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Indian Police Medal

2026-05-04T18:01:56Z

AracelyIqbal:

{{about|the medal awarded from 1932 to 1951|the medal awarded from 1951|Police Medal (India)}}
{{Infobox military award
| name = Indian Police Medal
| image = [[File:Indian Police Medal 1940 2.jpg|100px]] [[File:Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|100px]] Original ribbon, used for meritorious awards after 1945 [[File:Indian Police Medal for Gallantry Ribbon.gif|100px]] Ribbon for gallantry awards 1945–1950
| caption =
| presenter = the [[British Raj]] [[Dominion of India]]
| country =
| type = Police decoration
| eligibility = Members of the police forces of India
| awarded_for = Distinguished Conduct (1932–1944) Meritorious Service or Gallantry (1945–1950)
| campaign =
| status = No longer awarded after 1951, replaced by [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]]
| description =
| motto =
| clasps =
| post-nominals =
| established = 23 February 1932
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously =
| total_recipients =
| precedence_label =Order of Wear
| individual =
| higher = [[Indian Order of Merit|Indian Order of Merit (Civil)]] (gallantry)<ref name="oow">{{London Gazette|issue=56878|page=3352|date=17 March 2003|supp=y}}</ref> [[Imperial Service Medal]] (meritorious)
| same =
| lower = [[Ceylon Police Medal|Ceylon Police Medal for Gallantry]] (gallantry)<ref name="oow"/> [[Ceylon Police Medal|Ceylon Police Medal for Merit]] (meritorious)
| related = [[Overseas Territories Police Medal]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

The '''Indian Police Medal''' ('''IPM''') was an award of the [[British Raj]] presented to both European and Asian police personnel. Established in 1932, the award was presented for meritorious service and gallantry that was of a lesser degree than what was required for the [[King's Police Medal]].

==History==
It was decided that further recognition was required for the members of the police forces within India. Already eligible for the King's Police Medal, there were many acts of service and bravery notable enough for recognition, but not meeting the requirements of the King's Police Medal. On 23 February 1932, a royal warrant was promulgated establishing the Indian Police Medal. The medal was meant to recognize both acts of meritorious and noteworthy service, as well as gallantry. The medal was limited to 200 annual awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29958673 |title=INDIAN POLICE MEDAL. |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=9 June 1932 |access-date=14 September 2014 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A royal warrant in 1942 allowed the [[Viceroy of India]], in exceptional circumstances, to raise the number of awards to 250 in a year.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=1 December 1942 |issue=35806 |page=5229 }}</ref> The Indian Police Medal ceased to be awarded after India became a republic. The Indian Police medal was replaced by the [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]] which was established by the Government of India notification dated 15 March 1951.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Police in India|last=Chande|first=B.|isbn=9788171566280|page=518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIrLjQrgJGoC|year=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors}}</ref><ref name=myb2004>{{cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=edited by James|last2=Mussell|first2=John W.|last3=News|first3=the Editorial Team of Medal|title=The medal yearbook 2004|date=2004|publisher=Token Publishing Ltd.|location=Devon, UK|isbn=9781870192620|page=98}}</ref>

==Appearance==
The Indian Police Medal is round and made of bronze. The [[obverse and reverse|obverse]] bears the effigy of the reigning monarch. The reverse of the medal depicts a wreath around the edge, surmounted by a crown. In the middle are the words ''FOR GALLANTRY'' or ''FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE'' depending on the conditions under which the medal was awarded.<ref name=dec1944>{{London Gazette|date=29 December 1944 |issue=36865 |page=5963 }}</ref> The first version of the medal bore the inscription ''FOR DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT''.<ref>{{cite book|title=To guard my people: the history of the Indian Police |last=Griffiths |first=Sir Percival Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URUFAQAAIAAJ |date=1971 |publisher=Benn |page=418|isbn=9780510269425 }}</ref><ref name=myb2004/>

The suspension and [[service ribbon]]s of the medal are {{convert|1+3/8|in|mm}} wide. It is dark blue, with silver edges and a crimson centre stripe. For gallantry awards, the blue sections are split by a thin silver stripe.<ref name=dec1944/><ref name=myb2004/>

==See also==
*[[Medals of Indian Police and Civil Forces]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
*[[State Armed Police Forces]]
*[[Paramilitary forces of India]]
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Indian Armed Forces]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Decorations of the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Courage awards]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement awards and honors]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1932]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:History of law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 disestablishments in India]]

Imkongliba Ao

2026-04-30T07:28:00Z

AracelyIqbal: adding new details

{{short description|Naga leader}}
{{Sources exist|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Imkongliba Ao
|honorific_suffix =
|order =
|office = President of the [[Naga People's Convention]]
|term_start = October 1959
|term_end = 22 August 1961
|predecessor = ''Office Established''
|birth_date =
|birth_name =
|birth_place =
|death_date = 22 August 1961
|death_place = [[Mokokchung]], [[Nagaland|Nagaland (Union Territory)]] ''{{small|(Now in [[Nagaland]], India)}}''
|nickname =
|party =
|parents =
|spouse =
|children =
|occupation =
|profession =
}}
'''Imkongliba Ao''' (died 22 August 1961) was a [[Naga people|Naga]] leader and a key figure in the movement for the statehood of [[Nagaland]] within the [[Republic of India]] and the resistance movement against Assamisation.<ref name="morungexpress1">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/dr-imkongliba-ao-founder-architech-nagaland-state |title=Dr. Imkongliba Ao – The Founder Architech Of Nagaland State|work=The Morung Express|date=7 March 2014|access-date=15 January 2024|first=Mapu|last=Jamir}}</ref>

== Career ==

Ao played a pivotal role in the resistance against the Assamisation of [[Naga Hills]] and the fight for the separation of [[Nagaland]] from the province of [[Assam]]. Prior to his rise to prominence, conflict between the [[Naga National Council|NNC]] and [[government of India]] had led to [[Insurgency in Nagaland|mass insurgency]] and human rights violations. Through the formation of the Naga People's Convention, he resisted the economic suppression and militarization imposed by the [[Indian army]], which included burning, grouping, and re-location of villages. The struggle and sacrifices of these pioneers granted the Nagas an identity and status.<ref name="morungexpress1"/>

In 1959, Ao served as the President of the third Naga People's Convention (NPC) held in [[Mokokchung]]. During this convention, a demand was formulated for the constitution of Naga Hills as a full-fledged new state, to be named Nagaland, with provisions for autonomy to safeguard [[Naga people|Naga]] interests. This demand caught the [[Indian government]] by surprise and presented a challenge to the integration policy with [[Assam]].<ref name="morungexpress1"/>

=== Establishment of Nagaland ===
Recognizing the democratic urges of a reasonable section of the Nagas, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] moved the [[Indian Parliament]] in August 1960 to constitute Nagaland as a new state. The establishment of [[Nagaland]] was a response to the demand presented by the Naga People's Convention under Ao's leadership. This decision marked a significant step towards the preservation of Naga identity within the Indian Union.<ref name="morungexpress1"/>

Despite opposition from [[Naga National Council|Naga secessionists]], the creation of Nagaland as the 16th state of the Indian Union laid a foundation for autonomy under Article 371(A) of the Constitution. This period also saw the [[Nagalim|inclusion of eastern Naga areas]] from the NEFA Division into Nagaland, causing concern among Assamese politicians about [[Assam]]’s potential disintegration.<ref name="morungexpress1"/>

== Death and legacy ==
Ao was [[assassinated]] on August 22, 1961, at [[Mokokchung]], likely by the NNC. His contributions to the peaceful development of Nagaland were overshadowed by subsequent events, and his legacy often went unrecognized.<ref name="morungexpress1"/>

The contributions of Ao are commemorated on August 22–24 annually. Various leaders, including the [[Governor of Nagaland]], recognized his leadership and the role he played in shaping the history of Nagaland in 2023.<ref name="morungexpress2">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-dr-imkongliba-ao-martyrdom-day-observed|title=Nagaland: Dr Imkongliba Ao Martyrdom Day observed|work=The Morung Express|date=24 August 2023|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> In 2021, Nagaland Governor R.N. Ravi paid tribute, acknowledging Ao's extraordinary courage, strategic foresight, and role in uniting the Naga family. The Governor emphasized the need to build a "Nagaland of Dr. Ao’s dream".<ref name="ipr.nagaland">{{cite web|url=https://ipr.nagaland.gov.in/index.php/governor-pays-tribute-dr-imkongliba-ao|title=Governor Pays Tribute to Dr. Imkongliba Ao|publisher=Government of Nagaland Department of Information and Public Relations|date=23 August 2021|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ao, Imkongliba}}
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated people]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2024}}

Sterling Biotech bank loan case

2026-04-29T14:52:19Z

AracelyIqbal: info

{{Short description|Financial fraud in India}}

{{Financial risk types}}

'''Sterling Biotech bank loan case''' is a major financial scandal in India involving the diversion of bank loans and money laundering by the promoters of Sterling Biotech Limited, a [[Vadodara]]-based pharmaceutical company. The case, one of the largest bank frauds in the country's history, involved alleged defaults and siphoning of funds {{INRConvert|8100|c|year=2017}} crore through a network of shell companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-11-25 |title=A timeline of the Sterling Biotech fraud case |url=https://insolvencytracker.in/2025/11/25/the-sterling-biotech-fraud-case-a-timeline-of-indias-major-bank-fraud-case/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Insolvency Tracker |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2026, the [[Supreme Court of India]] approved a full and final settlement proposed by the promoters. Pursuant to the settlement, the promoters paid a cumulative total of approximately {{INRConvert|9800|c}} to the secured lender banks and into the Supreme Court registry. The Court directed that all related criminal, regulatory and civil proceedings be quashed, and the matter was formally closed on 15 April 2026.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-15 |title=SC concludes Sterling Biotech case after Rs 9,800 crore recovery |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/news/sc-closes-sterling-biotech-case-after-rs-9800-crore-recovery/4208239/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Sterling Biotech was founded in the 1990s as a pharmaceutical manufacturer, promoted by Nitin Sandesara, Chetan Sandesara, and Dipesh Patel. The company, listed on the both Indian stock exchanges, was into manufacturing of [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]] from their facilities in [[Gujarat]]. By the mid-2010s, it had expanded into [[special economic zone]]s and other ventures under the Sterling Group, including Sterling SEZ and Infrastructure Limited.

The controversy around the company centres on big-ticket loans taken from a consortium of public sector banks led by [[Andhra Bank]] (now merged with [[Union Bank of India]]). Between 2008 and 2016, the group secured credit facilities exceeding {{INRConvert|8100|c|year=2008}} for expansion projects. Investigations revealed that these funds were later diverted through fabricated documents, inflated project costs, and a web of over 249 domestic and 96 offshore shell entities in countries including [[Nigeria]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[United States]], [[Mauritius]], [[Panama]], and [[Barbados]].It was also revealed during the investigation that the promoters used employees to incorporate these entities, round-tripped standby letters of credit worth {{INRConvert|4500|c|year=2017}}, and laundered proceeds via [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|''benami'']] transactions.<ref name=":0" />

Early red flags emerged in 2005 when [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] probed share dealings by Sterling Biotech and Sterling International Enterprises Limited (formerly Transworld Infotech Limited) for suspicious trading patterns from August to September 2005. Promoters were accused of concealing ''benami'' entities and pressuring regulators to stall the inquiry.<ref name="Yadav">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Yatish |date=2019-12-18 |title=Sterling Biotech fraud case: Rift between probe agencies, banks wide open; company promoters tried to stall SEBI investigation-Business News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/sterling-biotech-fraud-case-rift-between-probe-agencies-banks-wide-open-company-promoters-tried-to-stall-sebi-investigation-7797931.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220625013659/https://www.firstpost.com/business/sterling-biotech-fraud-case-rift-between-probe-agencies-banks-wide-open-company-promoters-tried-to-stall-sebi-investigation-7797931.html |archive-date=2022-06-25 |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2017, the loans turned [[non-performing assets]], prompting complaints from banks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2017 |title=CBI FIR against Sterling Biotech for Rs 5000 cr loan default |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/Oct/28/cbi-fir-against-sterling-biotech-for-rs-5000-crore-loan-default-1685563.html#:~:text=CBI%20FIR%20against%20Sterling%20Biotech,as%20on%20December%2031%2C%202016. |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
Investigations began in 2017 following bank complaints:

* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]: Registered two FIRs in August–October 2017 for cheating and corruption. Filed charge sheets against 191 accused, including 184 companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Aamir |date=2018-10-27 |title=Court notice to Sterling Biotech promoters in fraud case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-notice-to-sterling-biotech-promoters-in-fraud-case/articleshow/66385750.cms |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Enforcement Directorate]]: Launched [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|PMLA]] probes, attaching assets worth over {{INRConvert|14500|c|year=2023}} crore by 2020, including London properties and Nigerian oil assets. Five prosecution complaints filed; four key accused declared fugitives - included the Sandesara brothers, Dipti Sandesara (Chetan's wife), and Hitesh Kumar Patel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh K. |date=2020-09-28 |title=Sterling Biotech case: 4 key accused declared fugitive economic offenders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sterling-biotech-case-4-key-accused-declared-fugitive-economic-offenders/article32716700.ece |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[SEBI]]: Continued scrutiny from 2005–2007 probes into share manipulations.
* [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office]] and [[Income Tax Department]]: SFIO initiated corporate fraud probes; IT filed [[Black Money Act]] cases.<ref name="Yadav"/>
The Sandesara brothers fled to Nigeria in 2017 using Albanian passports, evading arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=2018-09-24 |title=Rs 5,000 cr bank fraud: Nitin Sandesara, family may have fled to Nigeria |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-5000-cr-bank-fraud-business-family-may-have-fled-to-nigeria/articleshow/65926859.cms |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Interpol notices were issued, and Nitin Sandesara was briefly detained in Dubai in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Bank fraud: Sterling Biotech owner Nitin Sandesara detained in Dubai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bank-fraud-sterling-biotech-owner-nitin-sandesara-detained-in-dubai-5308981/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2021, Hitesh Patel was detained in [[Albania]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2019-03-22 |title=Sterling Biotech loan fraud case: Hitesh Patel apprehended in Albania |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hitesh-patel-accused-in-sterling-biotech-group-case-detained-in-albania/article26607213.ece |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Settlement ==
In November 2025, a bench led by Justice J.K. Maheshwari approved a one-time settlement of ₹6,761 crore (Indian entities: ₹3,826 crore; foreign guarantors: ₹2,935 crore), of which ₹3,507.63 crore was already deposited, leaving ₹3,253.37 crore plus additional recoveries. The court mandated a final ₹5,100 crore deposit by 17 December 2025 for full quashing of CBI, ED, SFIO, IT, and FEOA cases, emphasising public money recovery but clarifying no precedent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=SC accepts Rs 5,100 crore settlement offer by Sterling Biotech in bank fraud case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/sterling-biotech-bank-fraud-case-sc-settlement-10383639/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the ruling sparked debate, with the government reviewing implications for similar cases.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Dheeraj |last2=Sikarwar |first2=Deepshikha |date=2025-11-26 |title=Sterling Biotech case: GoI to examine impact of Supreme Court judgment |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/sterling-biotech-case-goi-to-examine-impact-of-supreme-court-judgment/articleshow/125572942.cms |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Especially the investigation agencies expressed concerns over weakened deterrence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Krishna |date=2025-11-25 |title=Does SC order on Sterling Biotech promoters give Mallya, Nirav Modi exit routes? |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/sterling-biotech-supreme-court-sandesara-brothers-settlement-vijay-mallya-nirav-modi-11764058121848.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 December 2025, {{INRConvert|5111|c}} deposited with the Supreme Court registry as per the Supreme Court directives.<ref name=":2" />

On 13 April 2026, the Supreme Court was informed that a balance amount of {{INRConvert|0.45|c}} was deposited by demand draft to complete all remaining formalities.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=SC tells Sebi to respond to Sandesara plea in Sterling Biotech case |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/sc-tells-sebi-to-respond-to-sandesara-plea-in-sterling-biotech-case-126032301148_1.html |publisher=Business Standard |date=23 March 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>

On 15 April 2026, the Supreme Court formally declared that the case had attained finality, with all dues satisfied and no substantive issues remaining pending. The total amount paid across all stages stood at approximately {{INRConvert|9800|c}}, comprising {{INRConvert|3507|c}} paid directly to the consortium of lender banks, {{INRConvert|1192|c}} realised through IBC liquidation mechanisms, and {{INRConvert|5111|c}} deposited with the Supreme Court registry. This cumulative figure represents approximately 180 percent of the original CBI FIR reference amount of {{INRConvert|5383|c}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=2026-04-14 |title=Supreme Court closes Sandesara fraud case after Rs 9,800 crore recovery |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-closes-sandesara-brothers-fraud-case-rs-5000-crore-settlement-2896293-2026-04-14 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Later, the court directed that the FIR registered and all investigations by CBI, ED, attachments under PMLA, proceedings under the [[Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018]], SFIO proceedings pertaining to black money, and income tax proceedings be quashed. The investigating agencies were further directed to communicate the decision regarding closure of all proceedings at all levels including at airports and to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Supreme Court brings Sterling Biotech case to a close after Rs 9,800 crore recovery |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-closes-sterling-biotech-case-with-9800-crore-recovery/130292821 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

As a parallel development, on 4 April 2026, a Delhi district court (Tis Hazari) passed a 47-page ex parte ad-interim injunction which restrained Google LLC, Meta Platforms, media houses and other parties from publishing or circulating content relating to the plaintiff and his family concerning the Sterling Biotech case, and directed them to de-index flagged URLs within 36 hours, finding terms such as “fugitives”, “bank fraud”, “siphoning public money”, “defrauded banks” and “money laundering” prima facie defamatory after the Supreme Court quashed all proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=2026-04-16 |title=Explained: Issues of press freedom, ‘right to be forgotten’ in challenge to Sandesara gag order |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/press-freedom-sandesara-gag-order-moneylife-sterling-10639686/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saumya |date=2026-04-10 |title=Why Delhi court ordered removal of online media content linking Sandesaras to Sterling Biotech case |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/why-delhi-court-ordered-removal-of-online-media-content-linking-sandesaras-to-sterling-biotech-case/2901702/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-04-09 |title=Google, Meta Urged to Remove ‘Defamatory’ Content Linking Sandesara, Family to Fraud Case |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/google-meta-urged-to-remove-defamatory-content-linking-sandesara-family-to-fraud-case-1949475 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Journalist [[Sucheta Dalal]], through her publication Moneylife, has since challenged the order as overly broad and violative of free speech; a District Judge heard the matter on 13 April 2026, issued notices to Manoj Sandesara, Google and Meta, and posted the case for next hearing on 29 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sucheta Dalal Moves Court Against Ban on Reporting Sterling Biotech Fraud Case |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/sucheta-dalal-moves-delhi-court-against-ban-on-media-reports-linked-to-sandesara |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=dailypioneer.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite web |last1=Çela |first1=Lindita |last2=Majumdar |first2=Ushinor |date=9 June 2021 |title=Sterling Biotech's Sandesaras claim fear of religious persecution in India to evade the law |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/06/09/sterling-biotechs-sandesaras-claim-fear-of-religious-persecution-in-india-to-evade-the-law |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |publisher=}}
* {{Cite web |last=Tiwary |first=Deeptiman |date=2 December 2025 |title=Why ED fears the Sandesara case may open a can of worms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/what-after-relief-to-sandesaras-ed-braces-for-other-defence-petitions-10396900/ |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=30 June 2019 |title=Sterling Biotech scam bigger than Nirav-Choksi; Sandesaras took Rs 9,000 cr loan from Indian banks overseas: ED |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/sandesara-brothers-availed-rs-9000-crore-loan-from-indian-banks-overseas-scam-bigger-than-pnb-fraud-ed-207442-2019-06-29 |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Business Today}}
* {{Cite book |last=Swain |first=Smarak |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Great_Indian_Fraud/4tP7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Great Indian Fraud: Serious Frauds Which Shook the Economy |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789389867244 |pages=324 |language=English |format=ebook}}

{{authority control}}
{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}

[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:2010s scandals]]
[[Category:2017 scandals]]

Renapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:05:47Z

AracelyIqbal: adding data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Renapur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1962
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Renapur''' was one of the 288 seats in the [[Maharashtra]] assembly in India until it was disestablished in 2008, when the redrawing of the political map by the delimitation made the seat defunct. It was a high-profile seat because [[Gopinath Munde]] used to contest from here.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Chandhari Gungadherappa S/O Chanbusappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 |Ganpathi Anna Gite|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Raghunathrao Munde
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Panditrao Narayanrao Dound || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=4 | [[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,745 |percentage = 56.56% |change={{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fulchand Yedba Karad |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 54,312 |percentage = 33.12% |change={{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munde Trimbak Patloba |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,760 |percentage = 5.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangadhar Baliram Rode |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,521 |percentage = 1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyed Murtuza Sayyed Osman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,032 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Somawanshi Nandkishor Laxmanrao |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 1,691 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,433 |percentage = 23.44% |change= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,63,992 |percentage = 73.72% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,63,977}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,22,441|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,187 |percentage = 50.30% |change={{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munde Trimbak Patloba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 39,254 |percentage = 28.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daund Panditrao Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,901 |percentage = 20.71% |change={{decrease}}14.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,933 |percentage = 22.17% |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,44,035 |percentage = 72.52% |change= {{decrease}}2.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,39,534}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,619|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,006 |percentage = 54.58% |change={{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokate Baburao Narsingrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,647 |percentage = 34.74% |change={{decrease}}9.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Done Manchak Baliram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,530 |percentage = 3.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akangire Vimalbaikrishnath |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,186 |percentage = 2.23% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Sandipan Shrirang |party=Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,359 |percentage = 19.84% |change= {{increase}}14.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,45,708 |percentage = 76.41% |change= {{increase}}10.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,42,910}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,698|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,275 |percentage = 48.99% |change={{increase}}11.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daund Panditrao Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 54,285 |percentage = 44.12% |change={{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Shrirangrao Niwartirao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,258 |percentage = 2.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Raosaheb Tatyaba |party=Akhil Bhartiya Maratha Mahasangh |votes = 2,237 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,990 |percentage = 4.87% |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,24,897 |percentage = 65.08% |change= {{increase}}3.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,23,026}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,91,902|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dound Panditrao Narayanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,718 |percentage = 40.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,067 |percentage = 37.93% |change={{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akangire Sham Pralhadrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,573 |percentage = 12.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Ganpathi Gite |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,342 |percentage = 3.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Burande Gangadharappa |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,285 |percentage = 3.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wahire Rajendra Sadashivrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 599 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,651 |percentage = 3.04% |change= {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,121 |percentage = 61.98% |change= {{decrease}}4.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,174}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,784|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,443 |percentage = 45.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kokate Baburao Narsinghrao Adaskar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,267 |percentage = 39.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. N. Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,795 |percentage = 9.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chewale Santram Sambhaji |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,066 |percentage = 3.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonwane Sriram Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 668 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jogdand Irrada Piraji |party=Independent politician |votes = 664 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darade Kalidas Aba |party=Independent politician |votes = 582 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,176 |percentage = 6.08% |change= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,123 |percentage = 66.46% |change= {{increase}}0.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,093|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunathrao Munde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,468 |percentage = 48.41% |change={{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 32,485 |percentage = 43.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosle Vaijnath Govind |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,749 |percentage = 3.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathan Shah Mohmad Dost Mohmad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ogale Vasant Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,248 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wavhale Santram Ganpat |party=Independent politician |votes = 968 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,983 |percentage = 5.29% |change= {{decrease}}19.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,853 |percentage = 66.56% |change= {{increase}}10.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,329}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,967|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunathrao Munde |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,727 |percentage = 55.75% |change={{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chewle Santram Sambhaji |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,752 |percentage = 31.42% |change={{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jogdand Sambhaji Sajvaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,367 |percentage = 6.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naranne |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,039 |percentage = 3.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munde Ganpati Shripati |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,439 |percentage = 2.70% |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,975 |percentage = 24.33% |change= {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,351 |percentage = 56.14% |change= {{increase}}5.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,324}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,593|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Ganpathi Gite |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,051 |percentage = 50.71% |change={{increase}}9.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. N. Chavan |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,911 |percentage = 32.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. Kushaba |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,182 |percentage = 8.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. S. Gitte |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,684 |percentage = 6.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. G. Vavhale |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 713 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,140 |percentage = 18.06% |change= {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,942 |percentage = 52.54% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,541}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,732|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}7.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpathi Anna |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 18,779 |percentage = 58.60% |change={{increase}}10.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wamanrao Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,269 |percentage = 41.40% |change={{decrease}}10.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,510 |percentage = 17.19% |change= {{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,451 |percentage = 49.31% |change= {{increase}}5.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,048}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,862|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Renapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandhari Gungadherappa S/O Chanbusappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,242 |percentage = 51.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anna Ganpathi Gite |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 11,427 |percentage = 48.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 815 |percentage = 3.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,669 |percentage = 40.60% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,669}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,305|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.53|76.60|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renapur (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Latur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

First Tarun Gogoi ministry

2026-04-15T00:34:10Z

AracelyIqbal: added new stub

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India from 2001 to 2006}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|date_formed=17 May 2001
|date_dissolved=21 May 2006
|government_head=[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|image=Tarun Gogoi - Kolkata 2013-02-10 4886.JPG
|caption=[[Tarun Gogoi]], [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
|state_head=[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]] [[Arvind Dave]] [[Ajai Singh]]
|election=[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|last_election=[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|legislature_term=5 years
|previous=[[Second Mahanta ministry|Mahanta II]]
|successor=[[Second Tarun Gogoi ministry|Tarun Gogoi II]]|political_party=*'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''|opposition_party=*'''[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]'''
*'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''}}

[[Tarun Gogoi]] constituted his first ministry and became the 13th [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister of Assam]] on 17 May 2001.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Gogoi heads 17-member government in Assam |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/18assa.htm |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Gogoi ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref> Following the [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Gogoi became Chief Minister succeeding [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] chief minister [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]. There were 12 cabinet ministers and 4 ministers of state in the ministry.

Gogoi along with his cabinet was sworn in by governor [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]], succeeding [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] as [[Chief Minister of Assam]] on 18 May 2001.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei-OAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=2001 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> The hour-long ceremony took place at [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati|Raj Bhavan]] at 14:00. [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] and [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]], who challenged Gogoi's claim to become Chief Minister in the wake of the election results, both did not attend the ceremony. No [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] or [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] legislators attended the ceremony either.<ref name=":1" /> Among those who attended were Congress General Secretary in charge of Assam Kamal Nath, [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] member [[Jagdish Tytler]] and several Congress MPs from Assam.

The cabinet had two female ministers, including [[Hemoprova Saikia]] who was the wife of former Chief Minister [[Hiteswar Saikia]]. The cabinet also included former [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Bhumidhar Barman]]. 10 of the 17 ministers had been ministers in previous Congress governments in Assam. Gogoi stated that he held out hope for the newly elected MLAs, and stated that he would carry out an expansion of the ministry in a month. The expansion took place on 7 June 2002.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The expansion included several newly elected MLAs including [[Robin Bordoloi]], son of the first [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Gopinath Bordoloi]], and [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] who is the current [[Chief Minister of Assam]].
[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajapayee meets the Chief Minister of Assam Shri Tarun Gogoi alongwith ' Satra Dhikars' of Majuli in New Delhi on December 12, 2003.jpg|thumb|Gogoi with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari Vajapayee]] in [[New Delhi]] on 12 December 2003]]
During the ministry self employment schemes to counter terrorism, the Police Commission for smooth functioning of administration of State, the Chief Vigilance Commission to prevent corruption and the right to information bill were all established.<ref name=":0" />

== Ministers ==

=== Cabinet Ministers ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|[[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of:|Department of Home|Department of Political|Department of Personnel|General Administration Department|Secretariat Administration Department|Department of Science and Technology|Department of Information Technology}}
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tourism
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Misbahul Islam Laskar]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]], CM
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Robin Bordoloi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Gautam Roy]]
| minister3_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister3_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Panchayat and Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Bhumidhar Barman]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Ripun Bora]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works
| minister1 = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Excise
| minister1 = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Rameswar Dhanowar]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Town and Country Planning
| minister1 = [[Sarat Barkotoky]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Municipal Administration
| minister1 = [[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development and Housing
| minister1 = Hemprakash Narayan
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture
| minister1 = [[Hemoprova Saikia]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Hemoprova Saikia]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Cultural Affairs
| minister1 = [[Hemoprova Saikia]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]], CM
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Hill Areas Development Minister of Mines and Minerals
| minister1 = [[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment and Forest
| minister1 = [[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour and Employment
| minister1 = [[Rameswar Dhanowar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Rupam Kurmi]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 4 February 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Tarun Gogoi]], CM
| minister3_termstart = 5 February 2004
| minister3_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4 = [[Rameswar Dhanowar]]
| minister4_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister4_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power
| minister1 = [[Devanand Konwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]], CM
| minister2_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance
| minister1 = [[Devanand Konwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]], CM
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue
| minister1 = [[Devanand Konwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Mithius Tudu]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Public Health Engineering|Minister of Judicial, Legislative and Law}}
| minister1 = [[Dinesh Prasad Goala]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Supply
| minister1 = [[Dinesh Prasad Goala]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Nurjamal Sarkar
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food and Civil Supplies
| minister1 = [[Ardhendu Kumar Dey]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Nazrul Islam (Indian politician)|Nazrul Islam]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Gautam Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sports and Youth Welfare
| minister1 = [[Gautam Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Robin Bordoloi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]], MoS (I/C)
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Welfare of Plain Tribes and Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Flood Control
| minister1 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Nurjamal Sarkar
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Ismail Hussain]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = [[Bharat Narah]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Misbahul Islam Laskar]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Soil Conservation
| minister1 = [[Ismail Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation
| minister1 = [[Ismail Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Nurjamal Sarkar
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Ismail Hussain]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2004
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Char Areas Development Minister of Minority Welfare, Wakf Board and Haj Affairs
| minister1 = [[Ismail Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Wazed Ali Choudhury]], MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industries and Commerce Minister of Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Ismail Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = Hemprakash Narayan
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Implementation of Assam Accord
| minister1 = Hemprakash Narayan
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Pankaj Bora]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education
| minister1 = Hemprakash Narayan
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Pankaj Bora]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 11 September 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = Hemprakash Narayan {{small|{{nobold|(Secondary Education)}}}}
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4 = [[Ripun Bora]], MoS (I/C) {{small|{{nobold|(Elementary Education)}}}}
| minister4_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister4_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport Minister of Guwahati Development
| minister1 = [[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Anjan Dutta
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Ministers of State ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Handloom, Textiles and Sericulture
| minister1 = [[Rupam Kurmi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Information and Public Relations|Minister of State for Science and Technology|Minister of State for Environment and Forests}}
| minister1 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Industries and Commerce
| minister1 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Ananda Ram Barua
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Home Affairs
| minister1 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Finance
| minister1 = [[Pradyut Bordoloi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Nilamani Sen Deka]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister3_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of State for Agriculture]]
| minister1 = Nazibul Umar
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 7 June 2002
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Power
| minister1 = Nazibul Umar
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Ananda Ram Barua
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Fisheries
| minister1 = Nazibul Umar
| minister1_termstart = 17 May 2001
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Atuwa Munda]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister2_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Planning and Development
| minister1 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| minister2_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister2_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Public Works
| minister1 = [[Atuwa Munda]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Revenue|Minister of State for Cultural Affairs}}
| minister1 = [[Pranati Phukan]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Border Areas Development|Minister of State for Passport}}
| minister1 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Political|Minister of State for Information Technology|Minister of State for Printing and Stationery}}
| minister1 = [[Rakibul Hussain]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 September 2004
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State for Education}}
| minister1 = Rupsing Ronghang
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Public Health Engineering|Minister of State for Urban Development}}
| minister1 = [[Sukur Ali Ahmed]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Nilamani Sen Deka]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Food and Civil Supplies|Minister of State for Tourism}}
| minister1 = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 21 May 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Transport|Minister of State for Social Welfare}}
| minister1 = Sarifa Begum
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Welfare of Plain Tribes and Backward Classes|Minister of State for Labour and Employment}}
| minister1 = Pranoy Rabha
| minister1_termstart = 7 June 2002
| minister1_termend = 6 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries|Tarun Gogoi I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2001|Gogoi I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2006|Gogoi I]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Tarun Gogoi 1]]
[[Category:2001 in Indian politics]]

S. Venkatachalam

2026-04-11T23:40:57Z

AracelyIqbal: adding a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Venkatajalam
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|3|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Karadvadapuram, Salem district
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[K. Rajaram]]
| successor1 = [[L. Ravichandran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''S. Venkatajalam''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the Karadvadapuram area in the [[Salem district]]. A graduate with a [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) degree, Venkatajalam belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He contested and won the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Salem – I Assembly constituency]] to become a Member of the Legislative Assembly.

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem-I<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venkatachalam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,365 |percentage=60.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Elangovan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,234 |percentage=37.29% |change=-21.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ravikrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=976 |percentage=0.88% |change=-0.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. S. Anburaj |party=Independent politician |votes=847 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. V. Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Madhesu |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Saravanakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,131 |percentage=22.72% |change=-3.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,590 |percentage=63.87% |change= -1.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,264 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatachalam, S.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]

Kanti Koli

2026-04-10T04:04:32Z

AracelyIqbal: adding a post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox politician
| office = Member of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of legislative assembly]] for [[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]] constituency
| name = Kanti Koli
| native_name = कांती कोळी
| native_name_lang = Mr
| country = {{flag|India}}
| predecessor = Gajanan Koli
| successor = Moreshwar Joshi
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1990
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| nickname = Kanti Dada
| birth_name = Kanti Koli
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = 2021
}}

'''Kanti Koli''' (1947 - 2021) was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[social work]]er and former councillor [[Thane Municipal Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Uniindia News |title=Senior Congress leader Kanti Koli passes away |url=http://www.uniindia.com/senior-congress-leader-kanti-koli-passes-away/west/news/2534327.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=uniindia.com/senior-congress-leader-kanti-koli-passes-away/west/news/2534327.html}}</ref> and two terms [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of legislative assembly]] from [[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]], [[Electoral district|constituency]] of [[Maharashtra]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]] as a senior leader of [[Indian National Congress]] party and former president of Akhil Bharatiya Koli Samaj's Maharashtra unit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=Former Congress MLA Kanti Koli Passes Away After Prolonged Illness at 75 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/former-congress-mla-kanti-koli-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-at-75-4325207.html |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=Maharashtra: Former Congress MLA Kanti Koli dead |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-former-congress-mla-kanti-koli-dead-23196757 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Kanti Koli was closely associated with former Indian president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] and also represented the fishermen community at the state and national level.<ref>{{Cite news |last=I |first=PT |date=2022 |title=Thane: Former President Attends Death Anniversary Function Of Kanti Koli |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/thane-former-president-attends-death-anniversary-function-of-kanti-koli-news-225097/amp}}</ref>

Kanti Koli was dead in October 2021 because of his long-term illness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-10-15 |title=Maharashtra: Ex-Congress MLA Kanti Koli passes away |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/maharashtra-ex-congress-mla-kanti-koli-passes-away |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kanti}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:People from Thane]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]

Deboprasad Bag

2026-04-08T14:46:46Z

AracelyIqbal: added a stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Deboprasad Bag''' (born 1977), also known as Poltu bag,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deboprasad Bag (Poltu)(All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Kalna (SC) (Purba Bardhaman) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1243 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kalna Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Purba Bardhaman district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Kalna, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kalna-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797344-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal election results 2021: Checkout the list of winning candidates |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/west-bengal-election-results-2021-checkout-the-list-of-winning-candidates/articleshow/82356274.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bag is from [[Kalna City|Kalna]], Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of Lal Mohan Bag. He studied Class 10 at Kalna Maharaja High School and passed the Madhyamik examinations conducted by the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] in 1993. He gets income from agriculture, trading and rentals while his wife is a partner in a business firm that runs health diagnostics and a restaurant.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Bag won from Kalna Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 96,073 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Biswajit Kundu of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 7,478 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalna Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Deboprasad Bag (Poltu) Of TMC Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kalna-election-result-2021-live-updates-kalna-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695186.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalna Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Kalna Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-kalna-constituency-264.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalna Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalna-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bag, Deboprasad}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]

Awadhesh Prasad

2026-04-05T12:53:43Z

AracelyIqbal: Started Some Data From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Awadhesh Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Lallu Singh]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Cabinet Minister IN Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start4 = 1993
| term_end4 = 1995
| constituency3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| term_start5 = 1989
| term_end5 = 1991
| constituency4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| term_start6 = 1977
| term_end6 = 1980
| constituency5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| office7 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 10 March 2022
| term_end7 = 11 June 2024
| office = [https://sansad.in/ls/about/panel-of-chairpersons Member of Panel of Chairpersons (Lok Sabha)]
| alongside = [[Sandhya Ray]], [[Dilip Saikia]], [[Jagdambika Pal]], [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]], [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]], [[A. Raja]], [[P. C. Mohan]], [[N. K. Premachandran]], [[Selja Kumari]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2025|07|31|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Om Birla]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2019|07|04|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2024|06|09|df=yes}}
| appointer1 = [[Om Birla]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|07|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bikapur]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sona Devi|1972}}
| parents =
| children = 7
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]] (LL.B, 1968) [[DAV College, Kanpur]], [[Agra University]] (M.A, 1966)
| term_start10 = 1977
| term_end10 = 1980
| constituency10 = Sohawal
| constituency9 = Sohawal
| term_start9 = 1985
| term_end9 = 1991
| predecessor10 = Hub Raj, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| predecessor9 = Madho Prasad, [[Indian National Congress (I)|INC(I)]]
| successor10 = Madho Prasad, [[Indian National Congress (I)|INC(I)]]
| successor9 = Ramu Priyadarshi, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| term_start8 = 1993
| term_end8 = 2012
| predecessor8 = Ramu Priyadarshi, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| successor8 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency8 = Sohawal
| predecessor7 = [[Anand Sen Yadav]], [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| successor7 = Baba Gorakhnath, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| constituency7 = [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]]
| 1blankname1 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata1 = [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| 2namedata1 = *Social Welfare
*SC/ST Welfare
*Sainik Welfare
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata2 = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| 2namedata2 = *Social Welfare
*SC/ST Welfare
| 1blankname3 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata3 = Mulayam Singh Yadav
| 2namedata3 = *Prison
*Homeguard's
*Political Pension
| 1blankname4 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname4 = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata4 = Mulayam Singh Yadav
| 2namedata4 = *Social Welfare
*Harijan Kalyan
| office5 = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Minister of State in Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1blankname5 = [[List of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 2blankname5 = Ministry & Departments
| 1namedata5 = *[[Ram Naresh Yadav]] {{small|(1977-1979)}}
*[[Banarasi Das]] {{small|(1979-1980)}}
| 2namedata5 = *General Administration {{small|(1977-1979)}}
*Rural Development {{small|(1979-1980)}}
| office11 = [https://sansad.in/ls/about/panel-of-chairpersons Member of Panel of Chairpersons (Lok Sabha)]
| alongside11 = [[Sandhya Ray]], [[Dilip Saikia]], [[Jagdambika Pal]], [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]], [[A. Raja]], [[Selja Kumari]], [[P. C. Mohan]], [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]], [[N. K. Premachandran]]
| term_start11 = {{Start date|2024|07|01|df=yes}}
| term_end11 =
| appointer11 = [[Om Birla]]
}}

'''Awadhesh Prasad''' (born 31 July 1945) is an Indian politician who is a founding member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) and an [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in the [[18th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]].<ref name="express">{{cite news|URL=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/for-its-dalit-outreach-sp-puts-forward-ayodhya-leader-with-long-party-electoral-record-8535208/|title= For its Dalit outreach, SP puts forward Ayodhya leader with long party, electoral record|work=The Indian Express|date=4 April 2023|first=Lalmani|last=Verma}}</ref><ref name="Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Dalits {{!}} Voices from the margins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322131000/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-dalits-voices-from-the-margins-2565841-2024-07-13 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is presently the general secretary of the national executive of SP and he was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] till 11 June 2024 when he was elected as an MP.<ref name="toi"/> He has been a nine time MLA elected from the erstwhile Sohawal (SC) constituency in [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]], [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]], [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]], [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]], [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]], [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]] and [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and as of latest from [[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]] (SC) in [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] and [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]].<ref name="aaj tak">{{cite news|URL=https://www.aajtak.in/india/politics/story/awadhesh-prasad-samajwadi-party-faizabad-candidate-for-loksabha-election-2024-ntc-1869929-2024-01-31|trans-title=9 time MLA, Dalit leader close to Mulayam... Who is Awadhesh Prasad, whom SP made the Lok Sabha candidate from Ayodhya?|first=Banbir|last=Singh|work=Aaj Tak|title=बार के विधायक, Mulayam के करीबी दलित नेता... कौन हैं Awadhesh Prasad, जिन्हें सपा ने Faizabad से बनाया लोकसभा प्रत्याशी|date=31 January 2024}}</ref> He has become a minister for six times in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and been a cabinet minister in four of them.<ref name="express"/>

==Political career==

Prasad, who comes from [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi Dalit]] community,<ref name=Et/> began his political career at the age of 21. He was the Ayodhya district co-convener of the [[The Emergency (India)|anti-Emergency]] Sangarsh Samiti. He was also the polling agent of the [[Lok Dal]] at [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]] during the [[1977 Indian general election]]. He became the national secretary and was inducted into the central parliamentary board when the Samajwadi Party was founded in 1992. In the party, he has generally functioned as an organisation man since then.<ref name="express"/>

He became minister in the [[Janata Party]] governments of [[Ram Naresh Yadav]] and [[Babu Banarasi Das]] and in the Samajwadi Party governments of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] and Akhilesh Yadav.<ref name="express"/> He has a close association with the party president [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and was one of the few veteran leaders to have sided with him during the pre-2017 election leadership contest within the party.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|URL=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sp-propping-up-awadhesh-prasad-as-its-dalit-face-ahead-of-ls-polls/articleshow/98789926.cms|title=SP propping up Awadhesh Prasad as its Dalit face ahead of LS polls?|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]] Prasad won <ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2454.htm</ref> as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from the [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-kanpur-gorakhpur-and-gonda-seats-in-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-101717465470862.html|title=Ayodhya, Kanpur, Gorakhpur and Gonda seats results LIVE updates: SP leads in Ayodhya as BJP's Lallu Singh falls behind|access-date =4 Jun 2024}}</ref> This win has been seen as of deep interest within the [[2024 Indian general election]] because it encompasses the city of [[Ayodhya]] where resides the [[Ram Mandir|Ram Temple]] which was set-up in the previous term ([[Second Modi ministry|2019-2024]]). Though, the BJP led from [[Ayodhya Assembly constituency]], it failed to win the seat. Analysts credited his win to failure of BJP's [[Abki Baar 400 Paar]] slogan and [[Samajwadi Party]]'s strategy of leveraging social politics by capitalizing on the significant OBC voter base, including [[Kurmi]]s and [[Yadav]]s, aligning [[OBC quota|OBCs]], [[Dalit]]s, and [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh#Population by district|Muslims]] to edge out the BJP.<ref name="Et">{{cite web |title=What went wrong for BJP in Ayodhya? Decoding the political shocker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-ayodhya-ram-mandir-faizabad-lok-sabha-election-loss-samajwadi-party-caste-equation-2549769-2024-06-06 |accessdate=6 June 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
===Legislative Assembly===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}|
| [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal|BKD]]
|rowspan="10"|Sohawal
|{{Lost}}
|18,879
|34.70%
|689
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Party}}|
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
| {{Won}}
| 28,090
| 58.42%
| 10,578
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|
| [[Janata Party (Secular)|JP(S)]]
|{{Lost}}
| 21,932
| 40.72%
| 4,071
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Lok Dal}}|
| [[Lok Dal|LD]]
|{{Won}}
|27,373
|46.29%
|9,147
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Dal}}|
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|{{Won}}
|29,413
|33.91%
|10,032
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Janata Party}}|
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
|{{Lost}}
|22,047
|24.90%
|9,643
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan="7" bgcolor={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|
| rowspan="7"|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|{{Won}}
|59,115
|51.77%
|16,496
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Won}}
|44,399
|35.17%
|3,407
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Won}}
|43,398
|35.36%
|8,156
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Won}}
|48,624
|33.08%
|9,871
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Milkipur Assembly constituency|Milkipur]]
|{{Won}}
|73,804
|42.24%
|34,237
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Lost}}
|58,684
|29.77%
|28,276
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Won}}
|103,905
|47.99%
|13,338
|-
|}

===Lok Sabha===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|
|rowspan="2"|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|[[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]]
|{{Lost}}
|169,046
|27.12%
|30,749
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="Faizabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Faizabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/faizabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531172900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/faizabad |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Faizabad">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Faizabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2454.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531172803/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2454.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|[[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad (Ayodhya)]]
| {{won}}
|554,289
|48.59%
|54,567
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Awadhesh}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

Ravi Varma (Kakinada actor)

2026-04-05T05:58:13Z

AracelyIqbal: adding a article

{{Short description | Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Varma
| birth_name = Ravi Varma Adduri
| image = Ravi Varma Adduri.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|09|12}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2004–⁠present
| children =
}}
'''Ravi Varma Adduri''' (born 12 September 1975) is an Indian actor of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He is known for playing Selva Swamy in ''[[Mogali Rekulu]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugudesk.net/actor-ravi-varma-%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7-%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87-%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE/|title=Actor Ravi Varma : వాడు చేస్తే కోటా శ్రీనివాసరావు గారికి నచ్చదు...: నటుడు రవి వర్మ|date=11 February 2023|last=Bhargavi|language=te|website=telugudesk.net}}</ref> Before then, he has starred in ''[[Aaruguru Pativratalu]]'' (2004).

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India, Varma studied [[Mechatronics]] from [[Institute of Technical Education|ITE]] in [[Singapore]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Varma started acting in 2004 debuting in ''Aaruguru Pativratalu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2004 |title=Movie review – Aruguru Pativratalu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-arugurupativratalu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005609/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-arugurupativratalu.html |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}</ref> He has appeared in ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/uyyalajampala.html|title=Uyyala Jampala review|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=25 December 2013|last=Jeevi}}</ref> ''[[Buchinaidu Kandriga (film)|Buchinaidu Kandriga]]'' (2020), and ''[[Prathyardhi]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/buchinaidu-khandriga/ottmoviereview/77660909.cms|title=Buchinaidu Khandriga Review : A routine love story that tests your patience|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2020|first=Thadhagath|last=Pathi|access-date=9 January 2024|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517054349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/buchinaidu-khandriga/ottmoviereview/77660909.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/prathyardhi-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1515851|title=Prathyardhi Review|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|date=6 January 2023|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/prathyardhi-movie-review-adduri-ravi-varma-rohit-behal-akshatha-sonawane-starrer-prathyardhi-telugu-movie-revie-and-rating-88846|title=Prathyardhi Review: ప్రత్యర్థి మూవీ రివ్యూ అండ్ రేటింగ్.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే?|work=[[Zee News]]|date=6 January 2023 |language=te}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Aaruguru Pativratalu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Nireekshana (2005 film)|Nireekshana]]'' (2005)
* ''Kokila'' (2006)
* ''Adivi Biddalu'' (2006)
* ''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' (2007)
* ''Neramu Siksha'' (2009)
* ''Pravarakshudu'' (2009)
* ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131227/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/uyyala-jampala-review-predictable-love-story-narrated|title='Uyyala Jampala' Review: A predictable love story narrated well|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=28 December 2013|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
* ''D K Bose'' (2013)
* ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]'' (2014)
* ''[[O Manishi Katha]]'' (2014)
* ''Basthi'' (2015)
* ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dohchay]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Avunu 2]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Okka Ammayi Thappa]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Meeku Meere Maaku Meme]]'' (2016)
* ''Ram NRI'' (2016)
* ''Marala Telupuna Priya'' (2016)
* ''Premika'' (2017)
* ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' (2019)
*''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' (2019)
*''Dhrusti'' (2019)
* ''[[Rajdooth]]'' (2019)
*''Kala Karudu'' (2020)
* ''[[Buchinaidu Kandriga (film)|Buchinaidu Kandriga]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Thellavarithe Guruvaram]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Naandhi]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Shekar (film)|Shekar]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Alluri]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/alluri/movie-review/94406125.cms?from=mdr|title=Alluri Movie Review : Sri Vishnu gives his best in this lengthy action-packed saga|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
* ''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]'' (2022)
* ''[[18 Pages]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Prathyardhi]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Sindhooram (2023 film)|Sindhooram]]'' (2023)
*''[[Malli Pelli (2023 film)|Malli Pelli]]'' (2023)
*''[[Ra Ra Sarasukku Ra Ra]]'' (2023; Tamil)
* ''[[Pindam]]'' (2023)
* ''Kalasa'' (2023)
* ''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Vidya Vasula Aham]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-vidya-vasula-aham-telugu-movie-on-aha.html|title=OTT Review : Vidya Vasula Aham - Telugu movie on Aha|date=16 May 2024|work=123telugu}}</ref>
* ''[[Laggam]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Sri Sri Sri Raja Vaaru]]'' (2025)
{{colend}}

===Television===
*''[[Mogali Rekulu]]'' (2008)
*''[[3 Roses (TV series)|3 Roses]]'' (2021)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10768296}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi Varma Adduri}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

North Western State Railway

2026-03-25T11:25:57Z

AracelyIqbal: adding new stub

{{Short description|Railway company in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox rail
|image = File:Indian Railway Heritage Logo-31 – North Western Railway (NWR).jpg
|caption = Logo of North Western Railway (1905-1947)
|name = North Western State Railway
|start_year = 1886
|locale = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind Province]] [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], [[Karachi]], [[British Raj]]
|predecessor_line = [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] [[Indus Valley State Railway]] [[Punjab Northern State Railway]] [[Sind–Sagar Railway]] [[Sind–Pishin State Railway]] [[Kandahar State Railway]]
|successor_line =
[[North Western Railway]] (1905-1947) [[Pakistan Western Railway]] (1947-1971) [[Pakistan Railways]] (1971 – present) [[Eastern Punjab Railway]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Directory of Railway Officials & Yearbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOM3AAAAMAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Tothill Press|language=en|page=114|quote=It comprises the whole of the former North-Western system of British India except the lines in the south-eastern Punjab, now the Eastern Punjab Railway of India.}}</ref>
|end_year = 1905
}}

[[File:North Western Railway.jpg|thumb|250px|1909 Map of the North Western Railway]]
The '''North Western State Railway''' ('''NWSR''') was formed in January 1886 from the merger of the [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]], the [[Indus Valley State Railway]], the [[Punjab Northern State Railway]], the eastern section of the [[Sind–Sagar Railway]] and the southern section of the [[Sind–Pishin State Railway]] and the [[Kandahar State Railway]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 106]; Retrieved 20 Dec 2015</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Fortified Northwestern Railway bridge over the Indus at Attock LCCN2004707360.jpg|thumb|250px|Fortified North Western State Railway bridge over the Indus at [[Attock]], 1895]]
The military and strategic concerns for securing the border with [[Afghanistan]] were such that, Francis Langford O'Callaghan (who was posted from the state railways as engineer-in-chief) was called upon for a number of demanding railway projects, surveys and constructions in the [[Northwest Frontier Province|Northwest Frontier]].<ref name=biog>[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/bdoceigbai.58347.457 Institution of Civil Engineers "Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland - O'Callaghan, Francis Langford "]; Retrieved on 9 Jul 2016</ref> What initially started off as military and strategic railway project, ended up becoming part of the North Western State Railway network upon its formation in 1886. The Bolan Pass railway was completed in 1886 and in 1887 the Khawaja Amran Railway Survey included the [[Khojak Tunnel]] and the Chaman Extension Railway.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_020.gif "The Imperial Gazetteer of India" v. 21, p. 14.]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}; Retrieved on 13 Jul 2016</ref> The [[Khojak Tunnel]] opened in 1891 and the railway reached [[Chaman]] near the Afghan border. By 1905, it was the longest railway under one administration and the strategic railway of the entire Northwest frontier. The North Western State Railway was renamed as North Western Railway in 1905.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp91437/north-western-railway-india |title=North Western Railway (India) 1886 - 1947 |last= |first= |date= |website=Science Museum Group |publisher= |access-date=7 September 2024 |quote=}}</ref> In 1947, much of the North Western Railway fell in Pakistan territory domain and became part of the [[Pakistan Western Railways]], while railways in Indian territory became incorporated into the [[Eastern Punjab Railway]].<ref name="Reed1949">{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6sSAAAAIAAJ|access-date=26 November 2016|year=1949|publisher=Times of India Press|language=en|quote=On that day the Indian portion of tile North-Western was constituted into Eastern Punjab Railway, and the parts of the Bengal- Assam in the province of Assam were formed Into Assam Railway.}}</ref>

==Mergers==
The North Western State Railway network was formed by merging several major and minor railways together. These included:

===Major railways absorbed===
* [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]]
* [[Indus Valley State Railway]]
* [[Punjab Northern State Railway]]
* [[Sind–Sagar Railway]]
* [[Sind–Pishin State Railway]]
* [[Kandahar State Railway]]
* [[Trans-Baluchistan Railway|Trans–Baluchistan Railway]]

===Minor railways absorbed===
* [[Rohri–Chaman Railway Line|Quetta Link Railway]], opened in 1887
* [[Jammu–Sialkot Line|Jammu–Sialkot Railway]], opened in 1897
* [[Lodhran–Raiwind Branch Line|Kasur–Lodhran Railway]], opened in 1909, dismantled in 1917 and rebuilt in 1922
* [[Shorkot–Sheikhupura Branch Line|Shorekot Road–Chichoki Railway]], opened in 1910
* [[Daud Khel–Lakki Marwat Branch Line|Trans–Indus Railway]], opened 1913
* [[Wazirabad–Narowal Branch Line|Sialkot–Narowal Railway]], opened in 1915
* [[Shahdara Bagh-Chak Amru Branch Line|Shahdara Bagh–Narowal Railway]], opened in 1926

==Construction==
The North Western State Railway undertook a major railway expansion program, which included:

*[[Amritsar–Patti Railway]], opened in 1906 and extended to [[Kasur]] in 1910<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n118/mode/2up " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; page 110]; Retrieved 16 Feb 2016</ref>
*[[Bahawalnagar–Fort Abbas Branch Line|Bahawalnagar–Fort Abbas Railway]], opened in 1928 and financed by the [[Princely states|Princely]] [[Bahawalpur State]]
*[[Bannu–Tank Branch Line|Mari Indus Railway]], opened in 1913
*[[Bannu Railway]], under survey in 1909 but never constructed
*[[Dandot Light Railway]], opened in 1905 to serve the [[Khewra Salt Mine]]
*[[Hyderabad–Badin Branch Line|Hyderabad–Badin Railway]], opened in 1905, dismantled in 1917 and rebuilt in 1922
*[[Kotri–Attock Railway Line|Jacobabad–Kashmore Railway]], opened in 1911
*[[Kotri–Attock Railway Line|Mari–Attock Railway]], opened in 1891
*[[Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line|Kotri–Rohri Railway]], opened in 1900 following the completion of [[Kotri Bridge]] in 1899
*[[Zhob Valley Railway|Khanai–Hindubagh Railway]], opened in 1921
*[[Khanpur–Chachran Railway]], opened in 1911 and financed by the [[Princely states|Princely State]] of [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]]
*[[Khushalgarh–Kohat–Thal Railway]]
*[[Khyber Pass Railway]], opened in 1925 as a strategic line to [[Afghanistan]]
*[[Larkana–Jacobabad Light Railway]], opened in 1921
*[[Mandra–Bhaun Railway]], opened in 1915
*[[Rohri–Chaman Railway Line|Mushkaf–Bolan Railway]]
*[[Nowshera–Dargai Railway]], opened in 1901
*[[Patti–Kasur Railway]], opened in 1909
*[[Sirhind–Rupar Railway]], opened in 1927
*[[Wazirabad–Multan Railway]], opened in 1899
*[[Zhob Valley Railway]], opened in 1921

== Rolling stock ==
[[File:2-8-2 tank locomotive for Bolan Pass, North Western Railway of India (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907).jpg|thumb|250px|Tank locomotive, built around 1907 for service on the Bolān Pass.]]

In 1899 the North Western State Railway owned 602 steam locomotives, 2,121 coaches and 10,312 goods wagons.<ref>Evolution of the railway, [https://archive.org/details/triumphswonderso01boyd/page/645/mode/1up Triumphs and wonders of the 19th century], A. J. Holman & Co., 1899; p. 645.</ref> In 1906 a [[Steam railcar|steam motor coach]] from [[Vulcan Foundry]] was purchased.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steam motor coach, N.W.R., India|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1906EnV102-p064a.jpg|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> By 1936, the rolling stock had increased to 1332 locomotives, 18 railcars, 1,494 coaches and more than 30,000 freight wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA12 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |page=217}}</ref>

==Classification==
It was labeled as a Class I railway according to [[Indian Railway Classification]] System of 1926.<ref>{{cite web| title= Indian Railway Classification | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification | access-date=10 November 2022| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA5 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |pages=210–219}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[History of rail transport in Pakistan]]
*[[Pakistan Railways]]
*[[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]]
*[[Schools#F|North Western Railway School]]
*[[Jhandi railway station]], an abandoned city station on a narrow gauge track in [[Kohat]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 "British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue" - Search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122155029/http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 |date=22 November 2015 }}; Retrieved 30 May 2016
* [http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Main_Page "Grace’s Guide"]; Retrieved 30 May 2016
*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C241 "National Archives from the RAIL collection"]; Retrieved 30 May 2016
*''North Western Railway Magazine'' - Monthly staff magazine. Some editorial content published in Urdu . No BL holdings. 2 copies (November 1942, December 1945) are held in the Berridge Papers, [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge South Asian Archive]].
*[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/54984118 Picture of the teachers and students of St. Andrew School, Pakistan Railways (then NWR) at Lahore, set up in the late 19th century] panoramio.com
*Berridge, Percy Stuart Attwood. ''Couplings to the Khyber: the story of the North Western Railway''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1969.
*Terry Case, [http://members.tripod.com/shankardubai/nwrhome.htm ''North Western Railway'']. Includes a section about [http://shankardubai.tripod.com/halwaters.htm Hal Waters] (refer photograph album above)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090203055903/http://www.nr.indianrail.gov.in/scripts/static/history.aspx "History of Northern Railway"], ''Northern Railway''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130127073836/http://pakistaniat.com/2010/03/01/journeys-to-remember-quetta-lahore-by-rail-in-1925/ Quetta to Lahore by Rail 1925] ''All Things Pakistan'', now an archived website
*[http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/350-breakup-of-the-north-western-railway-and-the-anglo-indian-community "Breakup of the North Western Railway and the Anglo-Indian community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117212600/http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/life-back-then/350-breakup-of-the-north-western-railway-and-the-anglo-indian-community |date=17 November 2016 }} by Kenneth Hugh Staynor. indiaofthepast.org
*[https://www.panoramio.com/user/4789607/tags/British%20Steam%20Locomotives Images of British Steam Locomotives used by North Western Railways] Ghilzai:panoramio.com (part of [https://www.panoramio.com/user/4789607?comment_page=1&photo_page=1 this] collection)
*[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/55027511 An old photograph of a Railway Inspection trolley with removable sailboard used on NWR Hyderabad-Kotri, Sindh, Pakistan]. Ghilzai:panoramio.com (part of [https://www.panoramio.com/user/4789607?comment_page=1&photo_page=1 this] collection)
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/northampton_museum/5044010710/in/set-72157625077918924 Photograph of Troops travelling by train] taken by Private J W Linley of the 2nd Battalion, The Northamptonshire Regiment compiled whilst serving in India 1923-1938. flickr.com/photos/northampton_museum
*[https://archive.org/stream/quarterlycivill00offigoog#page/n192/mode/2up Some railway personnel in 1898]. Page 179 ''Quarterly Civil List for the Punjab: Corrected up to 1st October 1898'' Archive.org

{{Class I railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}
{{Pakistan Railways}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:1886 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]

Abdul Hakkim Azhari

2026-03-11T11:09:53Z

AracelyIqbal: Started First Page Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Islamic scholar, educationalist}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammed Abdul Hakkim Azhari
| image = Abdul Hakkim Azhari Addressing the Suhba Camp at Markaz Knowledge City.jpg
| caption = Azhari addressing the Suhba Camp at Markaz Knowledge City
| office1 = Managing Director of [[Markaz Knowledge City]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Founder and Director of [https://www.jamiamadeenathunnoor.org/Jamia Madeenathunnoor]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| Madh'hab = [[Shafi‘i]]
|creed =
|movement =
|education = [[Al-Azhar University]] [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University Delhi|Ambedkar University Delhi]] [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]]
|father = [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]]
|website={{URL|drmahazhari.com}}
}}
}}
'''Muhammed Abdul Hakkim Azhari''' (also known as MAH Al Kandi) د. محمد عبد الحكيم الكاندي is an Islamic scholar, educationalist and the managing director of the [[Markaz Knowledge City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hakeem Azhary receives Imam Gazzali Award |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/personality-news/dr-muhammad-abdul-hakeem-azhary-receives-imam-gazzali-award-26184.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref> He is the President of Samastha kerala Sunni Yuvajana Samkham,
Member of samastha kerala jamiyyathul ulama kendra mushavara, former General Secretary of the Samastha Kerala Sunni Yuvajana Samgam (SYS)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title='Manava Sanjaram' Concludes in Thiruvananthapuram, Celebrating Harmonu |url=https://www.malayalamdailynews.com/english/663233/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the founder and director of Jamia Madeenathunnoor, [[Poonoor]].

==Early life and education==
Abdul Hakim Azhari is the son of Islamic scholar [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://alifglobalschool.com/teachers/dr-abdul-hakeem-azhari/|title=Dr. Abdul Hakeem Azhari}}</ref> He studied at the [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]], in [[Bihar]] and the Jamia Markaz under [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]] in [[Kerala]]. He completed a short-term diploma program at [[Al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]].

==Career==
Azhari has established educational institutions in various parts of Kozhikode. In 2001, he established Jamia Madeenathunnoor in Poonoor, Kozhikode. His organisation Sunni Yuvajana Sangam said in 2015 that they planned to open a hundred schools in [[Uttar Pradesh]] with a focus on primary education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kerala-muslim-outfit-to-open-100-schools-in-up-48221.html|title=Muslim outfit from Kerala will open 100 schools in UP-IndiaTV News|date=5 March 2015|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref> Azhari is the rector of Jamia Markaz under [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/sys-general-secretary-ap-abdul-hakeem-azhari-clarifies-his-controversial-remarks-nj-tv-msk-366251.html|title = 'സമുദായത്തിന് നേരെ ആക്രമണം നടക്കുന്നത് വിശ്വാസികൾ നിസ്കരിക്കാത്തതുകൊണ്ട്'; വിവാദ പ്രസംഗത്തില്‍ വിശദീകരണവുമായി Sys സംസ്ഥാന സെക്രട്ടറി|date = 2 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malabarnews.com/explanation-by-dr-hakeem-azhari-a-young-islamic-scholar-on-the-halal-controversy/|title='ഹലാൽ' വിവാദത്തിൽ യുവ ഇസ്‌ലാമിക പണ്ഡിതൻ ഡോ.ഹകീം അസ്ഹരിയുടെ വിശദീകരണം|website=malabarnews.com|date=18 January 2021|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614145232/https://www.malabarnews.com/explanation-by-dr-hakeem-azhari-a-young-islamic-scholar-on-the-halal-controversy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.madhyamam.com/india/gujarat-and-rohingya-muslims-burned-due-to-non-burning-of-prayers-kanthapuram-ap-with-strange-argument-abul-dul-hakeem-781725|title=Gujarat and Rohingyan Muslims were persecuted for not performing Namaz; Kanthapuram AP Abdul Hakeem|date=30 March 2021|website=english.madhyamam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/dr-abdul-hakeem-azhari-criticize-pinarayi-government-in-social-justice-799986|title=പിണറായി സർക്കാറിനെതിരെ അബ്ദുൽ ഹകീം അസ്ഹരി; 'സാമ്പത്തിക നീതിയിലെ ഉത്സാഹം സാമൂഹിക നീതിയിൽ ഉണ്ടായില്ല' | Madhyamam|first=മാധ്യമം|last=ലേഖകൻ|date=20 May 2021|website=madhyamam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.varthabharati.in/india/governments-should-create-conducive-atmosphere-for-welfare-of-minorities-ap-aboobacker-musliyar|title=Governments should create conducive atmosphere for welfare of minorities: A.P. Aboobacker Musliyar|first=Vartha|last=Bharathi|website=english.varthabharati.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080219/kanthapuram-government-must-focus-on-development.html|title=Kanthapuram: Government must focus on development|date=8 February 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Azhari is the managing director of [[Markaz Knowledge City]], a residential and educational hub near Kozhikode city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/583682|title=India's largest iconic cultural center set to open in March 2020 in Calicut|date=28 November 2019|website=Saudigazette}}</ref> He supervised the establishment of Alif Global school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1396691/corporate-news|title=Kerala-based Alif Global School logo launched|date=30 October 2018|website=Arab News}}</ref> He said in a conference that "Our duty is to spread this message of Islam to save humanity from darkness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2012may17/mso_holds_annual_meet_ajmer_vows_work_peace_society.html|title=MSO holds annual meet in Ajmer, vows to work for peace in society|date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

==Writing==
His books include a Shama’il-u-nabi – Anudhavanathinte Anandam: thirunabiyude jeevitha pakarppukal (trans. The Joy of Emulation: the Life of Prophet Muhammed ﷺ – which is one of the best sellers in Malayalam language and translated into various local and international languages;
* Biography- Vismaya Vilasam (trans: The Holy Address: Biography of Shaikh Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi)
* Travelogue - Bosfarasinte Bagyam (trans. The Fortune of Bosporus)
* Essays– Thiru kesham- madeenayude sammanam (trans. The Holy Relics of Prophet Muhammed ﷺ)
* Study– Qasedathul Burda; (trans. A Study on Qaseedathul Burda); the translation of Dr. Usama al-Azhari’s al- Haqq al-Mubeen fi raddi ala man tala’ba fi dheen (trans. Bheegarathayude adiverukal, The Roots of Extremism)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azhari, Hakkim Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Markaz]]
[[Category:Leaders of Samastha (AP Faction)]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Banka district

2026-03-10T20:37:34Z

AracelyIqbal: Started Some Location From Scratch

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Banka, Bihar||Banka (disambiguation){{!}}Banka}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banka district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]
| image_skyline = Mandar Parbat Banka District.jpg
| image_caption = Mandar Parvat
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = Bihar district location map Banka.svg
| map_caption = Location of Banka district in Bihar
| mapframe =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|52|48|N|86|55|12|E|type:city}}
| coor_pinpoint = Banka, Bihar
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhagalpur division|Bhagalpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3020
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,034,763
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 58.17%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 907
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Banka Assembly constituency|Banka]], [[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]], [[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]], [[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]], [[Dhoraiya Assembly constituency|Dhoraiya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 813101-813102 [https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Banka/]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 06424
| registration_plate = BR-51
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1200 mm
| website = {{URL|https://banka.nic.in/}}
}}
'''Banka district''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|ŋ|k|ə}}) is a [[Districts of Bihar|district]] in the southeastern region of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Cohen | first=Saul Bernard | title=The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: A to G | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-231-14554-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYEYAQAAMAAJ |page=305|quote=Banka (BAHN-kah), district (1.166 sq mi/3,031.6 sq km; 2001 population 1,608,778), SE BIHAR state, INDIA, in the Deoghar Upland; BANKA: Carved out of the BHAGALPUR district of Bihar. Chief crop is rice.}}</ref> It is a part of [[Bhagalpur division]]. The district headquarters of Banka is situated in [[Banka, Bihar|Banka town]]. The district was established on 21 February 1991.<ref name='Banka district'>{{cite web | url = http://banka.bih.nic.in/brief_history_of_district.htm | title = Banka district: Brief History | publisher = [[Government of Bihar|Govt of Bihar]] | quote = Bank district | access-date = 12 July 2015 | archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410054322/http://banka.bih.nic.in/brief_history_of_district.htm | archive-date = 10 April 2009 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

==History==
{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}
Banka is the homeland of the revolutionary Satish Prasad Jha, one of seven martyrs{{clarify|date=December 2012}} who hoisted the [[flag of India]] at the Secretariat building near [[Patna]] on 11 August 1942. Jha was born in [[Kharhara]] near Dhakamod. Bhubaneswar Mishra, a noted regional revolutionary from village Faga has contributed a lot in the freedom movement. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for killing many cruel British forces. Banka has been an attractive destination for veteran socialists.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Banka played a vital role in the freedom of India.{{original research inline|date=December 2012}}
Banka also honors the memory of [[Shashi Prasad Singh]], who served as the General Secretary of the Bhagalpur District Congress Committee and was martyred during the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. His legacy is preserved through the [[Shaheed Shashi Prasad Singh College]] in Shambhuganj, which serves as a major educational institution in the district.

Banka became a district on 21 February 1991.<ref name="Banka district" />

== Geography==
[[File:Boundaries of Banka district.png|thumb|Map showing the boundaries of Banka district|left]]
The district is part of [[Bhagalpur Division|Bhagalpur division]], has its headquarters in [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]] town. Banka district occupies an area of {{convert|3020|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book|title=India 2010: A Reference Annual |editor=Srivastava, Dayawanti |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]]|year=2010|isbn=978-81-230-1617-7|edition=54th|location=New Delhi, India|pages=1118–1119|chapter=States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Canada]]'s [[Akimiski Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 11 October 2011 | date = 18 February 1998 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Akimiski Island 3,001km2 | archive-date = 1 December 2015 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> About 60% of the district consists of hilly regions (southern Banka). The northern part has alluvial plains. The Chanan is the main river of [[Banka, Bihar|Banka]] along with the Badua and Burigeria rivers. 70% of cultivable land is used for [[paddy cultivation]]. Agriculture in southern Banka is rain–dependent.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Choudhary | first1=Abhishek Kumar | last2=Singh | first2=Vivekanand | title=Hydrological Modeling | chapter=Drought Analysis Using Standardized Precipitation Index and Supplemental Irrigation Planning in Banka, Bihar | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | volume=109 | date=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-81357-4 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-81358-1_11 | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-81358-1_11 |page=127-128| access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
The district has some forested area under Banka, Bounsi Katoriya forest ranges. The wood of Banka range lies on the hill slopes, those in the other two ranges lie in the undulating land. Among the prominent variety of trees in forested areas are the [[Sal tree|Sal]] which is usually found associated with Abuns, Asan, Kendu and Mahua. [[Tasar silkworm|Tasar worms]] are reared on Asan trees. Some other trees are Bahera, Kadam, Amaltas. Among the specials of the Acacia are Babul, Sirish, and Sain Babul. Among the fruit trees, those of Mango and Jackfruit are common. [[True plantains|Plantains]], [[date plant]]s, Plums, and Blackberry are some of the other important fruit trees.

Monkeys are common in the district, particularly the Hanuman, as well as Jackal, Deer, Lion, Bear, Leopards, and Elephants. Among the latter are [[Barasingha|Barsingha]] and [[Sambar deer|Sambar]]. Wild geese, Duck, Leel, and Quail are some of the game birds inhabiting the district. Peacocks, Parrots, Hawks, and Doves are other birds found in Katoriya/Chandan forest. Sparrows, Crows and Vultures are also common.

Several kinds of fish, such as Rohu, Katla, Boari, Tengra, Bachwa, Jhinga, and Pothi, are found.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,18,997|13=1911|14=4,26,110|15=1921|16=3,97,570|17=1931|18=4,58,161|19=1941|20=5,23,596|21=1951|22=5,87,760|23=1961|24=6,88,814|25=1971|26=8,40,749|27=1981|28=10,38,674|29=1991|30=12,92,504|31=2001|32=16,08,773|33=2011|34=20,34,763|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Banka district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314224309/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|12.33}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], Banka district has a population of 2,034,763,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Banka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/254/download/666/DH_2011_1023_PART_A_DCHB_BANKA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 228th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|672|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] from 2001 to 2011 was 26.14%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Banka has a [[sex ratio]] of 907 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 60.12%. 3.50% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 12.18% and 4.44% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Religion ===
In the [[2001 Indian census]], it had a population of 1,608,773. There were 1,489,352 [[Hindus]] and 100,051 [[Muslims]].

==== BY C.D. Blocks ====
<ref name="districtcensus" />{{fv|date=March 2024|reason=No page number is provided, and this is a 1200-page document. I can't seem to find these fitures in the referenced document, so I thik this reference needs to be improved if this material is meant to stay.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|CD block
| style="background:darkorange" |[[Hinduism]]
| style="background:green;color:white" |[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]
|Others
|-
|Amarpur
| style="background:darkorange" |85.80%
|13.73%
|0.47%
|-
|Banka
| style="background:darkorange" |88.33%
|11.45%
|0.22%
|-
|Barahat
| style="background:darkorange" |79.85%
|19.97%
|0.18%
|-
|Belhar

| style="background:darkorange" |97.03%
|1.88%
|1.10%
|-
|Bausi
| style="background:darkorange" |82.92%
|15.38%
|1.70%
|-
|Chandan
| style="background:darkorange" |88.63%
|10.81%
|0.57%
|-
|Dhuraiya
| style="background:darkorange" |68.46%
|31.26%
|0.28%
|-
|Fullidumer
| style="background:darkorange" |98.11%
|1.64%
|0.25%
|-
|Katoria
| style="background:darkorange" |91.59%
|7.42%
|0.89%
|-
|Rajoun
| style="background:darkorange" |94.32%
|5.53%
|0.15%
|-
|Shambhuganj
| style="background:darkorange" |91.85%
|7.96%
|0.18%
|}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Banka district (2011)<ref name="Language">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = 'Other' Hindi |value1 = 82.05 |color1 = deeppink
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.32 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 4.20 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 4.03 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.40 |color5 = grey
}}
Banka falls within the [[Angika language|Angikā-speaking]] region of eastern and southern Bihar, alongside neighbouring districts such as [[Bhagalpur]], [[Munger]], and parts of [[Santhal Pargana division|Santal Parganas region]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Prakash | first1=Om | last2=Kumar | first2=Rajesh | title=Linguistic Foundations of Identity: Readings in Language, Literature and Contemporary Cultures | publisher=[[Routledge]] | date=2 November 2020 | isbn=978-1-000-21796-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBEHEAAAQBAJ | page = 328|quote=Angika is known by many names Aangi, Angbhaashaa, Chika-Chiki, bhagalpuri, deshi bhasha and Angika. Angika speaking belt is stretched in 50408 square kms. The distance between North-South stretch is 302 km and between East-West is 294 kms... It consists of Bhagalpur, Munger, Banka, Lakhisarai, Jamui and Seikhpura district in Southern Bihar; Katihar, Purnia, Madhepura, Saharsa, Araria, Kishanganj, Supaul, Khagaria and Begusarai District in Northern Bihar and Sahebganj, Dumka, Godda, Deoghar, Pakur, and Giridih district of Jharkhand.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Masica | first=Colin P. | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date=9 September 1993 | isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&pg=PA12|page=12|quote=Also in the "Bihari" group are ... Angika in eastern Bihar (Monghyr, Bhagalpur, Santal Parganas. Purnea, according to Pandey 1979: Grierson, who calls it Chhikāchhiki Boli, excludes Purnea)}}</ref> Although Angikā is not included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule]] of the Indian Constitution, there have been ongoing [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India#Demands for expansion|demands]] for its official recognition.<ref>{{cite web | title=Constitution of India, Eighth schedule | url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]] | access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Indian census]], 8.32% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 4.20% [[Santali language|Santali]], and 4.03% [[Urdu]] as their first language. 82.05% of the population spoke Other languages recorded under [[Hindi]] on the census.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314224226/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
[[Madhu Limaye]] represented the [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency]] twice. [[George Fernandes]] and [[Raj Narain]] also contested the parliamentary election in this constituency. There were also a number of veteran leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]]: Vindhyavasini Devi, MLA (1957–1967); [[Shakuntala Devi]], ex MP; ex-[[Chief Minister of Bihar|chief minister of Bihar]] [[Chandrashekhar Singh]], Chaturbhuj Singh Ex. MLA; ex-[[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo|Kamakhya Prasad Singh]], ex-MP Manorama Singh; and ex-MLA Jai Prakash Mishra. Digvijay Singh (14 November 1955 – 24 June 2010) was an independent who represented [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Indian Parliament.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]] served as a Member of the Parliament of India five times – three times in the Lok Sabha (1998, 1999, and 2009) and two times in the Rajya Sabha (1990 and 2004). He served as [[Union Minister of State]] during the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] government (1999–2004) and the [[Chandra Shekhar]] government (1990–1991). He was also a successful sports administrator, having served as president of the [[National Rifle Association of India]] since 1999. He was one of the three (George Fernandes, [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]], and [[Nitish Kumar]]) founding members of the [[Samta Party]].

As of 2025, Banka constituency is represented in the [[Parliament of India]] by [[Giridhari Yadav]] who won by a margin of 2,00,532 votes.{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Banka district}}
|}

===Subdivisions and blocks===
The district comprises only one subsdivision, Banka, which is further divided into eleven blocks: Banka, [[Amarpur, Banka|Amarpur]], Shambhuganj, Belhar, Fullidumar, [[Katoria]], Chandan, Baunsi, Barahat, Dhoraiya, and Rajoun.

==Economy==
Banka is gradually becoming a [[religious tourism]] hotspot for [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]]. Old [[Mandar Parvat]] (also known as Mandarachal Parvat in Puran) is home to many religious attractions.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sopam | first=Reena | title=Ropeway to reach the top of Bihar's Mandar hill to be launched soon | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=10 September 2021 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/ropeway-to-reach-the-top-of-bihar-s-mandar-hill-to-be-launched-soon-101631268718648.html | access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> A Jain temple at the summit, in close proximity to a Vishnu temple, is a sign of religious tolerance. Every year in January, Bounsi Mela is organised, which depicts the village life of the Mandar region. A [[Ratha-Yatra]] procession of [[Madhusudanah|Lord Madhusudanah]] occurs every year on the same day as the Ratha-Yatra procession in [[Puri]]. Fourteenth-century [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] saint [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] started this Ratha-Yatra during his visit to Mandar.

Banka is a largely agrarian economy and is considered the "rice bowl" of Bihar. The main crops are rice, wheat, corn, and lentils. The [[Amarpur, Banka|Amarpur]] belt produces sugar cane and is home to [[Jaggery|gur sugar]] mills.

An issue for many smaller village industries in Bihar is the lack of branding for products. High-quality, locally produced goods, even in large volumes, contribute to lower earnings for business owners because of a lack of awareness of more profitable business practices.

Banka is strategically located near the source of raw materials for heavy industries. Its proximity to [[Jharkhand]] (bordering [[Deoghar]], [[Dumka]], and [[Godda]]) and the River Chandan makes it a very strong contender for coal-based power plant investment and other heavy industry. There is a 4000 MW thermal power plant is planned in Kakwara village.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajesh |first1=Kumar |title=Decks cleared for thermal power plant in Banka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Decks-cleared-for-thermal-power-plant-in-Banka/articleshow/52962098.cms |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=28 June 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418100020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Decks-cleared-for-thermal-power-plant-in-Banka/articleshow/52962098.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Abhijeet Group has planned to build a 1320 MW thermal power plant at Baunsi. Ericsson Power Ltd has planned to set up a 1320 MW thermal power plant at Prabhawati Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2012 |title=News Bihar |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2012/Sep/newsbihar12Sep11.html&hl=en-IN |website=www.bihartimes.in }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Dalmia Group#Dalmia Bharat Group Companies|Dalmia Power]] has planned to set up a 1320 MW coal-based thermal power project in Dona village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalmia power plans |url=http://thermalpower.industry-focus.net/bihar-thermal-projects/457-dalmia-power-plans-1320-mw-coal-based-project-in-banka-dalmia-power-plans-1320-mw-coal-based-project-in-banka.html&hl=en-IN |website=thermalpower.industry-focus.net}}{{dead link|date=April 2024}}</ref>

In 2006, the Indian government named Banka one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="brgf" /> It is one of the 38 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF)]].<ref name="brgf">{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File: Mhillbanka.jpg|thumb|[[Mandar Parvat]]]]
[[File:Suiya Pahad.jpg|thumb|Suiya Pahad]]
A temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Durga]] is located in Banka. Every year during [[Durga Puja]], devotees from many parts of India visit this temple. Two temples-Narshimha (one of the incarnations of [[Vishnu]] and the other one of goddess Kali) Temple and [[Digambar Jain Mahasabha|Digamber Jain]] Tirthanakar-are located at the top of a mountain known as [[Mandar Parvat|Mandar Parbat]], which is about {{convert|500|m}} tall and made of a single piece of stone. The management of the Narshimha temple is under a trust. Another temple, Avantika Nath, is located at the bottom of [[Mandar Parvat|Mandar Parbat]]. The Avantika Nath Temple Trust, founded by the late Babu Biro Singh of the village of Sabalpur, maintains the temple. A temple of Lord Shiva is in Jethore hill near Chanan River. The literal meaning of Jethore is "jyesth"{{which lang|date=July 2020}} meaning elder Gaur means brother of Deoghar temple. Maa Kali Mandir in Kamalpur village is another temple. A [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] temple is located in front of Paapharni Pond.

Recently, Lakshminarayan Temple was built in the centre of Paapharni through the contributions of locals. It is managed by a trust headed by Fateh Bahadur Singh of erstwhile Sabalpur state. {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=}} east of Rajoun village Mahada is situated, which has goddesses Durga Mandir and Kali Mandir, and god Shiva Mandir.

The district is known for its rich tribal culture and its handicrafts and handlooms. The homemade [[Khadi]] and silk of the area are popular. Most of the raw silk cocoon is produced in [[Katoria]]; in fact, major part of the raw materials required for silk industry in [[Bhagalpur]] is supplied from [[Katoria]].

===Tourism===
Mandargiri [[Digambar Jain Mahasabha|Digambar Jain]] Siddha Kshetra is located at the top of a mountain known as [[Mandar Parvat|Mandar Parbat]], which is about {{convert|500|m}} tall and made of a single piece of stone. This place is related to the three Kalyanka-Tup (penance), [[Keval Gyan]] (omniscience), & [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]] of [[Vasupujya|Bhagawan Vasupujya]]. It means that this is the place where [[Vasupujya Swami]] accepted penance, achieved the supernatural knowledge and finally got salvation. Moolnayak of this temple is a coral-coloured idol of Lord Vasupujya in [[Padmāsana|Padmasana]] posture. A 5-foot tall statue of Vasupoojya is also present here. The temple also has a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]] equipped with modern facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jain-Tirth-Mandargiri |url=http://jain.org.in/tirth-mandargiri.html |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=jain.org.in |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413133827/http://jain.org.in/tirth-mandargiri.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Mandargiri Digamber Jain Siddha Kshetra Bihar |url=http://jainteerth.com/bihar-jain-teerth/shri-mandargiri-digamber-jain-siddha-kshetra-bihar/ |website=jainteerth.com |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102022353/http://jainteerth.com/bihar-jain-teerth/shri-mandargiri-digamber-jain-siddha-kshetra-bihar/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandar |url=http://jinaagamsaar.com/tirthall.php#mandar |website=jinaagamsaar.com}}</ref>

==Transport==
A railway line connects the existing [[Bhagalpur]] with Jasidih and [[Rampurhat]], which is well-connected to [[Howrah]]. Banka is also connected to [[Patna]], the capital of Bihar, by a dedicated Express train.

== Education ==
Banka district has one Government college, PBS College.

Other colleges and universities include DNS College, Pt Tarni Jha Women College, and Shyama Charan Vidyapeeth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College/University {{!}} Welcome to Banka District {{!}} India|url=https://banka.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/|access-date=14 July 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425185054/https://banka.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Mahendra Gope]]
*[[Giridhari Yadav]]
* [[Shashi Prasad Singh]] – Independence activist and martyr of the [[Quit India Movement]] (1942); the Shaheed Shashi Prasad Singh College in Shambhuganj is named in his honor.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://banka.nic.in/ Official website]
* {{cite web|title= Census of India 2001 - Bihar - Series 11 - District Census Handbook, Part A & B - Banka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44086}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Banka District
|North = [[Bhagalpur district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Godda district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Southeast = [[Dumka district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|South = [[Deogarh district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Jamui district]]
|Northwest = [[Munger district]]
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Bhagalpur Division}}
{{Bhagalpur Division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banka District}}
[[Category:Banka district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bhagalpur division]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Bihar]]

Adam Sufi

2026-03-08T01:49:15Z

AracelyIqbal: Started A Details Initial Version - done

{{Short description|13th-century Sufi saint}}

'''Adam Sufi''' (1187–1297), popularly known as '''Makhdoom Adam Sufi''', was an Islamic scholar, preacher and Sufi saint of [[Chishti Order|Chishti order]]. He was the son of Sayyid Ibrahim Chishti of Hajipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |author-link=Syed Hasan Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0XYAAAAMAAJ&q=adam%20sufi%20bihar |title=Collected Works of Prof. S.H. Askari |date=1989 |publisher=Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library |pages=20, 23 |language=en}}</ref> He was the father of Sayyid Hamid ad-Din Chishti Rajgiri and grandfather of Taym Allah Safayd Baz.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Syed Qasim |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/islami-encyclopedia-shahkar-syed-qasim-mahmood-ebooks |title=Shahkar-e-Islami Encyclopedia |publisher=Al-Faisal Nashiran-o-Tajiran Kutub |year=1998 |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Lahore |pages=1, 14 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81XGAAAAMAAJ&q=adam%20sufi%20bihar |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1951 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref> He is buried in Pakki Dargah, near Jethuli in [[Patna|Patna, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Abdali |first=Dr. Taiyab |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkira-e-mashaikh-e-bihar-mohammad-tayyab-abdali-ebooks |title=Tazkira-e-Mashaikh-e-Bihar |publisher=Khanqah Islampur |year=2003 |edition=1st |location=Nalanda |pages=151–153 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Ancestry and family history ==
He is the grandson of Khwaja Sayyid Jalal Ad-Din 'Abdal Chishti Al-Mashhadi.

He's the descendant of the famous [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim (Sahib al-Talaqan)|Muhammad Ibn Al-Qasim(Sahib Talaqan) Al-Sufi As-Salih]] who led a revolt against '[[Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani|Abd Allah Ibn Tahir]] of the [[Tahirids]] in the area of Northern [[Afghanistan]] in the regions of [[Taloqan|Talaqan]], modern day [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]] and [[Takhar Province|Takhar]] Province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn 'Inabah |first=Jamal al-Din Ahmad ibn 'Ali |title='Umdat al-talib fi ansab Al 'Abi Talib |date=1964 |publisher=Dār Maktabat al-ḥayah |location=Bayrūt |pages=307 |ol=14737548M |language=ar}}</ref>

His ancestor Jalal Ad-Din was from [[Mashhad]]. His lineage is given as:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marfat Library |url=https://archive.org/details/Asarat-e-Phulwari-Shareef-114395 |title=Asarat-e-Phulwari Shareef آثارات پھلواری شریف |date=2021-02-09 |pages=307–309}}</ref>

1: '[[Ali al-Sajjad|Ali Ibn Husayn Imam Zayn Al-'Abidin As-Sajjad]]

2: 'Umar Al-Ashraf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section Five: 'Ali's offspring with the Name 'Umar – Mahajjah |url=https://mahajjah.com/section-five-alis-offspring-with-the-name-umar/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

3: 'Ali Al-Asghar Al-Muhaddith

4: Al-Qasim Al-Sha'ir Al-Baghdadi

5: [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim (Sahib al-Talaqan)|Imam Abu Ja'far Muhammad Al-Sufi As-Salih (Sahib Talaqan)]]

6: Ja'far Abu Abdullah

7: Muhammad Al-Mushtab

8: Ishaq Al-Amir

9: 'Umar

10: Ahmed Al-Amir

11: Ya'qub Al-Amir

12: Mahmud/Muhammad

13: Muhammad

14: Ibrahim

15: Mahmud

16: Husayn/Hasan

17: Khwaja Sayyid Jalal Ad-Din 'Abdal Chishti Al-Mashhadi( one of the 5 famous students of '[[Usman Harooni]] )

18: Shah Ibrahim Chishti

19: '''''Makhdum Sayyid Adam Sufi.'''''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/AshrafEArabBySyedNajamUlHassanFazli |title=Ashraf E Arab By Syed Najam Ul Hassan Fazli |pages=207}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sufi, Adam}}
[[Category:1187 births]]
[[Category:1297 deaths]]
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]
[[Category:Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]

Vyooham (1990 film)

2026-03-03T21:24:49Z

AracelyIqbal: stub!

{{short description|Malayalam film}}
{{For|the 2024 Telugu film|Vyuham (2024 film)}}
{{One source|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vyooham
| image = Vyooham poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
| director = [[Sangeeth Sivan]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Sab John]] Sangeeth Sivan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raghuvaran]] [[Sukumaran]] Parvathi
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|11|01|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vyooham''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]], directed by [[Sangeeth Sivan]], starring [[Raghuvaran]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Rajan P. Dev]] and [[Parvathy Jayaram]]. It was the debut directorial of [[Sangeeth Sivan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood has bigger scope: Sangeeth Sivan |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bollywood-has-bigger-scope-sangeeth-sivan-113050900609_1.html |access-date=30 January 2017 |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=9 May 2013}}</ref>

The lead characters were loosely based on the characters of [[Mel Gibson]] and [[Danny Glover]] in [[Lethal Weapon]], where [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Sukumaran]] played the lead roles respectively, while the plot is original.

''Vyooham'' was Raghuvaran's return to [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] after ''[[Rugma]]'' released in 1983. It was dubbed into Tamil language as ''Kaaval Athikari''.

==Plot==
An undercover agent, Tony Leous was hired by [[Kochi]] police to find some drug dealers. Mohan is also a policeman as part of Narcotic control. Tony raids one of Captain Raju's facilities and recovers smuggled items. This gives a heavy blow to the smugglers. At night, Babu Antony enters Tony house and kills the pet dog. The gundas also enter Sukumaran's house and tie Sukumaran and his family, wearing a mask and telling them to be careful. Raghuvaran wants to get evidence to catch the smugglers. Urvashi, sister of Sukumaran, falls in love with Tony, who seems serious always. Finally, Rajan P. Dev, who lost his son now gets a threatening call from the smugglers to help them smuggle or else his second son also may get converted to a drug addict. Rajan P. Dev tells the whole story of his killed son as a smuggler and drug addict due to the villains. A meeting place was fixed between the villain and Rajan P. Dev. At the meeting area, Raghuvaran records the talks. But the villain finds out Raghuvaran, attacks him and also kills Rajan P. Dev. In the end, at the smuggling area, Raghuvaran finishes all the villains. The film ends with Raghuvaran going in a jeep, smiling with Urvashi.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Tony Leous
*[[Sukumaran]] as Mohan
*[[Captain Raju]] as Khalid
*[[Babu Antony]] as Hari
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Lakshmi
*[[Mohan Raj]] as Ajith
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Jayakumar
*[[Kanakalatha]] as Geetha
*[[Parvathy Jayaram]] as Tessy
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Raveendranath
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Settu
*[[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]] as Charlie
*Master Badusha as Vineeth
*[[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Kishore
*Willy as Sub Inspector
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0275778|Vyooham}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1990 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sangeeth Sivan]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-crime-film-stub}}

Rakthasakshikal Sindabad

2026-03-03T21:17:52Z

AracelyIqbal: adding a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakthasaakshikal Sindabad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Venu Nagavalli]]
| producer = Deepa Ramesh Kumar
| writer = [[Venu Nagavally]]
| screenplay = [[Venu Nagavally]] [[Cheriyan Kalpakavadi]]
| story = [[Cheriyan Kalpakavadi]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
| narrator =
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| cinematography = P. Sukumar
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Surya Cine Arts
| distributor = Surya Cine Arts Seven Arts
| released = {{Film date|1998|10|30|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 

}}

'''''Rakthasaakshikal Sindabad''''' ([[English language|English]]: Long live the martyrs) is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[historical]] [[political]] [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] movie directed by [[Venu Nagavalli]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2009 |title='Making political films no longer possible' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/mar/03/making-political-films-no-longer-possible-29807.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> featuring [[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] in the lead roles. The revolt scenes in the film were directed by [[Priyadarshan]].

The film was released on 30 October 1998 coinciding with the fifty-second anniversary of [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|Punnapra-Valayar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2021 |title=അധികമാർക്കും അറിയാത്ത ചരിത്രകഥകളുമായി പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക് എത്തിയ മലയാള സിനിമകൾ! |trans-title=Malayalam movies that reach the audience with historical stories unknown to most! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/top-15-historical-movies-in-malayalam-and-their-box-office-performance/articleshow/88076053.cms?story=13 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A political story set in the pre-independent India when [[Communism in Kerala|Communism]] came into the picture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Bechu |date=17 October 2020 |title=Lal Salam movie buffs! Films that all communists must watch before they die |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2020/oct/17/lal-salam-movie-buffs-films-that-all-communists-must-watch-before-they-die-2211515.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026025820/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2020/oct/17/lal-salam-movie-buffs-films-that-all-communists-must-watch-before-they-die-2211515.html |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[K. C. S. Mani|Siva Subrahmanya Iyer]], later Comrade Shivan
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Urmees Tharakan Mappilassery
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Divan Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]]
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Sivakami Ammal
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as E. Sreedharan
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Iyer's elder brother
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as comrade
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Raman Thirumulpadu
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Mappilassery Tharakan
* [[Mala Aravindan]]
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Parthasarathy of Alummoottil
* [[Ranjitha]]
* [[Maathu]]
* [[Sukumari]] as Subbulaxmi Ammal, Iyer's mother
* Kalamandalam Sreejaya as Ammini
[[File:Alummoottil Buildings.png|thumb|Parthasarthy (Jagannatha Varma) home is the [[Alummoottil|Alummootil]] meda<ref>{{Citation |title=Rakthasaakshikal Zindabad Malayalam Full Movie {{!}} Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Murali | date=4 April 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfwH-TbJ7ew |access-date=2023-06-24 }}</ref> in the movie. Divan Sir CP is welcomed in to the Alummoottil Meda. The meda in the movie is also the seat of the Brahmana Sabha.]]

== Production ==
The film is based on the [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|Punnapra-Vayalar agitation]] and was criticised for not doing justice to the history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangadharan |first=Saju |date=30 October 2021 |title=രക്തസാക്ഷികള്‍ സിന്ദാബാദ്- വിപ്ലവ വീര്യത്തിന്റെ കഥ- 'ചുവന്ന' സിനിമകളിലൂടെ തുടരുന്നു |trans-title=Martyrs Zindabad: The story of revolutionary vigor continues through 'Red' films |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/rakthasakshikal-zindabad/979213 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102225312/https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/rakthasakshikal-zindabad/979213 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 9 songs, all composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]. Lyrics were by [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] and [[Ezhacheri Ramachandran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Rakthasakshikal Zindabad |url=https://gaana.com/album/rakthasakshikal-zindabad |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Lyrics !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Balikudeerangal"
| [[Ezhacheri Ramachandran]]
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2
| "Cheruvallikkaavilinnu" [Bonus Track]
| [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| [[Sudeep Kumar]]
|-
| 3
| "Kizhakku Pulari"
| [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], K. J. Yesudas, Chorus
|-
| 4
| "Nammalu Koyyum"
| [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| M. G. Sreekumar, [[K. S. Chitra]], Chorus
|-
| 5
| "Panineer Maariyil" [Bonus Track]
| rowspan="5" | [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]
| [[Radhika Thilak]], [[Sudeep Kumar]]
|-
| 6
| "Ponnaaryan Paadam"
| K. S. Chitra
|-
| 7
| "Vaikaasihennalo"
| M. G. Sreekumar, K. S. Chitra
|-
| 8
| "Vaikaasithennalo" (F)
| K. S. Chitra
|-
| 9
| "Vaikaasithennalo" (M)
| M. G. Sreekumar
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0274043}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:1990s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venu Nagavally]]
[[Category:Films set in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Omega Seiki Mobility

2026-03-03T04:59:48Z

AracelyIqbal:

{{Short description|Indian electric vehicle manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Omega Seiki Mobility
| logo = Osmlogo.png
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = {{plainlist|
* [[Automotive industry]]
* [[Electric vehicles]]
}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2018}}
| founder = Uday Narang
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| parent = Omega Seiki Pvt Ltd
| key_people = [[Uday Narang]] (Chairperson)
| products = Rage+ Stream
| num_employees = 350
| website = {{URL|https://omegaseikimobility.com}}
}}

'''Omega Seiki Mobility''' (OSM) is an Indian electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. Established in 2018, the company produces electric three-wheelers and small commercial vehicles primarily intended for logistics and urban transport applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solid-state EV batteries in India; Omega Seiki partners with C4V USA|url=https://www.themachinemaker.com/news/omega-seiki-csv4-solid-state-batteries-2404|publisher=Machine Maker|date=24 April 2021|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

The company operates as part of Omega Seiki Pvt Ltd and has announced expansion plans in both domestic and international markets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omega Seiki Mobility to set up electric vehicle production plant in Bangladesh|url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/omega-seiki-mobility-to-set-up-electric-vehicle-production-plant-in-bangladesh-41614429761247.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

== History ==

Omega Seiki Mobility was founded in 2018 as an electric mobility venture within the Anglian Omega Group. The company initially focused on electric three-wheelers designed for last-mile cargo and passenger transport.

Its first commercial product, the ''Rage+'', was introduced at [[Auto Expo]] 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=From traditional automotive parts to Smart EVs: Check Omega Seiki's Electric Cargo 3Wheeler|url=https://www.themachinemaker.com/startups/omega-seiki-rage-3w-ev-deb-mukherjee-0505|publisher=Machine Maker|date=5 May 2021|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> The company later expanded its portfolio to include small electric trucks intended for urban delivery services.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omega Seiki enters the small truck segment with its electric product M1KA 1.0|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/omega-seiki-enters-the-small-truck-segment-with-its-electric-product-mika-10/article69113438.ece|work=BusinessLine|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

== Operations ==

Omega Seiki Mobility operates manufacturing and assembly facilities within the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], as well as in [[Pune]] and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Omega Seiki to make electric vehicles in Bangladesh|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/indias-omega-seiki-make-electric-vehicles-bangladesh-2051325|work=The Daily Star|date=26 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

The company has also announced overseas manufacturing initiatives, including plans to establish production facilities in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omega Seiki Mobility to set up electric vehicle production plant in Bangladesh|url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/omega-seiki-mobility-to-set-up-electric-vehicle-production-plant-in-bangladesh-41614429761247.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

== Products ==

The company’s product range includes electric three-wheelers such as ''Rage+'' and ''Rage+ Frost'', a refrigerated variant intended for temperature-sensitive transport.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rage+ Frost: Omega Seiki Brings Electric Three-Wheeler for Last Mile Delivery|url=https://thebluecircle.co/article/2021/05/12/rage-frost-omega-seikis-revolutionary-electric-three-wheeler-for-last-mile-delivery-of-covid-vaccines|publisher=Blue Circle|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

In addition to battery-electric vehicles, the company has stated plans to explore hydrogen-powered commercial vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omega Seiki Mobility plans to introduce hydrogen-powered three wheelers|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/omega-seiki-mobility-plans-to-introduce-hydrogen-powered-three-wheelers/article68875962.ece|work=The Hindu|date=16 November 2024|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

== Leadership ==

[[File:Uday Narang.png|thumb|upright|Uday Narang]]

'''Uday Narang''' is the founder and chairperson of Omega Seiki Mobility. He established the company in 2018 as part of a broader focus on electric mobility within the group’s automotive interests.

Narang studied economics and management at [[Stony Brook University]], completing a bachelor’s degree in economics and a master’s degree in management and policy.

Prior to founding Omega Seiki Mobility, he was involved in automotive distribution and international trade. Under his leadership, the company has focused on electric three-wheelers for last-mile logistics and has expanded into small electric trucks and alternative propulsion technologies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omega Seiki Mobility plans hydrogen-powered SCVs with French technology|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/omega-seiki-mobility-plans-hydrogen-powered-scvs-with-french-technology/articleshow/107293405.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

In interviews with national publications, Narang has commented on electric vehicle manufacturing, supply chain localisation, financing access, and export opportunities in the Indian mobility sector.<ref>{{cite news|title=Omega Seiki Mobility expand electric vehicle market|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/omega-seiki-mobility-expand-electric-vehicle-market-7984461/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2018]]

Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple, Thanjavur

2026-02-17T21:07:29Z

AracelyIqbal: Started First Location With Sources - done

{{Short description|Jain temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Tanjorejaintempleentrance.jpg
| alt = Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple
| caption = Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple
| location = [[Karanthattankudi]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha]]
| established = 15th century
| temple_quantity = 8
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple''' is a [[Jain temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Jain]], located at [[Karanthattankudi]] in [[Thanjavur]] in [[Thanjavur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]

==Other Jain Temples==
This temple is situated at Karanthattankudi (also known as Karunthittaikkudi) near Thanjavur. There are also Jain temples in [[Bhagawan Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam]], [[Mallinathaswamy Jain Temple, Mannargudi|Mannargudi]], [[Deepanayakaswamy Jain Temple, Deepankudi|Deepankudi]] and other places in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/lB100/lB100pd1.jsp?book_id=216&pno=12|title = Tvu }}</ref><ref>மயிலை சீனி வேங்கடசாமி, சமணமும் தமிழும்,திருநெல்வேலி தென்னிந்திய சைவசித்தாந்த நூற்பதிப்புக்கழகம் லிட், சென்னை, மூன்றாம் பதிப்பு 2000</ref>

==Structure of the temple==
The temple has [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]], [[Gopuram|Rajagopura]], artha [[mandapa]], front [[mandapa]] and maha [[mandapa]]. In front of the mandapa flagpost is found. Temple functions are held in front mandapa. On either side of the front mandapa, guardian deities are found on either side. In the four pillars of mahamandapa. [[Tirthankara|Tirttankara]] sculptures are found. The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] has two tiers. The shrine of mahasastha is found in the temple.<ref name=thillai>G.Thillai Govindarajan, Jainism in Thanjavur District Tamil Nadu, Nehru Trust for the Indian Collections at the Victoria & Albert Museum, New Delhi, 110 001, May 2010</ref> This temple is said to be of 600 years old and the front mandapa, Jinavani shrine, Sasana deva shrine are of 300 years old. This is the only temple in Tamil Nadu having a separate shrine for Jinavani, with the structures of temple, such as sanctum sanctorum, arthamandapa, front mandapa and [[Prakaram]]. [[Kunthunatha]] sculpture is found here. There are shrines for Brahmadeva, [[Jwalamalini]], Dharmadevi, [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] and [[Navagraha]]. There is a puja mandapam with 16 pillars. The temple also has a nandavana and temple tank.<ref name="st">சமணத் திருத்தலங்கள் (சோழ மண்டலம்), ஆதிபகவன் சமணர் சங்கம், 53/22, ஜவுளிசெட்டித்தெரு, தஞ்சாவூர் 613 009, 2009</ref>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Adisvaraswamy and as Adhinathar.<ref name=thillai/> He is also known as [[Rishabhanatha]], the First [[Tirthankara|Tirttankara]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Festivals==
Festivals are held regularly. During [[Akshaya Tritiya]], the deity goes around the temple. During the first Sundays of Tamil month of Adi Sasanadevi are going around the temple. During Navaratri, on seventh day, float festival is held.<ref name="st"/>

==See also==
*[[Arihant (Jainism)]]
*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Jainism and non-creationism]]
*[[Tijara Jain Temple]]
*[[Jainism in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Tamil Jain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/ Harvard Pluralism Project: Jainism]

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Master of Business Administration

2026-02-11T05:39:22Z

AracelyIqbal: minor cleanup

{{short description|Master's degree in business leadership}}
{{Redirect|MBA||MBA (disambiguation)}}{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Michigan MBA.png|thumb|A Master of Business Administration diploma from the [[University of Michigan]]]]
A '''Master of Business Administration''' ('''MBA''') is a [[professional degree]] focused on [[business administration]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kagan|first=Julia|title=Master of Business Administration (MBA)|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mba.asp|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Investopedia|language=en}}</ref> The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration; [[elective course]]s may allow further study in a particular area but an MBA is normally intended to be a general program. It originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought [[scientific management]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school | doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010 | journal=Business Horizons| s2cid=158794290 }}</ref>

MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty semester [[credit hour]]s,
much higher than the thirty semester credit hours typically required for other US master's degrees that cover some of the same material. The UK-based [[Association of MBAs]] accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", equivalent to 45 US semester credit hours or 90 European [[ECTS credits]], the same as a standard UK master's degree. [[Educational accreditation|Accreditation]] bodies for business schools and MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education. Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time, part-time, [[corporate title|executive]] (abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends) and [[distance learning]] students, many with specialized concentrations.

An "Executive MBA", or EMBA, is a degree program similar to an MBA program that is specifically structured for and targeted towards corporate executives and senior managers who are already in the workforce.<ref>{{cite web|author=Article Sources |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/executive-mba.asp |title=Executive MBA (EMBA) Definition |publisher=Investopedia.com |date=2021-05-21 |accessdate=2022-01-02}}</ref>

==History==
In 1900, the [[Tuck School of Business]] was founded at [[Dartmouth College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/about/history/|title=Tuck School of Business History|work=Tuck.dartmouth.edu|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-date=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903181244/http://www.tuck.dartmouth.edu/about/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> offering the first [[advanced degree]] in business: the Master of Science in Commerce, a predecessor of the MBA.<ref name="Stabile2007">{{cite book|author=Donald Stabile|title=Economics, Competition and Academia: An Intellectual History of Sophism Versus Virtue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNI7BUvYs4C&pg=PA101|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84720-716-6|pages=101–}}</ref> The first MBA was launched eight years later, at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration]], with 15 faculty members, 33 regular students and 47 special students.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = Andreas | year = 2014 | title = European management and European business schools: Insights from the history of business schools | journal = European Management Journal | volume = 32| issue = 4 | pages = 529–534| doi = 10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html|title=History – About Us – Harvard Business School|work=Hbs.edu|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170344/http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its first-year curriculum was based on [[Frederick Winslow Taylor]]’s theory of scientific management. The number of MBA students at Harvard increased quickly, from 80 in 1908, over 300 in 1920, and 1,070 in 1930.<ref name="Leach 1993 288">{{cite book|last=Leach|first=William|title=Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture|year=1993|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=288|isbn=9780307761149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=PA288}}</ref> At this time, only American universities offered MBAs, although business schools offering other qualifications had existed in Europe since the 18th century.<ref name="Leach 1993 288"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/103237320400900304|title=The Portuguese School of Commerce, 1759-1844: a reflection of the "Enlightenment"|author1=Lúcia Lima Rodrigues|author2= Delfina Gomes|author3=Russell Craig|volume =9|issue =3|journal=Accounting History|pages=53–71|year=2004}}</ref>

Other milestones include:
* 1943: First Executive MBA (EMBA) program for working professionals at the [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]].<ref>[http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/facts.aspx Key Facts | The University of Chicago Booth School of Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118101919/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/facts.aspx |date=18 November 2012 }}. Chicagobooth.edu. Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</ref>
* 1950: First MBA outside of the United States, in Canada ([[Ivey Business School]] at [[The University of Western Ontario]]),<ref>[http://www.ivey.ca/about/history.htm Richard Ivey School of Business] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515014548/http://ivey.ca/about/history.htm |date=15 May 2010 }} page showing awarding of first MBA in 1950, one year ahead of the University of Pretoria's claim</ref> followed by the [[University of Pretoria]] in South Africa in 1951.<ref>[http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/why.htm University of Pretoria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231554/http://www.gsm.up.ac.za/why.htm |date=23 September 2006 }} page claiming to have awarded the first MBA outside of America</ref>
* 1953: First MBA offered at an Asian school at the [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]] in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 24, 2017|first=Somdatta|last=Basu|title=Country's oldest B-school, IISWBM, to become a university|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-oldest-b-school-iiswbm-to-become-a-univ/articleshow/60812042.cms|access-date=2021-04-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* 1957: First MBA in Europe, and the first one-year MBA, offered by [[INSEAD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f1gmat.com/business-school-profiles/insead-mba|title=Insead MBA|website=www.f1gmat.com}}</ref><ref name=Differences>{{cite web|url=https://poetsandquants.com/2023/12/01/the-7-key-differences-between-us-and-european-mba-programs/?pq-category=sponsored-blogs|title=The 7 Key Differences Between US And European MBA Programs |author= Caroline Diarte Edwards|date=1 December 2023|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
* 1963: First MBA program offered in the Spanish-speaking world by [[Universidad ESAN|ESAN]] Graduate School of Business in Peru, South America, under the direction of the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], United States. Sponsored by the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), at the request of former President [[John F. Kennedy]], which organizes the main business schools in the United States to study and explore the possibilities of developing management education projects in Latin America. Thus, on July 25, 1963, ''la Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados-ESAN'' was founded, within the framework of an agreement between the governments of Peru and the United States to offer the master's program in Business Administration for interested applicants from all over Latin America.<ref>{{cite book |title=An academic adventure : the founding of ESAN|last=Coleman|first=Alan|location=ESAN Cendoc|year=2006}}</ref>
* 1963: First MBA offered in Korea by [[Korea University Business School]] (KUBS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en|title=Korea University Business School|website=kubs.korea.ac.kr|access-date=20 June 2016|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172855/http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korea University Business School |url=https://biz.korea.ac.kr/eng/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=biz.korea.ac.kr |language=en}}</ref>
* 1987: First online MBA offered by [[Aspen University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.accessmba.com/articles/view/the-growing-allure-of-the-online-mba|title= The Growing Allure of the Online MBA|website=Access MBA|date=9 March 2017|author= Dimitar Ganev|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
Globally, the three most important accreditations of MBA programs and business schools are the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB), [[Association of MBA]]s (AMBA), and the [[EFMD Quality Improvement System]] (EQUIS), with holding all three of these being known as [[triple accreditation]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.routledge.com/Business-Schools-post-Covid-19-A-Blueprint-for-Survival/Kaplan/p/book/9781032381046|title=Business Schools Post-COVID-19: A Blueprint for Survival|publisher=Routledge|pages=62–64|author=Andreas Kaplan|date=7 June 2023}}</ref> Of these, AMBA offers programmatic accreditation for MBAs and other graduate degrees, while the others take a broader view, offering accreditation of the school rather than the MBA program (EFMD also offers programmatic accreditation, separately from EQUIS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.associationofmbas.com/business-schools/accreditation/|title=What is Association of MBAs accreditation?|access-date=16 March 2024|website=Association of MBAs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Business Accreditation|url=https://www.aacsb.edu/educators/accreditation/business-accreditation/aacsb-business-accreditation-standards|access-date=16 March 2024|website=AACSB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.efmdglobal.org/accreditations/business-schools/equis/|title=EQUIS|website=EFMD Global|date=12 February 2018 |access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref>

===United States===
[[Business school]] or MBA program accreditation by external agencies provides students and employers with an independent view of the school or program's quality, as well as whether the curriculum meets specific quality standards. Currently the three major accrediting bodies in the United States are:
* [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB)
* [[Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs]] (ACBSP)
* [[International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education]] (IACBE)<ref>{{Cite journal | ssrn=2144954 | first1 = Kyle E. | last1 = Brink | first2 = Clair | last2 = Smith | title = A Comparison of AACSB, ACBSP, and IACBE Accredited U.S. Business Programs: An Institutional Resource Perspective | journal = Business Education & Accreditation | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages=1–15 | date = 2012 }}</ref>

All of these groups also accredit schools outside the U.S. The [[ACBSP]] and the [[IACBE]] are themselves recognized in the United States by the [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]] (CHEA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations|title=CHEA Directory of Programmatic Accrediting Organizations}} Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> MBA programs with specializations for students pursuing careers in healthcare management also eligible for accreditation by the [[Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education]] (CAHME).

U.S. MBA programs may also be accredited at the institutional level. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include:
* [[Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools]] (MSA)
* [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]] (NEASC)
* [[Higher Learning Commission]] (HLC)
* [[Distance Education Accrediting Commission]] (DEAC)
* [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]] (NWCCU)
* [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] (SACS)
* [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]] (WASC)<ref>{{cite web
|last = Koenig
|first = Ann
|author2 = Lofstad, Rolf
|title = Higher Education Accreditation in the United States
|publisher = EAIE Conference
|date = 18 September 2004
|url = http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf
|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061102102633/http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2 November 2006
}}</ref>

==United States==
===Programs===
Full-time MBA programs normally take place over two academic years (i.e. approximately 18 months of term time). For example, in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], they often begin in late August or early September of year one and continue until May or June of year two, with a three to four-month summer break in between years one and two. Students enter with a reasonable amount of prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university students. A typical full-time, accelerated, part-time, or modular MBA requires 60 credits (600 class hours) of graduate work.

Accelerated MBA programs are a variation of the two-year programs. They involve a higher course load with more intense class and examination schedules and are usually condensed into one year. They usually have less downtime during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no three to four-month summer break, and between semesters there might be seven to ten days off rather than three to five weeks vacation. Accelerated programs typically have a lower cost than full-time two-year programs.

Part-time MBA programs normally hold classes on weekday evenings after normal working hours, or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who take a light course load for a longer period of time until the graduation requirements are met.

Evening (second shift) MBA programs are full-time programs that normally hold classes on weekday evenings, after normal working hours, or on weekends for a duration of two years. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who can not leave their work to pursue a full-time regular shift MBA. Most second shift programs are offered at universities in [[India]].

Modular MBA programs are similar to part-time programs, although typically employing a lock-step curriculum with classes packaged together in blocks lasting from one to three weeks.

{{Anchor|Executive MBA (EMBA)}}
Executive (part-time) MBA (EMBA) programs developed to meet the educational needs of managers and executives, allowing students to earn an MBA (or another business-related graduate degree) in two years or less while working full-time. Participants come from every type and size of organization – profit, nonprofit, government – representing a variety of industries. EMBA students typically have a higher level of work experience, often 10 years or more, compared to other MBA students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, The Executive MBA Council was formed in 1981 to advance executive education.

Full-time executive MBA programs are a new category of full-time one year MBA programs aimed at professionals with approximately five years or more. They are primarily offered in countries like India where the two-year MBA program is targeted at fresh graduates with no experience or minimal experience. These full-time executive MBA programs are similar to one year MBA programs offered by schools like Insead and [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]].

[[Distance learning]] MBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can be offered in a number of different formats: [[correspondence course]]s by [[postal mail]] or email, non-interactive [[broadcast video]], pre-recorded video, live [[teleconference]] or [[videoconference]], offline or online computer courses. Many schools offer these programs.

[[Blended learning]] programs combine distance learning with face-to-face instruction.<ref>{{cite web|author=de l'Etraz, Paris |title=What Can an Online Program Do for You? |url=http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=BizEd Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040945/http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2014 }}</ref> These programs typically target working professionals who are unable to attend traditional part-time programs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Hebert-Maccaro | title=Blended MBA Programs: An Optimized Form of Learning | url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127165803/http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-27 |url-status=live | date=8 September 2011 | publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute}}</ref>

MBA dual degree programs combine an MBA with others (such as an MS, MA, [[Master of Engineering|MEng]], or a [[Juris Doctor|JD]], etc.) to let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing two degrees separately), save time on education and to tailor the business education courses to their needs. This is generally achieved by allowing core courses of one program to count as electives in the other. Some business schools offer programs in which students can earn both a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[business administration]] and an MBA in five years.

[[Mini-MBA]] is a term used by many non-profit and [[for-profit]] institutions to describe a [[training]] regimen focused on the fundamentals of business. In the past, Mini-MBA programs have typically been offered as non-credit bearing courses that require less than 100 hours of total learning. However, due to the criticisms of these certificates, many schools have now shifted their programs to offer courses for full credit so that they may be applied towards a complete traditional MBA degree. This is to allow students to verify business-related coursework for employment purposes and still allow the option to complete a full-time MBA degree program at a later period if they elect to do so.

===Admissions criteria===
Many programs base their [[University and college admission|admission]] decisions on a combination of undergraduate [[Grading in education|grade point average]], academic transcripts, entrance exam scores (for example, the GMAT or the GRE test score), a résumé containing significant work experience, essays, letters of recommendation, group discussions, and personal interviews. Some schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service activities, or volunteer work and how the student can improve the school's diversity and contribute to the student body as a whole.

The [[Graduate Management Admission Test]] (GMAT) is the most prominently used entrance exam for admissions into MBA programs. The [[Graduate Record Examination]] (GRE) is also accepted by almost all MBA programs in order to fulfill any entrance exam requirement they may have.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kitroeff, Natalie |title=Almost All Business Schools Now Accept the GRE|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-10-20/gre-at-business-school-most-mba-programs-now-accept-the-gre-too |date=20 October 2014|magazine=Bloomberg Business}}</ref> Some schools do not weigh entrance exam scores as heavily as other criteria, and some programs do not require entrance exam scores for admission. In order to achieve a diverse class, business schools also consider the target male-female ratio and local-international student ratios. In rare cases, some MBA degrees do not require students to have an undergraduate degree and will accept significant management experience in lieu of an undergraduate degree. In the UK, for example, a [[Higher National Diploma]] (HND) or even [[Higher National Certificate]] (HNC) is acceptable in some programs.

Depending on the program, type and duration of work experience can be a critical admissions component for many MBA programs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why You Should Work Before Pursuing an MBA|url=http://www.bangalorean.co.in/2013/06/why-you-should-work-before-pursuing-mba.html|work=Bangalorean|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> Many top-tier programs require five or more years of work experience for admission.<ref>{{cite web |author=MBAapplicant.com |title=Number 5 – YOUR WORK EXPERIENCE |url=http://www.mbaapplicant.com/5_experience.htm |date=31 July 2009 |publisher=MBA Applicant.com |access-date=14 April 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402035409/http://www.mbaapplicant.com/5_experience.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=SMU Cox|title=Part Time MBA Programs – Side By Side Comparison |url=http://www.cox.smu.edu/web/guest/side-by-side-comparison |date=19 January 2010 |publisher=SMU Cox School of Business}}</ref>

MBA admissions [[Consulting firm|consulting services]] have been increasingly used by prospective MBA applicants to improve their chances of admission. They are most common in the U.S., with as many as one-quarter of applicants using these services in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Seb |date=2017-10-18 |title=Are MBA admissions consultants worth their fees? |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/02bece04-aa79-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref> though they have been gaining popularity elsewhere, including India<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-28 |title=Handholding the hopefuls |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/handholding-the-hopefuls-15464-2010-10-28 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Business Today |language=en|first=Anusha|last=Subramanian}}</ref> and Canada. [[Consultant]]s can provide basic coaching including help with program selection, mock interviews, and essay proofreading, though some will provide other services like writing essays from scratch. The use of consulting services is frowned upon by many business schools' admissions committees, and applications can be hurt by looking like they were written with a consultant, such as by having a high level of writing compared to the candidate's speech or not appearing unique. Some also express concern that they give an unfair advantage to students who can afford the services' high costs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Silverman |first=Rachel Emma|title=Looking for an Edge: M.B.A. applicants are turning to pricey consultants to help them navigate the daunting admissions process |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2729708834 |url-access=subscription |access-date= August 5, 2023 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 6, 2011 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=B5 |language=en |id={{ProQuest|2729708834}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Diana |title=Consultants provide a boost: But recruiters fear divide between hopefuls who can afford service and those who can't |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038106119 |url-access=subscription |access-date= August 5, 2023 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=September 6, 2012 |location=Toronto, Ont. |page=M.4 |language=en |id={{ProQuest|1038106119}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="It's Almost Like…Admitting An Impostor" |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor|url-access = subscription|last=Porter|first=Jane|date=June 4, 2007|access-date=2023-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111022728/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor |archive-date= Jan 11, 2024 }}</ref>

===Content===
In general, MBA programs are structured around core courses – an essentially standard curriculum<ref name="Core Courses"/><ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description"/> – and elective courses that may allow for a subject specialty or concentration.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |website=[[Graduate Management Admission Council|GMAC]] |url=http://www.mba.com/schools-and-programs/evaluating-schools/curriculum-and-course-selection.aspx |title=Curriculum and Course Selection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123014950/http://www.mba.com/schools-and-programs/evaluating-schools/curriculum-and-course-selection.aspx |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> Thus, in the program's first year (or part), students acquire both a working knowledge of management functions and the analytical skills required for these, while in the second year (part), students pursue elective courses, which may count towards a specialization. (Topics in [[business ethics]] may be included at the generalist or specialist level.) After the first year, many full-time students seek [[internship]]s. The degree culminates with coursework in [[business strategy]], the program [[Capstone course|capstone]]. A [[dissertation]] or [[Project#School and university|major project]] is usually a degree requirement after the completion of coursework. Many MBA programs end with a comprehensive exit examination; see below.

For Executive MBA programs, the core curriculum is generally similar, but may seek to leverage the strengths associated with the more seasoned and professional profile of the student body, emphasizing leadership, and drawing more from the specific experience of the individual students.<ref>"[http://www.rutgers.edu.sg/emba-program/executive-mba-emba-vs-traditional-mba-full-timepart-time Executive MBA vs. MBA – What’s the difference?]", Rutgers Business School Asia Pacific.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive MBA vs MBA: the difference |url=https://www.insead.edu/m-programmes/MBA-vs-EMBA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120311/https://www.insead.edu/m-programmes/MBA-vs-EMBA |archive-date=Dec 5, 2022 |website=INSEAD}}</ref>

Programs are designed such that students gain exposure to theory and practice alike.<ref>See for example: [http://www.hbs.edu/mba/academic-experience/Pages/the-hbs-case-method.aspx "The HBS case-method", Harvard Business School]; [http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/chicago-approach "The Chicago Approach", The University of Chicago Booth School of Business] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213193013/http://www.chicagobooth.edu/about/chicago-approach |date=13 February 2014 }}); {{cite web |url=http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mba/learning/practical-learning/ |title=Practical Learning |website=Cambridge Judge Business School |postscript=; |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612200422/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/programmes/mba/learning/practical-learning/ |archive-date= Jun 12, 2016 }} [http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/programs/mba/academic-experience "Academic Experience in the MBA Program", Stanford Graduate School of Business].</ref> Courses include lectures, case studies, and team projects; the mix though, will differ by school<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronaldyeaple/2012/07/09/is-the-mba-case-method-passe/|title=Is the MBA Case Method Passé?|first=Ronald|last=Yeaple|website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref> and [[#Programs|by format]]. Theory is covered in the classroom setting by [[professor|academic faculty]], and is reinforced through the [[case method]], placing the student in the role of the decision maker. Similar to real world business situations, cases include both constraints and incomplete information. Practical learning (field immersion) often comprises [[management consulting|consulting projects]] with real clients, and is generally undertaken in teams (or "syndicates").<ref>{{cite web |title=MBA Consulting Projects |url=https://www.darden.virginia.edu/mba/academics/experiential-learning/consulting/ |website=Darden School of Business UVA |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> The practical elements (as well as the case studies) often involve [[Clinical professor|external practitioners]] – sometimes business executives – supporting the teaching from academic faculty. (See {{slink|Business school#Case_studies}} and [[Business school#Other approaches|§ Other approaches]]; and, generally, {{slink|Business education#Postgraduate education}}.)

{|class="wikitable floatright" | width="400"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" | MBA Course Structure
|-
! rowspan="4" | Core
|-
! Analytical
| Accounting, [[Economics education#Business degrees|economics for management]], [[organizational behavior]], [[Business mathematics#Postgraduate|quantitative analysis]] ([[operations research]] and [[business statistics]]).
|-
! Functional
| [[Financial management]], [[human resource management]], [[marketing management]], [[operations management]].
|-
! Ethics
| [[Business ethics]], [[corporate social responsibility]], [[corporate governance]].
|-
! Electives
|colspan="2" | Common broad electives include: [[entrepreneurship]], [[international business]], [[management information systems]], [[business law]], [[market research]], [[organizational design]], [[negotiations]], [[international finance]], [[project management]], managing non-profits and [[real estate investing]]. Additionally, many other elective options of a more specialized nature are offered by various institutions.
|-
! rowspan="2" | Capstone
! Strategy
| [[Strategic management]] and [[leadership|business leadership]].
|-
! Research
| [[Research methodology]] and [[dissertation]] / [[Project#School and university|major project]].
|}

{|class="wikitable floatright" | width="400"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Common MBA Specializations/Concentrations
|-
|[[Accounting]], [[entrepreneurship]], [[finance]] (including [[corporate finance]] and [[investment management]]), [[international business]], [[health administration|healthcare administration]], [[human resources]], [[management information systems]], [[management science]], [[marketing]], [[operations management]], [[organizational design]], [[project management]], [[real estate]], [[risk management]] and [[strategic management|strategy]], among others.
|}
As outlined, courses begin with underlying topics<ref name="Core Courses">See: {{cite web |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]] |url=http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aol/standard15.asp |title=Standard 15: Management of Curricula |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315163825/http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aol/standard15.asp |archive-date=15 March 2013 |postscript=; |work=Business Accreditation Standards }} {{cite web |url-status=dead |website=[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]] |url=http://www.mbaworld.com/accreditationcriteria |title=Accreditation Criteria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202000925/http://www.mbaworld.com/accreditationcriteria |archive-date=2 February 2013 |postscript=;}} {{cite web |website=[[Educational Testing Service|ETS]] |url=http://www.ets.org/mft/about/content/mba |title=Major Field Tests: Master of Business Administration (MBA) Degree |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625174428/http://www.ets.org/mft/about/content/mba |archive-date= Jun 25, 2022 }}</ref> and then progress to more advanced functional topics where these are applied; see aside.

The analytic skills required for management are usually covered initially.
The accounting course(s) may treat [[financial accounting|financial]] and [[management accounting]] separately or in one hybrid course. Financial accounting deals mainly in the interpretation (and preparation) of financial statements while management accounting deals mainly in the analysis of internal results.
The economics course covers [[managerial economics]], a technical course that mainly focuses on product pricing as influenced by microeconomic theory, and aggregate-or [[macroeconomics]], which deals with topics like the banking system, the money supply, and inflation.
[[Operations Research]] and statistics are sometimes combined as "Managerial Decision-Making" or "[[Business mathematics#Postgraduate|Quantitative Decision-Making]]";
organizational behavior and human resource management may similarly be combined.
In many programs, applicants with appropriate background may be exempt from various analytical courses.

With these as underpin, the course then covers the core management functions, and, in turn, allows students to select from further advanced topics as appropriate.
Some programs treat the curricula here in two parts: the first course provides an overview, while the second revisits the subject in-depth (perhaps as specializations); alternatively, the first addresses short-term, tactical problems, while the second addresses long-term, strategic problems (e.g., "Financial Management I" might cover [[working capital management]], while part II covers [[Corporate finance#Investment and project valuation|capital investment decisions]]). An [[Information systems]] / [[Information technology|technology]] course is increasingly included as a core functional course rather than an elective. Ethics training is often delivered with coursework in corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. Note that – generally – courses here, although technical in scope, are, ultimately, oriented toward corporate management. (For example, the principal finance course may cover the technicalities of financial instrument valuation and [[Capital market|capital raising]], but does so from the perspective of [[managerial finance]], as opposed to [[investment banking]].) Technically-oriented courses, if offered, will be via a specialization.

Programs may also include coursework-based training in the skills needed at senior levels of management: [[soft skills]], such as (general) leadership and negotiation; hard skills, such as [[spreadsheets]] and project management; [[Outline of thought#Creative processes|thinking skills]] such as [[innovation]] and creativity. Training in areas such as [[multiculturalism]] and corporate social responsibility is similarly included. Company visits (including overseas travel), and guest lectures or seminars with CEOs and [[Business guru|management personalities]] may also be included. These, with the core subjects, provide the graduate with breadth, while the specialty courses provide depth.

For the business strategy component, the degree capstone, the focus is on finding [[competitive advantage]] and the long-term positioning and management of the entity as a whole. Here, the key functional areas are thus synthesized to an overall view; the strategy course depicts how the various sub-disciplines integrate to tell one continuous story, with each discipline complementing the others. Corresponding training in [[entrepreneurial leadership|business leadership]] may also be scheduled and participation in a [[business simulation]] or [[business game|game]] is also a common degree requirement. "Strategy" may be offered as a sequence of courses, beginning in the first part (formulation) and culminating in the second (execution), or as a single intensive course, offered during the second part. Some programs offer a specialization in "strategy", others in [[management consulting]] which substantially addresses the same issues.

The MBA dissertation (or thesis in some universities) will, in general, comprise the following in some combination:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kangis | first1 = Peter | last2 = Carman | first2 = Robert | title = Research, Knowledge and Method: the purpose and role of MBA dissertation | url = http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/bmaf/documents/publications/ijme/vol1no2/kangis_purpose_of_mba_dissert.pdf | journal = The International Journal of Management Education | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | access-date = 29 January 2014 | archive-date = 17 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120617021928/http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/bmaf/documents/publications/IJME/Vol1no2/Kangis_Purpose_of_MBA_Dissert.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> a [[literature review|discussion of the literature]], providing a critical review and structuring of what is known on a given topic, to address a specific problem; a [[case study]] that goes beyond simple description, containing the analysis of hitherto unpublished material; a test of the application or limitations of some known principle or technique in a particular situation, and/or suggested modifications.

As an alternative to the dissertation, some programs instead allow for a [[Project#School and university|major project]].<ref name="degree.net"/> Here (part-time) students will address a problem current in their organization; particularly in programs with an [[action learning]] orientation, these may be practically oriented.<ref name="degree.net">[http://www.degree.net/resources/degree-level/mba-degree-guide_201002182375.html MBA degree-guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122033820/http://www.degree.net/resources/degree-level/mba-degree-guide_201002182375.html |date=22 January 2013 }}, degree.net</ref> Most MBA programs require additional course work in research methodology, preceding the dissertation or project. Some programs allow that the research component as a whole may be substituted with additional elective coursework.

====Exit examination====
Many MBA programs culminate in a [[Comprehensive examination|comprehensive exit examination]]. The national [[standardized exam]] known as the [[Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration|Major Field Test for MBAs]] (MFT-MBA) has been administered in the MBA programs of over 300 U.S. universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf |title=2013 Major Field Test Comparative Data Guide: Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration (MBA) |publisher=Educational Testing Service |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194137/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2014 }}</ref> The MFT-MBA aims to assess skills, knowledge, and reasoning ability within the domain of standard MBA curriculum.<ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description">{{cite web |url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102904/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-05 |url-status=live |title=The Major Field Test for MBA |publisher=Educational Testing Service |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> It is administered by [[Educational Testing Service]]. Another prominent option for comprehensive exit exams is the Common Professional Component Comprehensive Exam for MBAs (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) owned by Peregrine Academic Services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf |title=Business Administration CPC-Based COMP Exam Summary: Masters Level |publisher=Peregrine Academic Services |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002244/https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many programs choose to administer their own in-house exam rather than a standardized test.

===Honor societies===
Honor societies recognize individuals for high achievement in MBA programs. These honor societies include:
* [[Beta Gamma Sigma]] – membership requires one to be in the top 20% of their program's class after completing half of the program.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.betagammasigma.org/about/invitation-process | title =Invitation Process| website =Beta Gamma Sigma | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Delta Mu Delta]] – membership requires one to be in the top 20% of their program's class and have a GPA of at least 3.6 after completing half of the program.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://deltamudelta.org/faqs/criteria-membership/ | title =FAQ: What are the criteria for membership? | newspaper =Delta Mu Delta International Honors Society | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref>
* Financial Management Association – membership requires one to have a 3.5 overall GPA, or a 3.5 GPA in finance and finance-related courses, after completing half of the program.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.fma.org/national-honor-society | title =National Honor Society | website =Financial Management Association | access-date =10 April 2018}}</ref>
* T10 – membership requires one to have scored in the top 10% in the country on a national comprehensive MBA exam.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.t10mba.com/admission | title =Membership Admission Requirements | website =T10 MBA | publisher =T10 | access-date =10 April 2018 | archive-date =11 April 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174626/https://www.t10mba.com/admission | url-status =dead }}</ref>

===Careers===
An MBA prepares individuals for many types of careers. According to a survey by the Graduate Management Admissions Council, 64% of year 2012 MBA graduates used their MBA to change careers.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Zlomek |first=Erin |title=More MBA Grads Are Switching Careers as Job Market Improves |magazine=Businessweek |date=20 August 2014 |url=http://businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-18/more-mba-grads-are-switching-careers-as-job-market-improves |access-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824113842/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-18/more-mba-grads-are-switching-careers-as-job-market-improves |archive-date=24 August 2014 }}</ref> Some of the more common jobs an MBA prepares one for include:
* Business analyst or strategist
* Business development analyst, associate, or manager
* Market research analyst
* Managing Director (of a department)
* Investment banker
* Entrepreneur/founder
* Financial analyst, associate, or manager
* Management consultant
* Marketing associate, analyst, or manager
* Portfolio manager
* Healthcare administrator, analyst, or manager
* Project analyst or strategist
* Product analyst, associate, or manager
* Program analyst, associate, or manager
* Operations analyst, associate, or manager<ref>{{cite web |url=http://salisbury.edu/careerservices/Students/GraduateMajors/MBA.html |title=What Can You do With a Graduate Degree in Business(MBA)? |publisher=Salisbury University |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821150045/http://www.salisbury.edu/careerservices/Students/GraduateMajors/MBA.html |archive-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://umuc.edu/business/careers/ |title=Business and Management Careers |publisher=University of Maryland University College |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821120609/http://umuc.edu/business/careers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Africa==
''[[Financial Times]]'', in its Executive Education Rankings for 2012, included five African business schools.

===Nigeria===
In [[Nigeria]], business schools administered as colleges within the traditional universities offer a variety of MBA programs. In addition, a few standalone business schools allied with foreign business schools exist in Nigeria.

===South Africa===
{{See also|List of business schools in South Africa}}
In [[South Africa]], South Africa's Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive re-accreditation of MBA degrees offered in the country in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mba.co.za/article.aspx?s=46&a=2188|title=MBA.co.za - Re-accreditation raises the standards of South Africa's MBA|website=www.mba.co.za}}</ref>

===Ghana===
In [[Ghana]], business schools of the traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. Foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees by distance learning in Ghana.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

===Kenya===
{{See also|Education in Kenya}}
MBA programs in [[Kenya]] are offered in many public and private universities.

Students choose to specialize in one of the following areas: accounting, finance, entrepreneurship, insurance, and human resources. The course takes four semesters of about four months each.

==Asia==
{{main|List of business schools in Asia}}
International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign MBA is still preferred in the [[Philippines]], many students are now studying at one of many "Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also offered in [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], and [[Thailand]]. For international students who want a different experience, many Asian programs offer scholarships and discounted tuition to encourage an international environment in the classroom.

Rankings have been published for Asia Pacific schools by ''[[Asia Inc.]]'', which is a regional business magazine with distribution worldwide. The importance of MBA education in [[China]] has risen, too.<ref>Alon, Ilan and John R. McIntyre, eds. (2005), Business and Management Education in China: Transition, Pedagogy and Training, Singapore: World Scientific.</ref>

===Bangladesh===

There are now more than 50 business schools in Bangladesh offering the MBA, predominantly targeting graduates without any work experience. Most MBAs are two years full-time. Sensibly there is little use of GMAT. The Business Schools conduct their own admission tests instead although the rationale for this instead of providing introductory courses and certifications is unclear. Classes are taught in English.

=== China ===
In 1990, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council formally approved the establishment of MBA degrees and piloted MBA education. In 1991, the Academic Degrees Office of the State Council approved 9 domestic colleges and universities to carry out MBA education pilot work. Since then, mainland [[China]] has successively approved more institutions for MBA education training unit. At present, a total of 229 colleges and universities have opened MBA programs in the system, with a total of more than 500 programs.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===India===

{{See also|List of MBA schools in India}}
In [[India]], MBA degree is a 2-year postgraduate qualification designed to equip students with advanced business skills and knowledge. It typically covers a wide range of subjects including finance, marketing, human resources, operations, and strategy. One can get MBA degree online as well as offline.

There are many business schools and colleges in India offering two-year MBA or PGDM programs accredited by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] or [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].

The [[Indian Institutes of Management]] is among the world's most selective schools according to ''Bloomberg'' magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Erin Zlomek|title=India's IIM-A, the World's Toughest B-School to Get Into|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-04-18/indias-iim-a-the-worlds-toughest-b-school-to-get-into|access-date=4 May 2015|magazine=Bloomberg Business|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> They offer MBA degrees. There are 21 IIMs in total.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/7-new-iims-to-get-permanent-campus/articleshow/65692333.cms|title=7 new IIMs to get permanent campus by June 2021|date=5 September 2018|access-date=18 August 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Japan===

In [[Japan]], two business schools offer an accredited MBA degree (AACSB, AMBA, or EQUIS). The concept of an MBA is still not considered mainstream as traditional companies still perceive that knowledge and learning with respect to business and management can only be effectively gained through experience and not within a classroom. In fact, some companies have been known to place recent MBA recipients in unrelated fields, or try to re-acclimate their Japanese employees who have spent years overseas earning the degree. As a consequence, academic institutions in Japan are attempting to reinvent the perception of the MBA degree, by taking into account the local corporate culture.<ref>{{cite news|author=The New York Times | title=M.B.A.s in Japan Struggle for Respect
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/education/25iht-RieducJapan.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 | date=24 November 2010 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Malaysia===

In Malaysia, the MBA degree is highly valued by employers for its emphasis on practical skills and strategic thinking. It is often seen as a pathway to career advancement and increased earning potential.

Admission requirements for MBA programs in Malaysia typically include a bachelor's degree from a recognized institution, relevant work experience, and sometimes, standardized test scores such as the GMAT or GRE.

Both public and private universities offer MBA and EMBA degrees. Most MBAs are in full-time and part-time modes. All MBA degrees are fully conducted in English.

=== Nepal ===
In recent years, universities in [[Nepal]] are providing both general MBA for freshers and Executive MBA for working professionals. Apart from this, there is distance learning center that are providing online MBA course assosicated with abroad universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=MBA through Open Learning and its benefits |url=https://ica.edu.np/blogs/mba-through-open-learning-and-its-benefits |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=International Center for Academics}}</ref>

===Pakistan===

[[Pakistan]] first offered an MBA program outside the United States in 1955 in collaboration with the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]]. Now in Pakistan, there are 187 Universities/Institutes which are recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, offering MBA programs to students and professionals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070324/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Saturday Extra|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref>

===Singapore===

[[Singapore]] has different MBA programs of high standing. The 3 national universities in Singapore have top MBA programs; [[Singapore Management University]] has [[triple accreditation]], [[National University of Singapore]] is top 20 in the world according to the ''[[Financial Times]]'' MBA ranking<ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Jack |first2=Jonathan |last2=Moules |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8ff04e7e-f95c-46a3-96c8-df7054c408ec |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8ff04e7e-f95c-46a3-96c8-df7054c408ec |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=FT Global MBA ranking 2021: Europe tops table but US dominates |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |date= 7 February 2021|accessdate=2022-06-25}}</ref> and [[Nanyang Business School]] is ranked top 100 by ''[[The Economist]]''. In addition, many international institutions such as [[INSEAD]], [[ESSEC Business School|ESSEC]], [[EDHEC Business School|EDHEC]] and others have a campus in Singapore where MBA programs, among others, are offered.

=== South Korea ===
Korean universities offer full-time and part-time MBA programs that usually consist of a two-year curriculum. The first MBA program was offered in 1963 by Korea University Business School (KUBS). In 2007, the Korean Government established "BK21", a project that supports Korean universities in order to develop their competitiveness in the global MBA market. Korea University Business School topped the evaluation of BK21 professional business graduate schools for six consecutive years. In the meantime, only two universities in Korea ranked in the "2015 Global Top 100 Executive MBA (EMBA) Rankings" conducted by UK ''Financial Times''. [[Korea University Business School]] and [[Yonsei University]] ranked 27th and 45th worldwide, respectively.

== Europe ==
{{see also|List of business schools in Europe}}

===History===
In 1957, [[INSEAD]] ({{Lang|fr|Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires}}, or European Institute of Business Administration) became the first European university to offer an MBA degree, and also pioneered the
one-year (12-month) degree that has become standard across Europe.<ref name=Differences/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kaplan A.: European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools, European Management Journal, 2014 | doi=10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006 | volume=32 | journal=European Management Journal | pages=529–534}}</ref> This was followed by [[Antwerp Management School]] (postgraduate program in business management) in 1959<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antwerpmanagementschool.be/en/about-ams/history| title=History|website=Antwerp Management School|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> and by [[ESADE Business School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esade.edu/en/about-us/history|title=Esade History|access-date=20 August 2024|website=ESADE}}</ref> [[Michael Smurfit Graduate School of Business|University Culture Dublin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smurfitschool.ie/aboutus/whoweare/ourhistory/|title=History|website=UCD Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School, Smurfit Executive|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> and [[Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College Dublin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcd.ie/business/programmes/mba/|title=The Trinity MBA|website=Trinity Business School|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> in 1964. Also in 1964, [[IESE Business School]] launched the first two-year MBA in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iese.edu/about/history/|title=A story worth telling.|website=IESE|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>

Following the Franks Report in the UK in 1963, a number of British business schools were established in the 1960s offering MBA courses (initially called MSc courses at most institutions until rebranded in the 1970s), mostly at the new [[plate glass university|plate glass universities]] and former [[College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)|colleges of advanced technology]] that had become universities since 1960.<ref name=Lock>{{cite journal|last=Lock|first=Andrew R.|journal=Higher Education| volume= 31| issue= 2 |date=March 1996| pages= 165–185|jstor=3447883|title= The Future of the MBA in the UK|doi=10.1007/BF02390443 |s2cid=144903186 }}</ref> The two major schools set up by the UK government as a direct result of the report were [[London Business School]], which offered an MBA from 1966, and [[Manchester Business School]], which opened in 1965 but did not offer an MBA until 1967.<ref name=Lock/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fifty.mbs.ac.uk/#!/memories/joining-the-first-ever-mba-class|title=Joining the first ever MBA class|author=Alan Topalian|website=Alliance Manchester Business School|access-date=19 August 2024|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917175928/http://fifty.mbs.ac.uk/#!/memories/joining-the-first-ever-mba-class|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both of these were two year courses, despite Franks' recommendation to pursue one-year master's degrees, and were initially called MScs rather than MBAs. The first course to actually bear the title of MBA was the 12-month course launched by the [[Strathclyde Business School|University of Strathclyde]] in 1966.<ref name=Lock/> Many other 12-month master's courses also started in the 1960s, including at [[Aston Business School|Aston]] (as a diploma until 1975),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiJeS9TFIpYC&pg=PA90|title= The History of UK Business and Management Education|author=Allan P.O. Williams|page=90|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|date=6 September 2010|isbn= 978-1-84950-780-6}}</ref> [[University of Bradford School of Management|Bradford]] (1968),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/University-School-Celebrates-60-Years-In-Business|title= University School Celebrates 60 Years In Business|work=Yorkshire Times|date=30 September 2023}}</ref> [[Bayes Business School|City]] (1966),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueuHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=The Rise of Cass Business School:The Journey to World-Class: 1966 Onwards|author=A. Williams |date= 7 February 2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK| page=4|isbn=978-0-230-62481-8 }}</ref> [[Cranfield School of Management|Cranfield]] (1968),<ref name=Lock/> [[Durham University Business School|Durham]] (1967)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=bookreader/DU_Warden/warden66/wr1966METSfile.xml#page/26/mode/1up|chapter=Business School|pages=20–23|title=Report by the Vice-chancellor and Warden for the year 1966-67|publisher=Durham University|date=1967}}</ref> and [[Warwick Business School|Warwick]] (1968).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiJeS9TFIpYC&pg=PA92|title= The History of UK Business and Management Education|author=Allan P.O. Williams|pages=92–93|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|date=6 September 2010|isbn= 978-1-84950-780-6}}</ref>

Elsewhere, MBAs were launched at the [[Vlerick Business School|KU Leuven]] in 1968;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlerick.com/en/about-vlerick/history|title= Our history – Vlerick Business School|accessdate=26 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217013754/http://www.vlerick.com/en/about-vlerick/history|archive-date=2013-02-17}}</ref> and at the [[HEC School of Management]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hec.edu/en/overview/who-we-are/our-history|title=Our History|website=HEC Paris|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>


The [[Association of MBAs]] was established in Britain in 1967 as the Business Graduates Association. It started accrediting British MBAs in 1983, expanding this to cover international schools and distance learning MBAs in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amba-bga.com/history-heritage|title=Our history and heritage|website=AMBA-BGA|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Twelve UK business schools formed the Conference of University Management Schools (now the Chartered Association of Business Schools) in 1971.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueuHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|title=The Rise of Cass Business School:The Journey to World-Class: 1966 Onwards|author=A. Williams |date= 7 February 2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=107–108|isbn=9780230624818 }}</ref>

The [[European Foundation for Management Development]] was founded in 1972 to promote management education in Europe, and had 193 members by 1973. It established the [[EFMD Quality Improvement System]] accreditation for business schools in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.efmdglobal.org/about-efmd-global/|title=About EFMD|website=EFMD|date=31 May 2018 |at=Our History|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

===Austria===

In [[Austria]], MBA programs of [[private university|private universities]] have to be accredited by the Austrian Accreditation Council (''Österreichischer Akkreditierungsrat''). State-run universities have no accreditation requirements, however, some of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. There are also MBA programs of non-academic business schools, who are entitled by the Austrian government to offer these programs until the end of 2012 (''Lehrgang universitären Charakters''). Some non-academic institutions cooperate with state-run universities to ensure the legality of their degrees.

===Czech Republic===

In the [[Czech Republic]], the first meeting of the Association of the Czech MBA Schools (CAMBAS) was held in January 1999. The association is housed within the Centre for Doctoral and Managerial Studies of UEP, Prague. All of the founding members of the association to have their MBA programs accredited by partner institutions in the [[United Kingdom]] or the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The university of Finance and administration Prague|url=http://www.shortcoursesportal.eu/universities/1176/the-university-of-finance-and-administration-prague.html#tab:about|journal=Shortcoursesportal.eu}}</ref>

===Finland===
In [[Finland]], Master of Business Administration degrees are awarded by business schools of [[Aalto University]], [[Hanken School of Economics|Hanken]], [[Turku School of Economics|University of Turku]], [[University of Vaasa]] and [[University of Oulu]]. In Finnish this degree is called ''kauppatieteiden maisteri''. Universities of applied sciences award degrees which in Finnish are called ''tradenomi (YAMK)'' but use the same English title "Master of Business Administration" as the ones awarded by business schools. Both degrees are recognized as higher education degrees in Finland, yet only the business school graduates are typically referred as "masters".{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

===France and French-speaking countries===

In [[France]] and the [[Francophone]] countries, including [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Monaco]], and [[Switzerland]], the MBA degree programs at the public accredited schools are similar to those offered in the [[Anglosphere|Anglo-Saxon]] countries. Most French Business Schools are accredited by the [[Conférence des Grandes écoles]].

===Germany===

[[Germany]] was one of the last Western countries to adopt an MBA degree. In 1998, the ''Hochschulrahmengesetz'' (Higher Education Framework Act), a German federal law regulating higher education including the types of degrees offered, was modified to permit German universities to offer master's degrees. The traditional German degree in business administration was the [[Diplom]] in ''Betriebswirtschaft'' (Diplom-Kaufmann/Diplom-Kauffrau), But since 1999, bachelor's and master's degrees have gradually replaced the traditional degrees due to the [[Bologna process]]. Most German business schools now offer an MBA.

Most [[States of Germany|German states]] require that MBA degrees have to be accredited by one of the six agencies officially recognized by the German ''Akkreditierungsrat''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akkreditierungsrat.de/index.php?id=44&L=1|work=Akkreditierungsrat.de|title=Accreditation Council}}</ref> (accreditation council), the German counterpart to the American [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation|CHEA]]. The busiest of these six agencies (with respect to MBA degrees) is the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA). All universities themselves have to be institutionally accredited by the state ({{Lang|de|staatlich anerkannt}}).

===Italy===

In [[Italy]], MBA programs at public accredited schools are similar to those offered elsewhere in Europe. Italian Business Schools are accredited by EQUIS and by ASFOR.

===Poland===

There are several MBA programs offered in [[Poland]]. Some of these are run as partnerships with European, American, or Canadian Universities. Others rely on their own faculty and enrich their courses by inviting visiting lecturers. Several MBA programs in Poland are also offered in English.

===Portugal===

Several business schools offer highly ranked MBA programs in [[Portugal]]. Portuguese MBA programs are increasingly internationally oriented, being taught in English.

===Spain===

[[Spain]] has a long history in offering MBA programs with three MBA programs frequently being ranked in the Top 25 worldwide by several international rankings. Spanish MBAs are culturally diverse and taught in English.

===Switzerland===

Several schools in [[Switzerland]] offer an MBA as full-time, part-time, and executive education programs. Some business schools offer MBA programs with specializations such as Finance and Healthcare, technology management, and others. As a country with four different national languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/switzerland_how_to/daily_life/Languages.html?cid=29177618|title=SwissInfo.ch|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152920/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/switzerland_how_to/daily_life/Languages.html?cid=29177618|url-status=dead}}</ref> Switzerland offers most of its programs in English to attract international students to the country.

=== Turkey ===

Postgraduate business education in [[Turkey]] began in 1954 with the one-year Executive Business Administration Program in collaboration with [[Harvard Business School]], which followed the [[case study]] method.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Method 100 Years - Harvard Business School |url=https://www.hbs.edu/case-method-100 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.hbs.edu |quote=1954 The Case Method Goes Global With Ford Foundation funding, HBS enters into its first formal overseas relationship with the Institute of Business Administration at the University of Istanbul, Turkey.}}</ref> The first MBA program in Turkey was established in 1977.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aysan |first1=Mustafa A. |last2=Yücel |first2=Göksel |last3=Adiloğlu |first3=Burcu |date=2020-07-14 |title=Türkiye'de Lisansüstü İşletmecilik Eğitiminde Bir Kuyruklu Yıldız: "İşletmecilik İhtisas Programı" |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/muftad/issue/56011/769030 |journal=Accounting and Financial History Research Journal |language=tr |issue=19 |pages=3–24 |issn=2146-4928 |quote=İstanbul University Graduate School of Business was established with the academic support of Harvard Business School and with the financial support of the Ford Foundation, the Institute has carried out this program mainly depending on the “case method" as the primary method of instruction.}}</ref> Today, six private and public business schools in Turkey hold accreditation from the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Listing: Turkey {{!}} AACSB |url=https://www.aacsb.edu/members |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.aacsb.edu |language=en}}</ref>, and one of them has obtained [[triple accreditation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koç Üniversitesi "Triple Crown" unvanına sahip oldu |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/isdunyasi/egitim/koc-universitesi-triple-crown-unvanina-sahip-oldu/664511 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> Turkish MBAs, offered in both English and Turkish, are also included in international rankings such as those by the ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[QS World University Rankings|QS]]'', ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE]]'', and ''[[Eduniversal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koç University Graduate School of Business - Business school rankings from the Financial Times - FT.com |url=https://rankings.ft.com/schools/460/koc-university-gsb/programme-portfolio |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=rankings.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=QS World University Rankings for Business & Management Studies 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-subject-rankings/business-management-studies |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=University and business school ranking in Turkey |url=https://www.eduniversal-ranking.com/business-school-university-ranking-in-turkey.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.eduniversal-ranking.com |language=en}}</ref> Two business schools in Turkey host chapters of [[Beta Gamma Sigma|Beta Gamma Sigma Business Honor Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Chapters - Beta Gamma Sigma |url=https://www.betagammasigma.org/about/find-chapter |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.betagammasigma.org |language=en |quote=Istanbul University (2014) and Sabancı University (2013).}}</ref>

===Ukraine===

Recently MBA programs appeared in [[Ukraine]], where there are now about twenty schools of business offering a variety of MBA programs. Three of these are subsidiaries of European schools of business, while the remaining institutions are independent. Ukrainian MBA programs are concentrated mainly on particulars of business and management in Ukraine.
For example, 2/3 of all case studies are based on real conditions of Ukrainian companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbastrategy.ua/content/view/1078/312/lang,Eng/|title=MBA in Ukraine - MBA, GMAT, TOEFL, IELTS, бизнес-школы, Pre-MBA, бизнес образование.|website=www.mbastrategy.ua}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

The [[United Kingdom]]-based [[Association of MBAs]] (AMBA) was established in 1967 and is an active advocate for MBA degrees. The association's accreditation service is internationally recognized for all MBA, DBA, and [[Masters in Business and Management (MBM)]] programs. AMBA also offers the only professional membership association for MBA students and graduates.

UK MBA programs typically consist of a set number of taught courses plus a dissertation or project. AMBA accreditation requires "the equivalent of at least 1,800 hours of learning effort", the same as a standard UK master's degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.associationofmbas.info/app/uploads/2022/11/AMBA_MBA-Criteria-June-2022_24pp_rev2.pdf|title=MBA Accreditation Criteria|website=AMBA|access-date=20 August 2024|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/quality-code/master's-degree-characteristics-statement.pdf|title=Characteristics Statement: Master's Degree|website=[[Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education|QAA]]|access-date=20 August 2024|page=9|date=February 2020}}</ref>

==Oceania==
===Australia===

{{main|List of business schools in Australia}}
In [[Australia]], 42 Australian business schools offer the MBA degree (16 are AACSB, AMBA or EQUIS accredited<ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited Business Schools in Australia|url=http://www.mba.today/schools/australia|website=MBA Today}}</ref>). Universities differentiate themselves by gaining international accreditation and focusing on national and international rankings. Most MBAs are one to two years full-time. There is little use of GMAT, and instead, each educational institution specifies its own requirements, which normally entails several years of management-level work experience as well as proven academic skills.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.infozee.com/channels/mba/australia/mba-australia.htm | title=Business Schools in Australia (MBA) | publisher=INFOZEE | access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>

[[Graduate Management Association of Australia]] carries out ratings for Australian MBAs and annually publishes [[Australian MBA Star Ratings]].
The Financial Review Boss carries out biennial rankings of Australian MBAs.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.afr.com/it-pro/boss-2013-mbaranking-the-table-20131010-j0en3 | title=Boss 2013 MBA Ranking: the table | work=AFR Boss | date=12 September 2013 | access-date=26 April 2015 |author1=Uther, Beverley |author2=Suchy, Martin|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150426021738/http://www.afr.com/it-pro/boss-2013-mbaranking-the-table-20131010-j0en3|archive-date=2015-04-26 }}</ref>

===New Zealand===

In [[New Zealand]], most universities offer MBA classes, typically through part-time arrangement or evening classes. Only two universities offer full-time programs to international students, the [[University of Otago]] (Otago MBA) and [[Auckland University of Technology]] (AUT). The Otago MBA is the longer established of the two, offering a 240 points program while AUT MBA is a 180-point program.

==Program rankings==
{{See also|List of United States business school rankings|Australian MBA Star Ratings}}
Since 1967, publications have ranked MBA programs using various methods.<ref name="MRN">{{cite journal|last1=Schatz |first1=Martin |title=What's Wrong With MBA Ranking Surveys? |journal=Management Research News |year=1993 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=15–18 |url=http://officialmbaguide.org/whatswrong.php |access-date=22 July 2011 |doi=10.1108/eb028322 |last2=Crummer |first2=Roy E. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412110850/http://officialmbaguide.org/whatswrong.php |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The ''[[Gourman Report]]'' (1967–1997) did not disclose criteria or ranking methods,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chronicle.com/free/v44/i11/11a00101.htm|title= A Self-Published College Guide Goes Big-Time, and Educators Cry Foul |accessdate= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071215111105/http://chronicle.com/free/v44/i11/11a00101.htm |archive-date=2007-12-15}}</ref> and these reports were criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps in scores with no variation in gap widths, and ranks of nonexistent departments.<ref>[[Bedeian, Arthur G.]] [http://www.siop.org/tip/backissues/tipjan02/07bedeian.aspx Caveat Emptor: The Gourman Report]. ''The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist'' (June 2002).</ref> In 1977 ''The Carter Report'' ranked MBA programs based on the number of academic articles published by faculty, the ''Ladd & Lipset Survey'' ranked business schools based on faculty surveys, and ''MBA Magazine'' ranked schools based on votes cast by business school deans.<ref name="MRN" />

Today, publications by the [[Aspen Institute]], ''[[Business Week]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Forbes]]'', [[Quacquarelli Symonds]], ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', and the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' make their own rankings of MBA programs. Schools' ranks can vary across publications, as the methodologies for rankings differ among publications:

* The [[Aspen Institute]] publishes the ''Beyond Grey Pinstripes'' rankings which are based on the integration of social and environmental stewardship into university curriculum and faculty research. Rankings from a small sample of well-known schools are calculated on the amount of [[sustainability]] coursework made available to students (20%), amount of student exposure to relevant material (25%), amount of coursework focused on stewardship by for-profit corporations (30%), and relevant faculty research (25%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beyondgreypinstripes.org/about/methodology.cfm|title=Methodology|access-date=18 June 2011|publisher=Beyond Grey Pinstripes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718165449/http://beyondgreypinstripes.org/about/methodology.cfm|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2011 survey and ranking include data from 150 universities.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Samuelson|first=Judy|title=The Business of Education: Why change-minded MBA candidates turn to the Institute before they pick a business school|journal=The Aspen Idea|date=Summer 2011|pages=66–67|url=http://www.aspencbe.org/documents/AspenIdea_Pinstripes.Summer%202011_p66-67.pdf|access-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712011811/http://www.aspencbe.org/documents/AspenIdea_Pinstripes.Summer%202011_p66-67.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>
* ''Business Week''{{'}}s rankings are based on student surveys, a survey of corporate recruiters, and an intellectual capital rating.<ref name=BW>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/apr2006/bs20060420_4380.htm#MBA1|title=MBA Rankings: Updated October 2006|access-date=18 December 2007|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.|work=Businessweek|archive-date=24 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224141053/http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/content/apr2006/bs20060420_4380.htm#MBA1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], published in ''The Economist'', surveys both business schools (80%) and students and recent graduates (20%). Ranking criteria include GMAT scores, employment and salary statistics, class options, and student body demographics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mba.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=wmba_rank_method|title=Rankings methodology|access-date=19 December 2007|publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited}}</ref> The Economist withdrew from the MBA rankings business after releasing its 2022 ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poetsandquants.com/2022/07/13/breaking-amid-withering-criticism-the-economist-kills-its-mba-ranking/|title=Amid Withering Criticism, The Economist Kills Its MBA Ranking|date=13 July 2022 }}</ref>
* ''Financial Times'' uses survey responses from alumni who graduated three years prior to the ranking and information from business schools. Salary and employment statistics are weighted heavily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/39626150-ad5a-11db-8709-0000779e2340|title=How to read the rankings: How the raw data are processed|access-date=25 December 2007|date=29 January 2007|work=The Financial Times |author=Milton, Ursula|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217140636/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/39626150-ad5a-11db-8709-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=991cbd66-9258-11da-977b-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref>
* ''Forbes'' considers only the return of investment five years after graduation. MBA alumni are asked about their salary, the tuition fees of their MBA program, and other direct costs as well as opportunity costs involved. Based on this data, a final "5-year gain" is calculated and determines the MBA ranking position.<ref name="Forbes 'The Best Business Schools'">{{cite news|title=Forbes 'The Best Business Schools'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2011/08/03/the-best-business-schools/|access-date=3 August 2011|date=3 August 2011}}</ref>
* [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] ''QS Global 200 Business Schools Report'' compiles regional rankings of business schools around the world. Ranks are calculated using a two-year moving average of points assigned by employers who hire MBA graduates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/global-200-business-schools-report/survey-sample-and-methodology/ |title=Global Business Schools Report Methodology|date=19 March 2021 }}</ref>
* ''U.S. News & World Report'' incorporates responses from deans, program directors, and senior faculty about the academic quality of their programs as well as the opinions of hiring professionals. The ranking is calculated through a weighted formula of quality assessment (40%), placement success (35%), and student selectivity (25%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/about/08biz_meth_brief.php|title=Business Methodology|access-date=18 December 2007|work=U.S. News & World Report|archive-date=15 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215012544/http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/about/08biz_meth_brief.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''UT-Dallas Top 100 Business School Research Rankings'' ranks business schools on the research faculty publish, similar to ''The Carter Report'' of the past.<ref name="Does The World Need Another B-School Ranking?">{{cite web|title=The UTD Top 100 Business School Research Rankings: Research Ranking Overview|url=http://jindal.utdallas.edu/the-utd-top-100-business-school-research-rankings//|publisher=UT Dallas|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
* The ''Wall Street Journal'', which stopped ranking full-time MBA programs in 2007, based its rankings on skill and behavioral development that may predict career success, such as social skills, teamwork orientation, ethics, and analytic and problem-solving abilities.<ref name="How the Rankings were Compiled">{{cite news|title=How the Rankings were Compiled|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204251404574344784066900244|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=22 July 2011|date=16 September 2009}}</ref>

The ranking of MBA programs has been discussed in articles and on academic websites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Caution and Controversy |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |url=http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankoversy.htm |access-date=6 September 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026081654/http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankoversy.htm |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> Critics of ranking methodologies maintain that any published rankings should be viewed with caution for the following reasons:<ref name="MRN" />
* Rankings exhibit intentional selection bias as they limit the surveyed population to a small number of MBA programs and ignore the majority of schools, many with excellent offerings.
* Ranking methods may be subject to personal biases and statistically flawed methodologies (especially methods relying on subjective interviews of hiring managers, students, or faculty).
* Rankings use no objective measures of program quality.
* The same list of schools appears in each ranking with some variation in ranks, so a school ranked as number 1 in one list may be number 17 in another list.
* Rankings tend to concentrate on representing MBA schools themselves, but some schools offer MBA programs of different qualities and yet the ranking will only rely upon information from the full-time program (e.g., a school may use highly reputable faculty to teach a daytime program, but use adjunct faculty in its evening program or have drastically lower admissions criteria for its evening program than for its daytime program).
* A high rank in a national publication tends to become a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]].
* Some leading business schools including Harvard, INSEAD, Wharton and [[MIT Sloan School of Management|Sloan]] provide limited cooperation with certain ranking publications due to their perception that rankings are misused.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hemel |first=Daniel J |title=HBS Blocks Media Access to Students |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=12 April 2004 |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=358753 |access-date=29 January 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911152840/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/4/12/hbs-blocks-media-access-to-students/|archive-date=2012-09-11}}</ref>

One study found that ranking MBA programs by a combination of graduates' starting salaries and average student GMAT score can approximately duplicate the top 20 list of the national publications, and concluded that a truly objective ranking would use objective measures of program quality and be individualized to the needs of each prospective student.<ref name="MRN" /> National publications have recognized the value of rankings against different criteria and now offer lists ranked different ways: by salary, GMAT score of students, selectivity, and so forth. While useful, these rankings have yet to meet the critique that rankings are not tailored to individual needs, that they use an incomplete population of schools, may fail to distinguish between the different MBA program types offered by each school, or rely on subjective interviews.

==Criticism==
Articles have been written about public perceptions of the crisis, ranging from schools' acknowledgment of issues with the training students receive<ref name="retrain"/><ref name="overhaul"/> to criticisms of the MBA's role in society.<ref>{{cite news | author=Stewart, Matthew | title=RIP, MBA | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2009/03/26/rip-mba.html | date=25 March 2009 | work=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="Parker 2018">{{cite news | last=Parker | first=Martin | title=Why we should bulldoze the business school | work=The Guardian | date=27 April 2018 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/apr/27/bulldoze-the-business-school | access-date=24 May 2018|quote=There are 13,000 business schools on Earth. That’s 13,000 too many. And I should know – I’ve taught in them for 20 years}}</ref> After the [[Great Recession]], the media{{who|date=June 2021}} raised questions about the value and content of business school programs. Prior to the [[2008 financial crisis]], graduates had reportedly tended to go into finance after receiving their degrees.<ref name="retrain">{{cite news|author=Holland, Kelley | title=Is It Time to Retrain B-Schools? | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/business/15school.html | date=14 March 2009 | newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> As financial professionals are widely seen as responsible for the global economic meltdown, anecdotal evidence suggests new graduates are choosing different career paths.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stossel, John | title=The New Normal | publisher=ABC News | newspaper=20/20 | date=19 June 2009}}</ref> Deans at top business schools have also acknowledged that media and public perception of the MBA degree shifted as a result of the [[Great Recession]].<ref name="overhaul">{{cite news | author=Bradshaw, Della | title=Deans fight crisis fires with MBA overhaul | url=https://www.ft.com/content/a2353870-53c4-11de-be08-00144feabdc0 | date=18 June 2009 | newspaper=Financial Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101205019/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a2353870-53c4-11de-be08-00144feabdc0.html | archive-date=1 January 2011 | access-date=21 July 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==

===Related graduate business degrees===
{{further|Business education#Postgraduate education}}
* [[Master of Accountancy]] (MAcc or MAcy) / Master of Professional Accountancy (MPA, or MPAcc), a postgraduate degree in accounting
* [[Master of Business Communication]] (MBC)
* [[Master of Commerce]] (MCom or MComm), a postgraduate business degree usually focused on a particular area
* [[Master of Economics]] (M.Econ./M.Ec.)
* [[Master of Enterprise]] (MEnt), a postgraduate, technology & enterprise-based qualification
* [[Master of Bioscience Enterprise]] (MBioEnt), a postgraduate degree focused on the commercialization of biotechnology
* [[Master of Finance]] (MFin), a postgraduate degree in finance
* [[Master of Health Administration]] (MHA), a postgraduate health administration degree
* [[Master of International Business]] (MIB), a postgraduate degree focused on International Business
* [[Master of Management]] (MM), a postgraduate business degree
* [[Master of Science in Management]] (MSM), a postgraduate business management degree
* [[Master of Marketing Research]] (MMR) a postgraduate degree focusing on research in the field of marketing
* [[Master of Nonprofit Organizations]] (MNO or MNPO), the postgraduate degree for philanthropy and [[voluntary sector]] professionals
* [[Master of Public Administration]] (MPA), a postgraduate public administration degree
* [[Master of Social Science]] (MSS), a postgraduate degree
* [[Master of Project Management]] (MSPM or MPM), a postgraduate project management degree
* [[Masters of Management: Co-operatives and Credit Unions]], a post-graduate degree for co-operative and credit union managers
* [[Green MBA|Master in Sustainable Business]] (MSB)
* [[Master of Real Estate]] (MScRE), a postgraduate degree focusing on real estate.
* [[Master of Information Management]] (MIM), a postgraduate degree focusing on information management.

====Executive====
* [[Executive Master of Science in Business Administration]] (Executive MScBA), a postgraduate degree focusing advanced-level conceptual foundation in a student's chosen field such as operational excellence in the biotech/pharma industry.

====Doctoral====
* [[Doctor of Business Administration]] (DBA), a doctorate in business administration
* [[Doctor of Management]] (D.M.)
* [[PhD in Management]] (PhD), a business doctoral degree
* [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil]] in Management (D.Phil), a doctorate in business
* [[Engineering Doctorate]] (EngD), A professional doctorate in the UK involving a management thesis and taught MBA courses

===Other===
{{wikiversity}}
{{Portal|Business}}
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
* [[MBA Games]]
* [[Outline of business management]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Patterson | first1 = Sarah E. | last2 = Damaske | first2 = Sarah | last3 = Sheroff | first3 = Christen | title = Gender and the MBA: differences in career trajectories, institutional support, and outcomes | journal = [[Gender & Society]] | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 310–332 | doi = 10.1177/0891243217703630 | pmid = 29706689 | pmc = 5915327 | date = June 2017 }}
* {{Citation | last1 = Silbiger | first1 = Steven | title = The 10 Day MBA }}
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2013}}


{{Management}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Master's degrees|Business Administration, Master]]
[[Category:Business qualifications]]
[[Category:Management education]]

India Mobile Congress

2026-02-04T22:21:51Z

AracelyIqbal: adding a post...

{{Short description|Indian telecommunications forum}}
{{Advert|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox Convention
| name = India Mobile Congress
| image = India_Mobile_Congress_Company_Logo.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Information technology|Digital technologies]] and [[Telecommunication]]
| venue = [[Pragati Maidan]]
| location = [[Pragati Maidan]], [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| first = {{start date and age|2017}}
| last = 27 October 2023
| organizer = [[Cellular Operators Association of India|COAI]] and [[Department of Telecommunications|DoT]]
| filing =
| attendance = 100,000
| website = {{URL|https://www.indiamobilecongress.com/|www.indiamobilecongress.com}}
}}

The '''India Mobile Congress''' (IMC) is a digital technologies' forum in Asia consisting of a three-day international conference and a technology exhibition. The event is envisioned to be the "leading platform for India's start-up and technology ecosystem."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/india-mobile-congress-2018-kicks-off-october-25-5g-to-be-the-next-big-thing-for-india/1359871/|title=India Mobile Congress 2018 kicks off October 25: 5G to be the next big thing for India|last1=Verma|first1=Shubham|date=24 October 2018|work=Financial Express|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref> Within the telecommunications and technology industry, IMC is claimed to be the "largest digital technology forum in Asia."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nokia.com/news/events/india-mobile-congress-2018/|title=India Mobile Congress|website=Nokia|language=en|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref> The event is organized jointly by the [[Cellular Operators Association of India|Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI)]] and the [[Department of Telecommunications|Department of Telecommunications (DoT)]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/india-mobile-congress-2018-dates-october-25-27-1837475|title=India Mobile Congress 2018 Scheduled for October 25-27|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=14 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>
The forum aims to be a platform for industry, businesses, regulators and policymakers to discuss and deliberate on critical issues affecting the growth of the telecom and technology sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/india-mobile-congress-2018-dates-october-25-27-1837475|title=India Mobile Congress 2022 Scheduled for October 01-04, 2022 at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=14 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> In its first two iterations, the IMC focused on transformative [[5G]] technology and most of the booths showcased various use-cases and scenarios where 5G would play an important role; the exhibitors included service providers, [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEMs]] and infrastructure providers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digit.in/telecom/imc-2018-paints-an-optimistic-5g-ready-future-but-is-india-really-ready-for-it-44343.html|title=IMC 2018 paints an optimistic 5G-ready future but is India really ready for it? {{!}} Digit.in|website=Digit|date=26 October 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

== Organizers ==
India Mobile Congress is jointly organized by the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India and the [[Cellular Operators Association of India]].

=== Department of Telecommunications ===
The Department of Telecommunications is a department of the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]] of the [[Government of India]]. The department was formed to ensure reliable, affordable and high-quality telecommunications services in the country that could facilitate accelerated and inclusive socio-economic development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dot.gov.in/vision-mission|title=Vision & Mission {{!}} Department of Telecommunications {{!}} Ministry of Communication {{!}} Government of India|website=dot.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>

=== Cellular Operators Association of India ===
The [[Cellular Operators Association of India]] (COAI) is a registered non-governmental society, constituted in 1995, for the advancement of modern communication and successful proliferation of mobile networks throughout India. COAI is an official voice of the Indian telecom industry and aims to present an industry consensus to the Government on issues related to the Indian telecom industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coai.com/about-us|title=About Us {{!}} Cellular Operators Association of India|website=www.coai.com|access-date=2019-03-06|archive-date=2019-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722234357/https://www.coai.com/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Past events ==
Starting in 2017, the India Mobile Congress has been held annually. It took place in India 27–29 September in 2017, 25–27 October in 2018, and 14–16 October in 2019; IMC 2020 and IMC 2021 were both held virtually 8–10 December.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== India Mobile Congress 2017 ===
India Mobile Congress 2017 was held from 27 September 2017 to 29 September 2017 at [[Pragati Maidan]], [[New Delhi]]. This was the first iteration of the globally recognized event and saw the participation of 2000 delegates, 32000 visitors, 152 speakers, 100 start-ups and 100 exhibitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latestgkgs.com/current-affairs-5482-a|title=3-day India Mobile Congress 2018 Concludes|last=|first=|date=|website=www.latestgkgs.com|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> IMC 2017 was inaugurated by [[Manoj Sinha]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Communications.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-mobile-congress-kicks-off-at-delhis-pragati-maidan/article19761426.ece|title=Who said what at the India Mobile Congress|last=Dhoot|first=Vikas|date=2017-09-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-05|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Some of the notable speakers at the event included:<ref name=":0" />

* [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], Minister of Electronics and Information Technology
* [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
* [[Vittorio Colao]], CEO of [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group]]
* [[Mukesh Ambani]], Chairman, [[Reliance Industries]]
* [[Sunil Mittal|Sunil Bharti Mittal]], Chairman, [[Bharti Enterprises]]
* Rajan Anandan, [[Google]] Vice President for [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]] and [[India]]

India Mobile Congress 2017 was dubbed "the country's first and biggest ever, platform to bring together all stakeholders from Telecom, Internet & Mobility ecosystem along with Information and Communication Technology players, app developers, innovators and start-ups."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/India-Mobile-Congress-South-Asia-s-Largest-Mobile-Exhibition-Launched/31-05-2017-119225|title=India Mobile Congress: South Asia's Largest Mobile Exhibition Launched|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|website=BW Businessworld|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> Exhibitors included Telecom Service Providers, handset manufacturers, Internet giants, ISPs, Global technology players, AI & VR companies, Mobility leaders, Academia, Start-ups and app providers.<ref name=":1" />

=== India Mobile Congress 2018 ===

[[India Mobile Congress 2018]] was held on 25 October 2018 through 27 October 2018 at [[Aerocity]], [[New Delhi]]. The event inaugurated by [[Manoj Sinha]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Communications. The keynote address was delivered by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/kim-youngky-59640b16/ Youngky Kim], President and Head of Networks Business at [[Samsung Electronics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/imc-2018-day-1-highlights-5g-for-india-by-2020-new-realme-phone-coming-samsung-5g-trial-and-more/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026060602/https://www.bgr.in/news/imc-2018-day-1-highlights-5g-for-india-by-2020-new-realme-phone-coming-samsung-5g-trial-and-more/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2018|title=IMC 2018 Day 1 Highlights: 5G for India by 2020, new Realme phone coming, Samsung 5G trial and more|last=Arora|first=Hitesh|date=2018-10-26|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> The theme for IMC 2018 was "New Digital Horizons Connect, Create, Innovate".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/india-mobile-congress-2018-day-1-highlights-indias-road-to-5g-development-discussed-5442051.html|title=India Mobile Congress 2018 Day 1 highlights: India's road to 5G development discussed|date=2018-10-25|website=Tech2|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>

The event venue was spread over 50,000 square meters of space and participants included:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/telecom/3-day-india-mobile-congress-2018-concludes-showcasing-the-latest-and-the-best-in-digital-communications-technologies-products-services|title="3-day India Mobile Congress 2018 concludes; showcasing the latest and the best in digital communications technologies, products, services, and applications; and establishing the future horizons for the digital communications sector in the country": Manoj|date=2018-10-27|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>

* 50,000+ visitors
* 20 countries
* 5000+ international delegates
* 300 companies showcasing their latest products and innovations
* 10 supporting ministries

=== India Mobile Congress 2019 ===

India Mobile Congress 2019 was held on 14 October 2019 to 16 October 2019 at [[Aerocity]], [[New Delhi]]. Jointly organized by the Department of Telecommunications and the Cellular Operators Association of India, with support from Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. The theme for IMC 2019 was "Imagine: a new CONNECTED world; Intelligent. Immersive. Inventive." The event was inaugurated by Sh. [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]. IMC 2019's participants included more than 50 countries and telecom giants, OEMs, system integrators, technology experts, industry analysts, government officials, young professionals, startups and students.

====Technology and innovation====
The focus area for IMC 2019 was 5G, with more than 50 5G demos (use cases) showcased over three days. A number of companies including Ericsson, Huawei, Airtel, Vodafone Idea, Jio, Nokia, Qualcomm and ZTE showcased unique 5G use cases. Apart from 5G, other focus areas included smart cities, [[internet of things]] (IoT) and logistics. Dubbed the biggest digital technology platform in Asia, IMC 2019 had 60,000 square meters of total event area and a footfall of 75,278 over three days, generating over 1.4 billion impressions recorded across various social media platforms.

====Startups====
More than 250 startups were a part of IMC 2019. To aid startups, the IMC collaborated with Accelerating Growth of New India's Innovations, Invest India, Startup India and Nalco to organize a Grand Innovation Challenge to recognize the best innovations by Indian startups. Notable speakers at the event included:

* [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], Minister of Electronics and Information Technology. Law & Justice, Government of India
* [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]], Chairman of the [[Aditya Birla Group]]
* Malcolm Johnson, Deputy Secretary-General of [[ITU]]
* [[Jim Whitehurst]], President and CEO of [[Red Hat]]
* Nunzio Mirtillo, Sr. Vice President & Head of Market Area South East Asia, Oceania & India for [[Ericsson]]
* [[Arun M. Kumar|Arun Kumar]], Chairman and CEO of [[KPMG]] India

===India Mobile Congress 2020===

IMC 2020 was a virtual event that had roughly 27,213 attendees, including national and international delegates, over 170 partners, exhibitors and start-ups and more than 196 thought leaders. [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Shri Narendra Modi]] performed the opening address. This event had more than 1.16 billion digital media impressions and 1.9 million video downloads over the span of three days.

===India Mobile Congress 2021===

IMC 2021 was a virtual event that had roughly 23,118 attendees, again including national and international delegates, over 218 partners, exhibitors and start-ups and more than 226 thought leaders. This event had more than 1.06 billion digital media impressions and 1.42 million video downloads over the span of three days.

===India Mobile Congress 2022===

India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2022, the largest digital event in India and Asia organized by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) was held from 1 to 4 October 2022 at New Delhi.. Recognizing the immense benefits of digital technology advancement, the 6th edition of IMC-2022 with the theme of "New Digital Universe" had the objective of promoting India as a communication leader globally.

Inaugurated by Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on Saturday 1 October 2022, at New Delhi, IMC 2022 brought together stakeholders across the ICT industry to debate, discuss, disseminate and demonstrate the endless potential of 5G. Aligned with Honorable Prime Minister’s vision of ensuring that benefits of digital technology to the remotest corner of India as envisioned in Antyodaya, the event focused on ideating how to democratize 5G in India across sectors like healthcare, education, agriculture, animal husbandry, industrial manufacturing, environment and worker safety apart from promoting Atmanirbharta in communication sector.
The inauguration session was also attended by Shri [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], Honourable Minister for Communications, Electronics & Information Technology and Railways, Shri Devusinh Chauhan, Honorable Minister of State for Communications, Shri K Rajaraman, Secretary Department of Telecommunications along with other government officials. Mr. Mukesh Ambani, Chairman of Reliance Industries, Mr. Sunil Bharti Mittal, Chairman of Bharti enterprises, Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman of Aditya Birla Group, also participated in the inaugural session along with other industry stakeholders.

During the course of the four days, the event was also graced by Shri [[Piyush Goyal]], Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Manush Mandaviya, Honourable Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Shri Prahlad Joshi, Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, Coal and Mines, Shri PK Mishra, Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, Shri Rajeev Chandrasekhar Minister of State for Electronics & Information Technology and Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and Secretaries as well as senior officials from various departments of Government of India.

IMC 2022 was one of its kind technology event, held in person after two long years which attracted over one lakh attendees: 77,000 visitors including students, more than 1,300 CXO’s, over 6900 government officials, over 1800 partners and exhibitors, over 1900 representatives from start-ups and MSMEs and more than 350 speakers.

The key highlights of the event:
* Inauguration of the event and launch of 5G by Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi marking a momentous day in telecom history
* 5G brought to life by multiple 5G use-cases showcased to the Honorable Prime Minister including use cases relating to healthcare, edu-tech, agriculture, worker safety etc. during his visit at various pavilions in the exhibition
* Honourable Prime Minister launched C-DoTs indigenously designed and developed, 5G Non-standalone Core
* Demonstration of indigenously developed 5G radio and other equipments
* The Digital India Conference of State IT Ministers was also held for three consecutive days covering presentations by State IT Ministers highlighting their digital transformation initiatives and discussions on relevant topics such as new regulatory framework, emerging technologies, etc.
* Start-ups session hosted by Department of Telecom and chaired by Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw, Hon’ble Minister for Communications, Electronics & Information Technology and Railways. The session saw participation from more than 100 startups showcasing indigenously developed 4G/ 5G solutions.
* Launch of TSuM- Telecom Startup and MSME Mission
* Launch of TTDF- Telecom and Technology Development Fund
* Inauguration of the VoICE Atmanirbhar Pavilion, consisting of 22 member companies which demonstrated 19 product launches
* Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw, Honourable Minister for Communications, Electronics & Information Technology and Railways announced the setting up of 100 5G labs across the country. He also announced the Indian Government is working hard towards simplifying the license regime for all telecom players and suggested to convert minimum 12 of these labs into incubators to train students and promote research and development.
* Showcase of technology innovations across 239 exhibitors highlighting India’s prowess in indigenously developed 4G and 5G network stack.
* International Conference on "Towards 5G Advanced and 6G" which was organized by DoT and TSDSI where 34 research papers were presented made by researchers across the world on new pathways for 6G.
* India Global Connect-Buyers Sellers meet organized by TEPC (Telecom Equipment and Services Export Promotion Council) under Champion Sector Scheme of Department of Telecommunications, under which 80 or more companies participated and showcased their products and services.
* IEEE organized a certification program on 5G and IoT covering some of the topics on 5G Network Architecture, Network Slicing, RAN SPLIT, 5G Test Bed, 5G Use Cases and Challenges, Upcoming 6G wireless, superseding 5G and arriving possibly by 2030, IoT protocols in which participation was seen from academic researchers, students, independent technology enthusiasts and industry professionals.
* The event hosted top leaders of telecom and tech companies, policy makers, thought leaders, and academics who shared their point of view on the future of 5G development and the opportunity and challenges presented by country wide adoption of 5G. In all there were 80 knowledge sharing sessions with over 360 speakers participating at the event.
* The event witnessed the launch of IMC knowledge paper: 5G driving the next growth wave for Digital India in collaboration with its knowledge partner, KPMG in India.
* The event also dedicated time to recognize and felicitate the achievements of the industry in promoting innovation in the sector. The IMC awards provided recognition for path-breaking contributions by the awardees in promoting growth in the sector.

== See also ==

* [[Cellular Operators Association of India|Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI)]]
* [[Department of Telecommunications]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Mobile Congress}}
[[Category:Digital technology]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Telecommunication conferences]]

Chainpur, Kaimur

2026-01-25T01:52:13Z

AracelyIqbal: formatting fix

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chainpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.0345|N|83.50655|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/1274922/chainpur.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Chainpur''|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.129
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 91
| population_total = 11306<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Chainpur''' is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Kaimur district]] of [[Bihar]], India. It is located 11 km west of the district headquarters of [[Bhabua]]. {{As of|2011|post=,}} the village population was 11,306 in 1,653 households, while the block population was 187,692 in 30,189 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=23–85, 528–99, 898–99|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> The main village Chainpur was also before known as Malikpur on the name of zamindar Malik Khan. Chainpur was established in early 1600s.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ansari|first1=Saiyad Hasan|date=1986|title=Evolution and Spatial organization of Clan settlements in Middle ganga valley.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Kamsar|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Chainpur lies in the hilly tracts of [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] district.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== Demographics ==
Chainpur is a rural block with no major urban centres. The block's [[sex ratio]] in 2011 was 939 females for every 1000 males, which was the highest sex ratio in Kaimur district (the district-wide ratio was 920). The sex ratio was higher in the 0-6 age group, where it was 968 (the district-wide value was 942). Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 20.06% of the block population and members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 4.87%. The block's [[literacy rate]] was 62.53%, compared to the district-wide average of 69.34%. There was a 21.79% gender literacy gap (compared with the district-wide 20.97%), with 73.04% of men but only 51.25% of women able to read and write.<ref name="Census 2011" />

Most of the Chainpur block workforce in 2011 was employed in [[agriculture]], with 18.52% being agricultural labourers who owned or leased their own land and another 58.78% being agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for wages. Another 6.31% worked in household industries, and the remaining 16.39% were other workers. Men made up around two-thirds of the block workforce, with there being 43,681 male and 20,795 female workers in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== History ==
In Chainpur is the mausoleum of [[Bakhtiar Khan]], the son-in-law of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The town was originally established by the descendants of Diwan Rao, a son Of [[Raja Dham Dev Rao|Raja Dham Dev]], brother of the bhumihar king [[Raja Kam Dev Sakarwar]]. There is also the Hindu shrine of Harsu Brahm. According to the shrine's tradition, the [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] priest Harshu Pandey, who was in the service of [[Raja Shaliwahan]], committed suicide in protest of the demolition of his house, but when his body was cremated at [[Varanasi]], he was seen miraculously standing as if still alive.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The family of Chainpur became immensely powerful during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]]. Chainpur was made a [[jagir]] during [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and a fort name as "Chainpur ki rani ka kila" was made by the family. The family of Chainpur became immensely powerful during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]]. Chainpur was made a [[jagir]] during [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and a fort name as "Chainpur ki rani ka kila" was made by the family. They had better relationship with the zamindar families of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar|Kamsar]]. Before even [[Bhabua]] came under the [[Jagir]] of Chainpur and was a small group of villages primarily established by Akhlash Khan of [[Ikhlaspur|Ikhlashpur]] wo was a governor of Bihar during [[Shah Jahan|Shahjahan]]. It was Akhlash Khan who made Malik wishal Khan a [[Faujdar]] and [[Kiladar]] of [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtas garh]]. The jagir had two Parganas name as Bhabua and [[Mohania]]. The family of Chainpur, Mohania, and Bhabua was also established by the descendants of [[Raja Dham Dev Rao|Dham Dev Rao]] a [[Sakarwar]] king, who later came down to Ghazipur and their descendants established many villages. His elder brother was [[Maharaja Kam Dev Misir|Kam dev]] who descendants established [[Sherpur, Ghazipur|Sherpur]], [[Reotipur, Uttar Pradesh|Reotipur]] (Dalpatpur), [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]] and many other places in [[Ghazipur]] and [[Bihar]]. From the same place belonged Raja Deendardar Khan of [[Dildarnagar]], During Mughal empire and early British era descendants of Dham Dev and Kam Dev ruled a very large part of [[Ghazipur district]], [[Rohtas district|Rohtasgarh]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] region, and [[Chausa]] in [[Buxar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ansari|first1=Saiyad Hasan|date=1986|title=Evolution and Spatial organization of Clan settlements in Middle Ganaga valley.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxDWbsztdVQC&q=Kamsar|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=O`malley |first=L. S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftaR6DVxIAC |title=Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7268-122-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Villages ==
Chainpur block contains the following 177 villages, of which 151 are inhabited and 26 are uninhabited:<ref name="Census 2011"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| Semaria || 154 || 1,297
|-
| Sadauli || 39.2 || 0
|-
| Koindi || 231.9 || 1,995
|-
| Khajopur || 44.9 || 0
|-
| Ghanti || 162.3 || 1,125
|-
| Ramgarh || 333 || 1,844
|-
| Bhaganda || 154 || 1,332
|-
| Ismailpur || 121.8 || 703
|-
| Hargawan || 121.4 || 696
|-
| Ismailpur Arazi || 330.2 || 378
|-
| Ramauli || 90.6 || 813
|-
| Narsinghpur || 23.5 || 0
|-
| Neura|| 25.5 || 278
|-
| Barhauna || 164.7 || 2,257
|-
| Kharanti || 87.8 || 246
|-
| Dih Bhujaina || 247.7 || 2,450
|-
| Siur || 52.6 || 0
|-
| Raghubir Garh || 124.6 || 1,587
|-
| Dubepur || 18.6 || 154
|-
| Kakrikundi|| 107 || 431
|-
| Bardiha || 41.7 || 821
|-
| Anapur || 338.7 || 498
|-
| Nonian || 34.8 || 39
|-
| Malawan || 82 || 21
|-
| Banpur || 66.8 || 0
|-
| Baburtara || 24.3 || 0
|-
| Chalania || 51.8 || 0
|-
| Dharahra || 55 || 712
|-
| Diha || 143.3 || 2,369
|-
| Dumaria || 195.1 || 520
|-
| Kunda || 176.4 || 0
|-
| Lakhmanpur || 59 || 1,837
|-
| Nandih || 64 || 495
|-
| Udaipur || 32.8 || 18
|-
| Shukulpur || 28.7 || 582
|-
| Nandna || 153.4 || 1,835
|-
| Halka || 40.1 || 0
|-
| Nirajanpur || 40.1 || 703
|-
| Tenaura || 33.6 || 690
|-
| Merh || 88.2 || 2,153
|-
| Mohammadpur|| 103.2 || 460
|-
| Chitarhi || 101.6 || 811
|-
| Mahua Pokhar || 25.1 || 0
|-
| Parbatpur || 225 || 1,990
|-
| Chauth Parbatpur || 33.6 || 52
|-
| Sanabo || 94 || 445
|-
| Rahjitpur || 24.3 || 0
|-
| Shiwapur || 142 || 924
|-
| Kalyanipur || 46 || 1,449
|-
| Lohra || 85.8 || 1,384
|-
| Shukul Purwa || 20.2 || 0
|-
| Majhui || 159.8 || 3,246
|-
| Udai Rampur || 374 || 3,248
|-
| Jigina || 116.6 || 828
|-
| Rajpur || 36.8 || 29
|-
| Madurni || 139 || 221
|-
| Naudiha || 94.3 || 194
|-
| Kauria Chak || 42.5 || 245
|-
| Shahpur || 40.1 || 653
|-
| Sirsi || 123.8 || 1,512
|-
| Meunra || 266 || 63
|-
| Madurna || 416.8 || 4,714
|-
| Sarpani || 47.4 || 266
|-
| Hata || 254.8 || 9,257
|-
| Saraiya || 198.7 || 2,242
|-
| Humaun Mardan || 69.2 || 0
|-
| Tiwai || 187.4 || 2,465
|-
| Lodipur || 179.3 || 2,050
|-
| Karaundia || 47 || 577
|-
| Kharigawan || 176.4 || 2,280
|-
| Awnkhara || 285.7 || 2,573
|-
| Sikandarpur || 295.4 || 4,566
|-
| Masoi Khurd || 316.5 || 3,395
|-
| Gangapur || 55 || 582
|-
| Harbanspur || 28.7 || 30
|-
| Bhagwatipur || 104.4 || 482
|-
| Sahebahe || 96 || 655
|-
| Amawan || 297.8 || 4,621
|-
| Sirbit || 521.2 || 5,018
|-
| Rupin || 102 || 1,039
|-
| Masoin || 332.6 || 3,108
|-
| Khakhra || 43.3 || 0
|-
| Kurain || 278 || 1,303
|-
| Karjav || 305.1 || 2,943
|-
| Karji || 369.5 || 2,877
|-
| Balubheria || 146.1 || 107
|-
| Sherpur || 78.5 || 15
|-
| Dobhri || 133.5 || 1,370
|-
| Phulkara || 96 || 0
|-
| Neura || 98.7 || 350
|-
| Harnampur || 22.7 || 194
|-
| Rajpur || 36.4 || 0
|-
| Babhaniawan || 63.9 || 742
|-
| Madra || 154 || 797
|-
| Khargipur || 27.9 || 326
|-
| Deua || 70.4 || 715
|-
| Nainpura || 51.8 || 486
|-
| Hukkasarai || 66.8 || 0
|-
| Sonbarsa || 94.3 || 1,134
|-
| Arail || 145.7 || 1,058
|-
| Chauthi || 56.7 || 245
|-
| Isia || 108 || 2,826
|-
| Sakhelipur || 37.2 || 0
|-
| Bararhi || 173.6 || 1,177
|-
| Danrwa || 104 || 607
|-
| Teli Pokhar || 37.2 || 55
|-
| Danrwa || 57 || 769
|-
| Bhadaura || 32 || 1,754
|-
| Fakhrabad || 380 || 2,222
|-
| Manpur || 321 || 3,627
|-
| Muri || 318.5 || 3,377
|-
| Harnathpur || 36 || 0
|-
| Biur || 206 || 2,605
|-
| Gazipur || 79.3 || 1,034
|-
| Biddi || 74 || 1,377
|-
| Gonai || 38 || 462
|-
| Parsotimpur || 59.9 || 563
|-
| Bhualpur || 60 || 700
|-
| Bari Takia || 55 || 671
|-
| Maliksaray || 195 || 1,152
|-
| '''Chainpur''' (block headquarters) || 112.9 || 11,306
|-
| Naughara || 328.6 || 2,346
|-
| Kharaurua || 280 || 1,257
|-
| Salempur || 80.1 || 588
|-
| Isapur || 151.4 || 1,076
|-
| Gobindpur || 21 || 310
|-
| Sherpur || 260.2 || 1,931
|-
| Lohra || 211.6 || 1,719
|-
| Jairampur || 146.9 || 1,142
|-
| Nandgawan || 134.4 || 1,835
|-
| Sohawal || 68.8 || 745
|-
| Rupa Patti || 142.9 || 1,255
|-
| Nati || 46.5 || 198
|-
| Damodar || 99.6 || 505
|-
| Pahladpur || 103 || 337
|-
| Bhagwanpur || 74.9 || 1,134
|-
| Jagaria || 99.8 || 1,464
|-
| Sherpur || 95.9 || 1,165
|-
| Dulahra || 117 || 1,104
|-
| Narainpur || 32.8 || 0
|-
| Raghaisagar || 41.7 || 0
|-
| Jagdishpur || 43.3 || 0
|-
| Narsinghpur || 142.4 || 907
|-
| Kewa || 157.8 || 1,647
|-
| Mahula || 200.3 || 1,188
|-
| Bukna Mahula || 26.7 || 0
|-
| Baurai || 163.9 || 1,545
|-
| Gangudih || 81.8 || 643
|-
| Saraiya || 47.8 || 409
|-
| Khoradih || 153.4 || 638
|-
| Nimiatanr || 67.2 || 970
|-
| Basra || 56.7 || 0
|-
| Babhan Parsia || 62.3 || 0
|-
| Parsia || 90.6 || 963
|-
| Danrwa || 34.8 || 0
|-
| Israrhi || 53.4 || 430
|-
| Basawanpur || 52.2 || 483
|-
| Chanda || 118.9 || 469
|-
| Sihora || 74.1 || 140
|-
| Birna || 75.7 || 424
|-
| Karaundia || 150.1 || 880
|-
| Majhganwan || 9,778 || 435
|-
| Bhaluburan || 1,839.7 || 520
|-
| Karkatgarh || 1,690.4 || 294
|-
| Gosara || 875 || 196
|-
| Kamharia || 1,465.4 || 284
|-
| Jharia || 1,332.6 || 638
|-
| Mahuli || 1,665.3 || 176
|-
| Masani || 841.3 || 529
|-
| Koilra || 415.2 || 32
|-
| Dumarkon || 957.9 || 1,196
|-
| Harsoti || 800 || 163
|-
| Semra || 1,383.6 || 967
|-
| Baghaila || 632.9 || 408
|-
| Asanda || 378 || 40
|-
| Dhumardeo || 1,073 || 350
|-
| Bhaganda || 432 || 118
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kaimur district]]

Sukumar Pradhan

2026-01-17T13:28:19Z

AracelyIqbal: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1948–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= Sukumar Pradhan
| office = Member of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = Central Pendam
| term_start = 1984
| term_end = 1994
| party = [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]], [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
}}

'''Sukumar Pradhan''' (born October 1948 - October 2021) also known as '''S.K. Pradhan''' was a member of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] for two consecutive terms from 1984 to 1994 representing Central Pendam constituency from [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Politician SK Pradhan passes away |url=https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/senior-politician-sk-pradhan-passes-away-cm-golay-and-others-offer-condolences/ |website=www.voiceofsikkim.com |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022164754/https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/senior-politician-sk-pradhan-passes-away-cm-golay-and-others-offer-condolences/ |archive-date=Oct 22, 2021 |location=[[Gangtok]] |language=en |date=Oct 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/10/23/sikkim-former-mla-sukumar-pradhan-passes-away-political-stalwarts-mourn-demise/|title= Sikkim : Former MLA Sukumar Pradhan Passes Away, Political Stalwarts Mourn Demise|date= 23 October 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Eldest son of [[Sikkimese people|Sikkimese]] pro democracy leader [[Nahakul Pradhan]] and Naina Kumari Pradhan. He was born into the erstwhile aristocratic [[Taksaris of Sikkim|Newar Taksari]] family. His paternal grandmother Kanti Pradhan was the granddaughter of [[Taksaris of Sikkim|Taksari Chandrabir Maskey of Pakyong]], an erstwhile [[Kazis and Thikadars of Sikkim|Sikkimese feudal lord]] of many estates in Sikkim. He is survived by his four daughters: Chetan, Ritu, Sable and Dichenla.

==Career==
He was elected from Central Pendam constituency for two consecutive terms(1984 to 1994). In Government of Sikkim, he held several positions as chairman of Sikkim Livestock Development Corporation, chairman of Sikkim Housing and Development Board and Sikkim Distilleries.

Later he joined [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] and served in various capacities as treasurer, general secretary and senior vice president.

He died in [[Siliguri]] on 28 October 2021 at the age of 73.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/former-mla-sk-pradhan-passes-away|title= Former MLA SK Pradhan passes away}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1984-89 - MLA - Central Pendam Constituency
* 1989-1994 - MLA - Central Pendam Constituency

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Sukumar}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Sikkim Sangram Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Sikkim Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:People from Pakyong district]]

Anand Aravindakshan

2026-01-08T00:14:16Z

AracelyIqbal: Started New Page V1

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anand Aravindakshan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1989|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Devotional songs]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Anand Aravindakshan''' (born 1989) is an Indian playback singer, and title winner of [[Airtel Super Singer 5]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/super-singer-3-finale-anand-aravindakshan-takes-home-the-winners-trophy-1043396/|title=Anand Aravindakshan wins Super Singer 5 trophy|last=Shetty|first=Akshata|date=18 March 2016|work=India.com|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> a television-based reality singing competition in Tamil televised on Vijay TV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scooptimes.com/biography/anand-aravindakshan-super-singer/1879|title=Anand Aravindakshan (Super Singer) – Songs, Photos, Wiki, biography|date=17 February 2016|work=Scooptimes – Latest Online News|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Anand did his school education from Chennai, and while in high school at Sri Sankara Senior Secondary School in Chennai,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/playback-singer/anand-aravindakshan|title=Tamil Playback Singer Anand Aravindakshan {{!}} Nettv4u|work=nettv4u|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> Anand started representing his school at cultural events and competition. After his graduation in commerce at Vivekananda College in Chennai, Anand completed a course in sound engineering from Soundtech Media School of Sound Engineering and Recording in Chennai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://festember.com/mirage/symphony/|title=Symphony – Festember Online Music Contest|last=Srikanth|first=Venkatraman|website=festember.com|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> and his MBA from Symbiosis College in the same city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcds.co.in/celeb-anand-aravindakshan.php|title=Anand Aravindakshan Biography and interview with images whatsapp mobile Contact number and Address info|website=pcds.co.in|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of Television Show
!Role
!Network
|-
|2024
|[[Super Singer 10|Super Singer Season 10]]
|Co-singer with contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|}

== Reality show experience ==
During this period Anand also took part in about four reality shows, where he won two shows and was announced first runner-up in the other two.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} He was the first runner up in the 2007 edition of Gandharva Sangeetham, a reality music show telecast by Kairali channel and in the 2008 edition of Athiradi Singer, a reality music show telecast by Sun TV. He was the title winner of the 2010 edition of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa challenge, a reality music show telecast by Zee Tamil.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} However, his latest reality show win in 2016 stirred up a lot of discussion and brought Anand to the limelight. This show was the fifth season of [[Airtel Super Singer 5|Airtel Super Singer]], a television-based reality singing competition in Tamil televised on Vijay TV, and Anand was the title winner of this edition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Anand-Aravindhakshan-is-the-new-Super-Singer/articleshow/51509985.cms|title=Anand Aravindhakshan is the new Super Singer |work=The Times of India|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> With playback singers such as Srinivas, Unnikrishnan, Usha Uthup, and Mano judging the show, Anand was part of the top 30 contestants who were selected to participate in the various rounds. He was eliminated in the later rounds of the show but he made a comeback to the show as a wild card candidate. He was part of the top 5 in the grand finale.<ref name=":1" /> He was eventually announced the winner in the grand finale of the season, but this victory instantly fuelled controversial social media discussions questioning this decision, mentioning that Anand was already a playback singer. Anand later clarified his stand,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Last-two-days-has-been-a-nightmare-for-me-Anand-Aravindakshan/articleshow/51570621.cms|title=Last two days has been a nightmare for me: Anand Aravindakshan |work=The Times of India|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> and Vijay TV released a statement confirming that this rule of rejecting playback singers as candidates was not applicable for the fifth season since the rule was removed two years earlier for the Super Singer Senior category, they clarified that Anand's victory was valid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-singer-5-star-vijay-reacts-anand-aravindakshans-identity-controversy-671719|title='Super Singer 5:' Star Vijay reacts to Anand Aravindakshan's identity controversy|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Concerts, jingles, and other recordings ==
In addition to being a playback singer, Anand has also performed on stage for concerts and live events.<ref>{{Citation|last=Radio Mirchi Tamil|title=Aravind & Pragathi's nostalgic medley performance at Mirchi music awards 2015|date=11 September 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0xVMT8xxag|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> An Acapella piece that he released on YouTube in 2016 went viral, receiving more than 300 thousand views.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/striking-new-note-how-reality-tv-shows-have-changed-film-music-scene-58754|title=Striking a new note: How reality TV shows have changed the film music scene|date=17 March 2017|work=The News Minute|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Anand Aravindakshan|title=Mayanginen Solla- Anand Aravindakshan Acapella|date=16 February 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGPTINvs04g|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> In 2017, Anand released a YouTube dedication to Tamil singer [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] in 2017, which had almost 30,000 views.<ref>{{Citation|last=Anand Aravindakshan|title=Poove Ilaya Poove|date=20 February 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dau6cC2EC4k|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> Another single released by him in 2016 on YouTube also had about 34000 views.<ref>{{Citation|last=Arun Raj Music|title=Varuvaya Nee – Madras Melodies – Arun Raj ft. Anand Aravindakshan (Official Video)|date=3 December 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bn4N4RHpx4o|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> Anand has also sung for some jingles, including a textile ad<ref>{{Citation|last=Inis Way|title=MURA 60 SEC HD|date=9 October 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrSBK8AkX14|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> and New TVS Victor.<ref>{{Citation|last=TVS Victor|title=New TVS Victor – Malayalam TVC|date=27 April 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rr5iklo-1TM|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> Another album titled "Indha Kadhal Podhum" with Soundarya Bala Nandakumar, composed by Shravan – Jeshwanth, also gathered 48000 views on YouTube.<ref>{{Citation|last=divomovies|title=Indha Kadhal Podhum {{!}} Shravan-Jeshwanth {{!}} Soundarya {{!}} Anand {{!}} Tamil Indie|date=1 April 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwpiZtnh_jE|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In December 2017, Anand married Paromita Banerjee, his high school sweetheart, in a Bengali-style wedding.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/12/23121456/1056229/A-filmy-wedding-with-an-actionpacked-climax.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226081122/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/12/23121456/1056229/A-filmy-wedding-with-an-actionpacked-climax.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2017|title=A filmy wedding with an action-packed climax|date=23 December 2017|work=dtNext.in|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song name
!Music composer
!Language
!Co-SIngers
|-
|2011
|''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]''
|"Ninna Leni"
|[[Sharreth]]
|Telugu
|K. S. Chithra and S. Sowmya
|-
|2012
|''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]''
|"Indha Vaan Veli"
|[[K (composer)|K]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]''
|"Poovaname"  
|Sharreth
|Malayalam
|Alka Ajith
|-
|2012
|''[[Sundarapandian]]''
|"Kondaadum Manasu”
|N R Raghunanthan
|Tamil
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Neerparavai]]''
|"Yaar Vettu”
|N R Raghunanthan
|Tamil
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Krishna Aur Kans]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Shloka (Hey Krishna Vijaya..) (Full Song) – Varaprasad J.V., Anand Aravindakshan, Sam P. Keerthan, Pandit Ravi Shankar – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=4 July 2012|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/hindi/Krishna-Aur-Kans/Shloka-Hey-Krishna-Vijaya../QQsuY0J6BmI|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Shloka"
|Sri Vedavyasa Ranga Bhattar
|Hindi
|Varaprasad J. V., Sam P. Keerthan, Pandit Ravi Shankar
|-
|2013
|''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''
|"Vazhivakkil”
|K
|Malayalam
|Swetha Mohan
|-
|2013
|''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]''
|"Yaaname"
|K
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Pandiya Naadu]]''
|"Verikonda Puli Ondru”
|[[D. Imman]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''
|"Thanimayile”
|[[C.Sathya]]
|Tamil
|Nivas
|-
|2013
|''[[Onbadhule Guru]]''
|"Theera Theera #2”
|K
|Tamil
|[[Sean Roldan]] and [[Premji Amaren]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]''
|"Kombu Oothi"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|Tamil
|Vikram Sugumaran and [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Pandiya Naadu|Palnadu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Pagalatho Segalatho (Full Song) – Palnadu – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=19 October 2013|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/telugu/Palnadu/Pagalatho-Segalatho/OVtGZERlfFw|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Pagalatho Segalatho"
|[[D. Imman]]
|Telugu
|Nivas
|-
|2013
|''Citizen''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kadhalikale (Full Song) – Citizen – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=23 December 2013|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/telugu/Citizen/Kadhalikale/GwsHYiJaeHo|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Kadhalikale"
|[[C. Sathya]]
|Telugu
|Nivas, C. Sathya
|-
|2014
|''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ettu Thikkum (Full Song) – Kaadu – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=10 November 2014|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/tamil/Kaadu/Ettu-Thikkum/OC4xXiRDBno|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Ettu Thikkum"
|K
|Tamil
|
|-
|2014
|''Mandya Star''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ayyo Sumkena (Full Song) – Mandya Star – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=23 December 2014|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/kannada/Mandya-Star/Ayyo-Sumkena/Kj9GWT1oW3g|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Ayyo Sumkena"
|[[Manoj S]]
|Kannada
|
|-
|2015
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|"Gaana Gaana”
|[[D. Imman]]
|Tamil
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|2015
|''[[Pasanga 2]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=SonyMusicSouthVEVO|title=Pasanga 2 – Tham Tham Video {{!}} Suriya {{!}} Arrol Corelli|date=25 December 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeXxiD61u8k|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=SonyMusicSouthVEVO|title=Pasanga 2 – Kaattukulla Kannakkatti Video {{!}} Suriya {{!}} Arrol Corelli|date=29 January 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8sNxUONCEo|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref>
|"Tham Tham”
|Arrol Corelli
|Tamil
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Kallappadam]]''
|"Vizhithidu"
|K
|Tamil
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|"Sirukki Vaasam"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Tamil
|Shweta Mohan
|-
|2016
|''[[Kodi (film)|Dharma Yogi]]''
|"Puvvula Maasam"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|Telugu
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Maari (film)|Maas]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Theliyani Aase (Full Song) – Maas – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=18 January 2016|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/telugu/Maas/Theliyani-Aase/PSUcQxVaXQo|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Theluyane Aase"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Telugu
|Anirudh Ravichander
|-
|2016
|''Thittivasal''<ref>{{Citation|title=Moongil Poove (Full Song) – Thittivasal – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=31 October 2016|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/tamil/Thittivasal/Moongil-Poove/MwklWjgGcko|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Moongil Poove"
|German Vijay and Harish Satish
|Tamil
|[[Madhu Iyer]]
|-
|2017
|''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'' (Dubbed version)
|"Poongaatre"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Tamil
|Priyanka NK
|-
|2017
|''Vajra''<ref>{{Citation|title=Naa Iruva (Full Song) – Vajra – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=20 October 2017|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/kannada/Vajra/Naa-Iruva/JQUfCQBqGnA|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Naa Iruva"
|Monish Kumar
|Kannada
|Eesha Suchi
|-
|2018
|''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/anand-aravindakshan-songs/3qWauH-pfI4_|title=Anand Aravindakshan – Top Songs – Listen on Saavn|website=saavn.com|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Alaa Alaa"
|[[Sam C. S.|Sam C S]]
|Telugu
|Swagatha S. Krishnan
|-
|2018
|''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]''
|"Mughaiyazhi"
|[[Radhan]]
|Tamil
|Radhika Narayanan
|-
|2018
|''[[Echcharikkai|Echckarikkai]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kanne Kanmaniye (Full Song) – Echarikkai – Download or Listen Free – Saavn|date=3 March 2018|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/tamil/Echarikkai/Kanne-Kanmaniye/EyA7ZhMIRwo|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
|"Kanne Kanmaniye"
|K S Sundaramurthy
|Tamil
|
|-
|2021
|''Loner''
|"En Nizhalukkum"
|Ady Kriz
|Tamil
|Music Video with Nalini Vittobane
|-
|2021
|''[[Paagal]]''
|"Kanapadava"
| [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]], [[Radhan]]
| Telugu
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Choo Mandhirakaali]]''
|"Kodaali Kannaala"
|Satish Raghunathan
|Tamil
|[[M. M. Manasi]]
|-
|2023
|''Thudikkum Karangal''
|"Nee Yaaro"
|Y Raghav Prasa
|Tamil
|[[Mridula Warrier]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2024
|''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''
|"Urugi Urugi"
|Siddhu Kumar
|Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
| "Kolladhey"
| G.V. Prakash Kumar
| Tamil
| Shweta Mohan
|-
|''[[Kozhipannai Chelladurai]]''
|"Ponnana Pottapulla"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|Tamil
|[[Saindhavi]]<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/11/ponnana-pottapulla-from-kozhipannai-chelladurai-out|title='Ponnana Pottapulla' from Kozhipannai Chelladurai out|access-date=11 September 2024|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911140121/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/11/ponnana-pottapulla-from-kozhipannai-chelladurai-out|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{pending film|[[Family Padam]]}}
|"Nesama"
|Anivee
|Tamil
|Svara Suresh
|-
|2025
|''[[Aaromaley]]''
|"Eppadi Vandhaayo"
|[[Siddhu Kumar]]
|Tamil
|[[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravindakshan, Anand}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Reality show winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Somsundar Suri

2026-01-05T18:59:26Z

AracelyIqbal: done!

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Acharya
| name = Somsundar
| honorific-suffix = Suri
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| birth_name = Somkumar
| birth_date = [[Vikram Samvat]] 1430 (1373 CE)
| birth_place = [[Palanpur]]
| death_date = Vikram Samvat 1499 (1442 CE)
| death_place = [[Ranakpur]]
| parents = Sajjana, Malhandevi
| initiation_name = Somsundar
| initiator = Jayanand Suri
| initiation_place =
| teacher = Jayanand Suri
| notable_works =
| post = [[Acharya (Jainism)]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Somsundar Suri''' was a 15th-century Jain monk and leader of the [[Tapa Gaccha]], a monastic order of [[Śvetāmbara|Swetambara]] [[Jainism]]. He had consecrated several [[Jain temple|Jain temples]] and had written several works in [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Old Gujarati|Gujarati]].

==Biography==
The ''Soma-Saubhagya Kavya'', ''Guru Guna Ratnakara-Kavya'' and several other texts details the life and religious activities of Somsundar Suri.{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=52}}

Somsundar Suri was born to Sajjana and Malhandevi in Magha Vad 14, Friday, [[Vikram Samvat]] 1430 in [[Palanpur]].{{snf|Joshi|2002|p=11}} He was named Somkumar by his parents. Tapa Gaccha leader Jayanand Suri visited Palanpur and met his parents. They agreed and Somkumar was initiated in the monkhood at the age of 7 in Vikram Samvat 1437 and was named Somsundar. Following death of Jayanand Suri, Devsundar Suri succeeded as the leader of Tapa Gaccha.{{snf|Joshi|2002|p=12}} After completing his religious studies, Somsundar was appointed religious positions of Gani and later Upadhyaya in Vikram Samvat 1450. He visited [[Mewar]] that year where he was received by [[Chunda Sisodia|Chunda]] who was a son of [[Rana Lakha|Maharana Lakha of Mewar]], and his minister Ramadeva Nawalakha. There several families following [[Kharatara Gaccha]] joined Tapa Gaccha due to his efforts. After spending some time in Mewar, he returned to [[Patan, Gujarat|Anahilpur Patan]] and was appointed as [[Acharya]] in Vikram Samvat 1457. Following death of Devsundarsuri, he succeeded him as the leader of Tapa Gaccha. He traveled in the regions which correspond to present-day Mewar, [[Gorwar]], [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].{{snf|Joshi|2002|p=13}}{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=52-53}}
[[File:Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg|thumb|Somsundar Suri consecrated the first storey of this Ranakpur Jain temple. He died and was cremated there.|left]]
He undertook many ''Pratisthā-Sangh-Yatras'' (consecration pilgrimages) and other religious activities. He performed several journeys to the [[Palitana temples|Shatrunjya temples]] at [[Palitana]] and other religious places.{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=52-53}} During his tenure, under his tutelage, a large number of monks were initiated and appointed on various religious positions. A large number of temples were restored and built under his guidance including the restoration of [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga temple]].{{snf|Joshi|2002|pp=14-17}}{{snf|Somani|1995|p=153}} In Vikram Samvat 1478, he consecrated the Jain temple of [[Jawar]]. He was at Delawara in Vikram Samvat 1482 when Laxmansinha copied the manuscript of ''[[Kālakācārya Kathā|Kalakacharya Katha]]'' as its [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] mentions it. When [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshwanath temple]] was renovated, the [[acharya]]s of Tapa Gaccha were present there for [[Chaturmasya|chaturmas]] in Vikram Samvat 1483. He consecrated the temple of Machind fort built by Visal, near [[Kumbhalgarh]]. In Vikram Samvat 1495, he consecrated the Mahavira-prasada temple at [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]]. He consecrated the first storey of [[Ranakpur Jain temple|Ranakpur temple]], which was constructed by Dharanashah in Vikram Samvat 1498.{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=52}} The consecration ceremony is described by poet Meha's ''Raningpura Stavana.'' He died of old age in Vikram Samvat 1499 at [[Ranakpur]] where he was cremated.{{snf|Joshi|2002|p=19}}{{snf|Somani|1995|p=153}}{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=52-53}}{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=53}}

==Literary works==
Somsundar Suri had written in Sanskrit, Prakrit and [[Old Gujarati|Gujarati]].{{snf|Joshi|2002|pp=29-31}}{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=52-53}}

He authored a number of texts, including ''Bhashya-traya Churni'', ''Kalyanaka Stavana–Ratna Kosha'', ''Upadesha Balavabodha'', ''Yoga Shastra Balavabodha'', and ''Bhashya-traya Avachurni'', among others. The ''Upadesha Balavabodha'' is a practical guidance on conduct and social manners. To explain difficult or subtle religious ideas, he often relied on brief illustrative stories.{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=53}}

Another notable text, ''Yoga Shastra Balavabodha'', explores classical yogic thought, including the doctrine of the five [[Five Vows|Mahavratas]] along with various related themes. He often chose regional languages for his compositions.{{snf|Somani|1994|pp=53}}

===Sanskrit===
* ''Adinath Stotra (Abumandan)''
* ''Rishabhajina-stavan''
* ''Girnar-stotra''
* ''Jina-kalyan stuti – Vartikadi''
* ''Jina-kalyan stuti – Masanukramen''
* ''Navkhand Parshvanath stavah Avachurni''
* ''Nemijina-stava (Girnar-mandan)''
* ''Yugadideva-stava''
* ''Saptatishata-jina-stuti''
* ''Sadharan Jina Kalyanak Panchak Stavan''
* ''Stambhanak Parshvanath Panchvishatika''
* ''Simandhar Jina-stavan–Bhashashtakamayah Avachurisah''
* ''Yushmadasmad-rupagarbhit Ashtadasha-jina-stavah Avachuri Sah Panchapath''
* ''Chaityavandanadi Bhashyatracha Avachunri''
* ''Devavandanadi Bhashyatracha Avachunri''
* ''Uttam Charitra Narendra-katha Padya''
* ''Rishabhastava Arbuda-chalastha''
* ''Diksha-kalyanak-stava''
* ''Yatijit Kalparatna-kosha''
* ''Atura Pratyakhyan–Avachurni''
* Sanskrit ''Avachuri'' on Prakrit work ''Chatusharan-payanana''
* ''Ranpur-simayan Mahaprasade Chaturvishati Jina-stuti''
* ''Chyavan-kalyanak-stava''
* ''Janma-kalyanak-stava''
* ''Jina-kalyanak Pancha-stavan''
* ''Gyan-kalyanak-stavan''

===Prakrit===

* ''Aradhana-ras''
* Last five Prakrit stanzas of ''Neminath-kavya''
===Gujarati===

* ''Updeshmala–Balavabodh''
* ''Navatattva-prakaran–Balavabodh''
* ''Shraddha-pratikraman-sutra–Padavashyak-vandita Sutrakatha''
* ''Anek Vichar''
* ''Pashthishatak Balavabodh''
* ''Vichar-sangrah Balavabodh''
* ''Vichar-balavabodh''
* ''Yog-shastra-vartik Balavabodh''
* ''Shadavashyak Balavabodh''
* ''Aradhana-pataka–Balavabodha''
* ''Neminath-stavan''
* ''Neminath Samavasaran Stavan''
* ''Neminath-stavan: Swamano Vigyaptirup''
* ''Rangsagar Nemijina Fag'' (Sanskrit [[shloka]], Prakrit [[Kāvya|kavya]], Gujarati [[fagu]])
* ''Shri Shatrunjay Shri Adinath-stavan''
* ''Neminath Fag''
* ''Nandishwardvip Prasad Vichar Sthapana Sah''
* ''Goyampuchchha (Gautamaprucchhha) Balavabodh''

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Dr. Dipti H.|title=Jainkavi Acharyashree Somsundarsoori|date=July 2002|publisher=D. H. Joshi with [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]|edition=1|language=gu|script-title=gu:જૈનકવિ આચાર્યશ્રી સોમસુંદરસૂરિ|pages=11–31}}
* {{cite journal|last=Somani|first=Ramvallabh|title=Somsundar Suri of Tapa Gaccha|volume=XXIX|date=October 1994|pages=52–56|journal=Jain Journal|publisher=Jain Bhawan|issn=0021-4043|location=Kolkata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWdRAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ramvallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rztuAAAAMAAJ&q=somsundar+suri |title=Maharana Kumbha and His Times: A Glorious Hindu King |date=1995 |publisher=Jaipur Publishing House |pages=153 |language=en}}
{{ref end}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:1373 births]]
[[Category:1442 deaths]]
[[Category:Jain monks]]
[[Category:People from Banaskantha district]]

Nashik Phata metro station

2025-12-19T17:47:46Z

AracelyIqbal: New New Post Needs Work...

{{short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line metro station in Pimpri-Chinchwad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nashik Phata
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Exterior of Nashik Phata metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Kasarwadi]], [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], [[Maharashtra]] 411026
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6094|73.8201|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] Platform-2 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = BHO
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Purple|left=Sant Tukaram Nagar|right=Kasarwadi|to-right=Swargate}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Nashik Phata''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 as an inauguration of Pune Metro.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|website=Zee News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> From March 2022 to July 2023, the Purple Line operated between PCMC Bhavan and [[Phugewadi metro station|Phugewadi]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandya |first1=Naomi |date=6 March 2022 |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about |work=Urban Transport News |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> but from 1 August 2023 the section between Phugewadi and [[Civil Court metro station]] came into use, so trains ran from PCMC Bhavan to Civil Court.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It’s official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2023-08-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On 29 September 2024, the launch of Pune Metro Phase I was completed and the Purple Line was fully operational from PCMC to Swargate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-28 |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Nashik Phata track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Sant Tukaram Nagar}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Kasarwadi}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kasarwadi metro station|Kasarwadi]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] '''Next Station:''' [[Sant Tukaram Nagar metro station|Sant Tukaram Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/bhosari/}}
{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Bombay Cyclone of 1882 (hoax)

2025-11-05T16:47:49Z

AracelyIqbal: added a data

{{Short description|Hoax}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Image taken from page 52 of 'The Land of Temples (India)' (11152933973).jpg|thumb|Engraving of Bombay Harbour published in 1882.]]
The so-called '''Bombay Cyclone of 1882''' or '''Great Bombay Cyclone''' is a [[hoax]] (or otherwise fictitious) historical event. Supposedly, the [[cyclone]] struck [[Bombay]] on 6 June 1882. Though it is widely reported, even in scientific literature, historical research shows that it did not in fact happen.

==Example accounts of the supposed event==
Reportedly, the earliest mention of the supposed cyclone so far discovered by researchers is in an article entitled "Hurricane second only to tornado in wind violence" by M. Hall in the American newspaper ''[[The Nashua Telegraph]]'' published on 17 September 1947, followed by a piece by one B. Chester, "Earthquakes, tidal waves cause historic disasters" from ''[[Evening Independent|The Evening Independent]]'' of 31 March 1964.<ref name=myth>P. Mukhopadhyay and M. Mahakur, '[http://www.oceansociety.in/newsletter/oceandigest_2015v2i4.pdf The Myth Regarding the "Great Bombay Cyclone" of 6 June 1882] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903090407/http://www.oceansociety.in/newsletter/oceandigest_2015v2i4.pdf |date=3 September 2021 }}', ''Ocean Digest: Quarterly Newsletter of the Ocean Society of India'', 2.4 (December 2015), p. 7.</ref><ref name=":0" />{{rp|2358}}

The cyclone is mentioned in academic literature from at least 1976.<ref>C. L. Mantell and A. M. Mantell, ''Our Fragile Water Planet: An Introduction to the Earth Sciences'' (New York: Springer, 1976), p. 94 (no source cited).</ref> An entry in the 2008 edition of the ''Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones'' by David Longshore states:
<blockquote>'''The Great Bombay Cyclone of June 6, 1882:''' One of few truly great Indian cyclones to have formed over the Arabian Sea, the Great Bombay Cyclone—engorged with 110-MPH (177-km/h) winds and an 18-foot (6-m) surge—reportedly claimed more than 100,000 lives when it came ashore at Bombay right before daybreak.<ref>David Longshore, ''Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones'', new edn (New York: Facts on File, 2008), p. 258 (no source cited).</ref></blockquote>
A 2014 academic article claims that "the deadliest [[storm surge]] of Arabian sea was Great Bombay Cyclone, took place in 1882 causing 100,000 {{sic|causalities}}. It is one of ten deadliest tropical cyclones of the known history of the world."<ref>A. S. Rana, Q. Zaman, M. Afzal, M . A. Haroon, '[https://www.pmd.gov.pk/rnd/rndweb/rnd_new/journal/vol11_issue21_files/6.pdf Characteristics of Sea Surface Temperature of the Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan and Impact of Tropical Cyclones on SST]', ''Pakistan Journal of Meteorology'' 11.21 (July 2014), 61-70 (p. 62), citing H. K. Yusuf, S. Dasgupta, and M. H. Khan, 'August Climate Change: An Emerging Threat To Agriculture and Food Security in Bangladesh', in ''International Symposium on Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh'' (2008), pp. 25-30. If this is substantially the same paper as the almost identically-titled slides at https://web.archive.org/web/20121002172713/http://www.wamis.org/agm/meetings/rsama08/Bari101-Yusuf-Climate-Change.pdf (slide 20), then Yusuf et al.'s source was [https://archive.today/20061210034809/http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc.php] (link now dead), but the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080328045433/http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil:80/jtwc.php March 2008 version of the page] at archive.org does not contain the relevant data.</ref> Another account, published in 2017, says that
<blockquote>the city of Bombay was all but destroyed by a monster cyclone that slammed into the Maharashtra region on June 6th 1882. This was one of the few great storms to emerge from the Arabian Sea. The super storm covered an enormous area as it came ashore at dawn bringing with it 110 mile per hour winds and an 18 foot tidal surge that inundated much of the region around Bombay ... The resultant winds, flooding and damage to buildings killed more the 100,000 people.<ref>Paul W Simpson, ''Star of Greece'' (Adelaide: Clippership Press, 2017), p. 91.</ref></blockquote>
It appears in other academic literature besides: some further examples are referenced here.<ref>Richard Anthes, ''Tropical Cyclones: Their Evolution, Structure and Effects'' (Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1982), p. 4 (table 1.2), citing R. L. Southern, '[https://www.bom.gov.au/jshess/docs/1979/southern.pdf The Global Socio-Economic Impact of Tropical Cyclones]', ''Australian Meteorological Magazine'', 27 (1979), 175–95 (no page reference cited, but the relevant page is Table 3, p. 178; Southern's citation for his table simply says 'from various sources').</ref><ref>Kerry Emanuel, ''Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 264 (no source cited).</ref><ref>Shubhendu S. Shukla, '[https://www.ijser.in/archives/v1i1/MDMxMzA5MTE=.pdf Disaster Management: "Managing the Risk of Environmental Calamity"]', ''International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research (IJSER)'', 1.1 (September 2013), 1-18 (p. 14; no source cited).</ref> As of December 2015, research noted, it was also reported as fact in Wikipedia<ref name=myth/> (a 2019 study also made the same claim).<ref name=":0">Adam H. Sobel and others, '[https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0419.1 Tropical Cyclone Hazard to Mumbai in the Recent Historical Climate]', ''Monthly Weather Review'' (July 2019), 2355-66; {{doi|10.1175/MWR-D-18-0419.1}}.</ref>{{rp|2357}}

==Debunking of the story==
[[File:BAXTER (1882) Bombay, view from Cumballa Hill.jpg|thumb|View of Bombay from [[Cumballa Hill]] published in 1882.]]
Research into newspapers, meteorological records, and weather reports shows no contemporary record of the event.<ref name=myth/><ref>Adam Sobel, '[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=ALL-AT-SEA-WHAT-MUMBAI-NEEDS-TO-LEARN-02122015014034 All at Sea: What Mumbai Needs to Learn from Superstorm Sandy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622233646/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=ALL-AT-SEA-WHAT-MUMBAI-NEEDS-TO-LEARN-02122015014034 |date=2019-06-22 }}', ''The Times of India (Delhi)'' (2 December 2015).</ref><ref>[[Amitav Ghosh]], ''[[The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable]]'' (London: Penguin, 2016), chapter 10.</ref><ref name=":0" /> If a storm of anything like the reported magnitude had happened, then it would have killed about an eighth of Bombay's population, and would have been widely reported. There does appear to have been a storm with heavy rain and strong winds on 4 June 1882, but it does not answer to descriptions of the supposed cyclone of 6 June. Bombay's biggest cyclone event of the nineteenth century in fact appears to have been the [[Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons#Late 19th century|cyclone of 1854]], when "'property valued at half-a-million pounds sterling' was destroyed in four hours and a thousand people were killed".<ref>Amitav Ghosh, ''[[The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable]]'' (London: Penguin, 2016), chapter 10, citing [Stephen Meredith Edwardes], ''The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island'', 3 vols (Bombay: The Times Press, 1909), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55898 I] 99.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century hoaxes]] 
[[Category:Hoaxes in India]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in science]]
[[Category:Fictional history]]

Bahula

2025-10-29T11:42:20Z

AracelyIqbal: fixed issues

{{for|the Shakti peeth in the Ketugram|Bahula Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahula
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.657419|N|87.195974|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.59
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17,510
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713322
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bahula''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Durgapur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=430| height=350| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|39|20|N|87|15|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and ECL Areas in the northern portion of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural administrative centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|44|4|N|87|14|22|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kendra Khottamdi | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Kendra Khottamdi]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|40|N|87|16|28|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Ichhapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Ichhapur, Paschim Bardhaman|Ichhapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|38|6|N|87|16|3|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Sarpi| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Sarpi, Paschim Bardhaman|Sarpi]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|39|49|N|87|18|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nabaghanapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nabaghanapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|41|5|N|87|18|6|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sirsha| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|42|44|N|87|19|26|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Banagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Banagram, Paschim Bardhaman|Banagram]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|10|N|87|18|37|E}} | label-pos7=bottom|label7= Mandarbani| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Mandarbani]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|11|20|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bahula| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=Bahula (CT)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|25|N|87|11|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chhora| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chhora]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|41|10|N|87|11|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Haripur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|40|15|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Sankarpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|40|47|N|87|14|41|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nabgram| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Nabgram]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|40|40|N|87|15|53|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Konardihi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Konardihi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|35|N|87|17|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Mahal| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Mahal, Paschim Bardhaman|Mahal]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|43|12|N|87|16|42|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Baidyanathpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Baidyanathpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Baidyanathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|42|49|N|87|15|13|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Dalurband| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dalurband]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|43|40|N|87|15|45|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramnagar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Ramnagar, Pandaveswar|Ramnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|14|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bilpahari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Bilpahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|38|35|N|87|15|40|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Chak Bankola| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Chak Bankola]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|38|29|N|87|11|22|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Parashkol| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Parashkol]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=ECL Kenda |labela21= Area Office |numbered21=0| mark-title21=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|43|39|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos22= right|label22=ECL Pandaveswar Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=[[Pandaveswar Area|ECL Pandaveswar Area Office]] (A)|shape-color22=#AA6666| label-size22=12
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|39|49|N|87|14|13|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=ECL Bankola|labela23= Area Office | numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Bankola Area|ECL Bankola Area Office]] (A)|shape-color23= #AA6666|label-size23=12
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|40|21|N|87|17|16|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Jhanjhra Area Office | numbered24=0| mark-title24=[[Jhanjra|ECL Jhanjhra Area Office]] (A)|shape-color24=#AA6666| label-size24=12
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|50|N|87|10|50|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL |labela25= Sonpur Bazari|labelb25 = Area Office | numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Sonpur Bazari|ECL Sonpur Bazari Area Office]] (A)|shape-color25=#AA6666| label-size25=12
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|16|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Durgapur | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|39|25|N|87|18|27|E}} | label-pos27=right|label-color27=#C42222| label27= Laudoha | numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Laudoha]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|25|N|87|16|18|E}} | label-pos28=left|label-color28=#C42222| label28= Pandabeswar | numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Pandabeswar]] (R)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|17|33|E}} | label-pos29=right|label-color29=#C42222| label29= Tilaboni | numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Tilaboni]] (R)|shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|15|55|E}} | label-pos30=left|label-color30=#C42222| label30= Shyamsundarpur | numbered30=R| mark-title30=[[Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|42|15|N|87|20|48|E}} | label-pos31=right|label-color31=#C42222| label31= Madhaipur | numbered31=R| mark-title31=[[Madhaipur]] (R)|shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23.75125|87.16556}}| label32=Ajay River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=0| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|23.554889|87.166754}}| label33=Damodar River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=20| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none}}

===Location===
Bahula is located at {{Coord|23.657419|N|87.195974|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

The Asansol-Durgapur region is composed of undulating [[laterite]] soil. This area lies between two mighty rivers – the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and the [[Ajay River|Ajay]]. They flow almost parallel to each other in the region – the average distance between the two rivers is around 30 km. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp 14-15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

[[Konardihi]], [[Nabgram]], [[Chak Bankola]], [[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]], [[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]], Bahula, [[Chhora]] and [[Parashkol]] form a cluster of census towns in the southern portion of Pandabeswar CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Series 20, Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work= Map of Pandabeswar CD Block, page 243| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 September 2018}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of the Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. The Durgapur subdivision has 1 municipal corporation at [[Durgapur]] and 38 (+1 partly) [[census town]]s (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 September 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bahula had a total population of 17,510, of which 9,095 (52%) were males and 8,415 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,202. The total number of literate persons in Bahula was 11,445 (74.76% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Pandabeswar (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bahula had a population of 16,264. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Bahula has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 64% of the males and 36% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Bahula covered an area of 3.59 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water-supply involved service reservoir, tap water from treated sources. It had 1,472 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 5 primary schools, 2 middleschools, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school. Among the important commodities it produced were coal, paddy and cement.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
This is a [[coal mining|Coal Mining]] area. Bahula is part of [[Kenda Area]] of Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of [[Coal India Limited]]. The area has been facing the problem of land subsidence.<ref>[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses2/0320129103.htm Parliament Questions]</ref> There are some engineering workshops at Bahula.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p 364</ref>

According to the ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the [[Kenda Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] in 2018 are: Bahula Colliery, Chora Block Incline, CI Jambad Colliery, Chora OCP, Haripur Colliery, Lower Kenda Colliery, New Kenda Colliery, Siduli Colliery, SK OCP and West Kenda OCP.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/kajora.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work = Kajora Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
Bahula has three primary and one higher secondary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

Bahula Sashi Smriti High School is a co-educational higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Burdwan_school_list.php?page=4& | title = West Bengal Cuncil of Higher Secondary Education | work = Exam Venue | publisher = WBCHSE | access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The Regional Hospital of [[Eastern Coalfields]] is located at Bahula.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | title = Eastern Coalfields Limited's Hospitals | publisher = ECL | access-date = 23 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153142/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Medical facilities (hospital/ dispensary) in the Kenda Area of ECL are available at Chhora Regional Hospital (with 30 beds) (PO Bahula), New Kenda (PO New Kenda), Lower Kenda (PO Haripur), Bahula (PO Bahula), CI Jambad (PO Bahula), Siduli (PO Siduli), Haripur (PO Haripur), CBI (PO Haripur), Chora Group pits (PO Haripur) ).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrxiDIKi8Be4hgAXS67HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTByYmpmZjA4BGNvbG8Dc2czBHBvcwMzBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1589705610/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.coalindia.in%2fDesktopModules%2fDocumentList%2fdocuments%2fDetails_of_Medical_Facility_in_CIL_and_its_Subsidiaries_05032018.xlsx/RK=2/RS=G5Llg8vcadCbsl1BI.JMH0rETxA- | title = Details of medical facilities in CIL and its subsidiaries | work = ECL | publisher = CIL | access-date = 15 May 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Gazzi cloth

2025-10-13T20:55:02Z

AracelyIqbal: added a details - done

{{Short description|Native handloom cotton variety of Punjab}}
'''Gazzi cloth''' was an old handloom cloth; it was among indigenous coarse cotton varieties from [[Punjab]].

== Texture ==
Gazzi was categorized as coarse cotton cloth similar to [[Longcloth|''ghatti'']]'', garha'', [[Sussi (cloth)|''sussi'']], and ''dosuti'', but it was thinner than ''eksuti'' and ''[[dosuti]]'' but inferior than ''garha''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Baden-Powell|first=Baden Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnAIAAAAQAAJ|title=Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab: With a Combined Index and Glossary of Technical Vernacular Words|date=1872|publisher=Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press|pages=4|language=en}}</ref>

== Production and use ==
The Punjab region was famous for the production of many coarse cotton textiles produced with local short staple cotton.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ThQAQAAIAAJ|title=Indian Information|date=1941|publisher=Bureau of the public information of the government of India.|pages=274|language=en}}</ref> The Gazzi manufacturing was noted in many Punjab towns such as Jallandhar, Ambala, Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Delhi, Gujranwala, Lahore, etc. It was suitable material for the clothes of poor to common people.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Parshad|first=Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_nsAAAAMAAJ|title=Industrial Development in Northern India: A Study of Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, 1858-1918|date=2007|publisher=National Book Organisation|isbn=978-81-87521-20-4|pages=50|language=en}}</ref>

== Export ==
Gazzi was among export cloths exported from the Punjab region. Remarkable quantities were exported to [[Afghanistan]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=agric|first=Punjab dept of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKUIAAAAQAAJ&q=gazzi+cloth&pg=PA11|title=Statement showing estimate extent of cotton cultivation|date=1871|pages=11|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dosuti]]
* [[Longcloth|Gatti]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{fabric}}

[[Category:Woven fabrics]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Pakistan]]

{{Textile-arts-stub}}

2017–18 Mohun Bagan FC season

2025-08-30T05:09:50Z

AracelyIqbal: Started First Details And Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| season = [[2017–18 in Indian football|2017–18]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Sanjoy Sen]] (until 2 January 2018) [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]] (from 3 January 2018)
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = [[Swapan Sadhan Bose]]
| stadium = {{nowrap|[[Mohun Bagan Ground]]}} {{nowrap|[[Salt Lake Stadium]]}}
| league = {{nowrap|[[I-League]]}}
| league result = '''[[2017–18 I-League|3rd]]'''
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''[[2017 CFL Premier Division|Runners-up]]'''
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''[[2018 Indian Super Cup|Semi-finalist]]'''
| cup2 =
| cup2 result =
| league topscorer = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] (17 goals)
| season topscorer =
| highest attendance = 64,360
| lowest attendance = 5,384
| average attendance = 17,258
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _mbhome_1415
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _mbh18
| pattern_so1 = _mbhome_1516
| leftarm1 = 91191B
| body1 =
| rightarm1 = 91191B
| shorts1 =
| socks1 = 91191B
| pattern_la2 = _claretborder
| pattern_b2 = _mba18
| pattern_ra2 = _claretborder
| pattern_sh2 = _redsides
| pattern_so2 = _mbaway_1213
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| prevseason = [[2016–17 Mohun Bagan FC season|2016–17]]
| nextseason = [[2018–19 Mohun Bagan FC season|2018–19]]
}}

The '''2017–18 Mohun Bagan FC season''' was the club's 11th season in [[I-League]] and 128th season since its establishment in 1889. They finished 3rd in the [[2017–18 I-League|I-League]] and runners-up in the [[2017 CFL Premier Division|Calcutta Football League]]. Mohun Bagan reached the semifinals of the [[2018 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]] where they were defeated by [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].

[[Sanjoy Sen]] resigned as the coach of Mohun Bagan on 2 January 2018 following three home draws and a defeat against [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] placing the team in 4th position, virtually ending their title hopes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/indian-i-league/story/3333219/sanjoy-sen-steps-down-as-mohun-bagan-coach|title='I did not have the mentality to continue' - Sanjoy Sen|date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Shankarlal Chakraborthy was appointed as head coach for the remainder of the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/i-league-2017-18-mohun-bagan-shankarlal-chakraborty-head/lkvimbmt5azf1d6wz1z6ukkd1|title=I-LEAGUE 2017-18: MOHUN BAGAN APPOINT SHANKARLAL CHAKRABORTY AS HEAD COACH|date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

Their title hopes however did stay intact till the last fixture of the season where they could have won the title had other results gone in their favour, but it was not to be and [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]] ultimately clinched the title. Despite a midseason coaching change and injuries to key players like [[Sony Norde]] and [[Yuta Kinowaki]] during the 2017–18 season, they won both the home and away fixtures against arch-rivals [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]].

==Sponsor==
As of 3 December 2017
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Sponsors Type
! Sponsor's Name
|-
| Sponsor
|
|-
| Co-Sponsor
| [[M.P Birla Group|M.P Birla Cement]], [[Nilkamal Plastics|Nilkamal]], Floral, Ripley
|-
| Kit Sponsor
| Shiv Naresh
|}

{{clear}}

==Players==

===Current squad===
{{updated|March 2018.}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sankar Roy}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Debabrata Roy]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=NGA|pos=DF|name=[[Kingsley Obumneme]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Kingshuk Debnath]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Ricky Lallawmawma]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Chesterpoul Lyngdoh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=CMR|pos=FW|name=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=NEP|pos=FW|name=[[Bimal Gharti Magar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=JPN|pos=MF|name=[[Yuta Kinowaki]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=LIB|pos=DF|name=[[Akram Moghrabi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Arijit Bagui}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Rana Gharami]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Surchandra Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Naro Hari Shrestha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=AUS|pos=MF|name=[[Cameron Watson (footballer)|Cameron Watson]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Shilton Paul]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Nikhil Kadam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Bikramjeet Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Shilton D'Silva]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Pintu Mahata]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Gurjinder Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Raynier Fernandes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Soram Anganba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Azharuddin Mallick]]}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dipendu Dowary}}
{{Fs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Beikhokhei Beingaichho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Manandeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sheikh Faiaz]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Competitions==

===Calcutta Football League===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=13 September 2017
|source=[https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/calcutta-premier-division/20162017/regular-season/r38191/ Soccerway]
|showteam = MOH

|team1=KEB|team2=MOH |team3=MSC |team4=PRL |team5=TOL |team6=CCU |team7=RAC
|team8=PAT |team9=SOU |team10=RAI
|result1=C |result8= |result9=R |result10=R |


|win_CCU=3 |draw_CCU=3 |loss_CCU=3 |gf_CCU=6|ga_CCU=7|status_CCU= 
|win_KEB=7 |draw_KEB=2 |loss_KEB=0 |gf_KEB=26 |ga_KEB=5|status_KEB=C 
|win_MOH=7 |draw_MOH=2 |loss_MOH=0 |gf_MOH=20|ga_MOH=5|status_MOH= 
|win_MSC=5|draw_MSC=2 |loss_MSC=2 |gf_MSC=28|ga_MSC=14 |status_MSC= 
|win_PAT=3 |draw_PAT=1 |loss_PAT=5 |gf_PAT=16 |ga_PAT=12|status_PAT= 
|win_PRL=5|draw_PRL=0 |loss_PRL=4 |gf_PRL=7|ga_PRL=10|status_PRL= 
|win_RAI=1 |draw_RAI=0 |loss_RAI=8 |gf_RAI=0|ga_RAI=21|status_RAI= R 
|win_RAC=3 |draw_RAC=2 |loss_RAC=4 |gf_RAC=9|ga_RAC=13|status_RAC= 
|win_SOU=0 |draw_SOU=1 |loss_SOU=3 |gf_SOU=0|ga_SOU=9 |status_SOU= R 
|win_TOL=4 |draw_TOL=1 |loss_TOL=4 |gf_TOL=5|ga_TOL=13|status_TOL= 


|name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|name_KEB=[[East Bengal]]
|name_MOH=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_PAT=Pathachakra
|name_PRL=[[Peerless SC]]1
|name_RAI=Railway1
|name_RAC=[[Rainbow AC|NBP Rainbow AC]]1
|name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_TOL=[[Tollygunge Agragami]]1

|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Champion
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to [[2018 CFL Premier Division#Premier Division B|Premier Division B]]
}}

Note: 1=These teams got walkover against [[Southern Samity]] and they got 3 point each.

{{football box collapsible
|date = 14 August 2017
|round = 1
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-southern-samity-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017
|team2 = Southern Samity
|goals1 = [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal| 52}} Azharuddin Mullick {{goal|70}} Shilton D'silva {{goal| 84}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 August 2017
|round = 2
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/india/news/cfl-2017-mohun-bagan-3-0-railway-fc-second-consecutive-for-the-green-and-maroon/15xpc1xxtjonv13cfd2p0q23fb
|team2 = Railway FC
|goals1 = Chesterpaul Lyngdoh {{goal|63}} Kamo Bayi {{goal|79}} Shilton D'silva {{goal| 90+3}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 21 August 2017
|round = 3
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 5–2
|report = [https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-patha-chakra-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017/ Sportskeeda] [https://www.flashscore.in/match/football/p8jMBKcs/#/match-summary/ Flashscore]
|team2 = [[Pathachakra Club|Pathachakra]]
|goals1 = Kamo Bayi {{goal|24||42||62||89}} [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal| 58}}
|goals2 = Nadong Bhutia {{goal|15}} Joel Ayeni {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 27 August 2017
|round = 4
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://www.flashscore.in/match/football/0CpFCV72/#/match-summary/Flashscore] [https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-calcutta-customs-club-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017/ Sportskeeda]
|team2 = [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|goals1 = Kamo Bayi {{goal|32}} [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal| 51}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 3 September 2017
|round = 5
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = [https://www.flashscore.in/match/football/0zT13RUl/#/match-summary/Flashscore] [https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-tollygunge-agragami-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017/ Sportskeeda]
|team2 = Tollygunge Agragami
|goals1 = [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal| 16}} Nikhil Kadam {{goal|81}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 6 September 2017
|round = 6
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|team2 = Rainbow AC
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://www.flashscore.in/match/football/dlsb8iGN/#/match-summary/ Flashscore] [https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-rainbow-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017/ Sportskeeda]
|goals1 = [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|59}}
|goals2 = Suraj Mahato {{goal|30}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = D
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 11 September 2017
|round = 7
|time = 14:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|team2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-mohammedan-sporting-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017
|goals1 = Azharuddin Mullick {{goal|37||90+1}}
|goals2 = SK Faiz {{goal|21}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date = 18 September 2017
|round = 8
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|team2 = [[Peerless Group|Peerless SC]]
|score = 2–1
|goals1 = Kadam Nikhil {{goal|33}} Kamo Bayi {{goal|62|pen}}
|goals2 = Leonce Dodoz {{goal|37}}
|report = [https://www.flashscore.in/match/football/G4xYKUaT/#/match-summary/ Flashscore] [https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/mohun-bagan-vs-peerless-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017/ Sportskeeda]
|stadium = [[Barasat Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|result = W
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 9
|date = {{Start date|2025|09|24|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC]]
|score = 2–2
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = Lalramchullova {{goal|43}} Al Amnah M. {{goal|65|pen}}
|goals2 = Azharuddin Mallick {{goal|2}} [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|47|pen}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]]
|report = [https://www.flashscore.in/match/football/M55fxWU3/#/match-summary/ Flashscore] [https://www.sportskeeda.com/live/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby-live-score-and-commentary-cfl-2017/ Sportskeeda]
|result = D
}}

===I-League===
{{Main|2017–18 I-League}}

====Table====
{{:2017–18 I-League|showteam=MB}}

====Results by round====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round

|label1= Ground
| res1=A /H /H /H /H /H /H /H /H /A /A /A /A /H /A /A /A /A
|label2= Result
| res2=D /W /W /D /D /D /L /W /L /W /D /W /D /L /W /W /W /D
|label3= Position
| res3=6 /3 /1 /2 /3 /4 /4 /3 /4 /4 /4 /3 /4 /4 /4 /4 /3 /3

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_18-=red1

|source=
|date=December 2017
|updated=8 March 2018
}}

====Fixtures & results====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=25 November 2017
|round=1
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|score= 1–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/minerva-punjab-v-mohun-bagan/report/bj5hgwjt2tlzofaz3sue3xhm2
|team2=Mohun Bagan
|goals1= [[Moinuddin Khan (footballer)|Moinuddin]]{{goal|89}}
|goals2= [[Sony Norde]] {{goal|43}} [[Gurjinder Kumar]] {{yel|55}}
|stadium=[[Guru Nanak Stadium]]
|location=[[Ludhiana]]
|attendance=5,995
|referee= Umesh Bora
|result=D
|motm=[[Sony Norde]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=3 December 2017
|round=2
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Mohun Bagan
|score=1–0
|report =[http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-east-bengal/report/bkbspzbue4fadrghglyzgj9ey Report]
|team2=[[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{yel|34}} [[Kingsley Obumneme]]{{goal|39}} [[Ricky Lallawmawma]] {{yel|45}}
|goals2=Mehtab Singh {{yel|14}} [[Gurwinder Singh]] {{yel|37}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=64360
|referee=[[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result=W
|motm=[[Kingsley Obumneme]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=10 December 2017
|round=3
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Mohun Bagan
|score=5–0
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-churchill-brothers/report/bleopx1uldqj3heyokqi9njai
|team2=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=[[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|23}} [[Shilton D'Silva]] {{yel|27}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|34||46}} Sk.Faiaz {{goal|49}} [[Sony Norde]] {{goal|84}}
|goals2=Karthik Govindswamy {{yel|21}} [[Precious Emuejeraye]] {{yel|26}} Denchandra Meitei {{yel|68}} [[Peter Omoduemuke]] {{yel|89}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 11,894
|referee=Venkatesh R
|result=W
|motm=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=14 December 2017
|round=4
|time= 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Mohun Bagan
|score=1–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-shillong-lajong/bm2ic92sk5rnqwktkebzqx5yi
|team2=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1=[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|12|pen}} [[Shilton D'Silva]] {{yel|43}} [[Kingsley Obumneme]]{{sent off|2|55|73}}
|goals2=Rakesh Pradhan {{yel|12}} [[Daniel Odafin]] {{yel|35}} [[Hardy Nongbri]] {{yel|54}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] {{goal|72|pen}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 9,882
|referee=Rabichandra Singh Irengbam
|result=D
|motm=Sheikh Faiaz (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=19 December 2017
|round=5
|time= 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Mohun Bagan
|score=0–0
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-neroca/report/bn0d7lxhl4fz9dn0ld7mhv1ii
|team2=[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|goals1=
|goals2=Ngasepam Tondonba {{yel|90+4}}
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance= 7,722
|referee=Rowan Arumugham
|result=D
|motm=Rana Gharami (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 6
|date = 29 December 2017
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-indian-arrows/bpbvk74j661nr4esk2pa2ta3u
|team2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|goals1 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|27|pen}} [[Manandeep Singh]] {{yel|71}}
|goals2 = [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]] {{yel|6}} [[Rahul Praveen]] {{goal|33}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]] {{sent off|2|50|65}} [[Jitendra Singh (footballer)|Jitendra Singh]] {{yel|90}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 14,718
|referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
|result = D
|motm = [[Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem|D Singh]] (Indian Arrows)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 7
|date = 2 January 2018
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-chennai-city/report/bpyr77xet8ss6etgsw3tny6wa
|team2 = [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1 = [[Ansumana Kromah]] {{goal|36|pen}} [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]] {{yel|57}} [[Nikhil Kadam]] {{yel|76}} [[Manandeep Singh]] {{yel|82}}
|goals2 = [[Jean-Michel Joachim]] {{goal|5}} [[Michael Soosairaj]] {{yel|62}} [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul]] {{yel|62}} [[Venyamin Shumeyko]] {{goal|71}} Tarif Akhand {{yel|76}}
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 18,316
|referee = Santhosh Kumar Bhaskaran
|result = L
|motm = [[Murilo de Almeida]] (Chennai City FC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 8
|date = 7 January 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 2–0
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/resurgent-mohun-bagan-sanjoy-sen-cameron-watson/y152b0xbz05o1le2v33cbydvq
|team2 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|goals1 = [[Ricky Lallawmawma]] {{yel|19}} [[Masih Saighani]] {{goal|54|o.g.}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|75}} [[Kingsley Obumneme]] {{yel|81}} [[Raynier Fernandes]] {{yel|81}}
|goals2 = [[William Lalnunfela]] {{yel|40}} [[Kareem Omolaja]] {{yel|49}} [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]] {{yel|88}} Lalramhmunmawia {{yel|90+1}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 5,785
|referee = Ajitkumar Meitei Lairenlakpam
|result = W
|motm = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 9
|date = 10 January 2018
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-minerva-punjab/report/brf5fpvwa6voukltr75kooq5m
|team2 = [[Minerva Punjab FC|Minerva Punjab]]
|goals1 = [[Kingshuk Debnath]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Cameron Watson (footballer)|Cameron Watson]] {{yel|75}} [[Kingsley Obumneme]] {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 = [[Chencho Gyeltshen]] {{goal|23||30}} [[Kassim Aidara]] {{yel|26}} [[William Opoku]] {{yel|45+1}} [[Rakshit Dagar]] {{yel|90+5}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 5,384
|referee = Umesh Bora
|result = L
|motm = [[Chencho Gyeltshen]] (Minerva Punjab FC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 10
|date = 21 January 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 0–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/east-bengal-v-mohun-bagan/report/brwxuxb2tk86ao7a9r6euzz3e
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = Armand Bazzie {{yel|18}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|2||35}} [[Kingshuk Debnath]] {{yel|17}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 52,951
|referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
|result = W
|motm = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 11
|date = 25 January 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
|score = 1–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/aizawl-v-mohun-bagan/buivle5na6zhctwqdj4mgaezu
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Yugo Kobayashi]] {{yel|1}} [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring]] {{goal|73}} C Lalrosanga {{yel|85}} [[Alfred Jaryan]] {{sentoff|0|89}}
|goals2 = [[Manandeep Singh]] {{yel|56}}{{goal|77|pen.}} [[Raynier Fernandes]] {{yel|85}}
|stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)]]
|location = [[Aizawl]]
|attendance = 3,272
|referee = Senthil Nathan
|result = D
|motm = Leonce Dodoz Zikahi (Aizawl FC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 12
|date = 3 February 2018
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score = 0–3
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/shillong-lajong-v-mohun-bagan/report/bvr0u2d59xqc318fk1bgj91ey
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|30}} [[Akram Moghrabi]] {{goal|86}} [[Sheikh Faiaz]] {{goal|89}} Arijit Bagui {{yel|90+1}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)]]
|location = [[Shillong]]
|attendance = 4,700
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result = W
|motm = [[Akram Moghrabi]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 13
|date = 7 February 2018
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/chennai-city-v-mohun-bagan/report/bwsx53j1or5ju069q83f1788a
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = Tarif Akhand {{yel|39}} [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul]] {{sentoff|2|81|84}} Kabir Thaufiq {{yel|90+9}}
|goals2 = [[Kingsley Obumneme]] {{yel|47}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)]]
|location = [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance = 7,680
|referee = Akash Jackson Routh
|result = D
|motm = [[Jean-Michel Joachim]] (Chennai City FC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 14
|date = 12 February 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Mohun Bagan
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/mohun-bagan-v-gokulam/report/bxouxhbcahw8hlpnzjv0keh62
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1 = [[Nikhil Kadam]] {{yel|16}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{yel|73}}{{goal|78}}
|goals2 = [[Mahmood Al-Ajmi]] {{goal|76}} [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 4,360
|referee = R Palmson Moses Raj
|result = L
|motm = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 15
|date = 18 February 2018
|time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|score = 2–3
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/neroca-v-mohun-bagan/report/bytxzbbqt0zmank9njue1lk6i
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Subhash Singh]] {{goal|16}} [[Felix Chidi Odili]] {{goal|24}} [[Varney Kallon]] {{yel|33}} [[Aryn Williams]] {{yel|58}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|21|pen.|30}} [[Akram Moghrabi]] {{yel|38}}{{goal|45+1}}
|stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|location = [[Imphal]]
|attendance = 20,428
|referee = Crystal John
|result = W
|motm = [[Subhash Singh]] (NEROCA FC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 16
|date = 27 February 2018
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
|score = 0–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/indian-arrows-v-mohun-bagan/report/c0ivcz4dj8q0yoqdfo7xnhlka
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Deepak Tangri]] {{yel|45+2}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|26}} [[Akram Moghrabi]] {{goal|41}}
|stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|attendance = 2,743
|referee = Velu Dhayalamani
|result = W
|motm = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 17
|date = 3 March 2018
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/churchill-brothers-v-mohun-bagan/report/boimmgkbcknuf7y9o2g92l4yy
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Israil Gurung]] {{yel|64}} [[Monday Osagie]] {{goal|74}}
|goals2 = [[Nikhil Kadam]] {{goal|54}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{yel|62}} [[Akram Moghrabi]] {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]
|attendance = 3,173
|referee = Om Prakash Thakur
|result = W
|motm = [[Nikhil Kadam]] (Mohun Bagan AC)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 18
|date = 8 March 2018
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]
|score = 1–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-us/match/gokulam-v-mohun-bagan/report/btctaao2xtdmzcr9eortpx4kq
|team2 = Mohun Bagan
|goals1 = [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|45+1}}{{yel|64}} [[Mohamed Irshad]] {{yel|50}} [[Daniel Ashley Addo]] {{yel|77}} [[Mahmood Al-Ajmi]] {{yel|84}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] {{goal|26}} [[Nikhil Kadam]] {{yel|84}}
|stadium = [[EMS Corporation Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 9,572
|referee = Ramaswamy Srikrishna Coimbatore
|result = D
|motm = [[Nikhil Bernard]] (Gokulam Kerala FC)
}}

===Super Cup===

====Round of 16====
{{Football box collapsible
|result = W
|date = 1 April 2018
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 1–2
|report = http://www.supercup.in/news/churchill-falter-in-front-of-dickas-brace-for-mohun-bagan
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = [[Willis Plaza|Plaza]] {{goal|30}}
|goals2 = [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dicka]] {{goal|45+3|pen.|70}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 8,120
|referee= Venkatesh R
}}

====Quarter final====
{{Football box collapsible
|result = W
|date = 11 April 2018
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 3–1
|report = http://www.supercup.in/news/mohun-bagan-overcome-shillong-lajong-to-enter-semi-finals
|team2 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1 = [[Sheikh Faiaz|Faiaz]] {{goal|12}} [[Nikhil Kadam|Kadam]] {{goal|22}} [[Akram Moghrabi|Moghrabi]] {{goal|59}}
|goals2 =
* [[Abdoulaye Koffi|Koffi]] {{goal|28}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 2,200
|referee= [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
}}

====Semi final====
{{Football box collapsible
| date = 17 April 2018
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| result = L
| round =
| event =
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–4
| report = [http://www.supercup.in/news/10-men-bengaluru-sink-bagans-boat-to-enter-final Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 =
* [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda|Dipanda]] {{goal|42||90+3}}
| goals2 =
* [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|62||65||88|pen.}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 3,600
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}

== Player statistics ==

===Goal scorers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:80%; font-weight:90% font-size:95%;"
|-
! style="background-color: green; color: white;"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad number}}
! style="background-color: maroon; color: white;"|{{Abbr|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background-color: green; color: white;"|Player
! style="background-color: maroon; color: white;"|CFL
! style="background-color: green; color: white;"|I-League
! style="background-color: maroon; color: white;"|Super Cup
! style="background-color: green; color: white;"|Total
|-
|1
|{{flagicon|CMR}}
|'''[[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]'''
|0
|13
|4
|'''17'''
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|LIB}}
|[[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]]
|6
|2
|0
|8
|-
|3
|{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}}
|[[Kamo Stephane Bayi|Kamo Bayi]]
|7
|0
|0
|7
|-
|4
|{{flagicon|LBN}}
|[[Akram Moghrabi]]
|0
|4
|1
|5
|-
|rowspan=2 |5
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Nikhil Kadam]]
|2
|1
|1
|rowspan=2 |6
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Azharuddin Mallick]]
|4
|0
|0
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sheikh Faiaz]]
|0
|2
|1
|3
|-
|rowspan=3 | 7
|{{flagicon|NGR}}
|[[Kingsley Obumneme]]
|0
|2
|0
|rowspan=3|2
|-
|{{flagicon|HTI}}
|[[Sony Norde]]
|0
|2
|0
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Shilton D'Silva]]
|2
|0
|0
|-
|rowspan=2 |8
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Manandeep Singh]]
|0
|1
|0
|rowspan=2| 1
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Chesterpaul Lyngdoh
|1
|0
|0
|-
!colspan=3|Own Goals
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!22
!28
!7
!57
|}
{{Fb_rs_footer|u=17 April 2018|s=[[#Competitions|Competitions]]}}

==Technical staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Chief coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]
|-
| Assistant coach
|{{center|—}}
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arpan Dey
|-
| Physical Trainer
|{{flagicon|IND}} Samiran Bag
|-
| Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|India}} Abhinandan Chatterjee
|-
| Club Doctor
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dr. Protim Roy
|-
| Team Manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Satyajit Chatterjee]]
{{Fb cs footer|s=[http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/mcdowell-mohun-bagan-updated-squad-2007 mohunbaganac.com]|u=9 March 2018|date=March 2018}}

==Awards==

===Player===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%;"
|-
! {{Abbr| No. | Squad Number }}
! Player
! Award
! Tournament
! Source
|-
|align=center|22
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilton Paul]]}}
|align=center|Best Goalkeeper of the Tournament
|rowspan=2|{{center|[[2017-18 I-League|I-League]]}}
|rowspan=2|{{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League 2017-18: Minerva Punjab presented with winners' trophy; NEROCA's Gift Raikhan named season's best coach|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/i-league-2017-18-minerva-punjab-presented-with-winners-trophy-nerocas-gift-raikhan-named-seasons-best-coach-4401551.html|accessdate=23 March 2018|publisher=firstpost.com|date=22 March 2018}}</ref>}}
|-
|align=center|9
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]]}}
|align=center|Highest Scorer of the Tournament
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2017-18 Mohun Bagan FC Season}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons]]
[[Category:2017–18 I-League by team]]

Seelampur

2025-04-10T04:21:16Z

AracelyIqbal: stub!

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Seelampur''' is a neighborhood in Shahdra [[Delhi]], India and one of the [[List of districts of Delhi|subdivisions]] of [[North East Delhi district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dcnortheast_new/Deputy+Commissioner(North-East)/Home/Organization|title=Welcome To Deputy Commissioner(North-East)|website=delhi.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5ac982594a9326331c62157f|title=SAYADA BEGUM v. QAISAR DAD KHAN {{!}} Delhi High Court {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine|website=www.casemine.com|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-31|title=Delhi: Three markets in Seelampur shut for violating Covid-19 norms|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-covid-19-three-markets-seelampur-shut-7699203/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The neighborhood is the largest processor of [[e-waste]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Zaffar |first=Hanan |date=2025-04-07 |title=The rise of ‘Frankenstein’ laptops in New Delhi’s repair markets |url=https://www.theverge.com/tech/639126/india-frankenstein-laptops |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> As of 2025, approximately 30,000 [[Tonne|tonnes]] of e-waste is processed in the neighborhood daily, employing nearly 50,000 workers to extract [[scrap]].<ref name=":0" />

== Transportation ==

* [[Delhi Metro]]: The area is located close to the [[Seelampur metro station]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seelampur Delhi Metro Station |url=https://delhimetrorail.info/seelampur-delhi-metro-station |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=delhimetrorail.info}}</ref> of [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(DMRC) {{!}} Official Website |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/line/LN1 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>
* [[Indian Railways]]: The area is served by the Vivek Vihar railway station, which is on the [[Sahibabad Junction railway station|Sahibabad]]-[[Delhi Shahdara Junction railway station|Shahdara]]-[[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]] branch of the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Delhi-Howrah line]].
* Bus: [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] bus routes 205, 939, 218, 274, 374, and 213 serve the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Seelampur - Delhi DTC Bus Stop-Stand Timing & Route |url=https://dtcbus.co.in/dtc-bus-stand/seelampur/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:District subdivisions of Delhi]]
[[Category:North East Delhi district]]

Hyderabad Elevated Expressway

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Mellempudi

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{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mellempudi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Mellempudi, Andhra Pradesh.jpg
| image_alt = Mellempudi
| image_caption = Mellempudi village
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Government of Andhra Pradesh
| named_for = Agriculture
| government_type = Parliamentary System
| governing_body = Government of Andhra Pradesh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 522303
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mellempudi''' is a village or gram panchayat in [[Tadepalle mandal, Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] which is part of [[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation]] with the [[Postal Index Number|postal identification number]] 522303. The nearest landmarks of this village includes the [[KL University]].

==History==

Initially, this village is merged into [[Tadepalle Municipality]] along with other eight-gram panchayats — Undavalli, Penumaka, Prathuru, Vaddeswaram, Ippatam, Mellempudi, Chirravuru, and Gundemeda. Government of Andhra Pradesh has issued an order MS 97 issued on 6 February 2020 by Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh (MUDA).

Tadepalli Municipality was formed in 2009. In January 2021, the Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department issued an order notifying the merger of ten-gram panchayats — Undavalli, Penumaka, Prathuru, Vaddeswaram, Ippatam, Mellempudi, Chirravuru, Kunchanapalli, Kolanukonda and Gundemeda of Tadepalli mandal with Tadepalli Municipality.

In line to develop the [[Mangalagiri]] and [[Tadepalle, Guntur district|Tadepalli]] as model towns, on 23 March 2021, Government of Andhra Pradesh merged [[Mangalagiri Municipality]] and Tadepalli Municipality to form Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=AP government issues GO forming Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/230321/go-issued-forming-mangalagiri-tadepalli-municipal-corporation.html|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=23 March 2021|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

<mapframe latitude="16.4265" longitude="80.628529" zoom="15" width="400" height="300" align="right" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2020/feb/07/8-panchayats-merge-with-tadepalli-municipality-2100231.html

{{Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

India Kings

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