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Hoshiar Nagar

2026-04-30T00:42:14Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating the article w/ refs

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
'''Hoshiar Nagar'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoshiar Nagar · Punjab, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hoshiar+Nagar,+Punjab/@31.5812638,74.6609854,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3919722264876811:0x16bb40e92d7a8f0f!8m2!3d31.5800147!4d74.6839545 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> is situated in [[Amritsar]] I tehsil in [[Amritsar district]], in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is 22 km from district [[Headquarters|headquarter]] Amritsar. The total population of this village is 1,820 out which male population is 921 and female population is 899.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[Postal Index Number|Pin code]] of this village is 143107.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: HOSHIAR NAGAR, AMRITSAR, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/AMRITSAR/H/HOSHIAR_NAGAR |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|31|35|01|N|74|40|49|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Amritsar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Ranchi Sadar subdivision

2026-04-22T04:08:37Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Put up stub

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranchi Sadar subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.36|N|85.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ranchi]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ranchi Sadar subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] in the [[Ranchi district]] of the [[South Chotanagpur division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Overview==
Ranchi district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small portion in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 10: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: Historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

Ranchi district is divided into two sub-divisions:Ranchi Sadar subdivision and [[Bundu subdivision]].Ranchi Sadar subdivision consists of 14 [[Community Development Block|CD blocks]]: [[Kanke block|Kanke]], [[Ratu block|Ratu]], [[Chanho block|Chanho]], [[Mandar block|Mandar]], [[Lapung block|Lapung]], [[Burmu block|Burmu]], [[Bero block|Bero]], [[Namkum]], [[Ormanjhi block|Ormanjhi]], [[Angara block|Angara]], [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Khelari block|Khelari]], [[Nagri block|Nagri]] and [[Itki block|Itki]]. Bundu subdivision consists of 4 CD blocks: [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Bundu block|Bundu]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]]. The details of the CD blocks are given below for the respective subdivision.<ref name="divisions">{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Administrative Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>

There are two statutory towns in the district - [[Ranchi]] is a municipal corporation housing the headquarters of Ranchi Sadar subdivision, and [[Bundu, India|Bundu]] is a [[nagar panchayat]], housing the headquarters of Bundu subdivision. There are thirteen [[census town]]s in Ranchi district, all are in Ranchi Sadar subdivision: [[Bishrampur, Jharkhand|Bisrampur]], [[Churi]], [[Ray, Jharkhand|Ray]], [[Khelari]], [[Kanke]], [[Arsande]], [[Ibra]], [[Muri, Ranchi|Muri]], [[Tati, Ranchi|Tati]], [[Ara, Ranchi|Ara]], [[Bargarwa]], [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]] and [[Tundul]].<ref name="divisions"/>

==Police stations==
The following police stations are located in Ranchi Sadar subdivision: Argora, Bariatu, Chutia, Daily Market, Gonda, Hindpiri, Jagannathpur, Kotwali, Lalpur, Lower Bazar, Pundag, Sadar, SC/ ST, Sukdeonagar, Airport and Khelgaon (all in/ around Ranchi city). [[Angara, Jharkhand#Police station|Angara]], [[Bero, India#Police station|Bero]], [[Burmu#Police station|Burmu]], [[Chanho#Police station|Chanho]], [[Itki, India#Police station|Itki]], [[Kanke#Police station|Kanke]], [[Khelari#Police station|Khelari]], [[Lapung#Police station|Lapung]], [[Mandar, Ranchi#Police station|Mandar]], [[Nagri, Jharkhand#Police station|Nagri]], [[Namkum, Ranchi#Police station|Namkum]], [[Narkopi#Police station|Narkopi]], [[Pithuriya#Police station|Pithoria]], [[Ratu, Ranchi#Police station|Ratu]], [[Sikidiri#Police station|Sikidiri]], [[Silli#Police station|Silli]], [[Tati, Ranchi#Police station|Tatisilwai]] (all in the CD blocks). There is a police outpost at [[Muri, Ranchi#Police outpost|Muri]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 24 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Ranchi Sadar subdivision are:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 28: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 24 September 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Angara block|Angara]]||[[Angara, Jharkhand|Angara]]||38.56||112,759||7.85||55.05||64.92|| -
|-
|[[Bero block|Bero]]||[[Bero, India|Bero]]||290.70||113,090||1.97||61.86||67.49|| -
|-
|[[Burmu block|Burmu]]||[[Burmu]]||319.67||89,889||7.83||39.21||64.54|| -
|-
|[[Chanho block|Chanho]]||[[Chanho]]||272.80||107,503||2.02||53.59||73.00|| -
|-
|[[Itki block|Itki]]||[[Itki, India|Itki]]||96.86||50,058||1.36||48.43||73.58|| -
|-
|[[Kanke block|Kanke]]||[[Kanke]]||347.11||244,072||3.84||33.30||73.75||[[Kanke]], [[Arsande]]
|-
|[[Khelari block|Khelari]]||[[Khelari]]||131.38||78,219||18.50||19.85||74.83||[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand|Bishrampur]], [[Churi]], [[Ray, Jharkhand|Ray]], [[Khelari]]
|-
|[[Lapung block|Lapung]]||[[Lapung]]||300.88||63,053||3.72||74.22||60.29|| -
|-
|[[Mandar block|Mandar]]||[[Mandar, Ranchi|Mandar]]||238.24||128,585||1.28||50.99||67.63|| -
|-
|[[Nagri block|Nagri]]||[[Nagri, Jharkhand|Nagri]]||121.93||76,442||2.77||50.14||71.59||[[Tundul]]
|-
|[[Namkum]]||[[Namkum, Ranchi|Namkum]]||415.61||145,841||5.14||59.98||73.72||[[Tati, Ranchi|Tati]], [[Ara, Ranchi|Ara]], [[Bargarwa]]
|-
|[[Ormanjhi block|Ormanjhi]]||[[Ormanjhi]]||227.97||94,137||4.22||35.84||67.53||[[Irba]]
|-
|[[Ratu block|Ratu]]||[[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]]||104.47||76,565||3.41||45.29||73.00||[[Ratu, Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|-
|[[Silli block|Silli]]||[[Silli]]||289.54||113,798||5.76||24.86||73.73||[[Muri, Ranchi|Muri]]
|-
|}

==Education==
===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Ranchi Sadar subdivision:
*[[Ranchi University]] was established in 1960 as a teaching-cum-affiliating university at [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/| title = Ranchi University| publisher = RU| access-date = 25 September 2021| archive-date = 30 August 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230830113431/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]] was established at [[Kanke]] in 1918.<ref name="Central Institute of Psychiatry">{{cite web| url =https://cipranchi.nic.in/ |title = Central Institute of Psychiatry |publisher= CIP | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums]] (formerly Indian Lac Research Institute), under [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], was established in 1924 at [[Namkum]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://iinrg.icar.gov.in/ |title = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums |publisher= IINRG | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra|Birla Institute of Technology]] was established in 1955 at [[Mesra, Ranchi|Mesra]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bitmesra.ac.in/|title = Birla Institute of Technology |publisher= BITM | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology]] (renamed National Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology) was established in 1966 at [[Hatia]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nifft.ac.in/ |title = National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology |publisher= NIFFT | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jharkhand University of Technology]] was established in 2015 at [[namkum, Ranchi|Namkum]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jutranchi.ac.in/?page_id=94|title = Jharkhand University of Technology |publisher= JUT | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Birsa Agricultural University]] was established in 1981 at [[Kanke]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bauranchi.org/|title = Birsa Agricultural University |publisher= BAU| access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]] was established at Ranchi in 2017.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dspmuranchi.ac.in/ |title = Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University |publisher= DSPMU | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[National University of Study and Research in Law]] was established in 2010 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nusrlranchi.ac.in/ |title = National University of Study and Research in Law |publisher= NUSRL | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University]] was established in 2015 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jrsuranchi.com/| title = Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University| publisher = JRSU| access-date = 25 September 2021| archive-date = 10 November 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221110163514/https://www.jrsuranchi.com/| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* [[Central University of Jharkhand]] was established at Ranchi in 2009.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cuj.ac.in/ |title = Central University of Jharkhand |publisher= CUJ | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]] was established in 2002 at Ranchi.<ref name="rimsranchi.org">{{cite web| url = https://www.rimsranchi.org/ |title = Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences |publisher= RIM | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences]] was established in 1998 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://rinpas.nic.in/about-us |title = Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences |publisher= RINPAS | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]] was established in 1958 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.sxcran.org/ |title = St. Xavier's College, Ranchi |publisher= SXCR | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Gossner College]] was established in 1971 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://gcran.org/wp/ |title = Gossner College Ranchi |publisher= GCR | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Yogoda Satsanga Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1971 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ysmranchi.net/ |title = Yogoda Satsanga Mahavidyalaya |publisher= YSM | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* Maulana Azad College was established in 1960 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/ranchi/maulana-azad-college-ranchi#About%20Maulana%20Azad%20College,%20Ranchi|title = Maulana Azad College, Ranchi |publisher= Ind Career | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Nirmala College, Ranchi]] was established in 1969 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nirmalacollegeranchi.com/ |title = Nirmala College, Ranchi |publisher= NC | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Gandhi Memorial College]] was established in 1980 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sgmcollegeranchi.org/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140815025156/http://www.sgmcollegeranchi.org/| url-status = usurped| archive-date = August 15, 2014|title =Sanjay Gandhi Memorial College |publisher= SGMC | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[St. Paul's College, Ranchi]] was established in 1980 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://stpaulscollege.co.in/ |title = St. Paul's College |publisher= SPC | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* Kartik Oraon College at [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/48671-kartik-oraon-college-ratu-fees | title = Fee structure of Kartik Oraon College, Ratu, Ranchi| publisher = Target Admission | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 14 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya was established at [[Dakra, Ranchi|Dakra]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uksmdakra.org/ | title = Uttari Karnpura Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = UKSM | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/uttri-karanpura-sharamik-mahavidyalay-ranchi-104859| title = Uttar Karanpur Shramik Mahavidyalaya | publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Affiliated Colleges">{{cite web | url = https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | title = Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Ranchi University | access-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014606/https://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=307 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Silli College was established in 1980 at [[Silli]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sillicollegesilli.org/ | title = Silli College, Silli | publisher = SC | access-date = 9 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/33272-silli-college-silli | title = Silli College, Silli, Ranchi | publisher = TargetAdmission | access-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-date = 9 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210909021010/https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/33272-silli-college-silli | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Affiliated Colleges"/>

'''Nursing Colleges'''
* Florence College of Nursing was established at [[Irba]] in 2003–04.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.florenceinstirba.com/ | title = Florence College of Nursing| publisher = FCN | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>
* Shine – Abdur Razzaque Ansari Institute of Health Education & Research was established in 2009 at Irba.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/shine-abdur-razzaque-ansari-institute-of-health-education-research-ranchi | title = Shine – Abdur Razzaque Ansari Institute of Health Education & Research | publisher = SARIHER | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>
* Amrita College of Nursing was established at [[Hutup]], PO Irba.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/uploads/pdf/BSC_22072021.pdf | title = List of State Nursing Council Recognised Institutions offering B.Sc(N) Programme| work = Sr. No 25 Jharkhand | publisher = Indian Nursing Council | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>
* Kingpin College of Nursing was established in 2019 at [[Angara, Jharkhand|Angara]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://kingpincollege.in/ | title = Kingpin College of Nursing | publisher = KCN | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>
* St. Barnabas Hospital College of Nursing was established in 2015 at Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sbhcollegeofnursing.com/ | title = St. Barnabas Hospital College of Nursing | publisher = SBHCN | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>

'''B.Ed. Colleges'''
* Government Teachers Training College was established in 1955 at [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/government-teachers-training-college-ranchi | title = Government Teachers Training College, Ranchi | publisher = Careers 360 | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>
* Shaswat Institute of Teacher's Education was established at [[Hutup]], PO Irba.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shaswatfoundation.org/default.aspx | title = Shaswat Institute of Teacher's Education | publisher = SITE | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>
* Sanghamitra Teacher Training College, was established at [[Chutupalu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://smttc.org.in/Default.aspx | title = Sanghamitra Teacher Training College | publisher = STTC | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/sanghamitra-teacher-training-college | title = Sanghamitra Teacher Training College | publisher = College Dekho | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>
* J.D. National B.Ed. College was established at Janum, PO Angara.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jdnationalbedcollege.com/pages/contact-us/ | title = J.D. National B.Ed. College| publisher = JDNBEC | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>
* Jaipuria B Ed College was established at Bisa, PO Getalsud, Angara, in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/33032-jaipuria-b-ed-college-angara | title = Jaipuria B Ed College | publisher = Target Asmission | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>
* Cambridge Institute of Teachers Education was established at Baheya, PO Angara.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.citeranchi.com/Default.aspx | title = Cambridge University of Teachers Education | publisher = CITE | access-date = 15 September 2021}}</ref>
* Shaheed Sheikh Bhikari College of Education at Sutiyambe, [[Pithuriya]], was established in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/shaheed-sheikh-bhikhari-college-of-education-ranchi |title = Shaheed Sheikh Bhikhari College of Education, Ranchi |publisher= Careers 369| access-date = 22 September 2021}}</ref>

(Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
===Medical facilities===
The following medical facilities are available in Ranchi Sadar subdivision:
* [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]] was established in 2002 at Ranchi.<ref name="rimsranchi.org"/>
* [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]] was established at Ranchi in 1918.<ref name="Central Institute of Psychiatry"/>
* Abdur Razzaque Ansari Memorial Weavers Hospital (Apollo Hospital Group) was established in 1996 at [[Irba]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiamart.com/abdur-razzaq/ | title = Abdur Razzaque Ansari Memorial Weavers Hospital Ranchi, Jharkhand | publisher = India Mart | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>
* Itki TB Sanatorium at [[Itki, India|Itki]] is proposed to be converted to a multi-speciality hospital.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://thecsrjournal.in/top-csr-projects-ranchi-jharkhand-corporate-social-responsibility/ | title = Top CSR Projects in Ranchi |work= NTPC | publisher = The CSR Journal | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-itki-tb-sanatorium-as-dedicated-covid-hospital-work-in-final-stage-in-ranchi-jharkhand-21643007.html | title = रांची स्थित इटकी टीबी सैनिटोरियम को डेडिकेटेड कोविड हॉस्पिटल बनाने की तैयारी अंतिम चरण में (Conversion of Ranchi-based Itki TB Sanatorium to a dedidcated Covid hospital) in its last phase)| work = in Hindi | publisher = Dainik Jagaran, 14 May 2021 | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/itki-tb-sanatorium-will-be-developed-as-super-specialty-tb-hospital-these-diseases-will-be-treated-arun-kumar-singh-additional-chief-secretary-of-health-department-gave-these-instructions-grj | title = सुपर स्पेशलिटी TB हॉस्पिटल के रूप में विकसित होगी इटकी यक्ष्मा आरोग्यशाला (Itki TB Sanatorium Will Be Developed As Super Specialty Hospital)| work= in Hindi| publisher = Prabahat Khabar 21 June 2021 | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Arunachal University of Studies

2026-04-21T18:59:46Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Kavundampalayam (film)

2026-04-20T02:53:49Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Ranjith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kavundampalayam
| image = Kavundampalayam (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]
| producer = Subramaniam Palanisamy
| writer = Ranjith
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Ranjith
*Alfia
*[[Imman Annachi]]
}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Shree Paasathai Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|09}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = ₹2.3 Million
}}

'''''Kavundampalayam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] starring himself and Alfia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-07-04 |title=Kavundampalayam |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kavundampalayam-159316 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film had its theatrical release on 9 August 2024 as a low-profile release due to being a relatively low budgeted film with lesser known cast members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=டிவி |first=தந்தி |date=2024-08-09 |title=வெளியானது 'கவுண்டம்பாளையம்' - திரைப்படம் பட்டாசு வெடித்து கொண்டாடிய ரசிகர்கள் |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/goundampalayam-movie-ranjith-thanthitv-280863 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.thanthitv.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film revolves around the concept of fake dramatic romance which occurs often with the advent of a girl hailing from rich family background and high caste eloping with a boy hailing from poor low caste family background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=ரஞ்சித் இயக்கி நடித்துள்ள கவுண்டம்பாளையம் படம்! வெளியானது ட்ரைலர்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/ranjith-directed-and-acted-kavundampalayam-movie-audio-and-trailer-launch-happened-in-chennai-503579 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

The film opened to mixed reviews from audience and critics,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=கவுண்டம்பாளையம் விமர்சனம் - இது தமிழ் |url=https://ithutamil.com/kavundampalayam-review/}}</ref> with criticism levelled mostly on outdated out-of-fashion screenplay, dialogues, music, overall acting of crew and poor storytelling and was also criticised for showcasing a biased ideology favoring towards one particular caste while degrading other castes and their rituals.

== Cast ==
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Kuzhanthai
* Alfia
* [[Imman Annachi]]
* A. Palanisamy
* Thurai Makesh
* Kongu Manjunathan
== Controversies ==
The film faced major stumbling blocks and obstacles on its way before a critical court proceeding turned out to be a moral booster in the penultimate moment. The film was initially tentatively supposed to have its theatrical release on 5 June 2024, but it was postponed due to an impending FIR and court case against the release of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title='கவுண்டம்பாளையம்' படம் தள்ளிவைப்பு; திரையிட விடாமல் தடுக்கின்றனர்: நடிகர் ரஞ்சித் புகார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1274760-goundampalayam-movie-postponed.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WEB |first=PT |date=2024-07-05 |title=தள்ளிப்போன கவுண்டம்பாளையம் ரிலீஸ்: "தமிழ்நாடு முழுக்க எதிர்ப்பு... வேதனையா இருக்கு" - நடிகர் ரஞ்சித் |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/tamil-cinema-news/actor-ranjith-announces-postponement-of-kavundampalayam-movie |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref> [[Madras High Court]] gave a verdict by alerting the police security to give special police permission and protection to release Kavundampalayam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2024-07-30 |title=Madras HC directs police to provide protection to the theatres screening "Kavundampalayam" |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/madras-hc-directs-police-to-provide-protection-to-the-theatres-screening-kavundampalayam-797419 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> Justice G. Jayachandran made the landmark judgement insisting the importance of providing security clearance to screen the film in across several theatres in Tamil Nadu, although the film had never developed a major hype among the audience due to less popular cast members being roped in for the production venture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2024-07-30 |title=Provide police security for screening of Tamil movie Kavundampalayam: Madras High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/provide-police-security-for-screening-of-tamil-movie-kavundampalayam-madras-high-court/article68463857.ece |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The film garnered severe backlash and condemnation from general public for portraying a storytelling with a contradicting biased narrative about relationships. Critics indicated that the film preaches about caste based vengeance which could negatively impact the society as the film focuses on self glorification of a particular caste group while humiliating other caste people creating factions and divisions among public in rural areas. Actor and filmmaker Ranjith himself who is well known for advocating about caste based vengeance, openly admitted that the film is about giving a tribute to parents of girls who sacrifice their lives to protect their daughters and blatantly opines against boys hailing from low caste background marrying girls from high caste rich family background. Ranjith's narrow minded sentiments and attitudes created a stir in social media with netizens describing about the double standards and hypocrisy of Ranjith, as he himself has engaged in a fake dramatic romance by dating actress [[Priya Raman]] during the film shooting of ''[[Nesam Pudhusu]]'' and the couple got married before getting separated due to personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-13 |title=Priya Raman separated from husband? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Priya-Raman-separated-from-husband/articleshow/36477248.cms |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Critics indicated Ranjith may have thought of making a film based on caste just to get into politics and to intentionally create controversies in order to gain much needed publicity since he has largely been ignored by [[Kollywood]] industry, considering his character and backward minded personality. Ranjith in a press meet after the theatrical release of the film made a shocking remark about [[honor killing]] by justifying and supporting it as a vitally important aspect in society and Ranjith revealed it is not a violence related topic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-10 |title=Ranjith faces backlash after stating that "caste based honour killing is not violence" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ranjith-faces-backlash-after-stating-that-caste-based-honour-killing-is-not-violence/articleshow/112425312.cms |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He insisted that honor killing is done by parents of children as a way of showing their dissent towards fake dramatic romance and defended the honor killing approach terming it as a parents' way of showing their care towards children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=Actor Ranjith says 'honour killing isn't violence', gets mercilessly trolled |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-ranjith-kavundampalayam-screening-salem-shocking-statement-honour-killing-2580183-2024-08-10 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-10 |title=Kavundampalayam director Ranjith: Parents' anger over children's love affair cannot be termed violence |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/10/kavundampalayam-director-ranjith-parents-anger-over-childrens-love-affair-cannot-be-termed-violence |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Chandil Junction railway station

2026-04-16T05:35:15Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{short description|Station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = CHANDIL JUNCTION
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|150px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = [[Chandil]], [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.9554|86.0705|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|246|m|ft}}
| line = [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]], Chandil–Barkakana line
| other =
| structure = At Ground
| platform = 4
| tracks =
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1890}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–62
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CNI
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Adra}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[File:South Eastern Railway Zone.svg|25px|up|link=South Eastern Railway zone]][[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| status =
| classification = [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance#Current (2017-)|NSG-5]]
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Manikul|right=Nimdih|type=[[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]]
|line2=South Eastern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Goonda Bihar|type2=Chandil–Barkakana line}}
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = '''Chandil Junction'''
| map_caption = Location in [[Jharkhand]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Chandil Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|collapse=yes}}
}}
'''Chandil Junction''' is a railway station which serves [[Chandil]] in [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was formed in 1887 for the purpose of upgrading the [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]] and then extending it via [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] to [[Asansol Junction|Asansol]], in order to develop a shorter Howrah–Mumbai route than the one via Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://railwaysofraj.blogspot.in/2011/08/number-1-down-mail.html |title = Number 1 Down Mail|last= |first= | publisher= Railways of the Raj| accessdate = 2012-11-10 }}</ref> The Bengal Nagpur Railway main line from Nagpur to [[Asansol Junction|Asansol]], on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], was opened for goods traffic on 1 February 1891.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |accessdate=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archivedate= 1 April 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The Chandil–Barkakana line was opened for traffic in 1927.<ref name=ser/>

==Electrification==
The Purulia–Chakradharpur, Kandra–Gomharria, Sini–Adityapur, Adityapur–Tatanagar, Chakradharpur–Manoharpur and Manoharpur–Rourkela sections were electrified in 1961–62.<ref name=electric>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification|work= |last= |first=| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2012-11-10 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/chandil-junction-cni/1534 Trains at Chandil]

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1890]]

Mavli Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:20Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: starting new post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mavli
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-154-Mavli.svg
| mla = [[Pushkar Lal Dangi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:258065}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 154
}}
'''Mavli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]] district. As of 2023, its representative is [[Pushkar Lal Dangi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Shanti Lal Chaplot]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Pushkar Lal Dangi|Pushkar Lal]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Dali Chand Dangi<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Dharmnarayan Joshi]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Pushkar Lal Dangi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Mavli<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pushkar Lal Dangi
|votes = {{formatnum:77696}}
|percentage = 38.19
|change = -0.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishnagopal Paliwal
|votes = {{formatnum:76129}}
|percentage = 37.42
|change = -16.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Kuldeep Singh Chundawat
|votes = {{formatnum:32521}}
|percentage = 15.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Angur Lal Bheel
|votes = {{formatnum:7873}}
|percentage = 3.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raju Puri
|votes = {{formatnum:2126}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2441}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1567}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -13.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203460}}
|percentage = 78.84
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Mavli<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dharmnarayan Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:99723}}
|percentage = 53.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pushkar Lal Dangi
|votes = {{formatnum:72745}}
|percentage = 39.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Jeevraj
|votes = {{formatnum:2167}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chunnilal
|votes = {{formatnum:2086}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rajasthan Janta Party
|candidate = Tulsiram Bhil
|votes = {{formatnum:1843}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Vijay Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1750}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2919}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26978}}
|percentage = 14.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186006}}
|percentage = 79.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.79|73.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Bheemla Nayak

2026-04-15T07:44:42Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: made new stub

{{short description|2022 film directed by Saagar K Chandra}}
{{distinguish|Bhima Nayak}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bheemla Nayak
| image = Bheemla Nayak.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saagar K. Chandra]]
| writer = '''Story''': [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]] '''Screenplay''' & '''Dialogues''': [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020)}}
| producer = Naga Vamsi
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pawan Kalyan]] [[Rana Daggubati]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| studio = [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|02|25}}
| country = India
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bheemla-nayak-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdayodc3|title=Bheemla Nayak|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = {{₹|75|link=yes}} [[crore]]{{Efn|name=budget|''[[The Times of India]]'' reported the budget as {{INR|75}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bheemla Nayak: Pawan Kalyan's film gets two release dates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bheemla-nayak-pawan-kalyans-film-gets-two-release-dates/articleshow/89250407.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Bheemla Nayak''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Saagar K Chandra]] from a screenplay by [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. Produced by Naga Vamsi, the film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]] and [[Rana Daggubati]] in lead roles. It is an official remake of the 2020 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''. ''Bheemla Nayak'' was filmed primarily in [[Hyderabad]] between January 2021 and February 2022 although temporarily halted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It has music composed by [[Thaman S]] with cinematography by [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and editing by [[Naveen Nooli]].

It was theatrically released on 25 February 2022 and opened to positive reviews. The film netted {{INR}}40 [[crore]] in India on its opening day and emerged as the best post-[[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] opener in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].

== Plot ==
Daniel "Danny" Shekhar, an ex-[[Havaldar]], and his driver cross the state border from [[Telangana]] to [[Andhra Pradesh]] at night. The police at the check post stop them for carrying liquor beyond the permissible quota, but a drunken Danny, who is furious that his sleep is disturbed, beats them up. [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Bheemla Nayak arrives and hits Danny, explaining his offense. Danny refuses, saying that his destination was in Telangana, but Nayak arrests him nonetheless, since Danny has physically crossed the border and entered Andhra. A constable humiliates Danny by removing his [[Pancha (garment)|pancha]], which further aggravates his anger.

The police file an [[First information report|FIR]]. After going through his phone contacts, they learn that Danny is the son of an influential politician and is connected to politically powerful men. Nayak informs the same to [[Circle inspector|CI]] Kodanda Ram, who asks him to treat Danny with respect. Nayak tries to reconcile with Danny, who refuses to budge. Nayak threatens him with a gun, and they sit together. Danny then annoys Nayak for a drink. With no option left, Nayak opens a bottle of the seized liquor and serves it, which Danny secretly films on his phone. The following day, Danny is taken to court, where he is sentenced to 14 days [[imprisonment]].

Danny's lawyer bails him out, subject to his biweekly appearance at the police station. In an act of vengeance, Danny releases the recorded video to the press. Nayak is arrested with an order to investigate his actions. Danny challenges Nayak in front of the police station. The villagers, who are staunch supporters of Nayak, try to attack Danny, but Nayak stops them by saying their fight is personal. A local [[toddy shop]] owner, Nagaraju, with a grudge against Nayak, joins hands with Danny. A senior politician arranges a truce between them, where Danny would delay sending the evidence to [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]], and his mandatory appearance for two weeks would be waived. However, on the insistence of his father, Jeevan Kumar, Danny sends the evidence anyway, and Nayak is suspended. The following day, Nayak blows up Nagaraju's bar with explosives. Danny meets Nayak en route in a bus and tries to assert his dominance by saying that he made Nayak lose his job. Nayak replies that even if the battle is lost, he'd return to win the war.

The police seize Danny's vehicle and arrest the driver in retaliation. Meanwhile, Jeevan meets the SP and submits the evidence that Nayak's wife, Suguna, has indulged in smuggling by illegally buying forest goods from tribals, which results in her arrest warrant. Knowing this, Nayak and Suguna move along with their baby to a remote place in the forest. Jeevan's men, who track their location and steal Suguna's phone, threaten Nayak for her life. Furious, Nayak attacks Jeevan's men in a lodge. Danny is unaware of his father's actions and asks Nayak to stop beating them. But Nayak blows up Danny's vehicle, and they engage in a fight. The police arrive and stop them. Kodanda Ram tells Danny that the locals revere Nayak as an equivalent of the village deity ''Kokkira Devara'', hence it's not wise to have a tussle with him. Danny learns that 15 years ago, Nayak killed a ruthless contractor who preyed on tribal girls to save them and was seen by the people as their protecting saviour.

Danny asks Jeevan whether they should compromise, but he refuses. On Jeevan's demand, the SP goes to their place and arrests Suguna, angering Nayak. He goes and meets Jeevan at his home and forces him to call Danny at gunpoint. Danny, who has Nayak's baby in custody, asks him to meet at Erra Thanda, a place outside the police jurisdiction of both states, for a final duel. They fight intensively, and just as Nayak is about to use his signature technique of removing an arm, Danny's wife arrives and pleads for mercy. Nayak recognizes her as one of the tribal girls he saved long ago and allows them to leave. They willingly withdraw the cases from each other. Nayak, who is transferred to Telangana, arrives at Danny's home. They reintroduce each other and shake hands.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Sarhad Bheemla Nayak
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as Ex-[[Havildar]] Daniel "Danny" Shekhar
*[[Nithya Menon]] as Suguna, Bheemla Nayak's wife
* [[Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha]] as Kamali, Daniel's wife
*[[Samuthirakani]] as Jeevan Kumar, Daniel's father
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Nagaraju
*[[Murali Sharma]] as CI Kodanda Ram
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Balaji
*[[Ravi Mariya]] as Home Minister
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as MLA
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Public Prosecutor
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Daniel’s Lawyer
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Daniel’s Brother
*[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Nagaraju's Henchmen
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Malpe Raju
* MS Chowdary
* Sanjay Swaroop
*Teja Kakamanu
*Narra Srinu
*Kadambari Kiran
*Chitti
*Pammi Sai
*Laxman Meesala
*[[Ramachandra Raju]] as a prisoner (cameo appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak")
*[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as a prisoner (cameo appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak")
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Judge K. B. Ananda Rao ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] (cameo appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak")
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] (cameo appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak")
*[[Hyper Aadi]] (cameo appearance in the song "Bheemla Nayak")
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In June 2020, [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]] bought the Telugu remake rights of the 2020 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''. Saagar K Chandra who earlier directed ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' (2016) was signed to helm the project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saagar Chandra to direct 'Ayyappanum Koshiyum' remake in Telugu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/jun/27/saagar-chandra-to-direct-ayyappanum-koshiyum-remake-in-telugu-2161900.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 June 2020 }}</ref> Several actors including [[Ravi Teja]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], and [[Rana Daggubati]] were approached for the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=11 August 2020|title=Pawan wants to remake this Malayalam film in Telugu|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/tollywood-pawan-kalyan-wants-to-remake-this-malayalam-film-in-telugu-638766|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507041051/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/tollywood-pawan-kalyan-wants-to-remake-this-malayalam-film-in-telugu-638766 |archive-date=7 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Balach|first=Logesh|date=10 June 2020|title=Rana Daggubati and Ravi Teja to star in Telugu remake of Ayyappanum Koshiyum?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-and-ravi-teja-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-ayyappanum-koshiyum-1687590-2020-06-10|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610215755/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rana-daggubati-and-ravi-teja-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-ayyappanum-koshiyum-1687590-2020-06-10 |archive-date=10 June 2020 }}</ref> In October 2020, the film was officially announced with [[Pawan Kalyan]] as one of the leads, in the role of a police officer originally played by [[Biju Menon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 October 2020|title=Pawan Kalyan's new project announced, actor to play a cop once more|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyans-new-project-announced-actor-play-cop-once-more-136103|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

In December, Rana was confirmed the other lead, playing the role of [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] from the original.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rana Daggubati joins Pawan Kalyan in Telugu remake of 'Ayyappanum Koshiyum'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/dec/21/rana-daggubati-joins-pawan-kalyan-in-telugu-remake-of-ayyappanum-koshiyum-2239202.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 December 2020 }}</ref> Rana later revealed that he was on board for the project before Kalyan signed in. He compared his character Daniel Shekar with his earlier role Arjun Prasad from his debut film [[Leader (2010 film)|''Leader'']] (2010)''.'' While both are aspiring politicians, he said that Daniel was "an entitled guy who played dirty."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=22 February 2022|title=Rana Daggubati on playing a flamboyant part in 'Bheemla Nayak, why he is glad to ride the Pawan Kalyan wave, and working with content creators and tech companies|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-real-life-can-be-boring-it-was-fun-to-let-go-in-bheemla-nayak/article65073611.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The filming was officially launched with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2020|title=Rana Daggubati, Pawan Kalyan to feature in Telugu remake of Malayalam film Ayyappanum Koshiyum|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-pawan-kalyan-to-feature-in-telugu-remake-of-malayalam-film-ayyappanum-koshiyum-9134231.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102081037/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-pawan-kalyan-to-feature-in-telugu-remake-of-malayalam-film-ayyappanum-koshiyum-9134231.html |archive-date=2 January 2021 }}</ref> The film used a working title "Production No.12" and was colloquially referred as ''PSPK Rana Movie''.<ref name=":2" /> The official title ''Bheemla Nayak'' was unveiled on 15 August 2021.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=15 August 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan's first glimpse of Bheemla Nayak is electrifying.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-s-first-glimpse-of-bheemla-nayak-is-electrifying-watch-video-1841034-2021-08-15|url-status=live|access-date=13 September 2021|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815054118/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyan-s-first-glimpse-of-bheemla-nayak-is-electrifying-watch-video-1841034-2021-08-15 |archive-date=15 August 2021 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Writer-director [[Trivikram Srinivas]] was hired for the film's screenplay and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ravi K Chandran to replace Prasad Murella as the cinematographer of 'PSPK Rana Movie'? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-k-chandran-to-replace-prasad-murella-as-the-cinematographer-of-pspk-rana-movie/articleshow/84434880.cms|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Thaman S]] was signed to compose the music with cinematography by [[Prasad Murella]], editing by [[Naveen Nooli]] and production design handled by AS Prakash.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=A festive boost to Tollywood|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2020/oct/25/a-festive-boost-to-tollywood-20992.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=25 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In July 2021, Murella opted out of the project and cinematographer [[Ravi K. Chandran]] joined the film as the replacement.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ravi K Chandran to replace Prasad Murella as the cinematographer of 'PSPK Rana Movie'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-k-chandran-to-replace-prasad-murella-as-the-cinematographer-of-pspk-rana-movie/articleshow/84434880.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715074244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-k-chandran-to-replace-prasad-murella-as-the-cinematographer-of-pspk-rana-movie/articleshow/84434880.cms |archive-date=15 July 2021 }}</ref>

[[Sai Pallavi]] was approached to play opposite Kalyan as Suguna,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balach|first=Logesh|date=29 October 2020|title=Sai Pallavi with Pawan Kalyan in Ayyappanum Koshiyum Telugu remake?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sai-pallavi-with-pawan-kalyan-in-ayyappanum-koshiyum-telugu-remake-1736167-2020-10-29|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155211/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sai-pallavi-with-pawan-kalyan-in-ayyappanum-koshiyum-telugu-remake-1736167-2020-10-29 |archive-date=29 October 2020 }}</ref> while [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] was cast to be a pair with Rana.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=17 January 2021|title=Sai Pallavi & Aishwarya Rajesh: Both in Pawan's next|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sai-pallavi-aishwarya-rajesh-both-in-pawans-next-667191|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117165118/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sai-pallavi-aishwarya-rajesh-both-in-pawans-next-667191 |archive-date=17 January 2021 }}</ref> In March 2021, reports emerged that Pallavi may not join the project but director [[Saagar K Chandra]] refuted them by stating that she would join the production in April.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Sai Pallavi has not walked out of PSPK 30, confirms Saagar K Chandra|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/mar/03/sai-pallavi-has-not-walked-out-of-pspk-30-confirms-saagar-k-chandra-2271274.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 March 2021 }}</ref> However, Pallavi eventually opted out due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2021|title=Sai Pallavi's Loss Is Nithya Menen's Gain|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/sai-pallavi-loss-nithya-menons-gain-stage-comeback-pawan-kalyan-132763|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref> In July, [[Nithya Menen]] was cast in place of Pallavi while [[Samuthirakani]] is signed to play a pivotal role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palisetty|first=Ramya|date=30 July 2020|title=Nithya Menen to play the female lead in Pawan Kalyan and Rana Daggubati's #PSPKRanaMovie|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithya-menen-to-play-the-female-lead-in-pawan-kalyan-and-rana-daggubati-s-pspkranamovie-1834584-2021-07-30|url-status=live|access-date=30 July 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730062624/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nithya-menen-to-play-the-female-lead-in-pawan-kalyan-and-rana-daggubati-s-pspkranamovie-1834584-2021-07-30 |archive-date=30 July 2021 }}</ref> In September, Aishwarya left the project due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 September 2021|title=Will this Malayalam actress replace Aishwarya Rajesh in Pawan Kalyan's 'Bheemla Nayak'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/will-this-malayalam-actress-replace-aishwarya-rajesh-in-pawan-kalyans-bheemla-nayak/articleshow/86318232.cms|url-status=live|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919214853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/will-this-malayalam-actress-replace-aishwarya-rajesh-in-pawan-kalyans-bheemla-nayak/articleshow/86318232.cms |archive-date=19 September 2021 }}</ref> [[Samyuktha Menon]] was confirmed to replace her in October.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 October 2021|title=Samyuktha Menon replaces Aishwarya Rajesh in 'Bheemla Nayak'|url=https://telanganatoday.com/samyuktha-menon-replaces-aishwarya-rajesh-in-bheemla-nayak|url-status=live|website=Telangana Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108164235/https://telanganatoday.com/samyuktha-menon-replaces-aishwarya-rajesh-in-bheemla-nayak |archive-date=8 November 2021 }}</ref> In December 2021, [[Brahmanandam]] confirmed through an interview that he was playing a role in the film.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=భీమ్లా నాయక్ లో బ్రహ్మానందం.. పోస్టర్ విడుదల|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/brahmanandam-look-poster-out-bheemla-nayak-movie-1417939|access-date=10 December 2021|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography of the film began in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati's film: Makers unveil BTS video - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubatis-film-makers-unveil-bts-video/articleshow/80463238.cms|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> A 25-day schedule took place at an aluminium factory in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan Kalyan, Rana Daggubati begin shooting for Ayyappanum Koshiyum remake|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/25/pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubati-begin-shooting-for-ayyappanum-koshiyum-remake-22439.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In March, action scenes featuring Pawan Kalyan and Rana were shot under the choreography of [[Dhilip Subbarayan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan Kalyan's pic from the sets of his next movie co-starring Rana Daggubati goes viral|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/article/pawan-kalyan-s-pic-from-the-sets-of-his-next-movie-co-starring-rana-daggubati-goes-viral/737582|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Times Now]]|date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326104857/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/article/pawan-kalyan-s-pic-from-the-sets-of-his-next-movie-co-starring-rana-daggubati-goes-viral/737582 |archive-date=26 March 2021 }}</ref> The second schedule of film began in April.<ref name=":1" /> Later, the shoot was halted due to the second wave of [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=PSPK Rana Movie: Pawan Kalyan to resume the film shooting from July 12?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pspk-rana-movie-pawan-kalyan-to-resume-the-film-shooting-from-july-12/articleshow/84166184.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706071012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pspk-rana-movie-pawan-kalyan-to-resume-the-film-shooting-from-july-12/articleshow/84166184.cms |archive-date=6 July 2021 }}</ref> 30% of the shoot is completed by June 2021, and a special set was constructed in Hyderabad for the next schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=23 June 2021|title=Special set for Ayyappanum Koshiyum remake|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/special-set-for-ayyappanum-koshiyum-remake-692202|url-status=live|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Hans India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624032336/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/special-set-for-ayyappanum-koshiyum-remake-692202 |archive-date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> Filming resumed in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=Khaki-clad Pawan Kalyan resumes shoot for Ayyappanum Koshiyum's Telugu remake|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/khakiclad-pawan-kalyan-resumes-shoot-for-ayyappanum-koshiyum-s-telugu-remake-see-pic-101627293177854.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726104527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/khakiclad-pawan-kalyan-resumes-shoot-for-ayyappanum-koshiyum-s-telugu-remake-see-pic-101627293177854.html |archive-date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> A new schedule began in December 2021, filming took place at Madanpalle Yellamma Temple in [[Vikarabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2021|title=అక్కడ భీమ్లా నాయక్‌ షూటింగ్‌.. ఎగబడ్డ పవన్ అభిమానులు|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bheemla-nayak-latest-schedule-shooting-vikarabad-1420460|url-status=live|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217094917/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bheemla-nayak-latest-schedule-shooting-vikarabad-1420460 |archive-date=17 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=18 December 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan resumes the shoot of 'Bheemla Nayak'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-resumes-the-shoot-of-bheemla-nayak-720378|url-status=live|website=The Hans India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218121346/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pawan-kalyan-resumes-the-shoot-of-bheemla-nayak-720378 |archive-date=18 December 2021 }}</ref> Final sequences, including a promotional song featuring Kalyan were shot in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2022|title='Bheemla Nayak' shoot to wrap up soon|url=https://telanganatoday.com/bheemla-nayak-shoot-to-wrap-up-soon|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> The shoot was wrapped up on 17 February 2022, a week ahead of its scheduled release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Pawan Kalyan finishes filming 'Bheemla Nayak', a week before release|url=https://theprint.in/features/pawan-kalyan-finishes-filming-bheemla-nayak-a-week-before-release/835800/|website=[[The Print]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main article|Bheemla Nayak (soundtrack)}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Thaman S]] in his second collaboration with [[Pawan Kalyan]] after ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''. The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]] label for a sum of {{INRConvert|5.04|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 August 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan's 'Bheemla Nayak' audio rights sold for record price: Reports|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/pawan-kalyans-bheemla-nayak-audio-rights-sold-for-record-price-reports-1025049.html|access-date=13 September 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Bheemla Nayak'' was released on 25 February 2022 one day later after the release of ''[[Valimai]]'' starring [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Kartikeya Gummakonda]]. Earlier in July 2021, it was announced that the film would release on 12 January 2022, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2021|title=Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati film gets Sankranti release: 'Biggest battle of self-esteem'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubati-film-gets-a-release-date-7435691/|access-date=3 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> However, in December 2021, it was postponed to 25 February 2022 after requests by producers [[D. V. V. Danayya]], Vamsi, and [[Dil Raju]] as their films ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' and ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' were scheduled to release at the same time.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=Bheemla Nayak Gets New Release Date: Deets Inside|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/bheemla-nayak-gets-new-release-date-deets-inside-148515|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref> Later in January 2022, the makers announced their intention to release the film either on 25 February or 1 April, whichever datewas conducive for a theatrical release due to the prevailing COVID situation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 January 2022|title=Makers of Bheemla Nayak block two release dates: 'Will be a massive theatrical experience'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/makers-of-bheemla-nayak-block-two-release-dates-pawan-kalyan-7750133/|access-date=31 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In mid-February, the makers confirmed that the fil would be released theatrically on 25 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Bheemla Nayak gets release date, Rana Daggubati promises a 'power storm' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bheemla-nayak-gets-release-date-rana-daggubati-promises-a-power-storm-7775542/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film's global theatrical rights were sold for {{INR}}102.5 [[crore]], including the rights of [[Telugu states]] which were pegged at {{INR}}84.3 crore.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Surprising many, the film did little to no on ground marketing to promote the film, barring the pre release event. The audience showed up in theatres mainly on the basis of the star pull of Pawan Kalyan and Rana Daggubati, and promotional content released online, like the trailer and the songs.

Doing no on-ground marketing in star-led films became a trend starting with this film, with Pawan Kalyan's very next venture [[Bro (2023 film)|''Bro'']], and the [[Prabhas]] starrer pan-India movie [[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|''Salaar:Part 1 - Ceasefire'']], employing the same strategy.

The pre-release event of the film, scheduled to take place on 21 February 2022 was postponed to 23 February in the wake of death of [[Andhra Pradesh]]'s Minister [[Mekapati Goutham Reddy]] as a sign of respect.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hymavathi|first=Ravali|date=21 February 2022|title=Pawan Kalyan's Bheemla Nayak Pre-Release Event Is Postponed As AP Minister Mekapati Goutham Reddy Passes Away…|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pawan-kalyans-bheemla-nayak-pre-release-event-is-postponed-as-ap-minister-mekapati-goutham-reddy-passes-away-730229|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

In February 2022, vandals slashed screens in movie theatres playing the film in the [[Toronto]] area.<ref>"Three movie screens in Burlington were among six screens slashed by vandals on Feb. 23, Halton police say... According to the investigators, the theatres were targeted because they were playing the film Bheemla Nayak." Rathi, Rhythm. Vandals slash 6 movie screens in one day, including 3 in Burlington. CBC. 2 March 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/cinema-slashing-1.6369598</ref>

=== Home media ===
The [[digital distribution]] rights of the film were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], while the satellite rights were acquired by [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Telanganatoday|date=18 February 2022|title='Bheemla Nayak' sold for huge price|url=https://telanganatoday.com/bheemla-nayak-sold-for-huge-price|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2022|title=భీమ్లా నాయక్‌కు ఓటీటీల పోటీ, భారీ డీల్‌కు సొంతం చేసుకున్న దిగ్గజ సంస్థలు!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/bheemla-nayak-ott-rights-sold-aha-hotstar-hefty-price-1435755|access-date=20 February 2022|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> The film was originally scheduled to stream on Disney+ Hotstar and Aha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stream Bheemla Nayak on Aha Video |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/bheemla-nayak |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Aha Video|date=30 April 2018 }}</ref> on 25 March 2022, but it ended up streaming a day earlier, on 24 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two OTT platforms to stream 'Bheemla Nayak' from 'March 25' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/two-ott-platforms-to-stream-bheemla-nayak-from-march-25/articleshow/90305027.cms |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
As per [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']], ''Bheemla Nayak'' grossed over {{INR}}192 crore worldwide in 20 days of its theatrical run.{{efn|name=gross|''[[The Times of India]]'' reported the film's worldwide gross to be ₹210.37 crore in 20 days. But, the closing collections of the film are not reported.<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |title='Bheemla Nayak' box office collection Day 20: Pawan Kalyan's film steady, eyes Rs 100 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/bheemla-nayak-box-office-collection-day-20-pawan-kalyans-film-steady-eyes-rs-100-crore/articleshow/90285418.cms|access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=17 March 2022}}</ref>}} On its opening day, the film grossed {{INR}}{{sum|43.1|9}} [[crore]] worldwide, including {{INR}}43.1 crore in the domestic territory and {{USD|1}} million from overseas.<ref name="day1">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Thummala |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ 'భీమ్లా నాయక్' తొలి రోజు వసూళ్లు.. పవర్ స్టార్ మేనియా పీక్స్! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pawan-kalyan-bheemla-nayak-day-1-world-wide-collections/articleshow/89843212.cms?minitv=true |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> The film netted {{INR}}37 [[crore]] in India and emerged as the best post-[[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] opener in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=26 February 2022|title=Telugu Film Bheemla Nayak Scores Huge Opening Day In Nizam / Andhra - Box Office India|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6679|access-date=|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In its opening weekend, the film grossed {{INR|110}} crore worldwide, of which {{INR}}70 crore came from India, and the rest from the overseas.<ref name="3d">{{cite web |last=Thummala |first=Kumar |title=Bheemla Nayak 3rd Day WW Collections : 'భీమ్లా నాయక్' వరల్డ్ వైడ్ 3 డేస్ కలెక్షన్స్.. రూ. 100 కోట్ల క్లబ్ లో ఎంట్రీ.. |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/pawan-kalyan-bheemla-nayak-3-days-world-wide-collections/articleshow/89887129.cms?minitv=true |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te |date=28 February 2022}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}50 crore in 6 days, with the distributor's share standing at {{INR|55}} crore.<ref name="6d">{{cite web |last=Boddula |first=Sunil |title=భీమ్లా నాయక్ 6 డేస్ కలెక్షన్స్.. బ్రేక్ ఈవెన్ కి ఇంకెంత దూరం?|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/bheemla-nayak-world-wide-6-days-collection-report-here/articleshow/89963183.cms|website=[[Samayam Telugu]]|trans-title=Bheemla Nayak 6 days collection...how far is it from breaking even? |language=te |date=3 March 2022}}</ref>

After 10 days of its theatrical run, the film collected a worldwide distributor's share of ₹92.25 crore, with a gross of {{INR|148.6}} crore.<ref name="10d" >{{cite web |title=Bheemla Nayak {{!}} వంద కోట్ల క్లబ్ లో 'భీమ్లానాయక్'.. పూర్తి కలెక్షన్లు ఇవే |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/bheemla-nayak-movie-collect-100-crore-share-at-indian-box-office-481956 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]]|date=7 March 2022|language=te}}</ref> The film became a profitable venture in the United States, grossing $2.4 million in 11 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Bheemla Nayak Day 11 Collections: Pawan Kalyan Movie Steady at Box Office |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/bheemla-nayak-day-11-collections-pawan-kalyan-movie-steady-box-office-151977 |website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Bheemla Nayak'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from the critics and audience, who praised the film for "terrific mass elements" and "intense confrontation scenes".<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2022|title='Bheemla Nayak' day 1 box office collection: Pawan Kalyan-starrer off to a good start|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bheemla-nayak-day-1-box-office-collection-pawan-kalyan-starrer-off-to-a-good-start-1085039.html|website=Deccan Herald|quote=Bheemla Nayak has received positive reviews for its terrific mass elements and intense confrontation scenes.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=60|count=5|average=5.5|ref=yes}}

Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo termed ''Bheemla Nayak'' "racy, [[Masala film|masala]]-laden adaptation," praising the screenplay, score and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak movie review: A racy adaptation of Ayyappanum Koshiyum led by Pawan Kalyan and Rana Daggubati|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/bheemla-nayak-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-and-rana-daggubati-star-in-a-racy-effective-face-off/article65083682.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also echoed the same while opining that the climax could have been fleshed out better. On performances, Pathi wrote: "''Bheemla Nayak'' is an example of what makes Pawan Kalyan such a huge star [..]. Rana Daggubati is top notch and this film is proof of how well he can act. Nithya Menen is decent in her role but it's Samyuktha Menon who delivers a mature performance."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak Movie Review : A massy and racy version of the original|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bheemla-nayak/movie-review/89817793.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Ram Venkat Srikar of [[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']] wrote, "Although it is largely faithful to the central conceit of the original, ''Bheemla Nayak'' is bigger, fiercer, and massier." While saying ''Bheemla Nayak'' traded "depth for whistles", Srikar felt that this choice did "more good than harm" to the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak Movie Review: This Pawan Kalyan-Rana face-off guarantees fireworks|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/feb/25/bheemla-nayak-movie-review-this-pawan-kalyan-rana-face-off-guarantees-fireworks-29952.html|access-date=|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'s}} Haricharan Pudipeddi opined that despite not recreating the original's magic, the remake still worked in its own ways, owing to "Kalyan's machismo" and "Daggubati's impressive performance."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak movie review: Pawan Kalyan is terrific, Rana Daggubati makes solid impact in Ayyappanum Koshiyum remake|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/bheemla-nayak-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-is-terrific-rana-daggubati-makes-solid-impact-in-ayyappanum-koshiyum-remake-101645780841370.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Sankeertha Varma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' felt that Trivikram not only tried to retain the essence the original but also successfully weaved mythology around his protagonists, in addition to a flashback that tied the loose ends.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak movie review: A frivolous yet fun star vehicle that cherry-picks from the original|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bheemla-nayak-movie-review-a-frivolous-yet-fun-star-vehicle-that-cherry-picks-from-the-original-10408731.html|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

A ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' reviewer called the film an "engaging experience," and wrote: "The director has managed the extremely difficult task of engaging the audience with a simplistic, single-thread plot, through with his writing."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak movie review|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250222/bheemla-nayak-movie-review.html|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Janani.K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that "the remake turned out to be better than original, that has been spruced up with masala and mass moments but wisely have cut short the runtime as well".<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Janani |title=Bheemla Nayak Movie Review: Pawan Kalyan, Rana Daggubati spruce up Ayyappanum Koshiyum |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/bheemla-nayak-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubati-spruce-up-ayyappanum-koshiyum/ar-AAUhFW1?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531 |access-date=26 February 2022 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

On the other hand, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic Manoj Kumar R was critical of the film for deviating much from the original, stating: "In ''Bheemla Nayak'', we get no sense of the place where the story plays out. The film is a very shallow reading of the text of ''Ayyappanum Koshiyum''."<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Bheemla Nayak movie review: The myth of Pawan Kalyan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bheemla-nayak-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-7790618/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="5" |[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Pawan Kalyan]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Rana Daggubati]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Thaman S]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]] ("Antha Ishtam")
|{{nom}}
|}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14209560}}

{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saagar K Chandra]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]

Aligarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:10Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: made a biography

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aligarh
| map_image = 76-Aligarh.svg
| mla = [[Mukta Raja]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:395352}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 76
}}
'''Aligarh''' ({{IPA|hi|əliːgəɽʱ}}) is a constituency of the [[Aligarh district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (U.P.). [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facilities with [[Electronic voting in India|electronic voting machines]] (EVM) will be used in 2017 in U.P. assembly polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Machines-to-rule-out-fraud-confusion-at-upcoming-UP-polls/articleshow/55946986.cms|title=Machines to rule out fraud, confusion at upcoming UP polls|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Legislative Assembly members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!Party
|-
|1957<ref name="1957 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1957 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Anant Ram Verma
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1962<ref name="1962 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1962 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Abdul Basir Khan
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|-
|1967<ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1967 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Indra Pal Singh
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|1969<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1969 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Ahmad Loot Khan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1974<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1974 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Indra Pal Singh
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|1977<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1977 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Moziz Ali Beg
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|1980<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1980 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Khwaja Haleem]]
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|1985<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1985 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Baldev Singh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1989<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1989 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Krashan Kumar Navaman
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1991 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news |title=1993 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Abdual Khaliq<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=1996 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Vivek Bansal<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=2002 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2007 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Zamir Ullah
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Zafar Alam (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Zafar Alam]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Sanjeev Raja]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="2022 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2022 Election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2476.htm?ac=76 |access-date=30 March 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Mukta Raja]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aligarh<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mukta Raja]]
|votes = {{formatnum:120389}}
|percentage = 47.66
|change = {{increase}}1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Zafar Alam (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Zafar Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107603}}
|percentage = 42.6
|change = {{increase}}2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Razia Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:18273}}
|percentage = 7.23
|change = {{decrease}}3.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Imtiaz Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:2292}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1056}}
|percentage = 0.42
|change = {{decrease}}0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12786}}
|percentage = 5.06
|change = {{decrease}}1.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:252587}}
|percentage = 63.89
|change = {{decrease}}2.58
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Aligarh<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|access-date= 21 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjeev Raja]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:113752}}
|percentage = 46.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zafar Alam (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Zafar Alam]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:98312}}
|percentage = 39.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohd. Arif
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:25704}}
|percentage = 10.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajkumar
|party = Swatantra Jantaraj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3325}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1375}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15440}}
|percentage = 6.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246114}}
|percentage = 66.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Aligarh district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Aligarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Dadar Saitan Chowky Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:49Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: new!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dadar Saitan Chowky
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 54,078
| mla = Trimbak Ramchandra Naravne
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Dadar Saitan Chowky Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Trimbak Ramchandra Naravne || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dadar Saitanchowky <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Trimbak Ramchandra Naravne |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,058 |percentage = 45.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atre, Pralhad Keshav |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,248 |percentage = 39.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pendse, Lalji Moreshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,265 |percentage = 9.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shukla, Saryuprasad Ram Prasad |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 5.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,810 |percentage = 5.42% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,379 |percentage = 61.72% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,379}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,078 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Bhagwat Murmu

2026-04-04T03:46:30Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: made new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhagwat Murmu
| image =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| governor =
| predecessor = [[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
| successor = [[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
| constituency = [[Jhajha]]
| birth_name = Bhagwat Murmu
| birth_date = 28 February 1928
| birth_place = [[Jamui district|Jamui]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1998|6|30|1928|2|28}}
| main_width =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| mother =
| father =
| relations =
| spouse =
| children =
| caption =
}}

'''Bhagwat Murmu''' also known as ''Bhagwat Murmu Thakur'' (28 February 1928 – 30 June 1998) was an [[India]]n politician belonged to [[Indian National Congress]] and Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, 1957–1962.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/jhajha.html About Jhajha Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jhajha Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results|publisher=Elections.in, India|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/jhajha.html |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> He was born into the [[Santal]] family in the [[village]] of Bela, located in the Khera block of Jamui district in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. His interest in social welfare and community development grew, leading him to join the Sambhal Paharia Seva Mandal in [[Deoghar]] in 1952.

==Literary Contributions==
Alongside his social work, Bhagwat Murmu 'Thakur' was also a prolific writer, penning poems, stories, and songs in Hindi, [[Santali language|Santhali]], and Bengali languages. He authored numerous books in the Devanagari script, many of which have been included in university curricula. Two of his songs are part of the syllabus for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination.<ref>{{cite web |title=SANTHALI OPTIONAL SYLLABUS |publisher=educratias.com |url=https://educratias.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Santhali-Optional-Syllabus-.pdf |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622165258/https://educratias.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Santhali-Optional-Syllabus-.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Santali Kosh, Year 1980|publisher=abebooks.com |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Hindi-Santali-Kosh-Year-1980-Braj/30989666156/bd|access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Santali |publisher= iascoachingchandigarh.com/ |url=http://www.iascoachingchandigarh.com/index.php/the-hindu/17-ias/syllabus/53-santali|access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> Notably, his book Dong Sereng (Dong Song) is available on Amazon in both Santhali and Hindi versions[. Some of his notable literary works include "Sohrai Sereng" (Sohrai Song), "Sisirjon Rang" (poetry collection), "Barubeda" (novel), "Mayajal" (story), "Santhali Education," "Hindi Santhali Kosh Dictionary," and "Kohima" (12 folktales) published by Naganeth Bhasha Parishad.<ref>{{cite web |title=SANTHALI OPTIONAL SYLLABUS |publisher=educratias.com |url=https://educratias.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Santhali-Optional-Syllabus-.pdf |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622165258/https://educratias.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Santhali-Optional-Syllabus-.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Santali Kosh, Year 1980|publisher=abebooks.com |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Hindi-Santali-Kosh-Year-1980-Braj/30989666156/bd|access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Santali |publisher= iascoachingchandigarh.com/ |url=http://www.iascoachingchandigarh.com/index.php/the-hindu/17-ias/syllabus/53-santali|access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

==Awards==
He was also known for first recipient of Padma Shri Award among [[Santal]] People being awarded on 16 March 1985.<ref>[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Bihar&Award=Padma%20Shri |title=Padma Awards, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729163958/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Bihar&Award=Padma%20Shri |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Bhagwat}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

Blockade of Porto Novo

2026-04-03T12:45:07Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Short description|1683 blockade of a South Indian harbour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Blockade of Porto Novo
| place = [[Parangipettai#History|Porto Novo]] (present-day [[Parangipettai]], [[India]])
| image = Axel Juel blockade of porto Novo.png
| image_size = 290px
| date = March 1683, August 1684 – {{circa|1687}}
| coordinates = {{coord|11.49|N|79.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| territory = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| result = Danish victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = [[Parangipettai#History|Porto Novo]] Danish hitmen
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Axel Juel]]
| commander2 = Gopal Pundit Peder Trane
| units2 = Unknown
| units1 = Unknown
| strength1 = 4 [[warships]]
| strength2 = 3-4 ships
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 6 vessels Some killed
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| caption = Map of [[Axel Juel|Axel Juel's]] blockade of [[Porto Novo, India|Porto Novo]] and surrounding areas
}}

The '''blockade of Porto Novo''' ({{Langx|da|Blokaden af Porto Novo}}), also known as the '''siege of Porto Novo''' ({{Langx|da|Belejringen af Porto Novo|label=none}}), was a Danish [[blockade]] of the Indian trade centre [[Parangipettai#History|Porto Novo]] (present-day [[Parangipettai]]) starting in August 1684 and continuing for three to four years, while the siege is described as taking place in March 1683. The events extremely affected Porto Novo's trade and cost the city 60,000 [[Écu|écus]] annually.

== Background ==
The [[Danish East India Company]] was founded in 1616 and established its first settlement in [[Tranquebar]] in [[South India]] in 1620.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=15–16}} Cargoes from [[Denmark–Norway]] were sent regularly, until the [[Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660)|Dano-Swedish Wars c. 1659]] broke the connection, and the first {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}} was subsequently dissolved.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=16}} A new Danish company was established in 1670, with [[Sivert Adeler]] becoming [[governor of Danish India]] in 1683. Adeler left Tranquebar on 6 January 1682, and [[Axel Juel]] became governor thereafter.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=625}}

== Siege and blockade ==
Already in 1682, Juel is said to have cruised around the Indian trading centre [[Porto Novo, India|Porto Novo]] (present-day [[Parangipettai]]) with two ships, waiting for returning [[Moors|Moorish]] ships to be conquered.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=625}}

In March 1683, the Danes had a dispute with the local [[subahdar]], Gopal Pundit, and besieged Porto Novo.{{Sfn|Pringle|1894|p=}} The warfare was conducted on the sea, and the Danes [[Blockade|blockaded]] the [[Vellar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar River]]. Meanwhile, they held three or four [[Dutch people|Dutch]] vessels with the [[Dutch East India Company|VOC's]] [[Accounting|accounts]], coming from [[Ceylon]]. The ships were only released upon a written complaint by the Dutch, as the Danes did not expect any more ships from Porto Novo. The Danes had already seized six ships, and the remaining ships from the harbour fled to Trimelevaas and [[Nagapattinam]]. At one point, Governor Axel Juel came in person with four [[Warship|warships]], heavily bombarding the city at the cost of some lives.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=634}}

Thereafter, Juel demanded three things:{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=634}}

# Double compensation for an amount of 200 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]]
# Tariff-free status for 300 bales of [[cloth]] instead of 150 bales, which was previously granted to them
# A written agreement from the merchants to annually ship 600 bales of cloth by [[freight]] with their ships to [[Malacca]] or [[Aceh|Achin]]

These demands were not granted by Gopal Pundit, and Juel quickly returned to Tranquebar instead of attempting anything more.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|pp=634–635}} In September 1683, a Danish ship returned before Portonovo, yet the inhabitants now sent out their ships under [[Flag of Portugal|Portuguese]], [[Flag of France|French]], and [[Flag of England|English flags]]. This made the dispute advantageous Dutch VOC; they did not help the Danes with drinking water in Tegenapatam when they asked for it, and a protest was also made against the damage caused by the Danish Company to the Dutch [[Factory (trading post)|lodge]] in Porto Novo. However, the Danes managed to bring about a favorable [[peace settlement]] with Pundit in the same year.{{Sfn|Krarup|1894|p=89}}

Despite this, the French [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|governor of Pondicherry]], [[François Martin (Pondicherry)|François Martin]], wrote in his ''Mémoires de François Martin'' that Danes at Tranquebar had a great dispute with the governor of Porto Novo starting in 1684. According to Martin, Governor Juel was driven by his obstinate passion to refuse to render justice, and caused the loss of Porto Novo's trade. For nearly three or four years, the Danes prevented any vessel from leaving the harbour. This resulted in a loss of more than 60,000 [[Écu|écus]] each year in revenue for Porto Novo.{{Sfn|Krarup|1937|p=89}}

== Aftermath ==
The favourable outcome for Juel has been described as lucky,{{Sfn|Krarup|1894|p=89}} and the Danish economic situation worsened.{{Sfn|Krarup|1937|p=89}} This resulted in [[Axel Juel#Planned mutiny|a planned mutiny]] against Juel in 1684, which was exposed, and two of the conspirators were executed.{{Sfn|Krarup|1937|p=90}} During a larger lawsuit in Denmark against Juel's governorship in 1689, it was discovered that Porto Novo hired a Danish officer and two local Indians as [[hitmen]] to assassinate other Danish officers. The Danish hitman, Peder Trane, was subsequently [[sentenced to death]].{{Sfn|Krarup|1894|pp=259–260}} Furthermore, Juel is said to have profited over 14,000 [[Danish rigsdaler]] from the war.{{Sfn|Krarup|1894|p=264}}

== References ==
{{Ref list}}

== Works cited ==

* {{Cite book |last=Coolhaas |first=Ed |url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/generalemissiven/#page=777&accessor=toc&source=3 |title=Generale missiven van gouverneurs-generaal en raden aan heren XVII |publisher= |year=2007 |isbn= |edition= |volume=III |location= |language=Dutch}}

* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=François |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/sfhom_1961-8166_1931_edc_3_1 |title=Mémoires de François Martin |publisher=Publications de la Société française d'histoire des outre-mers |year=1931 |volume=3 |issue=1 |isbn= |location=[[Paris]] |pages=360–361 |language=French |trans-title=The memoirs of François Martin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pringle |first=Arthur T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjwnaE4ybSwC&dq=porto+novo+1683+danes&pg=PA27 |title=The Diary and Consultation Book of the Agent Governor and Council of Fort St. George: 1683 |date=1894 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Krarup |first=Frederik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2WTW7gsJFYC&dq=Axel+Juel&pg=PA267 |title=Museum: tidsskrift for historie og geografi. 1894,1 |date=1894 |publisher=[[Bavarian State Library]] |language=da}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=[[Copenhagen]] |pages=61 |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Krarup |first=Frederik |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/911688.pdf |title=Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |publisher=J. H. Schultz Forlag |year=1937 |location=[[Copenhagen]] |pages= |language=Danish |trans-title=Danish Biographic Lexicon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porto Novo}}
[[Category:1683 in Asia]]
[[Category:1683 in Denmark]]
[[Category:1680s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1680s in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1683]]
[[Category:17th century in Danish India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]
[[Category:Bombing operations and battles]]

Eluru district

2026-03-29T15:33:21Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: improved content after review and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| name = Eluru District
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = POLAVARAM LIFE OF ANDHRA PRADESH.jpg
|photo2a = Silhouette of Abhaya Buddha statue in Eluru.jpg
|photo2b = Eluru Railway station - East Entry (02).jpg
|photo3a = South gopuram of Dwaraka Tirumala temple.jpg
|photo3b = Papikondalu view 89.jpg
|photo4a = Kolleru lake beauty at it's best.jpg
}}
| image_alt = A montage of images related to Eluru District
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Polavaram Project]], Abhaya Buddha Statue in Eluru, Eluru Railway Station, South Gopuram of Dwaraka Tirumala Temple, Papikondalu Hills, Kolleru Lake.
| image_map = Eluru in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Eluru district in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates ={{coord|16.7151|81.1203|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="sakshi-1"/><ref name="ganapavaram">AP GO Number 158, Part-I, Extraordinary dated 16-Feb-2023 for GO MS No:54, Revenue (Lands IV), dated 16-02-2023</ref>
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| established_title1 = Restructured
| established_date1 = 16 February 2023
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Eluru]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Mandals]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|27]]
| area_total_km2 = 6579
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2006737
| population_footnotes = <ref name="sakshi-1"/><ref name="ganapavaram"/>
| blank_info_sec2 =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District collector]]
| leader_name = K. Vetri Selvi. I A S <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eluru District {{!}} Andhra Pradesh Rice Bowl {{!}} India |url=https://eluru.ap.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Putta Mahesh Kumar]]
| leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|07]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 XXX <ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Andhra-pradesh/West-godavari/ Pincode List]</ref>
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP-37 (former)]] {{avoid wrap|AP–39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH-16, NH-216, NH-216A, NH-365BB, NH-516D, NH-516E
| blank_name_sec2 =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1004
| website = {{URL|https://eluru.ap.gov.in/}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption1 = Interactive map outlining district
}}

'''Eluru district''' is a [[district]] in coastal Andhra Region in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Eluru]] is its administrative headquarters. It is formed from from erstwhile West Godavari and Krishna districts on 4 April 2022. It was restructured on 16 February 2023 with the transfer of Ganapavaram mandal to [[West Godavari district]]

== History ==
[[Eluru District]] history has shared common history with [[West Godavari district]], The [[Eastern Chalukyas]] ruled coastal Andhra from 700 to 1200, with Vengi, near [[Pedavegi]] village, as their capital. Historical pieces of evidence are found at the villages, Pedavegi and Guntupalli (Jilakarragudem). Eluru then became a part of the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] Empire until 1471. Later it fell into the hands of the Gajapati Empire. In 1515, [[Krishnadevaraya]] captured it. After the fall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], it was taken by the Sultan of [[Golconda Fort]], Kutub Shah. Eluru District was formed with [[Eluru]] as its headquarters on 4th April 2022.<ref name="sakshi-1">{{Cite web|date=2022-04-03|title=AP: కొత్త జిల్లాల స్వరూపమిదే.. పెద్ద జిల్లా ఏదంటే?|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/area-and-population-new-districts-ap-1446058|access-date=2022-04-03|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=26 January 2022|title=AP issues draft gazette notification on 26 districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129231708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|archive-date=29 January 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=((Staff Reporter)) |title=New districts to come into force on April 4 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922110047/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece |archive-date=22 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849 |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[Eenadu.net]] |language=te |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017133352/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849}}</ref> Ganapavaram mandal was shifted to West godavari district on 16 February 2023.<ref name="restructure-2023">{{Cite web |date=Feb 16, 2023 |title= No 158: West Godavari district- transfer of Ganapavaram mandal from Eluru revenue division, Eluru district to Bhimavaram revenue division, West Godavari district - final notification |url=https://apegazette.cgg.gov.in/uploadGazette_view?filePath=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2FwZWdhemV0dGUuY2dnLmdvdi5pbi9zZWFyY2hBbGxHYXpldHRlcyIsImlhdCI6MTc3MTU2MTIyOSwic3ViIjoiL1VwbG9hZHMvQVBHQVpFVFRFL2dhemV0dGVzLzE2NzY1NDc4MDcyNjAucGRmIn0.2hb6jGoOu1PRzEnghYZfG6JvhnbaRni3p8q1fvnsnDE |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=AP e-gazette |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The district occupies an area of {{Convert|6,579|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="sakshi-1"/><ref name="ganapavaram"/> The district is bounded by [[Khammam district]] and [[Polavaram district]] on the north, [[West Godavari district]] and [[Konaseema district|Konnasemma District]] on the south. The [[Godavari River]] separates [[East Godavari district]] on east and Tammileru River and [[Kolleru Lake]] separates it from [[Krishna district]] and [[NTR district]] on the west.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Topography ==

=== Rivers and waterbodies ===
The district is primarily served by the major river [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and three tributaries: [[Yerrakaluva]], [[Tammileru]], and [[Ramileru]]. Additionally, a freshwater lake flows through the district, serving as a crucial water source. Recently, the [[Government of India]] initiated the [[Polavaram Project]], a water reservoir with the potential to store up to 194.6 TMC<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinakar |first=Lanka |date=2022-03-22 |title=Polavaram is lifeline of Andhra; stop political blame game |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Mar/22/polavaram-is-lifelineof-andhra-stoppolitical-blame-game-2433189.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> of water. This project aims to provide a significant water source for other parts of Andhra Pradesh, with the capacity to divert water<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Chandrababu Naidu vows to bring Godavari water to Rayalaseema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-vows-to-bring-godavari-water-to-rayalaseema/article68002143.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to drought-prone areas such as Rayalaseema and other districts through the [[Buckingham Canal]]. Originally constructed by the [[British Raj|British]], the Buckingham Canal is now part of India's Inland Waterway project,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=New Act seeks to develop inland waterways in AP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/new-act-seeks-to-develop-inland-waterways-in-ap/articleshow/106364049.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> designed to facilitate civilian and goods transportation, potentially reducing transportation costs and improving connectivity through waterways.

=== Climate ===
The region has a [[tropical]] climate similar to the rest of the [[Coastal Andhra]] region. The summers (March–June) are hot and dry while the winters are fairly cold. The rainy season (July–December) is often the best time for tourist visits, as fields are brilliantly green with paddy crops, rivers flowing with monsoon water, and a relatively cool climate. The region has long been home to the Indian nobles due to its climate and fertile soil, and several [[zamindar]] large mansions are scattered around the Godavari area.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Eluru district as of 2025 based on 2011 census<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|3.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|3.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of its establishment in 2022, based on [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the district has a population of 1,937,695. Women number 969,945, making up 50.05% of the district’s population. About 1,618,288 people (80.70%) live in rural areas. The urban population is 384,370 (19.84%), spread across four towns. Scheduled Castes number 424,446 (21.90% of the district), while Scheduled Tribes total 121,311 (6.26% of the district).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eluru district - demography |url=https://eluru.ap.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Eluru district}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Eluru district as of 2025 based on 2011 census<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| thumb = right
| label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value1 = 93.63
| color1 = steelblue
| label2 = [[Koya language|Koya]]
| value2 = 2.77
| color2 = teal
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| value3 = 2.65
| color3 = green
| other = y
| other-color = grey
| other-label = Others
}}

== Politics ==
There are one parliamentary and seven assembly constituencies in Eluru district. The parliamentary constituencies are {{bulleted list
|[[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency]] partially
}}
The assembly constituencies are<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency Serial No.
!Name
!style="font-size:100%"|Reserved for Status
|-
|63
|[[Unguturu (Assembly constituency)|Unguturu]]
|None
|-
|64
|[[Denduluru (Assembly constituency)|Denduluru]]
|None
|-
|65
|[[Eluru (Assembly constituency)|Eluru]]
|None
|-
|67
|[[Polavaram (Assembly constituency)|Polavaram]]
|[[Adivasi|ST]]
|-
|68
|[[Chintalapudi (Assembly constituency)|Chintalapudi]]
|[[Dalit|SC]]
|-
|70
|[[Nuzvid (Assembly constituency)|Nuzvid]]
|None
|-
|73
|[[Kaikalur (Assembly constituency)|Kaikalur]]
|None
|}

== Administrative divisions ==

The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: [[Eluru revenue division|Eluru]], [[Jangareddygudem revenue division|Jangareddygudem]], and [[Nuzividu revenue division|Nuzividu]], which are further subdivided into a total of 27 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector.<ref name="sakshi-1"/><ref name="restructure-2023"/>

=== Mandals ===
The list of 27 mandals in Eluru district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Gopi Dara|date=Nov 12, 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: 3 mandals to be shifted to other divisions {{!}} Vijayawada News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-3-mandals-to-be-shifted-to-other-divisions/articleshow/95466172.cms |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: ; font-style: ;|
# [[Eluru revenue division]]
## [[Bhimadole mandal|Bhimadole]]
## [[Denduluru mandal|Denduluru]]
## [[Eluru mandal|Eluru]]
## [[Kaikalur mandal|Kaikalur]]
## [[Kalidindi mandal|Kalidindi]]
## [[Mandavalli mandal|Mandavalli]]
## [[Mudinepalli mandal|Mudinepalli]]
## [[Nidamarru mandal|Nidamarru]]
## [[Pedapadu mandal|Pedapadu]]
## [[Pedavegi mandal|Pedavegi]]
# [[Jangareddygudem revenue division]]
## [[Buttayagudem mandal|Buttayagudem]]
## [[Dwaraka Tirumala mandal|Dwaraka Tirumala]]
## [[Jangareddygudem mandal|Jangareddygudem]]
## [[Jeelugu Milli mandal|Jeelugu Milli]]
## [[Kamavarapukota mandal|Kamavarapukota]]
## [[Koyyalagudem mandal|Koyyalagudem]]
## Kukunuru
## [[Polavaram mandal|Polavaram]]
## [[T. Narasapuram mandal|T. Narasapuram]]
## [[Velairpadu mandal|Velairpadu]]
# [[Nuzvid revenue division]]
## [[Agiripalli mandal|Agiripalli]]
## [[Chatrai mandal|Chatrai]]
## [[Chintalapudi mandal|Chintalapudi]]
## [[Lingapalem Mandal|Lingapalem]]
## [[Musunuru mandal|Musunuru]]
## [[Nuzvid mandal|Nuzvid]]
}}

== Cities and towns ==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"
|+'''Largest cities or towns in Eluru District''' As per the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|2011 Census]]
!Name of the City
!Revenue Division
!2011 Census Population
|-
|[[Eluru]]
|[[Eluru revenue division|Eluru]]
|231,250
|-
|[[Nuzvidu]]
|[[Nuzvid revenue division|Nuzvidu Division]]
|58,590
|-
|[[Jangareddygudem]]
|[[Jangareddygudem revenue division|Jangareddygudem Division]]
|48,994
|-
|[[Chintalapudi, Eluru district|Chintalapudi]]
|[[Nuzvid revenue division|Nuzvidu Division]]
|25,952
|-
|[[Kaikaluru]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Eluru revenue division|Eluru Division]]
|21,292
|-
|[[Unguturu, Eluru district|Unguturu]]
|14,280
|-
|[[Bhimadole]]
|13,669
|-
|[[Mudinepalli]]
|6463
|-
|[[Chatrai]]
|[[Nuzvid revenue division|Nuzvidu Division]]
|4613
|}
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers"
|+Municipal Bodies in Eluru District
!Municipal Body
!Civic Status of town
!Establishment year
|-
|[[Eluru]]
|Municipal Corporation
|2005
|-
|[[Nuzvid]]
|Municipality Grade – 3
|1983
|-
|[[Jangareddygudem]]
|Municipality Grade – 3
|2011
|}

==Economy==
The woolen pile carpet industry in Eluru produces eco-friendly carpets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagaraja|first1=G|title=Handmade carpet industry in doldrums|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/handmade-carpet-industry-in-doldrums/article5808247.ece|access-date=26 November 2015|work=The Hindu|date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=encyclo>{{cite book|last1=Sajnani|first1=Manohar|title=Encyclopaedia of tourism resources in India|date=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-018-9|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=Eluru&pg=PA66|access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

== Culture and tourism ==
[[File:Buddha Statue at Eluru.jpg|thumb|199x199px|Buddha Park at Eluru]]
There are many landmarks and tourism destinations in the district. Eluru is the largest city of the district with many destinations related to [[Buddhists]] and [[Archeologists|Archeological]] importance such as ''Guntupalli Caves'' near the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guntupalli caves are selected as India's top 30 heritage sites |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/google-world-wonders-project-archaeological-survey-of-india-asi-ministry-of-culture-heritage-monuments-maps-cultural-institute/1/344632.html}}</ref> Eluru city hosts a 74-foot high Buddha statue in the heart of the city. Some of the religious destinations include, [[Dwaraka Tirumala]] known with the name as ''Chinna Tirumala'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Venkateswara Temple |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151026/nation-current-affairs/article/lord-rides-suryaprabha-vahana-chinna-tirumala}}</ref> and [[Veerabhadra Temple, Pattiseema]].
[[File:Devotees near entrance of Dwaraka Tirumala temple.jpg|alt=|thumb|199x199px|[[Dwaraka Tirumala]] Temple devotees]]
[[File:Caves on Dhammalingesvarasvami Hill 03.JPG|thumb|199x199px|Caves on Dhammalingesvarasvami Hill at [[Guntupalle, Eluru district|Guntupalle]]]]

== Notable people ==


* [[Sekhar Kammula]], film director
* [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]], Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
* [[L. V. Prasad]], Indian film producer, actor, director, cinematographer and businessman
* [[Duvvuri Subbarao]], former Reserve Bank Governor
* [[Silk Smitha]], Actress<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-23 |title=Silk Smitha's death continues to be a mystery even after 24 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/silk-smithas-death-continues-to-be-a-mystery-even-after-24-years/articleshow/78274181.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Naga Shaurya]], Actor<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oohalu Gusagusalade |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-naga-shaurya-5-best-performances-of-the-actor-that-one-shouldnt-miss/photostory/73488277.cms?picid=73488351 |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Baladitya (actor)]], Actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baladitya - Photos, Videos, Birthday, Latest News, Height In Feet - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/baladitya.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Socio economic survey 2022–23 |last=DOP |publisher=Government of AP |year=2023 |url=https://apfinance.gov.in/downloads/FINALBOOKSES-2023FINAL.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171215/https://apfinance.gov.in/downloads/FINALBOOKSES-2023FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Eluru district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110714851}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Eluru district}}

[[Category:Eluru district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Mahima Chaudhry

2026-03-23T06:36:00Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahima Chaudhry
| birth_name = Ritu Chaudhry
| image = Mahima Chaudhry snapped at the premiere of Tanvi The Great (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chaudhry in 2025
| image size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|09|13}}
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], India<ref name="hills smile">{{Cite news |title=Hills smile to conquer 'camera' & hearts |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 December 2011 |access-date=15 July 2016 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111221/jsp/siliguri/story_14908019.jsp#.V4gEoqKs-W4 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163313/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111221/jsp/siliguri/story_14908019.jsp#.V4gEoqKs-W4}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Bobby Mukherji|2006|2013|reason=divorced}}<ref name="marriage" />
| children = 1
| partner =
| website =
}}
'''Mahima Chaudhry''' (born '''Ritu Chaudhry'''; 13 September 1973),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahima Chaudhary Turns 51: Actress’ Comeback Story of Resilience and Talent |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mahima-chaudhary-turns-51-actress-comeback-story-of-resilience-and-talent-9046842.html |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Then vs Now: From Pardes to Emergency, a look at Mahima Chaudhry's journey |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/mahima-chaudhry-birthday-2024-journey-from-pardes-to-emergency-102187/1 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Mid Day |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Chaudhry did a few modelling assignments and television commercials before venturing into films, with the 1997 romantic drama film ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'', for which she received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/shah-rukh-khan-best-films-368556-2012-10-30|title=Pardes (1997)|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>

She played the leading lady in several films, including ''[[Daag (1999 film)|Daag]]'' (1999), ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000), and ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2000), and received critical recognition for her performances in ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]'' (1999), ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'' (2001) and ''[[Dobara]]'' (2004), earning nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for ''Dil Kya Kare'' and ''Dhadkan''. This was followed by a hiatus and intermittent acting roles.

==Early life==
Mahima was born as Ritu Chaudhry to a [[Jat]] father from [[Baghpat District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC6ApodhlR4
|title = Actress महिमा चौधरी बोली मैं जाट हूँ, करनाल पहुंचकर
|date = 11 April 2021
|publisher = IBN24 News Network
|access-date = 25 March 2024
|archive-date = 3 April 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240403074456/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC6ApodhlR4
|url-status = live
}}</ref> and a [[Nepali people|Nepalese]]-origin mother in [[Darjeeling]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.postoast.com/mahima-chaudhry-daughter-ariana/ |title=Mahima Chaudhry Beautiful And Cute |date=27 December 2021 |publisher=Postost |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008164452/https://www.postoast.com/mahima-chaudhry-daughter-ariana/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She attended Dow Hill in [[Kurseong]] until class 10 and later moved to [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling]].<ref name="hills smile" /> Having grown up in the Darjeeling Hills region, she is fluent in both Hindi and Nepalese languages.<ref name="hills smile" /> She won the ‘Miss Darjeeling’ title in a local beauty contest.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=This Actress, Who Made Her Debut With A Superstar, Underwent Surgery After Horrific Accident |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/this-actress-who-made-her-debut-with-a-superstar-underwent-surgery-after-a-fatal-accident-also-battled-cancer-mahima-choudhary-1685851/amp |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to her first release ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'', she changed her name to Mahima Chaudhry upon the recommendation by her director [[Subhash Ghai]], who believed the letter 'M' to be lucky for leading actresses in his films.<ref name="Kapil"/>

==Career==
[[File:Mahima-Chaudhary.jpg|thumb|Chaudhry at an event in 2011]]

Chaudhry started her career as a [[video jockey]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sonali|first=Kriti|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/67-glass-pieces-had-to-be-taken-out-of-mahima-chaudhrys-face-actor-broke-down-when-she-was-called-scarface-8940001/|title=67 glass pieces had to be taken out of Mahima Chaudhry's face, actor broke down when she was called scarface|date=15 September 2023|location=New Delhi|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 November 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920040135/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/67-glass-pieces-had-to-be-taken-out-of-mahima-chaudhrys-face-actor-broke-down-when-she-was-called-scarface-8940001/|url-status=live}}</ref> She made her acting debut with ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'', in 1997. Chaudhry played a village girl opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2660|title=Pardes - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film was a major commercial success worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1997#.VbrjPp5Viko|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 1997|website=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805004553/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_world_total/1997#.VbrjPp5Viko|url-status=dead}}</ref> For her performance, she won the Filmfare Award for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] along with nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |title=43rd Filmfare Awards 1998 Nominations |work=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706172521/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |archive-date=6 July 2007 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

Chaudhry's other roles were in ''[[Daag: The Fire]]'' (1999),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Film Without Fire |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22021999/cinema.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=India Today |date=22 February 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001121002700/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/22021999/cinema.html |archive-date=21 November 2000}}</ref> where she played dual roles; in ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' (1999), she played a widow forced to marry her brother-in-law; in ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000) she is the loving friend of a man who is madly in love with another woman; in ''[[Deewane]]'' she plays a singer in love with a thief; in ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' she plays the stubborn wife of a police officer; in ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'' she plays a young bride forced to fight dowry; in ''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]'' (2001) she plays a stubborn tenant who will not give up her home at any cost; in ''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]'' she is a loving homemaker; in ''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]'' (2002) she plays a young woman who will do anything for her sister's happiness; in ''[[Dobara]]'' she is the frustrated housewife; in ''[[The Film (film)|The Film]]'' she is a desperate struggling screenwriter; in ''[[Zameer: The Fire Within]]'' she is a paralytic dancer, in ''[[Film Star (film)|Film Star]]'' she is an uptight arrogant fading actress; in ''[[Home Delivery]]'' (2005) she is a [[South India]]n superstar; and in ''[[Souten: The Other Woman]]'' (2006) she plays a desperate housewife who has an affair with her stepdaughter's boyfriend.

In 2010, Chaudhry starred in a Knightsbridge Media Production film, ''Pusher'', directed by Assad Raja. She also worked in the thriller ''[[Mumbhaii - The Gangster]]'', co-starring [[Om Puri]] and [[Sanjay Kapoor]].

==Political activities==
In the 2021 [[West Bengal]] elections, Chaudhry campaigned for some candidates from both [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/mahima-chaudhry-bjp-campaign-tmc-1789969-2021-04-12?onetap=true
|title = Bengal polls Days after roadshow for TMC, Mahima Chaudhry campaigns for BJP
|date = 12 April 2021
|publisher = India Today
|access-date = 25 March 2024
|archive-date = 3 April 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240403090817/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/mahima-chaudhry-bjp-campaign-tmc-1789969-2021-04-12?onetap=true
|url-status = live
}}</ref> In 2023, there was speculation of her joining the BJP ahead of the [[Madhya Pradesh]] elections, as she met the state Minister, Vishvas Sarang, and hailed the BJP government.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-bollywood-actress-mahima-chaudhary-meets-minister-vishvas-sarang-triggers-speculation-of-joining-bjp-ahead-of-elections
|title = Bollywood Actress Mahima Chaudhary Meets Minister Vishvas Sarang
|date = 14 August 2023
|publisher = FPJ
|access-date = 25 March 2024
|archive-date = 15 August 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230815143451/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-bollywood-actress-mahima-chaudhary-meets-minister-vishvas-sarang-triggers-speculation-of-joining-bjp-ahead-of-elections
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

In 2024, Chaudhry came out in support of [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi|Modi]], calling him an inspirational figure under whom [[India]]'s respect has increased in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6VHuo61wak
|title=PM Modi Is An Inspiration |date= 18 March 2024 |publisher = OTV New English|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1999, while shooting for ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]'', Chaudhry was involved in a [[car crash]]; her car rammed into a truck in [[Bangalore]] and multiple pieces of glass had to be removed from her face as a result of the accident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/article/when-67-glass-pieces-had-to-be-removed-from-mahima-chaudharys-face-after-she-met-with-an-accident/811064|title=When 67 glass pieces had to be removed from Mahima Chaudhary's face after she met with an accident|website=www.zoomtventertainment.com|date=13 September 2021 |access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425135711/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/article/when-67-glass-pieces-had-to-be-removed-from-mahima-chaudharys-face-after-she-met-with-an-accident/811064|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chaudhry married architect Bobby Mukherji in 2006. Their daughter was born in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-08 |title=Mahima Chaudhry on challenges she has faced in life, being a single parent |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mahima-chaudhry-on-challenges-she-has-faced-in-life-being-a-single-parent/story-msgahPWcPgwtCYrgLalaoN_amp.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and the couple separated in 2013.<ref name="marriage">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Mahima Chaudhry opens up about troubled marriage, suffering two miscarriages: 'It was due to not being in a happy space' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahima-chaudhry-faced-a-troubled-marriage-suffered-two-miscarriages-read-what-the-actor-shared-7262301/lite/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Chaudhry was diagnosed and successfully treated for [[breast cancer]] in 2022.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahima-chaudhry-on-her-breast-cancer-now-i-am-cancer-free-my-daughter-didnt-go-to-school-for-2-months-so-that-i-stay-safe-exclusive/articleshow/92108484.cms "Mahima Chaudhry on her breast cancer"], ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</ref> She mentioned that comedy shows such as ''Kapil Sharma Show'' helped her during her recovery from illness.<ref name=Kapil>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-mahima-chaudhary-thanks-kapil-sharma-for-helping-her-recover-from-cancer-says-in-my-sickness-your-show-helped-me-a-lot-to-recover/articleshow/99524026.cms?from=mdr|title=The Kapil Sharma Show: Mahima Chaudhary thanks Kapil Sharma for helping her recover from cancer; says 'In my sickness, your show helped me a lot to recover'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 April 2023|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425142921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-mahima-chaudhary-thanks-kapil-sharma-for-helping-her-recover-from-cancer-says-in-my-sickness-your-show-helped-me-a-lot-to-recover/articleshow/99524026.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1997
|''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
|Kusum Ganga
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
|''[[Manasulo Maata]]''
|Priya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
|''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''
|Kavita Kishore
|
|-
|''[[Daag (1999 film)|Daag: The Fire]]''
|Kajri Verma / Kajal
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]''
|Nisha
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|Sheetal Varma
|
|-
|''[[Deewane]]''
|Pooja
|
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
|Anjali P. Singh
|
|-
|''[[Khiladi 420]]''
|Ritu Bhardwaj
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
|Maithili
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]''
|Saraswati
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Om Jai Jagadish]]''
|Ayesha
|
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Tumhaara]]''
|Nimmi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003
|''[[Saaya (2003 film)|Saaya]]''
|Tanya
|
|-
|''[[Tere Naam]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "O Jaana"
|-
|''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]''
|Arpita Alok Malhotra
|
|-
|''[[LOC Kargil]]''
|Reena Yadav
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Dobara]]''
|Dr. Anjali Sehgal
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005
|''[[Zameer: The Fire Within]]''
|Supriya Maheshwari
|
|-
|''[[Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye]]''
|Gulab Khan
|
|-
|''[[Sehar]]''
|Anamika Kant
|
|-
|''[[Film Star (film)|Film Star]]''
|Heera Pandit
|
|-
|''[[The Film (film)|The Film]]''
|Sushmita Banerjee
|
|-
|''[[Home Delivery]]''
|Maya
|
|-
|''[[Bhagmati (2005 film)|Bhagmati]]''
|Bhagmati
|Voice-over
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006
|''[[Souten: The Other Woman]]''
|Mitali 'Mita' R. Singh
|
|-
|''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]''
|Sweet Singh / Sweety Shekar
|
|-
|''[[Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana]]''
|Anjali
|
|-
|''Mr 100%''
|Shilpa
|
|-
|''[[Hope and a Little Sugar]]''
|Saloni
|
|-
|''[[Sarhad Paar]]''
|Simran
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Gumnaam – The Mystery]]''
|Ria
|
|-
|2010
|''Pusher''
|Anita
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Kaanchi: The Unbreakable]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|-
|2015
|''[[Mumbhaii - The Gangster]]''
|Gangster's wife
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Dark Chocolate (film)|Dark Chocolate]]''
|Ishani Banerjee
|
|-
|2024
|''[[The Signature]]''
|Ambika "Ambu"
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Emergency (2024 film)|Emergency]]''
|[[Pupul Jayakar]]
|<ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2022 |title=Kangana Ranaut ropes in Mahima Chaudhry to essay the role of Pupul Jayakar in Emergency; first look unveiled |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-ropes-mahima-chaudhry-essay-role-pupul-jayakar-emergency-first-look-unveiled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820052709/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-ropes-mahima-chaudhry-essay-role-pupul-jayakar-emergency-first-look-unveiled/ |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nadaaniyan]]''
|Neelu Jaisingh
|
|-
|''[[Durlabh Prasad Ki Dusri Shadi]]''
|Babita
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1995–1996
|''Liberty Public Demand''
|Anchor
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mehra |first=Devika |date=21 July 1997 |title=The M fetish |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19970721-bollywood-director-subhash-ghai-renames-latest-find-ritu-chaudhry-to-mahima-830403-1997-07-20 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403090933/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19970721-bollywood-director-subhash-ghai-renames-latest-find-ritu-chaudhry-to-mahima-830403-1997-07-20 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
|2008–2009
|''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1''
|Judge
|<ref>{{cite interview |last=Chaudhry |first=Mahima |interviewer=Roshmila Bhattacharya |title=Good riddance to bad rubbish |date=15 November 2008 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/good-riddance-to-bad-rubbish/story-eGRK6B8iBouNjCaoTfOj2N.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511053817/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/good-riddance-to-bad-rubbish/story-eGRK6B8iBouNjCaoTfOj2N.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka]]''
|Contestant
|Episode 10<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Raaz-Pichle-Janam-Ka-returns-with-more-glamour/690016 |title=Raaz Pichle Janam Ka returns with more glamour |date=29 September 2010 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129215324/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/raaz-pichle-janam-ka-returns-with-more-glamour/690016 |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Chhote Miyan''
| rowspan="2" |Judge
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sachin-pilgaonkar-on-a-laughter-roll/articleshow/12110815.cms|title=Sachin Pilgaonkar on a laughter roll|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 March 2012|access-date=11 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511053820/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sachin-pilgaonkar-on-a-laughter-roll/articleshow/12110815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Ticket to Bollywood (TV series)|Ticket to Bollywood]]''
|
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 18em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Performer(s)
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Role
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Album
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2002
! scope="row"| "Tere Bina Chain Mujhe Ab Aaye Na"
| [[Adnan Sami]]
| Unnamed
| ''Tera Chehra''
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and nominations
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=20%|Film
! width=30%|Award
! width=29%|Category
! width=15%|Result
! width=5%|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |title=43rd Filmfare Awards 1998 Winners |work=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508090623/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |archive-date=8 May 2006 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/and-the-nominees-for-1997-are/ |title=The 4th Screen Awards: And the nominees for 1997 are… |website=The Indian Express |date=9 January 1998 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/nomipop.htm |title=1st Zee Cine Awards 1998 Popular Award Categories Nominations |work=[[Zee TV|Zee Television]] |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980219071201/http://zeetelevision.com/programs/cineawds/nomipop.htm |archive-date=19 February 1998 |agency=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000214/main5.htm |title=Aishwarya, Sanjay win Filmfare awards |work=The Tribune |date=13 February 2000 |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020825020442/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000214/main5.htm |archive-date=25 August 2002 |access-date=30 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=en }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2000
| rowspan="5" |''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]''
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Filmfare |pages=107–109}}</ref>
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |title=IIFA Through the Years - IIFA 2001: South Africa |website=IIFA |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925131700/http://www.iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2001/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/svawards/winom.htm |title=Nominations for 7th Annual Screen Awards are |date=2001 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219220635/http://www.screenindia.com/svawards/winom.htm |archive-date=19 February 2004 |access-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Won}}
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nominees and Winners for the Bollywood Awards 2001 were |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ballot/ballot.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020407134036/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ballot/ballot.html |archive-date=7 April 2002 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Bollywood Movie Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dobara]]''
| [[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardustindia.com:80/stardust_awards2005.htm |title=Max Stardust awards nominations |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206001033/http://www.stardustindia.com/stardust_awards2005.htm |archive-date=6 February 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |title=Veer-Zaara: Hot fave at the Zee awards! |date=28 March 2005 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803052659/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0154274}}
* {{Instagram|mahimachaudhry1}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhury, Mahima}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nepalese descent]]

Armenia–India relations

2026-03-20T21:58:39Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating Article

{{Infobox bilateral relations
| map = Armenia India Locator.png
| filetype = png
| mission1 = Armenian embassy, [[New Delhi]]
| mission2 = Indian embassy, [[Yerevan]]
| Armenia–India|Armenia|India}}

International relations between [[Armenia]] and [[India]] have been described as friendly. The two countries share a strong burgeoning relationship in economics, culture, military and technology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayrapetyan |first=Lilit |date=October 20, 2021 |title=India's Turn Toward Armenia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/indias-turn-toward-armenia/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, it was reported that the two nations were exploring possibilities of long-term military cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-05 |title=India, Armenia Exploring Long-term Military Cooperation • MassisPost |url=https://massispost.com/2022/07/india-armenia-exploring-long-term-military-cooperation/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=MassisPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Armenia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]]. India has an embassy in [[Yerevan]].

==History==

===Early history===
[[Armenians]] are believed to have traveled to India, when some Armenians joined the auxiliary elements of the forces under the command of [[Alexander the Great]] when he crossed Armenia en route to India. The earliest documented references to the mutual relationship of Armenians and Indians are found in [[Cyropaedia]] ([[Persian Empire|Persian]] Expedition), an [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] work by [[Xenophon]] (430 BC – 355 BC). These references indicate that several Armenians travelled to India, and they were well aware of land routes to reach India, as also the general and political geography, socio-cultural milieu, and economic life of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070320082701/http://www.indianembassy.am/eng/india_arm_partners.html India and Armenia Partners - Embassy of India in Armenia [ENG]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first= |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.%20Cyrop.%203.%202&lang=original#note8 |title=Cyropaedia |year= |volume=3 |chapter=2 |quote="Cyrus heard that the Chaldaeans made frequent trips to the Indian king"}}</ref>

An archive directory (published 1956) in [[Delhi]] states that Armenian merchant-cum-diplomat [[Thomas of Cana]] arrived on the [[Malabar Coast]] in 780 AD using the overland route. Thomas was an affluent merchant dealing chiefly in [[spice]]s and [[muslin]]s. He was also instrumental in obtaining a [[decree]], inscribed on a [[intaglio printing|copperplate]], from the [[Chera Dynasty]], which conferred several [[commerce|commercial]], [[social]] and [[religious]] privileges for the regional [[Saint Thomas Christians]]. In current local references, Thomas of Cana is known as ''Knayi Thomman'' or ''Kanaj Tomma'', meaning "Thomas the merchant". Armenians had trade relations with several parts of India, and by the 7th century a few Armenian settlements had appeared in the present-day state of [[Kerala]] on the Malabar Coast. Armenians controlled a large part of the international trade of the area, particularly in [[Gemstone|precious stones]] and quality [[Textile|fabrics]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/merchants-on-a-mission/article4970153.ece|author=Anusha Parthasarathy|title=Merchants on a mission|date=30 July 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Medieval history===
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] (1556–1605), invited Armenians to settle in [[Agra]] in the 16th century,<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/julfa-v-armenians-in-india Julfa v. Armenians in India]</ref> and by the middle of the 19th century, Agra had a sizeable Armenian population. Armenian traders visited Agra during the Mughal Empire. By an imperial decree, Armenian merchants were exempted from paying taxes on the merchandise imported and exported by them, and they were also allowed to move around in the areas of the Mughal Empire where entry of [[Alien (law)|foreigner]]s was otherwise prohibited. In 1562, an [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Church]] was constructed in Agra. From the 16th century onwards, the Armenians (mostly from [[Persian Empire|Persia]]) formed an important trading community in [[Surat]], the most active Indian [[port]] of that period, located on the western coast of India. The port city of Surat used to have regular sea borne to and fro [[traffic]] of merchant [[Ship|vessels]] from [[Basra]] (in present-day Iraq) and [[Bandar Abbas]] (in present-day Iran). Armenians built two Churches and a [[cemetery]] in Surat. A [[tombstone]] in the city, dating back to 1579, bears Armenian [[inscription]]s. The second Church was built in 1778 and was dedicated to [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]]. An Armenian language [[manuscript]] written in 1678, currently preserved in Saltikov-Shchedrin Library, [[St. Petersburg]], has an account of a permanent [[colony]] of Armenians in Surat. The Armenians settled in [[Chinsurah]], near [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], and in 1697 built a Church there. This is the second oldest Church in [[Bengal]] and is still in well preserved on account of the care of the Calcutta Armenian Church Committee.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} In 1712, the Armenian Church of Chennai was built and there was a significant Armenian community in Chennai with valuable contributions to the city. Most notable was [[Coja Petrus Uscan]] who built the Marmalong bridge as charity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia Virtual Museum - Armenia in India A Cultural Legacy - Armenian Cultural Centre Chennai |url=https://cognishift.org/armenia-virtual-museum/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=CogniShift.Org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Modern history===
Indian President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] visited the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] in September 1964, and Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] visited in June 1976.<ref name="Embassy Archive">{{cite web|title=ARMENIA-INDIA BILATERAL RELATIONS|url=http://www.indianembassy.am/relation.html|website=www.indianembassy.am|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028080319/http://www.indianembassy.am/relation.html|archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref>

India recognized Armenia on 26 December 1991, three months after it declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. [[Diplomacy|Diplomatic relations]] between India and Armenia were established on 31 August 1992. India opened its embassy in [[Yerevan]] on 1 March 1999. Armenia, which had opened an [[Consul (representative)|honorary consulate]] in April 1994, established its embassy in [[New Delhi]] in October 1999.<ref name="MEA India">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/portal/foreignrelation/armenia-july-2012.pdf|title=INDIA - ARMENIA RELATIONS
|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, India}}</ref>

Armenian Presidents [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]], [[Robert Kocharyan]] and [[Serzh Sargsyan]] visited India in 1995, 2003 and 2017 respectively.<ref name="MFA Armenia">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/in|title=Bilateral Relations
|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Armenia}}</ref>

In 2019 after an interview with [[WION (TV channel)|WION]], [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]] has stated that Armenia supports [[India]] in the [[Kashmir conflict]] between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We fully defend Indian position: Armenia PM Nikol Pashinyan on Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.wionews.com/world/we-fully-defend-indian-position-armenia-pm-nikol-pashinyan-on-jammu-and-kashmir-252249|access-date=2021-02-09|website=WION|language=en}}</ref>

Armenia signed an agreement to purchase four [[Swathi Weapon Locating Radar]]s for US$40 million from India in March 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=India pips Russia, Poland to secure $40 million defence deal with Armenia |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/india-pips-russia-poland-to-secure-40-million-defence-deal-to-armenia-251102-2020-03-01 |website=Business Today |access-date=30 September 2022 |language=en |date=1 March 2020}}</ref> In September 2022, Armenia signed an agreement worth {{INRConvert|2000|c}} to purchase four batteries of [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher]]s, anti-tank rockets, and various types of ammunition from India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=Arming Armenia: India to export missiles, rockets and ammunition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/arming-armenia-india-to-export-missiles-rockets-and-ammunition/articleshow/94518414.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Since 2022, India is also supplying anti-drone systems, [[ATAGS]] towed howitzers, TC-20 (MARG) Wheeled self-propelled howitzers,<ref name="FE">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=21 November 2023|title=Armenia Strengthens Defence capabilities with India's MArG 155mm howitzers|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-armenia-strengthens-defence-capabilities-with-indias-marg-155mm-howitzers-3312545/|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date= 21 August 2024}}</ref> Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptors, and [[Akash (missile)|Akash air defence missiles]] to Armenia.<ref name="RCDS">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://rcds.am/en/assessing-armenias-military-diversification-efforts-partnerships-with-india-and-france.html|title=ASSESSING ARMENIA'S MILITARY DIVERSIFICATION EFFORTS: PARTNERSHIPS WITH INDIA AND FRANCE|publisher=Regional Center for Democracy and Security}}</ref>

==Armenian community in India==
{{main|Armenians in India}}

== Cultural relationship ==
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806144 - Hov Arek Armenian Dance.jpeg|thumb|[[Armenian dance|Hov Arek Armenian Dance]], the national dance of Armenia]]
|-
|[[File:Stamp of Armenia - 2018 - Colnect 806145 - Indian Dance Manipuri.jpeg|thumb|[[Manipuri classical dance|Indian Classical Dance "Manipuri"]]]]
|}
Armenia and India organised a joint issuing of postage stamps, illustrating the cultural heritage of the two nations. The Indian [[Manipuri classical dance]] of [[Meitei civilization]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance {{!}} Ministry of Culture, Government of India |url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.indiaculture.gov.in}}</ref> and the Armenian [[Armenian dance|Hov Arek]], are referred to as the "National Dances" (of India and Armenia respectively) during the Armenia-India joint issue of postage stamps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=panarmenian.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to "Armenia-India joint issue. National dances" theme |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.newsinfo.am}}</ref> In 2025, Indian author Dr. Prashant Madanmohan organized the ''Indo-Armenian-French Art & Literary Confluence'' in Chennai, showcasing cultural unity through literature and art, including themes of memory, identity, and the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Apurva |date=2025-05-10 |title=This art exhibition by Mari Poghosyan explores cross-cultural memories and identity |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2025/May/10/this-art-exhibition-by-mari-poghosyan-explores-cross-cultural-memories-and-identity |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Armenian genocide recognition ==
{{See also|Armenian genocide recognition}}
India has not recognized the [[Armenian genocide]]. However, during World War I, when [[British Raj|India was under British colonial rule]], the country found itself at war against the [[Ottoman Empire]], the predecessor of Turkey. Many Armenians sought refuge in India, most notably in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/armenia-still-lives-in-the-heart-of-kolkata/articleshow/51962323.cms|title=Armenia still lives in the heart of Kolkata | Kolkata News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=April 24, 2016 }}</ref> With the relations between India and Turkey worsening since the 2010s, mainly due to Turkey's open support for [[Pakistan]], which shares a similar stance with Turkey, there have been growing calls for recognition of the Armenian genocide in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/india-hyphenates-turkey_prkumaraswamy_280417|title = India Hyphenates Turkey | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref> For the first time, under the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]], the Indian embassy in Armenia has mentioned the genocide and Indian ambassador Kishan Dan Dewal also paid respect to the victims of the genocide in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1050543.html|title = Indian Embassy in Armenia uses term "genocide" for the first time: Ambassador paid homage to victims at Yerevan Memorial | date=27 April 2021 }}</ref>

==Resident diplomatic missions==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Armenia
*[[New Delhi]] (Embassy)
{{col-2}}
;India
*[[Yerevan]] (Embassy)
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[Armenian Church, Chennai]]
* [[Armenian Church of St. John the Baptist]]
* [[Armenian cemetery in Hyderabad]]
* [[Armenians in India]]
* [[Hinduism in Armenia]]
* [[India–Russia relations]]
* [[Armenia–Pakistan relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of Armenia}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armenia-India relations}}
[[Category:Armenia–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Armenia|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Flag of Macau

2026-03-09T02:04:13Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox Flag
| Name = Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| Type =
| Article =
| Image = Flag of Macau.svg
| Nickname = Lotus Flag
| Morenicks =
| Use = 110110
| Symbol = {{FIAV|110110}} {{FIAV|normal}}
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = Approved on 31 March 1993 by [[National People's Congress]], first used on {{Start date and age|1999|12|20|df=y}}
| Designer = Zhang Lei and Xiao Hong
| Design = Emerald green field with a [[Sacred lotus|lotus]] flower above the stylised [[Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge]] and water in white, beneath an arc of five golden five-pointed stars, where the large star is in the center flanked by four smaller stars, two on each side of the large star.
}}
{{Chinese
| title = Regional flag of the Macao Special Administrative Region
| t = 澳門特別行政區區旗
| s = 澳门特别行政区区旗
| p = Àomén Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū Qūqí
| y = Oumún Dahkbiht Hàhngjing Kēui Kēuikèih
| j = Ou3mun2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3 Keoi1 Keoi1kei4
| por = Bandeira regional da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau
}}

The '''Regional Flag of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China'''{{efn|{{zh|t=中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區區旗}}; {{langx|pt|Bandeira regional da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau }}}} is emerald green with a [[Sacred lotus|lotus]] flower above the stylized [[Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge|Governador Nobre de Carvalho Bridge]] and water in white, beneath a circular arc of five golden five-pointed stars: one large star in the center of the arc with two smaller stars on each side of the large star, each with a point angled directly outward from the center of the common circle on which they lie.

The lotus was chosen as the floral emblem of [[Macau]]. The [[Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge]] is a bridge linking the [[Macau Peninsula]] and the island of [[Taipa]]. The bridge is one of the most recognisable landmarks for the territory. The water beneath the lotus and the bridge symbolise Macau's position as a port and its role played in the territory. The five five-pointed stars echo the design of the [[flag of the People's Republic of China]], symbolizing the relationship Macau has with its sovereign state.

Macao began to use the flag design before its reintegration into China on December 20th, 1999<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Macao |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mo.html#:~:text=dates:%20by%20country-,The%20Special%20Region%20flag,that%20he%20first%20visited%20Macao. |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref>. The flag was designed by professor of arts and crafts at Henan University, Xiao Hong<ref name=":0" />.


According to the [[Macau Basic Law|Basic Law of Macau]], the Macau Regional Flag is a green flag with five stars, a lotus flower, a bridge and sea water. This law also adopted "Apart from displaying the [[Flag of the People's Republic of China]], the Macao Special Administrative Region may also use a regional flag".<ref>[http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/leibasica/index_uk.asp "Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People' s Republic of China"]. ''Government Printing Bureau''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042947/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/leibasica/index_uk.asp |date=5 February 2012}}.</ref>

== 1993 proposals ==
[[File:1-Photo-Flagge-Macao.JPG|thumb|The chosen flag of Macau.]]
In 1993, several proposed designs were put forward.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/mo!.html| title=1993 Proposals for the Macau Flag| website=[[Flags of the World]]| date=31 July 2020| access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>
* Similar to the current flag of [[Macau]], but the lotus is stylized differently and is found in a disc, with the stars inside the flower;
* A [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of red-white-red; the middle band has a depiction of St. Paul's Cathedral in Macau;
* A [[triband (flag)|triband]] with a stylised "[[M]]" standing for Macau; a large star above four smaller stars representative of China;
* A vertical [[Gallery of bicolor flags|bicolour]] of green and red, resembling the [[Flag of Portugal]], with a stylised lotus flower in the lower fly;
* A symbol with a red, a blue, and a green circle arranged in a pyramid with a yellow star inside the red circle over a horizontal bicolour of white and yellow;
* A red and blue stylised "[[M]]" with a large five-pointed star, with a red lotus blossom within the centre of the star, on the upper fly of a white flag with two blue horizontal bands;
* Similar to the current flag of Macau, but the flag colour is red, and the emblem excludes the bridge and water underneath the lotus on the current flag;
* A stylised lotus flower with an arch of yellow stars on a red flag;
* A stylised lotus flower with an arch of yellow stars above the flower on a red flag;
* A depiction of the [[Guia Fortress]] Lighthouse, the oldest in Asia, under a golden star; a white halo ring forms around the lighthouse, and two light cones divide the upper fly (red in colour) and lower fly (blue in colour);
* A vertical bicolour of green and red, resembling the [[Flag of Portugal]], with a white gull in the upper fly and a white depiction of the [[Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge|Gov. Nobre de Carvalho Bridge]] in the lower fly;
* A stylised lotus flower on a red flag with an arch of yellow stars above the flower;
* A red triangle with base on [[Hoist (flag)|hoist]] and apex on the fly edge, filled with the stars from the [[Flag of the People's Republic of China|flag of China]];
* A stylised lotus flower, with a red-outlined star within the top petal;
* Another depiction of the Gov. Nobre de Carvalho Bridge in the lower fly on a red flag, with the five yellow stars running parallel to the outline of the bridge;

<gallery>
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 012.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 014.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 011.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 001.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 009.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 013.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 008.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 007.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 006.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 010.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 002.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 005.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 004.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 015.svg
File:Proposed flag for Macau SAR 003.svg
</gallery>

== Design ==
=== Colors ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
{| class=wikitable width=60% style="text-align:center;"
|-
! [[File:Flag of Macau.svg|40px]] Colors scheme
! ! style="background:#067662; width:100px; color:white;"| Emerald Green
! style="background:#FFFFFF; width:100px; color:black;"| White
! style="background:#FFDF1E; width:100px; color:black;" | Yellow
|-
| [[CMYK]] || 95-0-17-54 || 0-0-0-0 || 0-13-88-0
|-
|[[Web colors|HEX]]
|#067662
|#FFFFFF
|#FFDF1E
|-
|[[RGB color model|RGB]]
|6-118-98
|255-255-255
|255-223-30
|}

==Portuguese rule==
Prior to the handover to China in 1999, Macau officially used only the [[flag of Portugal|Portuguese flag]], in contrast to [[British Hong Kong]] which used a defaced [[Blue Ensign]] as [[Flag of Hong Kong|its flag]], alongside the [[Union Jack]]. In 1967, there were proposals to give each [[Portuguese Empire#Portuguese Africa and the overseas provinces (1822–1961)|overseas province]] its own flag, consisting of the Portuguese flag with the local coat of arms, but none was ever adopted.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232604/http://www.fotw.us/flags/mo-1967.html| title=Macao – 1967 Colonial Flag Proposal| date=2 September 2005| website=Flags of the World| access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref>

The [[Government of Macau]] adopted a flag with the colony's [[coat of arms]] on a light blue field.<ref>{{cite web| title=The Handover| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001006141934/http://www.casademacau.org/handover.htm| archive-date=6 October 2000| url=http://www.casademacau.org/handover.htm| website=Casa de Macau Vancouver – Handover Archives}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Municipal Council of Macau]] had a flag with a Portuguese-style coat of arms and two angels as heraldic supporters, which was used at the 1999 handover ceremony as well as the [[1990 Asian Games|1990]], [[1994 Asian Games|1994]] and [[1998 Asian Games]].

==Historical flags==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:110px;"|Flag!!style="width:100px;"|Duration!!style="width:250px;"|Use!!style="width:250px;"|Description
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|border|100px]] || 1557–1578 || [[Flag of Portugal|Flag of]] [[Portugal]] (1521–1578) used in [[Portuguese Empire|colonial-era]] [[Portuguese Macau]]. || rowspan="8" | The Portuguese flag was used in colonial-era Macau, as there was no territorial flag.
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1578).svg|border|100px]] || 1578–1640 || Flag of Portugal (1495–1578) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1640).svg|border|100px]] || 1640–1667 || Flag of Portugal (1640–1667) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1667).svg|border|100px]] || 1667–1707 || Flag of Portugal (1667–1707) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|border|100px]] || 1707–1816 || Flag of Portugal (1707–1750) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves.svg|border|100px]] || 1816–1830 || Flag of Portugal (1816–1830) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portugal (1830–1910).svg|border|100px]]|| 1830–1910 || Flag of Portugal (1830–1910) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|border|100px]]|| 1911–1999 || Flag of Portugal (1911–1999) used in colonial-era Portuguese Macau.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Municipal Council of Macau.svg|border|100x100px]]|| 1975–1999 || Flag of the [[Municipality of Macau]], one of two local municipal governments. || A light blue field charged with the coat of arms of the Municipality of Macau. This was the flag used at sport events and at the 1999 handover ceremony.
|-
| [[File:Bandeira Leal Senado White.jpg|border|100x100px]]|| 1975–1999 || Flag of the [[Municipality of Macau]], one of two local municipal governments. || White Variant.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Municipal Council of Ilhas.svg|border|100x100px]]|| 1975–1999 || Flag of the [[Municipality of Ilhas]], one of two local municipal governments. || An orange field charged with the coat of arms of the Municipality of Ilhas.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Government of Portuguese Macau (1976-1999).svg|border|100px]]|| 1975–1999 || Flag of Portuguese colonial [[Government of Macau]]. || A light blue field charged with the official coat of arms of the Portuguese colony of Macau. During the Portuguese administration this flag also represented the territory of Macau in the international forums, although it was not the official flag of the Portuguese colony.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Portuguese Macau Unofficial.svg|border|100px]]|| 1975–1999 || Semi Official Variant flag of Portuguese [[colony of Macau|Macau]]. || Semi Official variant without a [[mural crown]] representing the [[Kingdom of the Algarve]] castles in the coat of arms and replacing "Government of Macau" with simply "Macau". This flag was found at the [[University of Macau]] in a photo of [[International University Sports Federation]] event and it was used in man. Although never used officially, this flag was used in another sporting events to represent the colony.
|-
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Flag of Portuguese Colony Governor.svg|{{FIAV|historical}} Flag of the Portuguese [[Governor of Macau]]
File:Flag of Macau (1932 proposal).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed flag for [[Portuguese Macau]] (1932)
File:Flag of Portuguese Macau (proposal).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed flag for [[Portuguese Macau]] (1965)
File:Flag of Macau construction 01.svg|Construction sheet
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Emblem of Macau]]
* [[List of Chinese flags]]
* [[Flag of Hong Kong]]
* [[Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[March of the Volunteers|National anthem of the People's Republic of China]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Flags of Macau}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11y0oKtl_08 Macau Handover Ceremony 1999]
*[https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/01/lei06.asp Lei n.º 6/1999 Utilização e Protecção da Bandeira e do Emblema Regionais]
*[https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2019/05/regadm05.asp Regulamento Administrativo n.º 5/2019 Disposições concretas relativas à utilização das Bandeiras e Emblemas Nacionais e Regionais e à execução instrumental e vocal do Hino Nacional]
*{{FOTW|id=mo|title=Macau}}
*[https://www.dsaj.gov.mo/download/forms/080805E.pdf Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos de Justiça - Symbols of our Country & of the MSAR]

{{Asia topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Asia]]}}
{{Macau topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macau}}
[[Category:Flags of China]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1999]]
[[Category:Flags of dependent territories]]
[[Category:Flags with stars]]
[[Category:Green flags]]
[[Category:Horizontally symmetrical flags]]
[[Category:Culture of Macau|Flag]]
[[Category:Flags with flowers]]

Kellafate

2026-03-04T00:24:18Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: basic refine content further and added references

{{Short description|2010 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kellafate
| image = Kellafate poster.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Pijush Saha]]
| producer = Prince Entertainment P4
| writer = [[N.K. Salil]]
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Ankush Hazra]] Rupashree [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cinematography = Rajeeb Srivastav
| editing = M. Sushmit
| studio = Prince Entertainment P4
| distributor = Prince Entertainment P4
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|10}}
| runtime = 2 hours 40 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kellafate''''' is a 2010 Indian film in the Bengali language romantic comedy film directed by [[Pijush Saha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000008803-productdetails/?oI6Sbg==|title=Kellafate (2010) film vcd|work=induna.com|accessdate=2015-08-26}}</ref> The movie is a remake of 2007 Telugu movie ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Bengali Movie Review: KELLA FOTE (2010) – Tollywood Gets Some Fresh Air And One Wacky Film Where N K Salil Goes Nude !|author=Aditya Chakrabarty|date=25 December 2010|publisher=Washington Bangla Radio USA| accessdate = 2 April 2011| url = http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/121741110-bengali-movie-review-kella-fote-2010-tollywood-gets-some-fresh-air-and-one-wacky-f| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101228232320/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/121741110-bengali-movie-review-kella-fote-2010-tollywood-gets-some-fresh-air-and-one-wacky-f| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 28 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = I've two left feet: Rupashree| accessdate = 2 April 2011| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-07/news-interviews/28266945_1_box-office-film-ankush
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426184002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-07/news-interviews/28266945_1_box-office-film-ankush| url-status = dead| archive-date = 26 April 2012| work = [[The Times of India]]| date=7 December 2010}}</ref> It marked the debut of [[Ankush Hazra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-15 |title=Did you know Ankush made his debut opposite Rupa Dutta who has been arrested for stealing money? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-ankush-made-his-debut-opposite-rupa-dutta-who-has-been-arrested-for-stealing-money/articleshow/90219426.cms |access-date=2025-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shibhu works in [[Kolkata]] as a projector machine operator, but he dreams of becoming a movie actor. Soon, he falls in love with Pallabi, who is already committed to Bobby, the home minister's son.

==Cast==
* [[Ankush Hazra]] as Shibu
* [[Rupashree]] as Pallabi
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Police Officer
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Home Minister
* Biswajit Chakraborty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/kellafate-movie-cast-crew/40247|title=Kellafate (2010) Cast and Crew|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-08-26|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052537/http://www.gomolo.com/kellafate-movie-cast-crew/40247|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Surajit Sen

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kellafate
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio = [[Prince Entertainment P4]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=
|s=}}
| label =
| producer = [[Prince Entertainment P4]]
| prev_title = [[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kellafate
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Kellafate Title Track
| single1date = 21 Jan 2019
| single2 = Ei Path Chola
| single2date = 22 Jan 2019
| single3 = Premer Gale Chumma De
| single3date = 22 Jan 2019
| single4 = I am in love
| single4date = 22 Jan 2019
| single5 = Jibonta Mela Re Bhai
| single5date = 22 Jan 2019
}}
}}

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), Priyo Chattopadhyay
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = I Am In Love
| lyrics1 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Dibyendu Mukherjee]]
| length1 = 4:45
| title2 = Ei Path Chola
| lyrics2 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Gayatri Ganjawala]]
| length2 = 4:26
| title3 = Jibon Je Mela Re Bhai
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra3 = Jeet Gannguli, [[Monali Thakur]]
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Kellafate Title Track
| lyrics4 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra4 = Jeet Gannguli
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 = Lal Gaanda Phool
| lyrics5 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra5 = Monali Thakur
| length5 =
| title6 = Premer Gale Chuma De
| lyrics6 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra6 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Monali Thakur
| length6 = 4:46
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1800704/ Kellafate] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://www.gomolo.com/kellafate-movie/40247 Kellafate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231010/http://www.gomolo.com/kellafate-movie/40247 |date=4 December 2019 }} in Gomolo

{{Baba Yadav}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action comedy films]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Raktabhishekam

2026-03-03T20:15:47Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: quick enhanced article per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1988 Telugu film by A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raktabhishekam
| image = Raktabhishekam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Raktabhishekam'' novel by [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]}}
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| producer = K. C. Reddy
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = N. Sudhakar Reddy
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| studio = Sri Rajeev Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|12|9}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Raktabhishekam''''' ({{translation|Anointing with Blood}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] based on [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]'s acclaimed novel of the same title. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as ''Parthasarathi'' opposite [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] who enacted the female lead, ''Aparna''. [[Ilayaraja]] composed the film's score and soundtrack. The film directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] was released on 9 December 1988.<ref name="Heading">{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/589/raktabhishekam-cast.html |title=Heading |publisher=Chithr.co |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225605/http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/589/raktabhishekam-cast.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/rakthabhishekam-movie/17796 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=gomolo |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119215654/http://www.gomolo.com/rakthabhishekam-movie/17796 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raktabhishekam film info|url=http://telugucineblitz.blogspot.com/2013/04/rakthabhishekam-1988.html?m=1}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Tamil as ''Rathabhishegam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?7771-IR-s-tamil-dubbed-telugu-films|title=1}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a hazardous netherworld ''Black Tigers'' who create mayhem in the country led by its deputy chief ''Black Cheetah'' Prasad. Anyhow, its chieftain ''Black Panther'' is under a veil. Pardhasaradhi, a lionhearted, lives with his father, Constable Narasimham, brother, Inspector Bhargav, sister-in-law Kamala and their daughter, Raaji. Narasimham received a ''Presidential Award'' for his integrity when DIG Raj Gopal organized a ceremony in his honor. Whereat, Pardhasaradhi garlands Raj Gopal and assassinates him by removing the revolver from it. Speedily, he flees and reaches his love, Aparna, who surrenders him to the police. Astonishingly, she is the daughter of Raj Gopal, but Pardhasaradhi succeeds in absconding twice. The next day, it is mourning Raj Gopal's fraternity, where GS Rao, a humanitarian afflicted by black tigers, conveys his condolences when Pardhasaradhi abducts Aparna. Bhargav chases him when he seizes the two and spins rearward. Pardhasaradhi spends his life cheerfully; once, he squabbles with Aparna, and they crush.

Meanwhile, black tigers design a bank robbery when Pardhasaradhi catches hold of one whom Bhargav severely interrogates. To slay him, Prasad contacts Narasimham when he uncovers the ''Blank Panther'' when they show danger to Raaji to shut him. Following this, they intrigue and eliminate his man on behalf of Bhargav. This day, GS Rao conducts an agitation against the cruelty of Bhargav, and he attempts suicide. So, to guard him, Narasimham takes the blame when Pardhasaradhi pledges to prove his father is not guilty and break out of the mystery of the ''Black Panther''. Accordingly, he brings truth to light with the aid of Aparna and acquits Narasimham. Since Pardhasaradhi turns into a diehard to them, Prasad falsifies with a trap and gets Raj Gopal killed via him. Despite verity, Bhargav decides to apprehend his brother, but Aparna trusts him, and they run off. As it is inevitable, Bhargav announces his father's death to seize Pardhasaradhi. Thus, he is out of hiding together with the black tigers' attack when Narasimham dies. Before leaving breathing, he unwraps that Black Panther is non-else GS Rao. At a stretch, Pardhasaradhi finds the headquarters of the diabolics when they massacre his family. At last, he flares up and razes barbarians. The movie ends with Pardhasaradhi surrendering before the judiciary.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Parthasarathi
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Aparna
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as ''Black panther'' / GS Rao
*[[Jaggayya]] as D.I.G. Raj Gopal
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Inspector Bhargava
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as ''Black Cheetah'' / Prasad
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Constable Narasimham
*Vankayala Satyanarayana
*Bhimiswara Rao
*CH Krishna Murthy
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Suthi Velu]]
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Sangeetha (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Kamala
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
*Shobha
*Mamatha as Principal
*[[Sujitha|Baby Sujitha]] as Raaji
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raktabhishekam
| type = film
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:52
| label = Echo Music
| producer = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| prev_title = [[Aakhari Poratam]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = [[Marana Mrudangam]]
| next_year = 1988
}}

Music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Lyrics written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on Echo Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:52
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Bandaru Chinnadana
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:46
| title2 = Sari Ganga
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = Cheye Cheye
| extra3 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 5:57
| title4 = Love Ante
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Kanhare
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:38
| title6 = Jata Kata
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]],
[[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length6 = 4:44
}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/raktabhishekam-mw0002429029|title=Raktabhishekam Songs|website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://gaana.com/album/raktabhishekam/''Raktabhishekam''] at [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films based on novels by Yandamuri Veerendranath]]

Nagalingam (film)

2026-03-03T04:32:55Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: rework article for accuracy for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Babu Ganesh]]
| writer = Babu Ganesh
| producer = Maragathamani
| starring = Babu Ganesh [[Ravali]] [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]
| cinematography = C. H. Rajkumar
| editing = Babu Ganesh
| music = Babu Ganesh
| studio = Balavignesh Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|06|23}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Nagalingam''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] written and directed by [[Babu Ganesh]], who also starred in the title role. Apart from acting and directing, Babu Ganesh also wrote the script, composed the music and handled editing and choreography respectively. The film also starred [[Ravali]], [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] and [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] in leading roles.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=June 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Babu Ganesh]] as Nagalingam
*[[Ravali]] as Priya
*[[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] as Nagakanni
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Raja

== Production ==
The team released a press note prior to release announcing that they would be the first Tamil film to feature fragrances throughout the film. The decision was taken in a bid to curb piracy and the team revealed that they had prepared smells of rose petals, camphor, sambrani and jasmine to be released with scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=7 July 2000 |title=Nagalingam {{!}} Smells to attract audiences! |url=http://www.screenindia.com/jul07/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010718201308/http://www.screenindia.com/jul07/south.htm |archive-date=18 July 2001 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref name="indolink">{{Cite web |title=Press Release on Nagalingam |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/2000/June/pnews_12959.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034542/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/2000/June/pnews_12959.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=22 February 2014 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Babu Ganesh also hoped to make the feat reach the Guinness Book of Records, and explained the trick used would be a simple adaptation of the aerosol principle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2000 |title=No kiss for this miss |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/04ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129190753/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/04ss.htm |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> During the making of the film, actress [[Ravali]] fell out with Babu Ganesh regarding her payment. She subsequently approached the [[Nadigar Sangam]] and the organisation's president [[Vijayakanth]] helped settle her dues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayakanth Sits in Judgement |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News1%20.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030222131542/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News1%20.htm |archive-date=22 February 2003 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 23 June 2000,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2000 |title=And now, fragrant movies! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/13box.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250818095231/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/13box.htm |archive-date=18 August 2025 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and the fragrance gimmick used by the producers received negative feedback from audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravali's revelation |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/gossip/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001014154331/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/gossip/index.html |archive-date=14 October 2000 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Indiainfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 July 2000 |title=வாசனை வருது பார்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-07-30/page/8/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230630070201/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-07-30/page/8/mode/2up |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=8–9 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "A corny storyline and a narrative and scripting style that would have made any director disown the product".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Nagalingam |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov57.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030831044754/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov57.asp |archive-date=31 August 2003 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2000 |title=First Scented Movie Stinks At Box Office |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/first-scented-movie-stinks-at-box-office/cid/893038 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818094253/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/first-scented-movie-stinks-at-box-office/cid/893038 |archive-date=18 August 2025 |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, Babu Ganesh attempted to repeat the fragrance gimmick in a later film ''Naane Varuven'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7H1dKMxHqlI |title=Naane Varuven - Tamil Film Trailer - Worlds First Fragrance Film |date=6 December 2012 |last=Rajshri Tamil |author-link=Rajshri Media |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/7H1dKMxHqlI |archive-date=18 August 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of people from Kolkata

2026-03-01T10:37:18Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}

'''List of notable people from Kolkata'''. The city of [[Kolkata]] has been regarded as the cultural capital of [[India]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = naiya
| first = Arijit
|author2=Anita Desai
| title = Calcutta: a cultural and literary history
| publisher = [[Signal Books]]
| year = 2003
| page = xiv
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&dq=yet+another+book+on+calcutta&pg=PP16
| isbn = 978-1-902669-59-5}}</ref>

{{Dynamic list |date=March 2025}}
== Writers, Including poets ==


*[[S Wajid Ali]]
*[[Syed Mujtaba Ali]]
*[[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
*[[Kumudini Basu]]
*[[Suchitra Bhattacharya]]
*[[Sukanta Bhattacharya]]
*[[Buddhadev Bose]]
*[[Amiya Chakravarty]]
*[[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
*[[Shakti Chattopadhyay]]
*[[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]]
*[[Pramatha Chowdhury]]
*[[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]]
*[[Dinesh Das]]
*[[Jibanananda Das]]
*[[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]]
*[[Bishnu Dey]]
*[[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]]
*[[Satyendranath Dutta]]
*[[Sudhindranath Dutta]]
*[[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
*[[Joy Goswami]]
*[[Gulzar]]
*[[Asit Kumar Haldar]]
*[[Amelia Horne]]
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
*[[Sisir Kumar Maitra]]
*[[Binoy Majumdar]]
*[[Mohitolal Majumdar]]
*[[Samaresh Majumdar]] (b.1944)
*[[Arun Mitra]]
*[[Dinabandhu Mitra]]
*[[Premendra Mitra]]
*[[Mimi Mondal]], First Indian English writer who nominated for Hugo Award.
*[[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]]
*[[Shobhanasundari Mukhopadhyay]], Shovana Devi Tagore, folklorist
*[[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhas Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Purnendu Patri]]
*[[Christopher Raja]]
*[[Annada Shankar Ray]]
*[[Dwijendralal Ray]]
*[[Sukumar Ray]]
*[[Tarapada Ray]]
*[[Samar Sen (poet)|Samar Sen]]
*[[Badal Sircar]], dramatist and theatre director
*[[Srijato]]
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]], 1st non-European to win a Nobel Prize

==Philosophers and religious teachers==
The most famous religious figure of Kolkata is [[Mother Teresa]]. Others are (in order of surname):

*[[Bhakti Hridaya Bon]] (1901–1982)
*[[Bhakti Prajnana Kesava Goswami]] (1898–1968)
*[[Boro Maa]], (1918–2019)
*[[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] (1896–1977), founder of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON)
*[[Ramakrishna]] (1836–1886)
*[[Ram Mohan Roy]] (1772–1833)
*[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]] (1874–1837), founder of [[Gaudiya Math]]
*[[Keshab Chandra Sen]] (1838–1884)
*[[Debendranath Tagore]] (1817–1905)
*[[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] (1838–1914)
*[[Swami Vivekananda]] (1863–1902)
*[[Paramhansa Yogananda]] (1893-1952)

==Engineers and scientists==


*[[James Atkinson (Persian scholar)|James Atkinson]] (1780–1852), surgeon, artist and Persian scholar
*[[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]] (born 1968), [[computer scientist]]
*[[R. D. Banerji]], archeologist
*[[Jagadish Chandra Bose|Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose]] (1858–1937), Bengali polymath, physicist, biologist, biophysicist, botanist and archaeologist
*[[Upendranath Brahmachari]]
*[[Bikas K Chakrabarti]] (born 1952), theoretical physicist and econophysicist
*[[Asima Chatterjee]] (1917–2006), chemist
*[[Debendra Mohan Bose]] (1875–1975), physicist
*[[Satyendra Nath Bose]] (1894–1974), physicist and polymath from Bengal
*[[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay]] (1890–1977), Bengali linguist
*[[Barun De]] (1932–2013), historian
*[[Brajendranath De]] (1852–1932), civil servant and orientalist
*[[Anil Kumar Gain]] (1919–1978), mathematician and statistician
*[[J.B.S. Haldane]] (1892–1964), British-Indian scientist, known for his work in the study of [[physiology]], [[genetics]], [[evolutionary biology]], and [[mathematics]]
*[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] (1893–1972), Bengali scientist and applied statistician
*[[R.C. Majumdar]] (1884–1980), historian
*[[P. J. Marshall]] (born 1933), historian
*[[Ujjwal Maulik]] (born 1965), computer scientist
*[[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (physician)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]] (1931–1981), physician
*[[Sisir Kumar Mitra]] (1890–1963), physicist
*[[Shehla Pervin]], Indian scientist and scholar
*[[Rajat Kanta Ray]], historian
*[[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]] (1922–2005), physicist, known for his research in [[general relativity]] and [[cosmology]]
*[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]] (1926–2014), historian
*[[Tapati Guha-Thakurta]] (born 1957), historian
*[[Sukanta Chaudhuri]] (born 1950), literary scholar
*[[Ananda Lal]] (born 1955), academic and theatre scholar
*[[C R Rao|C. R. Rao]] (1920–2023), mathematician and statistician
*[[Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy|Prafulla Chandra Roy]] (1861–1944), Bengali chemist, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist
*[[Meghnad Saha]] (1893–1956), [[Astrophysics|astrophysicist]]
*[[Sir]] [[Jadunath Sarkar]] (1870–1958), historian
*[[Sumit Sarkar]] (born 1939), historian
*[[Susobhan Sarkar]] (1900–1982), historian
*[[Tapan Kumar Sarkar]] (1948–2021), electrical engineer
*[[Ashoke Sen]] (born 1956), [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]]
*[[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]], historian of Bengali literature



== Gallantry Awards winners ==
[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|'''Ashoka Chakra''']]

* Flight Lieutenant [[Suhas Biswas]]

'''[[Maha Vir Chakra]]'''

* Squadron Leader [[Madhavendra Banerji]]

==Bankers and business people==


*[[Radhe Shyam Agarwal]]
*[[A. K. Bera|Amar Kumar Bera]]
*[[P. C. Bhattacharya]], 7th Governor, [[Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[Aditya Vikram Birla]]
*[[Radhe Shyam Goenka]]
*[[R. P. Goenka]] ([[RPG Group]])
*[[Sanjiv Goenka]]
*[[Chandra Shekhar Ghosh]] (founder of [[Bandhan Bank]])
*[[Rajat Gupta]] (b. 1948)
*[[Ellis Jacob]] (founder of [[Cineplex Entertainment]])
*[[Lakshmi Mittal]]
*[[Tiny Rowland]] (chairman of [[Lonrho]] from 1962 to 1993)
*[[Prannoy Roy]] (b.1949)
*[[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]]
*[[Mutty Lall Seal]]

==Freedom fighters==


*[[Sri Aurobindo]]
*[[Maulana Azad]]
*[[Benoy Basu]]
*[[Khudiram Bose]]
*[[Rash Behari Bose]]
*[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
*[[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
*[[Chittaranjan Das]]
*[[Jatindra Nath Das]]
*[[Sisir Kumar Ghosh]]
*[[Badal Gupta]]
*[[Dinesh Gupta]]
*[[Basanti Devi|Basanti Devi Haldar]]
*[[Matangini Hazra]]
*[[Bagha Jatin]]
*[[Bipin Chandra Pal]]
*[[Sudhamoy Pramanick]]
*[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
*[[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]

==Performing arts==

===Artists===


*[[Sukanta Basu]]
*[[Jogen Chowdhury]]
*[[Anil Kumar Dutta]]
*[[Gerry Judah]]
*[[Shanu Lahiri]]<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news|title=Shanu Lahiri dead|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130202/jsp/calcutta/story_16510654.jsp#.UUISlTeEnuo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207013732/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130202/jsp/calcutta/story_16510654.jsp#.UUISlTeEnuo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
*[[William Laidlay]]
*[[Paresh Maity]]
*[[Ganesh Pyne]]
*[[Devajyoti Ray]]
*[[Jamini Roy]]
*[[Sudip Roy]]
*[[Samir Roychoudhury]]
*[[Paritosh Sen]]

===Directors===


*[[Nitin Bose]]
*[[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]
*[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
*[[Anik Dutta]]
*[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
*[[Ritwik Ghatak]]
*[[Gautam Ghose]]
*[[Rituparno Ghosh]]
*[[Sujoy Ghosh]]
*[[Atiul Islam]]
*[[Farha Khatun]]
*[[Tarun Majumdar]]
*[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
*[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
*[[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
*[[Srijit Mukherji]]
*[[Satyajit Ray]], winner of [[Academy Honorary Award|Oscar for Lifetime Achievement]] in 1992 and considered among the greatest director of film history.
*[[Bimal Roy]]
*[[Shakti Samanta]]
*[[Aparna Sen]]
*[[Avijit Sen]]
*[[Mrinal Sen]]
*[[Tapan Sinha]]

=== Cinema actors ===

*[[Debshankar Haldar|Pt. Debshankar Haldar]], actor
*[[Nabadwip Haldar]], actor and comedian
*[[Goutam Halder]], actor and director
*[[Uttam Kumar]], actor, singer, composer, producer, director and screenwriter
*[[Kaushik Ganguly]], actor, director and screenwriter
*[[Kaushik Sen|Koushik Sen]], actor and TV personality
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]], actor, dancer and TV personality
*[[Rabi Ghosh]], actor and comedian
*[[Ranjit Mallick]], actor
*[[Dhritiman Chatterjee|Dhritiman Chaterji]], actor
*[[Tapen Chatterjee]], actor
*[[Barun Chanda]]
*[[Pahari Sanyal]]
*[[N. Viswanathan]]
*[[Chhabi Biswas]]
*[[Karuna Bannerjee]]
*[[Koel Mallick]], actress and daughter of [[Ranjit Mallick]]
*[[Anil Chatterjee]]
*[[Arpita Pal|Arpita Chatterjee]], actress and TV personality; wife of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
*[[Subir Banerjee]]
*[[Roopa Ganguly]]
*[[Uma Dasgupta]]
*[[Saswata Chatterjee]]
*[[Tarun Kumar]]
*[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
*[[Ashok Kumar]]
*[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]
*[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], actor, producer, director and politician
*[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], actor, producer and TV personality; son of [[Biswajit Chatterjee]]
*[[Debashree Roy]], actress, dancer, choreographer, animal rights activist and politician; ex-wife of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
*[[Jahor Roy]]
*[[Kanan Devi]]
*[[Sagarika Mukherjee]]
*[[Swastika Mukherjee]]
*[[Abdur Razzak (actor)|Razzak]]
*[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], actor, singer, producer, screenwriter and politician
*[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], actor, producer and TV personality
*[[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
*[[Tapas Paul]]
*[[Mahua Roy Choudhury]]
*[[Abbas (actor)|Mirza Abbas Ali]]
*[[Suchitra Sen]]
*[[Antara Biswas]], actress
*[[Aparna Sen]], actress, filmmaker and scriptwriter
*[[Moonmoon Sen]]
*[[Riddhi Sen]], actor
*[[Riya Sen]], actress
*[[Raima Sen]], actress
*[[Reema Sen]], actress
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]], actress
*[[Omar Sani]]
*[[Victor Banerjee]], actor
*[[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
*[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
*[[Konkona Sen Sharma]], actress and filmmaker
*[[Varsha Ashwathi]]
*[[Abhishek Chatterjee]]
*[[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
*[[Monali Thakur]], singer and actress
*[[Yash Dasgupta]], actor, producer and TV personality
*[[Bonny Sengupta]], actor and politician
*[[Nusrat Jahan]], actress, politician and former Miss Kolkata 2010; wife of [[Yash Dasgupta]]
*[[Mimi Chakraborty]], actress, producer and politician
*[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
*[[Sayani Gupta]], actress
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]], actress and TV personality
*[[Sayak Chakraborty]]
*[[Sulakshana Pandit]], singer and actress
*[[Vijayta Pandit]], singer and actress

===Theatre figures===
*[[Rudraprasad Sengupta]], actor and director
*[[Sambhu Mitra]], actor and director
*[[Girishchandra Ghosh]] father of Bengali theatre
*[[Chitra Sen]]
*[[Koushik Sen]]

===Photographers===

*[[Benu Sen]]
*[[Sunil Das]]
*[[Sunil Janah]]

===Composers===

*[[Jeet Ganguly]]
*[[Kabir Suman]]
*[[Salil Chowdhury]]
*[[Rahul Dev Burman]]
*[[Shashi Preetam]]
*[[Sachin Dev Burman]]
*[[Bappi Lahiri]]
*[[Shantanu Moitra]]
*[[Pritam]]
*[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Rupam Islam]]
*[[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
*[[Sudhin Dasgupta]]
*[[Anupam Roy]]
*[[Anjan Dutt]]
*[[Jaimin Rajani]]
* [[Pankaj Mullick]]
* [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]]
* [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]
* [[Shyamal Mitra]]

=== Hindustani classical singers/maestros ===

*[[Ustad Allauddin Khan]]
*[[Ustad Ali Akbar Khan]]
*[[Pandit Ravi Shankar]]
*[[Ananda Shankar]]
*[[Ustad Vilayat Khan]]
*[[Pandit Jasraj]]
*[[Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]
*[[Pandit Bhimsen Joshi]]
*[[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]
* [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]]<ref name=tele12>{{cite news |title=A Tale Of Two Women: In search of their own songs|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729005248/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date= 11 March 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>
*[[Pandit Nikhil Banerjee]]
*[[Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]]
*[[Ustad Bahadur Khan]]
*[[Pandit Ajoy Chakraborty]]
*[[Kaushiki Chakraborty]]

=== Hindustani classical instrumentalists ===
*[[Jyoti Goho]]
*[[Sourabh Goho]]

=== Other singers ===

*[[Dwijendra Lal Roy]]
*[[Suprakash Chaki]]
*[[K. C. Dey]]
*[[Gauhar Jan]]
*[[Pankaj Mullick]]
*[[Kanan Devi]]
*[[Kanika Bandyopadhyay]]
*[[Suchitra Mitra]]
*[[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Manna Dey]]
*[[Kishore Kumar]]
*[[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]]
*[[Geeta Dutt]]
*[[Debabrata Biswas]]
*[[Begum Akhtar]]
*[[Usha Uthup]]
*[[Indrani Sen]]
*[[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
*[[Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta]]
*[[Srikanta Acharya]]
*[[Anwesshaa]]
*[[Suman Chatterjee]]
*[[Sachin Dev Burman]]
*[[Anjan Dutt]]
*[[Rupam Islam]]
*[[Prashant Tamang]]
*[[Shayan Chowdhury Arnob]]

=== Contemporary Bollywood musicians ===

*[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], playback singer
*[[Anupam Roy]] (b.1982), [[Singer-Songwriter|singer-songwriter]]
*[[Alka Yagnik]] (b. 1966), playback singer
*[[Arijit Singh]] (b. 1987), singer, music producer, recordist and music programmer
*[[Babul Supriyo]] (b. 1970), playback singer, live performer, television host, actor and politician
*[[Kumar Sanu]] (b. 1957), playback singer
*[[Pritam]] (b. 1971)
*[[Sagarika]] (b. 1970), playback singer and actress
*[[Shreya Ghoshal]] (b. 1984), playback singer
*[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] (b. 1972), playback singer and actor

===Dancers===
Prominent dancers of the city include:
*[[Uday Shankar]] and his wife [[Amala Shankar]]
*[[Mamata Shankar]]
*[[Tanushree Shankar]]
*[[Ananda Shankar]]
* [[Sadhana Bose]]
* [[Sharmila Biswas]]<ref name=sna>{{cite web |title=Katha Kavya Abhinaya |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/RabindraPranati2011/sharmila-biswas.html |date=2011 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |access-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927144520/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/RabindraPranati2011/sharmila-biswas.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Shila Mehta]], classical dance artist, choreographer, teacher, and composer
* [[Rani Karnaa]]
* [[Rajeswari Vaidyanathan]], Tedx Speaker, trainer, performer and choreographer

===Magicians===
Kolkata is the magic capital of India and has produced internationally famous magicians and performers, including:
*[[P. C. Sorcar|P.C. Sorcar]]
*[[P. C. Sorcar, Jr.|P.C. Sorcar, Jr.]]
*[[P.C. Sorcar, Young]]

==Sports==
{{sort list|asc|2=
*[[A. T. M. Mustafa]], Pakistani cricketer.
*[[Mohammed Ali Qamar]], Indian Boxer, Gold medal in the [[Commonwealth Games]].
*[[Norman Pritchard]], track and field, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medallist (1900)
*[[Richard Allen (field hockey)|Richard James Allen]], hockey, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]](1928, 1932, 1936)
*[[Leslie Claudius]], hockey, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medallist (1924, 1928, 1936)
*[[Gurbux Singh (field hockey)|Gurbux Singh]], hockey, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medallist (1964, 1968)
*[[Vece Paes]], hockey, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medallist (1980)
*[[Leander Paes]], tennis, [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medallist (1996)
*[[Sourav Ganguly]], cricketer, former [[India national cricket team]]'s captain, sports administrator, former BCCI president
*[[Chhanda Gayen]], mountaineer, first Bengali woman to summit Mount Everest
*[[Pankaj Roy]], cricketer
*[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]], cricketer
*[[Deep Dasgupta]], cricketer
*[[Rohan Gavaskar]], cricketer (son of [[Sunil Gavaskar]])
*[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]], cricketer
*[[Ashok Dinda]], cricketer
*[[Wriddhiman Saha]], cricketer
*[[Mohammed Shami]], cricketer
*[[Len Stubbs]], former cricketer
*[[Chuni Goswami]], footballer
*[[Gautam Sarkar]], footballer
*[[Shailen Manna]], footballer, former [[India men's national football team|India national football team]]'s captain (guided India to Gold medal in 1951 Asiad)
*[[P. K. Banerjee|Pradip Kumar Banerjee]], footballer
*[[Krishanu Dey]], footballer
*[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]], footballer
*[[Subrata Pal]], footballer
*[[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]], footballer
*[[Syed Rahim Nabi]], footballer
*[[Mehtab Hossain]], footballer
*[[Arnab Mondal]], footballer
*[[Pronay Halder]], footballer
*[[Pritam Kotal]], footballer
*[[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]], footballer
*[[Subhasish Bose]], footballer
*[[Mihir Sen]], record swimmer
*[[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]], track and field
*[[Arjun Atwal]], golfer
*[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]], chess grandmaster
*[[Dibyendu Barua]], chess grandmaster
*[[Sandipan Chanda]], chess grandmaster
*[[Deep Sengupta]], chess grandmaster
*[[Gobar Guha]], wrestler
*[[Manohar Aich]], body builder, Mr. Universe 1952
*[[Dipu Ghosh]], badminton, Arjuna Award
*[[Saurav Ghosal]], squash player
*[[Jaidip Mukerjea]], tennis player
*[[Jagmohan Dalmiya]], sports administrator
*[[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]], sports administrator
*[[John Holman (British Army officer)|John Holman]], cricketer
*[[William Laidlay]], cricketer
*[[Hira Mondal]], Footballer
*[[Usha Rani Das]], Footballer
*[[Rimpa Haldar]], Footballer
}}

==Nobel laureates==
Six [[Nobel Prize]] winners have been associated with Kolkata:
*[[Sir Ronald Ross]] (1857–1932) – Medicine, 1902
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941) – Literature, 1913; first Asian to win the Nobel Prize
*[[Mother Teresa]] (1910–1997) – Peace, 1979
*[[Amartya Sen]] (born 1933) – Economics, 1998
* [[Abhijit Banerjee|Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee]] (born 1961) – Economics, 2019
* [[CV Raman]] – Physics

==Ramon Magsaysay Award winners==
The [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]], sometimes called "Asia's Nobel Prize", is given "to perpetuate his example of integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society." Kolkata winners include:

* [[Mother Teresa]] (1910–1997) – Peace and International Understanding, 1962
* [[Satyajit Ray]] (1921–1992) – Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts, 1967
* [[Gour Kishore Ghosh]] (1923–2000) – Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts, 1981
*[[Mahasweta Devi]] (1926–2016) – Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts, 1997

==Others==
*[[Samik Bandyopadhyay]] (born 1940), critic of Indian art, theatre and film
*[[Tanmoy Bhattacharya]] (born 1958), politician
*[[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] (1761–1834), missioner and reformer
*[[Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury]] (1570–1649), Brahmin scholar, social and political figure
*[[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]] (1806—1878), missioner and reformer
*[[Manny Elias]] (born 1953), drummer, record producer; original drummer of the [[Tears for Fears]]
*[[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]] (1775–1842), philanthropist and founder of many important and prestigious educational institutions of Kolkata
*[[Rajendra Prasad]] (1884–1963), politician, the first president of India (from 1950 to 1962)
*[[Romita Ray]] (born 1970), art historian
*[[Radhika Roy]] (born 1948), journalist
*[[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]] (born 1942), scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic
*[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] (1820–1891), philosopher, academic, writer, translator, entrepreneur, social reformer and philanthropist; key figure of the [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:People from Kolkata|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Lists of people from West Bengal|Kolkata ]]

Charaideo district

2026-02-27T09:35:59Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Article enhanced with better details

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Charaideo district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| image_skyline = Charaideo Maidam of Ahom Kings at Charaideo in Sivasagar, Assam 4.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Maidam of Ahom Kings
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Assam|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Assam Division|Upper Assam]]
| established_date = 2015
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sonari]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mahmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahmara]], [[Sonari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonari]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1300
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 471418
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AS 33
| website = {{URL|https://charaideo.assam.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Charaideo district''' is an administrative [[Districts of Assam|district]] in the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. It was formally declared a new district of the state on 15 August 2015 by then Chief Minister of Assam [[Tarun Gogoi]].<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/assam-gets-five-more-districts_1647470.html Assam gets five more districts]</ref> It has been carved out of [[Sivasagar district]] with [[Charaideo|Charaideo District]] as its administrative headquarter. It comes under [[Upper Assam]] division.<ref>[http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/9/charaideo-maidams.htm Charaideo commonly known as pyramids of Assam]</ref><ref>[http://www.eastern-today.com/entries/blog/preparations-afoot-for-inauguration-of-charaideo-district-at-sonari reparations afoot for inauguration of Charaideo district at Sonari]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Palasbari-incensed-over-choice-of-district-HQ/articleshow/51759563.cms Palasbari incensed over choice of district HQ]</ref>

==Etymology==
[[Charaideo]] was established by the first [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king [[Sukaphaa|Chaolung Sukaphaa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Padmeswar |title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms: with a fuller treatment of the Tai-Ahom kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley |date=1968 |publisher=Dept. of Publication, [[Gauhati University]] |pages=264 & 265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIduAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The name Charaideo originated from [[Ahom language|Tai-Ahom]] word ''Che Rai Doi'' or ''Doi Che Rai'' which means ''the shining city on the hills''. The Che-Rai-Doi Assamised into Charaideo or Charai-khorong.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gohain |first1=Birendra Kr |title=Origin of the Tai and Chao Lung Hsukapha: A Historical Perspective |date=1999 |publisher=Omsons Publications |pages=72 & 73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k01uAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bezbaruah |first1=Ranju |last2=Banerjee |first2=Dipankar |last3=Research |first3=Indian Council of Historical |title=North-East India: interpreting the sources of its history |date=2008 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] |isbn=9788173052958 |pages=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inwMAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Before the arrival of Sukaphaa the place was a place of worship for local tribes like [[Moran people|Morans]], Borahis and [[Sutiya people|Sutiyas]].<ref>{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=50}}</ref>

The site of [[Charaideo]] was the capital of the [[Ahom kingdom]] established by the first [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] king Chao Lung [[Sukaphaa|Siu-Ka-Pha]] in 1253. The [[Maidam]]s ([[tumulus]]) of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] kings and queens at [[Charaideo]] hillocks resemble the shape of small pyramids. The site has had some archaeological works but also has suffered from robbers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030301/asp/northeast/story_1720984.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195131/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030301/asp/northeast/story_1720984.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 25, 2011|title=Bounty hunters beat ASI to tombs|author1=Dutta, Pullock |author2=Das, Ripunjoy|date=2003-03-01|accessdate=2007-12-06|location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> There have been calls for the site to be UNESCO World Heritage listed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060119/asp/northeast/story_5737072.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195155/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060119/asp/northeast/story_5737072.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 25, 2011| title=Saving Ahom kingdom - Local youths push for Unesco tag to protect Charaideo |author=Das, Ripunjoy |date=2006-01-19| accessdate=2007-12-06 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Sudangphaa]] (1397–1407), the relatively small Ahom kingdom was attacked by [[Mongkawng|Mong Kwang]], a Shan state in what is today Upper Burma. A Mong Kwang army sent under General Ta-chin-Pao advanced upto Tipam but was subsequently defeated and pushed back as far as the Kham Jang territory.{{sfn|Phukan|1991|p=891}} The generals of the two armies conducted a peace treaty on the shore of the [[Lake of No Return|Nong Jake lake]] and in accordance with the [[Tai peoples|Tai]] custom dipped their hands in the lake, fixing the boundary of the two kingdoms at [[Patkai|Patkai hill]]s.{{sfn|Phukan|1991|p=891}}

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Charaideo district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|5.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|4.58}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|chartreuse|1.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.72}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.21}}
}}

The district has a population of 471,418, of which 29,723 (6.31%) live in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Sivasagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/240/download/610/DH_2011_1812_PART_A_DCHB_SIVASAGAR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Charaideo has a sex ratio of 955 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7,643 (1.62%) and 11,909 (2.53%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charaideo at a glance {{!}} Charaideo District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India|url=https://charaideo.gov.in/portlets/charaideo-at-a-glance|access-date=2020-11-09|website=charaideo.gov.in|archive-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117192204/https://charaideo.gov.in/portlets/charaideo-at-a-glance|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Charaideo district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 75.64 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value2 = 7.64 |color2 = burlywood
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 4.22 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value4 = 3.20 |color4 = firebrick
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.92 |color5 = orange
|label6 = 'Other' Hindi |value6 = 1.80 |color6 = deeppink
|label7 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value7 = 1.38 |color7 = pink
|label8 = Others |value8 = 4.20 |color8 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 75.64% of the population spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 7.64% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]], 4.22% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 3.20% [[Odia language|Odia]], 1.92% [[Hindi]], 1.38% [[Nepali language|Nepali]]. 1.80% of the population spoke 'Others' under Hindi.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Suresh Ranjan Goduka]], Assamese poet and mass communicator

== See also ==

* [[Charaideo]]
* [[Sivasagar]]
* [[Sonari]]
* [[Moranhat]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Phukan| first=J. N.| title = Relations of the Ahom kings of Assam with those of Mong Mao (in Yunnan, China) and of Mong Kwang (Mogaung in Myanmar) | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=52 | year=1991| pages= 888–893| jstor=44142722|issn=2249-1937}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://charaideo.assam.gov.in/ Charaideo District Official website]

{{coord|26.933|94.7481|display=title}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:Charaideo district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Capitals of Ahom kingdom]]

Dwijendralal Ray

2026-02-22T10:48:31Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: typo fix

{{short description|Indian civil servant, poet, playwright, and musician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}{{Infobox writer 
| name = Dwijendralal Ray
| image = Dwijendra Lal Roy.jpg
| caption = Dwijendralal Ray
| birth_date = {{birth date|1863|07|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Nadia District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1913|5|17|1863|7|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| occupation = Civil servant, playwright and musician
| period = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| influenced =
| signature =
| awards =
| spouse = Surabala Devi
| children = 2, including [[Dilip Kumar Roy]]
| genre = Drama, Song, Essay
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = Indian
| movement = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| notableworks =
}}
'''Dwijendralal Ray''' (19 July 1863 – 17 May 1913), also known as '''D. L. Ray''', was an [[British Raj| Indian Bengali]] poet, playwright, and musician.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dwijendralal+Ray&pg=PT294 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ghosh" /> He was known for his [[Hindu]] [[Puranas|mythological]] and [[Indian Nationalism|nationalist]] historical plays and songs known as ''[[Dwijendrageeti]]'' or the ''Songs of Dwijendralal'', which number over 500, create a separate subgenre of [[Bengali music]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sudip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0EoDwAAQBAJ&dq=dwijendrageeti+500+songs&pg=PA73 |title=Over The Years |date=2015-12-26 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

=== Early life ===
Dwijendralal Ray was born in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], in the modern-day [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]], on 19 July 1863. He was the seventh child of Kartikeyachandra Ray, Dewan (Chief Officer) of Krishnanagar palace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=সুদীপ |title=কিরণ-মাখা রঙ্গমঞ্চের ক্লান্ত নায়ক দ্বিজেন্দ্রলাল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/a-special-write-up-on-poet-dwijendralal-ray-1.1096967 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> From his mother's side, he was a descendant of [[Vaishnava]] ascetic [[Advaita Acharya]], one of the apostles of the medieval Bengali saint Shri [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]. Ray had six elder brothers and a younger sister.<ref name = ghosh>{{cite book |title= Dwijendralal Ray |last= Ghosh|first= Ajit Kumar|year= 2001|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-260-1227-7|page=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/DwijendralalRayAjitKumarGhosh2001ShaityaAkademiMS/page/n7 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

As a child, Ray was temperamental, introverted, thoughtful and a lover of nature, although he possessed the gift of the gab. He passed the Entrance Examination in 1878 and the First Arts Examination in 1880 at the Krishnanagar Collegiate School. Later, he received a B.A. from [[Hooghly Mohsin College|Hooghly College]] and subsequently an M.A. in English in 1884 from [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], as a graduating student of the [[University of Calcutta]]. Being a brilliant student, he received a scholarship owing to his performance in the Entrance and First Arts examinations, and was second among all students receiving M.A. degrees from the University of Calcutta in 1884.<ref name = ghosh />

''Aryagatha'' Part I, a collection of Ray's songs written between the ages of twelve and seventeen, was published in 1882. It was his first publication.<ref name = ghosh /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bengaliportal |date=2020-08-25 |title=দ্বিজেন্দ্রলাল রায় এর জীবন পরিচয়: Dwijendralal Ray Biography In Bengali - Bengaliportal 2023 |url=https://www.bengaliportal.com/dwijendralal-ray-biography-in-bengali/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===In England===
In 1884, Ray got a state scholarship for study of [[agriculture]] in [[England]]. "His description of the sea-voyage and his keen observation on the manners, customs, food-habits and dresses of British people" was serialised in a weekly named ''Pataka'' and later published by his brothers as ''Bileter Patra'' (''Letters from England'').While in England, he received the news of his beloved parents' death.<ref name = ghosh /> In 1886, he published ''The Lyrics of Ind'', a collection of English lyrical poems written in England.<ref name = ghosh />

Ray Passed the examination from the [[Cirencester College]] and was enrolled as a member of the [[Royal Agricultural College]] and the [[Royal Agricultural Society of England|Royal Agricultural Society]]. After obtaining a diploma in F.R.A.S., he returned to India in 1886.<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - কল-eকাতা |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2012/july/atiter_tara.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref>

===Career===
On his return from England, Ray was appointed as a Deputy Magistrate in 1886 and worked in the Departments of Survey and Settlement, Excise, Land Records and Agriculture, Administration and Judiciary in different parts of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Province]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhowmik |first=Arindam |title=মেদিনীপুরে দ্বিজেন্দ্রলাল রায় {{!}} Dwijendralal Roy in Kajlagarh, Purba Medinipur |url=https://www.midnapore.in/people/Dwijendralal-Ray-D-L-Ray-in-Medinipur.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.midnapore.in |language=en}}</ref> In 1887, Ray married Surabala Devi, daughter of Pratap Chandra Majumdar, a renowned [[Homeopathy|homeopath]] physician. In 1890, he was transferred to [[Kajlagarh]] as the land settlement officer of the Sujamutha division of [[Purba Medinipur district|Medinipur]], he diligently worked and even led a peasant protest against the excessive tax rates. He composed some of his best works there.<ref name=":1" /> He was appointed the First Inspector of the Excise Department in 1894, the Assistant Director, Land Records and Agriculture Department in 1898 and the Assistant to the Commissioner, Excise Department in 1900. Later again he was appointed Inspector of Excise Department.<ref name = ghosh />

Surabala Devi died in 1903. In 1905, Ray was transferred to [[Khulna]]. Later he served at [[Murshidabad]], [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]] also. In 1908, he took long leave to stay in Calcutta. Next year, he was appointed Deputy Magistrate of 24 Parganas. In 1912, he was transferred to [[Bankura]] and within three months he was again transferred to [[Munger]] where he had fallen seriously ill and due to this illness he took voluntary retirement and returned to Calcutta.<ref name = ghosh />

===Last days===
In the same year, Ray started editing a journal named ''Bharatbarsha''. But he did not live more than two months after his retirement. He died of a sudden attack of epilepsy on 17 May 1913 in [[Kolkata]].<ref name = ghosh /><ref>{{Cite news |title=DL Roy's death anniv today |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/137992/dl-roys-death-anniv-today |access-date=2023-05-11 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref>

==Political activity==
Though from a landed Bengali aristocratic family, Ray was known for his pro-peasant sentiments. In 1890, while working for the government at [[Kajlagarh]], in [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] he clashed with the Bengal Governor on the issue of peasant land rights and tithing obligations. He valiantly protested against the excessive tax that the peasants and small landowners had to pay to the [[Jotedar|Jotedars]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Poet-playwright Dwijendralal Roy fought for the farmers of Kajlagarh - GetBengal story |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/poet-playwright-dwijendralal-roy-fought-for-the-farmers-of-kajlagarh-getbengal-story |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

Following the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]], Ray joined the cultural movement to reunite the two new Bengali provinces. It was during the time he wrote several patriotic songs, including "''Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara''", that are still immensely popular today.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mallick |first=Sadya Afreen |date=2016-07-19 |title=DL ROY Patriotism to the fore |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/dl-roy-patriotism-the-fore-1255669 |access-date=2023-05-11 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

He was known also for his commitment to the uplifting of women, and his strong stance against Hindu religious orthodoxy and ritual. His collection ''Hanshir Gaan'' was a satire against upper-caste Hindu dominance of religious practices.<ref name = ghosh />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Roy,_Dwijendralal Roy, Dwijendralal] in Banglapedia

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Dwijendralal}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalists]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:People from Krishnagar]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:Krishnagar Government College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian songwriters]]

Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School

2026-02-17T11:56:46Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Adding new pg initial version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo = Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School logo.png
| logo_alt =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = No.59, Valliammal st
| location = Pudur
| region = Ambattur
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| county = India
| postal_code = 600 053
| zipcode =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.140|80.156|display=title,inline}}
| schooltype = English medium, matriculation
| fundingtype =
| type =
| motto = Growing to Serve. Serving to Grow
| motto_translation =
| religious_affiliation =
| denomination =
| patron =
| established = 
| founded =
| opened = 1988
| founder = Sethu Bhaskaran
| district = Chennai
| director = Sethu kumanan
| language = English, Tamil, Hindi, French (for 11th and 12th only)
| USNWR_ranking = State first in SSLC in 2014–15
| website = {{URL|https://www.sethubhaskara.com/}}
}}
'''Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School''' is a matriculation school<ref>{{Cite web |title=matriculation |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193162 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref> in [[Ambattur]], Tamil Nadu, India. It was founded on 6 June 1988 by Sethu Bhaskaran. Dr. Sethu Kumanan is the Correspondent.

== Description ==
<ref name="Sharma1999">{{cite book
| author = Namrata Sharma
| title = Value creators in education: Japanese educator Makiguchi & Mahatma Gandhi and their relevance for the Indian education
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MKKcAAAAMAAJ
| date = 1 January 1999
| publisher = Regency Publications
| isbn = 978-81-86030-60-8
| pages = 115–
| quote = ... Alongside in the same vicinity in Chennai is the Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School, of which Dr. Kumanan is the managing ...
}}</ref> Sethu Bhaskara is divided into five academic sections:

* [[Kindergarten]]
* Primary school
* Middle school
* High school
* Higher Secondary school

These sections are operated under independent heads who are accountable to the Correspondent and the Principal. School is [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]]. Admission is open to all students irrespective of [[caste]], creed, religion or nationality.

Sethu Bhaskara School has successfully guided 23 batches of 10th standard students and 69 batches of 12th standard students through their academic journey. It has 7,600 students and 350 staff members. Scholarships are given to approximately 250 students every year.

==Program==
Sethu Bhaskara School teaches English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] from UKG. The third language is taught only up to 8th standard.

Integrated Education for Visually Challenged Children has been launched in Sethu Bhaskara in English medium. Twenty-three [[visually impaired]] students get free education, transport, and uniform.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.sethubhaskara.com/

[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1988]]

U. C. Chaturvedi

2026-02-12T03:16:35Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Adding first article needs work

{{Short description|Indian virologist (1939–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = U. C. Chaturvedi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|3|2}}
| birth_place = [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|12|28|1939|3|2}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], India
| fields = {{ublist | [[Virology]] | [[Immunology]] | [[Medical microbiology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[King George's Medical University]] | [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]] | [[Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation]] | [[Kuwait University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | Government Inter College, Etawah | [[King George's Medical University]] | [[National Institute of Virology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | T. Ramchandra Rao | [[Thomas Henry Flewett]] | Peter Wildy | F. Lehmann-grube }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Dengue virus]] infection
| awards = {{ublist
| [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Shakuntala Amirchand Prize (1969)
| [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] J. B. Srivastava Award (1979)
| [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (1981)
| [[King George Medical University, Lucknow|KGMU]] Best Teacher Award (1989)
| [[National Institute of Immunology, India|NII]] Senior Scientist Award (1990)
| [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] (1991)
}}
}}
'''Umesh Chandra Chaturvedi''' (2 March 1939 – 28 December 2021) was an Indian [[virologist]], [[immunologist]], medical microbiologist, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Emeritus Scientist and a former chairman of the [[Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation]].<ref name="Raghunath">{{cite book|author=Raghunath|title=Current Status And Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sD4seo2qQ8cC&pg=PR15|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-025177-9|pages=15–}}</ref> The founder head of the department of microbiology at [[King George's Medical University]],<ref name="Department of Microbiology">{{Cite web |url=https://kgmu.org/department_details.php?dept_type=2&dept_id=17 |title=Department of Microbiology |date=2017 |publisher=King George's Medical University}}</ref> he is known for his studies on [[Dengue virus]] infection.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=429 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> Chaturvedi is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chaturvedi,_Prof._Umesh_Chandra |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111634/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/disp.php?fn=c |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please click on name to see details}} as well as the [[Royal College of Pathologists]] and [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name="NAMS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf |title=NAMS Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1981.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
U. C. Chaturvedi, born on 2 March 1939 at the [[Unnao]], an industrial city in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Chandra and Satya Prakash Chaturvedi, completed his early college education at Government Inter College, [[Etawah]] in 1956, before graduating in medicine from [[King George's Medical University]] (then known as King George's Medical College) in 1961.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Subsequently, he joined KGMU as a research assistant cum demonstrator and became a full faculty member in 1964. During this time, he pursued his higher studies at the institution and earned an MD in Pathology and Bacteriology in 1965. He spent the rest of his regular career at KGMU till his superannuation in 1999 during which time he rose through ranks holding the positions of a lecturer (1964–65 and 1967), reader (1967–84) and a professor (1984–99). In between, he took a sabbatical during 1965 to 1967 and worked as an ICMR Senior Research Fellow at [[National Institute of Virology]] under the guidance of T. Ramchandra Rao, as a Senior Medical Commonwealth Fellow with [[Thomas Henry Flewett]] and Peter Wildy at [[University of Birmingham]] and as an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]] at the laboratory of F. Lehmann-Grube at [[University of Hamburg]]. Post-retirement, he served at the Faculty of Medicine of [[Kuwait University]]<ref name="Abu Salim Mustafa">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221822820 |title=Abu Salim Mustafa |date=2017 }}</ref> and on his return to India, became associated with [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]] (then known as Industrial Toxicology Research Centre) in Lucknow where he continued his researches as an emeritus scientist of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]. Subsequently, he chaired [[Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation]],<ref name="Peer Reviewers">{{Cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/164107/1/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS%20done.pdf |title=Peer Reviewers |date=2017 |publisher=Dengue Bulletin, WHO/SEARO}}</ref> (BIBCOL) a Government of India undertaking involved in the manufacture of [[Polio vaccine|oral Polio vaccines]], Zinc tablets and kits for the management of [[Diarrhea]].<ref name="Biotechnology Company India">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bibcol.com/ |title=Biotechnology Company India |date=2017 |publisher=Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation}}</ref> He served BIBCOL till 2006 when he was succeeded by [[Virander Singh Chauhan]].<ref name="Corporate Announcement">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/corporates/anndet_new.aspx?newsid=65dd6f09-646c-46f9-820e-86288260d81a&param1=1 |title=Corporate Announcement |date=2017 |publisher=Bombay Stock Exchange}}</ref>

Chaturvedi is married to Uma and the couple has two daughters, Preeti and Pratibha and a son, Jai Deep. The family lives in [[Lucknow]] in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="NASI fellows" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:SAG Dengue-Virus 160413 01.jpg|thumb|235px|Dengue virus]]
[[File:Dengue fever symptoms.svg|thumb|left|235px|Dengue fever symptoms]]
Chaturvedi's early researches spanned the [[pathogenesis]] of various diseases which he carried out using animal models and subsequently reconfirming them by clinical trials.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The human disorders he covered included [[chromium toxicity]], immunological cardiac injury and [[dengue haemorrhagic fever]] (DHF) and it was during this time, he demonstrated that [[T cell|T-]][[lymphocyte]]s could inflict damage on heart tissues thereby leading to post-[[myocardial infarction]] and the [[postpericardiotomy syndrome]]. When an epidemic of dengue broke out in [[Kanpur]] in 1968, the team led by him carried out extensive studies independently and were successful in isolating dengue virus from the patients for further investigations.<ref name="In Conversation">{{Cite web |url=http://healthsciences.ac.in/inconversation.html |title=In Conversation |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala University of Health Sciences |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025636/http://healthsciences.ac.in/inconversation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> With the help of his studies on the pathogenesis of Dengue fever, he demonstrated that [[T helper cell]]-[[Type II cytokine receptor]] causes severity of the disease and he termed the incidence as ''Cytokine Tsunami'',<ref name="Parthasarathy2016">{{cite book|author=A Parthasarathy|title=IAP Textbook of Pediatrics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1OJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|date=30 April 2016|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-5250-196-0|pages=269–}}</ref> as revealed in articles<ref name="Shift to Th2 cytokine response in dengue haemorrhagic fever">{{Cite journal |title=Shift to Th2 cytokine response in dengue haemorrhagic fever |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Shift+to+Th2+cytokine+response+in+dengue+haemorrhagic+fever.-a0197413782 |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Nitric oxide in dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: necessity or nuisance?">{{Cite journal |title=Nitric oxide in dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: necessity or nuisance? |journal=Pathogens and Disease |date=February 2009 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=9–24 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00544.x|pmid=19239490 |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Umesh C. |last2=Nagar |first2=Rachna |pmc=7110348 }}</ref> and an editorial written by him in [[Indian Journal of Medical Research]].<ref name="Can helper T-17 cells play a role in dengue haemorrhagic fever?">{{Cite journal |last=Nivedita Gupta, U.C. Chaturvedi |title=Can helper T-17 cells play a role in dengue haemorrhagic fever? (Editorial) |url=http://medind.nic.in/iby/t09/i7/ibyt09i7p005.pdf |journal=Indian J Med Res |date=July 2009 |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |pmid=19700793 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Chaturvedi elucidated the pathogenesis of dengue fever by proposing how virus-infected [[macrophages]] incited cytotoxic factor (CF) production in [[CD4+]] [[T cells]] which accelerated production of free radicals, nitrite, reactive oxygen and [[peroxynitrite]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He developed an [[in-vitro]] model for testing metal toxicity and prescribed pre-treatment protocols using [[chromium picolinate]] which countered the incidence of [[thrombocytopenia]] induced by the virus. His studies have widened the understanding of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and associated Shock Syndrome.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He has documented his researches by way of over 255 articles in per-reviewed journals<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/66354739_P_R_ADIGA |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online article repository of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] has listed 216 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Chaturvedi=3AUmesh_Chandra=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWhQAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research}}</ref><ref name="MarquesGuabiraba2014">{{cite book|author1=Rafael Elias Marques|author2=Rodrigo Guabiraba|author3=Daniel Cisalpino, Mauro M. Teixeira|title=Dengue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yHvAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|date=1 February 2014|publisher=Biota Publishing|isbn=978-1-61504-575-4|pages=85–}}</ref><ref name="Fudenberg2012">{{cite book|author=H. Hugh Fudenberg|title=Immunomodulation: New Frontiers and Advances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QicBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-9358-4|pages=193–}}</ref><ref name="SchlesingerSchlesinger2013">{{cite book|author1=Sondra Schlesinger|author2=Milton J. Schlesinger|title=The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQbkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA426|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4757-0785-4|pages=426–}}</ref> and his work has been cited by a number of authors and researchers.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Journal of Medical Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7g5AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Indian Research Fund Association}}</ref><ref name="GublerKuno1997">{{cite book|author1=D. J. Gubler|author2=Goro Kuno|title=Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XNrAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1997|publisher=CAB International|isbn=978-0-85199-134-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Medical Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWpQAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Indian Council of Medical Research.}}</ref><ref name="HlavinekBonacci2007">{{cite book|author1=Petr Hlavinek|author2=Ongjen Bonacci|author3=Jiri Marsalek, Ivana Mahrikova|title=Dangerous Pollutants (Xenobiotics) in Urban Water Cycle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5eAZStr8CMC&pg=PA216|date=16 December 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-6795-2|pages=216–}}</ref> He has also delivered invited or keynote speeches<ref name="Intramural CME on Encephalitis">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/conf/encephalitis.html |title=Intramural CME on Encephalitis |date=2003 |publisher=Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826012823/http://www.sgpgi.ac.in/conf/encephalitis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has guided a number of master's and doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="Madhu Khanna">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vpci.org.in/pageLevel.php?id=11&cat=implinks&subid=77&subcat=implinks_sublinks_sublinks |title=Madhu Khanna |date=2017 |publisher=VP Chest Institute, Delhi University |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226130922/http://www.vpci.org.in/pageLevel.php?id=11&cat=implinks&subid=77&subcat=implinks_sublinks_sublinks |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Nischay Mishra">{{Cite web |url=https://aai.org/Careers/Job_Postings/CVs/Mishra_Nischay_Resume_2010.pdf |title=Nischay Mishra |date=2017 |publisher=American Association of Immunologists |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063845/https://aai.org/Careers/Job_Postings/CVs/Mishra_Nischay_Resume_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On the academic front, he was the founder head of the Department of Microbiology at King George Medical College<ref name="Microbiology">{{Cite web |url=https://kgmu.org/department_details.php?dept_type=2&dept_id=17 |title=Microbiology |date=2017 |publisher=King George Medical University}}</ref> and his contributions have been reported in the establishment of a viral diagnostic laboratory at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="National Symposium on-Hospital Acquired Infections & Antimicrobial Resistance">{{Cite web |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/shownewspub.jsp?did=54 |title=National Symposium on-Hospital Acquired Infections & Antimicrobial Resistance |date=2017 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref> He has been associated with many Government of India agencies such as [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Department of Biotechnology]] and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and sat in the Scientific Advisory Committee of the National AIDS Research Institute during 2003–04.<ref name="Scientific Advisory Committee Members">{{Cite web |url=http://icmr.nic.in/annual/nari/2003-04/r12.pdf |title=Scientific Advisory Committee Members |date=2017 |publisher=National AIDS Research Institute}}</ref> He has been a member of the Task Force on Infectious Disease Biology of the Department of Biotechnology<ref name="Task Force on Infectious Disease Biology">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/RTI_DBT-1.doc |title=Task Force on Infectious Disease Biology |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513055854/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/RTI_DBT-1.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> and represented India in the General Assembly of the International Federation of Tropical Medicine during 1984–85.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He sat in the council of the Indian Immunology Society (1992–94) and was the secretary of the Indian Association Medical Microbiologists for three terms (1983, 84 and 1985).<ref name="IAMM Presidents and Secretaries Since Inception">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iamm.in/pastpresi.htm |title=IAMM Presidents and Secretaries Since Inception |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Association Medical Microbiologists |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811010932/http://www.iamm.in/pastpresi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He held the position of a treasurer of the [[Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists]] from 1976 to 1980 and served as its president in 1988.<ref name="Past president">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iapm.org.in/pastoffice.aspx |title=Past president |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515005553/https://www.iapm.org.in/pastoffice.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also served as a member of the editorial boards of ''African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology'', ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Research]]'' and the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology]]''<ref name="Editorial Board IJMM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijmm.org/editorialboard.asp |title=Editorial Board IJMM |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology}}</ref><ref name="Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Editorial Board">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/info?id=mb&doc=eboard |title=Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Editorial Board |date=2017 |publisher=Bioline International |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050453/http://www.bioline.org.br/info?id=mb&doc=eboard |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has served as the peer reviewer of ''Dengue Bulletin'', published by the South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) of the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="Peer Reviewers" />

Chaturvedi died on 28 December 2021, at the age of 82.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1986003 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Chaturvedi received the Shakuntala Amirchand Prize for the young scientists from the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 1969; ICMR honored him again a decade later with the 1979 J. B. Srivastava Award.<ref name="In Conversation" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1981.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> He received the Best Teacher Award of the King George Medical University in 1989 and the Senior Scientist Award of the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] a year later,<ref name="Indian fellow" /> followed by the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] in 1991.<ref name="OPB Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.opbfawards.com/health.html | title=OPB Award | publisher=Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation | date=2017}}</ref>

The [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 1983<ref name="Uttar Pradesh - List of Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/UP_State_wise_Fellow_list_Complete-19.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh - List of Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> and three years later, he became a fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="IAS fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indnet.org/ias/Contents/Fellowship/Fellows/k-index.html |title=IAS fellowship |year=2017 |publisher=IndNet |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222210530/http://www.indnet.org/ias/Contents/Fellowship/Fellows/k-index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year 1987 brought him two elected fellowships; that of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a fellow of the [[Royal College of Pathologists]] (1986), [[American Society for Microbiology#American Academy of Microbiology|American Academy of Microbiologists]] (1988)<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and the International Medical Sciences Academy.<ref name="IMSA Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.imsaonline.com/imsa_fellows_members_directory_next.html |title=IMSA Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=International Medical Sciences Academy}}</ref> The award orations delivered by him include B. K. Aikat Oration Award by [[Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists]] in 1989 and T. S. Tirumurti Award lecture of the Indian National Science Academy in 2007.<ref name="T. S. Tirumurti Award lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php |title=T. S. Tirumurti Award lecture |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|title=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWhQAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research}}
* {{cite book|author=H. Hugh Fudenberg|title=Immunomodulation: New Frontiers and Advances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QicBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-9358-4|pages=193–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sondra Schlesinger|author2=Milton J. Schlesinger|title=The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQbkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA426|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4757-0785-4|pages=426–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Rafael Elias Marques|author2=Rodrigo Guabiraba|author3=Daniel Cisalpino, Mauro M. Teixeira|title=Dengue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yHvAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|date=1 February 2014|publisher=Biota Publishing|isbn=978-1-61504-575-4|pages=85–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=Shrivastava, Richa |author2=Upreti, R. K. |author3=Seth, P. K. |author4=Chaturvedi, U. C |title=Effects of chromium on the immune system |journal= FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology|date=2002 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00596.x|pmid=12208600 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Chaturvedi, Umesh C. |author2=Shrivastava, Richa |title=Interaction of viral proteins with metal ions: role in maintaining the structure and functions of viruses |journal=FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology |date=2005 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=105–114 |doi=10.1016/j.femsim.2004.11.004|pmid=15681139 |pmc=7110337 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Chaturvedi, Umesh C. |author2=Nagar, Rachna |author3=Shrivastava, Richa |title=Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: implications of host genetics |journal=FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology |date=2006 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=155–166 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00058.x|pmid=16831202 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Atanu Basu, Umesh C. Chaturvedi |title=Vascular endothelium: the battlefield of dengue viruses |journal= FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology|date=June 2008 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=287–299 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00420.x|pmid=18522648 |pmc=7110366 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=U. C. Chaturvedi |title=Shift to Th2 cytokine response in dengue haemorrhagic fever |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Shift+to+Th2+cytokine+response+in+dengue+haemorrhagic+fever.-a0197413782 |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=January 2009|volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |pmid=19287050 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Umesh C. Chaturvedi, Rachna Nagar |title=Nitric oxide in dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: necessity or nuisance? |journal=Pathogens and Disease |date=February 2009 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=9–24 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00544.x|pmid=19239490 |pmc=7110348 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nivedita Gupta, U.C. Chaturvedi |title=Can helper T-17 cells play a role in dengue haemorrhagic fever? |url=http://medind.nic.in/iby/t09/i7/ibyt09i7p005.pdf |journal=Indian J Med Res |date=July 2009 |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |pmid=19700793 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== See also ==
* [[Cytotoxic necrotising factor family]]
* [[Dengue vaccine]]
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.narayanipeedam.org/event-March0709.htm |title=Governing Board of Research |date=2017 |publisher=Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111230055/http://narayanipeedam.org/event-March0709.htm |url-status=dead }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=M. S. Suja |title=In Conversation wit U. C. Chaturvedi |url=http://healthsciences.ac.in/downloads/inconversation_umeshchaturvedi.pdf |journal=Health Sciences |date=2012 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131034/http://healthsciences.ac.in/downloads/inconversation_umeshchaturvedi.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, U. C.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Pathologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Manda Leima

2026-02-08T12:06:42Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: starting data

{{Short description|Indian actress from Manipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = ''Manda Leima in Soinairaba Thamoi (2018)''
| birth_name = Manda Saikhom
| occupation = Actress
| years active =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Heirangoithong, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]] '''Present address:''' Kwakeithel, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| relatives =
| children = 2
| father = Saikhom Babudhon Meitei
}}

'''Manda Leima''' is an actress who appears in [[Manipuri films]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/golden-jubilee-of-manipuri-cinema-renowned-actors-share-experiences-challenges.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Manipuri Cinema: Renowned actors share experiences and challenges |accessdate=28 June 2021 |website=nenow.in}}</ref> ''Angangba Kurao Mapal'', ''[[Lallasi Pal]]'', ''[[Kaboklei]]'', ''Inga Nonglakta'', ''Nangna Mama Oibiyu'' and ''[[Lanphamda Ibeni]]'' are some of her notable films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2021 |title=“Kaboklei” Will Remain as One of the Rare 'Round Characters' in Manipuri Film's Exploration of Cinematic Styles |work=Imphal Reviews |url=https://imphalreviews.in/kaboklei-will-remain-as-one-of-the-rare-rounded-characters-in-manipuri-films-exploration-of-cinematic-styles/ |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref>

She served as Jury at 16th Manipur State Film Awards. Manda Leima was the face of Shingju Festival 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/12/24/Thoubal-Dec-24Popular-Manipuri-film-actress-Manda-Leima-will-be-the-face-of-the-Singju-Festival-with-model-Diana-Mayanglambam-as-the-brand-ambassador-said-the-festival-committee-today-.amp.html |title=Manda is face of Singju Festival |accessdate=28 June 2021 |newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

==Career==
''[[Lallasi Pal]], [[Nongallabasu Thaballei Manam]]'' and ''[[Lanphamda Ibeni]]'', ''[[Kaboklei]]'' are some of her works.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/other-news/item/303-manipur-pony-and-lanphamda-ibeni-screened |title=Manipur Pony and Lanphamda Ibeni screened |accessdate=28 June 2021 |newspaper=Imphal Times}}</ref>

In 2020, she appeared in the non-feature ''Nawa Seidum'' directed by Lawrence Chandam. The film got selection in the Micro Film Finalist at the Indie Short Fest, Los Angeles, 2020. It also bagged the Outstanding Achievement Award at the Tagore International Film Festival 2020 and Best Narrative Film in Moment International 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2020 |title=Naawa Seidum wins 'Best Narrative Film' at MIFF, New York |work=The Sangai Express |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/7/3/Naawa-Seidum-wins-Best-Narrative-Film-at-MIFF-New-York.amp.html |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Manda Leima was conferred the 1st Late P. Kenedy Memorial Filmfare Award 2004 by the Educated Unemployed Self-Service Association, Moirang.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Film
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| North East TV People's Choice Awards 2004, Guwahati
| Best Actress
| ''Angangba Kurao Mapal''
|
|-
| 7th Manipur State Film Festival 2010
| Best Actress in a Leading Role - Female
| ''[[Kaboklei]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/news/7th-manipuri-film-festival-2010-kicks-off-imphal.html |title=7th Manipuri film festival 2010 kicks off in Imphal |accessdate=28 June 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kanglaonline.com/2010/09/glittering-end-to-7th-state-film-festival-chief-minister-pledges-rs-10-lakh-award-for-mary-kom/ |title=Glittering end to 7th State Film Festival: Chief minister pledges Rs. 10 lakh award for Mary Kom |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=kanglaonline.com |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153724/http://kanglaonline.com/2010/09/glittering-end-to-7th-state-film-festival-chief-minister-pledges-rs-10-lakh-award-for-mary-kom/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Director
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
|''[[Lallasi Pal]]''
|Leihao
|Eepu
|-
|''Ingengi Atiya (The Sky of Autumn)''
|Seema
|Bishwamittra
|-
|2003
|''Kalpana''
|Karuna
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
|''Nungshi Hekta Hairage''
|Mala
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|''Lallibadi Eini''
|Seema
|[[Khwairakpam Bishwamittra]]
|-
|''Angangba Kurao Mapal''
|Thoi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|rowspan="9"|2005
|''Laang''
|Mema
|[[Moirangthem Inao]]
|-
|''[[Nongallabasu Thaballei Manam]]''
|Dr. Urirei
|Moirangthem Inao
|-
|''Mathang Mapokta''
|Geetu
|[[Diya Khwairakpam]]
|-
|''Laibakki Chandan''
|Priya
|[[Oinam Gautam Singh|O. Gautam]]
|-
|''Nanga Thengnaramdraba''
|Anuradha
|Ak. Gyaneshori
|-
|''Thengmankhre Thabalse''
|Thoibi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''Sageigee Mouni''
|Thaballei
|[[Diya Khwairakpam]]
|-
|''Nangna Mama Oibiyu''
|Bembem
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|''Ayukki Likla''
|Dr. Thaja
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''Ta-Tomba The Great''
|Thadoi
|Ksh. Kishorekumar
|-
|''Inga Nonglakta''
|Thoibi
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|2009
|''[[Kaboklei]]''
|Kaboklei
|Pilu H.
|-
|2012
|''[[Lanphamda Ibeni]]''
|Ibeni
|[[Romi Meitei]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''Soinairaba Thamoi''
|Sanatombi
|Pilu H.
|-
|''Ei Lakkhini''
|Langlen
|Hemjeet Moirangthem
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11645208}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leima, Manda}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manipur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Meitei cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Inner Asian Mountain Corridor

2026-02-07T05:37:03Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating first details first draft

{{short description|Ancient exchange route in Central Asia}}
The '''Inner Asian Mountain Corridor''' (IAMC) was an ancient exchange route in [[Inner Asia]], ranging from the [[Altai Mountains]] in [[Central Asia]] to the [[Hindu Kush]] in [[South Asia]] (present-day [[Afghanistan]] and northern [[Pakistan]]), which took shape in the 3rd millennium BCE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Pastoralist landscapes and social interaction in bronze age Eurasia|last=Frachetti, Michael D.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25689-7|location=Berkeley|oclc=752326743}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Frachetti|first=Michael D.|date=2012|title=Multiregional Emergence of Mobile Pastoralism and Nonuniform Institutional Complexity across Eurasia|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=53|issue=1|pages=2–38|doi=10.1086/663692|issn=0011-3204|jstor=10.1086/663692|hdl=1808/21123|s2cid=34267065|hdl-access=free}}</ref>{{sfn|Frachetti|Rouse|2012}}{{sfn|Spengler et al.|2014}}{{sfn|Frachetti|2016}} The expansion of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Andronovo culture]] towards the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana Culture]] in the second millennium BCE took place along the IAMC, giving way to the [[Indo-Aryan migration]] into the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2018}}

==Mountain Corridor==
The IAMC contributed to the development of mobile pastoralism in the 4th millennium BCE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Frachetti|2016|p=281}} Bronze Age mobile pastoralists acted as agents between Central Asian cultures and South Asian cultures via the IAMC, spreading domesticated wheats from South and East Asia to Inner Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frachetti|first1=Michael D.|last2=Spengler|first2=Robert N.|last3=Fritz|first3=Gayle J.|last4=Mar'yashev|first4=Alexei N.|date=2010-12-01|title=Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=84|issue=326|pages=993–1010|doi=10.1017/S0003598X0006703X|s2cid=163132760|issn=0003-598X}}</ref>{{sfn|Spengler et al.|2014}} Bronze Age pastoralists also transmitted horse riding and bronze technology between Europe and China, but also into the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Frachetti|2016|p=281}}

==Indo-European migrations==
In the fourth millennium BCE a mobile pastoralist [[Eurasian nomads|culture]] emerged at the Eurasian steppes.{{sfn|Spengler et al.|2014}} From the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] (present-day Ukraine and Russia), the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] [[Yamna culture]] spread westwards toward the [[Great Hungarian Plain]]; and north-west it developed into the [[Corded Ware culture]].{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2018}} Expanding eastward, Corded Ware eventually developed into the [[Sintashta culture]], which further developed into the Andronovo culture. According to Narasimhan et al. (2018), the Andronovo-culture extended southwards via the IAMC, reaching into the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana Culture]], from where Indo-European language and culture reached the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2018}}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last1 =Frachetti | first1 =Michael D. | last2 =Rouse | first2 =Lynne M. | year =2012 | chapter =Central Asia, the steppe, and the near east, 2500–1500 BC | editor-last =Potts | editor-first =D.T. | title =A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East | edition =first | publisher =Blackwell Publishing | chapter-url =https://www.academia.edu/download/25332725/Frachetti_and_Rouse_2012.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Citation | last =Frachetti | first =Michael | year = 2016 | chapter =Bronze Age Pastoralism and Differentiated Landscapes along the Inner Asia Mountain Corridor | editor-last1 =Abraham | editor-first1 =Shinu Anna | editor-last2 =Gullapalli | editor-first2 =Praveena | editor-last3 =Raczek | editor-first3 =Teresa P. | editor-last4 =Rizvi | editor-first4 =Uzma Z. | title =Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia | publisher =Routledge}}

* {{cite journal | last1 =Narasimhan | first1 =Vagheesh M. | last2 =Anthony | first2 =David | last3 =Mallory | first3 =James | last4 =Reich | first4 =David | title =The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia | journal =Science | date =2019 | volume =365 | issue =6457 | article-number =eaat7487 | doi =10.1126/science.aat7487 | pmid =31488661 | pmc =6822619 | bibcode =2019Sci...365t7487N |biorxiv=10.1101/292581 | ref ={{sfnref|Narasimhan et al.|2018}} |mode=cs2}}

* {{Citation | last1 =Spengler | first1 =Robert | last2 =Rouse | first2 =Lynne M. | last3 =Bullion | first3 =Elissa | last4 =Dupuy | first4 =Paula Doumani | last5 =Cerasetti | first5 =Barbara | last6 =Frachetti | first6 =Michael D. | year =2014 | title =Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia | journal =Proceedings of the Royal Society | volume =281 | issue =1783 | article-number =20133382 | ref ={{sfnref|Spengler et al.|2014}}| pmc =3996608 | doi =10.1098/rspb.2013.3382 | pmid =24695428 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Indo-European history]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]

Rupy C. Tut

2026-02-04T11:35:14Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Put up new stub...

{{Short description|Indian-American visual artist}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Rupy C. Tut
| birth_date = {{Circa|1985|1986}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh, India]]
| education =
| website = {{URL|https://www.rupyctut.com}}
| style = [[Indian miniature paintings]]
| alma_mater = [[UCLA]], [[Loma Linda University]]
}}

'''Rupy C. Tut''' (born {{Circa|1985|1986}}) is an Indian-born American visual artist. She specializes in [[Indian miniature paintings]]. Tut is based in [[Oakland, California]].

== Early life and education ==
Tut's grandparents were displaced during the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yu |first=Brandon |date=2017-11-13 |title=Unmuting history: in art, the long-hushed saga of the British... |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/performance/article/Unmuting-history-in-art-the-long-hushed-saga-of-12353391.php |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> She was born in [[Chandigarh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2023 |title=Juxtapoz Magazine - A Portfolio: Rupy C. Tut |url=https://www.juxtapoz.com/news/painting/a-portfolio-rupy-c-tut/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Juxtapoz]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> and lived in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in India until her family relocated to [[Southern California]] in the United States when she was eleven or twelve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Corbin |first=Mary |date=2023-10-13 |title=Trained in 18th-century Indian technique, Rupy C. Tut paints women facing today's challenges |url=https://48hills.org/2023/10/trained-in-18th-century-indian-technique-rupy-c-tut-paints-women-facing-todays-challenges/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=48 hills |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Le |first=Anh-Minh |date=2023-12-29 |title=Oakland Artist Rupy C. Tut |url=https://www.diablomag.com/people-style/oakland-artist-rupy-c-tut/article_47105bce-a034-11ee-a5cc-932164dad59b.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Diablo Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, she graduated from [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] with a degree in evolutionary and ecological [[biology]] and a minor in [[Indology|South Asian studies]]. She then attended [[Loma Linda University]], graduating with a master's in [[global health]] in 2009. She married, and in 2011, moved to the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]].<ref name=":0" />

== Artwork ==
While applying for jobs in [[public health]], Tut began painting<ref name=":0" /> and studied traditional [[Pahari painting]] from 2016 to 2021. She makes her own pigments and uses [[hemp paper]] or [[linen]].<ref name=":1" /> Her work focuses on women, heritage, and the natural world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Bridget |date=2023-11-13 |title=Rupy C. Tut's Landscapes of Belonging |url=http://hyperallergic.com/856044/rupy-c-tuts-landscapes-of-belonging/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Hyperallergic]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tut's paintings have been displayed at various institutions, including the [[De Young Museum]] and the [[Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)|Asian Art Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le |first=Anh-Minh |date=2023-10-02 |title=Renowned and Rising Artists of the Asian Diaspora Are in the Spotlight |url=https://www.nobhillgazette.com/arts_and_culture/visual_arts/renowned-and-rising-artists-of-the-asian-diaspora-are-in-the-spotlight/article_a26d7d6c-5322-11ee-9475-bb2e989a9756.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Nob Hill Gazette]]|language=en}}</ref> She has had solo shows at the [[Triton Museum of Art]], the Jessica Silverman gallery, and the [[Institute of Contemporary Art San Francisco]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tut, Rupy C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century American painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:American contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Loma Linda University alumni]]
[[Category:Miniature painting]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Women artists from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century women painters]]

Arun Kumar Sangaiah

2026-01-29T01:41:55Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: made biography

{{Short description|Indian academic researcher}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2025}}{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Arun Kumar Sangaiah
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|5|7}}
| occupation = Professor
| education = Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, (2014)
| employer = National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin, Taiwan.
| known_for =
| prizes =
}}

'''Arun Kumar Sangaiah''' is an academic researcher, currently a Distinguished Professor, International Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, [[National Yunlin University of Science and Technology]] Yunlin, Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |title= Arun Kumar Sangaiah |url= https://iai.yuntech.edu.tw/academic_staff/arunks | website= Yuntech |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref>

He was awarded [[Clarivate Citation Laureates|Clarivate Highly Cited Researcher]] in the world in Engineering and Technology consecutively in the years 2021, 2022, and 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title= Clarivate Announces Recipients of the India Research Excellence, Citation Awards 2021 |url= https://clarivate.com/news/clarivate-announces-recipients-of-the-india-research-excellence-citation-awards-2021/ | website= Clarivate |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref>

==Education==

Sangaiah is an Indian scholar, researcher, who earned his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from [[Vellore Institute of Technology]], University, Vellore, India.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Career==

Professor Sangaiah’s research interests encompass a range of topics, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Sustainable Computing, Deep Learning, Smart Vehicles, Convolutional Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, Sentiment Analysis, Service Quality, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and other similar topics.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In 2015, he became the Senior Member, IEEE Computer Society and Senior Member, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

He is an Editor in Chief, [[Elsevier]] Book Series, Cognitive Data Science in Sustainable Computing,<ref>{{cite web |title= Cognitive Data Science in Sustainable Computing |url=https://www.elsevier.com/en-in/books-and-journals/book-series/cognitive-data-science-in-sustainable-computing | website= Elsevier |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref> Editor in Chief, International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering, KeAi Publishing,<ref>{{cite web |title= International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering |url=http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/international-journal-of-cognitive-computing-in-engineering/ | website= Keai Publishsing |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref> Editor in Chief, CRC Book Series, Edge AI in Future Computing, [[Routledge]],<ref>{{cite web |title= Edge AI in Future Computing |url= https://www.routledge.com/Edge-AI-in-Future-Computing/book-series/EAIFC| website= Routledge |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref> and as an editor and associate editor for other journals.<ref>{{cite web |title= International Journal of Communication Systems |url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/10991131/homepage/editorialboard.html
| website= Wiley |doi= 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1131
|access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Editorial Board - Journal of Edge Computing |url= https://acnsci.org/journal/index.php/jec/about/editorialTeam
| website= ACNSCI |access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and Recognitions ==

* Yushan Young Scholar Award(2019), Ministry of Education (MOE), Taiwan<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Arun Kumar Sangaiah |url= https://itaoi2023.niu.edu.tw/Speakers-Arun-Kumar-Sangaiah.html | website= NIU|access-date=August 30, 2025}}</ref>
* PIFI Visiting Fellow Award (Fellowship from Chinese Academy of Sciences - CAS)<ref>{{cite web |title= Arun Kumar Sangaiah - Distinguished Professor|url= https://iai.yuntech.edu.tw/academic_staff/arunks| website= Yuntech |access-date=September 1, 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8yF6Xc4AAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar]
* [https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/U-6785-2019 Author's Profile - Arun Kumar Sangaiah]
* [https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55616335800&source=sd-apx Scopus ID]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangaiah, Arun Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Senior members of the IEEE]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Democratic Youth Federation of India

2026-01-25T19:53:11Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: refined citations

{{Short description|Indian political organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Democratic Youth Federation of India DYFI
| image = [[Image:DYFI-flag.svg|150px|Flag of Democratic Youth Federation of India]]
| image_border =
| abbreviation = DYFI
| formation = {{Start date and age|1980|11|03|df=yes}}
| type = Youth Organisation
| status = Federation
| purpose = Build a broad based strong and united youth movement in India, embracing every young man and woman who is pledged to fight for the upliftment and betterment of our youth as a whole.<ref name="dyfi_website">{{Cite web|title=DYFI – Aims & Objectives|url=https://www.dyfi.in/about-us/aims-objectives|access-date=2021-11-09|website=dyfi.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109102209/https://www.dyfi.in/about-us/aims-objectives|archive-date=2021-11-09|quote=The DYFI declares its intention to build a broad based strong and united youth movement in India, embracing every young man and woman who is pledged to fight for the uplift and betterment of our youth as a whole. It is fully aware of the fact that the younger generation is an integral part of our society and their upliftment and betterment in the final analysis, is dependent on and determined by the all round development of our country, especially of the toiling sections, who constitute the overwhelming majority of our people.}}</ref>
| affiliation =
| headquarters = [[Karol Bagh]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| location =
| region_served =
| membership = {{increase}} 9,839,216<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IehOf5p-XPI|title=DYFI: দেশে সদস্যসংখ্যা বেড়েছে ৪ লক্ষ, দাবি DYFI-এর|date=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/dyfi-adds-1-5-lakh-new-members-in-one-year/cid/1865254|title=DYFI adds 1.5 lakh new members in one year|date=16 May 2022}}</ref>
| language =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = Himaghnaraj Bhattacharyya
| website = {{URL|https://www.dyfi.org.in/}}
| remarks =
}}
'''Democratic Youth Federation of India''' ('''DYFI''') is a [[youth organisation]] in [[India]]. It was founded in its inaugural conference held from 1–3 November 1980 at Shaheed Kartar Singh Saraba village in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DYFI From Ludhiana To Amritsar|url=https://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2003/1109/11092003_suneet%20chopra.html|access-date=2021-09-24|website=archives.peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref> DYFI was formed as an independent youth organization with ties to [[Left-wing politics|leftist ideologies]]. Over time, it has become the youth wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-11-14 |title=CPI(M) has its way as DYFI elects new team |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-has-its-way-as-dyfi-elects-new-team/article25498112.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=Kerala: CPI(M) youth wing DYFI says will screen BBC documentary on PM Modi today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-cpi-m-youth-wing-dyfi-says-will-screen-bbc-documentary-on-pm-modi-today-101674542228521.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

DYFI identifies itself to be an independent organisation.<ref name="dyfikerala2">{{cite web|title=Welcome|url=http://dyfikerala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=1|access-date=13 October 2014|website=DYFI Kerala|publisher=DYFI|ref=dyfikerala1}}</ref> Former [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] who was a former secretary of Bengal fraction, and a founder Central Committee member of DYFI, [[Manik Sarkar]] – the former chief minister of [[Tripura]] – was a vice president of the organisation, and [[M. Vijayakumar]] who was the speaker of [[Kerala]] legislative assembly was once former all-India president of DYFI.<ref name="pd0" /> In 2021, [[M.B. Rajesh]], a former all-India president of DYFI was elected as the Speaker of Kerala legislative assembly.<ref name="nie0">{{Cite web|title=Newly-elected Speaker MB Rajesh rose from ranks, was named one of best parliamentarians|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/may/26/newly-elected-speaker-mb-rajesh-rose-from-ranks-was-named-one-of-best-parliamentarians-2307574.html|access-date=2021-11-09|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109103053/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/may/26/newly-elected-speaker-mb-rajesh-rose-from-ranks-was-named-one-of-best-parliamentarians-2307574.html|archive-date=2021-11-09|quote=He had served as the SFI district secretary and state secretary, DYFI district and state president and also the national president.}}</ref>

As of 2012, DYFI had a membership of 2.2 million which rose from 1.4 million in 2011.<ref name="hindu0">{{cite news|title=DYFI to focus on unemployment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dyfi-to-focus-on-unemployment/article3903222.ece|access-date=13 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2012|ref=hindu0}}</ref> The annual membership fee of DYFI is a meager Rs. 2 and is open to all youth between the age 15 and 40 irrespective of their political ideology.<ref name="hindu0" />

==Affiliations==
[[File:Dyfidemokolkata.JPG|thumb|right|DYFI rally in [[Kolkata]]]]
DYFI is a member of [[World Federation of Democratic Youth]]. The DYFI affiliate in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] is called Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Youth Federation. In [[Tripura]] there is a separate body, affiliated to DYFI, called [[Tribal Youth Federation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Assam Tribune Online |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1514/oth053 |accessdate=28 March 2020 |work=www.assamtribune.com |date=15 Sep 2014}}</ref><ref name="pd0">{{cite web |last1=Sinha |first1=Rahul |title=TRIPURA: Tribal Youth Federation Holds Special Convention {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2019/0818_pd/tripura-tribal-youth-federation-holds-special-convention |website=peoplesdemocracy.in |publisher=CPI(M) |accessdate=28 March 2020 |ref=PD}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ditsa |title=Massive Youth Rally in Tripura Demanding Jobs and Restoration of Democracy |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Tripura-DYFI-Tribal-Youth-Federation-Rally-CPIM- |accessdate=28 March 2020 |work=NewsClick |publisher=News Click |date=17 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: DYFI-TYF stages protest demanding release of ex-PWD minister |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/tripura-dyfi-tyf-stages-protest-demanding-release-of-ex-pwd-minister/ |accessdate=28 March 2020 |work=TNT-The NorthEast Today |date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The organisation was formed on 3 November 1980 from its inaugural conference held at [[Saheed Kartar Singh Saraba]] Village, [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] from 31 October to 3 November.

On 25 November 1994, five members of DYFI were killed after being shot by state police force during a protest against the commercialisation of higher education at [[Kuthuparamba]] in [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], while one was paralysed.<ref name=dyfikerala1>{{cite web|title=Martyrs|url=http://dyfikerala.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=30|website=DYFI Kerala|publisher=DYFI|access-date=13 October 2014|ref=dyfikerala1}}</ref>

==Publications==
At the national level, DYFI publishes the magazine ''Naujawan Drishti'' (Youth Vision). On the state level there are various publications, such as ''Jubashakti'' (Youth Power) in [[West Bengal]], ''Yuvadhara'' (Youth Stream) in Kerala, ''Izhaingar Muzhakkam'' in [[Tamil Nadu]], and ''Yuvasangharsh'' (Youth Struggle) in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dyfikerala.com/website/campaigns/Yuvadhara|title=Yuvadhara}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Students' Federation of India]]
* [[All India Youth Federation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.dyfi.org.in}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1980 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1980]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]

Indigenous religion

2026-01-21T04:23:17Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: content update

{{short description|Indigenous religious belief systems}}
[[File:Khagdaev1.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Buryats|Buryat]] religious specialist in [[Olkhon]]. Because they have undergone Russian colonialism, the Buryat's belief system is labeled an "indigenous religion".]]

'''Indigenous religion''' or '''native religion''' is a category used in the [[Religious studies|study of religion]] to demarcate the [[religion|religious]] belief systems of communities described as being "[[indigenous people|indigenous]]". This category is often juxtaposed against others such as the "[[world religions]]" and "[[new religious movements]]". The term is commonly applied to a range of different belief systems across the Americas, Australasia, Asia, Africa, and Europe.

The term "indigenous religions" is usually applied to the localised belief systems of small-scale societies. These belief systems do not typically engage in proselytization, thus distinguishing them from movements like [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Buddhism]] that all seek converts and which are typically classified as "world religions". They are also often characterised as being distinct from the "world religions" because they are orally transmitted, intertwined with [[tradition]]al lifestyles, and [[Religious pluralism|pluralist]]. Numerically, most of the world's religions could be classed as "indigenous", although the number of "indigenous religionists" is significantly smaller than the number of individuals who practice one of the "world religions".

Within the study of religion there has been much debate as to what the scope of the category should be, largely arising from debates over what the term "indigenous" should best encompass. For instance, the Japanese religion of [[Shinto]] is often referred to as an "indigenous religion" although, because the Japanese were not colonised but have colonised neighbouring societies like that of the [[Ainu people|Ainu]], there is debate as to whether they meet the definition of "indigenous". In some cases, practitioners of new religions like [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]] have sought to present theirs as "indigenous religions" although have faced scepticism from some scholars of religion.

==Definition==

The [[Religious studies|academic study of religions]] has used three concepts through which to categorise different religious groups: "[[world religions]]", "[[new religious movements]]", and "indigenous religions".{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=6}} The scholar of religion Carole M. Cusack noted that "indigenous religions" were rejected from the "world religions" category because they "are typically this-wordly, orally transmitted, non-proselytizing, folk-oriented, expressed in myths and traditional law, and pluralist."{{sfn|Cusack|2016|p=154}}

In the nineteenth century, the dominant ways to refer to these religions were "primitive religion" or "non-literate religion", as they were seen as offering insight into how religion was practiced by the earliest humans.{{sfn|Cox|2007|p=9}}{{sfn|Harvey|2000|pp=7–9}} Another term, "primal religion", was coined by [[Andrew Walls]] in the University of Aberdeen in the 1970s to provide a focus on non-Western forms of religion as found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.{{sfn|Cox|Sutcliffe|2006|p=8}} However, according to the scholar of religion [[Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)|Graham Harvey]], such approaches preference Western industrialized people and the course of Protestant Enlightenment culture.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|pp=8–9}} Likewise, James Cox, Walls's student, argues that terms such as "primal religion", "primitive religion", and "tribal religion" suggest an undeveloped religion which can be seen as a preparation for conversion to [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Cox|2007|p=27}}

Graham Harvey states that indigenous religions constitute most of the world's religions.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=3}} At the same time, he noted that "indigenous religionists" do not numerically make up the majority of religious people.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=3}}

Some religions considered "indigenous religions" have gained as much global visibility as some of the "world religions".{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=4}} For instance, musicians influenced by the belief systems of the [[Māori people|Maori]], Indigenous Australian, and Canadian First Nations peoples have had their work exposed to an international audience.{{sfn|Harvey|2000|p=4}}

==Contested areas==
[[File:Head miko in Inari shrine, Tanabe 179738668 4dc16b0c21 o.jpg|thumb|A Shinto rite; Shinto is often called an "indigenous religion", though the reasons for this classification have been debated among scholars.{{sfn|Nelson|1996|p=7}}]]
The Japanese religion [[Shinto]] is often described as an "indigenous religion", although some scholars, like [[Asian studies]] scholar John K. Nelson notes that it is often "unclear" what is meant by the term "indigenous" in this context.{{sfn|Nelson|1996|p=7}} He noted, for example, that there remain debates as to when the ancestors of the Japanese arrived in the islands that now make up Japan and that there were other communities, such as the [[Ainu people|Ainu]], who lived on some of these islands before them.{{sfn|Nelson|1996|p=7}} It is however a [[native religion]], being the religion of the ethnicity who arrived in the islands that now make up Japan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |title=Shinto: A History |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-062171-1 |page=4}}</ref>

[[File:Sigurblót_2009.JPG|alt=Eight people, all white, stand on heathland. Some of them are dressed in historical clothing akin to that worn in the medieval period.|thumb|A 2009 rite performed on the Icelandic hill of [[Öskjuhlíð]], [[Reykjavík]]]]
Many followers of [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathenry]], a [[Modern Paganism|modern Pagan]] religion that scholars recognise as a new religious movement, like to regard their belief system as an "indigenous religion".{{sfnm|1a1=Snook|1y=2015|1p=145|2a1=Gregorius|2y=2015|2p=74}} In claiming a sense of indigeneity, some Heathens—particularly in the United States—attempt to frame themselves as the successors to the pre-Christian belief systems of linguistic Germanic communities in Northern Europe and thus victims of Medieval Christian [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]. The scholars Jenifer Snook, Thad Horrell, and Kirsten Horton argued that in doing so, these Heathens ignore the fact that most of them are considered "[[white people|white]]", and have thus perpetrated and benefited from colonial and imperial policies against indigenous communities in the Americas and elsewhere.{{sfn|Snook|Horrell|Horton|2017|p=58}}

==See also==
* [[Ethnic religion]]
* [[Ethnoreligious group]]

==Sources==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite contribution |last=Cusack |first=Carole M. |author-link=Carole M. Cusack |year=2016 |title=After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies |editor=Christopher R. Cotter |editor2=David G. Robertson |contribution=Archaeology and the World Religions Paradigm: The European Neolithic, Religion and Cultural Imperialism |pages=153–67 |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-91912-9 }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Cox|first1=James L.|last2=Sutcliffe|first2=Steven J.|date=2006|title=Religious studies in Scotland: A persistent tension with divinity|journal=Religion|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1016/j.religion.2005.12.001|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|title=From Primitive to Indigenous: The Academic Study of Indigenous Religions|last=Cox|first=James L.|publisher=Ashgate|year=2007|isbn=978-0-754-65569-5|location=Aldershot}}
* {{cite contribution |last=Gregorius |first=Fredrik |contribution=Modern Heathenism in Sweden: A Case Study in the Creation of a Traditional Religion |title=Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses |editor-last = Rountree |editor-first = Kathryn |pages=64–85 |location=New York and Oxford |publisher=Berghahn |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78238-646-9 }}
* {{cite contribution |last=Harvey |first=Graham |author-link=Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar) |title=Indigenous Religions: A Companion |contribution=Introduction |location=London and New York |publisher=Cassell |year=2000 |pages=1–19 |editor=Graham Harvey |isbn=978-0304704484 }}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=John K. |title=A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine |location=Seattle and London |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0295975009 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/yearinlifeofs00nels }}
* {{cite book |last=Snook |first=Jennifer |title=American Heathens: The Politics of Identity in a Pagan Religious Movement |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |location=Philadelphia |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4399-1097-9 }}
* {{cite contribution |last1=Snook |first1=Jennifer |last2=Horrell |first2=Thad |last3=Horton |first3=Kristen |year=2017 |contribution=Heathens in the United States: The Return to "Tribes" in the Construction of a Peoplehood |title=Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Modern Paganism |editor-last = Rountree |editor-first = Kathryn |pages=43–64 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-57040-6 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Stausberg |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Stausberg |date=March 2021 |title=The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions |journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=68 |issue=2–3 - ''Special Issue: The Dissolution of Religions'' |pages=103–131 |doi=10.1163/15685276-12341617 |doi-access=free |issn=1568-5276 |lccn=58046229|hdl=11250/2977936 |hdl-access=free }}
{{Refend}}

{{Religion topics}}

[[Category:Ethnic religions|*]]
[[Category:Religious studies]]
[[Category:Indigenous culture]]

Culture of Assam

2025-12-28T23:39:37Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Contains special characters|Assamese}}
The '''culture of Assam''' is traditionally a hybrid one, developed due to [[cultural assimilation]] of different ethno-cultural groups under various political-economic systems in different periods of its [[History of Assam|history]].

== Historical perspective ==
{{see also|People of Assam}}
The roots of culture in Assam goes back almost five thousand years when the first wave of humans, the [[People of Assam#Austroasiatic|Austroasiatic]] people reached the Brahmaputra valley. They mixed with the later immigrant [[People of Assam#Tibeto-Burman|Tibeto-Burman]] and the [[People of Assam#Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] peoples out there in prehistoric times. The last wave of migration was that of the Tai/Shan who later formed the idea of Assamese culture and its identity. The Ahoms, later on, brought some more Indo-Aryans like the Assamese Brahmins and Ganaks and Assamese Kayasthas to Assam.<ref name=" Assamese People and Their Culture">{{cite web | url = http://www.assam.org/pages/assamese-people-and-their-culture | title = Assam People and Their Culture}}</ref>

[[File:Assamese Drama 3.jpg|thumb|left|Actors of Abinaswar Gosthi perform the play "[[Surjya Mandirot Surjyasta]]"]]
[[File:Mayurpokhyi Kehl-Nao (Pleasure boat) of Kamalabari Satra.jpg|thumb|17th century pleasure boat (Mayurpokhyi khel-nao) of medieval Assam. A great example of Assamese wood craftsmanship.]]
According to the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and on the basis of local folklore, people of Assam (Kiratas) probably lived in a strong kingdom under the Himalayas in the era before [[Jesus Christ]], which led to early assimilation of various Tibeto-Burman and Autro-Asiatic ethnic groups on a greater scale. Typical naming of the rivers and spatial distribution of related ethno-cultural groups also support this theory. Thereafter, western migrations of Indo-Aryans such as those of various branches of Irano-Scythians and [[Nordic race|Nordics]] along with mixed northern Indians (the ancient cultural mix already present in [[India|northern Indian]] states such as Magadha enriched the aboriginal culture and under certain stronger politico-economic systems, [[Sanskritisation]] and Hinduisation intensified and became prominent. Such an assimilated culture, therefore, carries many elements of source cultures, of which exact roots are difficult to trace and are a matter for research. However, in each of the elements of cultures in Assam, i.e. language, traditional crafts, performing arts, festivities, and beliefs, either indigenous local elements or the indigenous local elements in Sanskritised forms are always present.

It is believed that Assamese culture developed its roots over 750 years as the country of [[Kamarupa]] during the first millennium AD of [[Bodo-Kachari people|Bodo-Kachari]] people assimilation with [[Aryan race|Aryan]] which is debatable as the idea of Assam as an entity was not present. The first 300 years of [[Kamarupa]] was under the great [[Varman dynasty]], 250 years under the [[Mlechchha dynasty]] and 200 years under the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala dynasty]]. The records of many aspects of the language, traditional crafts (silk, lace, gold, bronze, etc.) are available in different forms. When the [[Ahom people|Tai-Shans]] entered the region in 1228 under the leadership of [[Sukaphaa]] to establish [[Ahom kingdom]] in Assam for the next 600 years, again a new chapter of cultural assimilation was written, and thus the modern form of Assamese culture developed. The original Tai-Shans assimilated with the local culture adopted the language on one hand and on the other also influenced the culture with the elements from their own. Similarly, the [[Chutiya kingdom]] in eastern Assam, the [[Koch Kingdom]] in western Assam and the medieval [[Kachari Kingdom|Kachari]] and [[Jaintia kingdom]]s in southern Assam provided stages for assimilation at different intensities and with different cultural-mixes.

The Vaishnava Movement, a 15th-century religio-cultural movement under the leadership of [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] and his disciples, has provided another dimension to the Assamese culture.[[File:Khol Badan.jpg|thumb|Khol badan during Ankiya Bhaona]] A renewed Hinduisation in local forms took place, which was initially greatly supported by the [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] and later by the Ahom Kingdoms. The resultant social institutions such as ''[[namghar]]'' and ''[[sattra]]'' – ''the [[Ek Saran Naam Dharma|Vaishnav]] [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|Hermitage]]'' have become part of the Assamese way of life. The movement contributed greatly towards language, literature, and performing and fine arts. On many occasions, the Vaishnav Movement attempted to introduce alien cultural attributes and modify the way of life of the common people. ''Brajavali'', a language specially created by introducing words from other Indian languages, failed as a language but left its traces on the [[Assamese language]]. Moreover, new alien rules were also introduced changing people's food habits and other aspects of cultural life. This had a greater impact on the alienation of many ethnocultural and political groups in the later periods.

During periods when strong politico-economic systems emerged under powerful dynasties, greater cultural assimilation created common attributes of Assamese culture, while under less powerful politico-economic systems or during political disintegration, more localized attributes were created with spatial differentiation. Time-factors for such integrations differentiations have also played an important role along with the position of individual events in the entire series of events.

<gallery class="center">
File:Dunori.jpg|{{center|''Dunori from Assam''.}}
File:Traditional painting, Assam.JPG|{{center|''Traditional painting of Assam''.}}
File:Gamosa pari.jpg|{{center|''Asamiya textile print design of [[Gamosa]]''.}}
File:Tamulpanor Xorai Assam.JPG|{{center|''Tamul-paan of Assam''.}}
File:Bihu dancer with a horn.jpg|{{center|''A Bihu dancer with a horn''.}}
File:Jhumura.jpg|{{center|''Jhumura Nritya''.}}
</gallery>

With a strong base of tradition and history, modern Assamese culture is greatly influenced by various events that took place in under [[British Raj|British rule]] of Assam and in the Post-British Era. The language was standardized by American Missionaries according to that of the [[Sibsagar]] District, the nerve center of the Ahom politico-economic system while a renewed Sanskritisation was increasingly adopted for developing Assamese language and grammar ({{lang|as|ব্যাকৰণ}}). A new wave of Western and northern Indian influence was apparent in the performing arts and literature.

Due to increasing efforts of standardization in the 19th and 20th centuries, the localized forms present in different districts and also among the remaining source-cultures with the less-assimilated ethnocultural groups have seen greater alienation. However, Assamese culture in its hybrid form and nature is one of the richest and is still under development. 20th century saw numerous self-determination and identity movement and many states were new states created in the process as most indigenous tribal communities of the state refused to accept the idea of collective Assamese identity which was imposed upon them. Many indigenous tribal communities of the state still oppose the efforts of assimilation into Assamese cultural identity.

==Composition and characteristics==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
Culture in Assam in its true sense today is a 'cultural system' composed of different ethnic cultural compositions. It is more interesting to note that even many of the source-cultures of culture in Assam are still surviving either as sub-systems or as sister entities. In a broader sense, therefore, the cultural system of Assam incorporates its source-cultures and However, it is also important to keep the broader system closer to its roots.

==Elements==
===Symbolism===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Assam Xorai.png|thumb|right|{{center|'''''[[Xorai]]''', a traditional symbol of Assam''.}}]]
Symbolism is an important part of culture in Assam. Various elements are being used to represent beliefs, feelings, pride, identity, etc. Symbolism is an ancient cultural practice in Assam, which is still very important for the people. ''Tamulpan'', ''[[Xorai]]'' and ''[[Gamosa]]'' are three important symbolic elements in Assamese culture.

'''Tamul-paan''' (the areca nut and betel leaves) or ''guapan'' (gua from Goi of Bodo-Chutia language) are considered as the offers of devotion, respect, and friendship. It is an ancient tradition and is being followed since time-immemorial with roots in the aboriginal culture.

[[Xorai]], a traditional symbol of [[Assam]], is a manufactured bell-metal object and an article of great respect and is used as a container-medium while performing respectful offerings. It is an offering tray with a stand at the bottom similar to those found in East and South East Asia. There are Xorais with or without a cover on the top.
Traditionally Xorai is made of bell metal although nowadays they can be made from brass and/or silver. [[Hajo]] and [[Sarthebari]] are the most important centers of traditional bell-metal and brass crafts including Xorais. Xorais are used:
: as an offering tray for tamul-pan (betel nuts and betel leaves) to guests as a sign of welcome and thanks.
: as an offering tray for food and other items placed in front of the altar (naam ghar) for blessing by the Lord.
: as a decorative symbol in traditional functions such as during Bihu dances.
: as a gift to a person of honor during felicitations.

[[File:Jaapi with Gamosa.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|'''''[[Gamosa]]''', an honorary piece of cloth commonly used for Felicitation in Assam'' very similar to other traditional headgears of East and South East Asia.}}]]
The '''[[Gamosa]]''' is an article of great significance for the people of Assam. Literally translated, it means 'something to wipe the body with' (''Ga''=body, ''mosa''=to wipe), Its original term is Gamcha; interpreting the word "gamosa" as the body-wiping towel is misleading. It is generally a white rectangular piece of cloth with primarily a red border on three sides and red woven motifs on the fourth (in addition to red, other colors are also used). Though it is used daily to wipe the body after a bath (an act of purification), the use is not restricted to this. It is used by the farmer as a waistcloth (''tongali'') or a loincloth (''suriya''); a Bihu dancer wraps it around the head with a fluffy knot. It is hung around the neck at the prayer hall and was thrown over the shoulder in the past to signify social status. Guests are welcomed with the offering of a ''gamosa'' and ''tamul'' ([[betel nut]]) and elders are offered ''gamosas'' (''bihuwaan'') during [[Bihu]]. It is used to cover the altar at the prayer hall or cover the scriptures. An object of reverence is never placed on the bare ground, but always on a ''gamosa''. One can, therefore, very well say that the ''gamosa'' symbolizes the life and culture of Assam.

Significantly the ''gamosa'' is used equally by all irrespective of religious and ethnic backgrounds.

At par with Gamosa, there are beautifully woven symbolic clothes with attractive graphic designs being used by different cultural ethno-cultural groups as well.

There were various other traditional symbolic elements and designs in use, which are now found only in literature, art, sculpture, architecture, etc. or used for only religious purposes (in particular occasions). The typical designs of ''assamese-lion'', ''dragon'', ''flying-lion'', etc. were used for symbolising various purposes and occasions.

== Festivals ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
There are several important indigenous traditional festivals in Assam. Bihu/Bwisagu(for Kacharis) is the most celebrated festival among all. There are various Indigenous traditional festivals as well as belonging to different indigenous communities which are celebrated every year around different corners of Assam.

=== Bihu ===
{{main|Bihu}}
[[File:Bihu dance at Nagaon.jpg|180px|thumb|right|{{center|''A group of '''[[Bihu]]''' dancers''.}}]]

[[File:Assamese traditional costumes.jpg|thumb|left|Youth wearing [[Assam]]ese traditional costumes]]

Bihu is a series of three prominent festivals of Assam. Primarily a festival celebrated to mark the seasons and the significant points of a cultivator's life over a yearly cycle, in recent times the form and nature of celebration have changed with the growth of urban centers. Three Bihus are celebrated: ''Rongali'', celebrated with the coming of spring and the beginning of the sowing season; ''Kongali'', the barren Bihu when the fields are lush but the barns are empty; and the ''Bhogali'', the thanksgiving when the crops have been harvested and the barns are full. Rongali, Kongali & Bhogali Bihu are also known as 'Bohag Bihu', 'Kati Bihu' & 'Magh Bihu' respectively. The day before each Bihu is known as ''uruka''. There are unique features of each Bihu. The first day of 'Rongali Bihu' is called 'Goru Bihu' (the Bihu of the cows). On this day the cows are taken to the nearby rivers or ponds to be bathed with special care. Traditionally, cows are respected as sacred animals by the people of Assam. Bihu songs and Bihu dance are associated with ''rongali'' bihu.

=== Baisagu ===
{{main|Bwisagu}}
Bwisagu is a very popular seasonal festival of the [[Bodo people|Bodo]] of Assam. Bwisagu means the start of the new year. Bwisagu is a Boro word which originated from the word "Bwisa" which means year or age, and "Agu" that means New Year.

=== Chunbîl Melâ (Jonbeel Mela) ===
{{Main article| Jonbeel Mela}}
Jonbeel Mela (pron:ˈʤɒnˌbi:l ˈmeɪlə) (Tiwa: Chunbîl Melâ) is a three-day annual indigenous Tiwa Community fair held the weekend of Magh Bihu at a historic place known as Dayang Belguri at Joonbeel. It is 3 km from Jagiroad in Morigaon district of Assam and 32 km from Guwahati. The National Highway connecting the mela is NH 37. The Joonbeel (Joon and Beel are Assamese terms for the Moon and a wetland respectively) is so-called because a large natural water body is shaped like a crescent moon.

=== Beshoma ===
Beshoma is a festival of Deshi people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/bihu-myriad-colours.html|title=Bihu – Its Myriad Colours|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> It is a celebration of sowing crop. The Beshoma starts on the last day of Chaitra and goes on until the sixth of Baisakh. With varying locations it is also called ''Bishma'' or ''Chait-Boishne.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/beshoma-the-rongali-bihu-of-deshi-muslims/|title=Beshoma: The 'Rongali Bihu' of Deshi Muslims {{!}} The Thumb Print - A magazine from the East|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref>

=== Ali Ai Ligang ===
{{main|Ali Ai Ligang}}
Ali-Ai-Ligang is the spring festival of the [[Mising people]] of Assam, India. The name of the festival is made up of three terms, 'Ali', root and seed, 'Ai', fruit and 'Ligang', to sow.

=== Bohuwa dance ===
{{main|Bohuwa dance}}
[[Bohuwa dance]] is a festival of the [[Sonowal Kacharis]] of [[Assam]], India.

== Sport ==
{{Main|Abhiruchi Sports Day|Bhogeswar Baruah National Sports Awards}}
The [[Abhiruchi Sports Day]] is celebrated annually on 3 September in honour of athlete [[Bhogeswar Baruah]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=42nd Abhiruchi Sports Day Celebrated Across Assam with Main Event in Guwahati |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/42nd-abhiruchi-sports-day-celebrated-across-assam-with-main-event-in-guwahati |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Bhogeswar Baruah National Sports Awards]] are also awarded on the same day to Assam and national athletes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Manu Bhaker, Sunil Chhetri, Lovlina honoured with Bhogeswar Baruah National Sports Awards |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/manu-bhaker-sunil-chhetri-lovlina-honoured-with-bhogeswar-baruah-national-sports-awards-1590235 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{main|Music of Assam}}

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}

Assam, being the home to many ethnic groups and different cultures, is rich in folk music. The indigenous folk music has in turn influenced the growth of a modern idiom, that finds expression in the music of such artists are [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]], [[Bishnuprasad Rabha]], [[Parvati Prasad Baruva]], [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Nirmalendu Choudhury]] & [[Utpalendu Choudhury]], [[Pratima Barua Pandey]], [[Rudra Baruah|Luit Konwar Rudra Baruah]], [[Parvati Prasad Baruva]], [[Jayanta Hazarika]], [[Khagen Mahanta]], [[Beauty Sharma Barua|Beauty Sarma Baruah]]. Among the new generation [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Angaraag Mahanta]], [[Kalpana Patowary]], [[Joi Barua]], Jitul Sonowal and [[Manoj Borah]] are well known.

And other than traditional Assamese music Assam's capital city Guwahati has become the country's capital for rock music other than Shillong. A number of talented rock bands have formed showcasing their talents around the world.

==Traditional crafts==
{{see also|Assam silk|Textiles and dresses of Assam|Mask Art of Assam}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Assamese Muga With Japi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<div class="center">'''''Mekhela''', the traditional attire of women in Assam. 
Pictured, one of the most exclusive variants, '''[[Muga silk|Muga]]''' '''[[Mekhela chador|Mekhela]]'''''.</div>]]
Assam has maintained a rich tradition of various traditional [[crafts]] for more than two thousand years. Presently, [[Arundo|Cane]] and [[bamboo]] craft, [[bell metal]] and [[brass]] craft, [[silk]] and [[cotton]] [[weaving]], [[toy]] and [[mask]] making, [[pottery]] and [[terracotta]] work, wood craft, [[jewellery]] making, musical instruments making, etc. are remained as major traditions. Historically, Assam also excelled in making [[boat]]s, traditional [[gun]]s and [[gunpowder]], colours and [[paint]]s, articles of [[Lac (resin)|lac]], traditional building materials, utilities from iron, etc.

Cane and bamboo craft provides the most commonly used utilities in daily life, ranging from household utilities, weaving accessories, fishing accessories, furniture, musical instruments to building construction materials. Traditional utilities and symbolic articles made from bell metal and brass are found in every Assamese household. The Xorai and bota have been in use for centuries to offer gifts to respected persons and are two prominent symbolic elements. [[Hajo]] and [[Sarthebari]] are the most important centers of traditional bell-metal and brass crafts. Assam is the home of several types of [[Assam silk|silks]], the most prominent and prestigious being Muga, the natural golden silk is exclusive only to Assam. Apart from Muga, there are other two varieties called Pat, creamy-bright-silver colored silk, and Eri, a variety used for manufacturing warm clothes for winter. Apart from [[Sualkuchi]], the center for the traditional silk industry, in almost every part of the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], rural households produce silk and silk garments with excellent embroidery designs. Moreover, various ethno-cultural groups in Assam make different types of cotton garments with unique embroidery designs and wonderful color combinations.

Moreover, Assam possesses unique crafts of [[toy]] and [[mask]] making mostly concentrated in the Vaishnav Hermitage, [[pottery]] and [[terracotta]] work in [[Western Assam]] districts and woodcraft, iron craft, [[jewelry]], etc. in many places across the region. However, we can see Assam populated because of these.

Traditional clothes and fabric of the Assamese include Suriya, Pirawn, [[Gamosa|Gamusa]], [[Jaapi]], [[Mekhela chador]], [[Riha (garment)|Riha]], [[Tongali]].

==Paintings==
{{main|Painting of Assam}}

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Sundarakanta Ramayan medieval-century manuscript painting from Assam.jpg|thumb|Sundarakanta Ramayan a medieval-century manuscript painting from Assam]]
[[Painting]] is an ancient tradition of Assam. The ancient practices can be known from the accounts of the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] (7th century CE). The account mentions that Bhaskaravarma, the king of [[Kamarupa]] has gifted several items to Harshavardhana, the king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] including paintings and painted objects, some of which were on [[Assam silk|Assamese silk]]. Many of the manuscripts available from the Middle Ages bear excellent examples of traditional paintings. The most famous of such medieval works are available in the [[Hastividyarnava]] (A Treatise on Elephants), the Chitra Bhagawata and in the [[Gita Govinda]]. The medieval painters used locally manufactured painting materials such as the colors of [[hangool and haital]]. The medieval [[Assamese literature]] also refers to chitrakars and patuas. Traditional Assamese paintings have been influenced by the motifs and designs in the medieval works such as the Chitra Bhagawata.

There are several renowned contemporary painters in Assam. The Guwahati Art College in [[Guwahati]] is the only government institution for tertiary education. Several art-societies and non-government initiatives exist across the state and the Guwahati Artists Guild is a front-runner organization based in Guwahati along with the Guwahati art college. There is a Department of Fine Arts in [[Assam University|Assam University Silchar]], a central government organization, and its thrust area concentrates on the art and craft of northeast India with special reference to Assam.

==State anthem==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
{{main|O Mur Apunar Dekh}}

The song '''O Mur Apunar Dekh''' ({{lang|as|অ’ মোৰ আপোনাৰ দেশ}}) (O my endearing country, 'desh', phonetically ''''dex'''', ''with a talôibbô xô''=country), composed by Rasaraj [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]], is popularly accepted as the state anthem of the state of [[Assam]].

==See also==
*[[Ambubachi Mela]]
*[[Jonbeel Mela]] (Chunbîl Melâ)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://assam.gov.in/culture.asp}}

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Culture of Assam| ]]

Meenakshi Jain

2025-12-24T15:39:47Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Meenakshi Jain
| image = Meenakshi Jain.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Meenakshi Jain in 2025
| office = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 21 July 2025
| nominator = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[Rakesh Sinha]]
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (Literature and Education)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse''
| occupation = Historian, Writer, Political scientist
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] ([[PhD]])
| father = [[Girilal Jain]]
| relatives = [[Sunil Jain]] (brother) Sandhya Jain (sister)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2020)
}}
'''Meenakshi Jain''' is an Indian political scientist and historian who served as an associate professor of history at [[Gargi College]], Delhi. Her areas of research include cultural and religious developments in medieval and early modern India.<ref name="i783">{{cite web | title=Who is Meenakshi Jain? Historian, author, and new Rajya Sabha nominee | website=Moneycontrol | date=13 July 2025 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/who-is-meenakshi-jain-historian-author-and-new-rajya-sabha-nominee-13272261.html#google_vignette | access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref><ref name=ichr/> In 2014, she was nominated as a member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] by the Government of India.<ref name=":2" /> In 2020, she was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award, for her work in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=26 January 2020|title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece}}</ref>

Jain wrote ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse'' on the [[Sati (practice)|practice of Sati]] in colonial India and had also authored a school history textbook, ''Medieval India'', for [[NCERT]], which replaced a previous textbook co-authored by [[Romila Thapar]], [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] et al.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/being-proud-of-indias-hindu-past-is-great-but-worry-about-the-present-too/1800185/|title=Being proud of India's Hindu past is great, but worry about the present too|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>

Meenakshi Jain was nominated to [[Rajya Sabha]] by President [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 12 July 2025.<ref name="President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 July 2025 |title=President Murmu nominates four to Rajya Sabha, including former Foreign Secretary Shringla, 26/11 prosecutor Nikam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713180529/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-foreign-secretary-shringla-ujjwal-nikam-c-sadanandan-master-and-meenakshi-jain-nominated-to-rajya-sabha/article69806580.ece |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Meenakshi Jain is the daughter of journalist [[Girilal Jain]], a former editor of ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>[[Khushwant Singh]], [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19940831-book-review-of-the-hindu-phenomenon-by-girilal-jain-809565-1994-08-30 Biased view] (Book review of The Hindu Phenomenon), India Today, 31 August 1994.</ref> She received her Ph.D. in political science from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAESBQAAQBAJ|title=Caste: Its 20Th Century Avatar|last=Srinivas|first=M. N.|date=2000-10-14|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351187837|pages=313|language=en}}</ref> Her thesis on the social base and relations between [[caste system in India|caste]] and [[politics]] was published in 1991.<ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Jain is an associate professor of history at [[Gargi College]], affiliated with the University of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ichr.ac.in/Council_new.pdf|title=Members of the Council|website=INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106120853/http://ichr.ac.in/Council_new.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2014, she was nominated as a member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] by the [[Indian government]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://ichr.ac.in/newcouncilMembers.pdf |title=Membership of the Indian Council of Historical Research |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200819/http://ichr.ac.in/newcouncilMembers.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is former Fellow of the [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]] and currently Senior Fellow of the [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (ICSSR).<ref name=ichr>[https://fihcr.com/dr-meenakshi-jain/ Dr Meenakshi Jain] IHCR.</ref>

Her books include, ''Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples'', ''The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya'' and ''Rama and Ayodhya''.<ref name="Times14July">{{cite news |title=From having legs hacked off to getting Rajya Sabha foothold: A Master's journey of grit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-having-legs-hacked-off-to-getting-rajya-sabha-foothold-a-masters-journey-of-grit/articleshow/122424644.cms |access-date=14 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714044603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-having-legs-hacked-off-to-getting-rajya-sabha-foothold-a-masters-journey-of-grit/articleshow/122424644.cms |archive-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Medieval India (textbook) ===
Philosopher [[Martha Nussbaum]] noted Jain to be an amateur historian, who despite being trained as a sociologist, was inducted as a historian in service of a [[Saffronisation|political mission]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Clash Within : Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future.|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha Craven|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780674030596|oclc=1006798430}}</ref> Her ''Medieval India'' rendered the time-span through a monoscopic clash-of-civilizations narrative between the forces of good (Hindus) and evil (Muslims); the tensions and internal conflicts between these seemingly homogeneous groups were done away with.<ref name=":4" /> Nonetheless, Nussbaum found her work to be a small "oasis of intelligence", subtlety and literacy, when contrasted with other publications of the new NCERT series, published under the aegis of the Hindu Nationalist government;<ref name=":4" /> Professor Pralay Kanungo of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] reflected similar sentiments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alternative Narratives |url=https://thebookreviewindia.org/alternative-narratives/ |access-date=2019-05-11 |website=The Book Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

Similarly, sociologist [[Nandini Sundar]] found ''Medieval India'' to have portrayed the exactions of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate]] rulers and the [[Mughals]] as anti-Hindu acts; besides, all of their contributions to the social, cultural and political were ignored.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Sundar|first=Nandini|date=2004|title=Teaching to Hate: RSS' Pedagogical Programme|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=16|pages=1605–1612|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4414900|doi=10.1057/9781403980137_9}}</ref> She saw this as part of a broader pattern of state-induced [[historical negationism]] to suit the need of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name=":1" /> John Stratton Hawley of [[Columbia University]] found the book to misrepresent the gensis of the [[Bhakti movement]] by presenting it as a response to [[Shankaracharya]]'s monism than to the egalitarian message of Islam.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/457858|title=A storm of songs. India and the idea of the Bhakti Movement.|last=Hawley|first=John Stratton|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780674187467|pages=38–40|chapter=The Bhakti Movement and Its Discontents|doi=10.4159/9780674425262|jstor=j.ctt1c84d6f|oclc=917361614|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780674425262/9780674425262-004/9780674425262-004.xml}}</ref>

=== Works on Ayodhya dispute ===
Pralay Kanungo found Jain's ''Rama and Ayodhya'' (2013) to be a subtle and sophisticated work that managed to stand apart from the earlier ahistorical propaganda by Hindutva-leaning historians.<ref name=":0" /> Nonetheless, while by cherry-picking from random sources, she had managed to produce a useful compilation, which can be traced in many islamic historian's book questioning distortion of history by post independence leftist historians.<ref name=":0" />

==Award==
In 2020, President Kovind awarded the [[Padma Shri]] for her contribution in the field of Literature and Education.

== Works ==
===Books===
* ''Congress Party, 1967-77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics'' (Vikas, 1991), {{ISBN|0706953193}}.
* [https://archive.org/details/flawed-narratives-history-in-the-old-ncert-textbooks-of-satish-chandra-by-meenakshi-jain ''Flawed Narratives: History in the old NCERT Textbooks - A random survey of Satish Chandra’s “Medieval India''], NCERT 2000, by Meenakshi Jain
* ''Medieval India: A Textbook for Class XI'' ([[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]], 2002), {{ISBN|8174501711}}.
* ''Rajah-Moonje Pact: Documents On A Forgotten Chapter Of Indian History'' (with Devendra Svarupa, Low Price Publishers, 2007), {{ISBN|8184540787}}.
* ''Parallel Pathways: Essays on Hindu-Muslim Relations, 1707-1857'' (Konark Publishers, 2010), {{ISBN|9788122007831}}.
* ''The India They Saw'' (co-edited with Sandhya Jain, 4 Volumes, Prabhat Prakashan), {{ISBN|8184301065}}, {{ISBN|8184301073}}, {{ISBN|8184301081}}, {{ISBN|818430109X}}.
* ''Rama and Ayodhya'' (Aryan Books International, 2013), {{ISBN|8173054517}}.
* ''Sati: Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, and the Changing Colonial Discourse'' (Aryan Books International, 2016), {{ISBN|8173055521}}
* ''The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya'' (Aryan Books International, 2017), {{ISBN|8173055793}}.
* ''Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History'' (Aryan Books International, 2019), {{ISBN|8173056196}}.
* ''Vasudeva Krishna and Mathura'' (Aryan Books International, 2021), {{ISBN|8173056587}}
* ''The Hindus of Hindustan: A Civilizational Journey'' (Aryan Books International, 2023), {{ISBN|8173056811}}
* ''The British Makeover of India: Judicial and Other Indigenous Institutions Upturned'', (Aryan Books International, 2024){{ISBN|8173057044}}
* ''Vishwanath Rises and Rises: The Story of Eternal Kashi'' (Aryan Books International, 2024), {{ISBN|8173056994}}

===Selected articles===
* "Congress 1967: Strategies of Mobilisation in D. A. Low" in ''The Indian National Congress Centenary Hindsights'', 1988.
* "Backward Castes and Social Change in U. P. and Bihar" in ''Srinivas, Caste: Its 20th Century Avatar (2000)''.
* A review of [[Romila Thapar]]'s ''Somanatha: Many Voices of a History'' over [[The Pioneer (India)]].<ref name="Somanathareview">{{cite news|url=http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/|title=Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History"|author=Meenakshi Jain|date=21 March 2004|newspaper=The Pioneer|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218044553/http://hindureview.com/2004/04/20/review-romila-thapar%C2%92s-%C2%93somanatha-many-voices-history/|archive-date=18 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jadunath Sarkar]]
* [[R. C. Majumdar]]
* [[Sita Ram Goel]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{Commons category|Meenakshi Jain}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Meenakshi}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalist writers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Oinam Thoiba

2025-11-23T21:51:04Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Put up a entry

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (1954–2025)}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

'''Oinam Thoiba''' (15 September 1954 – 4 November 2025) was an Indian [[Shumang Leela]] (courtyard play) actor and director from [[Manipur]]. He was best known for his roles in Khamnu 82 and Enamma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Bishwajit|first=Aribam|date=5 March 2024|title=Renowned Shumang Leela actor, director Oinam Thoiba passes away at 70|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/renowned-shumang-leela-actor-director-oinam-thoiba-passes-away-at-70/|access-date=5 November 2025|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Shumang Leela artiste Oinam Thoiba passes away : 06th mar24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=37..060324.mar24|access-date=5 November 2025|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He was also nicknamed as "Ibai Thoiba" and "Point Kouta".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=শুমাঙ লীলা ফেষ্টিবেলদা মমা উৎখ্রে|url=https://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06.01.2017-B4.pdf|website=Hueiyen Lanpao}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Oinam Thoiba was born on 15 September 1954 in Naharup Awang Leikai, [[Imphal East]], Manipur.<ref name=":0" /> He was married and had three daughters and three sons.<ref name=":1" />

== Career in Shumang Leela plays ==
Thoiba began performing Shumang Leela in 1976. He was introduced to the art form by Oja Bidhu, who was popularly known as Soibon Saba. His first play was [[Puya Meithaba]], under the guidance of Ningombam Angouton.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He became popularly known as Ebai Thoiba after acting in the play Khamnu 82. Thoiba learned Shumang Leela from several mentors, including Ningombam Angouton, Oja Mayurdhaja, and Birjit Ngangomba.<ref name=":0" />

== Retirement and death ==
Thoiba retired from Shumang Leela in 2017, after receiving the Best Director Award at the Shumang Leela Festival 2016–2017, organized by Manipur State Kala Akademi.<ref name=":0" />

Thoiba died on 4 November 2025, at the age of 71.<ref name="e-pao.net">[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=37..060324.mar24 Shumang Leela artiste Oinam Thoiba passes away]</ref>

== Notable works ==
Thoiba acted in more than 100 Shumang Leela plays and directed many others in different groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Some of his popular plays include:

* Puya Meithaba
* Jagoi Sabi
* Laman
* Churanthaba
* Manglangi Manja
* Khamnu 82
* Nungshibagi Mammal
* [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]]
* Miss Sangbanabi
* Abir Khan
* Nungshi Mapao Tadrabasu
* Mou Apaibi
* Enamma
* Maogi Ebai<ref name=":0" />

== Associations ==
Thoiba was part of several Shumang Leela groups,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> including:

* Imphal Jatra cum Drama Association
* Time Star Artists Union
* Naharol Khongthang Artist Association (Chakthekpi Party)
* The North Imphal Jatra Mandal
* Peace Maker Artistes’ Association<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Oinam Thoiba received several awards during his career:

* Best Actor Award for Leikang Thaba Thabaton (Imphal Jatra cum Drama Association) at the 1984 Shumang Leela Festival organized by Manipur State Kala Akademi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Best Supporting Actor Award for Manglangi Manja (Imphal Jatra cum Drama Association) at the 1990 Shumang Leela Festival.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Best Director Award for Arangba Thawanmichak (Peace Maker Artistes’ Association) at the Shumang Leela Festival 2016–2017 of Manipur State Kala Akademi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Second Best Director Award for Keidoungei Chatkani (The North Imphal Jatra Mandal) at the Shumang Leela Festival 2006–2007.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Filmography ==
Thoiba also acted in Manipuri films, including Ema Ei Leihourage, Chekla Paikhrabada, and Loktak Patki Nungshibi.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thoiba, Oinam}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]

Bagru

2025-10-28T15:01:47Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: General improvements and edits

{{distinguish|Bagru, Lohardaga}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| image_skyline = Bagru Rajasthan Assembly Map.svg
| image_alt = Assembly map of Bagru constituency in Rajasthan.
| image_caption = Assembly map of Bagru constituency in Rajasthan.
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.82|N|75.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| established_title = | established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 341
| population_total = 31229
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = | postal_code = 303007
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-RJ]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-141 / 0141
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = Dundhari, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Bagru''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Jaipur district]] (Tehsil Sanganer) in the [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is located approximately 32&nbsp;km southwest of Jaipur, along the Jaipur-Ajmer Road.This is the city of Jugal Darbar. Where every year a huge Lakkhi fair of Jugal Darbar is organized.There is an old school named Government Senior Secondary School (that is now changed to Mahatma Gandhi Government School) established in 1933 and it has Bagru's Oldest Tree (Tamarind Tree) in it planted by its King. Here is a ground known as Baag (Dussehra Ground) (because it was a garden of Bagru's King), where Dasshera mela held every year. There is a lot to see and know here. People are very enthusiastic and helpful.
There is a very ancient temple of Jugal Darbar here which is even older than the establishment of Bagru. Apart from this, there are other ancient and worth seeing temples like Pal Wale Balaji Temple, Sawa Ki Bagichi Wale Balaji,Tejaji Temple, Bhomiya Ji Temple etc.Bagru is also a best example of communal harmony where Hindu and Muslim communities have been living and celebrating festivals together for many years. There are also mosques and dargahs here.<ref name="distmap">{{cite web|url=https://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/tehsil.html|title=Tehsils in Jaipur District|publisher=Jaipur District Official Website|access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>

== History ==

Bagru was the site of the [[Battle of Bagru]] in August 1748, a significant conflict between the forces of Ishwari Singh of Jaipur and Madho Singh I, supported by Maratha and other Rajput allies. This battle had a considerable impact on the political landscape of Rajasthan during that period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0812_PART_B_DCHB_JAIPUR.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Jaipur Part B |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>

The Thakur of Bagru, one of the foremost nobles of Jaipur, belonged to the Rajawat branch of the Chaturbhujot Rajputs, a branch of the Kachwaha Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajpal P. |title=History of Jaipur: c. 1600-1949 |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1988 |isbn=978-8125004040 |page=39}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the 2011 census of India, Bagru had a population of 31,229. Males constitute 52% of the population, and females 48%. The average literacy rate of Bagru is 71.43%, which is lower than the national average of 74.04%, but higher than the state average of 66.11%. Male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 34%. Approximately 18% of the population is under 8 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0812_PART_B_DCHB_JAIPUR.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Jaipur Part B |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>

== Economy ==

Bagru is renowned for its traditional textile printing, particularly [[natural dye]]s and [[woodblock printing on textiles|hand block printing]].<ref name="livehistory"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/18/t-magazine/block-print-jaipur-india.html|title=In Jaipur, the Art of Block Printing Is a Family Affair|work=The New York Times|date=18 May 2018 |access-date=2023-10-28 |last1=Needleman |first1=Deborah }}</ref> The town is home to the Chhipa community, who have practiced this craft for over a century.<ref name="chhipa">{{cite book|last=Bhandari|first=Vandana|title=Textile India: The Woven Magic|publisher=Roli Books|year=2008|isbn=978-8174366883|page=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/meta-stories-of-strength-2022/chip-off-an-ancient-block-how-a-bagru-artisan-family-stamped-out-covid-blues-7828976/|title=Chip off an ancient block: How a Bagru artisan family stamped out Covid blues|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=2023-10-28}}</ref> The Raiger community is also significant to Bagru's economy, specializing in leather processing and manufacturing, including footwear like "mochdi" and "Rajasthani Jutee".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/leather-craft-raigarh-community-bagru|title=Leather Craft - Raigarh Community - Bagru|publisher=Dsource, IDC, IIT Bombay|access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>

===Bagru Printing===
The unique "Bagru prints" are a hallmark of the [[Chhipi|Chippa]] community, who have been involved in fabric printing traditions for over 100 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.morningnewsindia.com/business/news/bagru-print-jaipur-block-printing-hindi-2024/ | title=बगरू प्रिंट क्या है, Bagru Print Jaipur, लकड़ी के ठप्पो से कपड़ों पर की गई कलाकारी, राजस्थान की हस्तकलाएँ स्पेशल स्टोरी | date=13 May 2024 }}</ref> These prints are made using wooden blocks and natural dyes, creating distinctive floral patterns and earthy tones. Artisans use traditional vegetable dyes, such as [[indigo]] for blue, pomegranate and indigo for green, madder root for red, and turmeric for yellow.<ref name="livehistory">{{cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/craft-culture/bagru-prints-a-tradition-in-natural-dyes/|title=Bagru Prints: A Tradition in Natural Dyes|publisher=Live History India|access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>

=== Dabu Printing (Mud Resist)===
A significant technique used in Bagru's textile printing is Dabu printing, which involves applying a mud paste (Dabu) to the fabric in specific areas to resist the dye. This process creates unique patterns and textures on the fabric.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/how-a-jaipur-museum-is-keeping-the-age-old-craft-of-block-printing-alive-7442595 | title=How a Jaipur Museum is Keeping the Age-Old Craft of Block Printing Alive }}</ref>

=== Jugal Darbar Mela (Lakhi Mela) ===
[[File:Shree Jugal Darbar Mandir Bagru Jaipur Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|Shree Jugal Darbar Mandir Bagru Jaipur Rajasthan]]
The Jugal Darbar Mela, also known as the Lakhi Mela, is a significant three-day fair held annually in Bagru, Rajasthan. This fair is dedicated to the deity "Jugal Maharaj" (Lord Vishnu). The mela has a long history, with traditions dating back approximately 400 years. During the mela, "Jugal Maharaj" is taken out in a procession, and the fair features various cultural activities and attractions. The fair is organized starting from the full moon day of the Chaitra month.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/jaipur-bagru-news-know-why-3-day-lakhi-mela-is-special/2217924|title=जयपुर: बगरू का 3 दिवसीय लक्खी मेला क्यों है खास, जानिए यहां|publisher=Zee News Hindi|access-date=2023-10-29|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-90-204274-NOR.html|title=बगरू का तीन दिवसीय लक्खी मेला आज से, ड्रोन और सीसीटीवी से होगी निगरानी|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=2023-10-29|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/jaipur-news-jugal-darbar-fair-in-bagru-jaipur-monitoring-will-be-done-with-drone-and-cctv/1640509|title=जयपुर: बगरू में जुगल दरबार मेले की ड्रोन और सीसीटीवी से होगी निगरानी|publisher=Zee News Hindi|access-date=2023-10-29|language=hi}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Ramzan Khan]] (Munna Master): A popular bhajan singer from Bagru, known for singing Ram-Krishna bhajans. He received the Padma Shri award for his contributions and his "gau seva" (cow service) work in Bagru.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/jaipur/padma-shri-award-conferred-munna-master-ramzan-khan-bagru-jaipur/articlecontent-pf253320-543920.html|title=पद्मश्री से सम्मानित हुए बगरू के मुन्ना मास्टर रमजान खान, राम-कृष्ण भजन गाकर हुए मशहूर|publisher=Oneindia Hindi|access-date=2023-10-28|language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Ram Kishore Chhipa]]: A national award-winning artisan from Bagru, celebrated for his work in the Bagru printing tradition. He received the Padma Shri for his efforts in reviving and promoting traditional Bagru hand block printing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/whats-in-a-name-artisans-of-bagru-discover-it-the-hard-way/articleshow/74466629.cms|title=What's in a name? Artisans of Bagru discover it the hard way|work=The Times of India|access-date=2023-10-28}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Jaipur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaipur district]]

Ghoksadanga

2025-10-23T20:48:41Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghoksadanga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.431265|N|89.273212|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736171
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03583
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mathabhanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mathabhanga]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ghoksadanga''' is a [[neighbourhood]] and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Mathabhanga II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Mathabhanga subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|14|0|N|89|2|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Mathabhanga, Mekhliganj subdivisions and Sitai CD block in Dinhata subdivision of Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: Municipal town Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|48|N|89|13|12|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Mathabhanga | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Mathabhanga]] (M)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|19|48|N|88|46|12|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2= Haldibari| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Haldibari, India]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|21|0|N|88|55|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3= Mekhliganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Mekhliganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|24|47|N|88|55|9|E}}| label-pos4=top|label4=Changrabandha|labela4= Check-point| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Changrabandha]] (CT)| shape-color4= #A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|25|52|N|89|16|23|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Ghoksadanga| numbered5=R| mark-title5= Ghoksadanga (R)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|15|13|E}}| label-pos6=top|label6=Matiar Kuthi| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Matiar Kuthi]] (R)| shape-color6= #C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|56|N|89|18|35|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Nishiganj| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Nishiganj]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|45|N|89|9|26|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Sikarpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Sikarpur, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|10|23|N|89|10|46|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Sitalkuchi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sitalkuchi, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|18|11|N|88|59|0|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Kuchlibari| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kuchlibari]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|3|5|N|89|19|13|E}}| label-pos11=top|label11=Sitai| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sitai, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|24|0|N|88|48|20|E}}|label12= Teesta River| label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12=50| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12=none
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|13|30|N|89|16|40|E}}|label13= Jaldhaka River| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=65| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|10|0|N|88|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-10| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Ghoksadanga is located at {{coord|26.431265|N|89.273212|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of the Mathabhanga II CD block on page 241 in the ''District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, 2011 census,'' Ghoksadanga is shown as a part of Bara Simulguri village (MDDS PLCN 2011 / 308306).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|work = page 241: Map of Mathabhanga II CD block| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | accessdate = 26 July 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the western part of the district. In Mekhliganj subdivision 9.91% of the population lives in the urban areas and 90.09% lives in the rural areas. In Mathabhanga subdivision 3.67% of the population, the lowest in the district, lives in the urban areas and 96.35% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Ghoksadanga police station has jurisdiction over Mathabhanga II CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 26 July 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://coochbeharpolice.in/index.php/admin/police_officers| title = List of Police Officers in Cooch Behar district| publisher = Cooch Behar Police| accessdate = 26 July 2020| archive-date = 26 July 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085605/http://coochbeharpolice.in/index.php/admin/police_officers| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Ghoksadanga railway station]] is on the [[Barauni-Guwahati Line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway Zone (India)|Northeast Frontier Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-ghoksadanga-gdx/2527| title = Ghoksadanga | publisher = IndiaRailInfo |accessdate = 26 July 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Ghoksadanga Birendranath Mahavidyalaya|Ghoksadanga Birendra Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2011. Affiliated with the [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, political science, history and education, and a general course in arts.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gkdbm.in/ | title = Ghoksadanga Birendra Mahavidyalaya| publisher = GBM |accessdate = 26 July 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Ghoksadanga Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Ghoksadanga, is the major government medical facility in the Mathabhanga II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =29 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar District}}

[[Category:Villages in Cooch Behar district]]

John Cawas

2025-09-28T10:42:05Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Cawas
| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1993|10|4|1910}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai, India]]
| occupation = Stuntman, actor
}}
'''John Cawas''' (1910 – 4 October 1993<ref name=indeUK>{{cite news|title=John Cawas|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-john-cawas-1512514.html| work=Independent UK | accessdate=2011-12-27|location=London|first=Kuldip|last=Singh|date=23 October 1993}}</ref>) was a stuntman and actor in Hindi movies. Cawas made his debut in the Hindi film ''[[Hunterwali]]'' (1935), which became a career-defining movie for [[Fearless Nadia]] and Wadia Movietone. Cawas himself was famous for his performance of Tarzan in various movies.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Early life==
Born in 1910 in [[Jabalpur]] in a [[Parsi]] family, Cawas pursued a career of professional body building and won the 1930 All-India Bodybuilding Championship.<ref name=pop />

==Film career==
The 1930s was an era of adventure movies for Hindi cinema, and Cawas got his first break as a swordsman in ''Hunterwali'' along with Nadia and [[Boman Shroff]]. This role along with similar roles in subsequent sequel remakes of this movie helped Cawas establish himself as a professional stuntman and actor.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

His portrayal of Tarzan in [[Wadia Movietone]]'s [[Toofani Tarzan]] was a career-defining role for him.<ref name=pop>{{cite book|title=Bollyworld: Popular Indian cinema through a transnational lens|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761933212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGtNhQsLl7wC&pg=PP1}}</ref><ref name=TT>{{cite web|title=Toofani Tarzan|url=http://www.mjsimpson.co.uk/reviews/toofanitarzan.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222201305/http://www.mjsimpson.co.uk/reviews/toofanitarzan.html|archivedate=22 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Vanmala>{{cite web|title=Vanmala|date=26 October 2010 |url=https://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/10/vanamala-1951.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cawas, John}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-film-actor-1910s-stub}}

Kapila Ashram

2025-09-27T18:51:49Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating basic article initial version

{{Short description|Gurukul of Ancient Mithila University}}
{{See also|Samkhya|Kapila|Ancient Mithila University}}
{{Monastery
| name = Kapil Ashram
| native_name = कपिल आश्रम
| established = 8th Century - 7th Century BCE
| founder = Kapila
| location = Kakraul, [[Rahika]], [[Madhubani district]], Mithila
| country = [[India]]
| dedication = Shankhya Shastra
| style = Hinduism
| other_info = Affiliation : [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| image = Kapila.jpg
}}
'''Kapil Ashram''' ( Sanskrit : '''कपिल आश्रम''' ) was a Hindu monastery of the Vedic sage [[Kapila]]. He is the author of [[Samkhya|Shankhya Shastra]] of Ancient Indian philosophy. It is located at Kakraul village of Rahika block in Madhubani district of Mithila region of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बाबा कपिलेश्वर स्थान में बिखरने लगी मधुबनी पेंटिग की छटा|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-baba-started-disintegrating-in-kapileshwar-place-madhubani-19646118.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Shankar Dayal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syip6LKz78kC|title=Bihar : Ek Sanstkritik Vaibhav|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-294-2|language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==
According to legend this place is related to Maharishi Kardam and Devhuti. [[Kapila]] was the son of Maharshi Kardam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Bhavanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGpvEAAAQBAJ&q=Mahadev+sthan+Jagban+Madhubani |title=धर्मायण, 2078 वि.सं. भाग-1, अंक 105-108 |publisher=Mahavir Mandir, Patna |language=hi}}</ref> It is believed that the Vedic sage [[Kapila]] was the devotee of Lord [[Shiva]]. He established [[Lingam|Shivlinga]] at the Kakraul village known as [[Kapileshwar Temple, Bihar|Kapileshwar Sthan]]. There was an Ashram of Kapila where he developed and wrote the Shankhya Shastra of the Indian philosophy. There he taught his Shankhya Shastra to his disciples for many years. Seerdhawaja [[Janaka]] the king of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] also came here to study the Shankhya Shastra from the Vedic sage Kapila.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nirmalendu|first=Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn-4DwAAQBAJ|title=Magadhnama|date=2019-10-23|publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan|isbn=978-93-88211-61-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaudhary P. C. Roy|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206891|title=Bihar District Gazetteers Darbhanga|date=1964}}</ref> This is the attractive tourist destination for Hindu pilgrims in the Mithila region. Hindu devotees from different parts of the district and the entire Mithila come here to worship the Shivlinga of the [[Kapileshwar Temple, Bihar|Kapileshwar Sthan]] temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mithila Heritage - Places|url=https://www.mithilaheritage.com/blogs/places|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.mithilaheritage.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121085605/https://www.mithilaheritage.com/blogs/places|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About District {{!}} District Madhubani, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://madhubani.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Hindu educational institutions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]

Haryana Financial Corporation

2025-09-26T11:39:45Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating first stub v1

{{Short description|State owned Indian financial agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Haryana Financial Corporation (HFC)
|type = State agency
|nativename =
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo = 
|logo_width = 180px
|logo_caption = [[Government of Haryana]]
|picture = Industrial Park Haryana India near NH 11 Highway and Delhi Airport March 2015.jpg
|picture_width = 240px
|picture_caption = Haryana's Industrial park near [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport]]
|formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1967|04|01}} 
|preceding1 =
|jurisdiction = [[Haryana|Government of Haryana]]
|headquarters = 30 Bays Building, Ground Floor, Sector 17-C, [[Chandigarh]], Haryana, India
|coordinates = {{Coord | 30.7398339 | 76.782702 | type:industrial | display=inline,title}}
|motto =
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = [[Rajesh Khullar]]
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name =
|chief1_position =
|agency_type =
|parent_department = [[Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana]]
|parent_agency =
|child1_agency =
|keydocument1 =
|website = {{ website | https://www.hfcindia.org }}
}}
'''Haryana Financial Corporation''' ('''HFC''') (est. 1 April 1967) is a state-owned agency of the [[government of Haryana]] in the Indian [[List of states and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]], which was founded to provide the integrated finances to [[small- and medium-sized enterprises]] to boost economic growth.<ref name=hfc1>L. C. Gupta, M. C. Gupta. 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nAexAAAAIAAJ&q=haryana+financial+corporation+formed Haryana on Road to Modernisation], Page 104.</ref> It offers several fund and non-fund based financial services on real fast track basis for ensuring high growth in a short period for setting up new industrial units and for the expansion and diversification of the existing industries.<ref name=hfc2/><ref name=hsiidc9>S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CP-kKXZ8rTIC&dq=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation&pg=PA179 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes], Vol 9, page 179.</ref><ref name=hfc3>Ajmer Singh Malik, 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=trbS3s3WlkgC&dq=haryana+financial+corporation+was+established+in&pg=PA75 Concept and Strategy of Rural Industrial Development], Page 75.</ref><ref name=hfc4>1987, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qQG4AAAAIAAJ&q=haryana+financial+corporation+was+established+in DHP Regional Board Directory of Members & Affiliated Associations], All-India Manufacturers' Organization. page 2-37.</ref>

Related government-owned agency, [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation|HSIIDC]],<ref name=hsiidc10>B. S. Bhatia, G. S. Batra, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ux7tAAAAMAAJ&q=HSIDC+was+formed+in+8+March+1967 Accountability of public enterprises], Page 55.</ref><ref name=hsiidc11>[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060711950500.htm Hooda unveils Haryana's Industrial Policy ]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[The Hindu]], 7 June 2005.</ref><ref name=hsiidc2>2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EVXaAAAAMAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation National Capital Region Directory], Page 472.</ref><ref name=hsiidc3>1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0BYsAAAAIAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation P.U. Management Review], Volume 4, Page 56.</ref> was formed to develop integrated industrial, commercial, [[special economic zone]]s (SEZ)s,<ref name=hsiidc11/> [[Science park|technology parks]],
<ref name=hsiidc5>B. S. Bhatia, G. S. Batra, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ux7tAAAAMAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation Accountability of public enterprises], Page 75.</ref><ref name=hsiidc6>2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k7YaAQAAIAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation India Today International], Volume 5, Issues 1–12, Page 78.</ref> [[Logistics center|Integrated Multimodal Logistics Hubs]],<ref name=hsiidc7>2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yDRJ_8TJjdwC&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation Lok Sabha Debates], [[Lok Sabha]], Page 59.</ref> road, rail, sports and public infrastructure in the state of Haryana in joint venture or [[public–private partnership]].<ref name=hsiidc1>Suneel Sehgal, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OwXtAAAAMAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation Incentives for industrial development by central & state governments], Punjab, Haryana & Delhi Chamber of Commerce and Industry.</ref> Various [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana|universities, educational and training institutes]], including the nation's first skills university [[Haryana Vishwakarma Skill University]], provide the human resources to capitalise on the finances offered by the HFC and the infrastructure created by the HSIIDC. Among the related initiatives to boost growth, Haryana was the first state to introduce Labour Policy in 2005,<ref name=hsiidc11/><ref name=hsiidc4>2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xTVWAAAAYAAJ&q=Haryana+state+industrial+and+infrastructure+development+corporation India Today], Volume 34, Issues 27–35, Page 126.</ref> and Land Pooling Policy in 2017.<ref name=pool1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/now-on-huda-to-go-in-for-land-pooling/523310.html |title=Now on, HUDA to go in for land-pooling |website= [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] (India) |date=4 January 2018 |first1=Sushil |last1=Manav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174304/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/now-on-huda-to-go-in-for-land-pooling/523310.html |archive-date= 2018-08-23}}</ref>

[[HUDA|HSVP]] is another related government-owned agency responsible for the [[Urban planning|urban development]].<ref name=about>"[https://housing.com/news/huda-renamed-haryana-shehri-vikas-pradhikaran/ HUDA renamed as Haryana Shehri Vikas Pradhikaran]", Housing.com, 5 June 2017.</ref>

==History==
HFC was formed on 1 April 1967 by the [[Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana]] to promote [[Small and medium-sized enterprises]] for rapid industrialisation.<ref name=hfc2>Som Nath Sharma, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eeC4T-C4QAsC&dq=haryana+financial+corporation+was+established+in&pg=PA125 Socio-economic Study of Agro Industries: Effects of Infrastructural], page 125.</ref>

==HSIIDC organisation==
{{see also | Economy of Haryana | Economy of India | National Capital Region (India) | label 3 = NCR region | Railway in Haryana | label 4 = Railway development in Haryana}}

It has branches at [[List of districts of Haryana|various district headquarters]] of the state.<ref name=dist1>{{Cite web |website=hfcindia.org |url=https://www.hfcindia.org/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301214549/https://www.hfcindia.org/index.html |archive-date=2018-03-01 |title=Welcome to Haryana Financial Corporation}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Haryana Khadi and Village Industries Board]]
* [[Economic development in India]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Automotive industry in India]]
* [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
* [[Cinema of India|Cinema industry of India]]
* [[Information technology in India]]
* [[Textile industry in India]]
* [[Delhi Financial Corporation]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
* [https://hsiidcesewa.org.in/hsiidcprod/helpline HSIIDC Helpline]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Haryana}}
{{Power stations of Haryana}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Steel industry of India}}
{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Industries}}
{{Infrastructure}}

[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Economy of Haryana]]
[[Category:State agencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Haryana]]

Deora (clan)

2025-09-23T17:17:55Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{Short description|Rajput clan}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Deora
| other_names =
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption =
| image =
| type =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_size =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family = [[Chauhan Dynasty]]
| country = India
| founded = 1311
| founder = Deoraj
| current_head =
| dissolution =
| estate = [[Sirohi State]]
| region = [[Marwar]] [[Sirohi]]
| members =
| connected_members =
| other_families =
| distinctions =
| traditions =
}}
'''Deora''' ({{Langx|hi|देवड़ा|translit=Devrā}}) or Devda, Devra is an Indian clan of [[Rajput]]s. They were an off-shoot of the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan Rajputs]] and claim [[Agnivansha|Agnivanshi]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=viUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=deora+rajputs&pg=PA455 |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-99746-1 |language=en}}</ref> The Deora dynasty historically ruled over [[Bhinmal]], [[Sirohi]] and [[Chandravati]].<ref name="BhatnagarDube254">{{cite book |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |first1=Rashmi Dube |last1=Bhatnagar |first2=Reena |last2=Dube |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6327-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0s8TXoffsC&pg=PA254 |page=254}}</ref> Rao Deoraj was the progenitor of the Deora clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVs1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Deora+chauhan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA3 |title=Guns and Glories: Rajputana Chronicles |date=2017-09-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-601-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The Deora dynasty traces its origin to Rao Lakha (Lakhan) of Nadol. Two theories describe the origin of Deoras. According to Nainsi ri Khyat, the wife of Asraj, a descendant of Chauhan Lakhan, was Devi Swaroop. Hence his descendants were called Deora. At the time when Vacachhadaldevi became his wife, Asraj's place was Nadol and Cheeba is also a branch of Deoras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhnot Nainsi |url=http://archive.org/details/muhnotnainsikikhyat-hindi |title=Muhnot Nainsi Ki Khyat, Hindi Translation, Volumes 1 and 2 |date=1934-01-01 |language=English}}</ref> Alternatively, the essence of Bankidas's statements is that the queen of Songare named Mahansi as a goddess. His son was Deva. His descendants are Deora. Along with this, the descendants of Deva's brothers Bala, Cheeba and Abah have been written as Deora.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqYIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Deora+clan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA98 |title=The Rajputana Gazetteer |date=1880 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. |language=en}}</ref>[[Sirohi sword]] was produced under the rule of the Deora Rajputs of Sirohi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=आन-बान-शान की प्रतीक हैं सिरोही की तलवार,अब भी होती है सोने-चांदी की नक्काशी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sirohi-swords-of-sirohi-are-a-symbol-of-pride-and-honour-gold-and-silver-carvings-make-them-special-8369062.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> The Deora's guru or royal priest (Rajpurohit) was the Udesh Rajpurohit, and the Udesh Rajpurohit is found in Sirohi and is also found in abundance in Sayla, Jalore.

==States==
===Bhinmal Abu State===

Shobhit, son of Nadaul ruler Lakshman, established his kingdom in Bhinmal. Shobhit was succeeded by Mahendra, son of Asraj (Ashwaraj), son of Lakshman. After Mahendra, Sindhuraj (Machharika), Pratap (Alhan), Asraj, Jendraraj, Kirtipal, Samarsi, Pratap, Shasayanandan Bijad and Lumbha followed. Lumbha captured Chandravati and Abu from the [[Paramaras]] around 1311 and got the [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshwar]] temple renovated in 1329 AD. Lumbha died around 1321 AD. After him came Tej Singh, Kanhadde, Samant Singh, Salkha and Raimal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAZwY5MSte8C&dq=%22Deora+chauhan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA30 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adams |first=Archibald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ohCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Deora+clan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA61 |title=The Western Rajputana States: A Medico-topographical and General Account of Marwar, Sirohi, Jaisalmir |date=1899 |publisher=Junior army & navy stores, limited |language=en}}</ref>

===Sirohi===

Chandravati and Shivabhan, son of Abu's ruler Raimal Deora, expanded his kingdom and built a fort for security on Saranva hill. They established Shivpuri in 1405. His son Sahasmal established a new city two miles away from Shivpuri in 1425 AD which was called Sirohi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boileau |date=April 1880 |title=A Medico-Topographical Reminiscence of the West Indies |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36910-1 |journal=The Lancet |volume=115 |issue=2955 |pages=599–601 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)36910-1 |issn=0140-6736|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tORAAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Deora+chauhan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA218 |title=Provincial Series: Central Provinces |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Gevernment Printing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeA0AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Deora+chauhan%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA81 |title=The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia |date=1885 |publisher=Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt |language=en}}</ref>
==Notable people==
===Rao Lumbha===
Captured Chandrawati from Parmaras started the rule of Deora dynasty in 1311A.D.
===Maharao Surtan Singh===
Fought with Mughal forces in battle of Dattani.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sirohi district]]
[[Category:Rajput clans]]

Lonad

2025-09-20T08:12:11Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: starting new article

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lonad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2980234|N|73.1364357|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2409
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 421302
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552646
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lonad''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Lonad has 474 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.22%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2409 || 1297 || 1112
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 331 || 189 || 142
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 153 || 90 || 63
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 407 || 195 || 212
|-
| Literates || 1563 || 931 || 632
|-
| Workers (all) || 1250 || 734 || 516
|-
| Main workers (total) || 974 || 683 || 291
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 107 || 66 || 41
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 138 || 35 || 103
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 60 || 34 || 26
|-
| Main workers: Other || 669 || 548 || 121
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 276 || 51 || 225
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 70 || 16 || 54
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 44 || 16 || 28
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 8 || 5 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 154 || 14 || 140
|-
| Non-workers || 1159 || 563 || 596
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Tondonba Singh Ngasepam

2025-08-27T15:29:29Z

Aptechguwahatiaz:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Ngasepam Tondonba Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Ngasepam|Tondonba|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Tondonba Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Tondonba with [[NorthEast United]] in 2021
| fullname = Tondonba Singh Ngasepam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|11|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.69}}
| currentclub = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| clubnumber = 3
| position = [[Full-back (association football)|Left back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| years1 = 2017–2018
| clubs1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| caps1 = 18
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2018–2020
| clubs2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| caps2 = 19
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2020–2021
| clubs3 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2021–
| clubs4 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps4 = 31
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 19:02, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Tondonba Singh Ngasepam''' ({{langx|mni|Ngasepam Tondonba Singh}}, born 14 November 1994), is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].

==Career==
Born in [[Manipur]], to a [[Hindu]] [[Meitei people|Meitei]] family. Singh began his career with local side [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] at the age of 11.<ref name="SSL">{{cite news|title=Tondonba Singh agrees pre-contract with Chennaiyin FC|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/football/isl/tondonba-singh-agrees-pre-contract-with-chennaiyin-fc/article23685535.ece|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=SportsStarLive|date=26 April 2018}}</ref> He soon then rose through the ranks at the club and made his senior debut in the [[Manipur State League]] at the age of 16.<ref name="SSL"/> He continued to play for the club in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] and was part of the side that earned promotion to the [[I-League]], one of India's top leagues.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Ajith|title=Neroca outplays Gokulam, opens account|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/neroca-outplays-gokulam-opens-account/article21381986.ece|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=The Hindu|date=9 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manipur's Neroca FC win second division title; promoted to I-League|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manipurs-neroca-fc-win-second-division-title-promoted-to-i-league-4668714/|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=Indian Express|date=22 May 2017}}</ref>

Singh made his professional debut for the club in the I-League on 1 December 2017 in their opening match against [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]. He started and played the full match as NEROCA lost 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab 2-1 NEROCA|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/01/india/i-league/india-minerva-fc/neroca/2683966/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> He would go on to play in every match for NEROCA as they finished in second place during their debut top flight season.<ref name="SSL"/>

===Chennaiyin===
At the conclusion of the [[2017–18 I-League|2017–18 season]], Singh signed a pre-contract agreement with [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] of the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tondonba Singh signs with NEROCA|url=https://twitter.com/ChennaiyinFC/status/989451363280076800|website=Chennaiyin FC (Twitter)}}</ref> In the 2019-20 season, he became the starting left back for Chennayin, winning the spot from [[Jerry Lalrinzuala]].
===NorthEast United===
On 7 September 2021, [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] confirmed the signing of Tondonba Singh on its social media and various other platforms for the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iftwc.com/tondonba-singh-signs-with-northeast-united-fc/|title=Tondonba Singh signs with NorthEast United FC|access-date=19 August 2021|website=IFTWC|date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|19 January 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|ngasepam-tondonba-singh/525026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|{{nowrap|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]}}
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|18||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearances in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||20||0
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[2018–19 Chennaiyin FC season|2018–19]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian Super League]]
|10||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||4{{efn|name=statsAFCCL|Appearances in the [[AFC Champions League]]}}{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearances in the [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||17||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Chennaiyin FC season|2019–20]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2020–21 Mumbai City FC season|2020–21]]
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||2||0
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2021–22 NorthEast United FC season|2021–22]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
|[[2022–23 NorthEast United FC season|2022–23]]
|4||0||1{{efn|name=Durand Cup|Appearances in the [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||5||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!52!!0!!6!!0!!4!!0!!62!!0
|}

{{notelist}}

==Honours==

'''NorthEast United'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2024 Durand Cup|2024]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|title=SLFC 0–3 NEUFC Highlights, Durand Cup 2024 Semifinal: NorthEast United enters maiden final with win against Shillong United|work=[[Sportstar]]|location=Shillong|first1=Amitabha|last1=Das Sharma|date=26 August 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143425/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/shillong-lajong-vs-northeast-united-live-score-updates-highlights-durand-cup-2024-semifinal-slfc-v-neufc/article68568418.ece|archive-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{NorthEast United FC squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Tondonba}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:NEROCA FC players]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
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[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Jog Maharaj

2025-07-24T20:58:29Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating new details w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Marathi Kirtankar and preacher}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Sadguru]]
| name = Jog Maharaj
| image = Vishnu Narsimha Jog.jpg
| caption = Jog Maharaj
| other_names = Vishnubuva Jog
| birth_name = Vishnu Narsimha Jog
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1867|09|14}}
| birth_place = [[Pune|Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1920|02|05|1867|09|14}}
| death_place = [[Alandi]], Bombay Presidency, British India
| occupation = {{hlist|Founder of [[Jog Maharaj Warkari Shikshan Sanstha|Warkari Shikshan Sanstha]]|[[kirtankar]]|preacher}}
| mother = Saraswati Devi
| father = Narsimha alias Narsopant
| website =
}}

'''Vishnu Narsimha Jog''' (14 September 1867 – 5 February 1920)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=प्रभात |date=2022-02-17 |title=जोग महाराज पुण्यतिथी महोत्सवाची सांगता |url=https://www.dainikprabhat.com/conclusion-of-jog-maharaj-punyatithi-mahotsav/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Dainik Prabhat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=सद्गुरू जोग महाराज पुण्यतिथी - |url=https://dnyanbatukaram.com/dinvishesh/punyatithi-of-jog-maharaj-who-started-warkari-shikshan-sanstha/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> popularly known as '''Jog Maharaj''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Offredi |first=Mariola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m77YAAAAMAAJ&q=jog+maharaj |title=The Banyan Tree: Essays on Early Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages : Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Early Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages, Venice, 1997 |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-342-0 |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Kirtan]]kar and [[preacher]], he established India's first [[Sadguru Jog Maharaj Warkari Shikshan Sanstha|Warkari Shikshan Sanstha]] in [[Alandi]] in 1917.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruhan Maharashtra Mandal Switzerland - इतिहासात ५ फेब्रुवारी |url=https://bruhan-mms.org/Historical-References/12575527 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=bruhan-mms.org}}</ref>

He initiated social awareness campaigns by adopting the thoughts of [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]]. To the ignorant and illiterate, he explained the philosophy of [[Warkari]] ''[[Sampradaya]]'' worldview in plain, understandable words. With the intention of bringing Warkari ''Sampradaya'' to the masses in [[Maharashtra]], Jog Maharaj founded Warkari Shikshan Sanstha in [[Alandi]]. He generated hundreds of preachers and [[kirtan]]kars through this institution. As of now, hundreds of kirtankars are evangelizing villages across the world consequently of his vision.

Jog Maharaj was a propagator of Warkari Sampradaya. He studied many books of [[Marathi people|Marathi]] saints. He was the first to interpret the ''[[Abhang]]a''<nowiki/>'s of [[Tukaram|Tukaram Maharaj]] and create Sarth Gatha. Sarth Amritanubhav, classified saga of Niloba Maharaja and [[Dnyaneshwar|Dnyaneshwar Maharaj]], Sarth Haripath and Changdev Pasashti, six books of Eknathi Bhagavata, Vedantavichara, Veche (Sarth) of Mahipatized [[Dnyaneshwari]] etc. were published by Jog. He remained a [[Brahmacharya|Brahmachari]] throughout his life.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=दिनविशेषः वारकरी संप्रदाय पुढे नेणारे विष्णुबुवा जोग |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-festival-news/today-death-anniversary-of-vishnubuva-jog-and-relation-with-varkari-sampradaya/articleshow/73956096.cms |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Vishnubuva was born on 14 September 1867 in Pune, to Narsimha and Saraswati Devi.<ref name=":1" /> He had four siblings, he was the youngest. His father Narasopant was the teacher of [[Raja]] of [[Sawantwadi State|Sawantwadi]]. He has completed his education up to 4th standard in [[Modi script]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सद्गुरू जोग महाराज आणि वारकरी शिक्षण संस्था |url=https://www.evivek.com/Encyc/2020/2/18/-Jog-Maharaj-Warkari-Shikshan-Sanstha.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.evivek.com |language=en}}</ref> In the Jog Maharaj's family there was a generational [[Pehlwani|Pehlwanaki]]. He had a knack for [[Mallakhamba|Malla-Vidya]] since childhood. His elder brother Pandoba was a renowned [[Mallakhamba|Malla]] of Pune. He was the [[ustad]] of Nagarkar [[Akhara|Talim]] in [[Pune]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Warkari Shikshan Sanstha ==
{{Main article|Jog Maharaj Warkari Shikshan Sanstha}}
Jog Maharaj established the first Warkari Shishan Sanstha in 1917 in [[Alandi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Want to become a 'kirtankar?' Crack an entrance exam |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-want-to-become-a-kirtankar-crack-an-entrance-exam-1548746 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref> Bankatswami, Lakshmanbuwa Igatpurikar, Marutibuwa Gurav, Pandurang Sharma, Lakshmanbuwa Kundkar were disciples of Jog Maharaj who continued the ''Warkari Shikshan Sanstha''.<ref name=":2" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Shree Sadguru Jog Maharaj Mandir.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Shree Sadguru Jog Maharaj Temple at Warkari Shikshan Sanstha.]]
The [[death anniversary]] of Jog Maharaj is celebrated as Punyatithi Utsav starts from Magh Shuddha Navami in Alandi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जोग‎ महाराज पुण्यतिथी उत्सव:दशरथे महाराजांच्या कीर्तनाने‎ सुवर्ण महोत्सवाची सांगता‎ |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/ahmednagar/news/the-golden-festival-concluded-with-the-kirtan-of-dasarthe-maharaj-130891571.html |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref>

The obituary of Jog published in ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' newspaper was written by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] himself.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Jog}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]

Kisan Long March

2025-03-01T14:43:49Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating basic pg first draft

{{Short description|Large scale protest march in India}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Kisan Long March, Maharashtra
| partof =
| image =
| place = From [[Nashik]] to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| date = March 06, 2018 — March 12, 2018
| caption = Farmers march towards Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha as part of the Kisan Long March, Maharashtra
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| coordinates =
| causes = {{bulleted list 
|Large scale destruction of crops due to unpredictable weather and poor rainfall |Improper implementation of loan waiver schemes for farmers announced in 2017 by the Maharashtra government
}}
| goals = {{bulleted list 
|Complete and proper implementation of the loan waiver scheme announced in 2017
|Implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006
|Compensation for damages to cotton crops resulting from [[bollworm]] infestation and the unseasonal rains and [[hailstorm]]
|Implementation of the Swaminathan Commission recommendation for fixing the minimum support price at one-and-a-half times the cost of production
}}
| result = {{bulleted list 
|6,00,000 to 8,00,000 people participate in what turned out to be one of the biggest peaceful protests the country has seen in recent times
|Farmers march 180km from [[Nashik]] to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] over 6 days and [[gherao]] the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha
|[[All India Kisan Sabha (Ashoka Road)|All India Kisan Sabha]], the peasants front of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] that organized the protest, call it off upon assurances being made by the [[Maharashtra government]]
}}

}}

'''Kisan Rally''' or '''Kisan Long March''' was a large scale protest march by farmers in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], organized by the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]], the peasants front of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Citation|date=March 12, 2018|title=Kisan Long March: All you need to know about Maha farmers' agitation|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kisan-long-march-all-you-need-to-know-about-maha-farmers-agitation/videoshow/63273415.cms|accessdate=2018-03-14}}</ref> Around 60,000 to 70,000 farmers marched a distance of 200  km from [[Nashik]] to [[Mumbai]] to [[gherao]] the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/kisan-sabha-protest-march-reaches-mulund/article23037106.ece|title=Kisan Sabha protest march reaches Mulund|date=2018-03-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The peaceful march came to a conclusion on March 12, 2018, after the Government of Maharashtra gave assurances for fulfillment of said demands. These assurances however, were not executed which resulted in Kisan Long March 2 which commenced on February 27, 2019, but was suspended soon after.

== Background ==
The farming sector in the state of Maharashtra was badly affected by numerous factors including unseasonal rainfalls, hailstorm, and pest infestations. An estimated 2414 farmers had taken their lives in the state between January 1 and October 31, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/farm-crisis-agricultural-sector-cpm-farmers-long-march-loan-waiver-maharashtra/story/1/22781.html|title=Farmers' long march to Mumbai: 5 things to know about the protest|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> Considering these issues, among others, the government had announced a conditional loan waiver amounting to [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 34,000 [[crore]] in 2017, but it was not implemented as promised.

The long march was inspired and led by the Kisan Sabha leaders Ajit Nawale, [[Ashok Dhawale]], [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]] and [[Vijoo Krishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/farmers-distress-maharashtras-farmers-to-launch-protest-march-on-february-20/article26303521.ece|title=Maharashtra farmers set for Long March, again|last=Jayan|first=T. V.|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kisansabha.org/aiks/movements-and-struggles/maharashtra-farmers-struggle/long-march-tomorrow-from-nasik/|title=‘Long March’ of Tens of Thousands of Farmers in Maharashtra Led by the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) Against BJP Regime to Begin Tomorrow from Nasik – All India Kisan Sabha|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/meet-jnu-alumnus-vijoo-krishnan-man-who-inspired-50000-farmers-to-march-180-km-1687019.html|title=Meet JNU Alumnus Vijoo Krishnan, Man Who Inspired 50,000 Farmers to March 180-km|website=News18|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==See also==
[[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:2018 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2018 protests]]
[[Category:Indian farmers]]

Pune Aitihasik Vastu Smriti

2024-11-11T14:39:28Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Put up new info...

{{Short description|Historical society in Pune, India}}

The '''Pune Aitihasik Vastu Smriti''' ({{Langx|mr|पुणे ऐतिहासिक वास्तू स्मृती}}; {{Translation|literal=yes|'''Pune Historical Architecture Memory'''}}) is an [[historical society]] established under the [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak#Legacy|Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust]] on 5 November 1995, in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<ref name="Sahapedia">{{cite web |last1=Tilak |first1=Geetali |title=Blue Plaques in Pune |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Blue-Plaques%20in%20Pune/6196#:~:text=In%20Pune%2C%20blue%20plaques%20are,more%20than%20100%20such%20plaques. |website=[[Sahapedia]] |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en |date=August 2021}}</ref>

Between 1995 and 2004, the society installed numerous [[commemorative plaque]]s honouring individuals important to the [[history of Pune]] and the [[culture of Maharashtra]]. The plaques are installed posthumously, usually outside the honoured individual's residence during their lifetime. The founder of the society, [[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]], modelled it after [[English Heritage]], and their installation of [[blue plaque]]s across [[Greater London]].<ref name="Sahapedia" /><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |last1=Bari |first1=Prachi |title=Blue plaques lose their lustre at some historic homes in Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/blue-plaques-lose-their-lustre-at-some-historic-homes-in-pune/story-ZUsXdk7aqCNresIimqKAnK.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The society further published a [[guide book]]-cum-[[biographical dictionary]] under the label of '''Pune Heritage''' in two volumes, in 1996 and 2004. The volumes detail the location of every blue plaque across Pune, and include biographies of the individuals honoured dually in [[English language|English]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].{{Sfn|Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust|1996|loc=Title, verso}}{{Sfn|Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust|2004|loc=Title, verso}}

The first plaque installed was that of writer [[Shivram Mahadev Paranjape]] in November 1995,{{Sfn|Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust|1996|page=1}} where as the 100th plaque installed was that of humorist [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]] in February 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=100th blue plaque tribute to Pu La |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/100th-blue-plaque-tribute-to-pu-la/articleshow/527632.cms |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2004}}</ref> In 2010, several more plaques were inaugurated for [[Maharashtra Day]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khape |first1=Ajay |title=Maharashtra Day: Blue plaques for Pune heroes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-day-blue-plaques-for-pune-heroes/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 May 2010 |language=en}}</ref>
By 2020, there were a total of 135 plaques which had been installed, however they were poorly maintained.<ref name="Hindustan Times" />

== List of plaques ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Honouree
! Date
|-
| [[Shivram Mahadev Paranjape]]
| 12 November 1995
|-
| [[Hirabai Barodekar]]
| 20 November 1995
|-
| [[Shripad Mahadev Mate]]
| 26 November 1995
|-
| [[Baburao Ganapatrao Jagtap]]
| 3 December 1995
|-
| [[Gopal Vinayak Bhonde]]
| 10 December 1995
|-
| [[Krishnarao Phulambrikar]]
| 17 December 1995
|-
| [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]]
| 24 December 1995
|-
| [[Kerunana Chhatre]]
| 31 December 1995
|-
| [[D. B. Deodhar]]
| 7 January 1996
|-
| [[Hari Narayan Apte]]
| 14 January 1996
|-
| [[Damodar Gangaram Dhotre]]
| 21 January 1996
|-
| [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]]
| 28 January 1996
|-
| [[D. B. Limaye]]
| 4 February 1996
|-
| [[Annasaheb Patwardhan]]
| 11 February 1996
|-
| [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]
| 18 February 1996
|-
| [[V. B. Gogate]]
| 26 February 1996
|-
| [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]]
| 3 March 1996
|-
| [[Abasaheb Mujumdar]]
| 9 March 1996
|-
| [[Ramabai Ranade]]
| 24 March 1996
|-
| [[Raghunath Shastri Patwardhan]]
| 31 March 1996
|-
| [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]]
| 7 April 1996
|-
| [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
| rowspan="3" | 23 June 1996
|-
| [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
|-
| [[Vaman Shivram Apte]]
|-
| [[D. R. Bendre]]
| rowspan="2" | 30 June 1996
|-
| [[Shankar Vaman Dandekar]]
|-
| [[Ganpat Mahadev Nalawade]]
| 14 July 1996
|-
| [[Datto Vaman Potdar]]
| 6 October 1996
|-
| [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]]
| 14 October 1996
|-
| [[Popatlal Shah]]
| 20 October 1996
|-
| [[R. P. Paranjpye]]
| 27 October 1996
|-
| [[L. B. Bhopatkar]]
| 3 November 1996
|-
| [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
| 17 November 1996
|-
| [[Shivrampant Damle]]
| 24 November 1996
|-
| [[Madhav Julian]]
| 29 November 1996
|-
| [[G. D. Madgulkar]]
| 24 December 1996
|-
| [[Jyotirao Phule]]
| 3 January 1997
|-
| [[Narayan Sitaram Phadke]]
| 19 January 1997
|-
| [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]]
| 2 February 1997
|-
| [[Bal Gandharva]]
| 9 February 1997
|-
| [[Kashibai Kanitkar]]
| 12 March 1997
|-
| [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]]
| 16 March 1997
|-
| [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar]]
| 19 March 1997
|-
| [[Shripad Krishna Belvalkar]]
| 25 May 1997
|-
| [[M. R. Jayakar]]
| 20 July 1997
|-
| [[P. N. Rajbhoj]]
| 27 July 1997
|-
| [[S. L. Kirloskar]]
| 3 August 1997
|-
| [[Chapekar brothers]]
| 10 August 1997
|-
| [[Krishnarao Gangurde]]
| 18 August 1997
|-
| [[Keshav Vaman Bhole]]
| 24 August 1997
|-
| [[Ramkrishnabuwa Vaze]]
| 31 August 1997
|-
| [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]]
| 28 September 1997
|-
| [[Shankarrao More]]
| 12 October 1997
|-
| [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan]]
| 9 December 1997
|-
| [[Nanasaheb Phatak]]
| 23 August 1998
|-
| [[Nana Maharaj Sakhare]]
| rowspan="3" | 13 September 1998
|-
| [[Anant Vishnu Damle]]
|-
| [[Shaikh Fattelal Yasin Mistri]]
|-
| [[V. Shantaram]]
| 4 October 1998
|-
| [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]
| rowspan="2" | 9 November 1998
|-
| [[Anandi Karve]]
|-
| [[Raghunath Damodar Khanivale]]
| 26 November 1998
|-
| [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]]
| 29 November 1998
|-
| [[H. V. Tulpule]]
| 3 January 1999
|-
| [[Yashwant Dinkar Pendharkar]]
| rowspan="3" | 31 January 1999
|-
| [[Shankar Keshav Kanetkar]]
|-
| [[Shridhar Balkrishna Ranade]]
|-
| [[Mahadev Ballal Namjoshi]]
| 21 February 1999
|-
| [[P. G. Sahasrabuddhe]]
| 14 March 1999
|-
| [[Shankar Shyamji Gaikwad]]
| 28 March 1999
|-
| [[Vasukaka Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" | 18 April 1999
|-
| [[Ganesh Krishna Gadre]]
|-
| [[Kusumagraj]]
| 6 June 1999
|-
| [[Krushnashastri Chiplunkar]]
| rowspan="2" | 30 July 1999
|-
| [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar]]
|-
| [[B. M. Gupte]]
| 29 August 1999
|-
| [[Vasudev Shastri Mahadev Abhyankar]]
| rowspan="2" | 22 November 1999
|-
| [[Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar]]
|-
| [[Nilkanth Shankar Navare]]
| 28 November 1999
|-
| [[Bhargavram Achrekar]]
| 23 March 2000
|-
| [[Pandita Ramabai]]
| rowspan="2" | 7 May 2000
|-
| [[Baba Padmanji]]
|-
| [[Vasudeo Sitaram Bendrey]]
| 16 July 2000
|-
| [[G. S. Mahajani]]
| 27 August 2000
|-
| [[Balakrishna Bhagwant Borkar]]
| 8 October 2000
|-
| [[Ganesh Shastri Joshi]]
| 20 October 2000
|-
| [[Narayan Govind Chapekar]]
| 25 February 2001
|-
| [[Gangadhar Balkrushna Sardar]]
| 1 April 2001
|-
| [[Viththal Dattatreya Ghate]]
| 7 May 2001
|-
| [[R. S. Jog]]
| 15 May 2001
|-
| [[Shripad Dattatraya Deshpande]]
| 2 July 2001
|-
| [[Jog Maharaj|Vishnubuwa Jog]]
| 5 July 2001
|-
| [[Y. G. Joshi]]
| 26 August 2001
|-
| [[Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi]]
| 12 November 2001
|-
| [[Raghunath Keshav Khadilkar]]
| 16 December 2001
|-
| [[Chintaman Vinayak Joshi]]
| 6 January 2002
|-
| [[Narayan Ganesh Gore]]
| 17 February 2002
|-
| [[C. Ramchandra]]
| 2 June 2002
|-
| [[Chhota Gandharva]]
| 7 July 2002
|-
| [[Walchand Ramchand Kothari]]
| 14 July 2002
|-
| [[Dadasaheb Torne]]
| 15 September 2002
|-
| [[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]
| 22 December 2002
|-
| [[Sadashiv Vinayak Bapat]]
| 2 February 2003
|-
| [[Vishram Bedekar]]
| rowspan="2" | 16 February 2003
|-
| [[Malati Bedekar]]
|-
| [[Vaman Dattatreya Gulwani]]
| 30 March 2003
|-
| [[Makrand Govind Bhave]]
| 7 December 2003
|-
| [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]
| 14 December 2003
|-
| [[Shahu Modak]]
| 11 January 2004
|-
| [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]]
| 18 January 2004
|-
| [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]]
| 29 February 2004
|-
|}

== Publications ==
*{{cite book |author1=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust |author1-link=Bal Gangadhar Tilak#Legacy |title=पुणे ऐतिहासिक वास्तू स्मृती : नीलफलक मार्गदर्शिका |trans-title=Pune Heritage : Blue Plaque Guide |volume=I |date=1 August 1996 |others=J. S. Tilak, chairman; Sarang Sathe, plaque producer; V. K. Mehendale, treasurer; M. S. Dixit, secretary |publisher=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr, en}}
*{{cite book |author1=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust |author1-link=Bal Gangadhar Tilak#Legacy |title=पुणे ऐतिहासिक वास्तू स्मृती : नीलफलक मार्गदर्शिका |trans-title=Pune Heritage : Blue Plaque Guide |volume=II |date=29 February 2004 |others=M. S. Dixit, president; P. S. Palande, vice president; V. K. Mehendale, treasurer; V. R. Gokhale, secretary; V. S. Pingale, secretary |publisher=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr, en}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
File:Blue plaque at Mahatma Phule Wada, Pune.jpg|[[Jyotirao Phule]]
File:Blue plaque of Baba Padmanji and Pandita Ramabai in Pune Camp.jpg|[[Baba Padmanji]] and [[Pandita Ramabai]]
File:Blue plaque of C. Ramchandra in Marathi.jpg|[[C. Ramchandra]]
File:Blue plaque of D. R. Bendre's residence in Pune.jpg|[[D. R. Bendre]]
File:Blue plaque of M. R. Jayakar on Jayakar Bungalow, NFAI, Pune.jpg|[[M. R. Jayakar]]
File:Vinchurkar Wada blue plaque, Pune.jpg|[[Vinchurkar family]]
File:Chandrashekhar-Agashe-residential-plaque.jpg|[[Chandrashekhar Agashe]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune Aitihasik Vastu Smriti}}
[[Category:1995 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Historical societies]]
[[Category:Text publication societies]]

Panam Paduthum Padu

2024-09-08T07:26:11Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: added citations based on references

#REDIRECT [[Vaddante Dabbu]]

Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr

2023-10-13T05:00:29Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: fix page additionally and updated info for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[List of programmes broadcast by StarPlus]]

Dwadashbari

2023-06-06T01:49:45Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: further rework details and added references

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dwadashbari
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0654|N|87.2869|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 604
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722122
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03244
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dwadashbari''' is a village in the [[Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block)|Bishnupur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|7|30|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bishnupur subdivision in Bankura district''' M: Municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|10|25|N|87|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhara| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Bhara]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|30|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Chatra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Chatra, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|9|0|N|87|37|55|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Indas| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Indas]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|26|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Joypur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Joypur, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|22|N|87|36|36|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Jayrambati| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Jayrambati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|31|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Patrasayer| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Patrasayer]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|10|N|87|19|25|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Radhanagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagar, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|9|15|N|87|16|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ajodhya| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Ajodhya, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|87|40|21|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Laugram| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Laugram]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|40|N|87|18|51|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Joykrishnapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Joykrishnapur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|3|50|N|87|19|12|E}}| label-pos11=right |label11=Bishnupur| numbered11=M| mark-title11 =[[Bishnupur, Bankura]] (M)| shape-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|17|30|N|87|25|12|E}}| label-pos12=left |label12=Sonamukhi| numbered12=M| mark-title12 =[[Sonamukhi]] (M)| shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|10|N|87|35|37|E}}| label-pos13=right |label13=Kotulpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13 =[[Kotulpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|14|N|87|17|57|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Dharapat| numbered14=T| mark-title14= [[Dharapat]] (T) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|7|25|N|87|21|18|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15=Dihar| numbered15=T| mark-title15= [[Dihar]] (T) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|14|N|87|43|20|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Akui| numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Akui]] (T) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|57|48|N|87|29|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Baital| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Baital, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|50|N|87|33|6|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Balsi|labela18= Purbapara| numbered18=T| mark-title18= [[Balsi Purbapara]] (T) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwadashbari| numbered19=T| mark-title19= Dwadashbari (T) |shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black 
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|2|15|N|87|27|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Gokulnagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Gokulnagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|36|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Gumut| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Gumut, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|16|28|N|87|31|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Hadal Narayanpur| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|0|41|N|87|29|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Maynapur| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Maynapur]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|36|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Patit Dommahal| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Patit Dommahal]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|19|29|N|87|24|58|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Madanmohanpur| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Madanmohanpur]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.2888|87.5548}}| label26=Damodar River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=50| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.0968|87.4558}}| label27=Dwarakeswar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=-10| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.0982|87.5086}}| label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=25| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}

===Location===
Dwadashbari is located at {{coord|23.0654|N|87.2869|E|display=inline}}.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Dwadashbari had a total population of 604, of which 325 (54%) were males and 279 (46%) were females. There were 69 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Dwadasbari was 360 (67.29% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bishnupur railway station]] on the [[Kharagpur-Bankura-Adra line]] is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kharagpur-bankura-demu-special-08063/32529/167/955|title = 08063 Kharagpur-Bankura DEMU special| work= Time Table|publisher= IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] says that the most impressive ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Ratna temple|ek-ratna]]'' (single tower) temples were built by the [[History of Bankura district|Malla kings]]. He lists several temples with structural variations: Kala-Chand, Lalji, Jora Mandir, Radha-Govinda, Radha-Madhava, Madan-Mohana, Radha-Syama (all at Bishnupur) and several outside Bishnupur. He points out the experimental variations of the Jadava Raya temple at Jadabnagar, with a "disproportionately massive upper structure" and the Nandakisor temple at Dwadashbari with a "tower on eight slender pillars." He mentions the Dwadashbari temple as a plain, laterite, abandoned structure.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 41,44. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Ek Ratna temple of Malla era at Dadoshbari in Bishnupur (04).jpg
File:Ek Ratna temple of Malla era at Dadoshbari in Bishnupur (20).jpg
File:Ek Ratna temple of Malla era at Dadoshbari in Bishnupur (19).jpg
File:Ek Ratna temple of Malla era at Dadoshbari in Bishnupur (13).jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dwadashbari}}

{{Bankura District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Sirhind

2023-03-05T23:12:37Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Adding initial stub more to come

{{Short description|Monument in Fatehgarh Sahib district, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2016}}
{{Distinguish|Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Tombs of Ustad — Shagird
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image = Tomb of Ustad vill Talania Sirhind 01.jpg
| caption =
| type =
| locmapin =
| coordinates = 
| location = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| area =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture = [[Mughal Architecture]]
| governing_body =
| owner =
| designation1 =
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'''Tombs of Ustad – Shagird''' are [[Mughal period]] monuments situated in village Talania of [[Sirhind-Fategarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/unusually-named-ustad-shagird-tombs-in-punjab/articleshow/5895275.cms|title=Unusually named 'Ustad-Shagird' tombs in Punjab|author=Kumar|first=Arjun|date=2010-05-06|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=2016-11-12}}</ref> Sirhind was a popular town during Mughal period. It was situated on the [[Delhi]] to [[Lahore]] Highway. In 1710, [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and his [[Sikh]] army destroyed the city of Sirhind completely and Wazir Khan the governor, was killed in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]. But some of these monuments like Tombs of Ustad – Shagird survived.

==History==
Tombs of Ustad – Shagird, are historical buildings built in memory of Ustad Syad Khan who was a great architect and builder of that period. The tomb of ''shagird'' is built as a memorial to Khawaja Khan who also was a well known architect. In [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], ''Ustad'' means teacher and ''Shagird'' means student. In this case Ustad Syad Khan was the teacher of Khawaja Khan that is why these tombs are known as Tombs of Ustad – Shagird or Ustad Di Mazar Shahgird Di Mazar in local language.

==Features==
These monuments are at a distance of 2.5 kilometers from [[Rauza Sharif]] another well known monuments of the area.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tomb of Ustad vill Talania Sirhind 02.jpg|Landscape around Tomb of Ustad.
File:Enterance and left side view of tomb of Shagird, vill Talania,Sirhind Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India.jpg|Entrance and left side view of tomb of Shagird.
File:Tomb of Shagird a view from Ustad Tomb.jpg|Tomb of Shagird a view from Ustad Tomb
File:Old Painting on the walls of Tomb.jpg|Old Painting on the walls of Tomb
File:Internal View of Tomb.jpg|Internal View of Tomb
File:Front side of Tomb.jpg|Front side of Tomb
File:Full View Tomb of Ustad.jpg|Full View Tomb of Ustad
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070415/spectrum/art.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum |website=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-12}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Punjab, India]]

Udagamandalam taluk

2022-10-21T04:01:08Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: revise

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{coord|11.41|N|76.70|E|display=title}}
'''Udagamandalam taluk''' is a [[taluk]] of [[Nilgiris district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The headquarters of the taluk is the town named [[Udagamandalam]]

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Udagamandalam had a population of 191,797 with 93,639 males and 98,158 females. There were 1048 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 76.44. Child population in the age group below 6 was 7,489 Males and 7,530 Females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|publisher=Census Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095215/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> The Udhagmandalam Taluk Is The most populus Taluk and Largest Urbanized area of The Nilagiri District

== References ==
<References/>

{{Nilgiris district}}

[[Category:Taluks of Nilgiris district]]

{{Nilgiris-geo-stub}}

Rajaram II

2021-08-19T04:18:30Z

Aptechguwahatiaz: Creating A Post - done

#REDIRECT [[Rajaram II of Kolhapur]]

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