrankings.com}}</ref>

Anderson plays as a right-arm fast-medium swing bowler, though in his early days as a cricketer he was regarded as a fast swing bowler. Among fast bowlers, he is the [[Fast bowling#Top five fast bowlers|leading Test wicket-taker of all-time]], being the first fast bowler to take 600 or more Test wickets, and in March 2024 he became the first fast bowler to take 700 wickets, and is England's record Test wicket-taker.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Anderson becomes third-highest wicket-taker in Tests |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2207434 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404091539/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2207434 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> He has played the most Test matches for England, and the second most of any cricketer, behind [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283683.html|title=Records – Test Matches – Individual Records (Captains, Players, Umpires) – Most Matches In Career|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> He is also England's highest wicket-taker in One Day Internationals with 269.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=1;type=team|title=Records - England - One-Day Internationals - Most Wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> As a [[Batting (cricket)|batter]], he shares with [[Joe Root]] the world record for [[List of Test cricket records#Highest partnership (for each wicket)|highest tenth-wicket partnership]] in Tests (198).<ref>{{cite web |last=Vickers |first=Tom |date=12 July 2014 |title=Record tenth wicket stand breathes life into flagging England hopes |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/record-tenth-wicket-stand-breathes-life-into-flagging-england-hopes-j5lr0xlcn78 |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Times]] |location=London |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Partnerships By Wicket In Tests |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/254836.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> He retired from international cricket on 12 July 2024.

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==Early and personal life==
James Anderson was a pupil at St Mary's and [[St Theodore's RC High School]] in [[Burnley]]. He played cricket at [[Burnley Cricket Club]] from a young age. At weekends and during the school holidays, he was [[Scorer (cricket)|scorer]] for the club's second XI, of which his father, Michael, was the [[Captain (cricket)|captain]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=James |last2=Gibson |first2=Richard |name-list-style=amp |date=2012 |title=Jimmy: My Story |location=London |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0857207050 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast |last=Agnew |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Agnew |date=13 July 2024 |title=James Anderson: Gone Well |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0jb1pyp |website=[[Test Match Special]] |location=London |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> His childhood dream was to be a cricketer, and at the age of 17, after a growth spurt, Anderson was one of the fastest bowlers in the [[Lancashire League (cricket)|Lancashire League]].<ref name="lessons in life">{{cite web |last=John |first=Emma |date=19 September 2003 |title=Lessons in life |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/133792.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref>

He stated "I've always bowled [[seam bowling|seam]], but when I was about 17 I don't know what it was but I just started bowling fast all of a sudden".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-31 |title=Anderson on fast track |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/2282874.stm |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is a [[Association football|football]] fan who supports his home-town team [[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/the-big-interview-jimmy-anderson-6789382.html |title=The Big Interview: Jimmy Anderson |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> Anderson also worked in Burnley's ticket office on a part-time basis when he was younger.<ref name="FamousFans2007">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2007 |title=Famous Fans |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.premiumtv.co.uk/page/FamousFans/0,,10413,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821202124/https://www.burnleyfootballclub.premiumtv.co.uk/page/FamousFans/0,,10413,00.html |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=28 May 2020 |publisher=Burnley F.C.}}</ref>

In 2006, he married Daniella Lloyd, a model he met in 2004 while on England duty in London; he stated that marriage has made him "a much happier person".<ref>{{cite web |last=John |first=Emma |date=6 October 2007 |title=How the pin-up grew up |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-the-pin-up-grew-up-313823 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2007}}</ref> The couple have two daughters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lccc.co.uk/index.php?p=news&id=2553 |author=Lancashire County Cricket Club |title=Jimmy's Finest Delivery |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616100852/http://www.lccc.co.uk/index.php?p=news&id=2553 |archive-date=16 June 2011 }} Retrieved on 12 January 2009.</ref>

===Fashion design===
Anderson ventured into fashion design in 2012, designing for Evisu Jeans, with proceeds of the sale going to his sponsored charity, [[Nordoff-Robbins]]. Anderson also agreed to be the face of British hair styling brand Hairbond in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/james_anderson_becomes_face_of_hairbond/ |title=zxc |date=4 June 2013 |first=Michael |last=Long |website=sportspromedia.com}}</ref> In April 2014, he launched his first collection with London-based menswear brand, Chess London. He has stated that he would like to be "the first cricketer to become a designer".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/rising-from-the-ashes-englands-cricket-stars-on-finding-their-mojo-9582207.html?origin=internalSearch |title= Rising from the Ashes: England's cricket stars on finding their mojo |author=Joshi Herrmann |work=London Evening Standard |date=4 July 2014 | location=London}} Retrieved on 13 August 2014</ref> He launched his own menswear brand in late October 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.613collection.com/ |title=James Anderson's 613 Collection |website=613collection.com |access-date=14 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017191000/http://www.613collection.com/ |archive-date=17 October 2014 }}</ref> and has been working in conjunction with British watchmaker [[Christopher Pinchbeck|Harold Pinchbeck]] to release a watch since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.activatemanagement.co.uk/who-we-manage/james-anderson/ |title=James Anderson. Activate Management |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012012040/http://www.activatemanagement.co.uk/who-we-manage/james-anderson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Media===
Anderson became the first cricketer to model naked for ''[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]'', "Britain's biggest-selling gay magazine",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendrick |first=Dave |title=Attitude – Brighton & Hove Pride |url=https://www.brighton-pride.org/attitude/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |language=en-GB}}</ref> in September 2010. He stated, "If there are any gay cricketers, they should feel confident enough to come out, because I don't think there is any homophobia in cricket".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-11377673| title= Naked Lancashire cricketer James Anderson in Attitude| access-date =20 September 2010| date=20 September 2010|publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Anderson made his competitive debut for the [[Lancashire Cricket Board]] in a [[List A cricket|List A one-day match]] against [[Suffolk County Cricket Club|Suffolk]] in the [[2000 NatWest Trophy]], where he claimed the wicket of [[Russell Catley]] as his first competitive wicket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/69/69674.html|title=Suffolk v Lancashire Cricket Board, 2000 NatWest Trophy|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref> Anderson later made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] in 2002; he played 13 matches and took 50 wickets at an average of 22.28, including three [[five-wicket haul]]s.<ref name="fc bowling by season">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Lancashire/Players/10/10687/f_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=First-class bowling in each season by James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> He took his maiden first-class wicket in May 2002, dismissing [[Ian Ward (cricketer)|Ian Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-james-anderson-joins-1000-first-class-wickets-club-1268702 |title=Stats - James Anderson joins 1000 first-class wickets club |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref> He was awarded the [[NBC Denis Compton Award]] for Lancashire's Most Promising Young County Player in the 2002 season.<ref name="cricinfo player profile">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/8608.html |title=James Anderson |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> In 2003, Anderson became the youngest player to take a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] for Lancashire, just a week before his Test match debut against Zimbabwe; it was the first hat-trick at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in eight years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/131313.html |title=Hat-trick for Anderson as Essex stumble at Old Trafford |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 May 2003}} Retrieved on 26 May 2008.</ref> In a match against [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] in May 2004, Anderson recorded his maiden first-class [[ten-wicket haul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/140927.html |title=Anderson and Keedy take Lancashire top |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 May 2004}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref>

2005 was Anderson's first full season for Lancashire. He was propelled into the England team soon after his Lancashire debut and had returned to rediscover his form after winter tours with England, where he had spent most of his time on the sidelines; when given a chance for England, he often experienced complications with bowling, due to a lack of match practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/220383.html |title=Cooley backs Anderson for Pakistan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 September 2005}} Retrieved on 30 May 2008.</ref> He finished the season with 60 first-class wickets at an average of 30.21 and 27 one-day wickets at an average of 22.00.<ref name="fc bowling by season"/><ref name="od bowling by season">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Lancashire/Players/10/10687/a_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=ListA bowling in each season by James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 30 May 2008.</ref>

Anderson was prevented from playing much for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] in the 2006 season by a [[stress fracture]] of the back sustained in early May.<ref name="stress frac">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/245931.html |title=Anderson out for two months |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 February 2006}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref>
He played in only two matches for Lancashire, and at one point, the Lancashire Cricket Board considered sending Anderson to play for [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] to prove his fitness; however, Lancashire decided they would rather have Anderson play for them, even if only in a limited capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/259822.html |title=Anderson included in Lancashire squad |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 September 2006}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> In the only first-class match he played for Lancashire that season, he was limited to three four-over spells by the [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]], which was wary of him getting injured again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/260182.html |title=Cork haul overshadows Anderson |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 September 2006}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref>

In 2008, after the Test and One-Day series against South Africa ended at the beginning of September, Anderson was unavailable to play for Lancashire for the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/367275.html |title=Harmison available for season finale |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 September 2008}} Retrieved on 1 September 2008.</ref> He finished the season with 20 first-class wickets at 7.75 for Lancashire.<ref name="fc bowling by season"/><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10687/t_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=Test bowling in each season by James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 26 April 2009.</ref>

At the start of the 2009 English cricket season, Anderson took career-best match figures in a first-class match with 11/109 against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] as Lancashire won by 8 wickets. It was the only first-class match he played for Lancashire before being called into the England squad for a series against the West Indies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/401296.html |title=Big wins for Nottinghamshire and Lancashire |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |author=ESPNcricinfo staff |date=24 April 2009}} Retrieved on 26 April 2009.</ref> As of 26 April 2009, Anderson had taken 188 wickets at 24.37 from 48 first-class matches with Lancashire,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10687/f_Bowling_by_Team.html |title=First-class bowling for each team by James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 26 April 2009.</ref> and 66 wickets at 21.78 in 44 list A matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10687/a_Bowling_by_Team.html |title=List A bowling for each team by James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 26 April 2009.</ref>

In 2025, Anderson marked his return to play T20 cricket for Lancashire against Glamorgan in what was nearly a 11 year wait. He took figures of 3-17 in four overs as Lancashire went on to win the game.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=13 June 2025 |title=James Anderson: I've missed out on T20 cricket over the past ten years |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/James-Anderson-I've-missed-out-on-T20-cricket-over-the-past-ten-years-1490015 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=espncricinfo.com |pages=3}}</ref>

On 12 December 2025, it was announced that Anderson would be Lancashire's red-ball captain for the 2026 County Championship season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/ckgkkenplqko|title=Anderson to be Lancashire red-ball captain in 2026|date=12 December 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/13482524/james-anderson-former-england-bowler-to-captain-lancashire-in-county-championship-at-age-of-44-next-season|title=James Anderson: Former England bowler to captain Lancashire in County Championship at age of 44 next season|work=Sky Sports |access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref>

==Franchise career==
Following his retirement from test cricket, Jimmy expressed a wish to play in franchise T20 competitions. He was signed by Manchester Originals as a Wildcard for the Hundred and made his debut in August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/cricket/james-anderson-s-ordinary-debut-in-the-hundred-sparks-mixed-reactions/ar-AA1K4oJz |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==International career==
===2002–03: World Cup, Zimbabwe and South Africa===

When Anderson was selected for the England one-day squad, he had played only five List A matches, taking 23 wickets at an average of 26.75.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Lancashire/Players/10/10687/a_Bowling_by_Season.html |title=ListA bowling in each season by James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> At the age of 20, he made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut on 15 December 2002 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Melbourne]]. He opened the bowling and recorded figures of 1/46 from six overs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/76/76049.html |title=Australia v England VB Series 2002/03; Melbourne Cricket Ground 15 December 2002 (50-over match) (day/night) |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> His debut came before he was even awarded his County cap, which occurred in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Lancashire/Players/10/10687/10687.html |title=James Anderson |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> He showed good promise in this series – a three-team tournament also including [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] – which earned him a place in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] squad. It was here that he really broke into international cricket with a match-winning spell against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], where he took four wickets in a day/night game to collect the Man of the Match award. In what proved to be England's last match of the tournament he conceded 12 runs off the penultimate [[over (cricket)|over]] against eventual world champions Australia, and England lost a closely fought contest.

In the summer of 2003, he made his first [[Test cricket]] appearance against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at [[Lord's]], and took [[List of England cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut|five wickets in an innings on debut]],<ref name="5wktsDebut">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64032.html |title=1st Test: England v Zimbabwe at Lord's, May 22–24, 2003 |work=Cricinfo |access-date=13 December 2011|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> becoming the 42nd Englishman to do so. His success continued in the subsequent One-Day tournaments against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] (against whom he took a hat-trick at [[The Oval]]), [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and Zimbabwe. His hat-trick against Pakistan, the first by an English bowler in an ODI, claimed the wickets of [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]], [[Shoaib Akhtar]] and [[Mohammad Sami]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/statsguru/content/story/129793.html |title=Anderson and Trescothick batter Pakistan to defeat |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=20 June 2003}} Retrieved on 4 September 2008.</ref>

The Test series against South Africa dented Anderson's reputation as England's golden boy;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/124771.html |title=Don't panic! |author=Freddie Auld |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 August 2003}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> in a series England drew 2–2 after coming from behind, Anderson finished the five-match series with 15 wickets at an average of 39.86.<ref name="Anderson series by series Test bowling">{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;template=results;type=bowling;view=series |title=JM Anderson – ODI Batting – Career summary |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> His best figures of 5/102 came at [[Trent Bridge]] in the third Test where he used movement of the seam to claim his second five-wicket haul in his fifth Test.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/124964.html |title=Into the hands of fate |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 August 2003}} Retrieved on 16 May 2008.</ref> Although Anderson was England's lead wicket taker,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=488;team=1;type=series |title=South Africa in England Test Series, 2003 – England averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> [[Graeme Smith]] – the South African captain – particularly punished Anderson's bowling, taking 157 runs at a strike rate of 90.23 off his bowling in the series and only being dismissed once.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/133550.html |title=As the dust settles ... |author=Rob Smyth |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 September 2003}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> In August, despite a mixed series against South Africa, Anderson was named [[Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year|Young Cricketer of the Year]]; he became the first player to be unanimously voted for the award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/124942.html |title=Anderson voted Young Cricket of the Year |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 August 2003}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> In September, Anderson was awarded a central contract with the ECB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/133589.html |title=Anderson, Flintoff and Collingwood awarded central contracts |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 September 2003}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> He suffered from a niggling knee injury and fatigue as the season wore on;<ref name="automatic choice"/> the knee injury – to a tendon on the outside of his left knee – meant he was rested for the winter tour of [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/133938.html |title=Anderson to miss Bangladesh Tests |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 September 2003}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref> After the South Africa series and some good performances by other bowlers during the Bangladesh tour, Anderson admitted that he was no longer an automatic choice for England.<ref name="automatic choice">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/131870.html |title=Anderson – "I'm not an automatic choice" |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 November 2003}} Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref>

Anderson has an unusual bowling action. At the moment of delivery, he has his head down, eyes closed, and does not look where he is bowling; he attempted to bowl with his head up but found that he lost pace in doing so, so reverted to his original action.<ref name="lessons in life"/> In 2003, ex-England pace bowler [[Bob Willis]] said Anderson would only be able to play for five years with his action.<ref name="lessons in life"/> Between 2004 and 2005, the England coaching staff attempted to alter Anderson's bowling action.<ref name="consistency">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/346937.html |author=Andrew Miller |title=Anderson seeks consistency in England comeback |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 April 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> Anderson was selected in the One-Day and Test squads for the winter tour of [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], but injuries left him able to play in only one of the three Tests on that tour. He was wicketless in his sole appearance, finishing with figures of 0/85.

===2004–05: West Indies, Zimbabwe and Pakistan===
[[File:James Anderson bowl.jpg|120px|right|thumb|Anderson bowls in the [[Adelaide Oval]] nets during [[English cricket team in Australia in 2006–07|England's tour of Australia in 2006/7.]]]]
Although fit and included in both the Test and one-day squads for the tour of the West Indies,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/137409.html |title=England name unchanged squad for Windies tour |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 January 2004}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> Anderson did not play in the Test series, having been superseded by players such as [[James Kirtley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/134625.html |title=Anderson waits for his opening |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 April 2004}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> He did feature in the ODI series which England drew 2–2, playing in four matches and taking 4 wickets at an average of 37.00;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2003-04/ENG_IN_WI/STATS/ENG_IN_WI_MAR-MAY2004_ODI_AVS.html |title=England in West Indies, 2003–04 One-Day Series Averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> in the final match of the series, Anderson took his 50th ODI wicket, that of [[Chris Gayle]] for 41.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79510.html |title=a15876, o2127: West Indies v England, England in West Indies 2003/04 (7th ODI) |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> After the ODI series against the West Indies, Anderson had 50 wickets from 31 ODIs at an average of 23.78.<ref name="ODI landmarks">{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/8608.html?class=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=cumulative |title=JM Anderson: One-Day Internationals – Bowling analysis, cummulative |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref>

Anderson retained his place in the Test squad, and his next big break came when an injury to [[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]] forced the Welshman out of the last three Tests of the 2004 summer series against the [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2004|West Indies]]. Despite being in the team, Anderson's bowling was used infrequently. It was clear now that Anderson had not only lost all his form and rhythm but consequentially all his confidence. A performance by a resurgent Anderson in the final Test of the summer prompted speculation that he had regained his confidence and would return to the top of his game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/135342.html |title=Anderson shines on a golden day |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 August 2004}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> He was selected for the winter tour to Zimbabwe and South Africa. Much of the post-season talk, however, was dominated by the debate over whether to go on tour to Zimbabwe. England eventually did end up in [[Harare]], after a brief stopover in [[Namibian cricket team|Namibia]]. Anderson once again struggled in his three One-Day appearances. The England management, however, continued to show faith in his ability.

Travelling as a barely-used reserve on [[English cricket team in South Africa in 2004-05|the winter South Africa tour]] while seemingly struggling for form, Anderson was given another shot at redemption, after Simon Jones was dropped for the third Test after a poor performance in the second. Anderson, though, did even worse than Jones, collecting figures of 2/117 and 0/32 in his two innings. Anderson spent the following summer with Lancashire; bowling regularly a quota of overs one would associate with a new ball bowler, something he had not done enough in his England stint. He was recalled to the England squad for the last match of [[the 2005 Ashes]] series after taking 60 wickets for Lancashire in 2005, once again as a replacement for the injured Jones, but all-rounder [[Paul Collingwood]] was selected for the team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/269504.html |title=Anderson learning a tough lesson |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 December 2005}} Retrieved on 26 June 2008.</ref>

Anderson was selected in the Test squad for the tour of Pakistan, but spinner [[Shaun Udal]] was chosen to fill the bowler's spot left empty by the still-injured [[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]]. When [[Ashley Giles]] had to miss the third Test due to injury, young [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]] debutant seamer [[Liam Plunkett]] was chosen ahead of Anderson, and Anderson did not play a single Test on the tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/227560.html |title=Vaughan could prove the difference |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 November 2005}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> Despite this disappointment he played in all five of England's One-Day games in Pakistan, showing improvements in form to be England's joint-leading wicket-taker in the series with [[Andrew Flintoff]], taking 7 wickets at 25.57.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_PAK/STATS/ENG_IN_PAK_OCT-DEC2005_ODI_AVS.html |title=England in Pakistan, 2005–06 One-Day Series Averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref>

===2006: India and Australia===
Anderson was not selected for the senior team's tour to India in January 2006 as Simon Jones returned from injury and was chosen ahead of him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/232847.html |title=Anderson loses Test place as Jones returns |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 January 2006}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> Instead, Anderson was selected for England A's tour of the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/234702.html |title=Anderson called up for England A tour |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=27 January 2006}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> In February, days before the start of the first A-match between England and the West Indies, Anderson (along with batsmen [[Alastair Cook]] and [[Owais Shah]]) was called up as an injury reinforcement to the England senior squad in India, after captain [[Michael Vaughan]] and fast bowler Simon Jones flew home with knee injuries and vice-captain [[Marcus Trescothick]] departed for undisclosed "personal" reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/238623.html |title=Cook and Anderson fly to India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 February 2006}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> After an unconvincing display by Liam Plunkett in the second Test in [[Mohali]], Anderson was recalled for the final match of the series. He impressed in England's victory, taking figures of 4/40 in the first innings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/241447.html |title=Anderson's resurgence |author=John Stern |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=20 March 2006}} Retrieved on 21 September 2008.</ref>

After his impressive display in the final match in India, Anderson looked likely to feature as one of England's main bowlers in both the ODI series and Test matches against Pakistan and Sri Lanka; however, an early season stress fracture of the back ruled Anderson out for all of the summer internationals and all but two matches of his county season.<ref name="stress frac"/> Lancashire teammate [[Sajid Mahmood]] was called up to the England squad as the replacement for Anderson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/246404.html |title=Mahmood and Lewis earn call-up |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 May 2006}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref>

Anderson was named in England's [[ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]] and [[The Ashes|Ashes]] squads in September 2006 although at that point he had not played any first-class cricket in six months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/259631.html |title=Anderson set for Glamorgan loan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 September 2006}} Retrieved on 29 May 2008.</ref> He was straight back into England colours for the 0–5 Ashes whitewash against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. His performance, like much of the [[England cricket team|England]] team, was well below standard. Anderson was sent home midway through the [[One-Day cricket|One-Day]] tournament with [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] as a precaution when he felt a twinge in his back;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/280451.html |title=Anderson builds up to bowling |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 February 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> during the tournament he had begun to regain some of his form and in the four matches he played he took 8 wickets at an average of 20.62.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/277652.html |title=Anderson cool over back stiffness |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 January 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/OD_TOURNEYS/CBS/STATS/CBS_JAN-FEB2007_ODI_AVS_ENG.html |title=Commonwealth Bank Series, 2006–07 Averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref>

===2007: World Cup===
Although Anderson was returned home early from England's victorious ODI series in Australia, Anderson was selected in England's squad for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]]. He recovered from his back injury and was expected to play ahead of the likes of [[Liam Plunkett]], [[Sajid Mahmood]], and [[Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1975)|Jon Lewis]]. However, on 14 March 2007, only days before England's first game, it was reported by the [[BBC]] that Anderson had broken his finger during fielding practice and his involvement in the tournament was in question, although he was able to play despite the pain.<ref name="broken finger">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/285240.html |title=England delay Anderson decision |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 March 2007}} Retrieved on 26 June 2008.</ref>

===2007: West Indies, India and Sri Lanka===
When [[Peter Moores (cricketer)|Peter Moores]] replaced [[Duncan Fletcher]] as England coach after the World Cup, it was felt that Anderson would benefit under new management; along with the rest of the England team, he was allowed to play more for his county. It was felt that it was not beneficial for players who were not representing England to just sit on the sideline and match practice would allow him to rediscover his form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/295114.html |title=Moore's fresh outlook |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 May 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> Anderson did not feature in the Test series against the West Indies, but he did play in the ODI series. During the second ODI, he clashed with [[Runako Morton]] when he appeared to get in the way of Morton when the batsman was running between the wickets. Anderson was fined half of his match fee for the incident and match referee [[Mike Procter]] stated "James Anderson is not a player with a reputation for bad behaviour ... and I am sure he will do everything he can to ensure there is no repeat of this unfortunate incident".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6274274.stm |title=Anderson fined after Morton clash |publisher=BBC |date=5 July 2007}} Retrieved on 22 August 2008.</ref> Anderson finished the series with five wickets at 30.40 as England lost the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=2870;type=series |title=NatWest Series [West Indies in England], 2007 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 22 August 2008.</ref>

[[File:Anderson bowling, 2007.jpg|thumb|400px|Anderson bowling during the second Test of India's tour of England in 2007. He opened the bowling with [[Ryan Sidebottom]].]]

Anderson played in all three Tests of the series with [[India national cricket team|India]], coming into the team for the injured [[Matthew Hoggard]] and leading a pace attack comprising himself, [[Ryan Sidebottom]] and [[Chris Tremlett]] with only 20 caps between them.<ref name="drinks are on Jimmy">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/303500.html |title=The drinks are on Jimmy |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=24 July 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> In the first Test of the series, Anderson claimed his 50th Test wicket when he dismissed [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] for 0;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/103/103089.html |title=t1840, f49898: England v India, India in British Isles 2007 (1st Test) |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> the feat was achieved in Anderson's 17th Test match and after the match he had 53 wickets at an average of 35.67.<ref name="landmark wickets">{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;template=results;type=bowling;view=cumulative |title=JM Anderson: Test matches – Bowling analysis, cumulative}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> He became the first England bowler to dismiss [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]] in the same innings.<ref name="drinks are on Jimmy"/> Although England lost the series, Anderson demonstrated greater consistency than before and managed 14 wickets, at 35.57 and getting the Man of the Series award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/306970.html |title=The road to redemption |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 August 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> He also managed to get his name on the honours board at Lord's for the second time with his best Test figures of 5/42.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/303038.html |title=Zaheer gives India hope after Anderson's haul |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 July 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> The ODI series which followed was England's first ODI series win at home in three years. Anderson was the leading wicket-taker of either team with 14 wickets at an average of 22.57.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/310141.html |title=The Bell factor and India's bowling worries |author=Mathew Varghese |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 September 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> In the first ODI of the series, Anderson claimed his 100th ODI wicket when he dismissed [[Gautam Gambhir]] for 3;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/103/103097.html |title=o2611, a18335: England v India, India in British Isles 2007 (1st ODI) |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> after the match, he had taken 103 wickets from 70 matches at an average of 27.02.<ref name="ODI landmarks"/> Anderson was also included for the England squad for the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]], held in September 2007, replacing an injured [[Ravi Bopara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvind/content/story/309928.html |title=Anderson replaces Bopara for Twenty20 |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=7 September 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref> He played in all four of England's matches, taking three wickets at 34.00, as England failed to progress beyond the second stage of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3115;type=tournament |title=Most wickets: ICC World Twenty20, 2007/08 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193551/http://stats.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3115%3Btype%3Dtournament |archive-date=12 October 2007 }} Retrieved on 27 December 2008.</ref> Following a successful summer, he was one of twelve players awarded a central contract for 2007/08 by the ECB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/310246.html |title=Prior misses out on central contract |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 September 2007}} Retrieved on 31 May 2008.</ref>

Anderson was part of the squad which toured Sri Lanka in the winter. The One-Day team completed their first-ever series victory in Sri Lanka; Anderson's contribution was four wickets in five matches at an average of 48.25 and tying down Sri Lanka's top order along with Sidebottom and [[Stuart Broad]], although they finished with more wickets at a lower average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/314907.html |title=Collingwood's men confound expectations |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 October 2007}} Retrieved on 2 June 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3151;type=series |title=England in Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2007/08 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 2 June 2008.</ref> Despite suffering a bruised left ankle,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/322999.html |title=Vaughan keeps his cards close |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 November 2007}} Retrieved on 2 June 2008.</ref> Anderson was selected for the first Test. Although he bowled economically in the first innings,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/content/current/story/323065.html |title=England's bowlers take the honours |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 December 2007}} Retrieved on 2 June 2008.</ref> he was expensive in the second; during the course of the second innings he became only the second bowler in Test cricket to have six boundaries taken off a single over.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/content/current/story/323473.html |title=Sri Lanka build a lead on Murali's record day |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 December 2007}} Retrieved on 2 June 2008.</ref> He finished the match with figures of two wickets for 167 runs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291222.html |title=England in Sri Lanka Test Series – 1st Test Sri Lanka v England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 2 June 2008.</ref> and was dropped for the final two Tests; his replacement was debutant Stuart Broad.

===2008: New Zealand, South Africa and India===
In the spring of 2008, Anderson toured [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] with England. He played in the Twenty20 series, which England won 2–0, and he was then involved in the one-day series which New Zealand won 3–2. Although he played in all five matches of the One-Day series, he struggled and only managed four wickets at an average of 67.50.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3309;type=series |title=England in New Zealand ODI Series, 2007/08 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo Retrieved on 3 June 2008.}}</ref> In an effort to regain some form, Anderson was allowed to join [[Auckland Aces|Auckland Cricket Club]], who were lacking their strike bowlers due to international call-ups, as an overseas player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/341134.html |title=Anderson links up with Auckland |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=5 March 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> The move was controversial with critics including [[Gavin Larsen]], [[Wellington Firebirds|Wellington Cricket Club]]'s chief executive, who feared that Anderson would be able to bowl himself into form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/341178.html |title=Larsen slams Anderson deal |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 March 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> Although he was left out for the first Test, Anderson was recalled for the second when he and Stuart Broad replaced the out-of-form [[Steve Harmison]] and Matthew Hoggard after England were defeated by 189 runs; the decision to axe both bowlers was heralded as the end of an era in English cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/342058.html |title=Harmison and Hoggard axed by England |author=Andrew Miler |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 March 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> Anderson's selection was a surprise as it was expected that Broad would replace Harmison, but not that Hoggard would be dropped.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/342386.html |title=Many thanks to Auckland |author=Andrew Miler |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 March 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> In the first innings of the second Test, Anderson took 5/73 and finished with match figures of 7/130 and helped England to a 126-run victory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/342353.html |title=Anderson five puts England in control |author=Will Luke |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 March 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> He sustained an ankle injury while playing football before the third Test but recovered in time to be selected. Anderson's performance in the final Test was less effective,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/343980.html |title=Sidebottom's transformation |author=Andrew Miller |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 March 2008}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> recording match figures of 1/153 as England won the match by 121 runs and the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/engine/match/300444.html |title=England in New Zealand Test Series – 3rd Test New Zealand v England |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 3 June 2008.</ref> Searching for consistency, Anderson's action reverted to the action he used in 2003, one with which he felt comfortable.<ref name="consistency"/>

[[File:Anderson bowls against New Zealand, cropped.jpg|thumb|Anderson bowling against New Zealand in England]]
He was retained for the home series when New Zealand toured England later in 2008. He continued to enjoy success against the touring team, taking 19 wickets at 19.31 and finishing as the leading wicket-taker of the series. This was his highest return of wickets in a series.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3241;type=series |title=New Zealand in England Test Series, 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> Anderson bowled well in the first Test, recording match figures of 130/5 as the match was drawn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvnz/content/current/story/351200.html |title=England make spirited response to New Zealand's 277 |author=Will Luke |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 May 2008}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> In the second Test, Anderson finished with match figures of 5/139 as England won by six wickets; on the first day, he struck New Zealand batsman [[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]] in the face, knocking out a tooth, in a spell of short, aggressive bowling when he also hit [[Jacob Oram]] on the helmet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvnz/content/current/story/352057.html |title=Taylor responds in kind to England's aggression |author=Will Luke |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 May 2008}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> Anderson was disconcerted by injuring Flynn said that striking him "wasn't pleasant".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7417778.stm |title= Flynn injury disconcerts Anderson |publisher=BBC |date=23 May 2008}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> In the final match of the series Anderson scored a career Test best of 28 in a partnership of 76 with Stuart Broad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7440617.stm |title=Kiwis reeling after Anderson haul |author=Jamie Lillywhite |publisher=BBC |date=6 June 2008}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> This was followed up by career best bowling of 7/43 in the first innings and Test best match figures of 9/98 overall as he won the Man of the Match award and England secured an innings and nine run victory and a 2–0 series win.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7442595.stm |title=England v New Zealand 3rd Test report |publisher=BBC |date=8 June 2008}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> Anderson's performance in the series prompted England bowling coach [[Ottis Gibson]] to say that Anderson has the potential to become a world-class bowler if he can improve his self-belief.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7442595.stm |title=England v New Zealand 3rd Test reaction |publisher=BBC |date=8 June 2008}} Retrieved on 8 June 2008.</ref> In the One-Day series that followed Anderson managed five wickets from five matches at an average of 41.40 as England lost the series 3–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3245;type=series |title=NatWest Series [New Zealand in England], 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}} Retrieved on 22 August 2008.</ref>

After the Test series against New Zealand, Anderson's figures revealed that he struggled to bowl to left-handed batsmen and his contrasting fortunes between the start of his career and his resurgence. By the end of June 2008, Anderson had played 25 Test matches; in the 16 Tests before July 2007 he took 46 wickets at an average of 38.39, but since then in 9 Tests he took 43 wickets at 30.58 at a much lower strike rate.<ref name="achilles">{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/354352.html |title=Splendid Anderson and his Achilles heel |author=S Rajesh |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 June 2008}} Retrieved on 22 August 2008.</ref> In the five Tests Anderson played against New Zealand in a four-month period, 22 of the 27 wickets he managed were against right-handed batsmen. Against the right-handers he averaged 20.77 compared to 38.60 against left-handers.<ref name="achilles"/> This was an improvement however on his career statistics, since he averaged 70 wickets at 29.11 against right-handers and 19 at 54.94 against left-handers. This first became clear in the 2003 Test series against South Africa when Graeme Smith and [[Gary Kirsten]] milked him for 276 runs while only being dismissed once between them.<ref name="achilles"/>

Anderson's batting showed a marked improvement in the summer's home Test series against South Africa. In the second innings of the second Test, at [[Headingley Carnegie Cricket Ground|Headingley]], Anderson scored a Test-career best 34 runs, having come to the crease as a nightwatchman late on Day 3. In the course of his innings he was struck on the wrist and then on the grille of his helmet by [[Dale Steyn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/361991.html |author=Andrew McGlashan |title=Ballsy batting, and a different sort of rearguard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 July 2008}} Retrieved on 3 September 2008.</ref>

In the final match of the series, Anderson took his 100th Test wicket. The landmark wicket was that of [[Jacques Kallis]] [[Leg Before Wicket]] for 2;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/123/123962.html |title=f50678, t1885: England v South Africa, South Africa in England 2008 (4th Test) |publisher=CricketArchive}} Retrieved on 21 December 2008.</ref> This feat was achieved in Anderson's 29th Test and after the match he had 104 wickets at an average of 34.51.<ref name="landmark wickets"/>

England's subsequent [[English cricket team in India in 2008–09|One-Day series]] against India was cut short due to [[2008 Mumbai attacks|terror attacks]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bull |first1=Andy |last2=Ashdown |first2=John |name-list-style=amp |date=27 November 2008 |title=England to fly home from India but Test series will go ahead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/nov/27/england-cricket-india-tour-terrorist-attacks |website=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hopps |first=David |editor-last=Berry |editor-first=Scyld |editor-link=Scyld Berry |date=2009 |chapter=India v England, 2008–9 |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2009 |edition=146th |location=London |isbn=978-1905625161 |pages=1105–1107, 1110–1111}}</ref> Of the five out of seven matches completed, all of which England had lost, Anderson bowled in the first four but did not take any wickets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobson |first=Richard |editor-last=Berry |editor-first=Scyld |date=2009 |chapter=India v England – One-Day International Reports |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2009 |edition=146th |location=London |isbn=978-1905625161 |pages=1112–1117}}</ref>

===2009: West Indies===
Following the sacking of [[Peter Moores (cricketer)|Peter Moores]] in January 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7822596.stm |title=Pietersen insists he is blameless |publisher=BBC News |date=11 January 2009 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> and the replacement of [[Kevin Pietersen]] by [[Andrew Strauss]] as England captain,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7816389.stm |title=Strauss to lead West Indies tour |publisher=BBC News |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> England left for a tour to the West Indies.

Following two low-key performances in the warm-up matches against a St. Kitts XI<ref>{{cite news|title= Tour match: St Kitts Invitational XI v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/1/15127/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> and West Indies A,<ref>{{cite news|title= Tour match: West Indies A v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/1/15128/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Anderson was dropped for the first Test in [[Jamaica]]. Surprisingly, the West Indies inflicted a large defeat on England, following a third innings batting collapse. With the form of Ryan Sidebottom a cause for concern, and some doubts over his fitness, Anderson was recalled for the second Test at the [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]] in [[Antigua]]. However, this match was abandoned with fewer than two overs bowled due to an unfit outfield.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/7886840.stm |title=Test abaondoned over poor outfield |publisher=BBC News |date=13 February 2009 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> The Test match was rearranged to take place two days later at the [[Antigua Recreation Ground]]. After making 4 as a night-watchman during England's first innings, Anderson bowled 19 wicketless overs as the West Indies were bowled out for 285, although he did take the catch of [[Chris Gayle]] off [[Steve Harmison]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/390680.html |title=3rd Test: West Indies v England at St John's, Feb 15–19, 2009. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> After making 20, again as night-watchman, in the second batting innings, England fell one wicket short of bowling the West Indies out and securing a Test victory as the tail-enders of [[Daren Powell]] and [[Fidel Edwards]] survived 10 overs to bat out the draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/content/story/391505.html |title=West Indies show hitherto hidden steel |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

After sitting out the tour match against the BCA President's XI in [[Barbados]], England and the West Indies played the fourth Test at the [[Kensington Oval]]. Both teams found bowling difficult on a very flat track, and the first two innings produced 1,349 runs for the loss of just 15 wickets. England batted first and made 600/6 declared, and Anderson again opened the bowling in the West Indies reply. After striking early to dismiss Chris Gayle LBW on a [[Umpire Decision Review System|referral]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/352663.html |title=4th Test: West Indies v England at Bridgetown, Feb 26 – Mar 2, 2009 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> he also dismissed [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] and [[Sulieman Benn]], finishing with 3 for 125 from 37 overs. With England batting out the match, Anderson did not feature again as the Test match was drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/content/story/393131.html |title=Cook century ensures the stalemate |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> With England still 1–0 down in a series they were expected by many to win comfortably, victory was needed in the fifth and final Test at [[Queen's Park Oval]] in [[Trinidad]]. After England made 546/6 declared, Anderson again struggled as the West Indies were bowled out for 544, a deficit of 2 runs, with Anderson picking up the wicket of [[wicket-keeper]] [[Dinesh Ramdin]] for 70 runs, with an economy of just 2.18, one of his best in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/352664.html |title=5th Test: West Indies v England at Port of Spain, Mar 6–10, 2009. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> With England setting the West Indies a target of 240 runs to win, Anderson had arguably his best innings of the tour. After dismissing opener [[Lendl Simmons]], Anderson bowled 16 overs of reverse swing, picking up two more wickets as again England fell just short of victory, this time by two wickets.

With the Test series lost, England were keen to regain some honour in the [[Twenty20|T20]] and [[One Day International|ODIs]] which remained. After taking 3 for 48 in 8 overs in a warm-up match against the WIPA President's Select XI,<ref>{{cite news|title= Tour match: WIPA President's Select v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/3/15134/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Anderson led the England attack in the T20 International. Despite finishing with decent figures of 1–19 in 3 overs,<ref>{{cite news |title=NatWest International Twenty20 Match: West Indies v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/3/15135/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> England were beaten soundly.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brett |first=Oliver |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7939028.stm |title=Sarwan condemns England to defeat |publisher=BBC News |date=15 March 2009 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> The first One-Day International, however, saw England inflict their first defeat on the West Indies of the tour. After posting 270 for 7 in their 50 overs,<ref>{{cite news|title=One Day International Series: West Indies v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/3/15136/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Rain interrupted the West Indies' reply, leading to the result being decided on the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]. With the light fading, Anderson succeeded in having [[Kieron Pollard]] caught on the boundary by Steve Harmison. Due to the intricacies of the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth Lewis]] method, this wicket ensured England won the match by a single run.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brett |first=Oliver |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/7949237.stm |title=England win after farcical finish |publisher=BBC News |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

In the next two ODIs, England suffered two more defeats, with Anderson taking 3 for 37 from 9 overs in the second ODI, as well as making 8 with the bat,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Day International Series: West Indies v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/3/15137/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> and went on to take 1 for 39 from 5 overs and 0 not out<ref>{{cite news |title=One Day International Series: West Indies v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/3/15138/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> as England fell 2–1 behind in the five-match series. England therefore needed to win the fourth ODI in Barbados to keep the series alive. Bowling first, England restricted the West Indies to 239/9 in their 50 overs, with Anderson himself taking the wicket of Fidel Edwards to finish with figures of 1 for 41 with 1 maiden in the 10 he bowled. Duckworth-Lewis again helped England as they chased down 136 in 18 overs to win by nine wickets.<ref>{{cite news|title=One Day International Series: West Indies v England |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2009/3/15139/html/scorecard.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Thus, the series was tied at 2–2 going into the final match in [[St. Lucia]]. The West Indies won the toss and elected to bowl first, with England able to post 172/5 in 29 overs (the innings shortened by rain). With 29 overs to chase 173 for victory, the West Indies lost Gayle to Anderson in the first over with the score at 1/1, Anderson going on to add the wicket of Kieron Pollard as he finished with match figures of 2/34 from 6 overs as England won the match by 26 runs, with Anderson's Lancashire teammate [[Andrew Flintoff]] taking a [[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick]].

Anderson finished the tour with 9 wickets at an average of 38.00 from the Test series, with an economy rate of 2.65 runs per over from both innings and best match figures coming in the fifth Test at Trinidad,<ref>[https://archive.today/20120714164256/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;template=results;type=bowling;view=series Bowling Test series averages]</ref> as well as accumulating 24 runs at an average of 12.00, with a highest-score of 20.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715032731/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=series Batting Test series averages]</ref> In the ODIs, Anderson took 9 wickets at 21.11 and an economy rate of 5.00 runs per over<ref>[https://archive.today/20120720121641/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=series Bowling ODI series averages]</ref> and 8 runs at an equivalent average.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120717112709/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=series Batting ODI series averages]</ref>
He then rejected offers to play in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] since he wanted to commit to a bright future for England over the following summer.

The Wisden Trophy was up for grabs again a few months later when the West Indies replaced [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]], who were still excluded from participating in Test match cricket by the ICC (although originally the tour had been scheduled to be played by Sri Lanka, who pulled out to allow their players to play in the IPL), in a two-Test and three-ODI tour. Anderson was selected after a bright start to the season with Lancashire, which included figures of 11–109 in a match against [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] at Hove.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/countycricket2009/engine/match/382914.html |title=Sussex v Lancashire at Hove, Apr 21–24, 2009. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>

The first Test was held at Lord's, beginning on 6 May 2009. Anderson was not involved directly until the second day, with England batting first, but made only a single in a 19-ball innings. With the wicket showing a green tinge and some cloud cover, Anderson was expected to excel. However he struggled to find his length bowling in the first innings and finished wicketless from seven overs having conceded 32.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/380712.html |title=1st Test: England v West Indies at Lord's, May 6–8, 2009. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> An improvement in the second innings saw him take the first two wickets after the follow-on, including that of the West Indies captain Chris Gayle, and finishing with figures of 2–38 from 15 overs and match figures of 2–70 as England won by ten wickets.

From Lord's, the teams moved to [[Riverside Ground|Chester-le-Street]] for the second and final Test of the series. England again won the toss and chose to bat, and proceeded to dominate the West Indies bowling attack, amassing 569–6 declared. Anderson was sent in at the end of the first day in his role as night-watchman to protect Pietersen. Batting with Alastair Cook, they made a partnership of 44, Anderson hitting 14 of them to extend his run of innings without a duck in Test cricket. Later on day three, he was given the ball as England set out to take 20 West Indian wickets and secure match victory. Anderson found some significant swing in the cloudy conditions there, and proceeded to skittle through the West Indies top order, taking the first three wickets (including Gayle again) and leaving the West Indies on 68/3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/380713.html |title=2nd Test: England v West Indies at Chester-le-Street, May 14–18, 2009. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> Two late strikes secured Anderson a five-wicket haul, his first in 19 innings since his 7-wicket haul against New Zealand at Trent Bridge the previous summer.<ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings%7CJM Anderson – Test bowling – Bowling innings list]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 May 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120715000329/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings|date=15 July 2012|title=Statsguru}}</ref> Anderson went on to take 4 further wickets after the West Indies were asked to follow-on (for the second time in the series) and England went on to win by an innings and 83 runs. With nine wickets in the match for 125 runs, Anderson was named the Man of the Match,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/story/405039.html |title=Anderson has Ashes in his sights |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> only the second time in his career he had achieved this in a Test match.

[[File:Anderson bowls in the Ashes, 2009.jpg|thumb|300px|Anderson bowling at Edgbaston during the 2009 Ashes]]

The first match of the following ODI series at Headingley was abandoned due to heavy rain, leaving two One-Day matches to be played. Anderson was named in the England squad for the series, and was selected for both matches. In the first match at [[Bristol]], he bowled six overs for nineteen, with one maiden, but finished wicketless as the West Indies were bowled out for 160.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/380715.html |title=2nd ODI: England v West Indies at Bristol, May 24, 2009. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> England went on to win the match by six wickets, meaning Anderson was not needed to bat. Neither was he required to bat in the last match of the tour as England scored 328/7 from their 50 overs. Although Anderson went at a run a ball in reply, conceding 58 from 9.4 overs, he took three wickets including the last of the match (that of [[Sulieman Benn]]) as the West Indies fell 58 runs short, sealing a 2–0 victory for England in both the Test and ODI series.

===2009–10: South Africa===
Anderson went on the tour of South Africa as one of the leaders of the English attack, having established himself in all formats of the game. In the opening T20 International, Anderson failed to pick up a wicket, although he was fairly economical, going at 8 runs an over. Anderson improved in the following match, bowling 4 for 28 runs, picking up a wicket. He was the pick of the English bowlers as South Africa won the match, posting over 200. Anderson bowled well in the ODI series, picking up regular wickets. He claimed 3–60 in the second ODI, and 5–23 in the fourth match. The four-match Test series was drawn 1–1, with Anderson bowling well. He picked up 5 wickets for 63 runs during the 3rd Test, as well as 4–73 in the opening match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsaveng09/content/story/437662.html |title=Anderson almost missed one-dayers |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/453492.html |title=Anderson still in the dark over knee problem |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>

===2010: Bangladesh and Pakistan===
Anderson was selected in the England squad for the [[2010 ICC World T20]], despite not being regarded as a specialist in this format of cricket. He did not play in the opening group match against the West Indies. With England playing well in the tournament, and with the three-man seam attack of Stuart Broad, Ryan Sidebottom and Tim Bresnan performing, Anderson could not break into the team. England went on to win the tournament, beating Australia in the final.

England faced Bangladesh in a two-match Test series. England were expected to win easily and cruised to victory in the first Test, with Anderson taking figures of 4–78 and 1–84. Anderson also played in the second Test, finishing with figures of 1–45 and 3–16. England won the series 2–0. Anderson played in the first ODI, but was expensive, taking figures of 3–74. He was wicketless in the second game as England suffered a shock defeat. Anderson did not play in the decider, which England won to take the series.

England then played Pakistan at home. It was during this series that Anderson established himself as one of the world's best Test bowlers. In the first match he took 5–54 and 6–17 which England won. This left Anderson with match figures of 11–71. He helped England win the second Test, achieving figures of 4–20 in the first innings. Anderson continued to impress in the final two Tests continuing to be economical and providing a wicket-taking threat. Anderson was rested for the first ODI, but returned in the second, taking 1–36 in ten overs. He then took 3–26 in the third match, before playing the remaining matches of the series. Although Anderson struggled to take wickets, his economical bowling frustrated the opposition and kept the run rate down. By the end of the tour, Anderson had established himself as the leader of the England attack, with his swing bowling making him one of the most feared bowlers in the world.

===2010–11: Australia===
As expected, Anderson was selected in the England squad to play Australia, where he developed his own wobble-seam delivery to combat the Kookaburra ball that doesn't swing as much for as long.<ref>{{Citation|last=ajit ray|title=James Anderson Masterclass – Part 1|date=16 November 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TELre9qg0LI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/TELre9qg0LI |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Anderson played well in the opening tour games and took two wickets in the opening Test match, which finished as a draw. In the second Test England thrashed Australia, winning by an innings and 71 runs. Anderson took 4–51 in the first innings and Australia were never able to recover. England lost the third Test, but Anderson still impressed taking 4 wickets. Anderson took 4–44 in the fourth Test, which England won to retain the Ashes. He then took 4–66 and 3–61 as England won the fifth Test and series 3–1. During the series Anderson became the second youngest England bowler to claim 200 Test wickets.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/8211822/The-Ashes-2010-James-Andersons-200-Test-wicket-milestone-fails-to-paper-over-England-fielding-faults.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/8211822/The-Ashes-2010-James-Andersons-200-Test-wicket-milestone-fails-to-paper-over-England-fielding-faults.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The Ashes 2010: James Anderson's 200 Test wicket milestone fails to paper over England fielding faults |author=Scyld Berry |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=London |date=18 December 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Anderson was rested at the start of the ODI series, but with England struggling he was recalled, taking 2–57 in the third match. In the sixth match Anderson took 1–91 of his ten overs as the England team struggled. Anderson took 3–48 in the final match of the series, but it was not enough to prevent another defeat as England lost the one-day series 6–1.

===2011: World Cup, Sri Lanka and India===
Anderson was selected in the squad for the 2011 World Cup and played in the opening game against the Netherlands. He was involved in the dramatic tie against India, where both teams posted 338, and also played as England suffered an embarrassing defeat against Ireland. His best match of the tournament came when he helped England defend 171 against South Africa, where he bowled six overs, collecting figures of 2–16. He was left out of the team against the West Indies, which England won. Anderson did not appear in England's final match against Sri Lanka, in which they lost by ten wickets and so bowed out at the quarter-final stage of the competition. Overall, Anderson had a disappointing tournament, although the pitches did not suit his style of bowling being unable to get the ball to swing.

Anderson was part of the England team when Sri Lanka toured in 2011. Anderson took 3–66 in the first innings but was unable to bowl in the second due to an injury. England won the first Test after Sri Lanka collapsed for 82 all out in the second innings. Anderson was ruled out of the second Test through injury but returned for the third, taking figures of 2–56 and 2–81 as England drew the match, but won the series 1–0. Anderson took 4–18 in the first ODI but was wicketless in the second match. In the fourth match he returned to his best, taking 3–24. In the final match he took 2–55, helping England to a series win.

England's next opponents were India. England needed to win the four match series by two games to overtake India in the world rankings and become the new top-ranked Test team. Anderson shone in the first Test, taking 5–65 as England took a 1–0 lead. Anderson took 5 more wickets in the second Test and a further 6 in the third as England took a 3–0 series lead. Anderson took 3 more wickets in the final Test as England won the series 4–0 and became the new world Number Ones. Following Anderson's performance, he was widely considered the premier fast bowler in the world. Anderson took 3–48 in the third ODI but was left out of the final game of the series as had already won, taking a 2–0 lead into the final match, which they also won by 6 wickets.

===2011–12: Pakistan and Sri Lanka===
England toured Pakistan at the back end of 2012. The series was held in [[UAE|the UAE]]. England struggled in the conditions and slumped to a heavy defeat in the first Test, with Anderson largely ineffectual. England again lost the second Test, with poor performances from the batsmen giving the bowlers little to work with. Anderson took his best figures of the tour, 3–35 in the final match of the series, but it wasn't enough to prevent a whitewash for Pakistan. After the series, England moved on to Sri Lanka for a two-match Test series. Anderson took 5–72 in the first innings but it wasn't enough to prevent a fourth straight defeat for England. Anderson was praised for his performance in conditions which did not favour seam bowlers. England won the final Test to level the series, with Anderson taking figures of 4–98 in the match. As a result of his performances, Anderson was named England Cricketer of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/564834.html |title=Anderson voted Player of the Year |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>

===2012: West Indies and South Africa===
In the second Test against West Indies, Anderson took 4–43 at Trent Bridge, a ground where he always performed due to the swing-friendly conditions. With England taking a 2–0 series lead, Anderson was rested for the final match of the series to help him avoid burnout. Anderson played in the ODI series against the West Indies, taking 2–38 in the second match. England then played Australia in 5 ODIs. Anderson took 2–55 in the first match, and 2–34 in the fourth match. There were suggestions that Anderson would play no part in the series, both to rest him and to deprive Australia of facing him ahead of the Ashes series the following year. However, despite this, Anderson played a key part in the series.

England faced South Africa at the end of the summer, with their Number One ranking on the line. The series was also anticipated as a chance to see Anderson go head to head with Dale Steyn, regarded as the world's two best seam bowlers. The series was a disappointment for England. They lost the first Test by an innings, with Anderson managing figures of 1–116. The second Test was a tighter affair, with the match ending in a draw, but Anderson could only manage three wickets in the match. England lost the third Test, meaning a 2–0 series defeat, and South Africa earned their place at the top of the Test rankings. Anderson took 4–44 in the third ODI, and 2–41 in the fifth as the series ended as 2–2 draw. This was seen as a positive result for England, with several young players being blooded against an experienced South African team.

===2012–13: India, New Zealand and Champions Trophy===
Following the defeat to South Africa, Andrew Strauss retired and was replaced as captain by Alistair Cook. The first series under the leadership of Cook was against India. England lost the first Test by 9 wickets, with Anderson taking just one wicket in the match. England won the second Test convincingly, but Anderson again struggled in conditions more suited to spinners. Anderson performed much better in the third Test, taking six wickets overall. Anderson took the wicket of [[Sachin Tendulkar]] in the 1st innings of the third Test to equal [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] as the most successful bowler against Tendulkar with a total of eight dismissals. With England needing just a draw to win the series in the final Test, Anderson took 4–81 to help England draw the match and win the series 2–1.

In the tour of New Zealand, Anderson returned to the ODI team. In February 2013 during England's loss of the [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2012–13#1st ODI|1st One day international in New Zealand]], with the wicket of [[BJ Watling]], his 529th in international cricket, Anderson overtook Ian Botham to become England's all-time highest wicket-taker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/feb/19/james-anderson-ian-botham-england-record |title=James Anderson 'honoured' to overhaul Sir Ian Botham's England record |access-date=18 May 2013|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=19 February 2013}}</ref> He took 5–34 in the second match as England went on to win the series. Anderson took 4–137 in the first Test and went on to take wickets in every innings in the series. The series itself finished 0–0, with the batsmen dominating on good batting wickets.

[[File:Anderson bowling, 2013.jpg|thumb|300px|Anderson bowling during the Champions Trophy match in which he became England's leading wicket-taker in ODIs]]

Anderson played a key role in the 2013 Champions Trophy. He took 3–30 against Australia as England made a winning start to their campaign. During the match [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|ICC Champions Trophy match against Australia]] he became England's leading ODI wicket-taker when he took his 235th wicket.<ref name="ODIWickets">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/22829402 |title=James Anderson becomes England's leading ODI wicket-taker |access-date=8 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> In the final Group A match he took 3–32 as England reached the semi-finals of the competition. England shocked South Africa and won by 7 wickets, with Anderson taking 2–14 off 8 overs. England played India, the favourites for the competition in the final, in what proved to be a rain interrupted match. Only being able to bowl four overs, Anderson took 1–24, but a poor batting performance meant that England lost the match and India went on to become champions.

In the opening match of the Test series against New Zealand, Anderson took match figures of 7–70. On the second day of the [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 2013#1st Test|1st Test against New Zealand]], he became the fourth English bowler to take 300 Test wickets when he dismissed [[Peter Fulton]].<ref name="Anderson300">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/22573162 |title=James Anderson takes 300th Test wicket for England |access-date=17 May 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> England went on to win the series 2–0. Anderson took 3–31 in the first ODI, and also played in the second match. England lost the series 2–1.

===2013–14: Australia===
During the summer of 2013, England played Australia in the first of what would be back-to-back Ashes Series. The first Test of the [[2013 Ashes Series|home series]] was held at Trent Bridge. Despite being favourites, England struggled in the first innings, posting just 215. Anderson led the fightback, taking 5–85 as England bowled Australia out for 280. As Australia closed in on winning the match in the second innings, Anderson took 5–73, including the winning wicket. Anderson was required to bowl a long spell to win England the match, and Kevin Pietersen later posted a picture of Anderson lying exhausted on the floor. England won the second Test, although this time Anderson was less influential, taking only three wickets. Anderson was again quiet in the third Test, in which England managed to hold on to a draw following a long rain delay. Anderson took 2–65 in the fourth Test as England went 3–0 up in the series. Following the game, there was speculation Anderson would be rested for the final Test to ensure he would be fresh for the return series in Australia. However, Anderson played and took 4–95 in the first innings, as the match ended in a draw and England won the series 3–0. Anderson was rested for the ODI series as back up bowlers such as Ben Stokes and Boyd Rankin were given the chance to play.

Anderson again toured Australia as part of the [[2013–14 Ashes series]]. It proved to be a miserable tour for Anderson and the rest of his England teammates. Anderson was ineffectual in the first Test as England lost convincingly. He took 3 wickets in the second Test but it was clear the conditions did not suit his game. In the third Test he bowled 19 wicketless overs and conceded 105 runs as England lost the series. He took 4–67 in the fourth Test but was unable to prevent defeat as the English batsmen continued to struggle. In the fifth Test Australia completed the whitewash, with Anderson taking three wickets in the match. Anderson was rested for the ODI series, which England again struggled in, losing 4–1.

===2014: Sri Lanka and India===

Following the Ashes series, England played Sri Lanka at home. In the first match of the series Anderson had figures of 1–22. In the second ODI between England and Sri Lanka, Anderson took two wickets for 38 runs. He finished with figures of 2–10 in the next match as England won by 10 wickets. He took 2–60 in the next match as Sri Lanka levelled the series at 2–2. England lost the final match of the series, with Anderson finishing with figures of 1–33. After picking up figures of 3–93 in the Sri Lankan first innings, he took 4–25 in the second as England fell narrowly short of victory as the first Test ended in a draw. In the second Test, he took 2–49 in the first innings before taking 3–91 in the second. As England battled to save the Test, Anderson faced 55 balls but was dismissed on the penultimate ball of the match as England lost the match. Anderson was named England's man of the series after taking 12 wickets in the series.

On 12 July 2014, in the First Test of the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2014|series against India]], Anderson and teammate [[Joe Root]] broke numerous records in England's first innings of the first Test against [[Indian national cricket team|India]] at Trent Bridge. Anderson hit his maiden first-class fifty as well as posting the highest score (81 runs) by an England No 11 batsman in Test history. His innings was also the longest innings by a No 11 batsman in Test history. Timed at 230 minutes, it surpassed the previous record set by Mushtaq Ahmed in 1997 (183 minutes) by almost an hour. He and Root also set a new [[world record]] for a 10th-wicket partnership in Test cricket scoring 198 runs, beating the 163 run-partnership by Australians [[Phillip Hughes]] and [[Ashton Agar]] at [[Trent Bridge]] on 11 July 2013. Anderson and fellow bowler Stuart Broad were criticised for their performance in the second Test after failing to capitalise on a good bowling surface. Anderson finished with match figures of 5–137 as England lost the match, increasing the pressure on the team. He returned to his best in the next Test as England levelled the series as he took figures of 5–53 in the first innings and 2–24 in the second. His first-innings spell was nominated to be one of the best Test bowling performance of the year 2014 by ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/awards2014/content/story/819605.html|title=All hail the left-armers|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>
In the fourth match of the series he took match figures of 5–64 as England won the match by an innings to go 2–1 up in the series. Anderson was again pivotal as England won the final match of the series, taking four wickets in the match. After the conclusion of the 5th Test, Anderson was named Man of the Series for taking 25 wickets. Anderson had a mixed ODI series against India. After the first match was abandoned, Anderson was wicket less in the first three games of the series, taking figures of 0–57, 0–29 and 0–38 as England went 3–0 down in the series. However, he bowled well in the final match of the series, taking figures of 2–39 as England won the match.

===2015: Tri-Series===
Following injury, Anderson returned to the England team for the second match of the Tri-Series against India, where he had figures of 4–18 to help England win. In the next match against Australia he was wicket less as England were defeated. In the game against India, Anderson picked up figures of 1–24 to help England qualify for the final. In the final, Anderson picked up two wickets but England lost the match and finished runners-up.

===2015: World Cup===
Anderson failed to take a wicket in the first match against Australia, finishing with figures of 0–67. In the next match against New Zealand he finished with figures of 0–37 as England suffered a humiliating eight wicket defeat. He took his first wickets of the tournament against Scotland as he collected figures of 2–30 as England won their first game of the tournament. He was again wicket less in England's defeat to Sri Lanka. In their must win game against Bangladesh, Anderson took figures of 2–45 but was later the last man out as England lost the game to exit the World Cup. In their final group game against Afghanistan, Anderson bowled economically, finishing with figures of 1–18 as England won their final match of the tournament.

===2015: West Indies and New Zealand===
In April 2015, during the drawn first Test of the [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2014–15|West Indies tour]] in [[Antigua]] in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test match]], he had West Indies captain [[Denesh Ramdin]] caught at [[Slip (cricket)|slip]] for his 384th Test wicket, thus overtaking another Ian Botham record and becoming England's all-time highest Test match wicket-taker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/32361929 |title=James Anderson proud to surpass Sir Ian Botham's Test record |access-date=18 April 2015|publisher=BBC Sport|location=London|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> Despite Anderson's best efforts, the match ended in a draw. In the second Test Anderson took 2–47 West Indies first innings as they were bowled out for 299. His figures of 4–43 in the second innings helped England put themselves in a match winning position. They won the game by nine wickets to go 1–0 up in the series. In the final Test, Anderson took 6–42 in the West Indies first innings as England took a first innings lead. However, England collapsed in their second innings and although Anderson took a wicket in the West Indies second innings, it wasn't enough to prevent a five wicket defeat as the series ended in a 1–1 draw. He was awarded with the player of the series award.

[[New Zealand cricket team in England in 2015|New Zealand toured England]] for a 2 test and 5 ODI series. Anderson took 1–88 in New Zealand's first innings in the first Test between the two teams. In the second innings he took 1–31 as England won the match by 124 runs to go 1–0 up in the series. In the second Test he took 2–43 as New Zealand were bowled out for 350. He made an unbeaten ten with the bat to help England reach 350 and level the scores. In New Zealand's second innings he took 2–96 as New Zealand won the Test to level the series at 1–1. During the series Anderson took his 400th Test wicket and scored his 1000th Test run.

===2015: Australia===
In the first Test Anderson took figures of 3–43 in Australia's first innings to help restrict them to 308, and England went on to win the game by 169 runs. In the second Test he failed to take a wicket in the whole match, finishing with figures of 0–99 in the first innings and 0–48 in the second innings as Australia won the match by 405 runs. In the third Test, Anderson took 6–47 in the Australian first innings to help restrict them to 136. He took 1–15 in the second innings but injured himself in the process. Although England won the game to go 2–1 up in the series, Anderson was ruled out of the remainder of the series through injury. England went on to win the series 3–2.

===2015: Pakistan===
Anderson recovered from his injury in time for the Test series against Pakistan. In the first innings of the first Test, Anderson took figures of 2–42 and bowled economically as Pakistan were dismissed for 523. In the second innings he took figures of 2–30 as Pakistan were bowled out for 173, but England did not have enough time to force a win and the match finished in a draw. In the second Test Anderson took 1–40 in the first innings, before finishing with figures of 2–22 in Pakistan's second innings as they were dismissed for 354. However, England's batting was unable to chase down the target and the suffered a 127 run defeat. England needed to win the final Test of the series to level it, and Pakistan were dismissed cheaply for 234 in the first innings, with Anderson taking 4–17. However, they recovered in their second innings, scoring 355, despite Anderson taking 2–52. An England second innings collapse saw Pakistan win the series 2–0.

===2015–16: South Africa===
Anderson was injured for the first Test against South Africa. He returned to the team for the second Test but failed to make an impact, taking 1–77 as the match ended in a draw. In the third Test Anderson took 1–60 in South Africa's first innings, before taking 1–26 in their second innings as they collapsed to 83 all out to hand England a historic victory on South Africa soil. Anderson took his best figures of the series in the final Test, finishing with 3–47 in South Africa's second innings, but a poor batting performance from England saw South Africa win the Test by 280 run, although England won the series 2–1.

===2016: Sri Lanka and Pakistan===
In the first Test against Sri Lanka, Anderson was in sublime form, taking figures of 5–16 in the tourist's first innings to restrict them to 91. In their second innings, he took figures of 5–29 as England secured a comprehensive victory by a margin of an innings and 88 runs. In the second Test, Anderson took 3–36 in Sri Lanka's first innings, and followed this up with 5–58 in their second innings as England secured another win, this time by nine wickets. In the final, rain affected match of the series, Anderson took figures of 2–61 in Sri Lanka's first innings, and then took the only wicket to fall in Sri Lanka's second innings as the match ended in a draw. Following his exploits, Anderson ended the series as the World's Number One Test bowler.

After missing the first Test through injury, Anderson returned in the second match of the series and took four wickets in the match as England won to level the series at 1–1. In the third match, he took figures of 2–54 in Pakistan's first innings and then took 2–31 in their second innings as England recorded a 141 run victory. England lost the final match of the series, with Anderson taking just one wicket in the match as the series finished 2–2.

===2016: India===
After missing the series against Bangladesh through injury, Anderson returned to the team for the second Test against India. He took 3–62 in the first innings as India made 455. He then took 1–33 in the second innings. India won the match by 246 runs. In the third Test he did not take a wicket in India's first innings, and with India needing a small target to win the game in the second innings, Anderson again failed to take a wicket as India won by eight wickets. In the fourth Test he took 0–63 as India posted 631 and won the game by an innings and 36 runs. Anderson missed the final Test through injury, with England losing the series 4–0.

===2017–18: Australia===
Anderson was named as England Test vice-captain after Ben Stokes was suspended indefinitely. Stokes was arrested in the early hours of the morning following the third ODI against West Indies at Bristol in September 2017 from an incident near a night club, at which teammate [[Alex Hales]] was also present.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/sep/26/ben-stokes-england-arrested-night-bristol|title=England's Ben Stokes arrested in Bristol after win over West Indies|website=The Guardian|date=26 September 2017|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> 

Midway through the Ashes tour England Lions batsman [[Ben Duckett]] was suspended after pouring a drink over Anderson in a Perth bar. Although coach [[Trevor Bayliss]] described the incident as trivial, coming as it did after the Stokes affair and a head-butting incident between [[Cameron Bancroft]] and [[Jonny Bairstow]], it seemed to confirm that England had off-field issues during the 2017–18 Ashes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shemilt |first1=Stephan |title=Ashes: Ben Duckett suspended from playing on England Lions tour |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42298950 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>

Anderson played all five Test matches in the Ashes but could not prevent his team losing possession of the urn, with England slipping to a 4–0 series defeat. Despite the poor performance of the team as a whole, Anderson emerged with some considerable personal credit having returned figures of 17 wickets at an average of 27.82 over the Test series, including a haul of 5/43 in the 2nd innings of the day-night 2nd Test at Adelaide.<ref>{{cite news |title=James Anderson out to prove doubters wrong after maiden five-wicket haul in Australia |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/12/05/james-anderson-prove-doubters-wrong-maiden-five-wicket-haul/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/12/05/james-anderson-prove-doubters-wrong-maiden-five-wicket-haul/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=5 December 2017 |access-date=31 July 2018|last1=Hoult |first1=Nick }}{{cbignore}}</ref> He ended the tour as the top England wicket-taker in the Ashes. Over the entire series Anderson bowled 223.3 overs, the most in a series in his career.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shemilt |first1=Stephan |title=Ashes: The winners and losers from the 2017–18 series |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/42602440 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>

===2018: New Zealand===
During the [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18#2nd Test|second Test against New Zealand in 2018]], Anderson – along with partner [[Stuart Broad]] and the two opening bowlers from the opposition ([[Trent Boult]] and [[Tim Southee]]) – was part of just the third quartet of opening bowlers to take all 20 wickets in the first innings of each team in a single Test match (and the first since 1912).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1142229.html|title=New-ball nirvana: Anderson, Broad, Boult, Southee take all 20 wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> In the same Test series, Anderson set another milestone by becoming the most heavily used fast bowler ever in Test history, surpassing [[Courtney Walsh]]'s record of 30,019 deliveries in a Test career.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/new-zealand-vs-england-james-anderson-overtakes-courtney-walsh-bowls-most-legal-deliveries-in-tests-as-pacer/213308|title=New Zealand vs England: James Anderson overtakes Courtney Walsh, bowls most legal deliveries in Tests as pacer|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/england-in-new-zealand/james-anderson-becomes-most-over-worked-seam-bowler/articleshow/63590186.cms|title=James Anderson becomes most over-worked seam bowler |work=The Times of India|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/189258-englands-james-anderson-sets-new-record|title=England's James Anderson sets new record|website=geo.tv|date=3 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> He was the second highest wicket-taker in the 2 match Test series, taking 8 wickets with England eventually losing the series 1–0.

===2018: Pakistan and India===
[[File:James Anderson (43913271524).jpg|thumb|right|Anderson fielding against India in September 2018]]
Anderson was selected in the England squad to face [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2018|Pakistan in May 2018]] in a two Test match series. In the [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2018#1st Test|first Test]] match, which Pakistan won, Anderson had team leading match figures of 4–94. In the [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2018#2nd Test|second Test]] he took 5 wickets at the expense of 78 runs, to help England win by an innings and 55 runs. Overall Anderson took a team leading 9 wickets during the series, with the series being tied 1–1.

Anderson was in the team as England played their 1,000th Test match,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/england-vs-india-2018/india-vs-england-england-set-to-play-1000th-test-match-stuart-broad-picks-his-best-1889392|title=England Set To Play 1000th Test, Stuart Broad Picks His Best|website=ndtv.com|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> during the first Test against India at Edgbaston in the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|five-match series]]. During the second Test, Anderson picked up his 100th wicket at Lord's in Tests,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/aug/12/jimmy-anderson-england-100th-wicket-at-lords-india|title=Jimmy Anderson century of Lord's Test wickets a first for the fast man|website=The Guardian|date=12 August 2018|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> and his 550th Test match wicket<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/cricket/james-anderson-and-chris-woakes-dominate-india-as-england-seal-second-test-victory-at-lords-a3909566.html|title=James Anderson and Chris Woakes dominate India as England seal second Test victory at Lord's|website=London Evening Standard|date=12 August 2018|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> as he took 5–20 in the first innings, and finished with match figures of 9–43. The third Test at Trent Bridge was won by India as they recovered from a 2–0 start to the series, Anderson took his 100th wicket against India in Tests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-england-james-anderson-enters-club-100-against-india-at-trent-bridge/story-SshsjIB4C8CsbXQSqgRw9H.html|title=India vs England: James Anderson enters Club 100 against India at Trent Bridge|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 August 2018|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> In the fifth Test, Anderson equalled Glenn McGrath's record for the most Test wickets by a pace bowler (563), he then surpassed this later in the game when he took his 564th Test wicket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/45464628|title=England v India: James Anderson breaks Glenn McGrath's record in host's win|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> Anderson took 24 wickets at an average of 18.13 during the series, the most wickets by any bowler during the series as England beat India 4–1.

===2018–19: Sri Lanka and West Indies===
Anderson played the first two Tests of the [[England cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2018-19#Test Series|three-match series]] in Sri Lanka. In the first Test, he took match figures of 1/53 from 22 overs, helping England to their first ever Test win in Galle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/46148457|title=sri Lanka v England: Tourists complete 211-run win to end losing away streak|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> The second Test saw a record breaking 38 wickets taken by [[spin bowling|spin bowlers]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/sri-lanka-vs-england-2018-2nd-test-statistical-highlights|title=Sri Lanka vs England 2018: 2nd Test – Statistical Highlights|website=crictracker.com|date=18 November 2018|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> with Anderson going wicketless for the first time in almost two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/players/PlayerProgressBowl.asp?PlayerID=3065|title=James Anderson bowling – Progressive Average and Aggregate|website=howstat.com|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Anderson was rested for the third Test, to allow Stuart Broad match practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/james-anderson-rested-third-test-england-sri-lanka-test-series-colombo/2018-11-21|title=England's Anderson rested for third Test|website=cricket.com.au|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> This meant Anderson finished with just 1 wicket in the series, the lowest in a Test series he had participated in since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/players/PlayerProgressBowl.asp?PlayerID=3065|title=James Anderson – Progressive Average and Aggregate|website=howstat.com|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

Anderson took a five-wicket haul during the first innings of the [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2018-19#Test Series|three-match Test series]] against the West Indies at [[Kensington Oval]], Barbados. This was his 27th five-wicket haul, tying Ian Botham's record for England in Test matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/england/james_anderson_takes_27th_test_five-wicket-haul_to_tie_with_sir_ian_botham_at_the_top.html|title=James Anderson takes 27th Test five-wicket-haul to tie with Sir Ian Botham at the top|website=thecricketer.com|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Whilst en route to his five-wicket haul, he also became the first English bowler to take 200 Test wickets away from home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/46979512|title=England in West Indies: James Anderson takes four wickets to boost tourists|publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Despite this, England lost the match by 381 runs, the West Indies' largest victory in terms of runs at home. Anderson finished the series, which England lost 2–1, with 10 wickets at an average of 24.50.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/players/PlayerSeries.asp?PlayerID=3065#bowl|title=James Anderson – Performance Analysis by Series|website=howstat.com|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>

===2020: West Indies and Pakistan===
On 29 May 2020, Anderson was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/1674230/england-men-confirm-back-to-training-group |title=England Men confirm back-to-training group |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29239315/alex-hales,-liam-plunkett-left-england-name-55-man-training-group |title=Alex Hales, Liam Plunkett left out as England name 55-man training group |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> On 17 June 2020, Anderson was included in England's 30-man squad to start training [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] for the [[Test cricket|Test]] series [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1683417 |title=England announce 30-man training squad ahead of first West Indies Test |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1225177.html |title=Moeen Ali back in Test frame as England name 30-man training squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> On 4 July 2020, Anderson was named in England's thirteen-man squad for the first Test match of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/1707837/england-name-squad-for-first-test-against-west-indies |title=England name squad for first Test against West Indies |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53290755 |title=England v West Indies: Dom Bess in squad, Jack Leach misses out |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref> On 25 August, Anderson became the first fast bowler to reach 600 Test wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53904091|title=England v Pakistan: Third Test drawn on James Anderson's historic day|work=[[BBC Sport]]|author=Shemlit, Stephan|date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

In November 2020, Anderson was nominated for the ICC Men's Test Cricketer of the Decade award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30385388/virat-kohli,-kane-williamson,-steven-smith,-joe-root-nominated-icc-men-cricketer-decade-award |title=Virat Kohli, Kane Williamson, Steven Smith, Joe Root nominated for ICC men's cricketer of the decade award |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1908769 |title=ICC Awards of the Decade announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

===2021: Australia===
Anderson was selected for the [[2021–22 Ashes series|2021–22 Ashes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/2286138/england-name-mens-test-squad-for-2021-22-ashes-tour |title=England name Men's Test squad for 2021-22 Ashes Tour |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> However, he encountered a relatively lean series, his only highlight being 4/33 in the second test at Adelaide as Australia won the five-Test series 4–0.

===2022: New Zealand, South Africa and India===
Selected for the home series against New Zealand in May, Anderson enjoyed a relatively uneventful but consistent series, playing two out of the three Tests and being England's fourth-highest wicket-taker, all three above him having played every match, with 11 wickets at 18.63.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=14150;type=series |title=New Zealand in England Test series, 2022/ Most Wickets |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>

===2023: Australia===
Anderson was selected for four of the five tests in the [[2023 Ashes series]]. [[Michael Vaughan]] described his selection as "sentimental" and said he had "no impact at all" on the series following the fourth test.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/michael-vaughan-sentimental-james-anderson-selection-may-have-cost-england-1389102| title =Vaughan: 'Sentimental' Anderson selection 'may have cost' England |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 July 2023 }}</ref> However, [[Nasser Hussain]] defended the inclusion of James Anderson in this series, pointing out that only four months earlier he had been the No. 1 bowler in the world and suggesting: "He is just out of nick. Players are not machines...He is just having a poor summer."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Nasser |date=28 July 2024 |title=Nasser Hussain on James Anderson's Ashes Struggles |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12928840 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Victory in the fifth test was Anderson's first against Australia since 2015. He finished the series with 5/427 from 154 overs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/series/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/the-ashes-2023-14990?team=1| title =2023 Ashes Stats|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=1 August 2023 }}</ref> He had never previously taken as few wickets when playing at least four games in a series.

=== 2024: India, West Indies and retirement ===
During the fifth test of [[English cricket team in India in 2023–24|England's tour of India]], Anderson claimed his 700th test wicket when he had [[Kuldeep Yadav]] caught behind during India's first innings in [[Dharamshala]]. He became the first fast bowler to reach this milestone, and only the third player to do so.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=11 May 2024 |title=James Anderson: 'Nothing to celebrate' about reaching 700 wickets |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-james-anderson-nothing-to-celebrate-about-700-wickets-1424664 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Commenting on this achievement in ''[[The Times]]'', former England Test captain [[Michael Atherton|Mike Atherton]] stated that "{{bracket|i}}t can be said with absolute certainty that no fast bowler will come close to matching Anderson’s tally. His record will stand forever."<ref>{{cite web |last=Atherton |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Atherton |date=9 March 2024 |title=No fast bowler will ever match Jimmy Anderson's 700 Test wickets |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/jimmy-anderson-700-wickets-england-india-bj9wq6bjw |url-access=subscription |website=The Times |location=London |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

In May 2024, Anderson announced that he would retire from international cricket following the [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2024|first Test]] against the West Indies at Lord's in July, after it had been decided by England director of cricket [[Rob Key]], coach [[Brendon McCullum]], and Test captain [[Ben Stokes]] that he would not feature in the team's plans beyond the summer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ammon |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Ammon |date=13 May 2024 |title=Rob Key and Ben Stokes part of call to 'move on' from Jimmy Anderson |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/rob-key-and-ben-stokes-behind-decision-to-move-on-from-james-anderson-7395rmjv9 |url-access=subscription |website=The Times |location=London |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> Speaking on the BBC ''[[Tailenders (podcast)|Tailenders]]'' podcast, he explained that "it was sort of just looking ahead and could a 43-year-old me make the Ashes in 18 months’ time and we sort of came to the decision that probably not", adding "it feels like the right thing for me and the team going forward. It feels like a good time".<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=11 May 2024 |title=James Anderson retires: England bowler says it "feels like a good time" to stop |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cd1356lelqeo |website=BBC Sport |location=London |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast |last=James |first=Greg |author-link=Greg James |date=11 May 2024 |title=Emergency Podcast: Jimmy's Got Something To Say |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0hxfzzv |website=[[Tailenders (podcast)|Tailenders]] |publisher=BBC |location=London |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> On 12 July, he bowled his last ball in international cricket, having dismissed four batters in his final game to finish his Test career with 704 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gardner |first=Alan |date=12 July 2024 |title=Anderson bows out with 704 as Atkinson's 12 helps England rout WI on day three |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-england-2024-1385669/england-vs-west-indies-1st-test-1385691/match-report |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Atherton |first=Mike |date=12 July 2024 |title=704 all out – thank you Jimmy, the privilege was ours |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/704-all-out-thank-you-jimmy-the-privilege-was-ours-200d8vvmv |url-access=subscription |website=The Times |location=London |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> Anderson accepted a mentoring role with the team for the remaining two matches against the West Indies, and subsequent Test series against [[Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2024|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=James |author-link= |date=1 July 2024 |title=Jimmy Anderson to mentor England's bowlers after final Test appearance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/01/jimmy-anderson-mentor-england-bowlers-final-test-appearance-cricket |website=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Macpherson |first=Will |date=17 July 2024 |title=Wood in as Anderson starts coach's role |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2024/07/16/mark-wood-james-anderson-england-west-indies-test/ |url-access=subscription |department=Features |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |issue=52621 |location=London |page=10 |access-date=16 July 2024}} (Online version, published a day earlier, has a different title).</ref> He was replaced as senior bowler in the England Test team by [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] and [[Chris Woakes]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ammon |first=Elizabeth |date=17 July 2024 |title=Wood recalled but Pennington left out |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/mark-wood-second-test-dillon-pennington-misses-out-on-debut-xjsjgj39x |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Times |issue=77463 |location=London |page=58 |access-date=17 July 2024}} (Online version, published a day earlier, has a different title).</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnton |first=Simon |date=2024-07-17 |title=Ben Stokes backs Chris Woakes to thrive as England's new attack leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/17/ben-stokes-chris-woakes-attack-leader-england-west-indies |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Achievements==
{{main|List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by James Anderson}}

On 25 July 2016, during the second Test of that year's England-Pakistan series at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], Anderson became the first fast bowler to take 50 wickets against all other seven major Test-playing nations, [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/2282874.stm |author=Scott Heinrich |title=Anderson on fast track |publisher=BBC |date=31 December 2002}} Retrieved on 26 June 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket-videos/ashes-2019-james-anderson-world-class-stuart-broad-cricket/article29391846.ece|title=James Anderson delighted for 'world class' Stuart Broad|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|date=11 September 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

Anderson recorded two milestones during England's [[English cricket team in South Africa in 2019–20|tour of South Africa]] in 2019–20. On 26 December 2019, in the first Test, he became only the ninth cricketer to [[List of Test cricket records#Individual records (other)|play in 150 Test matches]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gardner |first=Alan |date=26 December 2019 |title=Bruised England look to improve touring record against battered South Africa |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/preview/1185304/south-africa-vs-england-1st-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> On 5 January 2020, in the first innings of second Test, he took his [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by James Anderson|28th five-wicket haul]] in Test cricket, overtaking [[Ian Botham]] as the bowler with the [[List of cricketers by number of international five-wicket hauls|most five-wicket hauls]] for England in Tests. With his fifth dismissal, [[Ben Stokes]] also became the first England outfielder to take five catches in an innings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roller |first=Matt |date=5 January 2020 |title=Dom Sibley's maiden Test fifty lays platform for England |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/south-africa-vs-england-2nd-test-1185305/match-report-3 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stocks |first=Chris |date=5 January 2020 |title=Jimmy Anderson says five-wicket return 'makes all that hard work worthwhile' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jan/05/jimmy-anderson-five-wicket-return-england-south-africa |website=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>

He is the only seam bowler to take 300-plus Test wickets on home soil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-south-africa-2017/content/story/1111078.html|title=Amla's latest landmark, and Anderson's home comforts|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> He is the first pace bowler, and second player overall, to take 100 Test wickets at a single venue (at [[Lord's]]; [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] has taken 100 wickets at three separate grounds in Sri Lanka)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/aug/12/jimmy-anderson-england-100th-wicket-at-lords-india|title=Jimmy Anderson century of Lord's Test wickets a first for the fast men. Andy Bull|last=Bull|first=Andy|date=12 August 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> He has the most international Test deliveries bowled by a pace bowler.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23007257/anderson-hard-yards-set-new-record|title=Anderson's hard yards set new record|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> On 9 March 2024, Anderson became only the third player overall to reach 700 career test match wickets.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=James Anderson: 'Nothing to celebrate' about reaching 700 wickets |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-james-anderson-nothing-to-celebrate-about-700-wickets-1424664 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

He holds the world record for "not out" batting performances in Test cricket, achieving his 62nd Test "not out" at Lord's in 2017, passing the previous record of 61 set by [[Courtney Walsh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-how-often-have-a-captain-and-a-wicketkeeper-opened-the-batting-in-a-world-cup-match-1189303?platform=amp|title=How often have a captain and a wicketkeeper opened the batting in a World Cup match?|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

On 5 July 2021, playing for Lancashire against Kent in the [[2021 County Championship|County Championship]], Anderson took seven wickets for 19 runs (including 5 maiden overs), a new First Class best. It also meant he passed 1,000 First Class wickets.<ref name="ESPN1000">{{cite web |title=James Anderson takes 1000th first-class wicket during vintage display for Lancashire |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/james-anderson-takes-1000th-first-class-wicket-during-vintage-display-for-lancashire-1268688 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="BBC-05Jul2021">{{cite news |title=County Championship: James Anderson takes 1,000th first-class wicket |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/57716431 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/watch-james-anderson-completes-1000-wickets-in-first-class-cricket-with-his-iconic-out-swinger/ |title=WATCH: James Anderson completes 1000 wickets in first-class cricket with his iconic out-swinger |work=SportsTiger |date=5 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref>

On 18 December 2021, during England's 1st innings in the 2nd Test of the Ashes, Anderson became the first-ever batsman to remain not out in Test cricket on 100 instances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/ashes-james-anderson-sets-unique-batting-record-in-adelaide-becomes-first-batter-in-history-to-achieve-feat-england-vs-australia/841709|title=Ashes: James Anderson sets unique batting record in Adelaide, becomes first batter in history to achieve feat|date=18 December 2021|work=TimesNowNews|access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/14265/12498937/ashes-stats-joe-root-breaks-50s-record-as-captain-james-anderson-reaches-100-unbeaten-innings|title=Ashes Stats: Joe Root breaks 50s record as captain; James Anderson reaches 100 unbeaten innings|work=[[Sky Sports]]|date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

On 11 July 2024, James Anderson became the first-ever pacer to bowl 40,037 deliveries in Test Cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/james-anderson-retirement-lets-look-at-stats-and-records-of-englands-red-ball-great|title= James Anderson 40,000 bowl deliveries |work= SportsTiger|date=12 July 2024}}</ref>

He holds the record of most wickets in [[One Day International|One-day Internationals]] for England (269 wickets).

==Awards==
On 8 December 2011, Anderson was awarded the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Borough]] of [[Borough of Burnley|Burnley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-15991447|title=Anderson gets freedom of Burnley|date=1 December 2011|publisher=BBC News|access-date=24 February 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Agenda and minutes: Full Council – Thursday, 29th October, 2020 6.30 pm |url=https://burnley.moderngov.co.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=151&MID=2469 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717050553/https://burnley.moderngov.co.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=151&MID=2469 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[Borough of Burnley#Governance|Burnley Borough Council]] |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
In the [[2015 Birthday Honours|2015 Queen's Birthday Honours]], he was appointed an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) "for services to cricket".<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2015 |title=Order of the British Empire |department=Supplement No. 1 |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]] |issue=61256 |location=London |page=B10}}</ref> On 11 February 2016, he received his OBE at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name="OBEBP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/971623.html |title=James Anderson receives OBE at Buckingham Palace |work=Cricinfo |access-date=11 February 2016|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In April 2025, Anderson was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in [[Rishi Sunak]]'s [[2024 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours|Resignation Honours]] "for services to cricket".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Resignation Honours April 2025 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/67f905f16812c7adcf513f44/Resignation_Honours_List_2025.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|James Anderson (cricketer)}}
* {{cricinfo|id=8608}}
* [http://jamesanderson613.com/ James Anderson's Official Website]

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{{Bowlers who have taken 300 wickets in Test cricket}}
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Nawabs of Bengal

2026-03-16T19:02:58Z

ArcherMill7063: expanded layout as per guidelines for consistency

{{Short description|Governors of Eastern India and Bengal in the 18th-century}}
{{About|the de-facto independent and puppet rulers of Bengal (1717–1882)|the titular aristocrat family of Murshidabad (1882–1969)|Nawabs of Murshidabad}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Not to be confused|Bengal Subah}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = Nawab
| realm = Bengal
| border =
| coatofarms =
| coatofarmssize =
| coatofarmscaption =
| image = File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg
| caption = '''First to reign'''<br />'''[[Murshid Quli Khan]]'''<br />1717{{spaced ndash}}30 June 1727
| first_monarch = [[Murshid Quli Khan]]
| last_monarch = [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] (Independent)<br />[[Mansur Ali Khan]] (Under British)
| style = [[Majesty|His Majesty]]
| appointer = {{ubl|[[Hereditary]] (1717–1757) | [[British Empire]] (1757–1882)}}
| began = {{start date and age|1717}}
| ended = {{start date and age|1882}}
|
|residences=Chehel Shetun Palace, Hirajheel Palace, [[Hazarduari Palace]]}}
{{History of Bengal}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
The '''Nawabs of Bengal'''<ref name="Ahmed2011">{{cite book |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA366 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=366–}}</ref><ref name="ChakrabartiChakrabarti2013">{{cite book |author1=Kunal Chakrabarti |author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=237–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ODNB |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-63552 |title=Bengal, nawabs of (act. 1756–1793), rulers in India |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/63552}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Vardi-Khan |title=ʿAlī Vardī Khān | nawab of Bengal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028181203/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Vardi-Khan |url-status=live}}</ref> were the hereditary rulers of [[Bengal Subah]] in [[Mughal India]]. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the ''de facto'' independent ruler of the three provinces of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]] and they are often referred to as the '''Nawabs of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bengal-region-Asia |title=Bengal | region, Asia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019203114/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bengal-region-Asia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha |title=Odisha – History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928000459/https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/862281/murshidabad-can-teach-the-rest-of-india-a-lot-on-how-to-restore-heritage-and-market-the-past |title=Murshidabad can teach the rest of India how to restore heritage and market the past |first=Jael |last=Silliman |website=Scroll.in |date=28 December 2017 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003012802/https://scroll.in/magazine/862281/murshidabad-can-teach-the-rest-of-india-a-lot-on-how-to-restore-heritage-and-market-the-past |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC&pg=PA27 |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2506-5 |page=27}}</ref> The Nawabs were based in [[Murshidabad]] which was centrally located within Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Their chief, a former prime minister, became the first Nawab. The Nawabs continued to issue coins in the name of the Mughal Emperor, but for all practical purposes, the Nawabs governed as independent monarchs. Bengal continued to contribute the largest share of funds to the imperial Mughal treasury in Delhi.

The Bengal Subah reached its peak during the reign of Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]].

The Nawabs, especially under the rule of [[Alivardi Khan]] of 16 years, were heavily engaged in various wars against the Marathas. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4wdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, 1740–1825 A.D. |date=1948 |publisher=University of Patna |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

The Nawabs of Bengal oversaw a period of [[proto-industrialization]]. The Bengal-Bihar-Orissa triangle was a major production center for cotton muslin cloth, silk cloth, shipbuilding, gunpowder, saltpetre, and metalworks. Factories were set up in Murshidabad, Dhaka, Patna, Sonargaon, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Cossimbazar, Balasore, Pipeli, and Hugli among other cities, towns, and ports. The region became a base for the [[British East India Company]], the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]], the [[Danish East India Company]], the [[Austrian East India Company]], the [[Ostend Company]], and the [[Dutch East India Company]]. The Nawabs, backed by bankers such as the [[Jagat Seth]], became the financial backbone of the Mughal court.

The British company eventually rivaled the authority of the Nawabs. In the aftermath of the [[siege of Calcutta]] in 1756, in which the Nawab's forces overran the main British base, the East India Company dispatched a fleet led by [[Robert Clive]] who defeated the last independent Nawab [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. [[Mir Jafar]] was installed as the puppet Nawab. His successor [[Mir Qasim]] attempted in vain to dislodge the British. The defeat of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Oudh]], and Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] at the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764 paved the way for British expansion across India. The South Indian [[Kingdom of Mysore]] led by [[Tipu Sultan]] overtook the Nawab of Bengal as the subcontinent's wealthiest monarchy; but this was short-lived and ended with the [[Anglo-Mysore War]]. The British then turned their sights on defeating the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]].

In 1772, Governor-General Warren Hastings shifted administrative and judicial offices from Murshidabad to [[Calcutta]], the capital of the newly formed [[Bengal Presidency]], and the ''de facto'' capital of British India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata |title=Kolkata – Capital of British India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813040212/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata |url-status=live}}</ref> The Nawabs had lost all independent authority since 1757. In 1858, the British government abolished the symbolic authority of the Mughal court. After 1880, the descendants of the Nawabs of Bengal were recognised simply as [[Nawabs of Murshidabad]] with the mere status of a [[peerage]].<ref name="Watt1987">{{cite book |author=Sir George Watt |title=Indian Art at Delhi 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902–1903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc_oAfZLKnoC&pg=RA4-PA421 |year=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0278-0 |page=4}}</ref>

==History==
===Independent nawabs===
[[File:Map of the Nawabs of Bengal.jpg|thumb|The Nawabs of Bengal in 1733, almost a decade before the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=091 |title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>]]
The Bengal Subah was the wealthiest [[subah]] of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengal ''subah'' was one of the richest ''subahs'' of the Mughal empire |url=http://business.illinois.edu/doogar/www/other/jain/murshid.html |access-date=17 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120819051449/http://business.illinois.edu/doogar/www/other/jain/murshid.html |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system of Bengal since [[Akbar]]'s conquest in the 1500s. ''Nizamat'' (governornership) and ''diwani'' (premiership) were the two main branches of provincial government under the Mughals.<ref name=nawab>{{cite web |publisher=Murshidabad.net |date=8 May 2012 |title=Murshidabad History - The Nawabs and Nazims |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903091902/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |archive-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> The ''[[Subahdar]]'' was in-charge of the ''nizamat'' and had a chain of subordinate officials on the executive side, including ''diwans'' (prime ministers) responsible for revenue and legal affairs.<ref name=nawab /> The regional decentralization of the Mughal Empire led to the creation of numerous semi-independent strongholds in the Mughal provinces. As the Mughal Empire began to decline, the Nawabs rose in power.<ref name=nawab /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&q=balaji+vishwanath+peshwa&pg=PA11 |title=History Modern India – S. N. Sen – Google Books |access-date=6 July 2012 |isbn=9788122417746 |last1=Sen |first1=S. N. |year=2006 |publisher=New Age International}}</ref> By the early 1700s, the Nawabs were practically independent, despite a nominal tribute to the Mughal court.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

The Mughal court heavily relied on Bengal for revenue. [[Azim-us-Shan]], the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, had a bitter power struggle with his prime minister (''[[Diwan (title)|diwan]]'') Murshid Quli Khan. Emperor Aurangzeb transferred Azim-us-Shan out of Bengal and into Bihar in 1703 as a result of the disputes. After the viceroy's exit, the provincial premier Murshid Quli Khan emerged as the ''de facto'' ruler of Bengal. His administrative coup merged the offices of the ''diwan'' (prime minister) and ''subedar'' (viceroy). In 1716, Khan shifted Bengal's capital from [[Dhaka]] to a new city named after himself. In 1717, Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar recognized Khan as the hereditary Nawab Nazim. The Nawab's jurisdiction covered districts in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |title=Nawab |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213500/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |url-status=live}}</ref> The Nawab's territory stretched from the border with [[Oudh]] in the west to the border with [[Arakan]] in the east.

The chief deputy of the Nawab was the Naib Nazim of Dhaka, the mayor of the former provincial capital whose own wealth was considerable; the Naib Nazim of Dhaka also governed much of eastern Bengal. Other important officials were stationed in Patna, [[Cuttack]], and Chittagong. The aristocracy was composed of the [[Zamindars of Bengal]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} The Nawab was backed up by the powerful Jagat Seth family of bankers and money lenders. The Jagat Seth controlled the flow of Bengali revenue into the imperial treasury in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=34 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref> They served as financiers to both the Nawabs and European companies operating in the region.
[[File:Murshidabad.gif|thumb|Sketch of the main [[Katra Mosque|caravanserai and mosque]] in Murshidabad]]
The Nawabs profited from the revenue generated by the worldwide demand of [[muslin trade in Bengal]], which was centred in Dhaka and [[Sonargaon]]. Murshidabad was a major centre of silk production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asianartnewspaper.com/murshidabad-the-forgotten-capital-of-bengal/ |title=Murshidabad: The forgotten capital of Bengal - Asian Art Newspaper |date=5 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720222239/https://asianartnewspaper.com/murshidabad-the-forgotten-capital-of-bengal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shipbuilding]] in [[Chittagong]] enjoyed Ottoman and European demand. [[Patna]] was a centre of metalworks and the military-industrial complex. The Bengal-Bihar region was a major exporter of [[gunpowder]] and [[saltpetre]].<ref name="dt31Oct2014">{{cite news |last=Steel |first=Tim |title=Gunpowder plots |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/heritage/84578/gunpowder-plots |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=31 October 2014 |type=Opinion |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135203/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/nov/01/gunpowder-plots |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bp-saltpetre">{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Saltpetre |title=Saltpetre |website=Banglapedia |access-date=20 July 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164059/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Saltpetre |url-status=live}}</ref> The Nawabs presided over an era of growing organization in banking, [[handicrafts]], and other trades.

Bengal attracted traders from across [[Eurasia]]. Traders were lodged at [[caravanserai]]s, including the [[Katra Masjid]] in Murshidabad; and the [[Bara Katra]] and [[Choto Katra]] in Dhaka. [[Dutch Bengal]]i trading posts included the main Dutch port of Pipeli in Orissa; the [[Dutch settlement in Rajshahi]]; and the towns of [[Cossimbazar]] and [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hugli]]. The Danes built trading posts in [[Bankipur (Bengal)|Bankipur]] and on islands of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. [[Balasore]] in Orissa was a prominent Austrian trading post. Bengali cities were full of brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshidabad |title=Murshidabad |website=Banglapedia |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200028/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshidabad |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Dutch VOC ships in Chittagong or Arakan.jpg|thumb|Dutch East India Company ships in Chittagong harbor, early 18th-century]]
The Nawabs were patrons of [[the arts]], including the Murshidabad style of [[Mughal painting]], [[Hindustani classical music]], the [[Baul]] tradition, and local craftsmanship. The second Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]] developed Murshidabad's royal palace, military base, city gates, revenue office, public audience hall ([[durbar (court)|durbar]]), and mosques in an extensive compound called Farrabagh (Garden of Joy) which included canals, fountains, flowers, and fruit trees. The second Nawab's reign saw a period of economic and political consolidation.<ref name="auto"/>

The third Nawab [[Sarfaraz Khan]] was preoccupied with military engagements, including [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]]. Sarfaraz Khan was killed at the [[Battle of Giria]] by his deputy [[Alivardi Khan]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The coup by Alivardi Khan led to the creation of a new dynasty. Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was notorious for his repressive tax collection tactics, including torture for non-payment.<ref name=":0" /> However he was also known as ''Shuja ul-Mulk (hero of the country)'' mostly due to him repelling all Maratha invasions of Bengal. {{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

=== Afghan Insurrections ===
{{Main article|Afghan insurrections in Bengal}}
The Afghan insurrections in Bengal, also known as the Afghan mutinies were a series of four revolts led by the Afghans living in the [[Bengal Subah]] between 1745-1750. They were led by ambitious individuals like Mustafa Khan, Sardar Khan and Shamshir Khan with the intent to carve out their own Afghan state in Bengal. The insurrections were ultimately suppressed.

=== Maratha invasions of Bengal ===
{{Main article|Maratha invasions of Bengal}}

The resurgent Maratha Empire launched raids against Bengal in the 18th century, which further added to the decline of the Nawabs of Bengal. The Bengal Subah was met by a series of face to face confrontations by the Maratha Empire including the [[First Battle of Katwa]], the [[Second Battle of Katwa]], the Battle of Burdwan and the [[Battle of Rani Sarai]], Battle of Birbhum, First and Second Battles of Midnapur where Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] defeated the Marathas and repelled their attacks.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="cdlib1" /> The Maratha raids lasted a decade from 1741 to early 1751.

The Marathas committed many atrocities across Bengal causing many to flee from West Bengal to East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Aklam |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 |date=1992 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |isbn=9789845123372 |pages=80}}</ref> 400,000 civilian Bengalis were massacred by the [[Bargis]] (Maratha warriors) including textile weavers, silk winders, and [[mulberry]] cultivators.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kirti |title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521031592 |pages=253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521028226 |pages=73}}</ref> Many Bengalis were mutilated and contemporary accounts describe the scene of mass gang-rape against women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kishore |first=Gupta |title=Sirajuddaullah and the East India Company, 1756-1757: Background to the Foundation of British Power in India |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1962 |pages=23}}</ref> Alivardi Khan the Nawab of Bengal fearing even worse devastation and destruction agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million of tribute annually as the ''[[chauth]]'' of Bengal and Bihar to the Marathas, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again.

The expeditions, led by [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur]], also established de facto Maratha control over [[Odisha|Orissa]], which was formally incorporated in the Maratha Empire in 1752.<ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |url=http://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |work=Scroll.in |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603000937/https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Nitish K. Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&q=marathas%20in%20bengal%20chauth%20mir%20habib&pg=PA162 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page= |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}}</ref>

=== British influence and succession ===
Nawab Murshid Quli Khan was notorious for his repressive tax collection tactics, including torture for non-payment.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=33–34 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref> Nawab Alivardi Khan's successor was Nawab [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]]. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah grew increasingly wary of the British presence in Bengal. He also feared invasions by the [[Durrani Empire]] from the north and Marathas from the west. On 20 June 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah launched the [[siege of Calcutta]], in which he won a decisive victory. The British were briefly expelled from Fort William, which came under the occupation of the Nawab's forces. The East India Company dispatched a naval fleet led by [[Robert Clive]] to regain control of Fort William. By January 1757, the British retook Fort William. The stalemate with the Nawab continued into June. The Nawab also began cooperating with the French East India Company, raising the ire of the British further. Britain and France were at the time pitted against each other in the [[Seven Years' War]].

[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Clive]] meets [[Mir Jafar]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757]]

On 23 June 1757, the [[Battle of Plassey]] brought an end to the independence of the Nawabs of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-plassey |title=Battle of Plassey | National Army Museum |website=nam.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/in-battle-for-bengal-a-plassey-redux-ians-exclusive/1526500 |title=In battle for Bengal, a Plassey redux (IANS Exclusive) |website=outlookindia.com/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704094351/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/in-battle-for-bengal-a-plassey-redux-ians-exclusive/1526500 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and his French allies were caught off guard by the defection of the Nawab's Commander-in-Chief [[Mir Jafar]] to the British side. The British, under the leadership of Robert Clive, gained enormous influence over Bengal Subah as a result of the battle. The last independent Nawab was arrested by his former officers and killed in revenge for the brutality against his courtiers.

Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab by the British. However, Jafar entered into a secret treaty with the Dutch East India Company. This caused the British to replace Mir Jafar with his son-in-law [[Mir Qasim]] in October 1760. In one of his first acts, Mir Qasim ceded Chittagong,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chittagong |title=Chittagong | History, Population, & Facts |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322095155/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chittagong |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Burdwan]] and [[Midnapore]] to the East India Company. Mir Qasim also proved to be a popular ruler. But Mir Qasim's independent spirit eventually raised British suspicions. Mir Jafar was reinstalled as Nawab in 1763. Mir Qasim continued opposing the British and his father-in-law. He set up his capital in [[Munger]] and raised an independent army. Mir Qasim attacked British positions in Patna, overrunning the company's offices and killing its Resident. Mir Qasim also attacked the British-allied [[Gorkha Kingdom]]. Mir Qasim allied with Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Awadh]] and Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]. However, the Mughal allies were defeated at the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764, which was the last real chance of resisting British expansion across the northern Indian subcontinent.

The South Indian [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] briefly eclipsed the dominant position of Bengal in the subcontinent. Tipu Sultan pursued aggressive military modernization; and set up a company to trade with communities around the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. Mysore's military technology at one point rivaled European technology. However, the [[Anglo-Mysore War]] ended Tipu Sultan's ascendancy.<ref>Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1-139-49889-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=321 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref>

In 1765, [[Robert Clive]], as the representative of the [[East India Company]], was given the Diwani of Bengal by the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]].<ref name="sirajbanglaped2">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Sushil |last2=Mohsin |first2=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Sirajuddaula |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614191817/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula |archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> With this a system of dual governance was established, with the Nawabs responsible for the Nizamat of Bengal and the Company responsible for the Diwani of Bengal. In 1772, this arrangement came to be abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, the Mughal emperor also ceded the Nizamat of Bengal to the Company and the Nawab of Bengal was reduced to a mere titular position and pensioners of the Company. After the [[Revolt of 1857]], Company rule in India ended, and the [[British Crown]], in 1858, took over the territories which were under direct rule of the company. This marked the beginning of [[Crown rule in India]], and the Nawabs had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.<ref name=british>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Vipul |title=Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal) |date=1 September 2009 |publisher=Pearson Education India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75avUTXB11AC&pg=PA29 |isbn=9788131728888 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004112457/https://books.google.com/books?id=75avUTXB11AC&pg=PA29 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dualgovernment>{{cite book |title=Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government) |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnyaLNskRfEC&pg=PA11 |isbn=9788174827449}}</ref> Mir Jafar's descendants continued to live in Murshidabad. The [[Hazarduari Palace]] (''Palace of a Thousand Doors'') was built as the residence of the Nawabs in the 1830s. The palace was also used by British colonial officials.<ref name=feradun-jah>{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Feradun Jah |date=8 May 2012 |website=Murshidabad.net |access-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005536/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm |archive-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Hazarduari1 debaditya chatterjee.jpg|thumb|Hazarduari Palace (''Palace of a Thousand Doors'') was home to the titular Nawabs of Bengal]]
Nawab Mansur Ali Khan was the last titular Nawab Nazim of Bengal. During his reign the ''nizamat'' at Murshidabad came to be debt-ridden. The Nawab left Murshidabad in February 1869, and had started living in England. The title of the Nawab of Bengal stood abolished in 1880.<ref name=feradun-jah /> He returned to Bombay in October 1880 and pleaded his case against the orders of the government, but as it stood unresolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles, abdicating in favour of his eldest son on 1 November 1880.<ref name=feradun-jah />

The [[Nawabs of Murshidabad]] succeeded the Nawab Nazims following Nawab Mansur Ali Khan's abdication, The Nawab Bahadurs had ceased to exercise any significant power.<ref name=nawab /> but were relegated to the status of a [[zamindar]] and continued to be a wealthy family, producing bureaucrats and army officers.<ref name=nawab /><ref name=feradun-jah /><ref name=hassanalimirza>{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm |title=Hassan Ali Mirza's succession |date=8 May 2012 |website=Murshidabad.net |access-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802033722/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm |archive-date=2 August 2012}}</ref>

===Relations with the Zamindars of Bihar===
The [[Zamindars of Bihar]] maintained a tenuous loyalty to the Nawabs of Bengal.<ref name="Marshall2006">{{cite book |author=P. J. Marshall |author-link=P. J. Marshall |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 1987 |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740-1828 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA82 |series=New Cambridge History of India |volume=II, 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=82 |isbn=978-0-521-02822-6}}</ref> Rebellion and the withholding of revenue was a common feature of the Nawab period in Bihar.<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book |author=Kumkum Chatterjee |title=Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA35 |year=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10303-1 |pages=35–36 |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302202540/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA35 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rorabacher2016">{{cite book |author=J. Albert Rorabacher |title=Bihar and Mithila: The Historical Roots of Backwardness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265 |date=13 September 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-99758-4 |pages=265–266}}</ref> Although Bihar had the potential to provide a large amount of revenue and tax, records show that the Nawabs were unable to extract any money from the chiefs of Bihar until 1748. And even following this, the amount gained was very low. This was again due to the rebellious nature of the zamindars who were "continually in arms".<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book |author=P. J. Marshall |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C |date=2 November 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02822-6 |pages=58–60}}</ref>

=== Military campaigns ===
{{For|Military campaigns of the Bengal Subah prior to the Nawabs of Bengal (Before 1717)|Bengal Subah#Military campaigns}}
According to [[João de Barros]], Bengal enjoyed military supremacy over [[Arakan]] and [[Kingdom of Tripura|Tripura]] due to good [[artillery]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar |author-link=Momtazur Rahman Tarafdar |url=https://archive.org/details/husainshahibenga0000tara/page/105/mode/1up |title=Husain Shahi Bengal, 1494–1538 A.D.: A Socio-Political Study |publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan |year=1965 |page=105 |oclc=43324741 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Its forces possessed notable large [[cannons]]. It was also a major exporter of [[gunpowder]] and [[saltpeter]] to Europe.<ref name="dt31Oct2014" /><ref name="bp-saltpetre" /> The [[Mughal Army]] built [[fortifications]] across the region, including [[Idrakpur Fort]], [[Sonakanda Fort]], [[Hajiganj Fort]], [[Lalbagh Fort]] and [[Jangalbari Fort]]. The Mughals expelled Arakanese and Portuguese [[pirate]]s from the northeastern coastline of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Throughout the late medieval and early modern periods, Bengal was notable for its navy and [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]]. The following table covers a list of notable military engagements by Mughal Bengal:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="1" |Conflict
! rowspan="1" width="150px" |Bengal and allied forces
! rowspan="1" width="150px" |Opposition forces
! rowspan="1" width="320px" |Results
|-
|'''Conquest of [[Tripura]]'''
'''(1729)'''
'''Location: [[Tripura]]'''
|
* Nawabs of Bengal
* Jagat Manikya ([[Manikya dynasty]])
|Dharma Manikya ([[Manikya dynasty]])
|'''Victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ia902904.us.archive.org/26/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.502192/2015.502192.Bengal-Nawabs.pdf |title=Bengal Nawābs, Containing Āzād-āl-Husaini's Naubahār-i-Murshid Quli Khāni, Karam ʻAli's Muzaffarnamah, and Yusuf ʻAli's Āhwāl-i-Mahābat Jang |publisher=Asiatic Society |year=1952 |pages=4–9 |translator-last=Jadunath |translator-first=Sarkar}}</ref>
* Bengali backed [[Jagat Manikya]] invades and successfully defeats Tripura (Dharma Manikya) in [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]]
* Jagat Manikya rules as a vassal of the Nawabs of Bengal
|-
|'''Annexation of Bihar'''
'''(1733)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|[[Bihar Subah]]
|'''Victory'''
* Annexation of the [[Bihar Subah]] into the territory of the Nawabs of Bengal.<ref name="Chatterjee962">{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Kumkum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuP7EAAAQBAJ&q=merchants+politics+bihar |title=Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820 |date=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004644748 |pages=13–16}}</ref>
|-
|'''Subduing of the [[Banjara]]'''
'''(c.1733 - c.1740)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|[[Banjara]]s
|'''Victory'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Upendra Thakur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145227 |title=Alivardi and the Afghans of Tirhut |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=21 |year=1958 |pages=376–392 |jstor=44145227}}</ref>
|-
|'''Subduing of the [[Bettiah Raj]]'''
'''(c.1733 - c.1740)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|[[Bettiah Raj]]
|'''Victory'''<ref name=":5" />
* Raja Dhrub Singh fled from Bhettiah
|-
|'''Subduing of the [[Tekari Raj]]'''
'''(c.1733 - c.1740)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|[[Tekari Raj]]
|'''Victory<ref name=":16">Muzaffarnama, Trans by Sarkar in Bengal Past Present, vol. LXVI, 1946-47. pp. 68-69</ref>'''
* Mustafa Khan of the Tekari raj employed as a General of [[Alivardi Khan]]<ref>Muzaffarnama, 70</ref>
|-
|'''Subduing of the [[Chakwars]] tribe'''
'''(c.1733 - c.1740)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|[[Bettiah Raj]]
|'''Victory'''<ref name=":5" />
* Chakwars pay an annual tribute
|-
|'''First [[Battle of Giria]]'''
'''(1740)''' '''Location: [[Giria, India|Giria]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
* Nasiri Dynasty
|Nawabs of Bengal
* Afshar Dynasty
|'''Dynasty Change'''
* [[Alivardi Khan]] takes the throne marking the end of the Nasiri Dynasty of [[Murshid Quli Khan]].
|-
|'''Battle of Phulwarion'''
'''(1741)''' '''Location: [[Phulbari, Jalpaiguri|Phulbari]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|Governor of Orissa
* Rustam Jang
|'''Victory'''
* [[Alivardi Khan]] defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan<ref name="bp-alivardi">{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Alivardi Khan |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alivardi_Khan}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[First Battle of Katwa]]'''
'''(1742)''' '''Location: [[Katwa]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory'''
* The entire [[Maratha Army]] was evacuated out of Bengal
* The Maratha commander [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]] was killed.<ref name="katwa22">{{cite book |author=Jacques, Tony |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'''First Battle of Midnapur'''
'''(1742)''' '''Location: [[Midnapore|Midnapur]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory'''
* The Bengal forces defeated the Maratha forces and they were driven from Orissa beyond the [[Chilka lake]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Battle of Birbhum'''
'''(1743)''' '''Location: [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory'''
* The Maratha forces evacuated out of Bengal<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ivermee |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eMJEAAAQBAJ |title=Hooghly: The Global History of a River |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78738-325-8 |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Second Battle of Katwa]]'''
'''(1745)''' '''Location: [[Katwa]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory'''
* [[Raghuji Bhonsle]] was defeated by the Bengali army of [[Alivardi Khan]].<ref name="katwa3">{{cite book |author=Jacques, Tony |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Battle at Bhagalpur (1745)|'''Battle at Bhagalpur''']]
'''(1745)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shree Govind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks4BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Bihar, 1740-1772 |date=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0382-2 |pages=46 |language=en}}-''Bhagalpur on the stream of Champanala , a battle was fought between the Nawab and Raghuji . '''Raghuji was defeated''' .''</ref>'''
|-
|'''[[Afghan insurrections in Bengal#List of Conflicts|1st Afghan Insurrection]]'''
'''(1745)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|Afghans of [[Bihar]]
* Mustafa Khan
|'''Victory'''<ref name=":5" />
* Retreat of Afghan troops
* Mustafa regroups and forms a stronger army and attacking [[Patna]]
* Zainuddin shot Mustafa Khan killing him instantaneously, thus crushing the Afghan army.
|-
|'''[[Afghan insurrections in Bengal#List of Conflicts|2nd Afghan Insurrection]]'''
'''(1746)''' '''Location: [[Bihar]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|Afghans of [[Bihar]]
|'''Victory'''<ref name=":5" />
* Afghans along with their 6000 men retired to Dharbhanga ([[Tirhut]]).
|-
|'''Second Battle of Midnapur'''
'''(1746)''' '''Location: [[Midnapore|Midnapur]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory'''
* Mir Jafar won a decisive battle against Mir Habib.<ref name=":1222">{{Cite book |last=Ramesh |first=Majumdar |title=The History of Bengal vol 2 |publisher=University of Dacca |year=1948 |isbn= |location=Dhaka |pages=464}}</ref>
|-
|'''Battle of Burdwan'''
'''(1747)''' '''Location: [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory'''
* [[Alivardi Khan]] heavily repulsed and defeated the Marathas.<ref name="bhupalgarh2">{{cite book |author=Jacques, Tony |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |date=30 November 2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=175 |quote=When Marathas under Janoji Bhonsle invaded Orissa, Governor Mir Ja'far retreated before being reinforced to check the Marathas at Burdwan, northwest of Calcutta. Mughal Nawab Ali Vardi Khan dismissed Mir Ja'far and, with a much larger force, heavily defeated Janoji at Burdwan. However, four more years of war finally persuaded the Emperor to cede Orissa to the Marathas (January 1747). |access-date=2015-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Afghan insurrections in Bengal#List of Conflicts|Battle of Rani Sarai]]'''
'''(1748)''' '''Location, [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]'''

'''''(Part of the third Afghan Insurrection''''' '''''And [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]])'''''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|
* {{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
* Afghans of [[Bihar]]
|'''Victory'''
* Alivardi Khan defeated the allied Afghan and Maratha forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāẏa |first=Bhabānī Caraṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgUeAAAAMAAJ |title=Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa |date=1981 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |page=80 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Third Battle of Midnapur'''
'''(1749)''' '''Location: [[Midnapore|Midnapur]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory<ref name=":032">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Bhabani Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37A9AAAAMAAJ |title=Orissa Under Marathas, 1751-1803 |date=1960 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |pages=16–20 |language=en}}</ref>'''
|-
|'''Battle of Cuttack'''
'''(1749)''' '''Location: [[Cuttack]], [[Bengal Subah]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory<ref name=":042">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Bhabani Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37A9AAAAMAAJ |title=Orissa Under Marathas, 1751-1803 |date=1960 |publisher=Kitab Mahal |pages=16–20 |language=en}}</ref>'''
|-
|'''Siege of Barabati Fort'''
'''(1749)''' '''Location:[[Barabati fort]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory<ref name=":042" />'''
* Orissa recovered
* Fort surrendered to the Nawab
|-
|'''Fourth Battle of Midnapur'''
'''(1750)''' '''Location: [[Midnapore|Midnapur]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Victory<ref name=":042" />'''
* [[Mir Habib]] retreats into the Jungle.
|-
|[[Afghan insurrections in Bengal#List of Conflicts|'''4th Afghan''' '''Insurrection''']]
'''(1750)'''

'''Location: [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|Afghans of [[Bihar]]
|'''Victory'''<ref name="bp-alivardi" />
* [[Alivardi Khan|Alivardi]] subdued the revolt of the Afghans who were trying to separate Bihar from his administration.
|-
|'''End of [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha invasions]] of Bengal'''
'''(1751)'''

'''Location: [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire|size=22px}}
|'''Stalemate'''
* ''Military Victory, Political Defeat''
* Peace treaty signed ending the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]].
|-
|'''Battle of Kandarpi Ghat'''
'''(1753)''' '''Location: Kandarpi Ghat, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|[[File:Flag of Hinduism.svg|25x25px]] [[Raj Darbhanga|Khandwala dynasty]]
|'''Defeat'''
* [[Maharaja Narendra Singh]] clashed against forces of the Nawabs of Bengal led by Bhikhari Mahtha, an official of [[Alivardi Khan]] and emerged victorious.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radha Krishna |url=https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut/History%20of%20Muslim%20Rule%20in%20Tirhut_djvu.txt |title=History of Muslim Rule in Tirhut (1206-1756 AD) |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series office |year=1970 |edition=1st |volume=LXXII |location=Varanasi |pages=184–186 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Battle of Manihari'''
'''(1756)''' '''Location: [[Manihari]], [[Bengal]] Subah'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
* [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]]
|Shaukat Jang
|'''Victory'''
* [[Siraj-ud-Daulah|Siraj-ud-Daulah's]] rebellious cousin, Shakuat Jang is killed<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |title=Land of Two Rivers A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=9780143416784 |pages=17}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Siege of Calcutta]] (First Anglo-Bengal War)'''
'''(1756–1757)'''

'''Location: [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=22px}}
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x22px]] [[British East India Company]]
|'''Victory'''
* [[Treaty of Alinagar]] ([[Kolkata]])
|-
|'''[[Battle of Makwanpur (1763)]]'''
(1763) Location: [[Nepal]]
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Nepal.svg}} [[Nepal]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Defeat and retreat of [[Mir Qasim]]
|-
|'''[[Sack of Delhi (1757)|Sack of Delhi]]'''
'''(1757)''' '''Location: Delhi, [[Mughal Empire]]'''
|{{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
** [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]<br />{{flag|Maratha Confederacy}}
{{tree list/end}}
|[[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.png|23x23px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
|'''Defeat'''
* [[Kashmir]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], and all territories west of the [[Indus]] river are annexed by the Durrani Empire.
|-
|'''[[Battle of Plassey]] (Second Anglo-Bengal War)'''
'''(1757)'''

'''Location: [[Palashi]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|22px}}
* [[File:Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png|22x22px|French East India Company]] [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=22px}}
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x22px]] [[British East India Company]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Significant expansion of British influence over [[Bengal]]
|-
|'''1st Battle of Patna'''
'''(1763)''' '''Location: [[Patna]], [[Bengal Subah]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=22px}}
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x22px]] [[British East India Company]]
* [[Mir Jafar]] (defected to the British)
* [[Jagat Seth family|Jagat Seth]]
|'''Victory'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 Volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |publication-place=Westport, Conn |pages=780 |oclc=ocm68786744}}</ref>
* British driven out of [[Patna]]
|-
|'''2nd [[Battle of Giria]]'''
'''(1763)''' '''Location: [[Giria, India|Giria]], [[Bengal]]'''
|Nawabs of Bengal
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=22px}}
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x22px]] [[British East India Company]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Nawab [[Mir Jafar]] installed on the throne.
|-
|'''[[Bengal War|Third Anglo–Bengal War]] (Bengal War)'''
'''(1763–1764)'''

'''Location: [[Buxar]], [[Bengal Subah]]'''
|
* Nawabs of Bengal
* {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|size=22px}} [[Mughal Empire]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Awadh.svg|22px}} [[Oudh State|Oudh]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=22px}}
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|22x22px]] [[British East India Company]]

{{flagicon image|Flag of the Royal House of Benares.svg}} [[Banaras State|Kashi Kingdom]]
|'''Defeat'''
* Treaty of Allahabad(1765). British East India Company granted Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
|}

==List of Nawabs==
The following is a list of the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Jafar were the only two to become Nawab Nazim twice.<ref name=dynasties>{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.nic.in/history1.htm |title=The Nawabs of Bengal (chronologically) |access-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106125513/http://murshidabad.nic.in/history1.htm |archive-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1880 with Mansur Ali Khan.<ref name=nawab /><ref name=feradun-jah /><ref name=dynasties />

=== Independent Rulers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:10%;" | Portrait
! Titular Name
! style="width:22%;" | Personal Name
! style="width:9%;" | Birth
! style="width:9%;" | Reign
! style="width:9%;" | Death
|-
! colspan="6" scope="row" | Nasiri dynasty
|-
| [[File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg|90px]]
| ''Jaafar Khan Bahadur Nasiri''
| [[Murshid Quli Khan]]
| 1665
| 1717–30 June 1727
| 30 June 1727<ref name="quli-khan">{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm |website=Murshidabad.net |title=Murshidabad History - Murshid Quli Khan |access-date=17 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705195445/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murshid-Quli-Khan |title=Murshid Quli Khan {{!}} Indian nawab |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801142917/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murshid-Quli-Khan |archive-date=1 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Murshid Quli Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshid_Quli_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404111435/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshid_Quli_Khan |archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| ''Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung''
| [[Sarfaraz Khan]]
| 1700
| 1727–1727 (for few days)
| 29 April 1740<ref name="sarfaraz-khan">{{cite web |website=Murshidabad.net |date=8 May 2012 |title=Murshidabad History - Sarfaraz Khan |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-sarfaraz-khan.htm |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623115607/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-sarfaraz-khan.htm |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|90px]]
| ''Shuja ud-Daula''
| [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]
| 1670
| 1 July 1727 – 26 August 1739
| 26 August 1739<ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Shujauddin Muhammad Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shujauddin_Muhammad_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710002332/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shujauddin_Muhammad_Khan |archive-date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-suja-ud-daulla.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Suja-ud-Daulla |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421195518/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-suja-ud-daulla.htm |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sarfaraz Khan.jpg|90px]]
| ''Ala-ud-Din Haidar Jung''
| [[Sarfaraz Khan]]
| 1700
| 26 August 1739 – 29 April 1740
| 29 April 1740<ref name="sarfaraz-khan" />
|-
! colspan="6" scope="row" | Afshar dynasty
|-
| [[File:Alivardi Khan.jpg|90px]]
| ''Hashim ud-Daula ''
| [[Alivardi Khan]]
| Before 10 May 1671
| 29 April 1740 – 9 April 1756
| 9 April 1756<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-alivardi-khan.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Alivardi Khan |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144640/http://www.murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-alivardi-khan.htm |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMhAQAAIAAJ |title=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |date=1962 |publisher=The Society |pages=34–36 |language=en |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706104029/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMhAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Mansur-ul-Mulk Siraj-ud-Daulla ''
| [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]
| 1733
| 9 April 1756 – 23 June 1757
| 2 July 1757<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-siraj-ud-daulla.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Siraj-ud-Daulla |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023706/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-siraj-ud-daulla.htm |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/nawab-siraj-ud-daulah |title=Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah |date=3 January 2005 |website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804104049/http://storyofpakistan.com/nawab-siraj-ud-daulah |archive-date=4 August 2016}}</ref>
|}

=== Puppet rulers under British influence ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Portrait
! style="width:12%;"| Titular Name
! style="width:22%;"| Personal Name
! style="width:9%;"| Birth
! style="width:9%;"| Reign
! style="width:9%;"| Death
|-
! scope="row" colspan="6"| Najafi dynasty
|-
| [[File:Mir Jafar (left) and Mir Miran (right).jpg|90px]]
| ''Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur''
| [[Mir Jafar]]
| 1691
| 2 June 1757 – 20 October 1760
| 17 January 1765<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gg9Zvqs7mwC |title=The Riyaz̤u-s-salāt̤īn: A History of Bengal |last=Zaidpūrī |first=Ghulām Ḥusain (called Salīm) |date=1902 |publisher=Asiatic Society |page=384 |language=en |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827231546/https://books.google.com/books?id=4gg9Zvqs7mwC |archive-date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408160557/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm |archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Portrait of an accidental Nawab |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822062815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Mir Qasim.jpg|90px]]
| '' Itimad ud-Daulah''
| [[Mir Qasim]]
| 1720
| 20 October 1760 – 7 July 1763
| 8 May 1777<ref name="Mir Jafar Ali Khan - Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Mir Jafar Ali Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jafar_Ali_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703143931/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jafar_Ali_Khan |archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Mir Jafar (left) and Mir Miran (right).jpg|90px]]
| ''Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur''
| Mir Jafar
| 1691
| 25 July 1763 – 17 January 1765
| 17 January 1765<ref name="Mir Jafar Ali Khan - Banglapedia"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliothecaindi02indigoog |title=Bibliotheca Indica |date=1902 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/bibliothecaindi02indigoog/page/n426 397] |language=en |access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Nazam ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Najm ud-Daulah''
| [[Najmuddin Ali Khan]]
| 1750
| 5 February 1765 – 8 May 1766
| 8 May 1766<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-najam-ud-daulla.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Najam-ud-Daulla |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421182816/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-najam-ud-daulla.htm |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Saif ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Saif ud-Daulah''
| [[Najabut Ali Khan]]
| 1749
| 22 May 1766 – 10 March 1770
| 10 March 1770<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-saif-ud-daulla.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Saif-ud-Daulla |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421183156/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-saif-ud-daulla.htm |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|[[Ashraf Ali Khan]]
|1740
| 10 March 1770 – 24 March 1770
| 24 March 1770
|-
| [[File:Mubaraq ud-Daulah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Mubarak ud-Daulah''
| [[Mubarak Ali Khan]]
| 1759
| 21 March 1770 – 6 September 1793
| 6 September 1793<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Abdul Majed |author-link=Abdul Majed Khan |title=The Transition in Bengal, 1756-1775: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/transitioninbeng0000unse/page/224/mode/1up |url-access=registration |year=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |sbn=521-07124-0 |page=224}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Babar Ali.jpg|90px]]
| ''Azud ud-Daulah''
|[[Baber Ali Khan]]
|1760
| 1793 – 28 April 1810
| 28 April 1810<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-babar-ali.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Babar Ali Delair Jang |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203935/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-babar-ali.htm |archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ali Jah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Ali Jah''
| [[Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan]]
|1785
| 5 June 1810 – 6 August 1821
| 6 August 1821<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-ali-jah.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Ali Jah |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052017/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-ali-jah.htm |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/musnudofmurshida00maju |quote=Ali Jah Murshidabad. |title=The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad |last=Majumdar |first=Purna Chundra |date=1905 |publisher=Saroda Ray |pages=[https://archive.org/details/musnudofmurshida00maju/page/49 49] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Walla Jah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Walla Jah''
| [[Ahmad Ali Khan]]
|1760
| 1821 – 30 October 1824
| 30 October 1824<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-wala-jah.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Wala Jah |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021204215/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-wala-jah.htm |archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indianrecordswi00recogoog |title=Indian Records: With a Commercial View of the Relations Between the British Government and the Nawabs Nazim of Bengal, Behar and Orissa |date=1870 |publisher=G. Bubb |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianrecordswi00recogoog/page/n114 75] |language=en |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Humayun Jah''
| [[Mubarak Ali Khan II]]
| 29 September 1810
| 1824 – 3 October 1838
| 3 October 1838<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Humayun Jah |last=Paul |first=Gautam |website=murshidabad.net |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610063712/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm |archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/musnudofmurshida00maju |quote=Humayun Jah. |title=The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad |last=Majumdar |first=Purna Chundra |date=1905 |publisher=Saroda Ray |pages=[https://archive.org/details/musnudofmurshida00maju/page/50 50] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12IPDQAAQBAJ&q=Humayun+Jah&pg=PT570 |title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |date=13 September 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351997300 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Feradun Jah.jpg|90px]]
| ''Feradun Jah''
| [[Mansur Ali Khan]]
| 29 October 1830
| 29 October 1838 – 1 November 1880 (abdicated)
| 5 November 1884<ref name=feradun-jah />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Nawabs of Murshidabad]]
* [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]
* [[Battle of Plassey]]
* [[Bengal Presidency]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://murshidabad.net/history/history.php The arrival of the Nawabs their decline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213116/http://murshidabad.net/history/history.php |date=10 December 2015 }}
* [http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm History of the Nawabs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903091902/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |date=3 September 2012 }}
* [http://murshidabad.net/glossary/glossary-do-list_by_letter-letter-N.htm Official posts under the administration of the Nawabs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809090949/http://murshidabad.net/glossary/glossary-do-list_by_letter-letter-N.htm |date=9 August 2012 }}

{{Bengal Zamindars|state=collapsed}}

{{West Bengal}}
[[Category:1717 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Indian nobility]]
[[Category:Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Noble titles created in 1717]]

Siege of Lucknow

2026-03-06T21:51:55Z

ArcherMill7063: expanded details per standard format further and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Siege fought during the Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
{{redirect|Relief of Lucknow|the 1912 film|The Relief of Lucknow (film)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Lucknow
| image = 7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = 7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry in Lucknow
| partof = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
| date = 30 May – 27 November 1857
| place = Lucknow, [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| result = Initial British Defeat
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Awadh.svg|22px]] [[Oudh]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Henry Lawrence]]{{KIA}}
*Brigadier [[John E. W. Inglis|John Inglis]]
* [[Henry Havelock]]{{KIA|Dysentery}}
* [[James Outram (British officer)|James Outram]]
* [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]]
*[[James George Smith Neill]]{{KIA}}}}
| commander2 = Various commanders including:{{plainlist|
*[[Begum Hazrat Mahal]]
*[[Birjis Qadr]]
*[[Barkat Ahmad]]
*[[Ahmadullah Shah]]}}
| strength1 = 1,729 troops, rising to approx. 8,000
| strength2 = 5,000 men, rising to approx. 30,000
| casualties1 = 2,500 killed, wounded, missing
| casualties2 = Unknown|
}}
{{Campaign box India 1857}}

The '''siege of Lucknow''' was the prolonged defence of the British [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] within the city of Lucknow from rebel [[sepoy]]s (Indian soldiers in the British [[East India Company]]'s Army) during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. After two successive relief attempts had reached the city, the defenders and civilians were [[Emergency evacuation|evacuated]] from the Residency, which was then abandoned.

==Background to the siege==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2017}}
The state of [[Oudh State|Oudh]]/Awadh had been annexed by the British East India Company and the [[Nawab]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]] was exiled to Calcutta the year before the rebellion broke out. This high-handed action by the East India Company was greatly resented within the state and elsewhere in India. The first British Commissioner (in effect the governor) appointed to the newly acquired territory was Coverley Jackson. He behaved tactlessly, and [[Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Lawrence]], a very experienced administrator, took up the appointment only six weeks before the rebellion broke out.

The sepoys of the East India Company's [[Bengal Presidency]] Army had become increasingly troubled over the preceding years, feeling that their religion and customs were under threat from the evangelising activities of the company. Lawrence was well aware of the rebellious mood of the Indian troops under his command (which included several units of Oudh Irregulars, recruited from the former army of the state of Oudh). On 18 April, he warned the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]], [[Charles John Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], of some of the manifestations of discontent, and asked permission to transfer certain rebellious corps to another province.

The flashpoint of the rebellion was the introduction of the [[Pattern 1853 Enfield|Enfield rifle]]; the cartridges for this weapon were believed to be greased with a mixture of beef and pork fat, which was felt would defile both Hindu and Muslim Indian soldiers. On 1 May, the 7th Oudh Irregular Infantry refused to bite the cartridge, and on 3 May they were disarmed by other regiments.

On 10 May, the Indian soldiers at [[Meerut]] broke into open rebellion, and marched on Delhi. When news of this reached Lucknow, Lawrence recognised the gravity of the crisis and summoned from their homes two sets of pensioners, one of sepoys and one of artillerymen, to whose loyalty, and to that of the [[Sikh]] and some Hindu sepoys, the successful defence of the Residency was largely due.

==Rebellion begins==
[[File:Plan of Lucknow, Showing Operations in 1857-58.jpg|thumb|Contemporary plan of the movements during the siege and relief of Lucknow]]
[[File:Lucknow Intrenched Position of the British garrison map 1911.jpg|thumb|Lucknow, Intrenched Position of the British garrison map, 1911]]

On 23 May, Lawrence began fortifying the Residency and laying in supplies for a siege; large numbers of British civilians made their way there from outlying districts. On 30 May (the Muslim festival of [[Eid ul-Fitr]]), most of the Oudh and Bengal troops at Lucknow broke into open rebellion. In addition to his locally recruited pensioners, Lawrence also had the bulk of the British [[32nd Regiment of Foot]] available, and they were able to drive the rebels away from the city.

On 4 June, there was a rebellion at [[Sitapur]], a large and important station {{convert|51|mi|km}} from Lucknow. This was followed by another at [[Faizabad]], one of the most important cities in the province, and outbreaks at Daryabad, [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and [[Salon (India)|Salon]]. Thus, in the course of ten days, British authority in Oudh practically evaporated.

On 30 June, Lawrence learned that the rebels were gathering north of Lucknow and ordered a reconnaissance in force, despite the available intelligence being of poor quality. Although he had comparatively little military experience, Lawrence led the expedition himself. The expedition was not very well organised. The troops were forced to march without food or adequate water during the hottest part of the day at the height of summer, and at the [[Battle of Chinhat]] they met a well-organised rebel force, led by [[Barkat Ahmad]] with [[cavalry]] and dug-in artillery. Whilst they were under attack, some of Lawrence's sepoys and Indian artillerymen defected to the rebels, overturning their guns and cutting the [[Trace (tack)|traces]].<ref name=Porter484>Porter, 1889, p. 484</ref> His exhausted British soldiers retreated in disorder. Some died of [[heatstroke]] within sight of the Residency.

Lieutenant [[William George Cubitt]], 13th Native Infantry, was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] several years later, for his act of saving the lives of three men of the 32nd Regiment of Foot during the retreat. His was not a unique action; sepoys loyal to the British, especially those of the 13th Native Infantry, saved many British soldiers, even at the cost of abandoning their own wounded men, who were hacked to pieces by rebel sepoys.

As a result of the defeat, the detached turreted building, Machchhi Bhawan (Muchee Bowan), which contained {{bbl to t|200}} of gunpowder and a large supply of ball [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]], was blown up and the detachment withdrew to the Residency.<ref name=Porter484/>

==Initial attacks==
[[File:JohnInglisByWilliamGushNSProvinceHouse.JPG|thumb|left|Sir [[John Eardley Inglis]] by [[William Gush]]]]
[[File:SEE HE SAIDHERE IS ONE OF MY MONKEYS.gif|thumb|Lawrence showing his battery gun]]

Lawrence retreated into the Residency, where the [[Siege#Industrial advances|siege]] now began, with the Residency as the centre of the defences. The actual defended line was based on six detached smaller buildings and four entrenched batteries. The position covered some {{convert|60|acre|sqm}} of ground, and the garrison (855 British officers and soldiers, 712 Indians, 153 civilian volunteers, with 1,280 non-combatants, including hundreds of women and children) was too small to defend it effectively against a properly prepared and supported attack. Also, the Residency lay in the midst of several palaces, mosques and administrative buildings, as Lucknow had been the royal capital of Oudh for many years. Lawrence initially refused permission for these to be demolished, urging his engineers to "spare the holy places". During the siege, they provided good vantage points and cover for rebel sharpshooters and artillery.

One of the first bombardments following the beginning of the siege, on 30 June, caused a civilian to be trapped by a falling roof. Corporal [[William Oxenham]] of the 32nd Foot saved him while under intense musket and cannon fire, and was later awarded the Victoria Cross. The first attack was repulsed on 1 July. The next day, Lawrence was fatally wounded by a shell, dying on 4 July. Colonel [[John Eardley Inglis|John Inglis]] of the 32nd Regiment took military command of the garrison.<ref name=Porter485/> Major [[John Banks (major)|John Banks]] was appointed the acting Civil Commissioner by Lawrence. When Banks was killed by a sniper a short time later, Inglis assumed overall command.

About 8,000 sepoys who had joined the rebellion and several hundred retainers of local landowners surrounded the Residency. They had some modern guns and also some older pieces which fired all sorts of improvised missiles. There were several determined attempts to storm the defences during the first weeks of the siege, but the rebels lacked a unified command able to coordinate all the besieging forces.

The defenders, their number constantly reduced by military action as well as disease, were able to repulse all attempts to overwhelm them. On 5 August a rebel [[Tunnel warfare|mine]] was foiled; counter mining and offensive mining against two buildings brought successful results.<ref name=Porter485>Porter, 1889, p. 485</ref> Several sorties were mounted, attempting to reduce the effectiveness of the most dangerous rebel positions and to silence some of their guns. The Victoria Cross was awarded to several participants in these sorties: Captain [[Samuel Hill Lawrence]] and Private [[William Dowling (VC)|William Dowling]] of the 32nd Foot and Captain [[Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken]] of the 13th Native Infantry.

==First relief attempt==
[[File:7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry.jpg|7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry|thumb|left|300px]]
[[File:Crossing the Ganges into Oude (Awadh).jpg|thumb|Crossing the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] into [[Oudh]]]]
[[File:"Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, July 30th, 1857,.jpg|thumb|''Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow'', 30 July 1857]]

On 16 July, a force under Major General [[Henry Havelock]] recaptured [[Cawnpore]], {{convert|48|mi|km}} from Lucknow. On 20 July, he decided to attempt to relieve Lucknow, but it took six days to ferry his force of 1500 men across the [[Ganges River]]. On 29 July, Havelock won a battle at [[Unnao]], but casualties, disease and heatstroke reduced his force to 850 effectives, and he fell back.

Havelock managed to get a spy through to the Residency, telling them that two rockets would be fired at a certain time on the night when the relief force was ready to attack.<ref name=Porter486>Porter, 1889, p. 486</ref>

There followed a sharp exchange of letters between Havelock and the insolent Brigadier [[James George Smith Neill|James Neill]] who was left in charge at Cawnpore.<ref>Edwardes (1963), pp. 81–81</ref> Havelock eventually received 257 reinforcements and some more guns, and tried again to advance. He won another victory near Unao on 4 August, but was once again too weak to continue the advance, and retired.

Havelock intended to remain on the north bank of the Ganges, inside Oudh, and thereby prevent the large force of rebels which had been facing him from joining the siege of the Residency, but on 11 August, Neill reported that Cawnpore was threatened. To allow himself to retreat without being attacked from behind, Havelock marched again to Unao and won a third victory there. He then fell back across the Ganges, and destroyed the newly completed bridge. On 16 August, he defeated a rebel force at [[Bithoor|Bithur]], disposing of the threat to Cawnpore.

Havelock's retreat was tactically necessary, but caused the rebellion in Oudh to become a national revolt, as previously uncommitted landowners joined the rebels.

==First relief of Lucknow==
Havelock had been superseded in command by Major General [[James Outram (British officer)|Sir James Outram]]. Before Outram arrived at Cawnpore, Havelock made preparations for another relief attempt. He had earlier sent a letter to Inglis in the Residency, suggesting he cut his way out and make for Cawnpore. Inglis replied that he had too few effective troops and too many sick, wounded and non-combatants to make such an attempt. He also pleaded for urgent assistance. The rebels meanwhile continued to shell the garrison in the Residency, and also dug mines beneath the defences, which destroyed several posts. Although the garrison kept the rebels at a distance with sorties and counter-attacks, they were becoming weaker and food was running short.

Outram arrived at Cawnpore with reinforcements on 15 September. He allowed Havelock to command the relief force, accompanying it nominally as a volunteer until Lucknow was reached. The force numbered 3,179 and was composed of six British and one Sikh infantry battalions, with three artillery batteries, but only 168 volunteer cavalry. They were divided into two brigades, under Neill and Colonel Hamilton of the [[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th Highlanders]].

The advance resumed on 18 September. This time, the rebels did not make any serious stand in the open country, even failing to destroy some vital bridges. On 23 September, Havelock's force drove the rebels from the [[Alambagh]], a walled park four miles south of the Residency. Leaving the baggage with a small force in the Alambagh, he began the final advance on 25 September. Because of the [[monsoon]] rains, much of the open ground around the city was flooded or waterlogged, preventing the British making any outflanking moves and forcing them to make a direct advance through part of the city.

[[File:HavelockRelievesLucknow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''The Relief of Lucknow by [[Henry Havelock|General Havelock]]'', 25 September 1857. Engraving, 1858]]

The force met heavy resistance trying to cross the Charbagh Canal, but succeeded after nine out of ten men of a [[forlorn hope]] were killed storming a bridge. They then turned to their right, following the west bank of the canal. The 78th Highlanders took a wrong turning, but were able to capture a rebel battery near the [[Qaisarbagh]] palace, before finding their way back to the main force. After further heavy fighting, by nightfall the force had reached the Machchhi Bhawan. Outram proposed to halt and contact the defenders of the Residency by tunnelling and mining through the intervening buildings, but Havelock insisted on an immediate advance. (He feared that the defenders of the Residency were so weakened that they might still be overwhelmed by a last-minute rebel attack.) The advance was made through heavily defended narrow lanes. Neill was one of those killed by rebel musket fire. In all, the relief force lost 535 men out of 2000, incurred mainly in this last rush.

By the time of the relief, the defenders of the Residency had endured a siege of 87 days, and were reduced to 982 fighting personnel.

==Second siege==
Originally, Outram had intended to evacuate the Residency, but the heavy losses incurred during the final advance made it impossible to remove all the sick and wounded and non-combatants. Another factor which influenced Outram's decision to remain in Lucknow was the discovery of a large stock of supplies beneath the Residency, sufficient to maintain the garrison for two months. Lawrence had laid in the stores, but died before he had informed any of his subordinates (Inglis had feared that starvation was imminent).

Instead, the defended area was enlarged. Under Outram's overall command, Inglis took charge of the original Residency area, and Havelock occupied and defended the palaces (the Farhat Baksh and Chuttur Munzil) and other buildings east of it. Outram had hoped that the relief would also demoralise the rebels, but was disappointed. For the next six weeks, the rebels continued to subject the defenders to musket and artillery fire, and dug a series of mines beneath them. The defenders replied with sorties, as before, and dug [[counter-mine]]s. Twenty-one shafts were sunk and 3,291 feet of gallery were constructed by the defenders. The rebels dug 20 mines: three caused loss of life, two did no injury, seven were blown in, and seven were tunnelled into and their galleries taken over.<ref name=Porter486/>

[[File:kavanagh-lucknow.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|[[Thomas Henry Kavanagh]] being disguised as a sepoy during the siege of Lucknow, painted by [[Louis William Desanges]]]]

The defenders were able to send messengers to and from the Alambagh, from where in turn messengers could reach Cawnpore. (Later, a semaphore system made the risky business of sending messengers between the Residency and the Alambagh unnecessary.) A volunteer civil servant, [[Thomas Henry Kavanagh]], the son of a British soldier, disguised himself as a sepoy and ventured from the Residency aided by a local man named Kananji Lal. He and his scout crossed the entrenchments east of the city and reached the Alambagh to act as a guide to the next relief attempt. For this action, Kavanagh was awarded the Victoria Cross and was the first civilian in British history to be honoured with such an award for action during a military conflict.

==Preparations for second relief==
[[File:Grand Trunk Road.png|left|thumb|Grand Trunk Roads of northern India 1857.]]

The rebellion had involved a very wide stretch of territory in northern India. Large numbers of rebels had flocked to Delhi, where they proclaimed the restoration of the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Bahadur Shah II]]. A British army [[Siege of Delhi|besieged the city]] from the first week in June. On 10 September, they launched a storming attempt, and by 21 September they had captured the city. On 24 September, a column of 2,790 British, Sikh and Punjabi troops under Colonel Greathed of the [[8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot]] marched through the Lahore Gate to restore British rule from Delhi to Cawnpore. On 9 October, Greathed received urgent calls for help from a British garrison in the [[Agra Fort|Red Fort]] at [[Agra]]. He diverted his force to Agra, to find the rebels had apparently retreated. While his force rested, they were surprised and attacked by the rebel force, which had been close by. Nevertheless, they rallied, defeated and dispersed the rebel force. This [[Battle of Agra]] cleared all organised rebel forces from the area between Delhi and Cawnpore, although guerrilla bands remained.

Shortly afterwards, Greathed received reinforcements from Delhi, and was superseded in command by Major General [[James Hope Grant]]. Grant reached [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]] late in October, where he received orders from the new commander-in-chief in India, Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]], to proceed to the Alambagh, and transport the sick and wounded to Cawnpore. He was also strictly enjoined not to commit himself to any relief of Lucknow until Campbell himself arrived.

Campbell was 64 years old when he left England in July 1857 to assume command of the Bengal Army. By mid-August, he was in Calcutta preparing his departure upcountry. It was late October before all preparations were completed. Fighting his way up the Grand Trunk Road, Campbell arrived in Cawnpore on 3 November. The rebels held effective control of large parts of the countryside. Campbell considered, but rejected, securing the countryside before launching his relief of Lucknow. [[Siege of Cawnpore#Bibighar massacre|The massacre of British women and children following the capitulation of Cawnpore]] was still in recent memory. In British eyes, Lucknow had become a symbol of their resolve. Accordingly, Campbell left 1,100 troops in Cawnpore for its defence, leading 600 cavalry, 3,500 infantry and 42 guns to the Alambagh, in what [[Samuel Smiles]] described as an example of the [[women and children first (protocol)|"women and children first"]] protocol being applied.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smiles|first=Samuel|title=[[Self-Help (Smiles book)|Self-Help; with Illustrations of Character and Conduct]] |date=1859 |author-link=Samuel Smiles|isbn=1-4068-2123-3}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/935/935-h/935-h.htm 1897 edition at Project Gutenberg]</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2021}}

British warships were dispatched from Hong Kong to Calcutta. The marines and sailors of the ''[[HMS Shannon (1855)|Shannon]]'', ''Pearl'' and ''Sanspareil'' formed a [[Naval Brigade]] with the ships' guns (8-inch guns and 24-pounder howitzers) and fought their way from Calcutta until they met up with Campbell's force.

The strength of the rebels investing Lucknow has been widely estimated from 30,000 to 55,000. They were amply equipped, the sepoy regiments among them were well trained, and they had improved their defences in response to Havelock's and Outram's first relief of the Residency. The Charbagh Bridge used by Havelock and Outram just north of the Alambagh had been fortified. The Charbagh Canal from the Dilkusha Bridge to the Charbagh Bridge was dammed and flooded to prevent troops or heavy guns fording it. Cannon emplaced in entrenchments north of the [[Gumti River]] not only daily bombarded the besieged Residency but also enfiladed the only viable relief path. However, the lack of a unified command structure among the sepoys diminished the value of their superior numbers and strategic positions.

==Second relief==
[[File:Lucknow Map Campbell Relief Nov 1857.png|thumb|Route taken by Colin Campbell in November 1857 in his relief of Lucknow]]

At daybreak on 14 November, Campbell commenced his relief of Lucknow. He had made his plans on the basis of Kavanagh's information and the heavy loss of life experienced by the first Lucknow relief column. Rather than crossing the Charbagh Bridge and fighting through the tortuous, narrow streets of Lucknow, Campbell opted to make a flanking march to the east and proceed to Dilkusha Park. He would then advance to [[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martinière]] (a school for British and Anglo-Indian boys) and cross the canal as close to the River Gumti as possible. As he advanced, he would secure each position to protect his communications and supply train back to the Alambagh. He would then secure a walled enclosure known as the Secundrabagh and link up with the Residency, whose outer perimeter had been extended by Havelock and Outram to the Chuttur Munzil.

For {{convert|3|mi}} as the column moved to the east of the Alambagh, no opposition was encountered. When the relief column reached the Dilkusha park wall, the quiet ended with an outburst of musket fire. British cavalry and artillery quickly pushed past the park wall, driving the sepoys from the Dilkusha park. The column then advanced to La Martinière. By noon, the Dilkusha and La Martinière were in British hands.<ref>Porter, 1889, p. 487</ref> The defending sepoys vigorously attacked the British left flank from the Bank's House, but the British counter-attacked and drove them back into Lucknow.

The rapid advance of Campbell's column placed it far ahead of its supply caravan. The advance paused until the required stores of food, ammunition and medical equipment were brought forward. The request for additional ammunition from the Alambagh further delayed the relief column's march. On the evening of 15 November, the Residency was signalled by semaphore, "Advance tomorrow."

The next day, the relief column advanced from La Martinière to the northern point where the canal meets the Gumti River. The damming of the canal to flood the area beneath the Dilkuska Bridge had left the canal dry at the crossing point. The column and guns advanced forward and then turned sharp left to Secundra Bagh.

===Storming of Secundra Bagh===
{{Main|Sikandar Bagh|l1 = Secundra Bagh}}

[[File:THE 93RD HIGHLANDERS CLEARING THE SECUNDER BAGH BEFORE LUCKNOW.gif|thumb|The 93rd Highlanders clearing the Secunder Bagh]]

The Secundra Bagh is a high-walled garden approximately 120 yards square, with parapets at each corner and a main entry gate arch on the southern wall. Campbell's column approached along a road that ran parallel to the eastern wall of the garden. The advancing column of infantry, cavalry and artillery had difficulty manoeuvering in the cramped village streets. They were afforded some protection from the intense fire raining down on them by a high road embankment that faced the garden. Musket fire came from loopholes in the Secundra Bagh and nearby fortified cottages, and cannon shot from the distant Kaisarbagh (the former King of Oudh's palace). Campbell positioned artillery to suppress this incoming fire. Heavy [[18-pounder long gun|18-pounder]] artillery was also hauled by rope and hand over the steep road embankment and placed within {{convert|60|yd}} of the enclosure. Although significant British casualties were sustained in these manoeuvres, the cannon fire breached the southeastern wall.

[[File:Lucknow, India; the Secundra Bagh showing damage done Wellcome V0037679.jpg|thumb|The interior of the [[Sikandra Bagh|Secundra Bagh]], several months after its storming during the second relief – albumen silver print by [[Felice Beato]]]]

Elements of the Scottish [[93rd Regiment of Foot|93rd Highlanders]] and [[4th Punjab Infantry Regiment]] rushed forward.
Finding the breach too small to accommodate the mass of troops, the Punjab Infantry moved to the left and overran the defences at the main garden gateway. Once inside, the Punjabis, many of whom were Sikhs, emptied their muskets and resorted to the bayonet. Sepoys responded with counter-attacks. Highlanders pouring in by the breach shouted, "Remember Cawnpore!" Gradually the din of battle waned. The dwindling force of defenders moved northward until retreat was no longer possible. The British numbered the sepoy dead at nearly 2000.

===Storming of the Shah Najaf===
By late noon, a detachment of the relief column led by Adrian Hope disengaged from the Secundra Bagh and moved towards the Shah Najaf. The Shah Najaf, a walled mosque, is the mausoleum of [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]], the first king of Oudh in 1814. The defenders had heavily fortified this multi-story position. When the full force of the British column was brought to bear on the Shah Najaf, the sepoys responded with unrelenting musketry, cannon grape shot and supporting cannon fire from the Kaisarbagh, as well as oblique cannon fire from secured batteries north of the Gumti River. From heavily exposed positions, for three hours the British directed strong cannon fire on the stout walls of the Shah Najaf. The walls remained unscathed, the sepoy fire was unrelenting and British losses mounted. Additional British assaults failed, with heavy losses.

[[File:Ruins of Residency Lucknow - 1880's.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the Lucknow Residency in the 1880s]]

However, retiring from their exposed positions was deemed equally dangerous by the British command. Fifty Highlanders were dispatched to seek an alternate access route to the Shah Najaf. Discovering a breach in the wall on the opposite side of the fighting, sappers were brought forward to widen the breach. The small advance party pushed through the opening, crossed the courtyard and opened the main gates. Seeing the long sought opening, their comrades rushed forth into the Shah Najaf. Campbell made his headquarters in the Shah Najaf by nightfall.

===Residency reached===
Within the besieged residency, Havelock and Outram completed their preparations to link up with Campbell's column. Positioned in the Chuttur Munzil, they executed their plan to blow open the outer walls of the garden once they could see that the Secundra Bagh was in Campbell's hands.

The Moti Mahal, the last major position that separated the two British forces, was cleared by charges from Campbell's column. Only an open space of {{convert|450|yd|m}} now separated the two forces. Outram, Havelock and some other officers ran across the space to confer with Campbell, before returning. Stubborn resistance continued as the sepoys defended their remaining positions, but repeated efforts by the British cleared these last pockets of resistance. The second relief column had reached the Residency.

==The evacuation==
Although Outram and Havelock both recommended storming the Kaisarbagh palace to secure the British position, Campbell knew that other rebel forces were threatening Cawnpore and other cities held by the British, and he ordered Lucknow to be abandoned. The evacuation began on 19 November. While Campbell's artillery bombarded the Kaisarbagh to deceive the rebels that an assault on it was imminent, canvas screens were erected to shield the open space from the rebels' view. The women, children and sick and wounded made their way to the Dilkusha Park under cover of these screens, some in a variety of carriages or on litters, others on foot. Over the next two days, Outram spiked his guns and withdrew after them.

At the Dilkusha Park, Havelock died (of a sudden attack of dysentery) on 24 November. The entire army and convoy now moved to the [[Alambagh]]. Campbell left Outram with 4,000 men to defend the Alambagh,<ref>Porter, 1889, p. 489</ref> while he himself moved with 3,000 men and most of the civilians to Cawnpore on 27 November.

==Aftermath==

The first siege had lasted 87 days, the second siege a further 61.

The rebels were left in control of Lucknow over the following winter, but were prevented from undertaking any other operations by their own lack of unity and by Outram's hold on Alambagh, which was easily defended. Campbell returned to retake Lucknow, with the attack starting on 6 March. By 21 March 1858 all fighting had ceased.<ref>Porter, 1889, p. 493</ref>
[[File:Inglis's Quarters.png|thumb|right|Inglis' Quarters in the ruins of Residency in Lucknow, circa 2014]]

During the siege, the [[Union Jack]] had flown day and night (against the usual practice, which is to strike national flags at dusk), as it was nailed to the flagpole. After the British re-took control of Lucknow, by special dispensation (unique within the [[British Empire]]), the Union Jack was flown 24 hours a day on the Residency's flagpole, for the rest of the time the British held India. The day before India became independent, the flag was lowered, the flagpole cut down, and the base removed and cemented over, to prevent any other flag from ever being flown there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-last-flag/502331/ |title=The Last Flag |work=The Indian Express |date=15 August 2009 |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>

The largest number of [[Victoria Cross]]es awarded in a single day was the 24 earned on 16 November, during the second relief,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.941 |title=Collections search | Imperial War Museums |publisher=Collections.iwm.org.uk |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091522/http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.941 |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> the bulk of these being for the assault on the Secundrabagh. Among the recipients was [[William Hall (VC)|William Hall]], a Black Nova Scotian, for manning a gun at the Shah Najaf action despite the loss of all but one of his crew mates.

The [[Indian Mutiny Medal]] had three clasps relating to Lucknow:
# Defence of Lucknow, awarded to the original defenders – 29 June to 22 November 1857
# Relief of Lucknow, awarded to the relief force – November 1857
# Lucknow, awarded to troops in the final capture of Lucknow – November 1857

==Representation in popular culture==
* [[The Relief of Lucknow (1912 film)|The Relief of Lucknow]] was a silent film, filmed in 1911 at [[Prospect Camp, Bermuda|Prospect Camp]], [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's Town]] and other locations in [[Bermuda]] by the [[Edison Company]] and released in 1912.<ref>[http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/node/1836 ''Relief of Luvknow''. Colonial Film]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0404367/?ref_=ttpl_pl_tt ''Relief of Lucknow''. IMDB]</ref>
* The siege, with significant differences, was fictionalised in [[J. G. Farrell]]'s ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]''. He made extensive use of memoirs and journals of survivors of the Siege, such as those of Mrs Julia Inglis and Mrs Maria Germon.
* [[Dion Boucicault]]'s ''Jessie Brown or the Relief of Lucknow'' was a play written immediately after the events and was very popular in the theatre, playing for twenty years.
* [[Maxwell Gray]]'s 1891 ''In the Heart of the Storm'' is set partially in Lucknow during the siege.
* [[G. A. Henty]]'s ''In Times of Peril'' and [[George MacDonald Fraser]]'s ''[[Flashman in the Great Game]]'' also contain lengthy scenes set in the Residency during the siege. The main character, Flashman, even makes reference to [[Thomas Jones Barker|Thomas Jones Barker's]] painting and claims he's the soldier holding his hand out.
* [[Mark Twain]]'s non-fiction book ''[[Following the Equator]]'' devotes an entire chapter to the rebellion, quoting extensively from Sir [[G. O. Trevelyan]].
* [[M. M. Kaye]]'s ''Shadow of the Moon'' (copyright 1956/1979) is a fictional account of the last days of East India Company rule in India with many scenes set in Lucknow and environs. Most of the latter part of the book is set in Lucknow during the Siege.
* The plot of [[Philip Pullman]]'s ''[[Ruby in the Smoke]]'' relies heavily on fictional events that supposedly occurred during the siege.
* [[Anurag Kumar]]'s ''Recalcitrance'' is mostly based on the part played by commoners during the siege. It describes the siege as well as the final relief. It is almost entirely based on the events in Lucknow. It also describes the part played by [[Raja Jai Lal Singh]], a commander of revolutionary forces whose contributions were highlighted for the first time by the author through newspaper articles. His contributions caused a memorial park to be built around the place where this mysterious revolutionary soldier was hanged at the end of the Great Uprising of 1857. The novel was first published in 2008 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the mutiny.
* Valerie Fitzgerald's novel ''Zemindar'' is set in the lead up to and siege of Lucknow with the evacuation, seen from perspective of women in the Residency.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Valerie |last=Fitzgerald |year=2014 |orig-year=1981 |title=Zemindar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu6OBAAAQBAJ |location=London |publisher=Head of Zeus |isbn=9781781859537 |oclc=8751836}}</ref>
* In the British television series ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' (Season 2, Episode 1), the Dowager Countess, Violet Crawley, tells her granddaughter during World War I, "War deals out strange tasks. Remember your great-aunt Roberta...She loaded the guns at Lucknow."
* The arrival of the second relief force is the subject of "The Relief of Lucknow", by [[Robert Traill Spence Lowell]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert Traill Spence |last=Lowell |author-link=Robert Traill Spence Lowell |year=1880 |chapter=The Relief of Lucknow |url=http://www.bartleby.com/371/477.html |title=Parnassus: An Anthology of Poetry |editor1-first=Ralph Waldo |editor1-last=Emerson |editor1-link=Ralph Waldo Emerson |publisher=[[Bartleby.com]] |access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[William McGonagall]]'s poem ''The Capture of Lucknow'' also describes the events of the second relief.<ref>{{cite web |first=William |last=McGonagall |title=The Capture of Lucknow |date=1885 |website=McGonagall Online |url=http://www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk/gems/the-capture-of-lucknow}}</ref>
* The 1981 Indian film ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' depicts the siege from the perspective of a [[nautch]] dancer in Lucknow.
* [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Alfred Lord Tennyson's]] "The Defence of Lucknow" presents the whole narrative from the imperialist point of view.

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{EB1911 |wstitle=Indian Mutiny, The |volume=14}}
*Edwardes, Michael, ''A Season in Hell: The Defence of the Lucknow Residency'', Hamish Hamilton, 1973
*Edwardes, Michael, ''Battles of the Indian Mutiny'', Pan, 1963, {{ISBN|0-330-02524-4}}
*Forbes-Mitchell, William. ''The Relief of Lucknow''. London: Folio Society, 1962. {{OCLC|200654}}
*[[George William Forrest|Forrest, G. W.]], ''A History of the Indian Mutiny Volumes 1–3'', Edinburgh and London: William Black and Son, 1904, reprinted 2006, {{ISBN|978-81-206-1999-9}} and {{ISBN|978-81-206-2001-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Greenwood|first=Adrian|title=Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde |author-link=Adrian Greenwood
|year=2015|publisher=History Press | place=UK | page=496 |isbn =978-0-75095-685-7| url=http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html}}
*Hibbert, Christopher, ''The Great Mutiny'', Christopher Hibbert, Penguin, 1978, {{ISBN|0-14-004752-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889|publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}
*Wolseley, Field Marshal Viscount, ''Story of a Soldier's Life Volume 1'', London: Archibald Constable & Company 1903

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
'''First person accounts:'''
* Bartrum, Katherine Mary. [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/bartrum/lucknow/lucknow.html ''A Widow's Reminiscences of the Siege of Lucknow.''], London: James Nisbet & Co., 1858. Online at [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/writers.html A Celebration of Women Writers.]
* [[Julia Selina Inglis|Inglis, Julia Selina]], Lady, 1833–1904, [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/inglis/lucknow/lucknow.html ''The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary''], London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co., 1892. Online at [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/writers.html A Celebration of Women Writers.]
* Rees, L. E. Ruutz. [https://archive.org/details/apersonalnarrat00reesgoog ''A personal narrative of the siege of Lucknow''], Oxford University Press, 1858. Digital copy on Google Books.
{{Gutenberg|no=47814|name=A Diary Kept by Mrs. R. C. Germon, at Lucknow}}
'''Other:'''
* [[Alfred Tennyson]]'s "The Defence of Lucknow", is poem depicting the events leading up to the day of the first relief.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Siege of Lucknow}}
* [http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/lucknow.htm ''Pakistan Defence Journal'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022254/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/lucknow.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}.

{{Lucknow division topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|26.8606|N|80.9158|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucknow, Siege of}}
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]
[[Category:History of Lucknow]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century sieges]]

Dhobi Ghat (film)

2026-03-06T10:14:12Z

ArcherMill7063: general refine information as per guidelines further and updated info

{{short description|2010 film directed by Kiran Rao}}
{{redirect|Mumbai Diaries|television series|Mumbai Diaries 26/11}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhobi Ghat
| image = Dhobi Ghat Movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kiran Rao]]
| writer = Kiran Rao
| producer = [[Aamir Khan]]<br />Kiran Rao
| starring = [[Prateik Babbar|Prateik]]<br />[[Monica Dogra]]<br />[[Kriti Malhotra]]<br />Aamir Khan
| cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray
| editing = Nishant Radhakrishnan
| music = [[Gustavo Santaolalla]]
| studio = Aamir Khan Productions
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|9||[[2010 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2011|01|21|India}}<ref name=Aamir/>
| runtime = 102 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|title=Dhobi Ghat (Mumbai Diaries)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhobi-ghat-mumbai-diaries-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtoty3mti2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809073531/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhobi-ghat-mumbai-diaries-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtoty3mti2|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2021|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi<br />English
| budget = {{INR}}40 crores<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dhobi-ghat-made-double-money-2391542 | title='Dhobi Ghat' made double the money it had cost: Aamir }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}25.6 crores<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=45|title=Dhobi Ghat - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328175203/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=45|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Dhobi Ghat''''' ({{translation|The washerman's [[ghat]]}}), released internationally as '''''Mumbai Diaries'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/21/movies/21roundup-DHOBIGHATMUM_RVW.html|title='Dhobi Ghat (Bombay Diaries)' Movie Review|first=Rachel|last=Saltz|work=The New York Times|date=20 January 2011|via=NYTimes.com|archive-date=2 October 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002095844/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/21/movies/21roundup-DHOBIGHATMUM_RVW.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and '''''Bombay Diaries''''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.videobuster.de/dvd-bluray-verleih/177154/bombay-diaries|title=BOMBAY DIARIES|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613142530/https://www.videobuster.de/dvd-bluray-verleih/177154/bombay-diaries|url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2010 Indian [[drama film]] directed by [[Kiran Rao]] in her directorial debut. The film was produced by Rao and [[Aamir Khan]], and stars [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Monica Dogra]], [[Kriti Malhotra]] and Khan in the lead roles.<ref name=Aamir>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aamir-turns-a-painter-in-Dhobighat/H1-Article1-492984.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100531155204/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aamir-turns-a-painter-in-Dhobighat/H1-Article1-492984.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 31 May 2010 |title= Aamir turns a painter in Dhobighat |date= 2 January 2010 |work= Hindustan Times |access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/gupshup/2008/aamir-kiran-dhobi-ghaat-221108.html |title=Aamir delays wife Kiran's Dhobi Ghaat |publisher=Oneindia |date=22 November 2008 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303034130/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2008/aamir-kiran-dhobi-ghaat-221108.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=debut>{{cite web |url= http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/feb/230209-Dhobi-Ghaat-Kiran-Rao-local-trains-railway-station-Mumbai-terror-attack-Pratiek-Babbar.htm |title= Aamir Khan's wife Kiran Rao's directorial debut, Dhobi Ghaat's shoot stuck |author= Sonal Chawla |date= 23 February 2009 |work= Mid-Day |access-date= 19 January 2010 |archive-date= 18 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130918003031/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/feb/230209-Dhobi-Ghaat-Kiran-Rao-local-trains-railway-station-Mumbai-terror-attack-Pratiek-Babbar.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] was signed to compose the score and soundtrack of the film, which includes a song by [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]].<ref name="crawdaddy">{{cite web|title=What Makes A Legend: Ryuichi Sakamoto|author=Denise Sullivan|work=[[Crawdaddy!]]|date=13 May 2011|url=http://www.crawdaddy.com/index.php/2011/05/13/what-makes-a-legend-ryuichi-sakamoto/|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515103440/http://www.crawdaddy.com/index.php/2011/05/13/what-makes-a-legend-ryuichi-sakamoto/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Dhobi Ghat'' had its world premiere in September 2010 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news |url= http://movies.indiatimes.com/news-gossip/news/Kiran-Raos-Dhobi-Ghat-to-be-premiered-at-Toronto-fest/articleshow/6226950.cms |title= Kiran Rao's 'Dhobi Ghat' to be premiered at Toronto fest |date= 28 July 2010 |work= The Times of India |access-date= 31 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801052903/http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Kiran-Raos-Dhobi-Ghat-to-be-premiered-at-Toronto-fest/articleshow/6226950.cms |archive-date= 1 August 2010 |url-status= dead }}</ref> and was released on 21 January 2011 in cinemas. The film being mainly tagged as an [[Art film|art]] and [[Parallel Cinema|parallel]] cinema was critically well-received, although it was an average performer at the box office. The film was longlisted for the [[65th British Academy Film Awards|65th BAFTA Awards]] in the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]] category.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/06/baftas-2012-longlist |title=Baftas 2012 longlist |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 July 2013 |location=London |date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Arun, a reclusive artist, moves into a run-down flat in the older part of [[Mumbai]]. After attending an [[art exhibition|exhibition]] of his works, he meets Shai, an American banker who has come to Mumbai to devote time to her hobby, photography, and takes her back to his flat, where they have a [[one-night stand]]. The next morning, Arun expresses his disinterest in continuing the relationship, and Shai angrily storms out.

Shortly after, Zohaib “Munna” Shaikh, a ''dhobi'' (washerman) who dreams about getting a break in [[Bollywood]], arrives to deliver Arun's laundry. Arun moves into a new apartment the next day. While unpacking, he finds a small container that had been left by the previous tenant, Yasmin, of the apartment. In it, he finds a silver chain, a ring, and three videotapes (Pehli chitti, Doosri chitti and Aakhri chitti) by Yasmin Noor. The tapes turn out to be video diaries through which Yasmin communicates with her brother. In the tape, she is generally happy and shows her apartment, which is the same one Arun is occupying now. The next morning, Arun is informed by his manager that art dealers, impressed with his art, have decided to open a gallery in Sydney featuring his works. Arun is pleased by this, as it would also give him a chance to visit his ex-wife and child, settled in Australia. He begins to work on a new painting.

When Munna delivers laundry to Shai's house, they meet and soon become friends. Munna agrees to show Shai around Mumbai and help her gather photographs about the occupations of the poor. In return, Shai agrees to shoot a [[Career portfolio|portfolio]] of Munna to help him get into the film industry. Arun continues watching Yasmin's tapes and learns more about her life, including that she has recently married a man who seems distant. Shai obtains Arun's new address from Munna. Shai's father's construction company is constructing a building opposite Arun's apartment. Shai starts shooting photos of Arun from the construction site without Arun being aware of it.

Munna continues struggling to find work in films. To earn a living, he washes clothes by day and kills rats by night. He disapproves of his brother's criminal activity but they are close, and Munna's brother uses his underworld contacts to try to get Munna a break in the industry. In the meantime, Munna shows Shai the different facets of Mumbai, including the ''dhobi ghaat'', where he works as a launderer. Munna develops feelings for Shai but is unable to express them, mostly because of his working-class status. One day, Arun spots Shai nearby and invites her to his house. He apologizes for their first meeting. Munna sees them together and feels betrayed but Shai is able to convince him to keep helping her. One night, while Munna is at his rat-killing job, Shai sees him and takes pictures. Dismayed, Munna flees from her.

Arun watches the final video by Yasmin. Her tone has changed considerably since the previous tape, in which she revealed learning that her husband was in an extramarital affair. She strongly indicates that she intends to commit suicide. Shaken by the knowledge that Yasmin might have hanged herself in that very room, Arun flees the apartment and moves into a new one. Munna arrives home to find that his brother has been killed. He and his family relocate to a new flat and Munna visits his brother's contact in the film industry to show him his portfolio.

Arun studies the painting he has been working on, which is now complete. Yasmin is prominently featured along with other things she had left behind. Shortly after, Shai finds Munna and Munna again tries to flee her, but she catches up with him. She insists upon their friendship and asks about Arun's whereabouts. Still hurt, Munna lies to her and they exchange an abrupt farewell before Shai leaves. Moments later, Munna changes his mind and runs after Shai's car, weaving through the traffic. The film ends when Munna catches up to the car and gives Shai Arun's new address.

==Cast==
* [[Prateik Smita Patil]] as Zohaib "Munna" Shaikh
* [[Monica Dogra]] as Shai Edulji
* [[Kriti Malhotra]] as Yasmin Noor
* [[Aamir Khan]] as Arun
* [[Kitu Gidwani]] as Vatsala
* [[Danish Husain|Danish Hussain]] as Salim
* Jehan Manekshaw as Pesi
* Ashok Varma as Yasmin's Husband
* Nafisa Amin Khan as Amma
* Sunny Charles as a taxi driver
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as guest at art gallery

== Music ==

The soundtrack of the film was composed by Academy Award-winning [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] and includes a song by [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]]. All of the songs were only included in the film. No soundtrack of ''Dhobi Ghat'' was released in the market.<ref>{{cite web|title="I don't think Dhobi Ghat will appeal to traditional Indian audiences" - Aamir|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/20/7031/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123222528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/20/7031/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref>
{{Track listing | headline = | extra_column = | total_length = | all_writing = | all_lyrics = | all_music = | writing_credits = | lyrics_credits = | music_credits = | title1 = Stranger Lives| note1 = | writer1 = | lyrics1 =[[Gustavo Santaolalla]] | music1 = | extra1 = | length1 = 7:33| title2 = You With Me| note2 = | writer2 = | lyrics2 =[[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] | music2 = | extra2 = | length2 = 6:45| title3 = Ghat Kaisi | note3 = | writer3 = | lyrics3 =Monica Dogra and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] | music3 = | extra3 = | length3 = 3:12}}Two other songs included in the movie are "Ab Ke Sawaan Ghar Aazaa" which is a [[thumri]] in [[Raga Tilak Kamod]] sung by [[Begum Akhtar]] and "Dil Tadap Tadap Ke Kah Raha Hai Aa Bhi Ja" which is from the film ''[[Madhumati]]'' and sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].

==Production==
In an interview, Rao expressed that the film was meant to be a tribute to Mumbai and that she sought to reveal other sides of the city not often portrayed.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?multimedia_cityscape_interview_with_dhobi_ghats_kiran_rao_and_aamir_khan_16299.aspx | title = Multimedia Cityscape: interview with Dhobi Ghat's Kiran Rao and Aamir Khan | publisher = Asia Pacific Arts | date = 21 January 2011}}</ref>
The film was shot in Mumbai using [[Guerrilla filmmaking|"guerilla"]] techniques.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/64754.aspx |title= Aamir Khan: The box-office economist |author= Sanjukta Shamra |date= 24 July 2010 |work= [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date= 31 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801021615/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/64754.aspx |archive-date= 1 August 2010 |url-status= usurped }}</ref> Due to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], shooting was delayed when, citing safety concerns, the government denied Rao permission to shoot scenes at a railway station.<ref name="debut"/> According to the director, Mumbai is the "fifth character" in ''Dhobi Ghat''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai is the fifth character in my film, says Kiran Rao|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-is-the-fifth-character-in-my-film-sa/718518/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=30 January 2011|date=1 December 2010}}</ref>

The movie was shot at skycrapers under construction, Mohammed Ali markets, sea facing bungalows at [[Worli]], [[Dhobi Ghat]] at [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]], Chowpatty and [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]. No special sets were constructed to shoot the movie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai is the Fifth Character in Dhobi Ghat: Kiran Rao|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?703245|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717211425/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?703245|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=21 January 2011|date=1 December 2010}}</ref> The movie was released in 2 versions. The original version is around 40% English, while the second version has all dialogue dubbed in Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Two thumbs up|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/two-thumbs-up/729251/2|work=The Indian Express|author=Pooja Pillai|date=25 December 2010}}</ref>

Rapid Eye Movies, a German distributor bought the rights for the film's theatrical release in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhobi Ghat to release in Germany|url=http://ticketplease.com/news/bollywood_movie/story/Dhobi_Ghat_to_release_in_Germany.aspx|publisher=Ticket Please News Desk|access-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054340/http://ticketplease.com/news/bollywood_movie/story/Dhobi_Ghat_to_release_in_Germany.aspx|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Dhobi Ghat'' was released in theatres without an [[intermission]], becoming one of the few Indian films to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Do-we-need-the-intermission/articleshow/7326530.cms|title=Do we need the intermission?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2011|archive-date=28 April 2016|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428120759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Do-we-need-the-intermission/articleshow/7326530.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
In spite of some expletives, the film was originally passed with a U/A certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], but Khan did not want "parents to come with their eight year olds for it", and hence got it re-certified with an A certificate. He felt this was him "reducing his audience by half".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/even-my-daughter-can-t-see-the-film/story-o9Q9KFvGgsfULXCUlAw0oI.html|title='Even my daughter can't see the film'|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> On the other hand, the film received a 12A classification from the [[British Board of Film Classification]] for theatrical release,<ref name=BBFC/> and a 12 rating for home video release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhobi-ghat-mumbai-diaries-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mjmwmdq|title=Dhobi Ghat (Mumbai Diaries)|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Upon release, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, and review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gave the film a score of 70%, with an average score of 6.8/10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhobi Ghat Movie Review|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhobi_ghat/|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=20 April 2016|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331112452/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhobi_ghat|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bhawana Somaaya]], senior editor of ''Ticket Please'' gave the film a five out of five stars, stating that "Rao portrays the drudgery and the magnificence of the city in unforgettable imageries". She also says that "There is no doubting that Dhobi Ghat is amongst the most significant films in the history of Indian cinema"<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhobi Ghat Review: Dhobi Ghat is unforgettable|url=http://ticketplease.com/review/bollywood_movie/story/Dhobi_Ghat_is_unforgettable.aspx|publisher=Ticket Please News Desk|access-date=23 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054257/http://ticketplease.com/review/bollywood_movie/story/Dhobi_Ghat_is_unforgettable.aspx|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Blessy Chettiar, film critic of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' wrote, "With Dhobi Ghat, Kiran Rao finally gives Mumbai a film that represents its true hues and tints."<ref>{{cite web|title=Despite refreshing performances, Dhobi Ghat is a letdown|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-despite-refreshing-performances-dhobi-ghat-is-a-letdown_1497248|publisher=DNA|access-date=23 January 2011|archive-date=23 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123032940/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-despite-refreshing-performances-dhobi-ghat-is-a-letdown_1497248|url-status=live}}</ref> Mathures Paul of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' gave the film four stars out of five noting that, "''Dhobi Ghat'' is part atmospheric portrait, part video diary that has enough heart-breaking moments you don't want to watch. But neither can you look away".<ref>{{cite web|title=Intimate divides|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=356456&catid=47|work=The Statesman|access-date=23 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913194104/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=356456&catid=47|archive-date=13 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Pratim D. Gupta]] of [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] compared ''Dhobi Ghat'' with [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Charulata]]'' in the way that the five characters, including Mumbai, operate like a string quintet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Pratim D.|title=Salaam Mumbai|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110122/jsp/entertainment/story_13477408.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911163633/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110122/jsp/entertainment/story_13477408.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2012|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 January 2011|location=Calcutta, India|date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film three and a half stars stating, "Bombay, is the centre of this film's attention. It's probably the only city in the world where so many classes so closely merge into a common river of sorrows, beauty or hope: unaware of how each affects the other every day. This film is first-rate tribute; it's visceral, I realize -- both clichés for compliments. Nothing more appropriate comes to mind."<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Dhobi Ghat|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Dhobi-Ghat/Article1-653088.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124015731/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Dhobi-Ghat/Article1-653088.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2011|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of [[NDTV]] gave the film three stars, stating, "If you are willing to have patience, Dhobi Ghat comes together nicely. It has a poetry and melancholy that stays with you."<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Dhobi Ghat|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=590|publisher=NDTV|access-date=23 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123233855/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=590|archive-date=23 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Dhobi Ghat is a Poetry on Canvas!" said Swati Deogire of The ILIKE Times giving it a 3.5/5"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tiltindia.com/tiltertainment/chalti-hai-kya-9-se-12-/141-dhobi-ghat-movie-review |title=A Poetry on Canvas |publisher=Tiltindia.com |date=22 January 2011 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321134958/http://tiltindia.com/tiltertainment/chalti-hai-kya-9-se-12-/141-dhobi-ghat-movie-review |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gaurav Malani of ''[[Indiatimes|India Times Movies]]'' gave the film two stars, stating "Dhobi Ghat is a pretentious attempt at producing an arthouse piece".<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhobi Ghat: Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Dhobi-Ghat-Movie-Review/articleshow/7325435.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=23 January 2011|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420041058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhobi-ghat-movie-review/articleshow/7325435.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box office==
In spite of being an [[art film]] with dark theme, Dhobi Ghat grossed {{INRConvert|140|m}} after its theatrical run in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=20 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120235454/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings|archive-date=20 January 2011}}</ref> Besides, Dhobi Ghat did well in the overseas markets including USA, UK and Dubai collecting {{INRConvert|42.5|m}} after the second weekend.<ref>{{cite web |author=ApunKaChoice |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100004480-box_office_report_dil_toh_baccha_hai_ji_average_dhobi_ghat_is_good_overseas/ |title=Box office report - 'Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji' average, 'Dhobi Ghat' is good overseas | Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji |publisher=ApunKaChoice.com |date=1 February 2011 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118014602/http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100004480-box_office_report_dil_toh_baccha_hai_ji_average_dhobi_ghat_is_good_overseas/ |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The movie completed its overseas theatrical run with a collection of about $2.6 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2491&nCat=overseas_report |title=Dil Toh Bachcha Hai Ji Is Poor Overseas Yamla Pagla Deewana Semi Hit |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=2 February 2010 |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203162847/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2491&nCat=overseas_report |archive-date=3 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Aamir Khan commented on Dhobi Ghat's success saying, "I am very happy with ''Dhobi Ghat's'' collection. Films like 'Dhobi Ghat' are really breaking grounds. It's a very unusual film and the kind of business it has done is huge for this kind of film. The kind of budget the film was made at, it's a very successful film. It made double the money it had cost us to make the film.".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/134372/dhobi-ghat-made-double-money.html | title='Dhobi Ghat' made double the money it had cost: Aamir | date=3 February 2011 | archive-date=20 March 2018 | access-date=14 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043948/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/134372/dhobi-ghat-made-double-money.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Boxofficeindia.com declared the film as "Average".

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dhobighatfilm.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1433810|Dhobi Ghat}}

{{Aamir Khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhobi Ghat}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gustavo Santaolalla]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about artists]]
[[Category:Films about fictional painters]]
[[Category:Aamir Khan Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kiran Rao]]
[[Category:Guerrilla filmmaking]]

Bhai Bhai (1997 film)

2026-03-03T23:28:21Z

ArcherMill7063: revised

{{short description|1997Hindi action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhai Bhai
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sikander Bharti
| producer = [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]
| writer = Janak-Hriday
| starring = [[Manek Bedi]]<br/>[[Samrat Mukherjee]]<br/>[[Ritu Shivpuri]]<br/>[[Megha]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>[[Aadesh Srivastava]]<br/>'''Score:'''<br/>[[Surinder Sodhi]]
| cinematography = Siba Mishra
| editing = Nandkumar
| studio = Vishal Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|11|14}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Bhai Bhai''''' (translation: Brother Brother) is a 1997 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by Sikander Bharti and produced by [[Pahlaj Nihalani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhai Bhai (1997) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bhai-bhai-8225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815130653/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bhai-bhai-8225|url-status=live|archive-date=15 August 2020|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmlinks4u.is/bhai-bhai-1997-hindi-movie-watch-online.html|title=Bhai Bhai (1997)|website=filmlinks4u.is|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mafia don Jagraj wants to destroy the peace of [[India]] and capture [[Kashmir]]. He sends his right hand Goga to spread communal violence all over the country. The henchmen incite riots between Hindus and Muslims. Raghu is one of them, but in this course of action, his child gets killed. Ex-freedom fighter Haji Sahib prays to the communities to stop the bloody riot and finally succeeds. Broken-hearted, Raghu comes to Haji and informs that riots were pre-planned, Haji's close associate Mahadev is involved with mastermind Mafia Jagraj. Initially, Haji does not believe it, but Raghu hands over a secret file to him before committing suicide. Haji challenges Mahadev about his works. While he tries to make Mahadev confess, Goga kills Haji. Now Goga deputes two friends, namely Veeru and Akbar to find that secret file.

==Cast==
*[[Manek Bedi]] as Veeru
*[[Samrat Mukherjee]] as Akbar
*[[Ritu Shivpuri]] as Phoolwa
*[[Megha]] as Anita Verma
*[[Prem Chopra]] as SP Natwarlal Verma
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Goga
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Jagraj
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Janardan
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Raghu
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Dr. Jaichand
*[[Ishrat Ali]] as Military Officer Lambu Atta
*[[Akshaye Khanna]] as Dancer in the song "Halloo Halloo" (special appearance)

==Soundtrack==
# "Woh Desh Hamara Hai" - [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
# "Chand Nikla" - Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik, [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
# "Dil Dil Dil Dil" - Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
# "Zindagi Ab Shuru" - Kumar Sanu
# "Yeh Mausam Hai Rang Biranga" - Sudesh Bhosle, Alka Yagnik
# "Halloo Halloo" - [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0482037}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Prathidhawani

2026-03-03T21:04:17Z

ArcherMill7063: slightly rework page per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prathidhawani
| image =
| caption =
| director = Vipin Das
| producer = Upasana
| writer = [[A. Sheriff|A Sheriff]]
| screenplay = [[A. Sheriff|A Sheriff]]
| starring = [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]<br>Radhamani<br>[[Rani Chandra]]<br>Syamkumar
| music = M. L. Srikanth
| cinematography = [[I. V. Sasi|I V Sasi]]
| editing =
| studio = Upasana
| distributor = Upasana
| released = {{Film date|1971|09|02|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Prathidhawani''''' is a 1971 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by Vipin Das and produced by Upasana. The film stars [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], Radhamani, [[Rani Chandra]] and Syamkumar. The film's score was composed by M. L. Srikanth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=368|title=Prathidhwani|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2618|title=Prathidhwani|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/prathidhawani-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050545/http://spicyonion.com/title/prathidhawani-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Prathidhawani|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
*Radhamani
*[[Rani Chandra]]
*Syamkumar
*Usha Saraswathi
*[[Usharani]]
*Vasu Pradeep
*[[Aarathi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0270582|Prathidhawani}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Theophilus (Indo-Greek)

2026-02-26T05:19:08Z

ArcherMill7063: Starting Initial Entry Basic Info - done

{{About|the 1st century BC Indo-Greek king||Theophilus (disambiguation){{!}}Theophilus}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Theophilos
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] king
| image = Theophilos portrait.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Theophilos
| reign = 130 BCE or 90 BCE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| religion =
}}
[[File:Theophilos Dikaios.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|<small>Coin of '''Theophilos'''.<br/> '''Obv:''' Bust of king Theophilus. Bead and reel contour. Greek Legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΘΕΟΦΙΛΟΥ "Of Fair/Just King Theophilos".<br/> '''Rev:''' [[Herakles]].</small>]]
[[Image:Theophilos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Indian-standard coin of Theophilus, with bust of Herakles, and his club on reverse.]]
'''Theophilus Dicaeus''' ({{langx|grc|Θεόφιλος Δίκαιος|Theophilos Dikaios}}) was a minor [[Indo-Greek]] king who ruled for a short time in the [[Paropamisadae]]. He was possibly a relative of [[Zoilus I]] and is only known from coins. It is possible that some of Theophilus' coins in fact belong to another ruler, in Greek Bactria, during approximately the same period.

==Time of reign==
While Bopearachchi suggests c. 90 BCE, R. C. Senior believes that Theophilus ruled in the 130s BCE. Both numismatics do however suggest that the reigns of Theophilus and [[King Nicias|Nicias]] were adjacent.

==Coins of Theophilos==
Just like Zoilus I, Theophilus struck Indian silver coins with Heracles, a common symbol of the house of [[Euthydemus I]], and the epithet Dikaios/Dhramikasa ''"The Just/Follower of the Dharma".'' The monograms are mostly the same as those of [[King Nicias|Nicias]]. The bronzes have similar inscriptions.

'''Bronzes of Theophilos:'''
<gallery>
Image:Theophilos-634.jpg|[[Heracles]] with lion skin, and his club on the reverse.
</gallery>

==A Bactrian king Theophilus?==
There is a wholly different, and very rare, [[Attic-weight]] coinage of a king Theophilus. Found in Bactria, these coins feature a reverse with a seated Athena with Nike, a different title '''Autokrator''' "Autocrat King" ({{langx|grc|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ}}), and also a separate monogram. Although this is not a very common occurrence on Indo-Greek coins, the coins of Theophilus have generally been accepted as belonging to one unique king. [[Bopearachchi]] has supported this proposition by pointing at the similarity between the portraits and the identical treatment of the diadem (one end straight, one end crooked).

Against this, Jakobsson<ref>Jakobsson, J: ''Theophilos Autokrator, a last Bactrian king?'' ONS Journal 202 (2010).</ref> argues that the coins issued by the later Indo-Greek kings for export into Bactria were consistently similar to these kings' regular Indian coinage. Consequently, the coins of Theophilos Autokrator were not such export issues, but should belong to a Bactrian ruler. Jakobsson suggests that Theophilus Autocrator was a Bactrian princelet who briefly maintained himself in some part of Bactria, after the [[Graeco-Bactrian|Hellenistic kingdom there]] had been vanquished by nomads, presumably in the 120s BCE.

==See also==
* [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* [[Indo-Scythians]]
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]
* [[Kushan Empire]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', W.W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Diomedes Soter|Diomedes]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] ruler in [[Paropamisadae]]|years=c. 90 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nicias (Indo-Greek king)|Nicias]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Greek kings}}
{{Hellenistic rulers}}

[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]
[[Category:1st-century monarchs in Asia]]

Mann Ki Baat

2026-02-25T17:10:56Z

ArcherMill7063: quick rework details after review also and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian radio programme hosted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}

{{Infobox radio show
| name = Mann Ki Baat
| image = File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his "Mann ki Baat" on All India Radio (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Narendra Modi during ''Mann Ki Baat'' in 2014
| other_names =
| format = [[Talk radio]]
| runtime = Last sunday of each month: 30 minutes
| start_time = 11:00
| end_time = 11:30
| runtime_note =
| country = India
| language = Original audio: [[Hindi]] {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = Also translated in:
| {{hlist
| [[Adi language|Adi]]
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Garo language|Garo]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| [[Kannada]]
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| [[Kokborok]]
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| [[Nagamese Creole|Nagamese]]
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| [[Pnar language|Pnar]]
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Sanskrit]]
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]
}}}}
| home_station = [[All India Radio]]
| syndicates =
| television = [[DD National]] and [[DD News]]
| presenter =
| starring = [[Narendra Modi]]<br><small>(2014 – present)</small><br>[[Prime Minister of India]]
| announcer =
| creator = Narendra Modi
| writer =
| director =
| producer =
| executive_producer =
| editor =
| senior_editor =
| narrated = Narendra Modi
| record_location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| remote_location =
| other_location =
| first_aired = {{Start date and age|2014|10|3|df=y}}
| last_aired = 
| num_series = 3
| num_episodes = 131<br><small>({{as of|2026|February|22|lc=y}})</small>
| audio_format = [[Monaural sound]]
| open_theme =
| other_theme =
| end_theme =
| sponsor =
| website = {{URL|pmonradio.nic.in}}
| podcast = 
}}
'''''Mann Ki Baat''''' ({{Translation|Talking from the heart}}, {{Translation|literal=yes|Mind's talk}}) is an Indian radio programme hosted by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in which he addresses [[India]]ns on [[All India Radio]], [[DD National]] and [[DD News]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pms-first-radio-address-mann-ki-baat-top-10-quotes/20141003.htm |title=PM's first radio address 'Mann Ki Baat': Top 10 quotes |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020133144/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pms-first-radio-address-mann-ki-baat-top-10-quotes/20141003.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-touches-people-through-his-mann-ki-baat-leaves-opposition-squirming-2023327 |title=Narendra Modi touches people through his Mann Ki Baat, leaves opposition squirming |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=4 October 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-date=5 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105181352/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-touches-people-through-his-mann-ki-baat-leaves-opposition-squirming-2023327 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modis-first-radio-interaction-mann-ki-baat-on-all-india-radio/article11056264.ece | title=Modi goes on AIR | date=3 October 2014 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=10 August 2018 | archive-date=11 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111231333/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modis-first-radio-interaction-mann-ki-baat-on-all-india-radio/article11056264.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Since the first show on 3 October 2014, there have been 131 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-02-25 |title='No Mann Ki Baat for next three months,' says PM Modi. Here's why |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/no-mann-ki-baat-for-next-three-months-says-pm-modi-heres-why-11708840887468.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The 100th episode of ''Mann Ki Baat'' was broadcast on 30 April 2023 and was broadcast worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-22 |title=BJP's big planning: PM Modi's Mann Ki Baat 100th episode to broadcast worldwide |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjps-big-planning-pm-modis-mann-ki-baat-100th-episode-to-broadcast-worldwide/articleshow/98905967.cms |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The main purpose of the program is to "establish a dialogue with the citizens on issues of day-to-day governance", according to a statement by the [[Anurag Thakur|Information and Broadcasting Minister]] in the Rajya Sabha in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2021-07-21|title=Why AIR & Doordarshan's revenue from PM Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' fell by 90% in the last 3 yrs|url=https://theprint.in/india/why-air-doordarshans-revenue-from-pm-modis-mann-ki-baat-fell-by-90-in-the-last-3-yrs/699680/|access-date=2021-07-25|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725040303/https://theprint.in/india/why-air-doordarshans-revenue-from-pm-modis-mann-ki-baat-fell-by-90-in-the-last-3-yrs/699680/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=20 July 2021|title='Mann Ki Baat' clocked Rs 30.8Cr in cumulative revenues from inception till FY21: I&B min|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-radio-news/mann-ki-baat-clocked-cumulative-revenues-of-rs-308cr-since-inception-till-fy21-ib-min-114381.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=Exchange4media|language=en|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725040305/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-radio-news/mann-ki-baat-clocked-cumulative-revenues-of-rs-308cr-since-inception-till-fy21-ib-min-114381.html}}</ref> The programme is "very apolitical".{{sfnp|BlueKraft Digital Foundation, Igniting Collective Goodness: Mann Ki Baat @100|2023|p=Chapter 1}} It is India's "first visually enriched radio program".<ref name=":4" />

As Modi's ''Mann Ki Baat'' approached its 100th episode on 30 April 2023, a survey conducted by the [[Indian Institute of Management Rohtak|Indian Institute of Management, Rohtak]] shows that at least 23 crore people have ‘listened to or viewed’ Modi's monthly radio broadcast regularly and over a billion people have listened to it at least once.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |date=2023-04-24 |title='Mann Ki Baat' 100th episode: At least 100 cr people have listened to it at least once, survey shows |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mann-ki-baat-100th-episode-at-least-100-cr-people-have-listened-to-it-at-least-once-survey-shows-1212533.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> However, a study by [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS)]] released in November 2022 reported a very low listenership of the programme, with around 5% of the country being monthly listeners.<ref name="the-wire-low-listnership">{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Meetu |title=Mann Ki Baat's 100th Episode Promotion Blitzkrieg Hides 'Very Low Listenership' Findings |url=https://thewire.in/government/pm-narendra-modi-mann-ki-baat-100-episode |access-date=2023-05-05 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2023-04-27}}</ref>

== Background ==
Narendra Modi addresses the nation every month on [[All India Radio]]. Having officially started from 3 October 2014, the programme aims to deliver the Prime Minister's voice and ideas to the general masses of India. Since television connection is still not available everywhere in India, especially in the isolated, rural and less developed regions, radio was chosen to be the medium for the programme, owing to its wider reach. An estimated 90% of the total Indian population is reachable over the medium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hdhhF1FzazRPQCrZegyr8I/Narendra-Modis-All-India-Radio-chat-show-starts-Friday.html|title=Narendra Modi's All India Radio chat show starts Friday|author=Gyan Varma|work=livemint.com/|date=October 2014|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206114101/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hdhhF1FzazRPQCrZegyr8I/Narendra-Modis-All-India-Radio-chat-show-starts-Friday.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Doordarshan's'' Direct to Home (DTH) service free dish relays feeds of the 20-minute-long episodes, to television and radio channels.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-25|title=PM Modi addresses 79th episode of Mann Ki Baat radio show. Watch LIVE here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-addresses-79th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat-radio-show-watch-live-here-101627184703568.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726090831/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-addresses-79th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat-radio-show-watch-live-here-101627184703568.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first ''Mann Ki Baat'' programme was broadcast on the occasion of [[Vijayadashami]] on 3 October 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/gladdening-read-wonderful-response-mann-ki-baat-radio-address-modi-1777993.html|title=Gladdening to read wonderful response to 'Mann Ki Baat' radio address: Modi|work=Firstpost|date=29 October 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113042524/http://www.firstpost.com/india/gladdening-read-wonderful-response-mann-ki-baat-radio-address-modi-1777993.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/mann-ki-baat-from-the-pm/|title=Mann Ki Baat from the PM|date=9 October 2014|work=narendramodi.in|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102091933/http://www.narendramodi.in/mann-ki-baat-from-the-pm/|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by the second broadcast on 2 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-praises-comments-and-ideas-received-for-mann-ki-baat-radio-programme/|title=PM praises comments and ideas received for 'Mann Ki Baat' Radio Programme|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101162622/http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-praises-comments-and-ideas-received-for-mann-ki-baat-radio-programme/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-s-second-round-of-mann-ki-baat-on-radio-on-november-2-610765|title=PM Narendra Modi's Second Round of 'Mann Ki Baat' on Radio on 2 November|date=22 October 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101171022/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-s-second-round-of-mann-ki-baat-on-radio-on-november-2-610765|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the first fifteen addresses of ''Mann Ki Baat'' broadcast, more than 61,000 ideas were received on the website and 1.43 [[lakh]] audio recordings by listeners have been received. Each month, some selected calls become a part of the broadcast.<ref name="toi26012016">{{citation|title=PM Modi to address 16th edition of Mann Ki Baat on Sunday|date=26 January 2016|url=http://timesofindia.com/india/PM-Modi-to-address-16th-edition-of-Mann-Ki-Baat-on-Sunday/articleshow/50726987.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> From 2 June 2017, Mann Ki Baat will be available in regional dialects. The aim is to expand reach of the program as far as possible. The 50th episode of the program was broadcast on All India Radio on 25 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Narendra Modi to deliver 50th episode of Mann Ki Baat today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-deliver-50th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat-today/story-ZsCp618rdKXsnx3xPU0CCO.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 November 2018 |language=en |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124221822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-deliver-50th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat-today/story-ZsCp618rdKXsnx3xPU0CCO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Guests ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the US President, Mr. Barack Obama recording the special episode of “Mann ki Baat”, in New Delhi on January 27, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|The US president, [[Barack Obama]] and the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi recording the special episode of "Mann Ki Baat", in New Delhi on 27 January 2015.]]
The former [[President of the United States]], Barack Obama, was a part of the fourth episode of ''Mann Ki Baat'', which was aired on 27 January 2015. Obama had arrived in India to be a part of the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2015-01-27|title=Mann Ki Baat: Anyone in India or US can lead the country, says Obama|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mann-ki-baat-anyone-in-india-or-us-can-lead-the-country-says-obama/article6827276.ece|access-date=2016-10-25|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mann-ki-baat-anyone-in-india-or-us-can-lead-the-country-says-obama/article6827276.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Full transcript of Obama-Modi 'Mann Ki Baat' - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-transcript-of-Obama-Modi-Mann-ki-baat/articleshow/46032820.cms|access-date=2016-10-25|archive-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830214129/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Full-transcript-of-Obama-Modi-Mann-ki-baat/articleshow/46032820.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 September 2019, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was a special guest on the show.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-29|title=Lata Mangeshkar is 'special guest' at PM Modi's Mann Ki Baat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lata-mangeshkar-is-special-guest-at-pm-modi-s-mann-ki-baat/story-f1YCYAL55DY4se0RRSbPeM.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726092420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lata-mangeshkar-is-special-guest-at-pm-modi-s-mann-ki-baat/story-f1YCYAL55DY4se0RRSbPeM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Guests such as doctors and listeners have been called on the show to interact with Modi.

== Episodes ==
{{Main|List of Mann Ki Baat episodes}}
{{:List of Mann Ki Baat episodes}}

==Reception==
A study by [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] (CSDS) in November 2022 found that at least 60% of Indians never listened to the programme and concluded a very low listenership of the programme.<ref name="the-wire-low-listnership" />

The programme has been well received by the target audience, especially the urban masses residing in metropolitan cities across the country. A survey in 2014 conducted on the lines of estimating the show's success, in 6 Indian cities including [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]], has indicated that some 66.7% of the population had tuned in to listen to the Prime Minister's address and had found it useful.<ref>{{citation|title=Modi's 'man ki baat' was heard by 66% of listeners in 6 cities|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 October 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modis-man-ki-baat-was-heard-by-66-of-listeners-in-6-cities/articleshow/44816024.cms|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016201251/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modis-man-ki-baat-was-heard-by-66-of-listeners-in-6-cities/articleshow/44816024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, an AIR survey found that the maximum listeners came from the Bihar, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh; while the states of Andhra Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest awareness.<ref name=":3" />

''Mann Ki Baat'' became a major source of revenue for the [[All India Radio]]. In 2015, the usual ad slots on AIR sold for {{INRConvert|500}} - {{INRConvert|1500}} per 10 seconds, but a 10-second ad slot for Mann Ki Baat cost {{INRConvert|2|l}}.<ref>{{citation|title=PM Narendra Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' turns big business for All India Radio|date=21 February 2015|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46318943.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223114303/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46318943.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 68th episode on 30 August 2020, uploaded on the official YouTube channel of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], received over 5,00,000 dislikes within 24 hours for reportedly not addressing issues related to postponement of [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE (Mains)]] and [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET (UG)]] exams.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2020|title=PM Narendra Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' video gets over 5 lakh dislikes on YouTube|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/31/pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-video-gets-over-5-lakh-dislikes-on-youtube-2190646.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901041228/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/31/pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-video-gets-over-5-lakh-dislikes-on-youtube-2190646.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/16731/pm-narendra-modis-latest-mann-ki-baat-records-over-5-lakh-dislikes-on-youtube|title=PM Narendra Modi's Latest 'Mann Ki Baat' Records Over 5 Lakh Dislikes on YouTube|first=Pramit Chatterjee 47|last=minutes|date=31 August 2020|website=Mashable India|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901185026/https://in.mashable.com/culture/16731/pm-narendra-modis-latest-mann-ki-baat-records-over-5-lakh-dislikes-on-youtube|url-status=live}}</ref> The video has become the most disliked videos on the official YouTube channel of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/this-month-s-mann-ki-baat-receives-over-2-5k-dislikes-on-bjp-s-official-youtube-channel/|title=This Week's 'Maan Ki Baat' Gets 4.8 Lakh Dislikes, Becomes Most Disliked Video on BJP's Channel|first=Bhavya|last=Mehta|date=31 August 2020|website=www.scoopwhoop.com|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111005712/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/this-month-s-mann-ki-baat-receives-over-2-5k-dislikes-on-bjp-s-official-youtube-channel/|url-status=live}}</ref> with over 12 lakh dislikes.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OExRBGfhLKc&t=62s Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Mann Ki Baat with the Nation, August 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111005704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OExRBGfhLKc&t=62s |date=11 January 2022 }}. ''Official YouTube channel of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].'' Retrieved on 27 September 2020.</ref> During the 72nd episode on 27 December 2020, farmers taking part in the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]] were beating utensils in protest against the farm laws, symbolically drowning out the Prime Minister's voice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-27|title=Protesting farmers beat thaalis during PM Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' address|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/farmers-beat-thaalis-modi-mann-ki-baat-7121940/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227074722/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/farmers-beat-thaalis-modi-mann-ki-baat-7121940/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Research and analysis ==
A week before the broadcast of the 50th episode of ''Mann Ki Baat'', a phone survey about the show was carried out by All India Radio. The results indicated that the campaigns mentioned by Modi on the show which had the most impact on listeners were ''[[Selfie With Daughter]]'', ''[[Incredible India]]'', ''[[Fit India]]'' and ''Sandesh to Soldiers''. The most remembered topics were the promotion of [[Khadi]], Drug Free India and [[INSV Tarini|Team Tarini.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/air-gets-a-feel-of-listeners-mann-ki-baat-via-survey/articleshow/66858205.cms|title=AIR gets a feel of listeners' Mann Ki Baat via survey|last=Venugopal|first=Vasudha|date=2018-11-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-01|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306092440/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/air-gets-a-feel-of-listeners-mann-ki-baat-via-survey/articleshow/66858205.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi presenting the book ‘Mann Ki Baat - A Social Revolution on Radio’ to the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Shinzo Abe, at Mahatma Mandir, in Gandhinagar, Gujarat on September 14, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|Modi presenting a book about ''Mann Ki Baat'' to the [[Prime Minister of Japan]], [[Shinzo Abe]] in 2017.]]
Following the 60th episode on 29 December 2019, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' did a [[word cloud]] analysis of ''Mann Ki Baat''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-9-mann-ki-baat-episodes-of-2019-pm-modi-mentioned-india-220-times/story-D5I1ZptsuAUJLYiDiqb8nI.html|title=Word cloud analysis of PM Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' and what it tells us|last=Chatterji|first=Saubhadra|date=31 December 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-01|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101113839/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-9-mann-ki-baat-episodes-of-2019-pm-modi-mentioned-india-220-times/story-D5I1ZptsuAUJLYiDiqb8nI.html}}</ref> The words "India" and "nation" were the two most used words in the programme in 2019.<ref name=":2" /> "Water" was used 73 times while "Youth" and "Young" were mentioned 30 and 54 times. "Economy" or "economics" was spoken 8 times.<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="350">
File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with a group of people who have been a part of the various Mann ki Baat programmes.jpg|Modi with a group of people who have been a part of the various Mann Ki Baat programmes
File:The Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Sumitra Mahajan releasing the book ‘Mann Ki Baat A Social Revolution on Radio’, brought out by the BlueKraft Digital Foundation and first copy presented to the President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee.jpg|The Speaker, Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan releasing the book 'Mann Ki Baat A Social Revolution on Radio' and first copy presented to the President, Pranab Mukherjee
File:Mannkibaatnazareth.jpg|Students from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] watching the Prime Minister's address to the nation in 2015
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Radio in India]]
* [[Fireside chats]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}86.↑ [https://abtimeslive.news.blog/2023/04/30/milestone-moment-pm-modis-mann-ki-baat-marks-100th-episode-with-inspiring-live-broadcast-from-united-nations-headquarters/ "Milestone moment: PM Modi’s ‘Mann Ki Baat’ marks 100th episode with inspiring live broadcast from United Nations headquarters"] . Akhil Bharat Times.30 April 2023.[https://web.archive.org/web/20230501050311/https://abtimeslive.news.blog/2023/04/30/milestone-moment-pm-modis-mann-ki-baat-marks-100th-episode-with-inspiring-live-broadcast-from-united-nations-headquarters/ Archived] from the original on 30 April 2023 . Retrieved 30 April 2023 .

== Further reading ==

=== Books ===
*{{cite book|title=Mann Ki Baat – 50 Episodes Special Edition.: A Social Revolution on Radio|last=BlueKraft Digital Foundation|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|date=2019|isbn=978-9353333577|location=New Delhi}}
*{{Cite book |last=BlueKraft Digital Foundation |title=Igniting Collective Goodness: Mann Ki Baat @100 |publisher=[[Westland Books|Westland Publications Limited]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-9357766555 |ref={{sfnref|BlueKraft Digital Foundation, Igniting Collective Goodness: Mann Ki Baat @100|2023}}}}
*{{cite book |title=Mann Ki Baat From the Heart of the Mind |last1=Almedia |first1=Jeroninio Jerry |last2=Panickar |first2=Rajendran |publisher=Rumour Books India |date=2017 |isbn=9781945563379 |location=New Delhi}}
*{{Cite book |last=Shekhar |first=Shashi |title=Collective Spirit, Concrete Action: Mann Ki Baat and Its Influence on India |publisher=Rupa Publications India |year=2023 |isbn=978-9357020961}}

=== Others ===
* {{Cite book |last=Multiple Authors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jki-EAAAQBAJ |title=Mann Ki Baat |date=2023 |publisher=[[Amar Chitra Katha]] |volume=1 |language=en |asin=B0C4YFVS3K}}
* {{Cite book |last=Multiple Authors |title=Mann Ki Baat |publisher=[[Amar Chitra Katha]] |year=2023 |volume=2 |asin=B0CB5PD6RR}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mago |first=Shivani |date=2024-04-19 |title=Mann Ki Baat of 'friendly uncle' Modi & AI-powered 'hyperpersonalised' election campaign |url=https://theprint.in/global-pulse/mann-ki-baat-of-friendly-uncle-modi-ai-powered-hyperpersonalised-election-campaign/2048206/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=2023-10-17 |title=From TB to kala-azar: Apex health body's journal projects Mann Ki Baat impact, with sketchy evidence |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/10/17/from-tb-to-kala-azar-apex-health-bodys-journal-projects-mann-ki-baat-impact-with-sketchy-evidence |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=S |first1=Venkatraghavan K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndcW0AEACAAJ |title=Mann Ki Baat - Inspiring Transformational Capacity of a Nation and Its People |last2=Narayanan |first2=Krishnan |last3=R |first3=Muraleedharan V. |date=2023-07-22 |publisher=Harpercollins 360 |isbn=979-8-89066-906-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Tariq |first1=Mansoor |last2=Mohammad |first2=Nasir |last3=Khan |first3=Ahmed Musa |last4=Ahmed |first4=Samreen |date=2023-05-02 |title=How PM Narendra Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' sparked national pride and unity among citizens |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-sparked-national-pride-and-unity-among-citizens-12536062.html |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}
* {{Cite news |date=30 April 2023 |title=New York, New Jersey issue resolutions in honour of 100th Mann Ki Baat |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/new-york-new-jersey-issue-resolutions-in-honour-of-100th-mann-ki-baat-123043000306_1.html |agency=Press Trust of India}}
* {{Cite web |last=Vempati |first=Shashi Shekhar |date=2023-09-08 |title=How PM Modi blends ancient wisdom & modern science in Mann Ki Baat |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-pm-modi-blends-ancient-wisdom-modern-science-in-mann-ki-baat/1752307/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
*{{Official website|http://www.narendramodi.in/mann-ki-baat}}
* [http://pmonradio.nic.in/ Webcasts]
* http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/mann-ki-baat

{{Narendra Modi}}

[[Category:All India Radio]]
[[Category:State media]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Indian radio programmes]]
[[Category:2014 radio programme debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language radio programs]]
[[Category:Talk radio programs]]

K. C. Pillai (bishop)

2026-02-22T14:34:41Z

ArcherMill7063: creating new details

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. C. Pillai
| image = Bishop_KC_Pillai.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = K. C. Pillai (1900–1970)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mudigolam, Chittoor District, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 20 February 1970
| death_place = [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], Alabama, US
| education = Master of Arts, Doctor of Divinity
| occupation = [[Bishop]], Biblical Scholar
| known_for = Eastern Manners, Customs and Orientalisms of the [[Bible]]
| spouse = Swarnamma Pillai
| children = 3
}}

'''Karnam Chengalvaraya Pillai''' (1900–1970) was a [[bishop]], Antiochean Succession, [[Chennai]] (Madras), India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cortright.org/key6.htm |title=''Keys to the Word's Interpretation: Orientalisms''. March 1998. |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028031441/http://cortright.org/key6.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He spent the last twenty years of his life in the United States on a special mission to acquaint Christians with the [[orientalism]]s of the [[Bible]]. He wrote books and worked with western Christians to help clarify what he believed were difficult [[Bible|Scriptural]] passages through an understanding of the eastern manners and customs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eternallyblessed.com/pillai.html |author1=Pillai, Bishop K.C. |title=The Bible is an Eastern book|website=Eternally Bless Bookstore|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202223704/http://www.eternallyblessed.com/pillai.html |archivedate=2 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his time in the United States, he became associated with [[Victor Paul Wierwille]], the founding president of [[The Way International]] and according to the book ''Born Again to Serve'' by the [[American Christian Press]], Pillai and Wierwille worked through every orientalism in the Bible from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] through [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] over a six-week period in 1953.<ref>''Born Again to Serve''. [[American Christian Press]]. 1996.</ref>

His books include:
* ''Light Through an Eastern Window''
**Robert Speller & Sons; Publishers (1963) {{ISBN|0-8315-0057-3}}
**The Way International: [[American Christian Press]] (1987). {{ISBN|0-910068-63-1}}
* ''Orientalisms of the Bible'' – Volumes 1 & 2
**Munkus Publishing Company, INC. (1969, 1974)
**The Way International: [[American Christian Press]] (1984). {{ISBN|0-910068-70-4}}
In 1980, Reverend Bo Reahard compiled several of Pillai's teachings in his work ''Old and New Testament Orientalisms – Teachings of Bishop K.C. Pillai'' and in 2010, Jeanie Strand Chilton published the work ''Eastern Customs of the Bible: The Teachings of Bishop K. C. Pillai''.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://eternallyblessed.org/bishop-kc-pillai/ Bishop KC Pillai]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, KC}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Oriental Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox bishops]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox biblical scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Christian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century biblical scholars]]

{{OrientalOrthodox-clergy-stub}}
{{Bible-scholar-stub}}

Uphara Gram Panchayat

2026-02-18T09:33:18Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = '''Uphara Gram Panchayat'''
| settlement_type = Village Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = 25.08819592904939, 84.6963163365494
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = In Aurangabad, Bihar, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[LGD code]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadh division|Magadh]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
| subdivision_name5 = 93937
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Nagar Parishad Daudnagar
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name1 = Chandra Bhushan Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/viewGpProfile.do?localBodyCode=93937&stateCode=10
|title=Gram Panchayat Profile: Uphara
|website=EGramSwaraj
|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
|access-date=5 June 2025
}}</ref>

| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Sanjeet Kumar Mishra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/viewGpProfile.do?localBodyCode=93937&stateCode=10
|title=Gram Panchayat Profile: Uphara
|website=EGramSwaraj
|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
|access-date=5 June 2025
}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|M.P.]]
| leader_name3 = [[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605120750/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0435.htm
|title=General Election to Lok Sabha Trends & Results June 2024: Constituency – Karakat
|website=Election Commission of India
|access-date=5 June 2025
}}</ref>
([[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency]])
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name4 = [[Amrendra Kushwaha|Amrendra Kushwaha]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04219.htm
|title=Notification of Result – Bihar Legislative Assembly Election
|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=5 June 2025
}}</ref>
([[Goh Assembly constituency]])
| elevation_m = 102
| population_total = 9593
| population_as_of = (As on Date)
| population_demonym =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Common
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 824203
| registration_plate = BR 26
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:927 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| footnotes = {{plainlist|
* Nearest major highway- [[SH 68]]
* Village code 252937 (Census of India)
}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Magahi]]
| website = https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in
}}
'''Uphara Gram Panchayat'''<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/knowYourPanchayat.do
|title=Know Your Panchayat
|website=EGramSwaraj
|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India
|access-date=5 June 2025
}}</ref> is a local self-government body located in the Goh Block of [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It serves as an administrative unit for a cluster of villages and plays a key role in implementing development schemes, providing public services, and managing local infrastructure. The gram panchayat is mapped with nine villages, including Upahra, Baijalpur, Pathak Bigaha, Baso Bigaha, Shekhpura, Khaira, Aranda, Belaru, and Lodipur.

== See also ==
* [[Panchayati raj in India]]
* [[Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
* [[Uphara]]
* [[Arwal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.08820|N|84.69633|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Aurangabad district, Bihar| ]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in India|Bihar]]

Ajit Singh of Marwar

2026-02-17T17:58:57Z

ArcherMill7063: improve lead for clarity and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Maharaja of Marwar from 1679 to 1724}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ajit Singh Rathore
| title = Chatrapati<br/>[[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
| more =
| image = Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar.jpg
| succession = Ruler of [[Marwar]]
| reign = 19 February 1679 – 24 June 1724
| reign-type =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]]
| successor = [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Abhai Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Circa| 19 February 1679}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1724|6|24|1679|df=y}}
| death_place = Meherangarh, [[Jodhpur]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| consort = yes
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue = [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]]<br/>[[Bakht Singh (Maharaja)|Bakht Singh]]<br/>[[Indira Kanwar]]
| full name =
| house =
| father = [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Jaswant Singh Rathore]]
| mother = Rani Jadav Jaskumvar
| occupation =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]]
| reign-type1 = Term
| reign1 = 1715–1717
| cor-type1 = [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]]
| coronation1 = [[Farrukhsiyar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Daud Khan Panni]]
| successor1 = [[Khan Dowran VII]]
| reign-type2 = Term
| reign2 = 1719–1721
| cor-type2 = Emperor
| coronation2 = [[Rafi ud-Darajat]]<br/>[[Shah Jahan II]]<br/>[[Muhammad Shah]]
| predecessor2 = Khan Dowran VII
| successor2 = Haider Quli Khan
| regent2 = Anup Singh
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|House of Rathore]]
}}

'''Ajit Singh Rathore''' (19 February 1679 – 24 June 1724) was the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]], in present-day [[Rajasthan]], and the son of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh Rathore]]. He also served as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]] for two terms from 1715–1717 and 1719–1721.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=399}}

== Early life ==
Jaswant Singh of Marwar died at [[Jamrud]] in December 1678. His two wives were pregnant but, there being no living male heir, the lands in [[Marwar]] were converted by the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] into territories of the [[Mughal Empire]] so that they could be managed as [[jagir]]s. He appointed Indra Singh Rathore, a nephew of Jaswant Singh, as ruler there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Visheshwar Sarup |title=Marwar and the Mughal Emperors |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |year=1966 |isbn=9788121504003 |location=India |pages=121–122}}</ref>{{efn|Some sources say that Indra Singh Rathore was a great-nephew of Jaswant Singh.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}}} Historian [[John F. Richards]] stresses that this was intended as a bureaucratic exercise rather than an annexation.<ref name="richards">{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire |first=John F. |last=Richards |authorlink=John F. Richards |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-52156-603-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA180 |pages=180–181}}</ref>

There was opposition to Aurangzeb's actions because both pregnant women gave birth to sons during the time that he was enacting his decision. In June 1679, [[Durgadas Rathore]], a senior officer of the former ruler{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}, led a delegation to [[Shahjahanabad]] where they pleaded with Aurangzeb to recognise the older of these two sons, Ajit Singh, as successor to Jaswant Singh and ruler of Marwar. Aurangzeb refused, offering instead to raise Ajit and to give him the title of ''[[raja]]'', with an appropriate noble rank, when he attained adulthood. However, the offer was conditional on Ajit being brought up as a Muslim, which was anathema to the petitioners.<ref name="richards" /><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=189}}</ref>

[[File:The Six Sons of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur on a Visit.jpg|thumb|The Six Sons of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur on a Visit]]
[[File:Posthumous Portrait of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar, 1762.jpg|thumbnail|''Posthumous Portrait of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Marwar'', 1762. [[Brooklyn Museum]].]]

The dispute escalated when Ajit Singh's younger brother died. Aurangzeb sent a force to capture the two queens and Ajit from the Rathore mansion in Shahjahanabad but his attempt was rebuffed by Durgadas Rathore, who initially used gunfire in retaliation and eventually escaped from the city to [[Jodhpur]] along with Ajit and the two queens, who were disguised as men. Some of those accompanying the escapees detached themselves from the party and were killed as they fought to slow down the pursuing [[Mughals]].<ref name="richards" />

It is believed that the Dhaa Maa (wet nurse) of infant prince Ajit Singh of Marwar, [[Gora Dhay|Goora Dhaa]] put her beloved son on the royal bed instead of Ajit Singh and put the sleeping prince Ajit into a basket and smuggled him with others out of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Melia Belli |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art |pages=175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gahlot |first=Jagdish Singh |title=Rajasthan: A Socio-economic Study |pages=4}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=March 2022}} Others opine a slave girl with her infant posed as Rani and remained behind to be captured.<ref name="richards" /> Aurangzeb deigned to accept this deceit and sent the child to be raised as a Muslim in his [[harem]]. Jadunath Sarkar mentioned that Aurangzeb brought up a milkman's son in his harem as Ajit Singh.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite web | title=History of Aurangzeb vol.3 : Sarkar, Jadunath | website=Internet Archive | date=2022-01-14 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4937 | access-date=2022-03-12}}, p334</ref> The child was renamed Mohammadi Raj and the act of changing religion meant that, by custom, the imposter lost all hereditary entitlement to the lands of Marwar that he would otherwise have had if he had indeed been Ajit Singh.<ref name="richards" /><ref name="chandra">{{cite book |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |volume=2 |first=Satish |last=Chandra |authorlink=Satish Chandra (historian) |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-8-12411-066-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA309 |pages=309–310}}</ref>

== Exile ==
Continuing to play along with the deceit, Aurangzeb refused to negotiate with representatives of Ajit Singh, claiming that child to be the imposter.<ref name="chandra"/> He sent his son, [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Muhammad Akbar]], to occupy Marwar. Ajit Singh's mother convinced the Rana of [[Mewar]], [[Raj Singh I]], who is commonly thought to be her relative, to join in fighting against the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mertiyo Rathores of Merta, Rajasthan|volume=II|pages=63}}</ref> Richards says that Raj Singh's fear that Mewar would also be invaded was a major motivation for becoming involved; another historian, [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], thinks that there were several possible alternatives, including Singh seeing an opportunity to assert Mewar's position among the Rajput principalities of the region. The combined Rathore-Sisodia forces were no match for the [[Mughal army]], Mewar was itself attacked and the Rajputs had to retire to the hills, from where they engaged in sporadic [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref name="richards" /><ref name="chandra" />{{efn|The relationship of Raj Singh I to Ajit Singh's mother is disputed. Historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] says that, although the claim is often made, they were unrelated.<ref name="chandra" />}}

For 20 years after this event, Marwar remained under the direct rule of a Mughal governor. During this period, [[Durgadas Rathore]] and [[Akheraj Rajpurohit|Akheraj Singh Rajpurohit]]<ref>Dr Prahalad Singh [[Rajpurohit]],"Veer Kesari Singh Rajpurohit ka Jasprakash"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sevaṛa |first1=Prahalādasiṃha |title=Rājapurohita jāti kā itihāsa |date=2021 |isbn=978-93-90179-06-0 |edition=Dvitīya saṃsodhita saṃskaraṇa |location=Jodhapura}}</ref> (Rajguru of Ajit Singh) carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. Trade routes that passed through the region were plundered by the guerrillas, who also looted various treasuries in present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat. These disorders adversely impacted the finances of the empire.

Aurangzeb died in 1707; he was to prove the last of the great Mughals. Durgadas Rathore and [[Akheraj Rajpurohit|Akheraj Singh Rajpurohit]]<ref>Dr Prahalad Singh [[Rajpurohit]],"Veer Kesari Singh Rajpurohit ka Jasprakash"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sevaṛa |first1=Prahalādasiṃha |title=Rājapurohita jāti kā itihāsa |date=2021 |isbn=978-93-90179-06-0 |edition=Dvitīya saṃsodhita saṃskaraṇa |location=Jodhapura}}</ref> took advantage of the disturbances following this death to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying mughal force.<ref>N.S. Bhati, Studies in Marwar History, page 6</ref>

== Takes charge of Marwar ==
{{Main|Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710}}
After consolidating his rule over Marwar, Ajit Singh grew increasingly bold as the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah had marched south. He formed an alliance with [[Sawai Jai Singh|Sawai Raja Jai Singh II]] of Amer and set upon capturing his ancestral lands which had been occupied by the Mughals. The Rajput kings started raiding Mughal camps and outposts, several towns and forts were captured, the biggest blow for the Mughals was however the capture of [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]] which was an important Salt manufacturing site.<ref>Thelen, Elizabeth M. (2018). Intersected Communities: Urban Histories of Rajasthan, c. 1500 – 1800 (PDF) (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. Pg.37</ref>

In 1709 Ajit Singh made plans to conquer Ajmer and destroy the Muslim shrines and Mosques, however Jai Singh II was afraid that the destruction of Muslim shrines would lead to the wrath of the Mughal emperor after he had returned from the Deccan. Ajit Singh however ignored Jai Singh's advise and led his army towards Ajmer, ending the Rathore-Kachwaha alliance. Ajit Singh laid siege to Ajmer on 19 February, the Mughal garrison led by Shujaat Khan negotiated with Ajit Singh by offering him 45,000 rupees, 2 horses, an elephant and the holy town of Pushkar in exchange for sparing the shrine and the mosques. Ajit Singh agreed to the terms and returned to his capital.<ref>Thelen, Elizabeth M. (2018). Intersected Communities: Urban Histories of Rajasthan, c. 1500 – 1800 (PDF) (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. Pg.37-38</ref>

In June 1710 [[Bahadur Shah I]] marched to Ajmer with a large army and called Ajit Singh to Ajmer, he was joined by Jai Singh II. The rebellious Ajit Singh was finally pardoned and was formally accepted as the Raja of Jodhpur by the Mughal emperor.<ref>The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 p. 322</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |first=Munis D. |last=Faruqui |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-02217-1 |page=316}}</ref>

In 1712 Ajit Singh was given more power with his appointment as Mughal governor of [[Gujarat]].<ref>Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'', p. 262</ref>

==Role in deposition of Farrukhsiyar==
In 1713, the new Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Ajit Singh governor of [[Thatta]]. Ajit Singh refused to go to the impoverished province and Farrukhsiyar sent [[Husain Ali Braha]] to bring Ajit Singh into line, but also sent a private letter to Ajit Singh promising him blessings if he defeated Husain. Instead Ajit Singh chose to negotiate with Husain, accepting the governorship of Thatta with a promise for a return to Gujarat in the near future.<ref>Richards, ''The Mughals'', p. 166</ref> One of the other conditions of the peace agreement was the marriage of one of the daughters of the Jodhpur Raja with the Mughal emperor.

This gave him the time to prepare for war against the Mughals and on 1719 he invaded Delhi and captured it, and later executed Faruksiyar with the [[Sayyid brothers]], bringing the Mughal Empire closer to its end. He also took back his daughter which was married to Farrukhsiyar who performed shuddhi ceremony and reverted to Hinduism<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajputs, their women, & Muslim rulers – Rajesh Kochhar |url=https://rajeshkochhar.com/rajputs-their-women-muslim-rulers/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=rajeshkochhar.com}}</ref>. [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] was set on the throne as the new Mughal emperor.

== Final days ==
[[File:Maharaja Ajit Singh and his son Bakht Singh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Maharaja Ajit Singh presenting a garland to his son Bakht Singh. c.1751-1752.]]
Ajit Singh kept on aggressing Mughal territories after Farrukhsiyar was executed. The new Mughal Emperor Rafi-ud-Darajat sent two major expeditions, one under [[Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan]] and the other under Nawab Iradatmand Khan, against Ajit Singh. In 1721-22 Ajit Singh led an army and captured many parganas, he captured Mughal territory as far as Narnol and Mewat, which was 16 miles from the Mughal capital. In January 1723 he attacked the Mughal Governor of Ajmer and killed him, 25 Mughal officers were beheaded after the battle and their camp and baggage was looted.

Regarding his final days a lot of stories are there regarding Ajit Singh's death Persian sources indicate that it was his son Bakht Singh who assassinated Ajit Singh. Jadunath Sarkar believes that the Jodhpur court blamed the Jaipur raja because of their rivalry.<ref name="Jadunath Sarkar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |year=1994 |pages=195–196|publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125003335 }}</ref>

The practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]] was common among Rajput nobility in the region: 63 women accompanied Maharaja Ajit Singh onto the funeral pyre.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sovereignty and Social Reform in India: British Colonialism and the Campaign Against Sati, 1830-1860 |first=Andrea |last=Major |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |pages=33, 127 |isbn=978-1-13690-115-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnleBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Durgadas Rathore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
* {{cite book |last=Commissariat |first=M.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/bk885 |title=A History of Gujarat |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1957 |volume=II The Mughal Period: From 1573 to 1758}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages: The Heritage of Rajputs |editor1-first=R. K. |editor1-last=Gupta |editor2-first=S. R. |editor2-last=Bakshi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2008 |volume=1 |isbn=978-8-17625-841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Maharaja]] of the [[Marwar]]
| years = 19 February 1679 – 24 June 1724
| before = [[Raja Rai Singh]]
| after = [[Raja Indra Singh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Jodhpur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marwar, Ajit Singh Of}}
[[Category:1670s births]]
[[Category:1724 deaths]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]
[[Category:People from Lahore]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Appunni Tharakan

2026-02-06T05:46:48Z

ArcherMill7063: made info

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali artist (1928–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nambiarath Appunni Tharakan
| image = Appunni Tharakan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|8|3}}
| birth_place = [[Kothachira]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|1|23|1928|8|3}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| parents = Kunjan Tharakan<br>Kutty Pennamma
| spouse = Parvathy
| children = 3
| occupation = [[Kathakali]] makeup artist
}}

'''Nambiarath Appunni Tharakan''' (23 August 1928 – 23 January 2025) was an Indian [[Kathakali]] artist from [[Kerala]]. He worked as ''Uduthukettal'' (Make up, dressing and costume of Kathakali performer) expert at ''aniyara'' (behind the curtains) of Kathakali. Tharakan received several awards including [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Award for Best Kathakali Aniyara Artist and Kerala Kalamandalam Mukundaraja Award.

==Early life and career==
Nambiarath Appunni Tharakan was born on 3 August 1928, at Mangod near [[Cherpulassery]] in present-day [[Palakkad district]], to Kunjan Tharakan and Kutty Pennamma.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=അരങ്ങിൽ വേഷങ്ങൾ തിളങ്ങാൻ അണിയറയിൽ അപ്പുണ്ണിത്തരകൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2021/11/11/kathakali-background-artist-appunni-tharakan-story.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213065843/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2021/11/11/kathakali-background-artist-appunni-tharakan-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He dropped out of his education halfway and went to the Vazhengada temple to earn a living.<ref name="madhyamam"/> He learned the ''Uduthukettal'' from well known Kathakali artist Pambath Sankaran, also known as Kollankode Sankaran, the husband of his sister Kunjimalu Amma.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He started his career at the [[Olappamanna Mana]] at the age of fourteen.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He began working independently at the age of eighteen.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

He became a permanent employee of the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] at the age of 50 and retired in 1984.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> He got a job as ''Aniyarakkaran'' (behind the curtain artist) in Kalamandalam with the help of poet [[Olappamanna|Olappamanna Subramanian Namboodiripad]] who was the president of Kalamandalam at that time.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=പ്രവാസലോകം നൽകിയ ആദരവിന്റെ ആഹ്ലാദത്തിൽ അപ്പുണ്ണി തരകൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/article-1.3360778 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213065849/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/article-1.3360778 |url-status=live }}</ref> Until then, the post of ''Aniyarakkaran'' was not in the Kalamandalam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He was also main ''Aniyara'' artist of the Kottayam PSV Natyasangham, the Iringalakuda Unnai Warrier Memorial Kalanilayam and the Perur Sadanam Kathakali Academy.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Since the inception of the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|Kerala State School Kalothsavam]] in 1953, Appunni Tharakan has been preparing school children for 55 consecutive years.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news |title=The 'Aniyara' artist of Kathakali |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/jan/17/the-aniyara-artist-of-kathakali-443792.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213065844/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/jan/17/the-aniyara-artist-of-kathakali-443792.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Tharakan and his wife, Parvathy, had four children; Unnikrishnan, Sivaraman, Mohanan and the late Sankaranarayanan.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Sivaraman is a teacher at the Kerala Kalamandalam.<ref name="madhyamam"/> His youngest son Mohanan is an ''Uduthorukkal'' artist.<ref name="madhyamam"/>

Tharakan died on 23 January 2025, at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Vinu |title=Appunni Tharakan (1928–2025): The Soul of Kathakali Costumes |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/appunni-tharakan1928-2025-the-soul-of-kathakali-costumes/#:~:text=Appunni%20Tharakan%2C%20a%20name%20synonymous,seven%20decades%20to%20the%20craft. |access-date=3 February 2025 |publisher=India Art Review |date=24 January 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* Kerala Kalamandalam Award for Best Kathakali Aniyara Artist, 2021<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
* Kerala Kalamandalam Mukundaraja Award<ref name="madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=ഡെസ്ക് |first1=വെബ് |title=ഒരു വേഷത്തിൻെറ കഥ; അപ്പുണ്ണി തരകൻെറയും {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/news/2016/jan/21/173200 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=21 January 2016 |language=ml |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213065841/https://www.madhyamam.com/news/2016/jan/21/173200 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair Award<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Award<ref name="madhyamam"/>
* ''Veerasrimgala'' from Mangod desham<ref name="madhyamam"/>
* Vellinezhi Olappamanna Mana Special Award<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
* Award from Kozhikode Thodayam<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
* He was honored at the International Kathakali and Koodiyattam Festival in Dubai.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tharakan, Appunni}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]

Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology

2026-02-05T03:10:22Z

ArcherMill7063: Added A Data

{{Short description|Higher education institution in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=June 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology
| other_names = PVPSIT, PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date and age|1998}}
| endowment =
| staff =
| chairperson = Sri N. Venkateswarlu
| director =
| president = Dr. C. NageswaraRao
| provost =
| rector =
| chancellor =
| principal = Dr K. Sivaji Babu
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Kanuru]], [[Vijayawada]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| campus_size = {{Convert|19.98|acre|ha}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| website = {{URL|http://pvpsit.ac.in/}}

}}

'''Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology''', established in 1988, is a higher educational and self-financed institution located in [[Kanur, Vijayawada|Kanuru]], [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao district|NTR District]], Vijayawada, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It offers several higher educational courses like [[Bachelor of Technology]] and [[Master of Business Administration]].

==History and establishment==
The college was established in 1988. It was built using 19.98 acres of land. The college is sponsored by Siddhartha Academy of General and Technical Education, the organization that runs 18 educational institutions under it.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Siddhartha Academy of General & Technical Education |url=https://www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in/management.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in}}</ref> It is Autonomous and approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE). It is permanently affiliated to [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]] (JNTUK).

==Accreditations==
The institution is accredited by the [[National Accreditation and Assessment Council]] with A+ grade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PVPSIT Vijayawada: Admission, Fees, Courses, Placements, Cutoff, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/prasad-v-potluri-siddhartha-institute-of-technology-vijayawada |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref> It is also accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) for all its undergraduate education programs. It is also an ISO 9001-2015 certified institution and provides quality standards to all its students.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Quality Policy of the Institute |url=https://www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in/quality_policy.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in}}</ref> UGC has also accorded 2f/12B status.

==Achievements==
The students of the institute secured the 2nd runner up position at the Smart India Hackathon, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-07-16 |title=PVPSIT students bag trophy at Smart India Hackathon |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/pvpsit-students-bag-trophy-at-smart-india-hackathon-547103 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It is also declared as one of the nodal centres of Smart India Hackathon 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NODAL CENTRE LIST - SIH 2023 Senior |url=https://sih.gov.in/shortlisted-nodel-centres-2023|website=sih.gov.in}}</ref>

==Facilities==
PVPSIT provides a variety of facilities to enhance the student experience, including a central library, hostel, sports and games areas, gym, and internet access. The campus also features an auditorium, yoga and meditation areas, and a stationery store for students convenience.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facilities provided by PVPSIT |url=https://www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.pvpsiddhartha.ac.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Arko Pravo Mukherjee

2026-02-04T13:29:10Z

ArcherMill7063: made details.

{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Distinguish|text = the [[Folk music|folk]] singer [[Arko Mukhaerjee]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| image = Arko2.jpg
| caption = Mukherjee in December 2015
| birth_name = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|05|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| years_active = 2012–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Music composer|singer-songwriter}}
| genre = Bollywood
| website =
}}

'''Arko Pravo Mukherjee,''' better known by the mononym '''Arko,''' is an Indian music composer, singer, lyricist, producer, and a qualified doctor. He has created multiple tracks for various films like "Teri Mitti" (Kesari), "Nazm Nazm" (Bareilly Ki Barfi), "O Desh Mere" (BHUJ - The Pride Of India), "O Saathi" (Baaghi 2), "Tere Sang Yaara" (Rustom), "Jogi" (Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana), "Naino Ne Bandhi" (Gold), "Allah Waariyan" (Yaariyan), "Abhi Abhi" (Jism 2), "Saathi Rey" (Kapoor & Sons), "Dariya" (Baar Baar Dekho), "Paani Wala Dance" (KKLH) and others.

==Early life==
Arko grew up in [[Kolkata]], where he studied at [[Don Bosco School, Park Circus]], before pursuing and completing his medical studies at [[Burdwan Medical College]]. Mukherjee interned at Calcutta Medical College<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arko Pravo Mukherjee: Doctors deserve to be treated well; they deserve to be saluted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arko-pravo-mukherjee-doctors-deserve-to-be-treated-well-they-deserve-to-be-saluted/articleshow/75489448.cms |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The Times of India |date=May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> before moving in 2008 to [[Mumbai]], to pursue a career in the [[Bollywood]] film industry as a music director and singer-songwriter.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 October 2015 |title= MEET DR DO MORE OF MUSIC |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sunday-pioneer/backpack/meet-dr-do-more-of-music.html |work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 December 2014 |title=Rising Arko Pravo sets solid foot in Bollywood |url=http://archive.asianage.com/people/rising-arko-pravo-sets-solid-foot-bollywood-547 |work=The Asian Age |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170522/http://archive.asianage.com/people/rising-arko-pravo-sets-solid-foot-bollywood-547 |archivedate=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 December 2014 |title=A quick four with Arko Pravo |url=http://archive.asianage.com/music/quick-four-arko-pravo-147 |work=The Asian Age |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222170445/http://archive.asianage.com/music/quick-four-arko-pravo-147 |archivedate=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2015 |title= Melody matters |url=http://www.asianage.com/music/melody-matters-504 |work=The Asian Age}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}

===Hindi filmography===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film Name/Album
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="5"|2012 ||rowspan=5|''[[Jism 2]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title= Made in Calcutta: A DBPC boy has scored the soundtrack. Meet Arko Pravo Mukherjee |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120714/jsp/entertainment/story_15725199.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718160420/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120714/jsp/entertainment/story_15725199.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2012 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> || Abhi Abhi (Male) || [[KK (singer)|KK]] ||
|-
|| Yeh Jism Hai Toh Kya<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2012 |title= "Yeh Jism' is very close to my heart" – Dr.Arko Pravo Mukherjee |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3778/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810000508/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3778 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2012 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ||rowspan="2"|[[Ali Azmat]]
|
|-
|| Maula
|
|-
|| Abhi Abhi (Duet 1) || KK, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
|| Abhi Abhi (Duet 2) || KK, [[Akriti Kakkar]]
|-
|rowspan="6"|2014 || rowspan=2|''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2013 |title= I don't mind being part of a multi- composer movie: Arko Pravo Mukherjee |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Arko-Pravo-Mukherjee-takes-us-through-his-eventful-journey-in-Bollywood/articleshow/27976957.cms? |work=The Times of India}}</ref> || Allah Waariyan || [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
|
|-
|| Zor Lagaake Haisha || [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|
|-
|| ''[[Hate Story 2]]'' || Aaj Phir Tumpe Pyaar Aaya Hai || [[Arijit Singh]], [[Samira Koppikar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Tamanchey]]'' || Dildara || [[Sonu Nigam]] ||
|-
||Dildara (Reprise) || Arko
|
|-
|| ''[[The Shaukeens]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2014 |title= The Shaukeens : On a Song – What started in the studio ended at a party |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/The-Shaukeens-On-a-Song-What-started-in-the-studio-ended-at-a-party/articleshow/44915285.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> || Meherbani<ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2014 |title= Arko Pravo Mukherjee: 'Meherbani' was completed in a couple of days |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/arko-pravo-mukherjee-meherbani-was-completed-couple-days |work=Radio And Music}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2014 |title= WHAT STARTED IN THE STUDIO ENDED AT A PARTY |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/music/What-started-in-the-studio-ended-at-a-party/articleshow/44914205.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> || [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]'' || Pani Wala Dance || [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[Shraddha Pandit]]
|
|-
||Aao Na || [[Ankit Tiwari]], Shraddha Pandit
|
|-
|| ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]''|| Iss Qadar Pyar Hai<ref>{{cite news |date=2 September 2015 |title= Arko Pravo Mukherjee composes 'Iss Qadar Pyar Hai' for 'Bhaag Johnny' |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/arko-pravo-mukherjee-composes-iss-qadar-pyar-hai |work=Radio And Music}}</ref> || Ankit Tiwari ||
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Jazbaa]]'' || Kahaaniya<ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2015 |title= Why 'Kahaaniyaan' from 'Jazbaa' will end speculations on Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's fitness! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-why-kahaaniyaan-from-jazbaa-will-end-speculations-on-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-s-fitness-2125260 |work=Dna India}}</ref> ||Nilofer Wani
|
|-
||Jaane Tere Shehar || [[Vipin Aneja]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2016 || ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2016 |title=Composer Arko Mukherjee on turning singer for two Dharma Productions films, Kapoor & Sons and Baar Baar Dekho |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/two-good-2/ |work=Boxoffice India |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113200946/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/two-good-2/ |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2016 |title= Music Review: 'Kapoor & Sons' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Kapoor-Sons/articleshow/51344544.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> || Saathi Rey || Arko<ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2016 |title= Composer Arko Mukherjee raises the pitch with 'Kapoor & Sons' |url=http://thereel.scroll.in/804588/composer-arko-mukherjee-raises-the-pitch-with-kapoor-sons |work=scroll.in}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan=2| ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' || [[Tere Sang Yaara]] || [[Atif Aslam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyricsmint.com/2016/07/tere-sang-yaara-lyrics.html|title=TERE SANG YAARA LYRICS – Rustom {{!}} Atif Aslam|date=6 July 2016|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>
|
|-
|| Tere Bin Yaara ||rowspan="2"| Arko
|
|-
|| ''[[Baar Baar Dekho (film)|Baar Baar Dekho]]'' || Dariya
|
|-
|| ''[[Tum Bin II]]'' || Dil Nawaziyaan || Arko, [[Payal Dev]]
|Composed by [[Ankit Tiwari]]
|-
|rowspan="11"|2017 || ''[[Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana]]'' || Rishta || Arko, Ankit Tiwari ||
|-
|| ''[[Faster Fene]]'' || Fefe Song || Ritesh Deshmukh
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Dobaara: See Your Evil]]'' || Kaari Kaari || Arko, [[Asees Kaur]]
|
|-
|| Humdard || Jyotica Tangri
|
|-
|| ''[[Sweetiee Weds NRI]]'' || O Saathiya || [[Armaan Malik]], [[Prakriti Kakar]], Arko
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''
|Nazm Nazm
|Arko
|
|-
|Nazm Nazm (2nd Version)
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|
|-
|Nazm Nazm (Female Version)
|[[Sumedha Karmahe]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]]''
|Jogi
|Yasser Desai, Aakanksha Sharma
|
|-
|Jogi (Male)
|Shafqat Amanat Ali
|
|-
|Jogi (Female)
|Aakanksha Sharma
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2018
|''[[Hate Story 4]]''
|Boond Boond
|Jubin Nautiyal, [[Neeti Mohan]]
|
|-
|''[[Baaghi 2]]''
|[[O Saathi]]
|Atif Aslam, Payal Dev
|
|-
|''[[Daas Dev]]''
|Rangdaari
|Arko & [[Navraj Hans]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
|Naino Ne Bandhi
|Yasser Desai
|
|-
|Naino Ne Bandhi (Female)
|Akanksha Sharma
|
|-
|Bolte Pari Ni
|Arko
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
|Tere Jaisa
|Arko, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|-
|''[[Jack and Dil]]''
|Chuski
|Arko, [[Sonu Kakkar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="11"|2019
|rowspan="3"|''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
|[[Teri Mitti]]
|rowspan=2|[[B Praak]]
|
|-
|Teri Mitti (Reprise)
|Released later
|-
|Teri Mitti (Female)
|[[Parineeti Chopra]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Blank (2019 film)|Blank]]''
|Ali Ali
|B Praak, Arko
|
|-
|Ali Ali (Reprise)
|Navraj Hans
|
|-
|rowspan=3|'' [[Bombairiya]]''
|Sanki
|Arko
|
|-
|Bairiya
|Navraj Hans
|
|-
|Bairiya (Version 2)
|Navraj Hans, Akriti Kakkar
|
|-
|''[[Fastey Fasaatey]]''
|Savera
|Arko
|
|-
|rowspan="2|''[[The Body (2019 film)|The Body]]''
|"Aaina"
|Tulsi Kumar, Arko, Neha Kakkar
|
|-
|''"Khuda Haafiz"''
|Arijit Singh
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2020
|rowspan=2|''[[Hacked (film)|Hacked]]''
|Mehfooz
|Arko
|
|-
|Mehfooz Version 2
|Akanksha Sharma
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2021
|''[[Bullets (2021)|Bullets]]''
|Tension Wali Raat
|[[Neha Kakkar]], Farhad Bhiwandiwala
|Web Series on [[MX Player]]
|-
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''
|Desh Mere
|Arijit Singh
|[[Disney Plus Hotstar]] film
|-
| rowspan=2|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|Jann Gann Mann
|B Praak
|
|-
|Jann Gann Mann (Reprise)
|Arko
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|rowspan=2|''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]''
|Seher (Male version)
|Arijit Singh
|
|-
|Seher (Female version)
|[[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|
|-
|rowspan=9|2023
|''[[Mission Majnu]]''
|Tum Ho
|[[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[U-Turn (2023 film)|U-Turn]]''
|Raasta
|Asit Tripathy
|rowspan=3|[[Zee5]] film
|-
|Raasta (Female)
|Prateeksha
|-
|Raasta (Reprise)
|Raj Barman
|-
|''[[Trial Period]]''
|Dheere Dheere
|Arko
|[[JioCinema]] film
|-
| ''[[Dream Girl 2]]''
|Piya
|Jubin Nautiyal
| Lyrics also by Arko
|-
| ''[[Sukhee]]''
|Meethi Boliyan
|[[Sachet Tandon]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Mission Raniganj]]''
|Jeetenge
|B Praak, Arko
|
|-
|Jeetenge (Reprise)
|[[Stebin Ben]], Arko
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2024
|rowspan=2|''[[Dedh Bigha Zameen]]''
|Musafir
|Jubin Nautiyal
|rowspan=2|[[JioCinema]] film
|-
|"Musafir (Film Version)"
|Arko
|-
|''[[Emergency (2024 film)|Emergency]]''
|Ae Meri Jaan
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan | ARKO]]
|
|}

===Bengali filmography===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
! Film name
!Song
!Singer
!Composer & Lyricist
!Notes
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
| rowspan="8"|2019 || rowspan="4"| ''[[Shesh Theke Shuru]]'' ||Mon Aamar ||Arko || rowspan="8"|Himself
|
|-
|Madhubala || [[Akriti Kakar]] & Tanmoy Saadhak
|
|-
|Allah Aamar ||Arko
|
|-
|Mon Aamar (Revamped Version) ||Arko
|
|-
| ''[[Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo]]''
|Shomoy
|Arko
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]'' || Tomake (Female) || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
|Shei Tumi ||Arko
|
|-
|Tomake (Male) ||Arko
|
|}

===Telugu filmography===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film Name
!Song
!Singer(s)
!Notes
|-
|2018 || ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' || What A Ammayi || [[Sonu Nigam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aho Vikramaarka]]''
|Salma
|[[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
|
|-
|Amma Song
|[[Kaala Bhairava]]
|
|}

===Album(s)===

{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year(s)
!Album Name(s)
!Song(s)
!Co-Singer(s)
!Composer(s)
!Language(s)
|-
|2015 || ''Mainu Ishq Da Lagya Rog'' || "Mainu Ishq Da Lagya Rog" single || [[Tulsi Kumar]] || Original: [[Bhushan Dua]], [[Nadeem-Shravan]], Recreated by: Arko || Hindi
|-
|2018 || ''Bepanah'' || "Bepanah" || [[Tina Kundalia]], Arko || [[Rishabh Shrivastava]]|| Hindi
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019 || rowspan="2"|''[[Oriplast Originals]]'' || "Baundule (বাউন্ডুলে)" || [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Arko || rowspan="3"|Arko || rowspan="2"|Bengali
|-
|"Bola Jaye Na (বলা যায় না)" || [[Akriti Kakar]], Arko
|-
|''[[Akhbaar]]'' || "Akhbaar" || Arko || Hindi
|-
|2024
|Tum Aaoge <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-10-24 |title=Arko On His New Album 'Tum Aaoge': 'I Was Yearning To Do This' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/arka-tum-aaoge-album-interview/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Tum Aaoge
|Arko
|Arko
|Hindi
|}

==Non-film songs==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year(s)
! Song(s)
! Singer(s)
! Note(s)
|-
|| 2022 || Oh Fatima || Arko and Chris Gayle ||
|-
|| 2022 || Kora Sa || Arko and Palak Muchhal ||
|-
|| 2022 || Sutta || Arko, Jaan Kumar Sanu and Ravleen ||
|-
|| 2022 || Hum Dono || Arko and Nikita Gandhi ||
|-
|| 2022 || Sharbat Jaisa Paani || Arko ||
|-
|| 2022 || Kuku Mera || Arko and Ankit Tiwari ||
|-
|| 2022 || Raata Din || Arko ||
|-
|| 2022 || Squandering Love || Arko ||
|-
|| 2021 || PARDESI || Arko and Asees Kaur ||
|-
|| 2021 || Na Dooja Koi || Arko and Jotiyca Tangri ||
|-
|| 2021 || AILAAN || Arko ||
|-
|| 2021 || HABIT || Arko and Shreya Ghosal ||
|-
|| 2021 || DHAT || Arko ||
|-
|| 2020 || SUNO NA || Arko and Neeti Mohan ||
|-
|| 2020 || Tum Jo Mil Gaye || Ash king and [[Lisa Mishra]] ||
|-
|| 2019 || Baashinda || Arko and Ankit Tiwari and Ragini Tandon ||
|-
|| 2019 || Dard E Dil || Ankit Tiwari and Priyanka Negi ||
|-
|| 2019 || Ek Pyaar Ka Nagma || Papon and Neeti Mohan ||
|-
||2019 ||[[Baarishein]]||[[Atif Aslam]] ||Atif Aslam's last single released in Bollywood.
|-
||2019 || Akhbaar || Arko Pravo Mukherjee ||
|-
||2019 || Shukriya || Arko Pravo Mukherjee ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2017 || Aainda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/riteish-deshmukh-makes-debut-in-pop-world-with-arko-pravo-mukherjee-song-aainda-see-photos-4790471/|title=Riteish Deshmukh makes debut in pop world with Arko Pravo Mukherjee's song Aainda. See photos|date=10 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/music/news/madalina-ghenea-to-feature-in-arko-pravo-mukherjis-pop-song-aainda/articleshow/59953890.cms|title=Madalina Bellariu to feature in Arko Pravo Mukherji's pop song 'AAINDA'|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> ||Arko Pravo Mukherjee ||
|-
|| Salaam-e-Ishq<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediainfoline.com/music/launch-single-salaam-e-ishq-actor-shilpi-sharma-arko|title=Launch of single Salaam-E-Ishq by Dj & Actor Shilpi Sharma and Arko – Media Infoline|date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saregama.com/video/salaameishq-arko-dj-shilpi-sharma-i-jasmine-sandlas_294|title=Salaam-e-Ishq – Arko & DJ Shilpi Sharma I Jasmine Sandlas – listen and download music videos from Saregama}}</ref> || Arko Pravo Mukherjee and [[Jasmine]] || Producer/Remixer – DJ [[Shilpi Sharma (DJ)|Shilpi Sharma]]
|-
|| Reeva<ref>{{cite news |date=3 April 2017 |title= Arko's New Song 'Reeva' Features on Billboard Dance Club Chart |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/arkos-new-song-reeva-features-on-billboard-dance-club-chart-1367541.html |work=news18.com}}</ref> || Arko Pravo Mukherjee ||
|-
| 2015|| Mainu Ishq Da Lagya Rog<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2015 |title= Tulsi Kumar-Arko Pravo Mukherjee collaborate for Khushali Kumar's next |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/showbiz-details/B/2658/tulsi-kumar-arko-pravo-mukherjee-collaborate-for-khushali-kumar-s-next.html |work=India Blooms}}</ref> || [[Tulsi Kumar]] ||
|-
| 2013 || Maa<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2013|title= A Melodious Mother's Day Tribute From Arko Pravo Mukherjee |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/a-melodious-mothers-day-tribute-from-arko-pravo-mukherjee/ |work=koimoi}}</ref> || Arko Pravo Mukherjee|| Bengali
|-
| 2011 || Mira (Hindi album)<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2011|title= The songwriter duo Arko & Dev is a UFO in the sky of Indipop |url=http://www.artisttrove.com/artist/165853623478005/Arko+%26+Dev |work=Artist Trove}}</ref> || Arko Pravo Mukherjee & Deb(Bishwadeb Bhaumik) || Hindi
|-
|}

Mukherjee is planning to record an English album in Los Angeles soon.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2016|title= Arko Pravo Mukherjee keen to record English album |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arko-pravo-mukherjee-keen-to-record-english-album/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
His song 'Reeva' entered the Billboard Dance 50 Charts at number 49.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=5120317}}
* {{Facebook|ARKOWORLD|Arko Pravo Mukherjee}}
* {{Twitter|ArkoPravo19|Arko Pravo Mukherjee}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Arko Pravo}}
[[Category:Indian music directors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian guitarists]]

Bhadanaka Kingdom

2026-02-02T07:13:00Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{short description|Indian medieval kingdom}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Bhadanaka Kingdom
| common_name = Bhadanakas
| image_coat =
| symbol_type =
| image_map =
| map_width = 330px
| map_caption =
| capital = Shripath
| languages = Apabhramsa, Sanskrit
| languages_type = Spoken languages
| religion = Hinduism
| demonym =
| year_end =
| year_start =
| coa_size = 300px
| year_leader1 =
| leader1 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader2 =
| event_end =
| p1 =
| s1 =
| flag_p1 =
| flag_p2 =
| p2 =
| flag_s1 =
| flag_s2 =
| s2 =
| s3 =
| today = India
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
| image =
}}
The '''Bhadanaka Kingdom'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeX0xX0_2rkC&q=bhadanakas |title=History of the Chāhamānas |date=1964 |publisher=N. Kishore |language=en}}</ref> was a medieval kingdom in [[India]] that included the [[Rewari district|Rewari]], [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]] regions of [[Haryana]] and parts of [[Alwar district|Alwar]] in [[Rajasthan]] during the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DShuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhadanaka+kingdom |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Alwar |date=1968 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Krishna Prakash |title=Caste, tribes & culture of India: Assam |date=1977 |publisher=Ess Ess Publications |isbn=978-81-7000-008-2 |location=Delhi|ol=18809571M }}</ref> The kingdom of the Bhadanakas was probably bounded on the south-east by the Kachchhapaghat land and the [[Chambal River|Chambal]] river, on the north-east by the kingdom of [[Kannauj]] and the [[Yamuna]] river.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=bhadanakas |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==History and origin==

===Origin===
Historian's including Dasharatha Sharma agree on an opinion that they were from [[yadav]] caste.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=st8NAAAAYAAJ&q=Bhadanaka |title=Proceedings of the All-India Oriental Conference |date=1976 |publisher=The Conference |language=en}}{{pn|date=January 2024}}</ref>

===Conflict with Chauhans===
In the second half of the 12th century, the Bhadanakas had a political struggle with the Chauhans of Shakumbhari. Chauhan was inspired by the spirit of Digvijaya and wanted to build an empire in North India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |title=Prithviraj Chauhan and his times |date=1981 |publisher=Publication Scheme |location=Jaipur|ol=3929430M }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2024}}

The Chauhans attacked Bhadanakas at least twice. We get to know about the first attack on Bhadanaka from the 'Bijolia inscription' of Chauhan king Someshwar of 1169 AD. There was a fierce battle between the Chauhans and the Bhadanakas, but this war could not prove to be decisive, although the Chauhans have claimed their victory in the Bijolia inscription.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |title=Early Chauhān dynasties : a study of Chauhān political history, Chauhān political institution, and life in the Chauhān dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-0492-9 |location=Delhi |oclc=609013163}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2024}}

==Territory==
Scholar Siddhasain Suri has described the region of Bhadanaka country, situated between [[Kannauj]] and [[Harshapura|Harshapur]] (Haras in Shekhawati). He mentions Kamagga (Kaman, forty miles west of [[Mathura district|Mathura]]) and [[Sirohi district|Siroha]] (near [[Gwalior]]) as sacred Jain sites of Bhadanaka country. Apart from these, Tejpal, the author of Apabhramsa Manuscript "Sambhavnath Charit", has described the city of Sripath situated in Bhadanaka country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Parmanand |title=Geography from ancient Indian coins & seals |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Pub. Co |isbn=81-7022-248-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=21165871}}</ref> According to historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]], this city was the capital of this state. This town of Shripath (santipur) is identified with modern [[Bayana]]. According to 3 historians, Bhadanaka has been called Bhayanaya in the pre-medieval [[Apabhramsa language]], and the word Bayana has originated in the post-medieval period from the word Bhayanaya. In this way, the modern earnest money was the focal point of the country. The strong fort of [[Timangarh|Tahangarh]] (Timangarh) is situated 14 miles south of [[Bayana]], which was the defense cantonment of this state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkatesha |title=South Indian feudatory dynasties |date=2000 |publisher=Sharada Pub. House |isbn=81-85616-62-0 |location=New Delhi |oclc=43905073}}</ref>

===Language===
The [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsha]] is also called the Suraseni Apabhramsha, because the geographical area of the Bhadanaka Kingdom and the ancient Surasena region was almost the same.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Nalinaksha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSrHhJRiH1kC&dq=apabhramsa+shauraseni&pg=PA299 |title=Early History of the Spread of Buddhism and the Buddhist Schools |date=2005 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0092-2 |language=en}}</ref> The Suraseni [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]] is the mother of modern [[Braj Bhasha|Brajbhasha]].

==See also==
*[[Ahir]]
*[[Apabhraṃśa]]
*[[Braj]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma}}
* {{cite book |author=Iqtidar Alam Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=PR17 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780810864016}}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |oclc=11038728}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:12th-century disestablishments in India]]

Augusta Fullam

2026-01-29T19:07:20Z

ArcherMill7063: enhanced intro additionally and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Augusta Fullam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Augusta Fairfield Goodwyn
| birth_date = {{birth date text|23 June 1875}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age text|28 May 1914|23 June 1875}}
| death_place = Naini Prison, Allahabad
| other_names =
| known_for = Double murderer
| education =
| employer =
| spouse = Lieutenant Edward Fullam
| partner = Henry Lovell William Clark
| children = 4
| footnotes =
}}
'''Augusta Fairfield Fullam''' (1875 – 1914) was a [[British Raj]] woman implicated in a double murder in [[Agra]] in India. Fullam was born in Calcutta in 1875 and died in Allahabad in 1914.<ref name="Farrell2017">{{cite book|author=Michael Farrell|title=Criminology of Homicidal Poisoning: Offenders, Victims and Detection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3opDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=24 June 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-59117-9|pages=183–}}</ref> She was the wife of Lieutenant Edward McKeon Fullam and lived in Calcutta, Barrackpore, Meerut and finally Agra (India). She came to notice when she was interviewed in connection with Dr Henry Clark whose wife had been hacked to death on 17 November 1912. She and Clark had been lovers since 1909, and some 400 letters Augusta had written, swiftly discovered by the police, provided unarguable evidence of conspiracy to murder their respective spouses. On 11 October 1912, days after the Fullams moved to Agra, Edward Fullam had died, supposedly of heatstroke and “general paralysis of insanity” (tertiary syphilis), but as later post mortem revealed, of arsenic poisoning.,<ref name="Nash1986">{{cite book|author=Jay Robert Nash|title=Look for the Woman: A Narrative Encyclopedia of Female Prisoners, Kidnappers, Thieves, Extortionists, Terrorists, Swindlers and Spies from Elizabethan Times to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9zaCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|date=1 November 1986|publisher=M. Evans|isbn=978-1-4617-4772-7|pages=163–164}}</ref> The definitive account of Augusta Fullam's life and the double murder of which she and her lover were convicted is Molly Whittington-Egan's ''Khaki Mischief'' (1990)<ref name="Souvenir Press Ltd">{{cite book |last1=Whittington-Egan |first1=Molly |title=Khaki Mischief: The Agra Murder Case |date=1990 |publisher=Souvenir Press Ltd |location=London |isbn=0285-629883}}</ref>

==Early life and marriage==
According to the definitive account of her life and crime, Molly Whittington-Egan's ''Khaki Mischief'' (1990),<ref name="Souvenir Press Ltd"/> she was born Augusta Fairfield Goodwyn in Calcutta on 23 June 1875, baptised 12 August 1875 at the Methodist Episcopal Church Calcutta, and educated in a convent, possibly Loreto House, but no school records with her name have been found. The daughter of English-born Leonard Goodwyn, a Bengal River Pilot, Augusta had a sister, Dora, and a half-sister Catherine Burridge by her mother's previous marriage to a musical instrument dealer. There is no evidence that Augusta ever left India or was in England, a confusion possibly arising from the sensitive term 'Anglo-Indian', used variously in the British Raj to define Europeans born in India and as a politer alternative to 'Eurasian' for those of mixed race.

Whittington-Egan describes Augusta as "short and dumpy... vivacious and quite attractive... small, sociable, mischievous" with a "china-doll complexion" and "springy brown tresses", definitely not "a sultry siren or slinky ''femme fatale''". On 17 June 1896 at Barrackpore, 15 miles from Calcutta, Augusta married Edward McKeon Fullam (born 1867), a rising clerk in the [[Indian Civil Service]], whose career peaked as Deputy Examiner in the Military Accounts Department at Meerut. He was eight years older than Augusta, with a withered arm and health susceptible to the fierce climate and temperature. A Freemason, Sunday School teacher and 2nd Lieutenant in the local volunteers, "Eddie" or "hubby" (as "Gussie" called him) was perhaps a bit of a dull stick for a flirtatious, party-loving woman who enjoyed cheap romantic novels, male attention, gossip, parties and fun.

Gussie and Eddie settled down to a comfortable life on cantonments, first at Barrackpore, then from 1908 at Meerut (North of Delhi). The Fullams only moved to Agra in 1911 when Eddie's health was succumbing to the poisoning campaign that killed him soon after their arrival. Meanwhile, they had three children: Leonard (born 1899), Kathleen (born 1902) and Frank (born 1906).

==Affair with Henry Clark and murder of Edward Fullam==
Augusta had met Henry Lovell Clark at a dance sometime in 1908, and it was at her urging that Edward Fullam invited his fellow-Mason Clark to their home in Meerut, where Clark and Augusta soon began a fully-blown affair. Clark was a raffish figure with a definite reputation. Born at Calcutta in 1868, the son of an indigo-planter, Henry was Eurasian and therefore a definite social cut below the Fullams, in the rigid hierarchy of British Raj India and the Indian caste system). He was handsome, muscular and a dedicated womaniser, despite his 1889 marriage to a former nurse, Louisa Guest, ten years older than himself, by whom he had three children: Maud, Henry and Walter. The sons were grown up when their father met Augusta, and working in the Military Accounts Department at Meerut, where Edward Fullam was deputy head. Maud was a teenager, living at home with her mother, while Clark, who regularly beat and abused his wife and children, "played the field". Clark was a medical officer in the Indian Sobordinate Medical Department: a vague status somewhere short of a fully-qualified General Practitioner. Clark had struggled to pass the examinations, but was said to have achieved his army lieutenancy serving as an assistant surgeon in the British Indian Army during the 1900 Boxer Uprising in China.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Whittington-Egan describes Henry Clark as "active, restless... raffish... Versatile and bazaar-wise, he would slide off from a polite game of tennis to frequent risky native prostitutes in their questionable hovels... A bad lot... [a] brutish creature caged inside a front of gallantry...Basically he was a loser. It is surprising that a man of such known bad character ever obtained preferment at all. His undoubted success with women fuelled a self-esteem that would otherwise have faltered." Augusta couldn't get enough of him. Their affair became increasingly indiscreet, and while Edward Fullam seems not to have cottoned on - he and Augusta had a fourth child, Myrtle, in January 1910 - Meerut was rife with gossip and in November 1910, Clark was transferred to Delhi, 45 miles from Meerut, after which, Augusta started writing him increasingly indiscreet letters, most of which he unwisely kept: 400 or so of these letters would play a crucial part in securing convictions against the couple for the murder of their respective spouses. Clark was later transferred again to Agra, 180 miles from Meerut, and there was some idea of his seniors' posting him to Aden, out of India altogether.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In Spring 1911, Augusta was pregnant by Clark, who gave her abortifacient drugs to procure a [[miscarriage]], and on a visit to Meerut, the lovers' indiscreet behaviour finally alerted Edward Fullam to suspicion and jealousy. From now on the lovers' conspired to poison their respective partners, passing off the deaths as heatstroke or other common illnesses. Augusta started lacing Edward's food and drink with arsenic and other poisons posted to her by Clark, while he in turn tried to bribe the family cook Bibu to poison Louisa's food. The horrified cook went straight to Louisa, who enlisted her children's support and had the powders analysed (by a subordinate of her husband's at the hospital): arsenic. The cook fled back home, and Clark hired a new cook Budhu, whom he suborned to help him dispose of Louisa, who was now on the alert, fully aware of his intentions. Poisoning was beginning to look problematic as a means of killing Louisa.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Meanwhile, in Meerut, although the steady campaign of poisoning Edward Fullam was ruining his health, it was not finishing him off, as planned, and he was ruled unfit for work, to be pensioned off and possibly sent to a more salubrious part of India ('The Hills' or Bangalore), or even to England, where neither he nor Augusta had any real roots or connections. In October 1911, Edward was discharged from hospital and moved with his wife and family to a new home in, of all places, Agra, a short distance from Clark's bungalow. Three days later, he was dead, finished off by three injections given by Clark and witnessed by young Kathleen Fullam. He was buried in haste, and Clark soon became the Fullams' man of the house, eating most of his meals and sleeping there... and beating the Fullam children, as he had his own.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Murder of Louisa Clark, trial and conviction==
The lovers now turned their attention to removing Henry Clark's unwanted wife Louisa, for which Clark engaged the family cook Budhu to recruit 'badmashes' (amateur criminals with daytime jobs in the local bazaars) to attack and murder Louisa as she slept in the Clark's bungalow, in what was to look like a disturbed robbery. On 17 November 1912, while Clark was cycling around Agra, establishing an alibi that would swiftly unravel on police inspection, the four hired badmashes, Sukkha, Buddha, Ram Lal and Mohan (all in their early twenties), joined by a hesitantly supervising Budhu, stole into the Clark bungalow as the ladies slept, and hacked Louisa to death in front of her daughter Maud. Clark had ruined his flimsy alibi by cycling home to lock up the dog, which was barking and preventing the assassins from entering the house, and to stop by at Augusta's. The lovers compromised themselves further by paying the killers with rupees from a cheque of Augusta's which Clark countersigned at the bank... and when police found Augusta's letters in a locked tin chest under her bed, left there "for safety" by Clark, the game was up.

Edward Fullam's body was exhumed and arsenic found in the remains. Henry Clark and Augusta Fullam were arrested, and after December 1912 - January 1913 committal proceedings in the Agra Magistrates' Court, charged and sent for trial on both murders, along with the five co-conspirators, at the High Court of Justice in Allahabad (then state capital of the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh, now Uttar Pradesh). Augusta submitted a December 1912 statement, seeking to exonerate herself and attribute her letters and actions to hypnosis by Clark, but this cut little ice, and came close to a confession of her role in both murders. She later applied to the High Court to be accepted as "approver" (the equivalent of English Law's "turning King's Evidence") in the case, but this was rejected, as the canny cook Budhu had already been accepted "approver", and earned indemnity from charge or penalty by giving evidence against the others. The authorities could feel comfortable convicting Augusta, safe in the knowledge that, being pregnant with Clark's child, she would be reprieved the mandatory death sentence.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The High Court trial opened on 26 February 1913 gathering international attention. Fullam had applied to give [[King's Evidence]] but her application was rejected.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1913-02-26 |title=Agra murder case |work=Mercury |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10275961 |access-date=2022-11-14}}</ref> Both Maud Clark and Kathleen Fullam were key prosecution witnesses, having witnessed their respective parents' murders. It took the jury only 10 minutes to return with guilty verdicts on all those charged (except Ram Lal, who was found not guilty and discharged). Henry Clark and the other three badmashes were hanged on 26 March 1913. Augusta's sentence was indeed commuted to life imprisonment. She gave birth to Henry Clark's son on 28 July 1913, and died of heatstroke at the age of 38 in Naini Prison, Allahabad, on 28 May 1914. Her son, christened Lovell Henry William Goodwyn, was rejected by both families, brought up in a Bengal orphanage, renamed William Hope and served with distinction in the Merchant Navy, before settling in Australia and raising a family. He died in 1975 without ever knowing who his natural parents were.

==Popular culture==

The case featured as an episode of the 1970 six-part [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] series [[Wicked Women (TV series)|''Wicked Women'']] with Augusta Fullam played by [[Vivien Merchant]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fullam, Augusta}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:British female murderers]]
[[Category:20th-century British murderers]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Mariticides]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Sultanpur Express

2026-01-13T16:00:09Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus – Sultanpur Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|26}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] ('''LTT''')
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}} ('''SLN''')
| distance = {{convert|1547|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Runs one days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12143/12144
| speed = {{cvt|57|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus – Sultanpur Superfast Express''' is a Weekly Superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] Mumbai in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Sultanpur Junction railway station|Sultanpur Junction]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is currently being operated with 12143/12144 train numbers on Weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1804&did=1390915609554B3A6EBA2137D2C58FC928AF03ECB72A8.web103 4 WR TRAINS AUGMENTED on PERMANENT BASIS]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2003&id=0,4,268 | title=Temporary augmentation of trains | publisher=North Western Railway | date=23 January 2014 | accessdate=13 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Service==

12143 departs Lokmanya Tilak Terminus at 03:45 PM on Sundays and reaches Sultanpur Junction at 05:30 PM on Mondays.

12144 departs Sultanpur Junction at 04:05 AM on Tuesdays and reaches Lokmanya Tilak Terminus at 07:25 AM on Wednesdays.

== Route and halts ==

The halts of this train service are:

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{rws|Kasara}} (Technical Halt for Banker Attachment)
* {{rws|Igatpuri}} (Technical Halt for Banker Detachment)
* {{rws|Nasik Road}}
* {{rws|Manmad Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{rws|Khandwa Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{rws|Bina Junction}}
* {{rws|Jhansi Junction}}
* {{rws|Orai}}
* {{rws|Kanpur Central}}
* {{rws|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{rws|Nihalgarh}}
* [[Musafirkhana|Musafir Khana]]
* {{rws|Sultanpur Junction}}

==Coach composite==

The train has LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 7 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper Coaches
* 3 General Second Class
* 2 Generator Luggage and Brake Van
The service is operated using a single rake, in a rake sharing arrangement (RSA) with [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Gorakhpur Express|11081 / 11082 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Gorakhpur Express]]. The rake is maintained at Lokmanya Tilak Terminus coaching depot.

== Traction==
Both 12143 and 12144 are hauled by a [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|LTT]] to [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] and vice versa.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/383 12143/Mumbai LTT - Sultanpur SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/sultanpur-mumbai-ltt-sf-express-12144/384/335/466 12144/Sultanpur - Mumbai LTT SF Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Sultanpur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Koppal

2026-01-12T01:33:23Z

ArcherMill7063: basic improved structure as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting

{{other}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koppal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
Koppal Fort.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Koppal Fort
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Koppala in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|15.35|N|76.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Koppal district|Koppal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = City Municipality
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 28.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 529
| population_total = 70,698
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 2070.62
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 583 231
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08539
| registration_plate = KA-37
| website = www.koppalcity.mrc.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name = Koppala
}}
'''Koppal''' or '''Koppala''' is the district headquarters of [[Koppal district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. Koppal is surrounded on three sides by hills. It was known as Kopana Nagara.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8742/page/n174/mode/1up | title=Historical geography of ancient India | year=1976 | publisher=Ess Ess Publication, Delhi }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Sharvari |title=Koppal: historical, sacred & beautiful |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/koppal-historical-sacred-beautiful-735767.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> The town has historical landmarks such as the Koppal Fort, Gavimath (a religious shrine), and the Male Mallappa Temple. Historically, Koppal was known as Jaina Kashi, meaning the "Kashi" or most-sacred-place for Jains.<ref>{{cite web |title=About District |url=https://koppal.nic.in/en/history/about-district/ |website=Koppal District, Government of Karnataka |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> It was so named because there were more than 700 Basadis (also called Bastis), Jain meditation halls or Prarthana Mandirs.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Koppal district was carved out of Raichur district, located in the northern part of Karnataka state, on 1 April 1998.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Sharvari |title=Koppal: historical, sacred & beautiful |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/koppal-historical-sacred-beautiful-735767.html |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> Major tourist attractions include the Krishnadevaraya Tomb, Anjanadri Parvata, Huligamma Temple, Pampa Sarovara, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist Places {{!}} Koppal District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://koppal.nic.in/en/tourist-places/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Koppal (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 34.5
| Feb record high C = 39.0
| Mar record high C = 40.5
| Apr record high C = 42.6
| May record high C = 42.5
| Jun record high C = 39.5
| Jul record high C = 36.0
| Aug record high C = 35.2
| Sep record high C = 35.5
| Oct record high C = 35.0
| Nov record high C = 33.5
| Dec record high C = 35.0
|year record high C =
| Jan high C = 30.0
| Feb high C = 32.9
| Mar high C = 36.3
| Apr high C = 38.2
| May high C = 37.6
| Jun high C = 32.8
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.3
| Sep high C = 30.0
| Oct high C = 30.4
| Nov high C = 29.1
| Dec high C = 29.1
|year high C = 32.2
| Jan low C = 16.5
| Feb low C = 18.5
| Mar low C = 21.7
| Apr low C = 23.8
| May low C = 23.9
| Jun low C = 22.8
| Jul low C = 22.3
| Aug low C = 21.8
| Sep low C = 21.5
| Oct low C = 20.9
| Nov low C = 18.6
| Dec low C = 16.6
|year low C = 20.7
| Jan record low C = 10.0
| Feb record low C = 10.5
| Mar record low C = 15.0
| Apr record low C = 18.0
| May record low C = 19.0
| Jun record low C = 11.0
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 20.0
| Sep record low C = 18.5
| Oct record low C = 14.5
| Nov record low C = 10.0
| Dec record low C = 9.5
|year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.9
| Feb rain mm = 2.3
| Mar rain mm = 26.8
| Apr rain mm = 20.1
| May rain mm = 66.9
| Jun rain mm = 85.7
| Jul rain mm = 87.9
| Aug rain mm = 114.1
| Sep rain mm = 150.7
| Oct rain mm = 96.4
| Nov rain mm = 26.5
| Dec rain mm = 2.0
|year rain mm = 681.1
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| Apr rain days = 1.9
| May rain days = 4.0
| Jun rain days = 5.3
| Jul rain days = 6.2
| Aug rain days = 7.2
| Sep rain days = 7.1
| Oct rain days = 5.1
| Nov rain days = 1.4
| Dec rain days = 0.2
|year rain days = 39.4
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 48
| Feb humidity = 43
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 40
| May humidity = 45
| Jun humidity = 68
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 70
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 56
|year humidity = 57
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Koppal district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 70,698.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=683241 | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 350th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a population density of {{convert| 250 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.32%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Koppal has a [[sex ratio]] of 1006 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.97%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

== Transport ==
Koppal has a [[Koppal railway station|railway station]], which is located north-west from the city centre, connecting to Delhi,[[Bengaluru]], [[Hubli]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Tirupati]], and [[Kolhapur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District History |url=https://koppal.nic.in/en/history/ |website=Koppal District, Government of Karnataka |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref> National Highway 63 passes through the city, which connects [[Ankola]] and [[Gooty]] through Hubli.

==Villages==


{{cmn|colwidth=40em|rules=yes|
*[[Rajoor]]
*[[Bhatapanahalli]]
*[[Gangavathi]]
*[[Habalakatti]]
*[[Kanakagiri]]
*[[Kesakkihanchinal]]
*[[Kinhal]]
*[[Kuknur]]
*[[Kushtagi]]
*[[Mandalagiri]]
*[[Tavaragera]]
*[[Yelburga]]
*[[Hanawal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Koppal}}

{{Koppal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Koppal district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Koppal district]]
[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]

Roshan (music director)

2026-01-09T17:06:33Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Short description|Indian musician (1917–1967)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{infobox person
| name = Roshan Lal Nagrath
| image = Music Director Roshan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Roshan in 1964
| image_size =
| birth_name = Roshan Lal Nagrath
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|07|14}}
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1967|11|16|1917|07|14}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University|Marris College]]
| spouse = [[Ira Roshan]]
| children = {{ubl|[[Rakesh Roshan]] (son)|[[Rajesh Roshan]] (son)|[[Hrithik Roshan]] (grandson)}}
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Roshan family|Roshan family]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist 
| embed = yes
| background = non_performing_personnel
| origin =
| genre =
| occupation = {{hlist|Music director|composer}}
| years_active = 1948–1967
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Esraj]]|[[harmonium]]}}
| associated_acts = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| website =
}}
}}

'''Roshan Lal Nagrath''' (14 July 1917 – 16 November 1967), known mononymously as '''Roshan''', was an Indian [[esraj]] player and [[music director]].

Roshan's compositions were marked by a melodic sensibility, subtle yet expressive orchestration, and a depth of feeling that distinguished him from many of his contemporaries, having mastered [[Hindustani classical music]], particularly in the [[Ghazal|''ghazal'']] and ''[[qawwali]]'' traditions. In the ''qawwali'' genre specifically, with titles such as "Na Toh Karvan Ki Talash Hai" (''[[Barsaat Ki Raat|Barsat ki Raat]]'', 1960), he was particularly influential, and is said to be the only populariser of this genre of [[religious music]] between its founder [[Amir Khusrau|Amir Khusro]] in the 13th century and [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] of [[Pakistan]] a few decades later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |date=23 July 2017 |title=Tribute to music composer Roshan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/tribute-to-music-composer-roshan-musical-milestone-a-qawwali-to-remember/story-C8DatLSBpmT0yDYNeyJACJ.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2025, [[Netflix]] released a four-part documentary series titled ''[[The Roshans]]''. The series traces the artistic lineage from composer Roshan Lal Nagrath to his sons [[Rakesh Roshan]] and [[Rajesh Roshan]], and to actor [[Hrithik Roshan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazir |first=Asjad |title=Netflix’s 'The Roshans' Skips Hrithik Roshan’s Family Drama {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/netflix-s-the-roshans-leaves-out-negative-side-of-hrithik-roshan-s-family/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=www.easterneye.biz |language=en}}</ref> reflecting on how the family’s creative output helped shape mainstream Bollywood music and cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roshans Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/web-series/the-roshans-review-70944.html |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Rakesh Roshan Strips Away Bollywood Glitter in Netflix’s Candid Family Series; ‘Krrish 4’ Announcement ‘Very Soon’ |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/rakesh-roshan-strips-away-bollywood-092821433.html |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=Variety via Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=17 January 2025 |title=SHOCKING: Rakesh Roshan reveals in The Roshans that he was replaced by Jeetendra as the main lead in Priyatama due to Neetu Kapoor and distributors: "The producer told me ‘Distributors and heroine are worried that tum honge toh picture bikegi nahin'" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shocking-rakesh-roshan-reveals-roshans-replaced-jeetendra-main-lead-priyatama-due-neetu-kapoor-distributors-producer-told-distributors-heroine/ |access-date=24 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Roshan was born on 14 July 1917 in [[Gujranwala]] in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]). Being born in a [[Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=Did you know what Hrithik Roshan's real surname is? the actor reveals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/hrithik-roshans-real-surname-revealed-the-hidden-family-secret/articleshow/107044450.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> family, he began music lessons at a young age and later attended [[Bhatkhande Music Institute|Marris College]] in [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] under the training of Pandit [[S N Ratanjankar]] (principal of the institute). Roshan became an accomplished sarod player under the guidance of [[Allauddin Khan]], the renowned sarod player from [[Maihar]]. In 1940, [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]], programme producer/music, [[All India Radio]] Delhi, hired Roshan as staff artist for [[esraj]], the instrument he used to play. He gave up this job in 1948 to seek fame and fortune in [[Bombay]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web |author=Pran Neville |date=5 January 2018 |title=Remembering music director Roshan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-music-director-roshan/article22368074.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027174113/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-music-director-roshan/article22368074.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=8 November 2019 |website=The Hindu (newspaper)}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1948, Roshan came to [[Bombay]] to find work as a Hindi film music director and became assistant of music composer [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]] in film ''[[Singaar]]'' (1949). He somewhat struggled until he met the producer-director [[Kidar Sharma]], who gave him the job of composing for his film ''[[Neki Aur Badi (1949 film)|Neki Aur Badi]]'' (1949), a film co-produced by [[Munshiram Varma]] and distributed by [[Varma Films]].<ref name=TheHindu/> While this film was a flop, Kidar Sharma gave him another chance in his next film. Roshan emerged as a player on the Hindi film music scene with ''Baawre Nain'' (1950) which became a big musical hit.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=DNA>{{cite news |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |date=11 July 2015 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-top-10-songs-from-roshan-s-best-film-albums-2103545 |title=Bollywood Retrospect: Top 10 songs from Roshan's best film albums |work=DNA India |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

In the early 1950s, Roshan worked with singers [[Mohammad Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and [[Talat Mahmood]]. ''Malhar'' (1951), ''Shisham'', and [[Anhonee (1952 film)]] were some of the movies that he scored during the 1950s. During this time, he also composed the Meera bhajan which became a run-away hit, "Aeiri main to prem diwani mera dard na jane koyi" sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] for the movie ''Naubahar'' (1952).<ref name=TheHindu/>

He was not always commercially successful. He gave [[Indeewar]] and [[Anand Bakshi]] their first breaks in the [[Indian film industry]] as lyricists. Later, they became two of the most sought-after songwriters in [[Mumbai]] from the late 1960s onwards.

Anand Bakshi was given his first break in 1956 by the music director [[Nisar Bazmi]] in his film ''Bhala Aadmi'' (1956). Roshan gave Bakshi the film ''CID Girl'' (1959), after Anand Bakshi wrote the four songs of ''Bhala Aadmi'' in 1956. ''Bhala Aadmi'' was released in 1958 after some delay. Together, Anand Bakshi and Roshan made a super hit musical film ''[[Devar]]'' (1966).

The 1960s proved to be the golden age for Roshan and his music. His ability to mould folk music with Hindustani classical music became his trademark and resulted in successful movie musicals. During this time, Roshan gave hits such as "Na to karavan ki talaash hai from Barsat Ki Raat" and "Zindagi bhar nahi bhoolegi woh barsaat ki raat" (''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'', 1960). ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' also was a "super hit" film of 1960s.<ref name=BoxOfficeIndia/>

"Ab kya misaal doon" and "Kabhi to milegi, kahi to milegi" ([[Aarti (film)|Aarti]], 1962), "Jo vada kiya vo nibhana padega", "Paao chhoon lene do", "Jo baat tujhmein hai" and "Jurm-e-ulfat pe" (''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]'', 1963), "Nigahen milane ko jee chahata hai" and "Laaga chunari mein daag" (''Dil Hi To Hai'', 1963), "Sansaar se bhaage phirte ho" and "Man re tu kaahe" (''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'', 1964), and "Oh re taal mile" and "Khushi khushi kar do vida" (''[[Anokhi Raat]]'', 1968). He composed some melodies for the movie ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' (1966) with lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], "Rehte the kabhi jinke dil mein" and "Rahen Na Rahen Hum" sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and her hit duet, "Chuppa Lo Yun Dil Mein Pyar Mera" with [[Hemant Kumar]]. ''Devar'' (1966): "Aaya hai mujhe phir yaad woh zalim, guzara zamana bachpan ka"; "Baharon ne mera chaman loot kar"; "Duniya mein aisa kahan sab ka naseeb hai".<ref name=DNA/><ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=Cinestaan>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/jan/14/3786/rajesh-roshan-jo-wada-kiya-wo-still-haunts-me |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109184541/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/jan/14/3786/rajesh-roshan-jo-wada-kiya-wo-still-haunts-me |url-status=live |archive-date=9 November 2019 |author=Sonal Pandya |date=14 January 2017 |title=Rajesh Roshan: 'Jo Wada Kiya Wo' still haunts me |website=Cinestaan.com website |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Roshan married Ira Moitra, his second wife, in 1948 and moved to Bombay.<ref name="TOI_Feb2024"/><ref name=TheHindu/> Their sons are [[Rakesh Roshan]] (born 1949) and [[Rajesh Roshan]] (born 1955).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roshan|first=Sunaina Roshan|date=5 July 2014|title=Daddy Cool|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/daddy-cool/cid/1669378|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Somaaya|first=Bhawana|date=2 October 2014|title=I watch a film every Friday: Rakesh Roshan|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-10-02/I-watch-a-film-every-Friday-Rakesh-Roshan/109916|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Feb2024">{{cite news |last1=Mankermi |first1=Shivani |last2=Dubey |first2=Bharti |date=4 February 2024 |title=Did you know Hrithik Roshan's maternal and paternal family has roots in Pakistan? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-hrithik-roshans-maternal-and-paternal-family-has-roots-in-pakistan-etimes-bffs/articleshow/107399202.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

Roshan had been suffering from chronic heart trouble for over 20 years. He had a sudden heart attack while attending a social gathering, and died in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India on 16 November 1967, aged 50.<ref name=TheHindu/>

==Filmography and popular songs==
{|class= "wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Film !! Film song lyricist !! Songs and Notes
|-
| 1949
|''[[Neki Aur Badi (1949 film)|Neki Aur Badi]]''
|[[Kidar Sharma]]
| Roshan's first movie as a composer
|-
| 1950
|''[[Bawre Nain]]''<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=DNA/>
|Kidar Sharma
| Roshan's first breakthrough hit song: "Khayaalon mein kisii ke" sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| 1951
| ''Hum Log''
|Uddhav Kumar, Vishwamitra Adil
|"bahe ankhiyon se dhaar" sung by Lata Mangeshkar, "apni nazar se unki nazar tak" sung by Mukesh
|-
| 1951
|''Malhar''<ref name=TheHindu/>
|Kaif Irfani, [[Indeevar]]
|"bade aramaanon se rakhaa hai" sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and Mukesh; "kahaa ho tum zaraa aawaaz do" sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Mukesh
|-
| 1952
|''Anhonee''
|[[Ali Sardar Jafri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|"mere dil kii dhadkan kyaa bole" sung by Lata Mangeshkar and [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| 1952
|''Naubahar''<ref name=TheHindu/>
|[[Mirabai|Meera Bai]], Shailendra
|"erii main to prem diwani", a Meera bhajan sung by Lata Mangeshkar<ref name=TheHindu/>
|-
|1952
|''Raagrang''
|Kaif Irfani, Pyarelal Santoshi, Sarshar Sailani, Prakash Bakshi
|"dil-e-beqaraar so jaa" sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Talat Mehmood
|-
| 1952
|''Sanskar''
|Shailendra
|
|-
| 1952
|''Shisham''
|Uddhav Kumar, Kaif Irfani, [[Zia Sarhadi]], [[Nazim Panipati]], Indeevar, Madhukar Rajasthani
|"banayi hai itni badi jis ne duniyaa" sung by Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1953
|''Aagosh''
|Shailendra, Indeevar, Kaif Irfani, Uddhav Kumar
|"muhabbat ek sholaa hai" sung by Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1953
|''Firdaus''
|[[D. N. Madhok]], Shailendra
|Some songs composed by [[Robin Chatterjee]]
|-
| 1953
|''Gunah''
|Kidar Sharma
|Some songs composed by [[Snehal Bhatkar]]
|-
| 1953
|''Malkin''
|[[Rajendra Krishan]]
|
|-
| 1953
|''Mashuqa''
|[[Qamar Jalalabadi]], Shailendra
|"jhilamil taare" sung by Mukesh, "yeh sama hum tum jawaan", sung by Kishore Kumar and Meena Kappor
|-
| 1954
|''Baap Beti''
|[[Kavi Pradeep]]
|
|-
| 1954
|''Baraati''
|[[Jan Nisar Akhtar]], D.N. Madhok, [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], [[Tanvir Naqvi]]
|
|-
|1954
|''Bhairavi''
|
|Abandoned mid-way. Producer : Lata Mangeshkar for Surel Chitra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://giitaayan.com/satish/art-68.htm|title = RMIM Archive Article Number: "385"}}</ref> "Kaahe Tarasaaye Jiyaraa" was recorded for this film but used in ''Chitralekha'' many years later
|-
| 1954
|''[[Chandni Chowk (film)|Chandni Chowk]]''
|[[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], Kamil Rashid, Shailendra, Raja Mehdi Ali Khan, [[Saifuddin Saif]]
|"teraa dil kahaan hai" sung by [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|1954
|''Mehbooba''
|Tanveer Naqvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Indeevar
|Some songs composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]]
|-
| 1955
|''Chhora Chhori''
|Kidar Sharma, Himmat Rai Sharma, Noor Dewasi
|
|-
| 1955
|''Ghar Ghar Mein Diwali''
|[[Prem Dhawan]], Indeevar
|
|-
| 1955
|''Jashan''
|Rajendra Krishan
|
|-
| 1956
|''Rangeen Raten''
|Kidar Sharma
|
|-
| 1956
|''Taksaal''
|Prem Dhawan
|"dil bhii tera, ham bhii tere" sung by Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1957
|''Agra Road''
|Prem Dhawan, [[Bharat Vyas]]
|
|-
| 1957
|''Coffee House''
|Prem Dhawan, Shailendra, [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|
|-
| 1957
|''Do Roti''
|[[Khumar Barabankvi]]
|
|-
| 1958
|''Aji Bas Shukriya''
|[[Faruk Kaiser]]
|"saarii saarii raat terii yaad sataae" sung by Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1958
|''Raja Beta''
|Rajendra Krishan
|
|-
| 1959
|''Aangan''
|Rajendra Krishan, Avinash, [[Pandit Indra]]
|
|-
| 1959
|''CID Girl''
|[[Anand Bakshi]], Hasrat Jaipuri
|
|-
| 1959
|''Deep Jalta Rahe''
|Shailendra, Rahil Gorakhpuri
|
|-
| 1959
|''Heera Moti''
|Shailendra, Prem Dhawan
|
|-
| 1959
|''Madhu''
|Shailendra, [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]], Prem Dhawan
|
|-
| 1959
|''Maine Jeena Seekh Liya''
| Rahil Gorakhpuri, Anand Bakshi
|"tere pyaar ko is tarah se bhulaanaa" sung by Mukesh
|-
| 1960
|''Babar''
|[[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|"salaam-e-hasrat qabuul kar lo" sung by [[Sudha Malhotra]]
|-
| 1960
|''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]''<ref name=DNA/><ref name=TheHindu/>
|Sahir Ludhianvi
| The biggest musical film of his career with the most hits.<ref name=TheHindu/> "zindagii bhar nahin bhuulegii vo barasaat kii raat" sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]] as a solo and in a duet version with Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1961
|''Warrant''
|Prem Dhawan, Anand Bakshi
|
|-
| 1961
|''Zindagi Aur Hum''
|[[Shiv Kumar Saroj]], Veer Muhmmad Puri
|"tuu ham ko dekh aur hamaarii nazar se dekh" sung by Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1962
|[[Aarti (film)|''Aarti'']]
|Majrooh Sultanpuri
|"aap ne yaad dilaayaa to mujhe yaad aayaa" sung by Rafi and Lata
|-
| 1962
|''Soorat aur Seerat''
|Shailendra
|
|-
| 1962
|''Vallah Kya Baat Hai''
|Prem Dhawan, Anand Bakshi
|
|-
| 1963
|''Commercial Pilot Officer''
|Anand Bakshi
|
|-
| 1963
|[[Dil Hi To Hai (1963 film)|''Dil Hi To Hai'']]
|Sahir Ludhianvi
|"laagaa chunarii mein daag" sung by [[Manna Dey]]
|-
|1963
|[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|''Taj Mahal'']]<ref name=Cinestaan/>
|Sahir Ludhianvi
|Both the song "jo waadaa kiyaa vo nibhaanaa padegaa" sung by Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar and the film itself were "super hits"<ref name=BoxOfficeIndia>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=123&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|date=18 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|title= Top Earners 1960-1969|website= BoxOfficeIndia.com website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200236/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=123&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5 |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=Cinestaan/>
|-
|1964
|[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|''Chitralekha'']]<ref name=Outlook/>
|Sahir Ludhianvi
|In 2006, the song "man re tuu kaahe na dhiir dhare" sung by Mohammed Rafi was chosen by a jury of professionals in the [[Indian film industry]] as the top number one Hindi song<ref name=Outlook>[https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/20-best-hindi-film-songs-ever/231648 20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever on Outlook (magazine)] Published 26 June 2006, Retrieved 9 November 2019</ref>
|-
| 1965
|''Bedaag''
|[[Shakeel Badayuni]], Anand Bakshi
|
|-
|1965
|''[[Bheegi Raat]]''
|Majrooh Sultanpuri
|"dil jo na kaha sakaa" in two versions, one each by Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 1966
|''Daadi Maa''
|Majrooh Sultanpuri
| "usko nahin dekha hamne kabhi" - an ode to the mother, sung by Mahendra Kapoor and Manna Dey
|-
| 1965
|''[[Nai Umar Ki Nai Fasal]]''
|[[Neeraj]], Manmohan Tiwari
|"caravan guzar gaya" ("swapna jhare phool se"), sung by Mohammad Rafi
|-
| 1966
|''Devar''
|Anand Bakshi
|
|-
| 1966
|''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]''
|Majrooh Sultanpuri
|"rahen na rahen hum" sung by Lata Mangeshkar, with a different version by Mohammed Rafi and [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
| 1967
|''[[Bahu Begum]]''<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Bahu-Begum-1967/article15938902.ece Bahu Begum (1967 film) on The Hindu (newspaper)] Published 15 September 2010, Retrieved 12 November 2019</ref>
|Sahir Ludhianvi
| "ham intazaar karenge teraa qayaamat tak" sung by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 1967
|[[Noor Jehan (film)|''Noor Jehan'']]
|Shakeel Badayuni
|"sharaabii sharaabii ye saawan kaa mausam" by Suman Kalyanpur
|-
|1968
|''[[Anokhi Raat]]''
|Indeevar, [[Kaifi Azmi]]
|"oh re taal mile nadii ke jal mein" sung by Mukesh
|-
| 1973
|''Dur Nahin Manzil''
|[[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], Indeevar
|Posthumous Release. Some songs composed by [[Shankar-Jaikishan]]
|}

;Television
* ''[[The Roshans]]'' (archival, 2025) <ref>{{cite news |title=The Roshans review: A valuable addition to films about Hindi film industry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-roshans-review-a-valuable-addition-to-films-about-hindi-film-industry-9784029/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Popular film ''qawwalis''==
* ''Naa To Kaarvan Ki Talaash Hai'' in [[Barsaat Ki Raat|''Barsaat Ki Raat'']] (1960)
* ''Yeh Ishq Ishq Hai'' in ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' (1960)
* ''Nigahein Milane Ko Jee Chahta Hai'' in [[Dil Hi To Hai (1963 film)|''Dil Hi To Hai'']] (1963)
* ''Waqif Hoon Khoob Ishq Ke Tarz-E-Bayaan Se Main'' and ''Dhundhke Laoon Kahan Se Main'' in ''[[Bahu Begum]]'' (1967)

Roshan's marked specialty was the film ''qawwali''. He was widely hailed for their composition.

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]] for film ''Taj Mahal'' (1963)<ref name=TheHindu/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0004362|name=Roshan}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roshan}}
[[Category:Hrithik Roshan]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]

Rashtrapati Nilayam

2026-01-07T06:55:58Z

ArcherMill7063:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Rashtrapati Nilayam
| image = Rashtrapati Nilayam.jpg
| caption = Rashtrapati Nilayam, Bolaram
| current_tenants = [[Draupadi Murmu]]<br>([[President of India]])
| building_type = Official retreat
| structural_system =
| location = [[Bolaram]], [[Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| completion_date = {{start date and age |df=yes| 1860}}
| opened =
| main_contractors =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
}}
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind hosting ‘At Home’ reception, at Rashtrapati Nilayam, Bolarum, Secunderabad on December 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|262x262px|[[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] hosting ‘At Home’ reception, at Rashtrapati Nilayam, [[Bolarum]], [[Secunderabad]] on 26 December 2017]]
'''Rashtrapati Nilayam''' ({{Lit|The president's house}}), formerly known as '''Residency House''', is the official winter retreat of the [[president of India]] located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article101311.ece |title=Cities / Hyderabad : Rashtrapati Nilayam bags first prize in Garden Festival 2010 |work=The Hindu |date=2010-02-05 |access-date=2012-10-10 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The president stays here for at least two weeks during their winter visit and conducts official business.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=Meghalaya proposes President's "third retreat" |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/meghalaya-proposes-president-s-third-retreat-740980.html |access-date=2019-08-30 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref> It is also used as a guest house for visiting dignitaries. It is located in [[Bollaram|Bolaram]] in [[Secunderabad]], a neighbourhood of Hyderabad.
[[File:Rastrapathi Nilayam Bollurum Secundrabad Telangana.jpg|thumb|Rastrapathi Nilayam]]
[[File:Rastrapathi Nilayam Secunderabad Telangana.jpg|thumb|Rastrapathi Nilayam]]

==History==
Originally called the Residency House, it was constructed in 1860 by [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] [[Nazir-ud-Dowla]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/R-P-Nilayam-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-from-Jan-6-12/articleshow/17878489.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=R P Nilayam to be thrown open to public from Jan 6-12 - The Times of India}}</ref> It became the country house of the [[British Resident]] at Secunderabad. After the [[Hyderabad state]]'s [[Operation Polo|integration into Indian Union]] in 1948, it became the president's retreat and used as the ''Southern Sojourn''.<ref name="Rashtrapati bhavan">{{cite web|title=Rashtrapati bhavan:presidential retreats|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm|work=presidentofindia.nic|access-date=25 February 2015}}
* {{cite news|title=Rashtrapati Nilayam is open for public|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140107/news-current-affairs/article/rastrapati-nilayam-open-public|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 January 2014|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225005343/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140107/news-current-affairs/article/rastrapati-nilayam-open-public|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Rashtrapati Nilayam opens its gates for visitors|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/rashtrapati-nilayam-opens-its-gates-for-visitors/20101231.htm|newspaper=Rediff News|date=31 December 2010|access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/president-patil-arriving-hyderabad-15day-southern-sojourn-2101601 |title=President Patil arriving Hyderabad on 15-day southern sojourn | TopNews |publisher=Topnews.in |date=2008-12-27 |access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref> The decision to open the estate to the general public marked a significant step in making India's presidential history more accessible and engaging for a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-22 |title=President Murmu opens Rashtrapati Nilayam in Secunderabad to the public |url=https://theprint.in/india/president-murmu-opens-rashtrapati-nilayam-in-secunderabad-to-the-public/1464146/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{external media
}}
The 16-room estate is spread over an area of {{convert|90|acre|m2}}, consisting of single storied building besides a visitors' quarters that can accommodate 150 people. It has a Dining Hall, [[Durbar (court)|Durbar Hall]], [[Morning-room|Morning Room]], Cinema Hall, etc. A unique aspect of this Rashtrapati Nilayam is that the kitchen and dining hall are independent buildings connected with a tunnel to serve food. [[File:Residency House Bolarum.jpg|right|thumb|Rashtrapati Nilayam (Residency House), c. 1892, Photo: Lala Deen Dayal]]The president stays in the Main Building and conducts official business from here when they visit for their winter sojourn in December every year.
The retreat's premises include a landscaped garden, seasonal flowering plants and display of potted plants around the main building, natural cascading water falls and different types of nutrition gardens.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

== Attractions ==

=== Knowledge Gallery ===
It has been established to provide more information about Rashtrapati Bhavan and its estates including Rashtrapati Nilayam, along with belongings of past presidents of India. Apart from this there are enclaves dedicated to unsung heroes of Independence and chapters of Hyderabad history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT OF INDIA GRACES THE OPENING OF RASHTRAPATI NILAYAM FOR VISITORS THROUGH VIDEO CONFERENCING |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1909461 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The museum also showcases the cutlery used in the President's Kitchen along with pictures of the state dinners hosted by each of the past presidents. [[File:Replica of historic flagpost at Rashtrapati Nilayam.jpg|alt=One of its kind 120 ft tall teak wood flag post - replica of the original flag post where the Indian flag was hoisted for the first time in Hyderabad in September 1948|thumb|One of its kind 120 ft tall teak wood flag post - replica of the original flag post where the Indian flag was hoisted for the first time in Hyderabad in September 1948]]. Draupadi murmu's statue is also located.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

=== Flagpost ===
In December 2023, President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated a replica of the historic flag post at the Rashtrapati Nilayam <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT OF INDIA INAUGURATES VARIOUS TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AT RASHTRAPATI NILAYAM |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1989082 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> on which the national flag was hoisted for the first time in Hyderabad after the princely state acceded to the Indian Union in 1948. This Flagpost is a one-of-its-kind 120 ft wooden structure made of Burma teak wood. This replaced the old flagpole which was dismantled in 2010 as it became dilapidated and posed a threat to the main building.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=President Murmu inaugurates replica of flagpole that witnessed Hyderabad's accession to Indian Union |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/president-murmu-replica-flagpole-witnessed-hyderabad-accession-indian-union-9077732/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Jai Hind Stepwell.jpg|thumb|Jai Hind Stepwell - one of the three stepwells revived at Rashtrapati Nilayam]]

=== Stepwells ===
Smt. Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the revival of traditional water systems in Rashtrapati Nilayam.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT OF INDIA INAUGURATES VARIOUS TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AT RASHTRAPATI NILAYAM |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1989082 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> There are total 3 different 100 year old step wells in the premises of Rashtrapati Nilayam, that have been revived in 2023 - Jai Hind Step Well, Nakshtra Step Well, and Chinna Baavi.<ref name=":02"/> An Interpretation Centre has been curated alongside the Jai Hind Stepwell to educate the visitors about the various traditional water management systems of India.
[[File:Cheriyal Art Tunnel (2).jpg|thumb|Kitchen Tunnel adorned with local Cheriyal Art paintings]]

=== Cheriyal Art Tunnel ===
The Kitchen tunnel, once essential as a discreet food passage, was restored in March 2023, and now features Telangana's Cheriyal folk art,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=2023-04-07 |title=Cheriyal stories adorn the walls inside the Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/cheriyal-stories-adorn-the-walls-inside-the-rashtrapati-nilayam-in-hyderabad/article66683170.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> emphasising the preservation of cultural heritage.

=== Gardens ===
There are a total of 6 gardens that exist today at Rashtrapati Nilayam - Nakshatra Garden, Herbal Garden, Rock Garden, Maze Garden, Palmatum, and Fruit Orchards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Day Outing at Rashtrapati Nilayam Hyderabad - Exploring the 163-year-old legacy - SocialMaharaj |url=https://socialmaharaj.com/2024/01/25/rashtrapati-nilayam-hyderabad/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=socialmaharaj.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>

The Herbal Garden, inaugurated in December 2009, of medicinal and aromatic plants is spread over 7,000 sq metres, has about 116 species of medicinal and aromatic plants including sarpagandha, kalabandha, citronella, lemon grass, khus, geranium, coriander, sandalwood, tuber rose, jasmine, kalmegh, tulsi etc. The garden was built by Central Public Works Department and the Telangana Medicinal Plants Board, while Rashtrapati Bhavan and National Medicinal Plants Board funded the project.
[[File:Nakshatra_Garden_(2).jpg|thumb|Nakshatra Garden]]
The Nakshatra Garden showcases the trees associated with various zodiac signs and planets. Additionally, the 90 acre main campus with 33 acres fruit orchards of different varieties – Mango, Chikkoo, Amla, Custard apple, Pomegranate, Guava, Coconut and big tamarind trees are the bio reserves of various fauna. Another feature interesting feature is the Palmatum which is a germplasm repository of 30 species of palms from Rhapis, Areca, Royal, Foxtail, Rhapis, Washingtonia etc.
[[File:Musical_Fountain_(2).jpg|thumb|Musical Fountain at the center of Maze Garden]]
The Rock Garden was created by transforming the natural surroundings of existing rocks into cactus gardens, while also repurposing the boulders to create cascading water features. The Garden also features beautiful rock sculptures of Lord Shiva and Nandi Bull.

The most recent addition to the gardens is the Maze Garden which offers a playful experience to the children visiting the property. At the culmination of the maze, there is a musical fountain which acts a key attractions for young visitors.

== Public access and education ==
It was officially opened to the public in March 2023, allowing visitors to explore its vast grounds, thematic gardens, and architectural marvels.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-22 |title=Rashtrapati Nilayam open to public |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rashtrapati-nilayam-open-to-public/article66649923.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since its opening to the public, Rashtrapati Nilayam has become a vibrant center for educational tours, interactive exhibitions,<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-02-26 |title=Hyderabad: Rashtrapati Nilayam to organise Science Innovation Exhibits today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-rashtrapati-nilayam-to-organise-science-innovation-exhibits-today-860936 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and cultural events<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Rashtrapati Nilayam hosts National Youth Day celebration {{!}} Telangana Tribune |url=https://www.telanganatribune.com/rashtrapati-nilayam-hosts-national-youth-day-celebration/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> that celebrate India's heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Meghna |date=2023-09-12 |title=Rashtrapati Nilayam to celebrate Telangana Liberation Day |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/rashtrapati-nilayam-to-celebrate-telangana-liberation-day-822002 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Visiting information ==
Rashtrapati Nilayam is open to visitors with guided tours available, offering a comprehensive experience of its historical and cultural significance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Siddharth Kumar |date=2024-01-30 |title=Rashtrapati Nilayam welcomes over 70,000 visitors since March 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rashtrapati-nilayam-welcomes-over-70000-visitors-since-march-2023/article67793533.ece |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> For those interested in exploring India's presidential heritage and enjoying a day amidst nature and history, Rashtrapati Nilayam provides an unparalleled opportunity. The tickets can be booked on the official website of Rashtrapati Bhavan for slots between 10 AM to 5 PM from Tuesday to Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtrapati Nilayam Visitor Booking |url=https://visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/visit/rashtrapati-nilayam-hyderabad/p2 |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in}}</ref> Special Slots for Kala Sandhya (Cultural Evenings) are live from 5 to 7 PM on Saturday and Sunday.

==See also==
* [[List of official residences of India]]
* [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]]
* [[The Retreat Building]], [[Shimla]]
* [[Rashtrapati Ashiana]], [[Dehradun]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://presidentofindia.nic.in/ The official web site of President of India: President's Retreats]
* [https://visit.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/ The official web site of Presidential Estates]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1611254,prtpage-1.cms Times of India]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070708/spectrum/main3.htm Tribune]

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{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Official residences in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Presidential residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Hyderabad, India]]

Rana dynasty

2026-01-06T15:47:58Z

ArcherMill7063: revised

{{Short description|Nepalese Dynasty}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}{{Infobox dynasty
| name = Rana dynasty
| native_name = राणा वंश
| native_name_lang = ne
| other_names = Ranas of Nepal
| coat_of_arms = Coat of Arms of Rana dynasty.jpg
| coat_of_arms_size = 100px
| image = Royal standards of the Rana Dynasty (19th century).svg
| image_size = 100px
| parent_family = [[Kunwar family]]
| country = [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| founded = 1846
| founder = [[Jung Bahadur Rana | Bir Narsingh Kunwar]]
(Jung Bahadur Rana)
| dissolution = 1951
| final_ruler = [[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Mohan Shumsher Rana]]
| current_head= [[Pashupati Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Pashupati Shumsher Rana]]
| motto = ''"[[Janani Janmabhumishcha Swargadapi Gariyasi]]"''<br/>{{small|Mother and Motherland are superior to heaven}}
| motto_lang = ne
| properties = [[Rana palaces of Nepal]]
| titles = Shree Tin Maharaja of Nepal, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski
}}
The '''Rana dynasty''' ({{langx|ne|राणा वंश|Rāṇā vaṃśa|IAST=}}, {{IPA|sa|raːɳaː ʋɐ̃ɕɐ|Lang}}, {{IPA|ne|raɳa bʌŋsʌ|Lang}}) was a [[Chhetri]]{{refn|group=note|Founder of this dynasty, [[Jang Bahadur Rana|Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana]], was a noble of [[Khas people|Khas community]]{{sfn|Dor Bahadur Bista|1991|p=37}} and he belonged to the [[Kunwar family]] of Gorkha which was historically a [[Khadka]]{{sfn|Sharma Baral|1964|p=111}} and a [[Chhetri]] clan.{{sfn|Regmi|1975|p=90}} Kunwar genealogy also states the title of 'Kunwar Khadka' taken by the ancestors of the Kunwar family.{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=285}} They also had marital relations with other Chhetri families as the [[Thapa dynasty]] of Mukhtiyar [[Bhimsen Thapa]] and the [[Pande dynasty]] of [[Ranajit Pande]].<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990" />}} dynasty that<ref name="google">{{cite book |title=Greater Game |author=Van PraaghD |date=2003 |publisher=MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-7130-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVDIvLQDGckC&pg=PA319 |page=319 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911115456/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVDIvLQDGckC&pg=PA319 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> imposed [[authoritarianism]] in the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] from 1846 until 1951, reducing the [[Shah dynasty|Shah monarch]] to a figurehead, and making the [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] and other government positions held by the Ranas hereditary. The Rana dynasty is historically known for their iron-fisted rule in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/the-rana-reign-a-recap-of-history,3751 |title = The Rana reign | Nepali Times Buzz | Nepali Times}}</ref> This changed after the [[Revolution of 1951]] with the promulgation of a new constitution, when power shifted back to the [[monarchy]] of [[King Tribhuvan]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kraemer |first=Karl-Heinz |title=Democratization and political parties in Nepal |url=http://nepalresearch.org/publications/harvard_9903.htm |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=25 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524165715/http://nepalresearch.org/publications/harvard_9903.htm |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Rana dynasty were descended from the [[Kunwar family]], a nobility of the [[Gorkha Kingdom]].{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=30}} Due to their marital lineages with the politically reigning [[Thapa dynasty]] (of ''[[Mukhtiyar]]'' [[Bhimsen Thapa]]) from the early 19th century, the Ranas gained entry to central [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]] politics.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=11-12}}<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990" /> The Ranas were also linked to a minor faction of the [[Pande dynasty]] of Gorkha through the Thapa dynasty.<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990" />

== Genealogy ==

The genealogy of [[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana]], a prominent figure of the Rana dynasty, was documented by 19th-century chronicler Daniel Wright. According to his account, the lineage begins with Tattā Rāṇā, described as a king of [[Chittaurgarh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Whelpton |first=John |date=August 1987 |title=The Ancestors of Jang Bahadur Rana: History, Propaganda and Legend |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_14_03_01.pdf |journal=Contributions to Nepalese Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=162, 163 |via=SOCANTH Himalaya, Cambridge University}}</ref> This account has been regarded by historians such as John Whelpton as likely fabricated, lacking corroborative historical evidence prior to the nineteenth century.<ref name=":0" />

Wright claims that Fakht Siṃha Rāṇā, the nephew of Tattā Rāṇā, had a son named Rāma Siṃha Rāṇā who migrated to the Himalayan foothills after the siege of Chittaur.{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=285}} Rāma Siṃha was employed by a local hill raja and later married the daughter of the Raja of Bīnātī, a Bagāle [[Chhetri|Kṣetrī]].{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=285}} They had six sons over a span of 10–12 years, one of whom earned the title ''[[Kunwar|Kum̐vara]] [[Khadka|Khaḍkā]]'' for his role in a battle against the Raja of Satān Koṭ.{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=285}} This title was inherited by his descendants.

Rāma Siṃha reportedly returned to Chittaur at his brother's request and died shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=286}} His son, Rāut Kunwar, became a nobleman (''Sardār'') and military commander under the local ruler.{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=286}} Rāut Kunwar's son, Ahirāma Kunwar, was later invited by the King of Kaski, who granted him land at Dhuage Saghu as ''birta'' (tax-free grant).{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=286}} When the King of Kaski attempted to seize Ahirāma's daughter by force after he refused to marry her off through informal rites, a conflict ensued. With the help of villagers from the Parājulī Thāpā caste, Ahirāma resisted the King's forces.{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=286}}

Following this, Ahirāma migrated with his sons, including [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]] and Jaya Krishna Kunwar, to [[Gorkha]], where [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] granted them lands known as Kunwar-Khola as ''birta''.{{sfn|Wright|1877|pp=286-87}}

Historian [[John Whelpton]] suggests that the Kunwar origin story, involving a marriage into the Bagāle Kshetri lineage, may have been constructed to imply connections with the influential [[Bagale Thapa]] clan of Mukhtiyar [[Bhimsen Thapa]].{{sfn|Whelpton|1991|p=36}}

According to The Ranas of Nepal, the dynasty traced its descent from Kumbhakaran Singh, younger brother of Guhila king Rawal [[Ratnasimha]] of [[Mewar]]. During the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|siege of Chittorgarh]] in 1303 CE, his descendants are said to have migrated north toward the Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1uAAAAMAAJ&q=ranas+of+nepal |title=THE RANAS OF NEPAL |last1=Rana |first1=Prabhakar S. J. B. |last2=Rana |first2=Pashupati Shumshere Jung Bahadur |last3=Rana |first3=Gautam S. J. B. |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Arvind+Singh+mewar|title=Ranas Of Nepal|year=2003}}</ref> This version of the genealogy is included in works endorsed by Arvind Singh Mewar, but its historical accuracy remains debated.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== Origins and Background ==

The Rana dynasty was a hereditary line of [[Prime minister|prime ministers]] who ruled [[Nepal]] from 1846 until the early 1950s. The family established a de facto oligarchic rule, reducing the [[Shah dynasty|Shah]] monarchs to ceremonial figures. The dynasty was founded by [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] following the [[Kot massacre|Kot Massacre]] in 1846, which marked a turning point in [[Politics of Nepal|Nepalese politics]].

The Ranas claimed descent from the [[Rajput]] aristocracy of [[western India]], specifically the [[Guhila dynasty]] of [[Mewar]]. According to family lore and publications such as ''The Ranas of Nepal'', the dynasty descended from [[Rana Kumbha|Kumbhakaran Singh]], the younger brother of Rawal Ratnasimha, the [[Guhila]] ruler of [[Chittorgarh]] during the siege of 1303 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1uAAAAMAAJ&q=ranas+of+nepal |title=THE RANAS OF NEPAL |last1=Rana |first1=Prabhakar S. J. B. |last2=Rana |first2=Pashupati Shumshere Jung Bahadur |last3=Rana |first3=Gautam S. J. B. |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Arvind+Singh+mewar|title=Ranas Of Nepal|year=2003}}</ref> However, several historians argue that such genealogical claims were politically motivated and part of a broader pattern in [[South Asia]] where ruling families adopted prestigious lineages to legitimize their authority.<ref name="Singh1997">{{cite book|author=Nagendra Kr Singh|title=Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC&pg=PA1|year=1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-847-7|pages=1–2}}</ref>

Although the Ranas identified as [[Rajput|Rajputs]], they spoke the [[Khas language]] and had strong cultural and social ties to the local [[Khas people]].{{sfn|Richard Burghart|1984|pp=118-119}} The family belonged to the [[Vats (clan)|Vatsa]] [[gotra]], a Brahminical lineage identifier that they adopted to reinforce their social standing.{{sfn|Sharma Baral|1964|p=111}}

== Historical background ==
{{See|Kunwar family}}
[[File:Ram Krishna Kunwar.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]], prominent male ancestor of Ranas of Nepal]]
The founder of this dynasty was [[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana]], who belonged to the [[Kunwar family]],{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=30}} which was then considered a noble family of [[Kshatriya]] status.{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=30}} Jang Bahadur was a son of Gorkhali governor [[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]] and nephew of [[Mathabarsingh Thapa]],{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=11-12}} the reigning [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] (1843–1845) from the [[Thapa dynasty]].{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=177-178}} Bal Narsingh Kunwar was the son of Kaji [[Ranajit Kunwar]] and grandson of ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]],{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=193}} who was prominent military general of King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]].{{sfn|Adhikari|1984|p=27}}{{sfn|Hamal|1995|pp=180-181}} Ram Krishna Kunwar was born to Ahiram Kunwar.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=193}} There were ample of rewards and recognitions received by ''Sardar'' Ram Krishna Kunwar from the Gorkhali monarch Prithvi Narayan.{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=181}} His grandson Bal Narsingh was initially a follower of the renounced King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] and Kaji [[Bhimsen Thapa]], and followed the King in his exile to [[Banaras]] on 1 May 1800.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}} On the night of 25 April 1806, King Rana Bahadur was killed by step-brother Sher Bahadur in desperation after which Bal Narsingh immediately killed the King's assassin.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=67}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=62–63}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|pp=27-28}} He was a close ally of the influential minister Bhimsen Thapa,{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=67}} who initiated a great massacre at Bhandarkhal garden following the chaos from the King's murder.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=28}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=68–71}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=63–64}} Following closeness to Mukhtiyar Bhimsen, he became the son-in-law of Bhimsen's brother ''Kaji '' [[Nain Singh Thapa]] of [[Thapa dynasty]].<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990">{{cite book |last=JBR |first=PurushottamShamsher |date=1990 |title=Shree Teen Haruko Tathya Britanta |language=ne |location=Bhotahity, Kathmandu |publisher=Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar |isbn=978-99933-39-91-5 }}</ref> The close relatives and supporters of Thapa faction replaced the old courtiers and administrators.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=28}} The Kunwar family came to power being relatives of powerful Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa. Similarly, Kunwars were related to [[Pande dynasty]] by their maternal grandmother Rana Kumari Pande who was daughter of ''[[Mulkaji]]'' [[Ranajit Pande]].<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990" />

=== Rise of Jung Bahadur ===
[[File:Jang Bahadur Ranaji.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Jung Bahadur Rana|Jung Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji]], founder of Rana dynasty]]
Bal Narsingh's son ''Kaji'' [[Jang Bahadur Rana|Jung Bahadur Kunwar]] became a significant person in the central politics of Nepal during the prime ministership of his uncle [[Mathabar Singh Thapa]].{{sfn|Adhikari|1984|p=27}} On 17 May 1845 around 11 pm, Mathabar Singh was summoned to the royal palace and was assassinated in a cold blood by Jung Bahadur on the royal orders.{{sfn|Adhikari|1984|p=27}} He was considered to have been merciless, ruthless and fatal due to his association with Mathabar Singh.{{sfn|Adhikari|1984|p=27}} Jung Bahadur was made a [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] (equivalent to minister) after following the order of assassination of Mathabar.{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=30}}

On the night of 14 September 1846, Queen [[Rajya Lakshmi Devi]] summoned the courtiers on the mysterious murderer of her aide ''General Kaji'' [[Gagan Singh Bhandari|Gagan Singh]], to which courtiers hurried to the Kot quickly.{{sfn|Acharya|2013|pp=137}} Many of the courtiers were unarmed except for a sword, as they had responded immediately to the royal summons. The armies allocated by [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] also had taken most of the arms of courtiers who had managed to bring them. Queen Rajya Lakshmi Devi and King [[Rajendra Bikram Shah]] were also present in the Kot.{{sfn|Acharya|2013|pp=137–145}} Queen Rajya Lakshmi demanded the execution of Kaji Bir Keshar (Kishor) Pande on alleged suspicion to which General [[Abhiman Singh Rana Magar]] looked towards King for confirmation. Jang misinformed Queen that Abhiman Singh's troops were arriving for overpowering the Queen's faction and demanded an immediate arrest.{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=30}} Abhiman tried to force his way out and was killed by Jung's soldier. In the chaos followed, Jung and his brothers began bloodshed and many rival nobles and courtiers were eliminated by them.{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|pp=30-31}} The letter to British Resident [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence]] stated that there were 32 Bharadars (courtiers) killed in the massacre.{{sfn|Stiller|1981|pp=304-306}}

===Kot massacre episode===
{{See|1846 Bhandarkhal massacre}}
When Jang Bahadur refused the Junior Queen's request to place Prince Ranendra in the place of Crown Prince [[Surendra of Nepal|Surendra]], the Queen secretly contacted the victims of Kot and conspired to assassinate Jung Bahadur in the royal Bhandarkhal garden. After receiving a command from the Queen to come to Bhandarkhal, Jang Bahadur took his fully armed troops and headed towards the garden. The troops killed the chief conspirator, Birdhwaj Basnyat on the way, and marched towards Bhandarkhal where seeing Jang Bahadur approach fully armed with his troops, the other conspirators started to flee. 23 people were killed in the massacre while 15 escaped.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life of Maharaja Sir Jung Bahadur Rana|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66474|last=Jung|first=Padma|year=1909|location=Allahabad|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66474/page/n111 88]}}</ref> On 23 September 1846, all officers of military and bureaucracy were called upon to their respective offices within 10 days. Then, Jung Bahadur appointed his brothers and nephews to the highest ranks of the government.<ref name="Britanta">{{Cite book|title=Ranashasanko Britanta|last=Rana|first=Pramod Shumsher|publisher=Pairavi Book House|year=2009|isbn=9789994630721|location=Kathmandu|pages=31, 32, 44}}</ref> He consolidated the position of premiership after conducting [[Kot massacre]] (Kot Parva) and Bhandarkhal Parva<ref>{{cite book |last=Rana |first=Purushottam S.J.B. |title=Jung Bahadur Rana: the story of his rise and glory |year=1998 |pages=150 |publisher=Book Faith India |isbn=978-81-7303-087-1}}</ref> on the basic templates provided by his maternal [[grand-uncle]] ''Mukhtiyar'' [[Bhimsen Thapa]].{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=11-12}}

==Rana Regime; Rule of Jang==
After the massacres of Kot and Bhandarkhal, the [[Thapa dynasty|Thapas]], [[Pande dynasty|Pandes]], [[Basnyat family|Basnyats]] and other citizens had settled in [[Banaras]]. Similarly, some citizens had gone to settle in [[Nautanwa]] and [[Bettiah]]. ''Chautariya'' Guru Prasad Shah too had gone to live with the King of Bettiah. After knowing about the presence of the King and the Queen in Benaras, Guru Prasad went there and started to congregate an army and a plan to execute Jung Bahadur started to be formed.<ref name="Britanta"/>

===Battle of Alau===
On 12 May 1847, Jung Bahadur gave a speech in [[Tundikhel]]. There he accused the King of the attempted assassination of the Prince and the Prime Minister. The Council then decided to dethrone King Rajendra deeming him mentally ill, and on the same day [[Surendra of Nepal|Surendra]] was crowned as the new king of Nepal. Hearing the news of the coronation of Surendra, Rajendra decided to take the responsibility of removing Jung Bahadur upon himself and declaring himself as the leader of the army, he left Benaras. Rajendra then appointed Guru Prasad Shah as the Chief of the Army for the operation of removal of Jung Bahadur Rana from Nepal and started to accumulate weapons and training the troops. Antagonism from the [[Company rule in India|British-India Company]] forced Rajendra and his troops to enter Nepal. On 23 July, the troops reached a village called [[Alau, Nepal|Alau]] in Bara and set a camp there. One spy group of the Government of Nepal was keeping close eyes on the event of the rebel groups at [[Bettiah]]. They sent the news to Jung Bahadur, immediately after which he sent a troop in the leadership of Sanak Singh Tandon to Alau. They were told to suppress the rebellions, arrest Rajendra and bring him to Kathmandu. On 27 July, the ''Gorakhnath Paltan'' (Gorakhnath Battalion) reached and rested in a village called [[Simraungadh]], not too far from Alau. The battle of Alau was a decisive one between the forces of King Rajendra and Jang Bahadur. The King lost significantly in the battle. If the massacre of Kot had established Jung Bahadur as a dictator, the battle of Alau had helped him strengthen his dictatorship. Rajendra was imprisoned in an old palace in Bhaktapur.<ref name="Britanta"/>

=== Rise to royalty ===
On 15 May 1848, a ''lal mohar'' (royal seal) was issued, issued claiming descent for the Kunwars/self-style Ranas from [[Sisodia Dynasty|Ranas of Mewar]] and authorizing the Kunwar family of Jang Bahadur to style themselves as '''Kunwar Ranaji'''.{{sfn|Whelpton|1991|p=253}} On 6 August 1856, Jang Bahadur Kunwar (now Ranaji) was conferred the title of [[Maharaja]] ('''Great King''') of [[Lamjang and Kaski]], two former hill principalities, by King of Nepal, [[Surendra Bikram Shah]]. This was done through indirect control of the king via his wife [[Trailokya Rajya Lakshmi Devi|Queen Trailokya]], and through threats against the king.{{sfn|Whelpton|1991|p=187}} Before this, the Ranas had merely been regarded as Khas-Chhetris, and had had no pretensions to any kind of royal origin.<ref name=":0" />

==Rana Regime; Rule of the Shamshers==

[[File:Bir_Shamsher JBR.jpg|thumb|[[Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], the first Shumsher Rana ruler]]
In 1885, the Shumsher family, the nephews of [[Jung Bahadur Rana|Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana]], murdered many of the sons of [[Jung Bahadur]] and took over Nepal in a military [[coup d'état]] thus bringing in the rule of the Shumsher Rana family also known as the Satra Bhai (17 brothers) Rana family. They murdered [[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]] and occupied the hereditary throne of Prime Minister. After this they added [[Jang Bahadur]] to their name, although they were descended from Jang's younger brother Dhir Shumsher.<ref name="PurushottamShamsher1990" />

== Kunwar family tree ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
{{tree chart/start |summary= Ram Krishna Kunwar was born to Ahiram Kunwar.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=193}}{{sfn|Wright|1877|p=286}} He had only a son named [[Ranjit Kunwar]] and three grandsons; [[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]], Balram Kunwar and Rewant Kunwar.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=193}} Bal Narsingh had nine sons in the birth order; Bhakta Bir Kunwar, [[Jang Bahadur Kunwar]], [[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]], Badri Narsingh Kunwar, Jaya Bahadur Kunwar, [[Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana|Krishna Bahadur Kunwar]], [[Ranodip Singh Kunwar|Ranauddip Singh Kunwar]], Jagat Shamsher Kunwar and Dhir Shamsher Kunwar.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | RKK | | RKK='''[[Ram Krishna Kunwar]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |RJK| | RJK=[[Ranajit Kunwar]]|}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart| BNK| | | | | | | | BRK | | | | | | RwK|BNK='''[[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]]'''|BRK=Balaram Kunwar|RwK=Rewant Kunwar}}
{{tree chart| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart| BBK| | JBK| | BBaK| | BNK | | JBaK | | KBK | |RSK | | JSK | | DSK | BBK= Bhakta Bir Kunwar|JBK='''[[Jang Bahadur Kunwar]]'''|BBaK= [[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]] | BNK= Badri Narsingh Kunwar |JBaK=Jaya Bahadur Kunwar|KBK= Krishna Bahadur Kunwar |RSK='''[[Ranodip Singh Kunwar|Ranauddip Singh Kunwar]]'''|JSK=Jagat Shamsher Kunwar|DSK=[[Dhir Shamsher Rana|Dhir Shamsher Kunwar]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}

== Rana Prime Ministers ==

{{See| Succession to the Nepalese throne}}

Nine Rana rulers took the hereditary office(s) of Prime Minister, Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Grand Master of the Royal Orders. All were crowned as the Maharaja of [[Lamjung District|Lamjung]] and [[Kaski District|Kaski]].

{{Tree list}}
* [[Ranajit Kunwar]] Rana (1723–1815)
** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]] Rana (1783–1841)
*** [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''I. Shrī Tīn [[Jung Bahadur Rana|Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana]]''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] (18 June 1816 – 25 February 1877). Prime Minister and C-in-C 15 September 1846 to 1 August 1856 and from 28 June 1857 until his death. Granted the hereditary title of ''Rana'' on 5 May 1848, as a suffix to the male members of his family. Granted the hereditary title of ''Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski'' (to be enjoyed ‘offspring to offspring’, and the hereditary offices of Prime Minister and C-in-C (to be enjoyed in succession by his surviving brothers, his sons, then his nephews), 6 August 1856. Received a [[salute]] of 19 guns from the [[United Kingdom|British]].
*** [[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]] Rana (1818 – 25 May 1857; Prime Minister: 1 August 1856 – 25 May 1857)
*** [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''II. Shrī Tīn [[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]] (aka Ranodip Singh Rana)''' [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (3 April 1825 – assassinated 22 November 1885). Ruled 25 February 1877 to 22 November 1885.
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} General Sri [[Dhir Shumsher Kunwar Rana]] (1828–1884)
**** [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''III. Shrī Tīn [[Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] (10 December 1852 – 5 March 1901). Ruled 22 November 1885 to 5 March 1901.
**** [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IV. Shrī Tīn [[Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]''' (17 July 1862 – 20 February 1914). Ruled 5 March to 27 June 1901, when as a result of his progressive nature, he was deposed by his relatives and [[exile]]d to India.
**** [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''V. Shrī Tīn [[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]], [[Royal Victorian Order|GCVO]] (8 July 1863 – 26 November 1929). Ruled 27 June 1901 to 26 November 1929.
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''IX. Shrī Tīn [[Mohan Shumsher JBR|Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]] (23 December 1885 – 6 January 1967). Ruled 30 April 1948 to 18 February 1951, at which date he was divested of his titles and later went to [[India]].
**** [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VI. Shrī Tīn [[Bhim Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]], [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]] (16 April 1865 – 1 September 1932). Ruled 26 November 1929 to 1 September 1932.
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VIII. Shrī Tīn [[Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]], (5 December 1882 – 11 April 1961). Ruled 29 November 1945 to 30 April 1948, whereupon he [[abdicated]] in favor of his cousin.
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] '''VII. Shrī Tīn [[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]''' [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] (19 April 1875 – 20 November 1952). Ruled 1 September 1932 to 29 November 1945, whereupon he [[Abdication|abdicated]] in favour of his nephew.
{{Tree list/end}}

=== Succession ===
Succession to the role of the Prime Ministers and the title of ''Shree Teen Maharaja of Nepal and Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski'' was by [[agnatic seniority]], by which the oldest male heir among the sons of equal (a-class) marriages in a generation would succeed. The order of succession was determined by seniority, with each eligible male heir holding a military command, as follows:

# Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief (Mukhtiyar the Heir Apparent, with the rank of Field Marshal).
# Western Commanding-General.
# Eastern Commanding-General.
# Southern Commanding-General.
# Northern Commanding-General.

==Notable Rana members==


*[[Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Subarna Shamsher Rana]]
*[[Khadga Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]]
*[[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]]
*[[Baber Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana ]]
*[[Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Dambar Shumsher Rana]]
*[[Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Gaurav Shumsher JB Rana]]
*[[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Kaiser Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Bharat Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Kiran Shumsher Rana]]
*[[Madhukar Shamsher Rana]]
*[[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Nara Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Nir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Om Bikram Rana]]
*[[Jagdish Shumsher Rana]]
*[[Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Pradip Shumsher J.B.R.]]
*[[Ratna Shumsher J.B.R.]]
*[[Rudra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Balkrishna Sama]] (born as Balkrishna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana)
*[[Satchit Rana]]
*[[Toran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
*[[Udaya Shumsher Rana]],

===Other notable connected members===


*[[Prithvi Bahadur Pande]], son-in-law of Himalaya Shamsher JBR
*[[Ranajit Pande]], maternal grandfather of Ganesh Kumari, mother of [[Jung Bahadur Rana]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Rana couple.jpg|Major-General Vishnu Shamsher Rana and wife
File:Rana family 1915.jpg|Commanding General Babar Shumsher Rana and family
File:Dhir Shamsher Rana and sons bw.jpg|Dhir Shamsher Rana and sons make up Shamsher Rana dynasty
File:Chandra Shamsher and sons.jpg|Chandra Shamsher and sons
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Lamjang and Kaski]]
* [[Daudaha system]]
* [[Pajani System]]
* [[Rajputs of Nepal]]
* [[Rolls of Succession in Rana (Nepal)]]
* [[History of Nepal]]
* [[Rana palaces of Nepal]]
* [[Thapa dynasty]]
* [[Rana Crown]]

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |title=The Bloodstained Throne: Struggles for Power in Nepal (1775–1914) |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-14-341637-1 |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWQtAAAAQBAJ&q=bloodstained+acharya}}
* {{citation |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |editor-last=Acharya |editor-first=Shri Krishna |title=Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan |location=Kathmandu |year=2012 |pages=228 |language=ne |publisher=Education Book House |isbn=9789937241748}}
* {{citation |last=Adhikari |first=Krishna Kant |title=Nepal Under Jang Bahadur, 1846–1877 |volume=1 |publisher=Buku |year=1984 |location=Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC|isbn=9788180698132}}
*{{Cite book |author=Dor Bahadur Bista |author-link=Dor Bahadur Bista |title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC&pg=PA48 |year=1991 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0188-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hamal |first=Lakshman B. |year=1995 |title=Military history of Nepal |publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir |page=125 |oclc=32779233}}
* {{Cite book |title=Democratic Innovations in Nepal: Case Study of Political Acculturation |last1=Joshi |first1=Bhuwan Lal |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |publisher=University of California Press |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-520-00622-5 |location=Berkeley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX22o4PJ3Q0C&q=joshi+rose}}
* {{citation |last=Nepal |first=Gyanmani |title=Nepal ko Mahabharat |publisher=Sajha |language=ne |year=2007 |edition=3rd |pages=314 |location=Kathmandu |isbn=9789993325857}}
* {{citation |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar L. |title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=9788180698132 |location=New Delhi |pages=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
*{{citation | last = Regmi | first = Mahesh Chandra | title = Preliminary Notes on the Nature of Rana Law and Government | journal = Regmi Research Series | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 88–97 | date = May 1, 1975 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_07.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |author=Richard Burghart |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |jstor=2056748 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748|s2cid=154584368 }}
* {{citation |last= Sharma Baral |first= Leelanatheshwar |title= Life and Writings of Prithvinarayan Shah |year= 1964 |publisher= University of London |url= https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/Baral_1964_thesis.pdf }}
* {{citation |last=Stiller |first=Ludwig F. |title=Letters from Kathmandu: The Kot Massacre |year=1981 |publisher=Research Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFBfAQAACAAJ&q=stiller+the+kot+massacre}}
* {{citation |last=Vaidya |first=Tulsi Ram |title=Prithvinaryan Shah, the founder of Nepal |year=1993 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=9788170417019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |year=1991 |title=Kings, soldiers, and priests: Nepalese politics and the rise of Jang Bahadur Rana, 1830–1857 |publisher=Manohar Publications |page=254 |isbn=9788185425641}}
* {{citation |last=Wright |first=Daniel |title=History of Nepal |year=1877 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHE5hkHc7kcC}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Digby |first=William |year=1993 |orig-year=1890 |title=Friend in Need: 1857; Friendship Forgotten: 1887: An Episode in Indian Foreign Office Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/1857friendinneed00will/page/n7/mode/2up |location=New Delhi; Madras |publisher=J. Jetley for Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120608496 |oclc=42056670}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.thecosmosphere.com/history-flashback-rana-dynasty/ Old pictures of Nepal from Rana Dynasty]

{{Nepal topics}}
{{Chhetri communities}}

[[Category:Rana dynasty| ]]
[[Category:1951 disestablishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:19th-century establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepalese monarchy]]
[[Category:Rana regime]]

Mundur Krishnankutty

2026-01-01T15:55:55Z

ArcherMill7063: put up new info.

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Mundur Krishnankutty
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Anupurath Krishnankutty
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Mundur (gram panchayat)|Mundur]], [[Palghat]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|06|04|1935|07|17}}
| death_place = Palghat, [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, teacher
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = 1956–2005
| genre = [[Short story]], [[novel]], [[memoirs]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
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}}
'''Anupurath Krishnankutty''', popularly known as '''Mundur Krishnankutty''' (17 July 1935 – 4 June 2005), was a [[Malayalam]] writer from [[Kerala|Kerala state]], [[India]].

==Life==
He was born in [[Mundur (gram panchayat)|Mundur]], [[Palghat]] to parents Manakulangara Govinda Pisharody and Anupurath Madhavi Pisharasyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mundur Krishnankutty |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/mundur_krishnankutty-profile-10121-25.htm |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=veethi.com}}</ref> He attended Parali High School and mastered in English literature at [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He obtained a [[B.Ed]] degree from [[NSS College, Ottapalam]] and worked as a teacher in Palakkad VVP High School, Palakkad PMG High School and Chittoor Training School.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He wrote his first short story "Kannalichekkan" (Cow boy) in 1956 which was published in ''Navayugam''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} The same year another story titled "Ambalavasikal" (Temple workers) was published in the ''[[Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]''. He won many awards including the [[Odakkuzhal Award]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the [[Cherukad]] Award for his short stories.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Krishnankutty died on 4 June 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/05/stories/2005060501730500.htm |title=Writer Mundur Krishnankutty dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 June 2005 |accessdate=21 July 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jun/04ker.htm |title=Writer Mundur Krishnankutty passes away |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=4 June 2005 |accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

Several literary organisations have instituted awards in his memory. This includes a literary award presented annually by Mundur Krishnankutty Memorial Trust,<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-palakkadkerala-05-06-2018/729058 "മുണ്ടൂർ കൃഷ്ണൻകുട്ടി പുരസ്കാരം സി വി ബാലകൃഷ്ണന് സമ്മാനിച്ചു"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]''. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</ref> another by Nawab Rajendran Samiti (since 2005)<ref>[https://boolokam.com/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81/35706 "സംവിധായകന്‍ പാമ്പള്ളിയുമായി ബൂലോകം നടത്തുന്ന അഭിമുഖം"]. ''Boolokam.com''. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</ref> and a short story award instituted by Saparya Sahitya Vedi.<ref>[[Susmesh Chandroth]]. [http://susmeshchandroth.blogspot.com/2011/07/blog-post_04.html "കെ.വി.അനൂപിന് മുണ്ടൂര്‍ കൃഷ്ണന്‍കുട്ടി കഥാപുരസ്കാരം"]. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</ref>

==List of works==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

===Short story collections===
* ''Nilappisukkulla Oru Rathriyil''
* ''Aswasathinte Manthracharadu''
* ''Ethratholamennariyathe''
* ''Moonnamathoral''
* ''Enne Veruthe Vittalum''
* ''Kathapurushan''
* ''Avaseshippinte Pakshi''
* ''Ammakku Vendi''
* ''Thannishtathinte Vazhithappukal''
* ''Mundoor Krishnankuttiyude Sampoorna Krithikal (in 2 volumes)''
* Evideyo thornnutheerunna mazha

===Others===
* ''Mathuvinte Krishnathanuppu'' (short novel)
* ''Ekaki'' (short novel)
* ''Manassu Enna Bharam'' (short novel)
* ''Oru Adhyapakante Athmagathangal'' (memoirs)

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
* 1996: [[Cherukad]] Award–''Nilappisukkulla Oru Rathriyil''
* 1997: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]]–''Nilappisukkulla Oru Rathriyil''
* 2003: [[Odakkuzhal Award]]–''Enne Veruthe Vittalum''

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnankutty, Mundur}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Serango Christian Hospital

2026-01-01T00:40:28Z

ArcherMill7063: Starting Some Info Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Serango Christian Hospital
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| image = SCH, Serango.jpg
| image_size = 275
| alt = 
| caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_relief = 
| pushpin_map_size = 
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| location = [[Serango]] 761 206
| region = [[Gajapati District]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19|84|display=inline,title}}
| healthcare = Medicare
| funding = Non-profit
| type = General
| religious_affiliation = [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]]
| network = [[Council of Christian Hospitals]]
| patron = Dr. Helen Nirmala Rao (Medical Director)
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| helipad = 
| beds = 65<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ebm-masa.org/serango-christian-hospital-india.0.html?&L=1 |title=EBM India, Serango Christian Hospital |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131131440/http://ebm-masa.org/serango-christian-hospital-india.0.html?&L=1|url-status=dead |archive-date=31 January 2016 }}</ref>
| speciality = 
| founded = March 14,<ref name="Kenneth"/> 1928<ref name="EBM India">{{Cite web |url=http://solidaris.es/ebm-india-se-presentan-serango-christian-hospital/ |title=EBM India |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201030920/http://solidaris.es/ebm-india-se-presentan-serango-christian-hospital/|url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2016 }}</ref>
| closed = 
| demolished = 
| website =
| other_links =
| module = 
}}
'''Serango Christian Hospital''' is a private [[Baptist]] hospital based in Serango, [[Gajapati District]], [[Odisha]], India. It is a member of [[Council of Christian Hospitals]], a not-for-profit healthcare provider in India.

== History ==
It was the outcome of missions of [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] who set foot in 1876 with arrival of [[The Reverend]] William F. Armstrong and subsequently established a mission station on the hills in [[Serango]].<ref name="Kenneth">Kenneth Knight, Shirley Knight, ''The Seed Holds the Tree: A Story of India and the Kingdom of God'', 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W5MtAgAAQBAJ&dq=serango%20christian%20hospital&pg=PP1]</ref> In 1928, it became a hospital.<ref name="EBM India">{{Cite web |url=http://solidaris.es/ebm-india-se-presentan-serango-christian-hospital/ |title=EBM India |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201030920/http://solidaris.es/ebm-india-se-presentan-serango-christian-hospital/|url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Memberships==
CBM Serango Christian Hospital is a member of,
* [[Council of Christian Hospitals]],<ref name="ETASI">[http://www.etasi.org.in/health.html ETASI, ''health'']</ref>[[Pithapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]],
* [[Christian Medical Association of India]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>The Christian Medical Association of India, Member Institutes in Andhra Pradesh. Internet, accessed 5 October 2008. {{cite web |url=http://www.ccih.org/grham/country/india/memb-andhra.htm |title=Christian Medical Association of India: Membership |accessdate=2008-10-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926170413/http://ccih.org/grham/country/india/memb-andhra.htm |archivedate=26 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Hospital also networks with [[Christian Medical College]], [[Vellore]]<ref>[http://clin.cmcvellore.ac.in/otherwebsite/mission_support/networking.asp Christian Medical College, Vellore, Networking]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite thesis
| author=Prabhakara Rao, S., Rev.
| title=''The Medical Ministry of the Canadian Baptist Mission (Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars) 1890–1950''.
| date=March 1971
| publisher=Ramapatnam Baptist Theological College |type=Bacchelor thesis
| volume=
| issue=
| url =
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=G.Beaulah Pearl Sunanda
| title=''An Insight into the History of the Canadian Baptist Mission in Andhra Pradesh (1874–1924)''.
| year=1990
| journal= Unpublished M.Phil. (History) Thesis, Madras Christian College, Madras
| volume=
| issue=
| url =
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Craig
| title=Forty years among the Telugus : a history of the mission of the Baptists of Ontario and Quebec, Canada, to the Telegus, South India 1867–1907
| year=1908
| journal=
| volume=
| issue=
| publisher= Self-publishing
| url =http://www.porthopehistory.com/johncraigsbook/johncraigbk_index.htm
}}
* {{cite book
| author=M. L. Orchard
| title=''Canadian Baptists at work in India''
| year=2008
| volume=
| publisher= Missionary Education Department of the Foreign Mission Board
| isbn=978-1-4086-7832-9| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Ucw8fdwZg3wC&dq=gertrude+hulet&pg=PA200
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John Craig, J. R. Stillwell (Eds.)
| title=Telugu Trophies: The Jubilee story cf some of the principal Telugu converts in the Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission in India from 1874 to 1924
| year= 1924
| publisher= Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board
| url =https://archive.org/stream/MN41713ucmf_9/MN41713ucmf_9_djvu.txt
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:CBM Serango Christian Hospital}}

[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Odisha]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Council of Christian Hospitals]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open – Doubles

2025-11-28T17:24:34Z

ArcherMill7063: made a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{lead rewrite|date=May 2012}}

{{Tennis events|2004|AP Tourism Hyderabad Open|s
| defchamp =
| champ = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]]<br>{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
| runner = {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|Li Ting]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]
| score = 7–6<sup>(7–1)</sup>, 6–4
| draw = 16
| seeds = 4
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

{{main|2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open}}

[[Elena Likhovtseva]] and [[Iroda Tulyaganova]] were the defending champions, but chose not to participate that year. In the final, wildcards [[Liezel Huber]] and [[Sania Mirza]] defeated 3rd seeds [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|Li Ting]] and [[Sun Tiantian]] 7–6<sup>(7–1)</sup>, 6–4 to win their title.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITF – Tournament details|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/hyderabad/ind/2004/w-t4-ind-01a-2004/draws-and-results/|publisher=International Tennis Federation (ITF)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pratt's long wait ends |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/pratts-long-wait-ends/article29642695.ece |website=Sportstar |date=13 March 2004}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt]] / {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|INA}} [[Wynne Prakusya]] / {{flagicon|INA}} [[Angelique Widjaja]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|Li Ting]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yan Zi (tennis)|Yan Zi]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Jie]] ''(semifinals)''
}}

==Qualifying==

{{Main|2004 Hyderabad Open – Doubles qualifying}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final
| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt|N Pratt]]<br>{{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]
| RD1-score01-1=2
| RD1-score01-2=3
| RD1-score01-3= 
| RD1-seed02= 
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Yuliya Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]<br>{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3= 
| RD1-seed03= 
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marion Bartoli|M Bartoli]]<br>{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Saori Obata|S Obata]]
| RD1-score03-1=0<sup>r</sup>
| RD1-score03-2= 
| RD1-score03-3= 
| RD1-seed04= 
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Maria Kirilenko|M Kirilenko]]<br>{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Eugenia Kulikovskaya|E Kulikovskaya]]'''
| RD1-score04-1=0
| RD1-score04-2= 
| RD1-score04-3= 
| RD1-seed05=3
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|T Li]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian|T Sun]]'''
| RD1-score05-1=3
| RD1-score05-2='''7<sup>7</sup>'''
| RD1-score05-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed06= 
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Barbara Schwartz (tennis)|B Schwartz]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Jasmin Wöhr|J Wöhr]]
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2=6<sup>4</sup>
| RD1-score06-3=2
| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Ľubomíra Kurhajcová|Ľ Kurhajcová]]<br>{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Kelly Liggan|K Liggan]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2='''7'''
| RD1-score07-3= 
| RD1-seed08= 
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Galina Fokina|G Fokina]]<br>{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]]
| RD1-score08-1=4
| RD1-score08-2=5
| RD1-score08-3= 
| RD1-seed09= 
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Mervana Jugić-Salkić|M Jugić-Salkić]]<br>{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić|J Kostanić]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3= 
| RD1-seed10= 
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Adriana Serra Zanetti|Ad Serra Zanetti]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Antonella Serra Zanetti|An Serra Zanetti]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=1
| RD1-score10-3= 
| RD1-seed11=Q
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[Isha Lakhani|I Lakhani]]<br>{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er|S Pe'er]]
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=1
| RD1-score11-3=1
| RD1-seed12=4
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Jie|J Zheng]]'''
| RD1-score12-1=3
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed13=LL
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Jin-hee (tennis)|J-h Kim]]<br>{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Shelley Stephens|S Stephens]]
| RD1-score13-1=2
| RD1-score13-2=6<sup>10</sup>
| RD1-score13-3= 
| RD1-seed14=WC
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]]<br>{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''7<sup>12</sup>'''
| RD1-score14-3= 
| RD1-seed15= 
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Darija Jurak|D Jurak]]<br>{{flagicon|GER}} [[Antonia Matic|A Matic]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=5
| RD1-score15-3= 
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|INA}} '''[[Wynne Prakusya|W Prakusya]]<br>{{flagicon|INA}} [[Angelique Widjaja|A Widjaja]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''7'''
| RD1-score16-3= 
| RD2-seed01= 
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliya Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]<br>{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3= 
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Kirilenko|M Kirilenko]]<br>{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Eugenia Kulikovskaya|E Kulikovskaya]]
| RD2-score02-1=4
| RD2-score02-2=4
| RD2-score02-3= 
| RD2-seed03=3
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|T Li]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian|T Sun]]'''
| RD2-score03-1=<small>w/o</small>
| RD2-score03-2= 
| RD2-score03-3= 
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|SVK}} [[Ľubomíra Kurhajcová|Ľ Kurhajcová]]<br>{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Kelly Liggan|K Liggan]]
| RD2-score04-1= 
| RD2-score04-2= 
| RD2-score04-3= 
| RD2-seed05= 
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|BIH}} [[Mervana Jugić-Salkić|M Jugić-Salkić]]<br>{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić|J Kostanić]]
| RD2-score05-1=6<sup>7</sup>
| RD2-score05-2=0
| RD2-score05-3= 
| RD2-seed06=4
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Jie|J Zheng]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''7<sup>9</sup>'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3= 
| RD2-seed07=WC
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]]<br>{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3= 
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|INA}} [[Wynne Prakusya|W Prakusya]]<br>{{flagicon|INA}} [[Angelique Widjaja|A Widjaja]]
| RD2-score08-1=0
| RD2-score08-2=4
| RD2-score08-3= 
| RD3-seed01= 
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliya Beygelzimer|Y Beygelzimer]]<br>{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]
| RD3-score01-1=3
| RD3-score01-2=2
| RD3-score01-3= 
| RD3-seed02=3
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|T Li]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian|T Sun]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3= 
| RD3-seed03=4
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Jie|J Zheng]]
| RD3-score03-1=6<sup>3</sup>
| RD3-score03-2=3
| RD3-score03-3= 
| RD3-seed04=WC
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]]<br>{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3= 
| RD4-seed01=3
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|T Li]]<br>{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian|T Sun]]
| RD4-score01-1=6<sup>1</sup>
| RD4-score01-2=4
| RD4-score01-3= 
| RD4-seed02=WC
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]]<br>{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''7<sup>7</sup>'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3= 
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2004/1015.pdf WTA tournament draws]

{{2003 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2004 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]

Fatawa-e-Rashidiya

2025-11-17T00:36:14Z

ArcherMill7063: put up details

{{Short description|1890s book by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Fatawa-e-Rashidiya
| image = Fatawa Rasheediya.jpg
| alt = Cover
| caption = Urdu cover
| author = [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| subject = [[Fiqh]]
| genre = [[Fatwa]]
| published = 1890s
| media_type = Print
| pages = 504
| oclc = 31447224
}}
'''''Fatawa-e-Rashidiya''''' is a collection of Islamic legal verdicts, or [[Fatwa|fatwas]], written by the Indian scholar [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] in the late 19th century. It contains over 2000 fatwas on various topics related to Islamic beliefs, practices, and customs, and played an important role in eradicating false innovations and un-Islamic customs from Muslim society. The collection was the first of its kind from any scholar of the [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi school of thought]] and is considered a significant work in the history of Islamic scholarship in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD |pages=111}}</ref> It was originally published in three separate parts, but has since been combined into one volume. The fatwas were written during [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]'s tenure as the mufti (Islamic jurist) of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], a prominent Islamic seminary in northern India, and cover a wide range of topics including religious beliefs, rituals, customs, and social issues.<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Ghāzi Qāsmi |author-first1=Aftāb |url=https://besturdubooks.net/tag/fuzala-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmat-pdf-book/ |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmat |author-last2=Haseeb Qāsmi |author-first2=Abdul |date=February 2011 |publisher=Kutub Khana Naimia |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=118 |language=Urdu |trans-title=Services of the Graduates of Deoband in Islamic Jurisprudence |chapter=}}</ref> The fatwas are written in a concise and straightforward manner, without delving into detailed discussions or referencing the views of other Islamic scholars. It has been a valuable source of Islamic legal guidance for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent and beyond, and continues to be studied and referenced by scholars and students of Islamic law.<ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|volume=12|last=|first=|article=FETÂVÂ-yı REŞÎDİYYE}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Fatwa]] is a legal opinion or ruling issued by a recognized Islamic authority on a particular issue or question. The concept of fatwa dates back to the early days of Islam when Muslims sought guidance from their religious leaders on various matters. In the Indian context, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] has played a prominent role in the development and dissemination of Islamic jurisprudence and the issuance of fatwas.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=100}}

Darul Uloom Deoband is a prominent Islamic seminary located in the town of Deoband, India. It was founded in 1866 by a group of Islamic scholars who were concerned about the spread of Western education and culture in India.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=100}} They wanted to establish a traditional Islamic institution to counter it. The institution has produced many influential scholars who have contributed significantly to Islamic jurisprudence, including the issuance of fatwas.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=100}} One such scholar is [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].

Rashid Ahmad Gangohi was considered an expert in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) by his contemporaries and later scholars.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=111}} He was proficient in writing Fatwas (Islamic legal opinions) and received queries from people even abroad. He was so skilled in Fiqh and Fatwa writing that he was referred to in many issues by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and Darul Uloom Deoband. [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], a prominent Islamic scholar, called him Faqih al-Nafs (original jurist) and considered him even superior to [[Ibn Abidin]], the author of the famous commentary of ''[[Radd al-Muhtar]]''.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=111}} Kashmiri said that he didn't see anyone parallel to Gangohi in Fiqh during the century's span among the group of well-qualified Ulama (Islamic scholars). Gangohi objected to the internal shortcomings of Muslims, curbing on the polytheistic customs and beliefs that crept into Muslims and struggled for the restoration of the glory of the past Muslims through his Fatwas.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=111}}

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi fiqh]]
* [[Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband]]
* [[Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [[iarchive:Fatawa-e-RasheedyahByShaykhMuftiRasheedAhmadGangohir.a|''Fatawa-e-Rashidiya'']] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatawa-e-Rashidiya}}
[[Category:Deobandi fiqh literature]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Books by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Books about Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Sharia]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Fatwas]]

HAL HA-31 Basant

2025-11-16T18:04:06Z

ArcherMill7063: creating a details

{{Short description|Agricultural aircraft family by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = HA-31 Basant
| image = Basant_by_HAL_7871.JPG
| caption =
| type = [[Agricultural aircraft|Agricultural]]/[[utility aircraft]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics]]
| designer =
| first_flight = [[1972 in aviation|1972]] (Mark II)
| introduction =
| retired =
| status =
| primary_user =
| more_users =
| produced = 1972-1980
| number_built = 39
| variants =
}}

The '''Hindustan Aeronautics HA-31 Basant''' ({{Lit|[[Vasanta (season)|Spring]]}}) is a 1970s [[India]]n [[agricultural aircraft|agricultural]] monoplane built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics]].

Hindustan Aeronautics started to design an agricultural aircraft in 1968 designated the '''HAL-31 Mk 1''' with a cockpit directly over the wing leading edge. It was re-designed as the '''HA-31 Mk II Basant''' and first flew on 30 March 1972. The Basant is a conventional braced low-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and powered by a 400 hp (298 kW) [[Avco Lycoming IO-720]] piston engine. It had a raised cockpit to give the pilot a good all-round view during spraying operations. Production ended in 1980 after 39 aircraft had been built.

==Specifications (Mk II)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985)'', 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2160
|prime units? = imp
|crew=One
|length m=9
|length ft=29
|length in=6.25
|span m=12
|span ft=39
|span in=4.5
|height m=2.55
|height ft=8
|height in=4.5
|wing area sqm=23.34
|wing area sqft=251.23
|empty weight kg=1200
|empty weight lb=2645
|gross weight kg=2270
|gross weight lb=5000
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Lycoming IO-720|Avco Lycoming IO-720-C1B]] flat-eight piston engine
|eng1 kw=298
|eng1 hp=400
|max speed kmh=225
|max speed note=<ref name="JAWA80-81p90-91">Taylor 1981, pp. 90–91</ref>|max speed mph=140
|cruise speed kmh=185
|cruise speed mph=115
|range km=645
|range note=<ref name="JAWA80-81p90-91"/>|range miles=400
|ceiling m=3,800
|ceiling note=<ref name="JAWA80-81p90-91"/>|ceiling ft=12,500
|climb rate ms=3.8
|climb rate note=<ref name="JAWA80-81p90-91"/>|climb rate ftmin=750
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|related=
|similar aircraft=
*[[Piper PA-25 Pawnee]]
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Taylor, J. W. R. (ed.). ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1980–81''. London: Jane's, 1981. {{ISBN|0-531-03953-6}}.
* ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985)'', 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2160

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{HAL aircraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal Basant}}
[[Category:1970s Indian agricultural aircraft]]
[[Category:HAL aircraft|Basant]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1972]]

Anil Kumar (born 1987)

2025-11-16T03:56:43Z

ArcherMill7063: made bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Anil Kumar''' (born 1987) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Bathnaha Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Sitamarhi district]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar Election Results 2020: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-election-results-2020-live-updates-jdu-bjp-rjd-ljp-7039361/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Sursand]], Sitamarhi district, Bihar. He is the son of Yamuna Ram. He completed his Civil Engineering in 2013 at Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BATHNAHA (SC)(SITAMARHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12958 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar won from Bathnaha Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,648 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sanjay Ram of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 46,818 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bathnaha Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Anil Kumar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bathnaha-election-result-2020-live-updates-bathnaha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061838.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2020 Candidate {{!}} Anil Kumar {{!}} Bathnaha (sc) |url=https://www.abplive.com/bihar-elections-candidate/anil-kumar-12958.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anil, Kumar}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dargah Mai Sahiba

2025-10-19T20:03:20Z

ArcherMill7063: put up a pg

{{Short description|Dargah in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Dargah Mai Sahab
| building_name = Dargah Mai Sahiba
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| image = Adhchini Dargah (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The interior of the dargah, in 2023
| map_type = India New Delhi
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the dargah and mosque complex in [[Delhi]]
| location = [[Adhchini]], [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]], [[South Delhi district|South Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| geo = {{coord|28|32|15|N|77|11|50|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| rite =
| sect = [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Chishti Order]]
| festival = ''[[Urs]]'' (29th [[Jumada al-Thani]])
| country = [[India]]
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Dargah]] and [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| religious_features = "Mai Sahiba" Bibi Zulekha
| religious_features_label = Dedication
| leadership =
| ownership =
| administration = [[Delhi Waqf Board]]
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
| architecture_style = [[Tughlaq dynasty#Indo-Islamic architecture|Tughlaq architecture]]
| established =
| year_completed = {{circa|1250}} [[Common Era|CE]]
| construction_cost =
| facade_direction = West
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = One {{small|(maybe more)}}
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| shrine_quantity = One
| materials = Marble, metal, concrete, plaster, paint, red stone, rubble stone and modern brick
}}
The '''Dargah Mai Sahiba''' is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Dargah|mausoleum]] complex, affiliated with the [[Chishti Order]], situated near [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]], in the [[Adhchini]] village of [[South Delhi district]] of the state of [[Delhi]], India. It is the shrine of "Mai Sahiba" Bibi Zulekha, the mother of 14th-century [[Sufi saint]] [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya]].

The dargah is popular among women because they are allowed inside the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the shrine, unlike the majority of dargahs in India. The complex includes a [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], called '''Jama Masjid Bibi Fatima Zahra'''.

== History ==
Bibi Zulekha's parents migrated to the [[Indian subcontinent]] due to the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasions]] that affected their hometown of [[Bukhara]] in [[Central Asia]]. They settled in [[Badayun]], located approximately {{convert|150|mi|km|order=flip}} northwest of Delhi. Bibi Zulekha was married to Khwaja Syed Ahmad, and together they had a daughter and a son. Following the death of her husband when their son was two years old, Bibi Zulekha relocated to Delhi with her children a few years later.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soofi |first=Mayank Austen |date=2016-09-08 |title=Ladies are allowed inside |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gAxPvHfdUJFVSUyE8VbhUO/Ladies-are-allowed-inside.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816085206/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gAxPvHfdUJFVSUyE8VbhUO/Ladies-are-allowed-inside.html |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Shajra_Mubarak_at_Dargah_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Shajra Mubarak ([[Silsila]]) ([[Chishti Order|Spiritual lineage of Chishti Order]]) at Dargah Hazrat Mai Sahiba]]
Mai Sahiba died in 1250 CE, long before her son became recognised as a great [[Mysticism|mystic]]. She and her daughter Bibi Zainab are buried in the same room where they lived.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-03-07 |title=Dargah to mark Urs of Nizamuddin Auliya’s mother |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/800-year-old-delhi-dargah-to-mark-urs-of-mai-sahiba/story-SRpDmc8nOfhafhJUWYPMBP.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814155133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/800-year-old-delhi-dargah-to-mark-urs-of-mai-sahiba/story-SRpDmc8nOfhafhJUWYPMBP.html |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
On the 29th of each month in the [[Islamic calendar]], when the moon is new, Hazrat Nizamuddin would visit his mother and pray. He lived at Chilla Sharif, located behind [[Humayun's Tomb]], with the [[Yamuna River]] flowing alongside his home in [[Ghiyaspur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Culture ==
The shrine attracts hundreds of devotees from all religions particularly women, who believe that Mai Sahiba cannot endure the sorrow of women and grants them her blessings. Wednesdays are regarded as Mai Sahiba's favourite days, drawing over 5,000 devotees each week.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Video |title=Dargah of Mai Sahiba in New Delhi serves as a symbol of religious harmony |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-dargah-of-mai-sahiba-in-new-delhi-serves-as-a-symbol-of-religious-harmony-2873917 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Annual ''urs'' ==
Each year, on the 29th of [[Jumada al-Thani|Jamad al Thani]] month of the Islamic calendar, the three-day annual ''[[urs]]'' celebrations commence with special prayers, during which [[Qawwali|qawwals]] from around the world participate in an overnight recital to commemorate the death anniversary of the great woman.<ref name=":1" /> Devotees are served [[Vegetarian cuisine|vegetarian food]], along with Mai Sahiba's favourite dishes, chanaa and aloo pulao, known as [[Tehri (dish)|tehri]].<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
The burial chamber or the central sanctorum has the graves of Mai Sahab Bibi Zulekha and her daughter, Bibi Zainab alias Bibi Jannat.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://zikredilli.com/delhi-depository/f/sufi-%E2%80%9Csilsila%E2%80%9D-e-dilli-bibi-fatima-and-mai-sahiba</ref> The main grave is situated on a raised platform measuring approximately 1.7 meters by 0.88 meters and stands 0.5 meters high. The grave is enclosed within a modern double structure, with one wall situated inside the other, featuring doorways on the east side. To the southeast, there was a now-ruined [[Baoli]], of which no traces remain.<ref name=":1" />

The grave itself is surrounded by metal [[latticework]] and is floored with marble [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]]. The original inscription remains visible. The original foundation is constructed of [[rubble masonry]] up to the plinth level, while the remaining structure is made of concrete and marble. Decorative elements include [[reinforced concrete]] (RCC) [[jali]], and the site is finished with plaster and paint. Modern brick masonry has been utilised in various additions and extensions, with marble and [[red sandstone]] used for roofing and parts of the flooring, while the rest of the floor is also marble.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mosque ===
The dargah features a covered [[veranda]]h and a mosque, Jama Masjid Bibi Fatima Zahra, that contains a framed picture of [[Gunbad-e-Khazra]] and the [[Kaaba]].<ref name=":0" /> The mosque also contains the graves of Bibi Hoor and Bibi Noor, the daughters of Sheikh Najibuddin Mutawakkil ([[Baba Farid]]’s brother), who were the owners of the house where Mai Sahiba resided. It is within this context that the dargah and mosque were constructed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wajid |first=Syed |date=2020-02-16 |title=Sufi shrines in the wraps of Delhi |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/sufi-shrines-in-the-wraps-of-delhi |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-15 |title=The other Sufis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/the-other-sufis/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
Located behind the shops of the Adhchini market on Sri Aurobindo Marg, in South Delhi, the dargah was once visible from [[Mehrauli]] when the area was primarily farmland, historically referred to as Sarai Namak.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-08 |title=VIDEO: Dargah of Mai Sahiba in New Delhi serves as a symbol of religious harmony |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/news/dargah-of-mai-sahiba-in-new-delhi-serves-as-a-symbol-of-religious-harmony-683505 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=[[India Tv]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities |url=https://nmma.nic.in/nmma/builtDetail.do?refId=11441&dynasty=5 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=nmma.nic.in}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Lamp area of Dargah (cropped).jpg|The lamping area at the dargah
Dargah Sharif of Mai Sahab.jpg|Graves of Mai Sahiba (bigger) and her daughter (smaller)
Breaking Fast at Mai Saheba Dargah.jpg|[[Iftar]] at Mai Saheba Dargah
Dastarkhwan at Dargah.jpg|[[Dastarkhān]] at the dargah
Internal structure Dargah Mai Sahiba.jpg|The metal [[latticework]] and the interior dome of the dargah
Mosque at Dargah.jpg|The Friday mosque in the dargah complex
Outside view of Dargah.jpg|Signboard at [[Sri Aurobindo Marg]]
Dargah Adhchini.jpg|Dargah Gali (lane towards the shrine)
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[:Category:Dargahs in India|List of dargahs in India]]
* [[Sufism in India]]
* [[Islam in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{TripAdvisor|id=g304551-d13915066}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:13th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1250]]
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 1250s]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Female Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufism in Delhi]]

Dronamraju Krishna Rao

2025-10-12T11:26:01Z

ArcherMill7063: made first biography v1.

{{Short description|Indian-born geneticist}}
{{Hatnote|This is a [[Telugu language|Telugu name]]; the family name is ''Dronamraju''.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Dronamraju Krishna Rao
|image =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|1|14}}
|birth_place = [[Pithapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|3|1937|1|14}}
|death_place = [[Houston, Texas]], U.S.
|nationality =
|field = [[Genetics]]<br> [[Biotechnology]]<br> [[History of Science]]<br> US-India cooperation in Science & Technology
|work_institution = [[Indian Statistical Institute]], India<br>[[University College, London]] <br> Johns Hopkins University Medical School, USA <br> University of Alberta, Canada
|doctoral_advisor = [[J. B. S. Haldane]]
|doctoral_students =
| education = [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] PhD [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
|known_for = [[Genetics]] <br> [[Biotechnology]]
|prizes = * National Reserve Service Award (NRSA), U.S. National Institutes of Health, Washington D.C.<br>
* Yellapraggada Subba Rao Memorial Award, India
* Nayudamma Award in Technology, India
|footnotes =
|website = {{URL|http://www.geneticresearch.us.com/}}
}}

'''Dronamraju Krishna Rao''' (14 January 1937 – 3 December 2020) was an [[India]]n-born [[geneticist]] and [[president (corporate title)|president]] of the Foundation for Genetic Research in [[Houston, Texas]]. He was born in [[Pithapuram]], in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. One focus of his work has been the research of his mentor [[J. B. S. Haldane]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=49250 |title= John Burdon Sanderson Haldane}}</ref> As an author, his name is usually rendered '''Krishna R. Dronamraju'''. He died in Houston at age 83.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Dr. Krishna Dronamraju |url=https://india-herald.com/obituary-dr-krishna-dronamraju-p7692-65.htm |website=india-herald.com |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>

==Biography==

===Education===
Dronamraju went to [[Maharajah's College|M. R. College]] in Vizianagaram, Andhra University to study [[botany]] and earned a bachelor's degree in 1955. He received a [[master's degree]] from [[Agra University]] in 1957; he studied plant breeding and genetics. When J.B.S. Haldane moved to India in 1957, Dronamraju wrote to Haldane for an opportunity to pursue a research career under his direction at the Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta.

Early in his research career, he discovered the first case of a gene on the human Y chromosome and published a paper in 1960. It was also part of his PhD thesis at the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta.<ref name=thesis>{{cite web |url= http://library.isical.ac.in/jspui/handle/10263/3978 |title= Dr Krishna R Dronamraju ISI Phd thesis |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233223/http://library.isical.ac.in/jspui/handle/10263/3978 |archive-date= 30 December 2013 }}</ref> Dronamraju's research with Haldane at the Indian Statistical Institute included many areas.

===Research contributions===
Dronamraju's research covered the visits of several species of lepidoptera to different colored flowers of ''[[Lantana camara]]'' reported the discovery of a species-specific pattern of color preference behavior by pollinating insects.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

He did research in human genetics in India. In 1966, Dronamraju completed his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. He studied under J. B. S. Haldane. The topic of his doctoral thesis was "Genetic Studies of the Andhra Pradesh population".<ref name=thesis/> Dronamraju's early research in human genetics (and the independent work of L.D. Saghvi at the Tata Cancer Center in Mumbai) eventually led to the foundation of the Indian Society of Human Genetics.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Dronamraju received advanced training at [[University College, London]] and [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]], followed by a postdoctoral fellowship in genetics at the [[University of Alberta]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yfqtcQAACAAJ |title= University College, London|isbn= 9781156562451|last1= Llc|first1= Books|date= September 2010|publisher= General Books}}</ref> After he moved to the US, he continued research on inbreeding in human populations such as the Amish population in Pennsylvania in collaboration with [[Victor A. McKusick]] at Johns Hopkins. He also studied the Seneca Indians in New York State and other populations in the US and Canada.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

He studied the relationship between fetal mortality and the occurrence of oral cleft defects in families.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

In recent years, Dronamraju's research focused on the history of genetics and human/medical genetics. He published several books, especially with reference to the contributions of his mentor J. B. S. Haldane.{{clarify|date=December 2013}}

==Books==
* "A Century of Geneticists: Mutation to Medicine", CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Company, London, UK, 2018.{ISBN/978-1-498-74866-7}
* ''Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane''. (2017) Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-933392-9}}
* ''Victor McKusick and the History of Medical Genetics''. (2012) Springer {{ISBN|978-1-4614-1676-0}}
* ''Haldane, Mayr and Beanbag Genetics'' (2011) Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-538734-6}}
* ''What I Require from Life: Writings on Science and Life from JBS Haldane'' (2009) Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-923770-8}}
* ''Emerging Consequences of Biotechnology'' (2008), World Scientific Publishing Company {{ISBN|978-981-277-500-9}}
* ''Genetic and Evolutionary Aspects of Malaria'' (2006), Springer {{ISBN|978-0-387-28294-7}}
* ''Infectious Disease and Host-Pathogen Evolution'' (2004), Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-521-82066-0}}
* ''Biological Wealth and Other Essays'' (2002), World Scientific Publishing Company ASIN B-001-T63O7-0
* ''Science and Society'' (1998), University Press of America {{ISBN|978-0-7618-1007-0}}
* ''Biological and Social Issues in Biotechnology Sharing'' (1998), Ashgate Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-84014-897-8}}
* ''Haldane's Daedalus Revisited'' (1995), Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-19-854846-1}}
* ''The History and Development of Human Genetics in Different Countries'' (1993), World Scientific Publishing {{ISBN|978-981-02-0900-1}}
* ''If I am To Be Remembered: The Life and Work of Julian Huxley'' (1992), World Scientific Publishing ASIN B-001-KJODG-M
* ''Selected Genetic Papers of JBS Haldane'' (1990), Garland Science {{ISBN|978-0-8240-0473-6}}
* ''The Foundations of Human Genetics'' (1989), Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd {{ISBN|978-0-398-05537-0}}
* ''Cleft Lip and Palate: Aspects of Reproductive Biology'' (1986), Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd {{ISBN|978-0-398-05228-7}}
* ''Haldane: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane with special reference to India'' (1985), Pergamon Pr {{ISBN|978-0-08-032436-4}}
* ''Haldane and Modern Biology'' (1968), The Johns Hopkins University Press {{ISBN|978-0-8018-0177-8}}
* ''Haldane in India'' (1998)

==Achievements==

===Awards===
* National Research Service Award (NRSA) from the U.S. National Institutes of Health in Washington D.C.
* Yellapraggada Subba Rao Memorial Award, India.
* Nayudamma Award in Technology, India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://issuu.com/indoamericannews/docs/121710a/8 | title=121710a| date=17 December 2010}}</ref>

===Concurrent positions===
* Honorary Professor, [[Albert Schweitzer International University|Albert Schweitzer Institute, Geneva, Switzerland]]
* Invited Professor, [[University of Paris]], France
* Honorary Visiting Professor, [[Andhra University]], India
* Honorary Research Fellow, [[University of London]], UK.
* Chairman, International Advisory Committee, Chemtech Corp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemtechcorp.in/ |title=Chemtech Corporation |access-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517032926/http://chemtechcorp.in/ |archive-date=17 May 2014 }} Chemtech Corp</ref>
* Adjunct Professor, [[Pennsylvania State University]].
* Advisor, The Science Garage, [[Hyderabad, India]]<ref>[http://geneticresearch.us.com/science-garage/ The Science Garage]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://geneticresearch.us.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211180352/http://geneticresearch.us.com/ |date=11 December 2013 }}
* [https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=48991 Dronamraju in Mathematics Genealogy Project]
* [https://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/discovering-dorothy-hood/ Noted Texas artist Dorothy Hood on Dronamraju Krishna Rao]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Dronamraju}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Indian bioinformaticians]]
[[Category:Population geneticists]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University faculty]]
[[Category:People from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]