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Ritwik Ghatak metro station

2026-05-04T08:43:47Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Transit station in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ritwik Ghatak
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| image = Kolkata metro line 6 tour 06.jpg
| image_caption =
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.53286|N|88.39576|E|display=title,inline}}
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| line = {{rint|Kolkata|Orange}}
| address = [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]], [[Topsia|East Topsia]] [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700105
| country = India
| structure = Elevated
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2025|08|22|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code = KRWT
| owned =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former = {{hlist|Topsia|Bantala Road}}
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Orange|left=VIP Bazar|right=Barun Sengupta}}
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Orange Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ritwik Ghatak''' (formerly known as '''[[Topsia]]'''), is a metro station of [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]] located in the [[Topsia]] area of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], serving Topsia and Uttar Panchanagram areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Ajmal |title=First phase of Kolkata Metro's Orange Line all set for launch; covers Kavi Subash to Hemanta Mukherjee in 7 minutes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/first-phase-of-kolkata-metros-orange-line-all-set-for-launch-covers-kavi-subash-to-hemanta-mukherjee-in-7-minutes-article-97438188 |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=TimesNow |date=30 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130090911/https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/first-phase-of-kolkata-metros-orange-line-all-set-for-launch-covers-kavi-subash-to-hemanta-mukherjee-in-7-minutes-article-97438188 |url-status=live }}</ref> The name of the station has been given on the famous film director, [[Ritwik Ghatak]]. The station is elevated above the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-09-30 |title=Concreting work of Ritwik Ghatak Metro Stn nears completion |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/concreting-work-of-ritwik-ghatak-metro-stn-nears-completion-534865 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=শেষের মুখে কলকাতা মেট্রোর আরও ১ স্টেশনের কাজ! ভিতরটা কেমন হল? রইল 'ফার্স্ট লুক' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-new-garia-to-airport-metro-new-station-work-near-completation-watch-first-pictures-31695888787928.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329172725/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-new-garia-to-airport-metro-new-station-work-near-completation-watch-first-pictures-31695888787928.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=railanalysis3 |date=2023-10-13 |title=Kolkata Metro Update: The construction work of Ritwik Ghatak metro station of Kavi Subhash-Biman Bandar corridor going on in full swing |url=https://news.railanalysis.com/kolkata-metro-update-the-construction-work-of-ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-of-kavi-subhash-biman-bandar-corridor-going-on-in-full-swing/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Rail Analysis India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Location ==
This station is located in [[Topsia]] across the [[service road]] and [[footpath]] on the eastern side of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] at Uttar Panchannagram. The main [[elevated railway|elevated]] structure of the station is situated along the [[service road]] and [[footpath]] adjacent to the [[New Garia]]-bound [[lane]] of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]] near Ambedkar Bridge. It is geographically located at {{Coord|22.5328605|N|88.3957647|E}}. The previous station of the station is [[VIP Bazar metro station]] at a distance of {{cvt|0.9|km}} and the next station is [[Barun Sengupta metro station]] at a distance of {{cvt|1.4|km}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

==History ==
This project was sanctioned in the budget of 2010–11 by [[Mamata Banerjee]] with a project deadline of six years.<ref name="airport_link_station_names">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213055942/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110208/jsp/calcutta/story_13549408.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2011|title=Rail set to take over East-West|date=8 February 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> The execution of this project has been entrusted to RVNL at a cost of Rs 3951.98 crore. It will help to reduce travel time between the southern fringes of [[Kolkata]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="airport_link_station_names" /> In October 2011, [[RVNL]] awarded [[Gammon India Limited]], the tender for the construction of the [[Kolkata Metro|metro]] corridor from [[VIP Bazar metro station|VIP Bazar Metro Station]] to [[Nicco Park|Nikko Park]] ([[Nalban metro station]]), including stations, as part of Package-II of Orange Line. Amongst those metro stations, one in Topsia was also sanctioned, i.e., Ritwik Ghatak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro upto August 13 pdf |url=https://www.rvnl.org/en/DetailsofContractsAwarded/20130814175604_Kolkata_upto_August-13.pdf |access-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319185621/https://www.rvnl.org/en/DetailsofContractsAwarded/20130814175604_Kolkata_upto_August-13.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref> In January 2012, the construction of the metro station along with the metro line started. The construction of the station was stopped in 2015 due to land disputes. The construction of the station started again in May 2017<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-19 |title=Basanti Highway diversion trial starts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/basanti-highway-diversion-trial-starts/articleshow/81576856.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and was fully completed in early 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=CRS check till Metropolitan: No Ruby ops on Thurs, Fri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/crs-check-till-metropolitan-no-ruby-ops-on-thurs-fri/articleshow/108802191.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-15 |title=Kolkata: Pipe bridge lifted out of Metro alignment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pipe-bridge-lifted-out-of-metro-alignment/articleshow/76968240.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> But the metro couldn't be started due to a viaduct gap over Tagore Park culvert.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station: ঋত্বিক ঘটক মেট্রো স্টেশনের কাজ শেষ পর্যায়ে, ফাস্ট লুকেই হাঁকাল ছক্কা! » Najarbandi 24X7 |url=https://najarbandi.in/ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-first-look-is-out/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=najarbandi.in |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=Hanging bridge on Bypass solves Metro problem at Tagore Park |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hanging-bridge-on-bypass-solves-metro-problem-at-tagore-park/articleshow/104929776.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A week later after inauguration and a day after commercial run started on [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]-[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] section, in March 2024, RVNL announced the completion of that 76 m viaduct gap after construction of a single-span hanging [[steel]] [[bridge]] over the disputed Tagore Park [[culvert]]. This completed the viaduct upto [[Beliaghata metro station]], clearing the way for commercial operations at Ritwik Ghatak.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Traffic starts moving along Tagore Park western flank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tagore-park-kolkata-traffic-movement-resumes-after-5-months/articleshow/108505984.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Trial runs have started in the same month. The station was opened on 22 August 2025 as a part of [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]]–[[Beleghata metro station|Beleghata]] [[Kolkata Metro Line 6|Orange Line extension]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=‘Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Trial run extended beyond Ruby to Metropolitan on Kolkata Metro's Airport Line {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/trial-run-extended-beyond-ruby-to-metropolitan-on-kolkata-metros-airport-line |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3992&did=1711705985825C7F8E308EB2F708BB6DF82E6DE4BEFCF |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

==Station ==
[[File:Ritwik Ghatak metro Station 05.webm|thumb|Ritwik Ghatak metro Station]]
===Structure ===
Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station is an elevated metro station and has a total of 3 levels. Station entrances and exits begin or end at the first level or [[Ground floor|ground level]]. Second-level or L1 or intermediate level houses station [[fare control]], station agents, metro [[Ticket machine|vending machines]], crossovers, etc. The third level or L2 or the final level houses the [[Railway platform|platforms]] and [[Railway track|rail tracks]]. The station is 200 meters long and 25 meters wide.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ritwik Ghatak Metro Station: ঋত্বিক ঘটক মেট্রো স্টেশন চোখ ধাঁধানো, কাজ প্রায় শেষ, কেমন হল? দেখুন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-hrithik-ghatak-metro-station-eye-catching-work-is-almost-over-how-is-it-see-rjk-685778-2023-09-28 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

The station has four entrances and exits. The station is being built with [[State of the art|state-of-the-art]] technology. In addition to staircases, it will be equipped with [[Elevator|lifts]] and [[Escalator|escalators]]. The station also has [[drinking water]] and [[toilet]] facilities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=নিউ গড়িয়া-বিমানবন্দর মেট্রো করিডোরে বড় খবর, নতুন স্টেশনের ছবি দেখুন |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/news/kolkata-metro-new-garia-airport-corridor-ritwik-ghatak-metro-station-work-almost-complete/photoshow/104012175.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>
===Layout ===
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|←}} Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|orange|right}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Barun Sengupta}}) →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← Train towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|orange|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|VIP Bazar}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]], Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}}}
|-
!style="vertical-align:top"|'''L1'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Concourse
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
!style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==Power and signal systems ==
Like other stations and lines of [[Kolkata Metro]], this station has 750 volt [[Direct current|DC]] [[DC motor|powered]] [[third rail]]. The [[electricity system]] will be used to operate the train.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

Train movement at this station will be managed by [[CBTC|communication based train control signaling]] system. With this signal system, trains can be operated at intervals of 90 seconds.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

==Connections ==
===Bus===
Bus Numbers - AS3, AC47, EB3, 24A/1.

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Kolkata Metro|orange line=yes}}
[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2025]]

Lakhisarai Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T08:38:57Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lakhisarai Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 168-Lakhisarai constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = Phulena Singh, [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|168]]
| established = 1977
| electors = 391,944
| incumbent_image = Shri Vijay Kumar Sinha.jpg
| abolished = 
}}
''' Lakhisarai Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Suryagarha, Munger and Jamalpur.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/munger.html | title=Munger Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
Lakhisarai comprises Blocks Ramgarh Chowk, Halsi & Barahiya; Gram Panchayats Amahara, Morma, Balgudar, Savikpur, Kachhiyana, Bilauri, Damodarpur & Lakhisarai (M) of Lakhisarai CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Lakhisarai Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/lakhisarai.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kapildeo Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ashwani Kumar Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Krishnachandra Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Yaduvansh Singh
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Krishnachandra Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Fulena Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Lakhisarai<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Lakhisarai">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Lakhisarai |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04168.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126065850/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04168.htm |archive-date=26 November 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122408}}
|percentage = 49.2
|change = {{increase}}11.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amaresh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:97468}}
|percentage = 39.17
|change = {{increase}}6.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Suraj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:8722}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4045}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5731}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change = {{increase}}1.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24940}}
|percentage = 10.03
|change = {{increase}}4.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:248820}}
|percentage = 63.48
|change = {{increase}}10.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Lakhisarai<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:74212}}
|percentage = 38.2
|change = -2.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amresh Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:63729}}
|percentage = 32.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sujeet Kumar S/O- Balmiki Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:11570}}
|percentage = 5.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Fulena Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:10938}}
|percentage = 5.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumari Babita
|votes = {{formatnum:4922}}
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajiv Ranjan Kumar Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:4085}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change = +1.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sujit Kumar S/O- Sudhir Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4021}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3859}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Vimal Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3095}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad Sahu
|votes = {{formatnum:2426}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2331}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janta Party Rashtriya
|candidate = Vijay Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1782}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2058}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change = -1.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10483}}
|percentage = 5.4
|change = +1.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194289}}
|percentage = 52.78
|change = -1.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Lakhisarai<ref name="election2015">[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ Bihar Assembly Election 2015]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:75901}}
|percentage = 40.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramanand Mandal
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:69345}}
|percentage = 37.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Ram Pukar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:11551}}
|percentage = 6.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sujeet Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:8112}}
|percentage = 4.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Moti Saw
|votes = {{formatnum:4536}}
|percentage = 2.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ramashish Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3034}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Renu Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2689}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2052}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janta Party Rashtriya
|candidate = Ranjeet Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1906}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4386}}
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6556}}
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186060}}
|percentage = 54.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Lakhisarai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Kagalvadi M. Shivanna

2026-04-19T22:14:49Z

Aoufa: adding new post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Shivanna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|3|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kagalvadi]], [[Mysore district]], [[Mysore state]] (now [[Chamarajanagar district]], [[Karnataka]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| constituency = [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| term_start = 13 May 2004
| term_end = 26 February 2009
| predecessor = [[Srinivasa Prasad]]
| successor = [[R. Dhruvanarayana]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2017–present)<ref name=":1" />
| other_party = *[[Indian National Congress]] (Till 1998, 2003-2004, 2008-2017)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=JD-S MP speaks: Why I cross-voted |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/22upavote46.htm |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
*[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (2004-2008)<ref name=":2" />
*[[Samata Party]] (2000-2003)<ref name=":0" />
| spouse = C. Deepa
| children = 1 son and 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 25 September
| year = 2006
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20060619230428/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4081
}}

'''M. Shivanna''' (born 8 March 1948) was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] constituency of [[Karnataka]] and was a member of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)) political party. He was a member of National Commission for Scheduled Castes from 14 November 2010, later became the chairman of the same body till June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/260317/karnataka-former-mp-m-shivanna-snapped-up-by-saffronists.html | title=Karnataka: M Shivanna- Snapped up by saffronists? | website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> He was president of Mysore district Youth Congress from 1977 till 1980 and became its general secretary in 1980.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=http://www.ncsc.nic.in/files/Sivanna.pdf | title=Biographical Sketch of Shri M. Shivanna (Ex-M.P.) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211095302/http://www.ncsc.nic.in/files/Sivanna.pdf | archive-date=2017-02-11}}</ref> He won [[2004 Indian general election]]s from [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency]] as a [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] candidate and remained in [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] till [[2008 vote of confidence in the Manmohan Singh ministry]] where he voted for the Government and was expelled from the Party for cross voting as violating the whip. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 27 March 2017 in presence of [[B. S. Yediyurappa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-03-27 |title=Shivanna, former MP, joins BJP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shivanna-former-mp-joins-bjp/article17685812.ece |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-23 |title=JD(S) rebel MP Shivanna expelled |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/jd-s-rebel-mp-shivanna-expelled/story-ATzku5AsAd49WqimSxmcAN.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012605/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/homepage.asp?mpsno=4081 Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivanna, M.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

Pipra, Supaul Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:04Z

Aoufa: started

{{for|disambiguation|Pipra (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pipra, Supaul
|type= SLA
| map_image = 42-Pipra, Supaul constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Rambilash Kamat]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 2008
| electors = 305,165
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Pipra''' is an Administrative Block & Nagar Panchayat in [[Supaul district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

== About Pipra ==
Pipra is a Block in Supaul District of Bihar State, India. Pipra Block headquarters is Pipra town. It belongs to Kosi Division.

Pipra consists of 39 villages and 16 Panchayats. Lachhumandas Chak is the smallest village and Pathrajolhania is the biggest village. It is in the 57 m elevation (altitude).

== Demographics of Pipra ==
Maithili is the local language here. Also people speak Hindi, Urdu, Angika. Total population of Pipra Block is 157,779 living in 28,992 houses, spread across total 39 villages and 16 panchayats. Males are 81,912 and Females are 75,867.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 42 Pipra Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Pipra and Kishanpur [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Veena, Laudh, Karhio, Amha, Hardi East and Hardi West [[gram panchayat]]s of Supaul CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Pipra Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Pipra Supaul Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/pipra-supaul.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Sujata Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Yaduvansh Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rambilash Kamat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Pipra (Supaul)<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Pipra">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Pipra |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0442.htm |access-date=29 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229182639/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0442.htm |archive-date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rambilash Kamat
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:107041}}
|percentage = 48.0
|change = {{increase}}2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:69265}}
|percentage = 31.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxmi Kant Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:12014}}
|percentage = 5.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Indradev Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:5519}}
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hema Bharti
|votes = {{formatnum:3772}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ramdev Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2460}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Anju Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2229}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kalim
|votes = {{formatnum:2048}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:10691}}
|percentage = 4.79
|change = {{increase}}3.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37776}}
|percentage = 16.94
|change = {{increase}}6.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223019}}
|percentage = 73.08
|change = {{increase}}10.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Pipra, Supaul<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rambilash Kamat]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:82388}}
|percentage = 45.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:63143}}
|percentage = 34.76
|change = {{decrease}}19.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Shakuntala Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:5660}}
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Mahendra Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:3770}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change = {{increase}}0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Proutist Sarva Samaj
|candidate = Raju Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3563}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Prasad Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3055}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Plurals Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2923}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amit Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2508}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:1927}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2633}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change = {{decrease}}1.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19245}}
|percentage = 10.59
|change = {{decrease}}12.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181673}}
|percentage = 62.83
|change = {{increase}}1.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Pipra, Supaul<ref name="Pipra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Pipra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/pipra |access-date=29 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229182643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/pipra |archive-date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Yadubansh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:85944}}
|percentage = 54.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vishwamohan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:49575}}
|percentage = 31.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahendra Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:4204}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nageshwar Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3507}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Prasad Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2961}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shur Vir Kaladhar
|votes = {{formatnum:2899}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Idrish
|votes = {{formatnum:2588}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudha Kar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:1926}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mohammad Izhar
|votes = {{formatnum:1568}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3960}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36369}}
|percentage = 22.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159132}}
|percentage = 61.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|26|09|11|N|86|48|16|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Supaul district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Arunachalesvarar Temple, Ammapettai

2026-04-19T18:22:29Z

Aoufa: adding place!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}

[[File:Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple1.jpg|thumb|Arunachalesvarar Temple, Main entrance]]
'''Arunachalesvarar Temple''' is a [[Shiva|Siva]] temple located at [[Ammapettai, Thanjavur|Ammapettai]] in [[Papanasam taluk]], [[Thanjavur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], at a distance of 21 km east from [[Thanjavur]].<ref>[https://templesinindiainfo.com/tamil-nadu-gov-hindu-religious-charitable-endowments-department-temple-list-page-5/ Tamil Nadu Thirukoil Endowments Department Temple List and ID, No.13806, Arulmigu Arunachaleswarar Temple, Ammapettai – 614 401 Thanjavur]</ref><ref>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/ListingMore.php?c=3&D=65&Page=11 அருள்மிகு அருணாசலேஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில், அம்மாப்பேட்டை, 614 401, தஞ்சாவூர் மாவட்டம், தஞ்சாவூர் சிவன் கோயில், தினமலர் கோயில்கள்]</ref>

== Presiding deity ==
The presiding deity is Arunachalesvarar. The Goddess is known as Dharmasamvarthani. Though the main entrance is in the east, devotees prefer to come to the temple through the south entrance.<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/1627780/ta/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D அம்மாப்பேட்டை சிவன் கோயில்]</ref>

== Structure ==
The temple has [[prakara]], vimana of the presiding deity and goddess. In the [[mahamandapa]], the [[Bali Pitha|bali pitham]] and an image of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] are found. In the left [[Nataraja]] sabha, shrines of goddess and [[Navagraha]] are found. In the right side of the shrine of the sanctum sanctorum shrine of [[Somaskanda]] and in the left shrine of Vikramakali are found. In the prakara shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Subramania|Muruga]], Kasilingam, [[Gajalakshmi]], Ramalingam, Chandikesvara, [[Durga]], [[Shani|Sanisvara]], [[Bhairava]] and Sivasurya are found. In the [[Kosta (architectural feature)|kosta]], Vinayaka, [[Dakshinamurti]], [[Lingodbhava]], [[Brahma]] and Durga are found.

== Puja ==
[[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is held twice. The festivals of this temple include [[Pradosha]], Sankadaharasaturtti, Teypirai Ashtami, [[Karthikai]] Somavaram, and Tiruvathirai.

==Kumbhabhishekham==
The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple was held on 15 September 2005.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.vikatan.com/news/temples/narathar-ula-ammapettai-arunachaleswarar-temple நாரதர் உலா, சிதைவுபடும் சிவாலயம், சக்தி விகடன், 5 செப்டம்பர் 2019]
* [https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-trichy/tanjore/2022/may/20/thirugnanasambandha-united-source-festival-at-ammapettai-3847551.html அம்மாப்பேட்டையில் ஞானசம்பந்தர் ஐக்கிய மூலத் திருநாள், தினமணி, 20 மே 2022]
* [https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/thirugnanasambandar-united-torch-festival-704665 திருஞானசம்பந்தர் ஐக்கிய ஜோதி உலா, தினத்தந்தி, 21 மே 2022]
* [https://shaivam.org/temples-of-lord-shiva/lord-shiva-temples-of-thanjavur-district Shaivam Org. Papanasam Taluk, Ammapettai Arunachaleshwarar Temple]

== Photogallery ==
<gallery class="center">
Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple2.jpg|Southern entrance
Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple3.jpg|Facade of inner mandapa
Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple4.jpg|Vimana of the presiding deity
Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple5.jpg|Vimana of the goddess
Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple6.jpg|Vimana of Somaskanda
Ammapettaiarunachalesvarartemple7.jpg|Vimana of Nataraja
</gallery>

{{Coord|10.7992|N|79.3236|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar

2026-04-19T16:59:29Z

Aoufa: adding bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar
| image = Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
| successor =
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}}
'''Jagdeep Singh''', also known by the name '''Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar''' or '''Kaka Brar''', is an Indian politician and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Muktsar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Kaka, Kikki, Jassi… nicknames add colour to poll canvas |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/kaka-kikki-jassi%E2%80%A6-nicknames-add-colour-to-poll-canvas-371371 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310154831/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/kaka-kikki-jassi%E2%80%A6-nicknames-add-colour-to-poll-canvas-371371 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=In Dharamkot, Akali, Congress veterans face tough contest from AAP debutant |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/in-dharamkot-akali-congress-veterans-face-tough-contest-from-aap-debutant-367393 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Key Constituency Muktsar: Congress nominee Karan Kaur slugs it out for homecoming |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/key-constituency-muktsar-congress-nominee-karan-kaur-slugs-it-out-for-homecoming-368504 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Prior to entering politics, Brar worked as an agriculturist<ref name="affi">{{cite web |title=Candidate Details |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IkkxSlJZYUQ1Mm9SSHdmQ3NMNFgwdGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidkxEbER5TzdjXC9WbzFqYXd3QlwvSFZ3PT0iLCJtYWMiOiJiY2MyZjE1ODMyNTkzOTE5NzkyMDVhZGJkNTkwOGQ1YTFmMDJkNTNjMTQ1NzEzYWU3MWQxNTdmMDkxMjFlZmQ3In0=/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=eci.gov.in/ |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JAGDEEP SINGH |url=https://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=701 |website=myneta.info|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> and owns agricultural land in Chak Jawahrewala village.<ref name=tribune/> Brar's elder sister, Gurpreet Kaur Gill, actively participated in [[Anna Hazare]]’s [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] in [[New Delhi]]. He was inspired by her to enter active politics.<ref name=tribune/>

Brar had served twice as a [[Municipal councillor (India)|Municipal Councillor]].<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Archit |title=Ready to go extra mile: Muktsar MLA Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/ready-to-go-extra-mile-muktsar-mla-jagdeep-singh-kaka-brar-380116 |access-date=24 March 2022 |agency=Tribune News Service |publisher=The Tribune |date=24 March 2022}}</ref> In 2017, he unsuccessfully contested the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly polls]] from Muktsar as an AAP candidate.<ref name=tribune/> On 16th April 2024, the Aam Aadmi Party announced Jagdeep Singh Kaka Brar as their candidate for the Firozpur Lok Sabha Seat. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=Punjab AAP names candidates in remaining 4 ‘tough’ constituencies; fields ex-SAD MLA Tinu in Jalandhar against Channi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-aap-names-candidates-lok-sabha-polls-9273158/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Member of Legislative Assembly ===
Brar was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] to the 16th Assembly of the Punjab Legislative Assembly in March 2022. He won by a margin of 34,194 votes defeating his closest competitor, [[Kanwarjit Singh]] of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/statewiseS199.htm |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> Brar got a total of 76,321 votes, holding 51.09% of the total votes polled in the constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1986.htm?ac=86 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Muktsar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Muktsar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}
{{#section:Muktsar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==Personal life==
His wife, Naginder Kaur, is also an agriculturist.<ref name=affi/> Brar has three children.<ref name=affi/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IncrT2ZmUm9Va2lBRnhQdW8zbFNXSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOFwvR0ZGMkI0dDVvdENQcExyWjRmRnc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjBjZWE5MDA1ZjliMDI2M2ZjYjg1MGRjMGQzOGZlYjgxNWI2MTZmMWQxZWVjNjk4M2RhOThjNzRiNjAyODEzN2QifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Muktsar
| before= [[Kanwarjit Singh Rozy Barkandi]] ([[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]])
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|March 2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Jagdeep Singh Kaka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Singhia Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:36:18Z

Aoufa: created initial bio more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Singhia 
| type = SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]]
| established = 1977
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Singhia Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Singhia Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 16. Rosera | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

==Results==
===1977-2005===
In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005 Bihar Assembly elections]], Dr. Ashok Kumar of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Singhia seat defeating his nearest rival Ram Sewak Hazari of [[Lok Jan Shakti Party|LJP]]. Dr. Ashok Kumar of Congress defeated Ramotar Paswan, Independent, in February 2005 and Jagdish Paswan of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] in 2000. Jagdish Paswan of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Dr. Ashok Kumar of Congress in 1995. Dr. Ashok Kumar of Congress defeated Jagdish Paswan of JD in 1990 and Ramjatan Paswan of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1985. Ramjatan Paswan of CPI defeated Jagdish Paswan, Independent, in 1980 and Laxmi Paswan, Independent, in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp101.htm |title = 101 - Singhia (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-03-30 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Singhia, Samastipur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|25|50|02|N|86|09|26|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Parvati Devi (Bihar politician)

2026-04-15T01:01:58Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Parvati Devi''' was an Indian politician based in [[Bihar]]. She was a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]] in [[Munger district]] of Bihar. Devi belonged to political family of [[Shakuni Choudhary]]. Chaudhary was a seven times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly and a former member of Indian Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) from [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]]. She was a social activist besides being a politician and is known for her social activities in the Munger district of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-tarapur-ex-mla-parvathi-devi-passed-away-she-was-mother-of-samrat-chaudhary-and-wife-of-shakuni-chaudhary-23060490.html|title=Wife of Shakuni Chaudhary and mother of leader of Bihar Legislative Council died|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=23 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-parvati-devi-mother-of-leader-of-opposition-in-the-bihar-legislative-council-samrat-chaudhary-and-wife-of-former-minister-shakuni-choudhary-passed-away-23060447.html|title=मुंगेर : बिहार विधान परिषद में नेता प्रतिपक्ष की मां का निधन, पति थे पूर्व मंत्री, गिरिराज सिंह ने कहा- अपूरणीय क्षति|website=Dainik Jagran|accessdate=24 October 2023}}</ref> Her children include [[Samrat Choudhary]], the current [[Chief Minister of Bihar]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Parvati}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]

KL Bro Biju

2026-04-12T06:39:36Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Indian YouTuber }}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = KL Bro Biju
| image = Biju klbro.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| caption = KL Bro Biju in 2024
| other_names = KL Bro Biju
| birth_name = Biju
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Mayyil]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = [[YouTuber]]
| years_active = 2020–present
| children = 2
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Kavitha Biju|2015}}
| known_for = Family lifestyle vlogs
|website = {{URL|https://klbro.com/}}
| youtube_handle = KLBROBijuRithvik1
| youtube_display_name = KL BRO Biju Rithvik

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre = {{hlist|Family vlogs|shorts videos}}
| youtube_subscribers = 83.17 million
| youtube_views = 95.59 billion
| stats_update = 10 December 2025
}}

'''Biju''' is an Indian YouTuber known for his YouTube channel, '''KL BRO Biju Rithvik'''. He is the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most subscribed]] individual youtuber in [[Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arun |first=M. G. |date=2025-05-12 |title=Without YouTube, the vast global export of Indian culture won't be possible: CEO Neal Mohan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/without-youtube-the-vast-global-export-of-indian-culture-wont-be-possible-ceo-neal-mohan-2723661-2025-05-12 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He also received India's first [[YouTube Creator Awards|Ruby Creator play button]] for an individual in 2024 by surpassing 50 million subscribers. He is known for his family vlogs in shot video type.
KL BRO BIJU has been selected as the number one youtube creators in India 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/technology/india-s-top-youtube-creators-in-2025-from-gaming-comedy-to-vlogging-their-subscribers-may-blow-your-mind-2991226/acharya-prashant-2991232|title=
KL BRO BIJU has been selected as the number one youtube creators in India 2025|date=2 December 2025|website=zeenews|language=English}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/kl-bro-biju-rithvik-family-s-open-talk-video-biju-about-their-videos/articleshow/96509636.cms |title=കട്ടകൊണ്ട് കെട്ടിയ വീട് ആയിരുന്നു ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നത്; കടം വീട്ടിയതെല്ലാം യൂ ട്യൂബ്; ബിജുവും ഫാമിലിയും പറയുന്നു|access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Samayam|language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kudumbam/celebtalk/kl-bro-biju-rithvik-family-speaks-1261941|title=കവിതയെയും അമ്മയെയും ആളുകൾ അതിരറ്റ് സ്നേഹിക്കുന്നു -കെ.എൽ ബ്രോ ബിജു|date=24 February 2024 |website=madhyamam.com |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/india-today-special/photo/kl-bro-who-conquered-keralites-mind-good-stories-471165-2022-11-16|title=KL Bro Biju : മലയാളി മനസ് കീഴടങ്ങിയ കണ്ണൂര്‍കാരനും കന്നഡക്കാരിയും; നന്മ നിറഞ്ഞ കഥകളുമായി കെ എല്‍ ബ്രോ|website=malayalam.indiatoday.in|language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/lifestyle/features/kl-bro-biju-rithvik-youtube-channel-success-story-10-million-subscribers-1.8347276|title=സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ ജോലിയില്ലാത്തതിനാല്‍ പെണ്ണ് കിട്ടിയില്ല,ഒടുവില്‍ കര്‍ണാടകയില്‍നിന്ന് കവിതയെ കൂടെക്കൂട്ടി|date=27 February 2023|website=Mathrubhumi|language=Malayalam}}</ref>

== Channel ==

A YouTube short by KL Bro Biju holds the record for the most viewed Indian individual YouTube channel video, with his videos also occupying the second, third, and fourth places on the list.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/technology/video/number-one-youtuber-in-india-kl-bro-biju-rithvik-saurav-joshi-bb-ki-vines-carry-minati|website =thelallantop.com|language=Hindi|title =Dhruv Rathee या Bhuvan Bam नहीं, ये हैं देश के नंबर 1 यूट्यूबर|date =28 May 2024}}</ref>

As of 2024, KL Bro Biju's channel has over 42 million regular viewers. According to [[The Lallantop]], his channel is the biggest YouTube channel in India.<ref name=":1" />

In March 2024, his channel surpassed [[CarryMinati]] in subscriber count, making him the Indian YouTuber with the highest number of subscribers.

In 2024, YouTube India presented KL Bro Biju with Ruby [[YouTube Creator Awards|Play Button]], awarded to creators who reach 50 million subscribers, at an event in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=This YouTuber receives Kerala's first Ruby Creator play button |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/trivia/keralas-first-ruby-creator-play-button-awarded-to-malayali-youtuber-in-kerala-1.9814205 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/kerala/spotlight/2024/12/05/kl-bro-biju-rithvik-named-top-four-indian-youtube-creator-surpasses-cristiano-ronaldo.html|title=യൂട്യൂബില്‍ റൊണാള്‍ഡോയെ മറികടന്ന് കെഎല്‍ ബ്രോ ബിജു; ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ടോപ്പ് യൂട്യൂബ് ക്രിയേറ്റര്‍മാരില്‍ നാലാമത്|website=manoramanews.com|date=5 December 2024 |language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/technology/india-s-top-youtube-creators-in-2025-from-gaming-comedy-to-vlogging-their-subscribers-may-blow-your-mind-2991226/acharya-prashant-2991232 |title=India's top creators in 2025 |website=zeenews.com |date=2 December 2025 |language=english}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://klbro.com/ KLBRO Biju]

[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bapu (director)

2026-04-01T22:04:09Z

Aoufa: adding a article

{{Short description|India director and artist (1933–2014)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bapu
| image = Sattiraju_Lakshmi_Narayana.jpg
| caption = Bapu when conferred with the "Viswa Vikhyata Darsaka Maharshi" award in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1933|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Narasapuram, West Godavari|Narasapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2014|08|31|1933|12|15}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2013)
| birth_name = Sattiraju Lakshminarayana
| homepage = [http://bapuartcollection.com/ bapuartcollection.com]
| alma mater = [[University of Madras]]
| spouse = Bhagyavathi
}}

'''Sattiraju Lakshminarayana''' (15 December 1933 – 31 August 2014), known professionally as '''Bapu''', was an Indian film director, painter, illustrator, cartoonist, screenwriter, music artist, and designer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], and [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2010/balakrishna-bapu-mythological-film-290910.html |title=Balakrishna to act in Bapu's mythological film – Oneindia Entertainment|work=Oneindia |date=29 September 2010|access-date=25 January 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712112424/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2010/balakrishna-bapu-mythological-film-290910.html|archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> In 2013, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], for his contribution to Indian art and cinema.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> He has garnered two National Honors, two [[National Film Awards]], seven state [[Nandi Awards]], two [[Filmfare Awards South]], a [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]], and a [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]].

Bapu's directorial venture ''[[Sakshi (film)|Sakshi]]'' (1967) was showcased at ''Tashkent International film festival'' in 1968.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110623192302/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/03/05/stories/2011030552160400.htm Mullapudi leaves behind enduring legacy], ''The Hindu'', 5 March 2011; retrieved 25 January 2013.</ref> ''[[Sita Kalyanam (1976 film)|Seeta Kalyanam]]'' (1976) was screened at the [[BFI London Film Festival]], [[Chicago International Film Festival]], San Reno and Denver International Film Festivals in 1978, and is part of the course at the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621449.ece |title=Preview: Epic comes full circle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114062406/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621449.ece |archive-date=14 November 2011 |work=The Hindu |date=12 November 2011}}</ref> ''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]'' (1981) and ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991) were premiered at the Indian Panorama of the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm27thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526090537/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm27thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=27NFA.pdf |date=26 May 2011 |work=Iffi.nic.in|archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> Bapu's 2011 film, ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'', had a special screening at [[International Film Festival of India]] on 28 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/sri-rama-rajyam-iffi-410|title=Sri Rama Rajyam at IFFI|access-date=27 November 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127172943/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/tollywood/sri-rama-rajyam-iffi-410|archive-date=27 November 2011}}, ''Deccan Chronicle'' (27 November 2011).</ref>

In 1996, he appeared in the [[Doordarshan]] Documentary ''Eminent Cartoonists of India'', and was awarded Lifetime Achievement from [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]] in 2001. He gained international recognition through his art works viz., ''Bapu Bomma'', ''The Navarasas'', and the ''Indian Dances'' etc., which were held at the [[BFI Southbank|National Film Theatre, London]], in 1978 and at the innumerable Telugu Conferences in the United States.<ref>Bapu art works, Nutan Prasad, secretary – Ravindra Bharathi cultural center, Hyderabad</ref> He had worked as a graphic artist for ''J Walter Thomson'', ''Efficient Publicities'' and ''F. D. Stewarts'', Chennai.<ref name="The Hindu article on Bapu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/portrait-of-an-artist/article4439546.ece|title=Portrait of an artist|first=S.|last=Shivpprasadh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 February 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411225206/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/portrait-of-an-artist/article4439546.ece|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

In 1964, he was a delegate at the [[UNESCO]] sponsored seminar in Bangalore on ''Children's Books''. The same year, he gave demonstrations for the training course programme on book illustrations and cover designs sponsored by UNESCO in Chennai. In the 1960s he served as an art Consultant for [[Ford Foundation]] sponsored ''The Southern Language Book Trust''. He had designed and illustrated several books for leading publishers in South India out of which, five received Government Awards. He had also done the same for innumerable works drawn from [[Puranas]] and [[folklore]].<ref name="The Hindu article on Bapu"/>

==Early life and background==
Bapu was born on 15 December 1933,<ref name=r1/> in [[Narasapuram, West Godavari|Narsapuram]], in present-day [[West Godavari district]], Andhra Pradesh, [[India]] to Sattiraju Venugopala Rao and Suryakantam. He worked as a political cartoonist for the newspaper ''Andhra Patrika'' in 1945. He holds B.Com. (1953) and BL (1955) from [[University of Madras]].<ref name="The Hindu article on Bapu"/>

==Painting==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2018}}
Bapu's paintings focus on [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] characters, and he painted the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]] as a pictorial [[Narrative|story]]. His character portrayals, such as [[Shiva]], [[Bhima]], [[Duryodhana]], look distinctly male with wide chests, large jaws and large biceps; while [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]] are more feminine in build.

==Film career==
===Association with Ramana===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Bapu and Ramana gari Statue.jpg|thumb|Bapu & Ramana gari statue on the banks of River Godavari during Pushkaram.]]
Bapu's family was staying in Madras and in 1942, when the Japanese bombed Madras, there was a panic exodus and Bapu's family moved to Narasapuram and stayed there till 1945, when the Second World War ended. Bapu studied in Taylor High School, Narasapuram during these years.

[[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Mullapudi Venkataramana]]'s father, who was working as a Sub-Registrar was posted at Narasapuram during the years 1942-45 and so, Venkataramana also studied in Taylor high School, Narasapram, during those years. They were classmates during those three years and that is how their association started. They continued schooling at Kesari High School, Madras. Ramana's first short story 'Amma Maata Vinakapote' was published in 1945 in 'Bala', a children's magazine published by Radio Annayya (Nyayapathi Raghava Rao), he was 14 then. Bapu illustrated the story. That was the beginning of their career as a writer-producer -illustrator- filmmaker duo".

Started as an illustrator-story writer team and then turning into a film-director-writer duo, they have contributed to the enrichment of Telugu cultural ethos through literature and cinema. The most notable achievement in his movie making is his success in capturing the nativity of Telugu people and translating it to on-screen visuals.

Ventures like ''Sampoorna Ramayanamu'', ''Ramanjaneya Yuddham'' and ''Seeta Kalyanam'' have been the milestones of Telugu cinema, while historical films like ''Thyagayya'', ''Bhakta Kannappa'' and ''Shreenatha kavisarvabhouma'' have been hugely successful. Bapu-Ramana combination had created movie magic on the large screen with some of the path breaking films in Telugu cinema and are ever remembered for films like ''Radha Kalyanam'', ''Mutyala Muggu'', ''Sakshi'', ''Mr. Pellam'', ''Pelli Pustakam''. Bapu directed ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' (1978), which won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu]].

Bapu is known for his classic movies in Indian cinema, Bapu had directed [[Hindi films]] such as ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]'', ''[[Bezubaan]]'', ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'', ''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]'', ''[[Pyari Behna]]'', ''[[Mera Dharam]]'', ''[[Diljalaa]]'', ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]'' and ''[[Paramaatma]]''.

==Death==
Bapu had suffered heart attacks many times throughout his career. He was admitted into a hospital at Chennai in mid August 2014. He suffered from a cardiac arrest on 31 August 2014, and died later on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/celebrities-mourn-death-of-telugu-filmmaker-bapu-206573-2014-09-01|title=Celebrities mourn death of Telugu filmmaker Bapu|date=1 September 2014|website=India Today}}</ref>

He was given a state funeral by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-assembly-pays-tribute-to-bapu/article6369727.ece|title=State funeral for Bapu on Tuesday|first=N.|last=Rahul|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 September 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231009154343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Andhra-Pradesh-Assembly-pays-tribute-to-Bapu/article60342734.ece|archive-date=9 October 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
#''[[Sakshi (1967 film)|Sakshi]]'' (1967)
#''[[Bangaaru Pichika]]'' (1968)
#''[[Buddhimantudu]]'' (1969)
#''Inti Gowravam'' (1970)
#''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970)
#''[[Sampoorna Ramayanamu]]'' (1972)
#''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973)
#''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1975)
#''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'' (1975)
#''[[Sita Kalyanam (1976 film)|Sita Kalyanam]]'' (1976)
#''Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club'' (1976)
#''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' (1976)
#''Sneham'' (1977)
#''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' (1978)
#''[[Gorantha Deepam]]'' (1978)
#''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]'' (1979)
#''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' (1980)
#''Rajadhi Raju'' (1980)
#''Pandanti Jeevitam'' (1980)
#''Kaliyuga Ravanaasurudu'' (1980)
#''[[Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch]]''* (1980)
#''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]'' (1981)
#''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' (1981)
#''[[Bezubaan]]''* (1982)
#''Krishnaavataram'' (1982)
#''[[Pelleedu Pillalu]]'' (1982)
#''[[Neethi Devan Mayakkam]]'' (1982)
#''[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]'' (1982)
#''[[Mantri Gari Viyyankudu]]'' (1983)
#''[[Woh Saat Din]]''* (1983)
#''[[Seethamma Pelli]]'' (1984)
#''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]''* (1985)
#''[[Pyari Behna]]''* (1985)
#''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'' (1985)
#''Jackie'' (1985)
#''Kalyana Tamboolam'' (1986)
#''[[Mera Dharam]]''* (1986)
#''[[Diljalaa]]''* (1987)
#''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]''* (1989)
#''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' (1991)
#''[[Mr. Pellam]]'' (1993)
#''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowmudu]]'' (1993)
#''Pelli Koduku'' (1994)
#''[[Paramaatma]]''* (1994)
#''[[Rambantu]]'' (1995)
#''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' (2004) (as music director)
#''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' (2005)
#''[[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' (2008)
#''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' (2011)
{{div col end}}

Those marked as * are Hindi films

== Awards and honours ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shree Award to Shri S. Lakshminarayana (Bapu), at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 05, 2013.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shree Award to Shri S. Lakshminarayana (Bapu), at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 05, 2013]]

;Civilian honours
*[[Padma Shri]] – Government of India – 2013

;National honours
*Life Time Achievement Award from [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]] – 2001
*President of India [[Rashtrapati Award]] from the Academy of Fine Arts, Tirupati

;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] – ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]''
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] – ''[[Mister Pellam]]''

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)]] – ''[[Seeta Kalyanam (1976 film)|Seeta Kalyanam]]'' (1976)
* [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)]] – ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' (1980)
* [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] – (2012)

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] – Life Time Achievement in Telugu cinema – 1986

;;[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] (director):
*1971: ''[[Balaraju Katha]]''
*1973: ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]''
*1975: ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]''
*1991: ''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]''
*1993: ''[[Mr. Pellam]]''
*2011: ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''

;Other Honours
*Asthana Vidwan by Andhra Pradesh Academy of Arts.
*South Indian Film Director's Association Award for Best direction – [[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]] – 1972
*Visishta Puraskaramu from [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] – 2002
*Life Time Achievement Award from Telugu Association of North America
*"Shiromani" award fromBooks: American Telugu Association – 1992
*Honorary Doctorate "Kala Prapoorna" from [[Andhra University]] – 1991
*[[Raja-Lakshmi Award]] in 1982 from [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]], Chennai – 1982<ref name=r1>{{cite web|url=http://www.bapubomma.com/biography.htm |title=About Bapu |access-date=2013-01-25 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301005334/http://www.bapubomma.com/biography.htm |archive-date=1 March 2012 |df=dmy }}. bapubomma.com</ref>

== Bibliography ==
# Ramayanam, co-written with [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]]. This book was published in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], English and [[French language|French]] languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugubooks.in/collections/bapu/|title=Bapu {{!}} TeluguBooks.in (Navodaya Book House)|website=www.telugubooks.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-04}}</ref>
# Maha Bharatam, co-written with [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Ramana]]<ref name=":0" />
# Bapu Ramaneeyam, co-written with Ramana<ref name=":0" />
# Koti Kommachi, along co-written Ramana<ref name=":0" />
# (Im)Koti Kommachi, co-written with Ramana<ref name=":0" />
# Kosaru Kommachi, Bapu Ramaneeyam along with Ramana<ref name=":0" />
# Bapu Cartoonulu -1<ref name=":0" />
# Bapu Cartoonulu -2<ref name=":0" />
# Bommalu Geeyandi<ref name=":0" />
# Budugu, co-written with Ramana<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://bapuartcollection.com bapuartcollection.com] Bapu's Official Website with an extensive art collection
*{{IMDb name|0052677}}
*"[https://dhvaniohio.org/bapu-a-multifaceted-artist/ Bapu: A Multifaceted Artist]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"- an article on Bapu

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapu}}
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:40:06Z

Aoufa: adding details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kandhamal {{Small|OD-13}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Kandhamal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| reservation = None
| electors = 13,40,580{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image = Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi MP 2024.jpg
| mp = [[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda]] [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]] [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]] [[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]] [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]] [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]] [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
}}

'''Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Odisha]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008, following the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

== Assembly Segments ==

Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency comprises 7 [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|legislative assembly]] segments, which are:<ref>{{cite web|title=13 - Kandhamal Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) Constituency|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/odisha/kandhamal/electiondata.aspx|publisher=Datanet India Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|82
|[[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Baliguda]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|[[Chakramani Kanhar]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|83
|[[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]] (ST)
|[[Prafulla Chandra Pradhan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|84
|[[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]] (ST)
|[[Uma Charan Mallick]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|85
|[[Kantamal Assembly constituency|Kantamal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|[[Kanhai Charan Danga]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|86
|[[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
|[[Saroj Kumar Pradhan]]
|-
|121
|[[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]] (SC)
|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|[[Ramesh Chandra Behera]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|123
|[[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|[[Pradyumna Kumar Nayak]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

Baliguda, G. Udayagiri, Phulbani, Boudh and Bhanjanagar assembly segments were earlier in [[Phulbani Lok Sabha constituency|Phulbani constituency]]

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|41.80}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.01}}
{{bar percent|2014 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|61.54}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|36.85}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|29.6}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 5 elections have been held till date including one bypoll in 2014.

List of members elected from Kandhamal constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election in Odisha|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kandhamal 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&pcname=Kandhamal&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Rudra Madhab Ray]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in Odisha|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kalahandi 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=16&pcname=Kalahandi&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Hemendra Chandra Singh]]
|-
|[[2014 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|2014 (bypoll)]]{{efn|Death of Hemendra Chandra Singh}}<ref name="BJD candidate Pratyusha Rajeswari wins Odisha Lok Sabha bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |title=BJD candidate Pratyusha Rajeswari wins Odisha Lok Sabha bypoll |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjd-candidate-pratyusha-rajeswari-wins-odisha-lok-sabha-bypoll/articleshow/44876194.cms?from=mdr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008050518/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjd-candidate-pratyusha-rajeswari-wins-odisha-lok-sabha-bypoll/articleshow/44876194.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=8 October 2022 |accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref>
|[[Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Odisha|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Kandhamal 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Kandhamal&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Achyuta Samanta]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Odisha|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kandhamal lok sabha election results 2024: Kandhamal Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/kandhamal-constituency-result-18513 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election Result ==

===2024===
Voting were held on 20th May 2024 in 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507223908/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Achyuta Samanta|Achyutananda Samanta]] by a margin of 21,371 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kandhamal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]]
|votes = 4,16,415
|percentage = 41.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Achyuta Samanta|Achyutananda Samanta]]
|votes = 3,95,044
|percentage = 39.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amir Chand Nayak
|votes = 1,44,322
|percentage = 14.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 15,720
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,371
|percentage = 2.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,99,765
|percentage = 74.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Achyuta Samanta|Achyutananda Samanta]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Mahamegha Bahan Aira Kharbela Swain|Kharbela Swain]] by 1,49,216 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kandhamal]]<ref name="SP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-II) (PC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Achyuta Samanta|Achyutananda Samanta]]
|votes = 4,61,679
|percentage = 49.01
|change = {{decrease}}2.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahamegha Bahan Aira Kharbela Swain|Kharbela Swain]]
|votes = 3,12,463
|percentage = 33.17
|change = {{increase}}20.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Acharya
|votes = 1,38,993
|percentage = 14.76
|change = {{decrease}}13.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amir Nayak
|votes = 7,314
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star
|candidate = Tuna Mallick
|votes = 8,283
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 13,253
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,49,216
|percentage = 15.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,42,041
|percentage = 73.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 Bypoll ===
Bye-election to the Kandhmal lok sabha constituency was held on 15 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=BJP, BJD Finalise Candidates; Cong Still Awaits Sonia Nod|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/BJP-BJD-Finalise-Candidates-Cong-Still-Awaits-Sonia-Nod/2014/09/23/article2445072.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206161854/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/BJP-BJD-Finalise-Candidates-Cong-Still-Awaits-Sonia-Nod/2014/09/23/article2445072.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref> In this election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Rudra Madhab Ray]] by a margin of 2,98,868 votes.<ref name="BJD candidate Pratyusha Rajeswari wins Odisha Lok Sabha bypoll" />

{{Election box begin |
|title=[[2014 elections in India#odisha|2014 by-election]]: Kandhamal <ref>{{cite web|title=BJD wins Kandhamal by-polls trouncing BJP in Odisha|date=19 October 2014|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjd-wins-kandhamal-by-polls-trouncing-bjp-in-odisha-2027508|publisher=DNA|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh]]
|votes = 4,77,529
|percentage = 61.54
|change = {{increase}}11.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]
|votes = 1,78,661
|percentage = 23.02
|change = {{increase}}10.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abhimanyu Behera<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dehury|first1=Chinmaya|title=Ex MLA Abhimanyu Behera is Congress candidate for Odisha bypoll|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/88653/ex-mla-abhimanyu-behera-congress-candidate-odisha-bypoll/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107103803/http://odishasuntimes.com/88653/ex-mla-abhimanyu-behera-congress-candidate-odisha-bypoll/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 November 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014|publisher=Odisha Sun Times}}</ref>
|votes = 90,536
|percentage = 11.66
|change = {{decrease}}16.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 11,053
|percentage = 1.42
|change = {{decrease}}0.26
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,98,868
|percentage = 38.52
|change = {{increase}}16.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,75,979
|percentage = 67.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = +11.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Hemendra Chandra Singh]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Harihar Karan by a margin of 1,81,017 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Indian general elections]]: Kandhamal<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Hemendra Chandra Singh]]
|votes = 4,21,458
|percentage = 50.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harihar Karn
|votes = 2,40,411
|percentage = 28.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]]
|votes = 1,08,744
|percentage = 12.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lambodhar Kanhar
|votes = 20,472
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Nayak
|votes = 11,080
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Narendra Mohanty
|votes = 9,522
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aama Odisha Party
|candidate = Bilasini Nayak
|votes = 7,741
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 14,159
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,81,017
|percentage = 21.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,39,796
|percentage = 73.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rudra Madhab Ray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Suzit Kumar Padhi by a margin of 1,51,007 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kandhamal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]
|votes = 3,15,314
|percentage = 29.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suzit Kumar Padhi
|votes = 1,64,307
|percentage = 15.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Sahu
|votes = 1,40,720
|percentage = 13.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,51,007
|percentage = 14.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,07,748
|percentage = 66.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/odisha/kandhamal/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kandhamal lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}
{{Coord |20.177813|84.173564|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Kandhamal district]]
[[Category:Boudh district]]
[[Category:Nayagarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]

Himalayan Siddhaa Akshar

2026-03-30T00:32:36Z

Aoufa: adding new stub

{{Short description|Indian yoga instructor}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}

'''Himalayan Siddhaa Akshar''', also known as Grand Master Akshar, is an Indian yoga guru, and author.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshar Yoga Kendraa attempt to break seven new Guinness World Records |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/akshar-yoga-kendraa-attempt-to-break-seven-new-guinness-world-records/article68305350.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He is the founder and chairman of ''Akshar Yoga Kendraa'' (formerly Akshar Yoga Research and Development Centre),<ref>{{cite web |title=Yoga |url=https://yoga.ayush.gov.in/YCB/yoga-institution |website=gov.in}}</ref> an institution headquartered in [[Bengaluru, India]], which offers yoga training and research.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dua Lipa reveals she always travels with yoga mat: Watch singer 'master this most difficult yoga pose' and know benefits |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/yoga-for-wellness-why-more-men-are-practising-it-for-physical-mental-well-being/articleshow/92110093.cms |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> He is known for organizing large-scale yoga events that have set multiple [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshar Yoga Kendraa Scripts History on Yoga Day |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-well-being/akshar-yoga-kendraa-creates-5-guinness-world-records-on-international-yoga-day-900325 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=羽球／2020年接觸瑜伽李洋期待創世界紀錄 |url=https://udn.com/news/amp/story/7005/8598051 |work=聯合新聞網 |publisher=[[United Daily News]] |date=10 March 2025 |language=zh-TW}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Akshar was born on August 28, 1983, in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddhaa Akshar: The spiritual messenger bringing Himalayan wisdom to millions worldwide |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/cover-story/siddhaa-akshar-the-spiritual-messenger-bringing-himalayan-wisdom-to-millions-worldwide/ |publisher=Global Indian |date=17 December 2024}}</ref> He was raised in a military family, which led to frequent travel across various parts of India during his childhood.<ref>{{cite news |title=International Yoga Day 2022: Grand Master Akshar talks about his journey from the Himalayas to Bengaluru |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/lifestyle/international-yoga-day-2022-grand-master-akshar-talks-about-his-journey-from-the-himalayas-to-bengaluru-rba-rdq0vf |work=[[Asianet News Network]] |date=19 June 2022}}</ref> He cites the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]] and its spiritual traditions as a primary influence on his interest in yoga and spirituality.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himalayan Siddhaa Akshar on how simple yogic shifts can transform life |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/yoga-is-real-made-in-india-says-himalayan-siddha-akshar-1921364 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Akshar established Akshar Yoga, an organization focused on teaching [[yoga asanas]], pranayama, and meditation. He later founded the Akshar Yoga Research and Development Centre (now Akshar Yoga Kendraa), located at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshar Yoga Research Centre sets Guinness World Record with 285 participants in Bow pose |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/lifestyle/akshar-yoga-research-centre-sets-guinness-world-record-with-285-participants-in-bow-pose-rba-rhdk9z |work=Asianet |date=29 August 2022}}</ref> He has trained several notable figures in sports and entertainment, including Indian cricketer [[Sunil Gavaskar]], Australian cricketer [[Matthew Hayden]], and the wrestling duo the [[Phogat sisters]] (Geeta and Babita Phogat). He has expanded his organization internationally, with affiliates and teaching programs in countries including France, the United States, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |title='Powerful and positive transformation can take place when people come together and practice Yoga' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-powerful-and-positive-transformation-can-take-place-when-people-come-together-and-practice-yoga-2477806/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

Akshar also serves as the President of the World Yoga Organisation and the International Siddha Foundation, organizations he established to promote yoga and [[Siddha]] globally.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 new Guinness World Records set by Akshar Yoga Institutions |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/3-new-guinness-world-records-set-by-akshar-yoga-institutions-783488 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=17 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Akshar and his organization have set multiple Guinness World Records for mass participation in yoga. A record was set in August 2022 for the most people performing the [[Dhanurasana]] simultaneously.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most people performing the bow pose simultaneously (yoga) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/707717-most-people-performing-the-bow-pose-simultaneousy-yoga |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |date=27 August 2022}}</ref> In February 2023, the organization set three separate records for the most people holding [[Utthita Vasisthasana|Vashishtasana]] (Side Plank), [[Ustrasana|Ushtrasana]] (Camel Pose), and [[Halasana]] during the Mandala Yoga Festival in Bengaluru. In June 2024, during [[International Day of Yoga|International Yoga Day]] celebrations, the organization set five new records, including those for [[Naukasana]], [[Koundinyasana]], [[Chakrasana]], [[Natarajasana]], and [[Surya Namaskar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshar Yoga Kendraa successfully sets 5 New Guinness World Records |url=https://uaenews247.com/2024/06/22/akshar-yoga-kendraa-successfully-sets-5-new-guinness-world-records/ |work=UAE News 24/7 |date=22 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="DeccanHerald2024">{{cite news |title=Bend it like Bengaluru: Yoga strikes a chord with fitness enthusiasts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bend-it-like-bengaluru-yoga-strikes-a-chord-with-fitness-enthusiasts-3076429 |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

In March 2025, Himalayan Siddhaa Akshar was mentioned in Taiwanese media coverage relating to a public yoga session and promotional appearance involving Olympic badminton gold medalist [[Lee Yang]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ltn.com.tw/amp/news/breakingnews/4975237 |title=相關報導 |publisher=[[Liberty Times]] |date=2025}}</ref> Reports described Akshar leading or participating in yoga activities connected to the event, which drew attention due to Lee’s post-Olympic public engagements and interest in wellness practices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tw.sports.yahoo.com/news/瑜伽體位擺pose拍照微抖-奧運羽球雙金李洋差點hold不住-081259035.html |title=瑜伽體位擺pose拍照微抖奧運羽球雙金李洋差點hold不住 |publisher=Yahoo Sports Taiwan |date=2025}}</ref> Taiwanese news outlets covered the interaction as part of broader reporting on Lee’s media appearances and activities following his Olympic success, noting the inclusion of yoga instruction and wellness-focused programming.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tsna.com/article/102819 |title=學瑜珈真的有用！李洋：後期比賽都不用飛撲 |publisher=TSNA |date=2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://udn.com/news/amp/story/7005/8598113 |title=羽球／爛英文是效果？李洋自封反面代言人 |publisher=[[United Daily News]] |date=2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/sports/202503100022 |title=相關報導 |publisher=[[Focus Taiwan]] |date=2025}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''The Science of Mudras'' (2022) {{ISBN|978-9393229663}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Akshar |first=Himalayan Siddha |title=The Science of Mudras |publisher=Clever Fox Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=978-9393229663}}</ref>
* ''Yoga Namaskar'' (2019) {{ISBN|978-0241356999}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Akshar |first=Grandmaster |title=Yoga Namaskar: The Divine Yogic Salutations |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2019 |isbn=978-0241356999}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Yoga teachers]]
[[Category:People from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dharmarajika Stupa

2026-03-28T23:24:52Z

Aoufa: creating first stub basic info!

{{Short description|Ancient Buddhist stupa and archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Dharmarajika Stupa 
{{nq|دھرم راجک اسٹوپا}}
| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| image = Dharmarajika stupa & Monastery Taxila.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The Dharmarajika Stupa, [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]]
| map_type = Pakistan#Gandhara
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| relief = yes
| map_dot_label = Dharmarajika Stupa
| coordinates = {{coord|33.73|72.78|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Taxila Cantonment]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| region =
| type = Monastery
| part_of = Taxila Ruins
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| material =
| built = 3rd century [[BCE]]
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists = [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]]
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = '''Taxila'''
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| designation1_date = 1980
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_number =139
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =
}}

The '''Dharmarajika Stupa''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{nq|دھرم راجک اسٹوپا}}}}), also referred to as the '''Great Stupa of Taxila''', is a [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]] near [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]], Pakistan. It was built over the relics of the Buddha by [[Ashoka]], the Emperor of [[Magadha]], in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="scarre">{{cite book |last1=Scarre |first1=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djEKducJvNAC&q=dharmarajika+taxila+relics&pg=PA290 |title=Appropriating the Past: Philosophical Perspectives on the Practice of Archaeology |last2=Coningham |first2=Robin |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521196062 |author-link=Geoffrey Scarre |author2-link=Robin Coningham |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Le |first=Huu Phuoc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&dq=dharmarajika+3rd+century&pg=PA54 |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Fogelin |first=Lars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&dq=dharmarajika+3rd+century&pg=PA115 |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-994823-9 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&dq=dharmarajika+3rd+century&pg=PA203 |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010-11-19 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref> The stupa, along with the large monastic complex that later developed around it, forms part of the [[Ruins of Taxila]] - which were inscribed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taxila|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/139|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref>

==History==
It is believed that the Dharmarajika Stupa was built over the remains of an even older stupa that had been built by the [[Maurya]]n emperor King ''[[Ashoka]]'' in the 3rd century BCE<ref name="gounesco">{{cite web |date=1 September 2016 |title=Dharmarajika: The Great Stupa of Taxila |url=http://www.gounesco.com/dharmarajika-great-stupa-of-taxila/ |access-date=22 June 2017 |website=GoUNESCO |publisher=UNESCO |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420110627/https://www.gounesco.com/dharmarajika-great-stupa-of-taxila/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kurt">{{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik|date=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004135956}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The stupa was believed to have been reestablished in the 2nd century CE during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] era in order to house [[relics of the Buddha]], which may have been sourced from earlier monuments.<ref name="scarre" /> Buddhist texts mention that [[frankincense]] was used during religious services at Dharmarajika, while the complex was paved with colourful glass tiles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ8RDAAAQBAJ&q=sassanid+dharmarajika |title=The Silk Road in World History |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195338102 |access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> [[Indo-Greek]] coins found at the site date from the 2nd century BCE, suggesting earliest possible establishment of a religious monument at the site.<ref name="kurt" />

Small stupas that predate the main stupa are found throughout the Dharmarajika site, and surrounded an earlier core stupa in an irregular layout.<ref name=kurt/> It is known that the earlier core stupa contained a pathway for [[pradakshina|circumambulation]] that was made of plaster, and decorated with shell bangles in geometric patterns.<ref name=kurt/> The earlier stupa likely had four gates in axial directions.<ref name=kurt/>

The site came under control of Persian [[Sassanid]] rule, and suffered a period of stagnation.<ref name=kurt/> Large-scale developments took place during the late Kushan and [[Kidarite]] era which added numerous monasteries and stupas to the site.

===Destruction===
[[File:Dharmarajika Stupa plan.jpg|thumb|Plan of the Dharmarajika Stupa.]]
The site was devastated by the [[Hephthalite Empire|White Huns]] in the 5th century CE, and then abandoned.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> Subsequent rulers, such as the Hun king [[Mihirakula]], persecuted the region's Buddhists.<ref name=kurt/> Under his reign, over a thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed.<ref name=kurt/> The White Huns destroyed not only Taxilan sites, but also devastated nearby [[Peshawar]].

===Excavation===
The stupa was excavated by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]] in 1913. The stupa had been looted several times prior to Marshall's discovery, and was badly damaged.<ref name=Le/> Marshall noted that a large trench, requiring tremendous effort, was built at some point in the past in order to loot the stupa's precious relics.<ref name=scarre/> By 1934, enough of the site had been uncovered that the site's scale could be appreciated.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> Human skeletons were discovered in the open area immediately south of the stupa, and may be the remains of monks who were killed during the invasion of the [[Hephthalite Empire|White Huns]].

==Layout==

The location of the stupa and its monastic community about one kilometre outside of [[Sirkap]] is in conformity with the Buddha's recommendation that monasteries should be neither "too far" nor "too close" to adjacent towns.<ref name=Le>{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol}}</ref> Three distinctive types of masonry in the buildings around the main stupa suggest the contributions of different periods to the building activity.

===Core stupa===
[[File:((By @ibnAzhar))0DharmaRajika Stupa-Taxila-Pakistan (24).JPG|thumb|The passageway between the main stupa and several smaller stupas was used for the practice of ''[[pradakshina]]''.]]
Dharmarajika Stupa is the largest of all stupas in the Taxila region,<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> Surrounding the main mound is a passageway for ''[[pradakshina]]'' — the ancient practice of walking around a holy site.

The stupa's large ''anda'', or hemispherical mound, is damaged − though the [[plinth]] of the mound, known as the ''medhi'', is still largely intact.<ref name=Le/> The ''anda'' mound was made of [[ashlar]] stone.<ref name=Le/> The stupa's ''harmika'', or fence like structure built atop the ''anda'' mound, has been lost.<ref name=Le/>

The stupa's southern gateway was initially considered the most important, though the construction of four smaller stupas (termed G7, G8, S7, Q1) to the west of the stupa indicate that this then likely became the preferred entrance for those performing circumambulation.<ref name=kurt/> Later constructions around the "Eastern Avenue" then shifted the preferred route for circumambulation to the eastern side of the stupa.<ref name=kurt/>

Before entering the main sacred areas, visitors to the shrine from Sirkap would pass through a large building, now termed building H, that would openly display relics.<ref name=kurt/> Visitors likely venerated the relics at building H before entering the main stupa area.<ref name=kurt/>

===Peripheral stupas===
[[File:Stucco Sculpture of Buddha and Remnant Feet of one of the largest Stucco Buddha in Taxila, Dharmarajika Stupa.JPG|thumb|Chambers containing religious imagery were built along the "Northern Avenue".]]
The stupa was surrounded by a circle of smaller stupas which were built approximately 200 years after the main stupa's construction,<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> and were likely constructed together as part of a project funded by a single patron.<ref name=kurt/>

Additional stupas were built further along the northern portion of the site by various patrons, and date from the [[Indo-Scythian]] period.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> These stupas form a "Northern Avenue," that had several small shrines with devotional images, rendering the Northern Avenue a processional corridor.<ref name=kurt/> Devotional images were likely relegated to the periphery of the complex due to religious conservatives, who were hesitant to fully embrace the new practice of using imagery in religious practice.<ref name=kurt/>

Unlike constructions at [[Sanchi]], stupas around the Dharmarajika Stupa were built by individual donors, rather than as part of a communal effort.<ref name=insoll>{{cite book|last1=Insoll|first1=Timothy | author-link = Timothy Insoll |title=Archaeology and World Religion|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134597987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTqCAgAAQBAJ&q=dharmarajika+taxila+relics&pg=PA82|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref>

===Monasteries===
[[File:Dharmarajika stupa and monastery j by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|Ruins of several monasteries are located around the main stupa.]]
Early monastic cells near the stupa were built as a row of rooms, with a [[verandah]],<ref name=insoll/> The verandah style was later dropped in favour of monastic living quarters surrounding [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]]s that were built immediately north, northeast, and east of the stupa approximately 300 years after the stupa's construction.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/>

The northern monastery consisted of two courtyards that were each built around a large stupa.<ref name=kurt/> The smaller eastern courtyard is believed to have housed 13 monks.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/>

Monastery G, located immediately west of the stupa has at least 50 monastic cells, a stupa, and was likely multistoried.<ref name=kurt/> Monastery M in the extreme northwest section of the site, and contained its own stupa in a small courtyard.<ref name=kurt/> Monastery M is connected to a long residential monastery,<ref name=kurt/> oriented in a roughly north-south direction. At the southern edge of this monastery are the remains of two stupas, now termed E1 and E2.<ref name=kurt/> E1 was built in a pre-existing cell, while E2 was a more elaborated stupa that contained a small passageway for circumambulation.<ref name=kurt/> Neither stupa was likely open to the public.<ref name=kurt/>

==Relics==
===Bone fragments of the Buddha===
[[File:Dharmarajika statuette.jpg|thumb|130px|Statuette from the Dharmarajika site, now displayed at the [[Taxila Museum]] in [[Taxila]].]]
The site is famous for its bone relics – thought to be those of the Buddha,<ref>{{cite book|last1=M. S. Moray|title=History of Buddhism in Gujarāt|date=1985|publisher=Saraswati Pustak Bhandar|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foYEAAAAYAAJ&q=+dharmarajika}}</ref> Much of the stupa's precious relics had been looted by the time it was discovered by Sir John Marshall.<ref name=scarre/> A silver casket containing a silver inscription was recovered from the stupa's chapel after discovery,<ref name=scarre/> The inscription is written in the ancient [[Kharosthi]] script that was once common throughout Gandhara,<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> The inscription states that ''Urusaka'' of ''Noacha'' placed bone relics of the Buddha in his chapel at Dharmarajika in 78 CE.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/>

In 2016, 2 bone relics from the Dharmarajika Stupa were sent to [[Sri Lanka]] for one month. The relics were displayed at important shrines in [[Polonnaruwa]], [[Colombo]], [[Kandy]], and [[Anuradhapura]], and attracted 9.3 million visitors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sacred Buddha relics returns to Pakistan after month long exposition in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_16B/Jun27_1467037360CH.php|access-date=23 June 2017|agency=Colombo Page|date=27 June 2016|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126165715/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_16B/Jun27_1467037360CH.php|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Reliquary vessels===
18 reliquary vessels were also recovered from smaller stupas surrounding the Dharmarajika Stupa that yielded a wide array of relics, including one that encased a cylindrical piece of gold.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> Other reliquaries yielded gold jewelry and precious jewels,<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> while others contained items from distant locations such as [[lapis lazuli]] from [[Afghanistan]], pearls, and shells − reflecting the large trade networks operating from Taxila.<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961"/> Several coins of the Indo-Greek king [[Zoilos II]] were found under the foundation of such a 1st-century BCE stupa.<ref>Marshall, "Excavations at Taxila", "The only minor antiquities of interest found in this building were twenty-five debased silver coins of the Greek king Zoilus II, which were brought to light beneath the foundations of the earliest chapel", p248</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Dharmarajika comes from Dharmaraja, a name given to Buddha who was the true Dharma Raja (Lord of Law), according to Marshall. It is also believed that ‘Dharmarajika’ is derived from the word ‘Dharmaraja’, a title used by Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The stupa is also popularly known as ''Chir Tope'', or "Scarred hill".

==Access==
The Dharmarajika Stupa lies about 3 kilometers east of the [[Taxila Museum]], along the PMO Colony Road, northeast of [[Taxila Cantonment]]. The stupa was located near the ancient city of [[Sirkap]], which also forms part of the [[Ruins of Taxila]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dharmarajika_stupa_and_monastery_c_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg
File:Dharmarajika_stupa_and_monastery_g_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg
File:Dharmarajika stupa and monastery d by Usman Ghani.jpg
File:Dharmarajika stupa and monastery i by Usman Ghani.jpg
File:((By @ibnAzhar))0DharmaRajika Stupa-Taxila-Pakistan (74).JPG
File:Let's see Taxila 053.jpg
Image:Taxila1.jpg
File:ZoilosIICoin.JPG|Coins of the [[Indo-Greek]] ruler [[Zoilos II]] were found under a peripheral stupa.
File:Dharmarajika Stupa sculptures.jpg|Sculptures from the Dharmarajika Stupa
Taxila map.jpg|The Dharmarajika Stupa is located to the southeast of [[Sirkap]].
Dharmarajika Stupa Indo-Corinthian pillaster.jpg|[[Indo-Corinthian]] pillars.
Dharmarajika Stupa stucco heads.jpg|[[Stucco]] heads.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commonscat|Dharmarajika stupa and monastery}}
* [[Bhir Mound]]
* [[Jaulian]]
* [[Sirkap]]
* [[Sirsukh]]
* [[Mohra Muradu]]
* [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]]
* [[Mankiala stupa]] -commemorates the spot, where according to the [[Jataka tales]], an incarnation of the [[Buddha]] sacrificed himself to feed seven hungry tiger cubs

==Notes==
<references>
<ref name="ISBN_9781438109961">{{cite book|last1=Higham|first1=Charles | author-link = Charles Higham (archaeologist) |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|date=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438109961}}</ref>
</references>

==References==
*"Taxila" Sir John Marshall
{{Gandhara |state=expanded}}
{{Archaeological sites in Taxila |state=expanded}}

{{Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan }}

[[Category:Stupas in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:2nd-century Buddhism]]
[[Category:2nd-century religious buildings and structures]]

Administration of Thrissur district

2026-03-28T21:17:39Z

Aoufa: small fix section after review and fixed typos

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Thrissur District''' has four types of administrative hierarchies:
* District, Taluk, and Village administration managed by the state government of Kerala; non-elected posts.
* Panchayath Administrations, which are managed by the elected local bodies ''(Tier-3)''
* Assembly Constituencies for the State Government of Kerala ''(Tier-2)''
* Parliament Constituencies for the Union Government of India ''(Tier-1)''

==Revenue and Civil ==
Source:<ref>https://thrissur.nic.in/en/villages-255/</ref>
[[File:Subdistricts of Thrissur.svg|thumb|350px|Taluks in Thrissur District]]
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Shri.
| name = Arjun Pandian [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = District Collector & Magistrate of [[Thrissur]]
| status = 
| term_start = 19 July 2024
| term_end =
| subterm =
| suboffice = Sub-Collector & Revenue Divisional Officer (TCR)
| deputy = Shri. '''Akhil V Menon''' [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| suboffice2 = Deputy Collector (General) & Additional District Magistrate
| deputy2 = Shri. '''Murali T'''
| suboffice3 = Revenue Divisional Officer (IJK)
| deputy3 = Dr. '''M C Rejil'''
}}

===Taluks===
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #DEE8F1 solid"
|-
|style="background-color:#A1C2CF; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |'''Taluks & its Headquarters'''
{| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #BEE8F1 solid"
|[[Thrissur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Thrissur]]'''
|----
|[[Mukundapuram]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Irinjalakuda]]'''
|----
|[[Kodungallur]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Kodungallur]]'''
|----
|[[Chavakad]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Chavakad]]'''
|----
|[[Thalapilly]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Wadakkanchery]]'''
|----
|[[Chalakudy]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Chalakudy]]'''
|----
|[[Kunnamkulam]]
|style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Kunnamkulam]]'''
|}
|}

The district is divided into two Revenue Sub Divisions: Thrissur and Irinjalakuda, and is headed by the Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO). The district is divided into seven taluks, headed by the Thasildar. Each of these taluks is further divided into villages headed by a village officer, with a total of 255 villages in the district. The numbers in the brackets denote the number of villages in each taluk.
*Taluks under '''Thrissur Revenue Division''':
**Thrissur (74)
**Chavakkad (29)
**Talappilly (45)
**Kunnamkulam (29)
*Taluks under '''Irinjalakuda Revenue Division''':
**Mukundapuram (29)
**Chalakudy (31)
**Kodungallur (18)

===Villages===
The following contains a detailed list of villages within Thrissur district, under various taluks.
{{Main|List of villages in Thrissur district}}

==Law and order==
{{Main|Kerala Police}}
[[File:Office of the District Police Chief, Thrissur City kerala.jpg|thumb|400px|Office of the District Police Chief]]

Thrissur district is the headquarters of [[Thrissur City Police]] and Thrissur Rural Police, which make up the two police districts that operate within the civil district of Thrissur. The city is also the headquarters of [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG), Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, [[Palakkad District]] and [[Malappuram district]]. All the [[Superintendent of Police]] of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |title=Official website of Kerala Police |access-date=2016-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101163953/http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/kepa.html |archive-date=2009-01-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Central Prison, Viyyur]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/images/stories/pdf/cpvyr.pdf
|title=Central Prison, Viyyur
|publisher=Kerala Government
|access-date=11 October 2010
|archive-date=25 February 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225072447/http://www.keralaprisons.gov.in/images/stories/pdf/cpvyr.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Police Dog Training Centre]] and [[Excise Academy and Research Centre]]. [[India Reserve Battalion]], new commando unit of [[Kerala Police]] is headquartered in [[Ramavarmapuram]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1047353.ece
|title=State security force soon
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=3 February 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> [[Border Security Force]] (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110153990300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013113835/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110153990300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=13 October 2011
|title=29 more battalions for BSF
|access-date=3 February 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=1 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1132711.ece
|title=More BSF facilities promised
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=3 February 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|date=28 January 2011}}</ref>

=== [[Thrissur City Police|Thrissur Commissionerate]]===
{{Main|Thrissur City Police}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix = Commissioner of Police
|name = Nakul Rajendra Deshmukh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|honorific_suffix = District Police Chief
|image =
|department = [[Kerala Police]]
|branch = [[Thrissur City Police]]
|service_years = 2025 - [[Incumbent]]
|status =
|rank = Superintendent of Police (SP)
|other_work =
}}
The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]], an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the rank [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP). The city is divided into four sub divisions, [[Thrissur]], [[Ollur]], [[Kunnamkulam]] and [[Guruvayur]]. It also operates 24 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station. There is also a Cyber Crime police station. <ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307193425/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030260110500.htm
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 7 March 2011
|title=Thrissur to have city police commissionerate
|access-date=24 June 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/03/stories/2011020362340400.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110207215745/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/03/stories/2011020362340400.htm
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 7 February 2011
|title=Probe ordered into explosions
|access-date=24 June 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|date=3 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110309055023/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030459320500.htm
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 9 March 2011
|title=Thrissur gets Police Commissioner
|access-date=24 June 2011
|location=Chennai, India
|work= [[The Hindu]]
|date=4 March 2011}}</ref>
The [[Thrissur City Police]] Commissionerate is situated in Pattalam Road near East Police Station.

===Thrissur Rural Police District ===
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix = District Police Chief
|name = B Krishnakumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|honorific_suffix =
|image =
|department = [[Kerala Police]]
|branch = Thrissur Rural Police
|service_years = 2025 - [[Incumbent]]
|status =
|rank = Superintendent of Police (SP)
|other_work =
}}
The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at [[Ayyanthole]]. It is headed by a [[superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP). Thrissur Rural Police District comprises 22 Police Stations in 3 Police Sub Divisions: Irinjalakuda, Chalakudy, and Kodungallur. Out of 22 Police Stations, 19 are handling law and order. The other 3 Police Stations are the Coastal Police Station at Azhekode, Vanitha Police Station at Irinjalakuda, and the Cyber Police Station at Irinjalakuda. Apart from this, one Control Room is functioning at Kodungallur.<ref>https://thrissurrural.keralapolice.gov.in/</ref>

==Elected Governing Bodies==
===Local Self-Governing Bodies ''(Tier-3)''===
{{Main|Local government in Kerala}}
The district of Kerala has the following counts of Local Self-Governing Bodies (LSGs), which form the third-tier government.
* Panchayati Raj Institutions (Rural)
**[[District Panchayat]] - 1
**[[Block Panchayat]] - 16
**[[Grama Panchayat]] - 86
* Urban Local Bodies
**[[Municipality]] - 7
**[[Municipal Corporation]] - 1

Thrissur Municipal Corporation is the only [[municipal corporation]] in the district. Each local body is made up of multiple ''wards'', each of which elects a councillor to the body.

===Kerala State Assembly Constituencies ''(Tier-2)''===
[[File:Niyamasabha constituency map - Thrissur district.jpg]]

There are 13 [[constituencies]] from the district of [[Thrissur]]:
*61 - [[Chelakkara Assembly Constituency]]
*62 - [[Kunnamkulam Assembly Constituency]]
*63 - [[Guruvayoor Assembly Constituency]]
*64 - [[Manalur Assembly Constituency]]
*65 - [[Wadakkanchery Assembly Constituency]]
*66 - [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]
*67 - [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]]
*68 - [[Nattika Assembly Constituency]]
*69 - [[Kaipamangalam Assembly Constituency]]
*70 - [[Irinjalakuda Assembly Constituency]]
*71 - [[Puthukkad Assembly constituency|Puthukkad Assembly Constituency]]
*72 - [[Chalakudy Assembly Constituency]]
*73 - [[Kodungallur Assembly Constituency]]

===Lok Sabha Parliamentary Constituency ''(Tier 1)''===
The district of Thrissur forms part of three parliamentary constituencies, for the [[Lok Sabha]], out of 20:
*[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]]; headquartered in Chalakkudy, Thrissur district. (3/7 assembly constituencies in Thrissur district)
*[[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]]; headquartered in Alathur, Palakkad district. (3/7 assembly constituencies in Thrissur district)

[[Suresh Gopi]] is the Thrissur MP, [[Benny Behanan]] is the Chalakudy MP, and [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]] is the Alathur MP.

==Local Self-Governments ''(Tier-3)''==
The number of local bodies governed by different coalitions/alliances is listed below, along with the total number. These are as per the last [[2025 Kerala local elections|elections]] held in 2025 December. <ref>https://trend.kerala.nic.in/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-local-body-election-results-2025-nda-and-ldf-neck-and-neck-in-thiruvananthapuram-corporationlive-updates/articleshow/125943780.cms</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
2025 Thrissur Local Self-Government
! rowspan="3" |LSG body
! colspan="5" |Ruling Coalition / Party
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
!Tie
|-
|'''Grama Panchayats'''
|44
|34
|1
|0
|7
!86
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|10
|5
|0
|0
|1
!16
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
!1
|-
|'''Municipalities'''
|5
|2
|0
|0
|0
!7
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
!1
|-
!Total
!60
!42
!1
!0
!8
!111
|}

The following lists the number of wards held by each coalition/alliance across multiple local bodies, as of 2025.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
2025 Thrissur LSG Wards
! rowspan="3" |Local self-government body
! colspan="4" |Ruling Coalition / Party
! rowspan="3" |Total
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="background:black" |
|-
!LDF
!UDF
!NDA
!Others
|-
|'''Grama Panchayats'''
|726
|641
|171
|63
!1601
|-
|'''Block Panchayats'''
|133
|88
|5
|5
!231
|-
|'''District Panchayats'''
|21
|9
|0
|0
!30
|-
|'''Municipalities'''
|125
|99
|36
|26
!286
|-
|'''Corporations'''
|11
|33
|8
|4
!56
|-
!Total
!1016
!870
!220
!98
!2204
|}

===Thrissur Municipal Corporation===
{{Infobox mayor
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
| name = Dr. Niji Justin
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| order = 10th Mayor of
| office = Thrissur
| election =
| term_start = {{Start date|2025|12|26}}
| term_end = Incumbent
| deputy = A Prasad
| predecessor = [[M K Varghese]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
[[File:Thrissur Municipal Corporation2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] seen from M.O. Road]]
{{Main|Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}
Thrissur city functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the [[Cochin]] Municipal Regulations.<ref name="Malayala Manorama">{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&contentId=8143095&district=Thrissur&programId=1079897624&BV_ID=@@@
|title=Thrissur City Corporation turns 100
|publisher=Malayala Manorama
|access-date=27 October 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104025405/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?district=Thrissur&contentId=8143095&programId=1079897624&tabId=16&BV_ID=@@@
|archive-date=4 November 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/ksduppro.htm |title=History |publisher=Thrissur Corporation |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719122634/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/ksduppro.htm |archive-date=2010-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972 new areas from other Panchayats were added to the municipality.<ref name="Malayala Manorama"/> On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to the level of a Municipal Corporation with the Panchayats of [[Ayyanthole]], Koorkkenchery, [[Nadathara]], Vilvattom (part), [[Ollur]] and [[Ollukkara]]. The Corporation comprises three legislative assemblies Thrissur, [[Ollur]] and [[Cherpu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrurben.asp |title=Demographic & Area Particulars of Urban Local Bodies |publisher=Thrissur District |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616192927/http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrurben.asp |archive-date=2011-06-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city is administered by the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]], headed by a mayor. The corporation is the second-largest city corporation in the state of [[Kerala]] in India. The city is the only local body in [[Kerala]] which directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.

For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 56 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The corporation has its headquarters in Thrissur city.<ref name="Malayala Manorama"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm |title=Thrissur Corporation |publisher=Thrissur Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720233639/http://210.212.239.30/tsr/corporation.htm |archive-date=2010-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.<ref name="adb.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |title=Urban Planning and Land Use Management |publisher=ADB |access-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612064216/http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/32300-IND/32300-02-Thrissur-IND-TACR.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1836723/
|title=T.N. Rugmani And Another vs C. Achutha Menon And Ors on 20 December, 1990
|publisher=Indiankanoon.org
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://go.lsgkerala.gov.in/files/go20121019_7913.pdf
|title=Reinstatement of Thrissur Urban Development Authority
|publisher=Kerala Government
|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=12696235&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@
|title=TUDA is back
|publisher=Manoramaonline.com
|access-date=12 November 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029001408/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?district=Thrissur&contentId=12696235&programId=1079897624&tabId=16&BV_ID=@@@
|archive-date=29 October 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Municipalities ===
Source:<ref>trend.kerala.nic.in</ref>

Thrissur district has 7 [[Municipality|municipalities]], as listed below, each governed by a Municipal chairman and several committees chaired by councellors (ward members).

''Under updation in line with 2025 local body elections.''
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Municipality
!District
!Chairman
! colspan="2" |Alliance
|-
|M08032
|[[Chalakudy]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|M08033
|[[Irinjalakuda]]
|
|-
|M08034
|[[Kodungalloor]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=5}}
|-
|M08035
|[[Chavakkad]]
|
|-
|M08036
|[[Kunnamkulam]]
|
|-
|M08037
|[[Guruvayur]]
|
|-
|M08068
|[[Wadakkancherry]]
|
|}

==Members of Elected Constituencies ''(Tier 1&2)''==
===Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency===
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = KL 10 - Thrissur
|map_image = Thrissur Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
|map_caption = Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency
|reservation=
}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
| name = [[Suresh Gopi]]
| honorific_suffix = MP
| image = Suresh Gopi.jpg
| constituency_MP = [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| parliament = Indian
| predecessor = [[T. N. Prathapan]]
| successor =
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Thrissur<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Thrissur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Thrissur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1110.htm |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730082343/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1110.htm |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Suresh Gopi ]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes|votes=412,338|percentage=37.80|change={{gain}}9.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes|votes=337,652|percentage=30.95|change={{gain}}0.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes|votes=328,124|percentage=30.08|change={{loss}}9.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,072|percentage=0.56|change={{gain}} 0.15}}
{{Election box majority||votes=74,686|percentage=6.90|change={{loss}}2.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,092,574|percentage=73.63|change={{loss}}4.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Kerala State Legislative Assembly segments====
Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments <ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |access-date=2008-10-19 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> :
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|63
|[[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayur]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[N. K. Akbar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|64
|[[Manalur Assembly constituency|Manalur]]
|[[Murali Perunelly]]
|-
|66
|[[Ollur Assembly constituency|Ollur]]
|[[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|67
|[[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]
|[[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]]
|-
|68
|[[Nattika Assembly constituency|Nattika]] (SC)
|[[C. C. Mukundan]]
|-
|70
|[[Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency|Irinjalakuda]]
|[[R. Bindu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|71
|[[Puthukkad Assembly constituency|Puthukkad]]
|[[K. K. Ramachandran]]
|}

===Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency===
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = KL 11 - Chalakudy
|map_image = Chalakudy Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
|map_caption = Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency
|reservation=
}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
| name = [[Benny Behanan]]
| honorific_suffix = MP
| image = Benny Behanan BNC.jpg
| constituency_MP = [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]]
| parliament = Indian
| predecessor = [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent Vareed Thekkethala]]
| successor =
| term_start = 23 May 2019 (2nd term)
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
}}
This constituency is headquartered in Chalakudy in Thrissur district, and includes parts of the nearby Ernakulam district. This constituency was formed in the 2009 delimitation.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Chalakudy]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chalakudy">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Chalakudy |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1111.htm |access-date=2 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802110025/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1111.htm |archive-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Benny Behanan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,94,171|percentage=41.44|change={{decrease}}6.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. Raveendranath]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,30,417|percentage=34.73|change={{increase}}0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K.M. Unnikrishnan|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|votes=1,06,400|percentage=11.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Adv Charley Paul|party=Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|votes=1,05,642|percentage=11.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,063|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rosilin Chacko|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,410|percentage=0.25|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,53,520|percentage=72.72|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Kerala State Legislative Assembly segments====
[[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]] Lok Sabha constituency is composed of 7 assembly segments, namely Chalakudy, Kodungallur, Kaipamangalam, Angamaly, Perumbavoor, Aluva, and Kunnathunadu. The latter four are part of the Ernakulam district. The table only shows the assembly sections of Thrissur district.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!width="200px"|Name
!width="150px"|District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|69
|[[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]
|rowspan=3|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[E. T. Tyson]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 72
|[[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]]
|[[T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|73
|[[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]]
|[[V. R. Sunil Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|}

Kaipamangalam assembly segment came into existence in 2008, following delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies. Chalakudy, Kodungallur, Perumbavoor, and Angamaly were part of the erstwhile [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="h1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754400500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210064242/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020754400500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2008|title=Chalakudy throws up new challenges|author=Santhosh, K.|date=7 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 December 2009}}</ref>

===Alathur Lok Sabha constituency===
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|name = KL 09 - Alathur
|map_image = Alathur Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
|map_caption = Alathur Lok Sabha constituency
|reservation= SC
}}
{{Infobox MP
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
| name = [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
| honorific_suffix = MP
| image = Radakrishnan.jpeg
| constituency_MP = [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]]
| parliament = Indian
| predecessor = [[Ramya Haridas]]
| successor =
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
}}

The Alathur Lok Sabha constituency is headquartered in the district of [[Palakkad]], and is reserved for members of the Scheduled Castes. This constituency is spread across the two districts and was formed in the 2009 delimitation.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Alathur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[K._Radhakrishnan_(politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,03,447|percentage=40.66|change={{increase}}3.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramya Haridas]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,83,336 |percentage=38.63|change={{decrease}}13.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. N. Sarassu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,88,230|percentage=18.97|change={{increase}}10.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=12,033|percentage=1.21|change={{increase}}0.45}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,111|percentage=2.03|change={{decrease}}13.56}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,93,759|percentage=74.15|change={{decrease}}6.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Kerala State Legislative Assembly segments====
[[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]] Lok Sabha constituency is composed of 7 assembly segments, namely Alathur, Tarur (SC), Chittur, Nenmara, Wadakkanchery, Kunnamkulam, and Chelakkara (SC). The first four are part of the Palakkad district. The table only shows the assembly sections of Thrissur district.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="150px"|Name
!width="150px"|District
!width="150px"|Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|61
|[[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]] (SC)
|rowspan=3|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[U. R. Pradeep]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|62
|[[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]
|[[A. C. Moideen]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|65
|[[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]
|[[Xavier Chittilappilly]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}
Chelakkara, Wadakkancherry and Kunnamkulam segments were earlier in the erstwhile Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="h1" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Thrissur district]]

Branches of the Rashtrakuta dynasty

2026-03-26T09:12:30Z

Aoufa: new initial post basic info

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
Several branches of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] were created by the kings, commanders and relatives of the Rashtrakuta family during their expansion into central and northern India in the eighth to the tenth centuries. These kingdoms ruled during the reign of the parent empire or continued to rule for centuries after its fall or came to power much later. Well known among these were the Rashtrakutas of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (757–888),<ref name="guj">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), p93</ref> the [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas]] of [[Saundatti]] (875–1230) in modern-day [[Karnataka]],<ref name="kar">Reu (1933), p100</ref> the Rashtrakutas of [[Rajasthan]] (known as Rajputana) and ruling from Hastikundi or Hathundi (893–996),<ref name="has">Reu (1933), p110</ref> Dahal (near [[Jabalpur]]),<ref name="Dah">Jain (2001), pp67-75</ref> [[Rashtraudha Kavya|Rashtraudha]] dynasty of Mayuragiri ([[Baglana]]) in modern-day [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="mayur">De Bruyne (1968)</ref> and Rashtrakutas of [[Kanauj]].<ref name="kanna">Majumdar (1966), pp50-51</ref>

==Rashtrakuta branches==
These branches emerged as a result of Rashtrakuta conquest of North India.

'''Rashtrakutas of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (Gujarat)''':<ref>The Chronology of Indian History, C.M. Duff, 1972, pp 300-301</ref>
* Indra (807–818) (brother of Govinda III above)
* Karka and Govinda (818–826)
* Dhruva II (835–845)
* Akalavarsha Shubhatunga (867)
* Dhruva III (-871)
* Direct rule from [[Manyakheta]] by [[Krishna II]]

'''Rashtrakutas of Hastikundi ([[Hathundi]])''' ([[Jodhpur]])<ref>The Age of Imperial Kannauj, [[R. C. Majumdar]] Ed, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1964, pp 97, 103</ref><ref>The Rise and Decline of Buddhism in India, K.L. Hazara, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1995, pp 154-155, 103</ref><ref>Pramukh Aitihasik Jain Purush aur Mahilayen, J.P. Jain, Bharatiya Jnanapith, 1975, p217</ref>
* Harivarma
* Vidagdha (916–938)
* Mammata (939)
* Balaprasada (997)
* The Hathundi Rashtrakutas

'''Rashtrakutas of Dahal (near Jabalpur)''' (Madhya Pradesh)<ref>Bharatiya Digambar Jain Abhilekh: Madhya Pradesh, K. C. Jain, Digambar Jain Sahitya Samrakshan Samiti, 2001, pp 67-75</ref>
* Golhanadeva (1023)

'''Rashtrakutas of Kannauj''' (11th century-13th century)<ref>The Struggle for Empire, R.C. Majumdar Ed, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966, pp 50-51</ref>
* Gopal (4th king)
* Tribhuvana
* Madanapala (1119)
* Devapala (Lost Shravasti to [[Gahadavala]]s in 1128)
* Bhimapala
* Surapala
* Amritapala
* Lakhanpala (In 1202 defeated by Qutub-ud-din)
* Mahasamanta Barahadeva (under Gahadavala Adakkhamalla)

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= De Bruyne|first= J.L.|title= Rudrakavi's Great Poem of the Dynasty of Rastraudha|orig-year=1968|year= 1968|publisher= EJ Brill|isbn= 978-90-04-03098-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Jain|first= K.C.|title= Bharatiya Digambar Jain Abhilekh|orig-year=2001|year= 2001|publisher= Digambar Jain Sahitya Samrakshan Samiti|location=Madhya Pradesh }}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Majumdar|first= R.C.|title= The Struggle for Empire|orig-year=1966|year= 1966|publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}
*{{cite book |last= Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath|title= History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication Scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Bara Pind, Jalandhar

2026-03-24T15:12:19Z

Aoufa: adding new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bara Pind
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|06|59.66|N|75|48|25.87|E|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bara Pind''' is a village in [[Phillaur|Phillaur Tehsil]] of the [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. It is on the [[Goraya]] to Apra road, close to dhulta village. Bara Pind is well linked by road with [[Phagwara]], [[Phillaur]], Goraya and other neighboring villages and towns. It has historical gurudwaras, mandirs and mosques.

Goraya Railway Station (5 km) serves this area. The nearest airport is at [[Ludhiana]]. Bara Pind's population is around 4500 people. There are 9 gurudwaras, 4 mandirs, 2 mosques, 4 schools and 2 stadiums. Bara Pind is one of the biggest towns in the area. Bhai Kulveer Singh Khalsa is also from Bara Pind.

==External links==
A web site [https://web.archive.org/web/20190527095357/http://barapind.com/ barapind.com] containing complete information regarding Barapind.

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Phillaur tehsil]]

{{Jalandhar district}}

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

Manab Deka

2026-03-23T23:20:01Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manab Deka
| image =
| caption =
| constituency1 = [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|111 Lakimpur]]
| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date = 20 October 1976
| birth_place = [[North Lakhimpur]], India
| spouse = Raajashree Saikia Deka
| children = 2
| alma_mater = North Lakhimpur College
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Manab Deka''' is a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]], in India, for the [[BJP]], from [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]] constituency, elected in the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manab Deka |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/manab-deka-lakhimpur-candidate-s03a111c003/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |publisher=news18}}</ref> He won the elections with 70,387 votes, defeating Dr. Joy Prakash Das from [[Indian National Congress]] who got 67,351 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lakhimpur Election Result & News 2021 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/lakhimpur-assam-election-result-2021 |access-date=30 April 2022 |publisher=Timesnownews.com}}</ref> Manab Deka is being considered as outsider by many in the [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]] constituency. In the 2026 election, he is pitted against Ex. MLA from [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]] constituency Ghana Buragohain of the [[Indian National Congress]] and is considered to be a big contender. It has been reported that people of [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]] constituency are not happy with Manab Deka and he was tipped to be dropped from BJP list for the 2026 election.

== Early life ==

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Deka, Manab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Democracy

2026-03-23T22:07:49Z

Aoufa: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Form of government}}
{{other uses|Democracy (disambiguation)|Democrat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}
[[File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|The [[Parthenon]] is considered a symbol of democracy.]]
{{Democracy}}
{{Basic forms of government}}
'''Democracy''' (from {{langx|grc|δημοκρατία|dēmokratía}}, from ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''krátos'' 'rule')<ref name="Oxford">{{cite news|title=Democracy|agency=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-241|access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> is a [[form of government]] in which [[political power]] is vested in the [[people]] or the [[population]] of a state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schwartzberg|first1=Melissa|chapter=Democracy|title=The Encyclopedia of Political Thought|date=2014|pages=851–862|doi=10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0248|isbn=978-1-4051-9129-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-16|title=Democracy {{!}} Definition, History, Meaning, Types, Examples, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/democracy|access-date=2023-08-17|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Przeworski2024">{{Cite journal|last=Przeworski|first=Adam|date=2024|title=Who Decides What Is Democratic?|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/930423|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=35|issue=3|pages=5–16|doi=10.1353/jod.2024.a930423|issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive [[election]]s while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of [[civil liberties]] and [[human rights]] in addition to competitive elections.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dahl|first1=Robert A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8THIuSkiqgC|title=The Democracy Sourcebook|last2=Shapiro|first2=Ian|last3=Cheibub|first3=Jose Antonio|date=2003|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54147-3|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Jan 2013|volume=24|issue=1|first1=Jørgen|last1=Møller|first2=Svend-Erik|last2=Skaaning|title=Regime Types and Democratic Sequencing|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/regime-types-and-democratic-sequencing/|journal=Journal of Democracy|pages=142–155|doi=10.1353/jod.2013.0010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222213426/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/regime-types-and-democratic-sequencing/|archive-date=22 February 2024|issn=1045-5736}}</ref><ref name="Przeworski2024" />

In a [[direct democracy]], the people have the direct [[authority]] to [[Deliberation|deliberate]] and decide [[legislation]]. In a [[representative democracy]], the people choose governing [[officials]] through [[election]]s to do so. The definition of "the people" and the ways [[authority]] is shared among them or delegated by them have changed over time and at varying rates in different countries. Features of democracy often include [[freedom of assembly]], [[freedom of association|association]], [[personal property]], [[freedom of religion]] and [[freedom of speech|speech]], [[citizenship]], [[consent of the governed]], [[voting rights]], freedom from unwarranted governmental [[wikt:deprivation|deprivation]] of the [[right to life]] and [[liberty]], and [[minority rights]].

The notion of democracy has evolved considerably over time. Throughout history, one can find evidence of direct democracy, in which [[communities]] make decisions through [[popular assembly]]. Today, the dominant form of democracy is representative democracy, where citizens elect [[government]] officials to govern on their behalf such as in a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] or [[presidential democracy]]. In the common variant of [[liberal democracy]], the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but a [[constitution]] and [[supreme court]] limit the majority and protect the [[Minority group|minority]]—usually through securing the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, such as [[freedom]] of speech or freedom of association.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'': "democracy".</ref><ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Watkins|first1=Frederick|title=Democracy|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1970|publisher=William Benton|isbn=978-0-85229-135-1|pages=215–23|edition=Expo '70 hardcover|volume=7}}</ref>

The term appeared in the 5th century BC in [[Greek city-state]]s, notably [[Classical Athens]], to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to [[aristocracy]] ({{lang|grc|ἀριστοκρατία}}, ''{{lang|la|aristokratía}}''), meaning "rule of an elite".<ref>Wilson, N.G. (2006). ''Encyclopedia of ancient Greece''. New York: Routledge. p. 511. {{ISBN|978-0-415-97334-2}}.</ref> In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic [[citizenship]] was initially restricted to an elite class, which was later extended to all adult citizens. In most modern democracies, this was achieved through the [[suffrage]] movements of the 19th and 20th [[centuries]].

Democracy contrasts with forms of government where [[Power (social and political)|power]] is not vested in the [[Population|general population]] of a [[State (polity)|state]], such as [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] systems. Historically a rare and vulnerable form of government,<ref name="Deudney2008b" /> democratic systems of government have become more prevalent since the 19th century, in particular with various [[Waves of democracy|waves of democratization]].<ref name="NYTimes20150915" /> Democracy garners considerable legitimacy in the modern world,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdFpQwKfX2IC |title=The End of History and the Last Man |date=2006 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-8455-4 |language=en}}</ref> as public opinion across regions tends to strongly favor democratic systems of government relative to alternatives,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wike |first1=Richard |last2=Fetterolf |first2=Janell |last3=Smerkovich |first3=Maria |last4=Austin |first4=Sarah |last5=Gubbala |first5=Sneha |last6=Lippert |first6=Jordan |date=2024-02-28 |title=1. Attitudes toward different types of government systems |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/02/28/attitudes-toward-different-types-of-government-systems/ |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Humanity's Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders|journal=Public Opinion Quarterly|doi=10.1093/poq/nfab056|issn=0033-362X|last1=Anderson|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Bol|first2=Damien|last3=Ananda|first3=Aurelia|volume=85|issue=4|pages=957–986|pmid=35035302|pmc=8754486}}</ref> and as even authoritarian states try to present themselves as democratic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hyde |first=Susan D. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7z647 |title=The Pseudo-Democrat's Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm |date=2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6125-5 |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt7z647 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Guriev |first1=Sergei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ThCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century |last2=Treisman |first2=Daniel |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22446-6 |language=en}}</ref> Democracy more consistently results in improved health, education and economic outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tudor |first=Maya |date=2025 |title=What Democracy Does … And Does Not Do |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/970345 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.1353/jod.2025.a970345 |issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] and [[The Economist Democracy Index]], less than half the world's population lives in a democracy {{as of|2022|lc=y}}.<ref name=V-dem>[https://www.v-dem.net/documents/19/dr_2022_ipyOpLP.pdf V-Dem Institute DEMOCRACY REPORT 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?] pp. 6, 13, 18: "Dictatorships are on the rise and harbor 70% of the world population – 5.4 billion people."</ref><ref>Economic Intelligence Unit Democracy Index, 2022, p. 4: "According to our measure of democracy, less than half (45.7%) of the world's population now live in a democracy of some sort, a significant decline from 2020 (49.4%)."</ref> At the same time, while representative democracy is widely valued, [[Pew Research Center]] found that dissatisfaction with democratic performance is common even in many established democracies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulman |first=Richard Wike, Janell Fetterolf and Jonathan |date=2025-06-30 |title=Dissatisfaction with democracy remains widespread in many nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/06/30/dissatisfaction-with-democracy-remains-widespread-in-many-nations/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Richard Wike, Laura Silver and Alexandra |date=2019-04-29 |title=Dissatisfaction with performance of democracy is common in many nations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/29/dissatisfaction-with-performance-of-democracy-is-common-in-many-nations/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|4}}

==Characteristics==
Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting,<ref name="Oxford"/><ref name="Brittanica" /> no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy.<ref name="economist2007" /> [[Karl Popper]] says that the "classical" view of democracy is, "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people and that the people have a right to rule".<ref>Popper, Karl (23 April 1988). "The open society and its enemies revisited", ''[[The Economist]]'' ([https://www.economist.com/democracy-in-america/2016/01/31/from-the-archives-the-open-society-and-its-enemies-revisited 2016 reprint]).</ref> One study identified 2,234 adjectives used to describe democracy in the English language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gagnon|first=Jean-Paul|date=1 June 2018|title=2,234 Descriptions of Democracy|url=http://berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/democratic-theory/5/1/dt050107.xml|journal=Democratic Theory|volume=5|issue=1|pages=92–113|doi=10.3167/dt.2018.050107|s2cid=149825810|issn=2332-8894|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Democratic principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being [[Equality before the law|equal before the law]] and having equal access to legislative processes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=direct democracy {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/direct-democracy|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> For example, in a [[representative democracy]], every vote has (in theory) equal weight, and the freedom of eligible citizens is secured by legitimised rights and liberties which are typically enshrined in a [[constitution]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dahl|first1=Robert A.|last2=Shapiro|first2=Ian|last3=Cheibub|first3=José Antônio|title=The democracy sourcebook|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2003|isbn=978-0-262-54147-3}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=B8THIuSkiqgC Details.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hénaff|first1=Marcel|last2=Strong|first2=Tracy B.|title=Public space and democracy|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8166-3388-3}}</ref> while other uses of "democracy" may encompass [[direct democracy]], in which citizens vote on issues directly. According to the [[United Nations]], democracy "provides an environment that respects [[human rights]] and fundamental freedoms, and in which the [[Freedom of speech|freely expressed will of people]] is exercised."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=Democracy|url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/democracy|access-date=2023-08-17|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles: upward control (sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of authority), [[political equality]], and social norms by which individuals and institutions only consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=On democracy|journal=[[Scandinavian Political Studies]]|volume=12|issue=3|pages=201, 199–219|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.1989.tb00090.x|date=September 1989}} [https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/13057/24875 Full text.] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170633/https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/13057/24875 |date=17 October 2016 }}</ref> [[Legal equality]], [[political freedom]] and [[rule of law]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eXJMXnraPQC&pg=PA3|title=Assessing the Quality of Democracy|first1=Larry|last1=Diamond|first2=Leonardo|last2=Morlino|year=2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8287-6|via=Google Books}}</ref> are often identified by commentators as foundational characteristics for a well-functioning democracy.<ref name="economist2007">{{cite news|last=Staff writer|url=http://www.economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908438|title=Liberty and justice for some|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|publisher=[[Economist Group]]|date=22 August 2007|quote=Democracy can be seen as a set of practices and principles that institutionalise and thus ultimately protect freedom. Even if a consensus on precise definitions has proved elusive, most observers today would agree that, at a minimum, the fundamental features of democracy include a government based on majority rule and the consent of the governed, the existence of free and fair elections, the protection of minorities and respect for basic human rights. Democracy presupposes equality before the law, due process and political pluralism.}}</ref>

In some countries, notably in the [[United Kingdom]] (which originated the [[Westminster system]]), the dominant principle is that of [[parliamentary sovereignty]], while maintaining [[judicial independence]].<ref name="Kopstein2014" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/|title=Parliamentary sovereignty|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=18 August 2014|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=Independence|url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/the-judiciary-the-government-and-the-constitution/jud-acc-ind/independence/|publisher=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> In [[India]], parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the [[Constitution of India]] which includes [[judicial review]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Daily Express News|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/All-party-meet-vows-to-uphold-Parliament-supremacy/2013/08/02/article1713808.ece|title=All-party meet vows to uphold Parliament supremacy|date=2 August 2013|access-date=18 August 2013|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327161524/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/All-party-meet-vows-to-uphold-Parliament-supremacy/2013/08/02/article1713808.ece}}</ref> Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a [[state (polity)|political state]], the principles also are potentially applicable to private organisations, such as clubs, societies and [[firm]]s.

Democracies may use many different decision-making methods, but [[majority rule]] is the dominant form. Without compensation, like legal protections of individual or group rights, [[minority group|political minorities]] can be oppressed by the "[[tyranny of the majority]]". Majority rule involves a competitive approach, opposed to [[consensus democracy]], creating the need that [[elections]], and generally [[deliberation]], be substantively and procedurally [[wikt:fair|"fair"]], i.e., [[wikt:just|just]] and [[wikt:equitable|equitable]]. In some countries, [[freedom (political)|freedom of political expression]], [[freedom of speech]], and [[freedom of the press]] are considered important to ensure that voters are well informed, enabling them to vote according to their own interests and beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HX7mAbjGOYC&pg=PA27|title=The Judge in a Democracy|first=Aharon|last=Barak|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12017-1|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelsen|first=Hans|s2cid=144699481|title=Foundations of democracy|journal=Ethics|volume=66|issue=1|pages=1–101|doi=10.1086/291036|jstor=2378551|date=October 1955}}</ref>

It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nussbaum|first=Martha|author-link=Martha Nussbaum|title=Women and human development: the capabilities approach|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge New York|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-00385-8}}</ref> With its emphasis on notions of [[social contract]] and the [[general will|collective will]] of all the voters, democracy can also be characterised as a form of political [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]] because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in [[lawmaking]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Snyder|first1=Richard|last2=Samuels|first2=David|contribution=Devaluing the vote in Latin America|editor-last1=Diamond|editor-first1=Larry|editor-last2=Plattner|editor-first2=Marc F.|title=Electoral systems and democracy|page=168|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8018-8475-7|postscript=.}}</ref>

[[Republic]]s, though often popularly associated with democracy because of the shared principle of rule by [[consent of the governed]], are not necessarily democracies, as [[republicanism]] does not specify ''how'' the people are to rule.<ref>[[R. R. Palmer]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=YGqYDwAAQBAJ ''The Age of the Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800''] (1959)</ref>
Classically the term "[[republic]]" encompassed both democracies and [[Aristocracy|aristocracies]].<ref>Montesquieu, ''Spirit of Law'', Bk. II, ch. 2–3.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Everdell|first=William R.|title=The end of kings: a history of republics and republicans|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2000|orig-date=1983|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-226-22482-4|url=https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever}}</ref> In a modern sense the republican form of government is a form of government without a [[monarch]]. Because of this, democracies can be republics or [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchies]], such as the United Kingdom, where the monarch is not a ruler.

==History==
{{Main|History of democracy}}

[[File:Discurso funebre pericles.PNG|thumb|Nineteenth-century painting by [[Philipp Foltz]] depicting the Athenian politician [[Pericles]] delivering his famous [[Pericles' funeral oration|funeral oration]] in front of the [[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/detail.php?ID=131618|title=Pericles' Funeral Oration|publisher=the-athenaeum.org}}</ref>]]

[[Popular assembly|Democratic assemblies]] are as old as the human species and are found throughout human history,{{sfn|Graeber|2013|p=184}} but up until the nineteenth century, major political figures have largely opposed democracy.{{sfn|Graeber|2013|pp=168—169}} Republican theorists linked democracy to small size: as political units grew in size, the likelihood increased that the government would turn despotic.<ref name="Deudney2008b" /><ref>{{Citation|last1=Thorhallsson|first1=Baldur|chapter=Small State Foreign Policy|date=2017|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7|last2=Steinsson|first2=Sverrir|url=https://osf.io/7mrj9/}}</ref> At the same time, small political units were vulnerable to conquest.<ref name="Deudney2008b" /> [[Montesquieu]] wrote, "If a republic be small, it is destroyed by a foreign force; if it is large, it is ruined by an internal imperfection."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_09.htm|title=Book IX. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to a Defensive Force|first1=Charles|last1=de Montesquieu|work=The Spirit of Laws|publisher=Constitution Society|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222201302/https://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_09.htm|archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> According to Johns Hopkins University political scientist [[Daniel Deudney]], the creation of the United States, with its large size and its system of checks and balances, was a solution to the dual problems of size.<ref name="Deudney2008b" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Democratic Internationalism: An American Grand Strategy for a Post-exceptionalist Era {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/event/democratic-internationalism-american-grand-strategy-post-exceptionalist-era |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> Forms of democracy occurred organically in societies around the world that had no contact with each other.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Graymont|first=Barbara|title=The Iroquois in the American Revolution|date=1972|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-0083-1|edition=[1st ed.]|location=[Syracuse, N.Y.]|oclc=194977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Priestland|first=David|date=2021-10-23|title=The Dawn of Everything by David Graeber and David Wengrow review – inequality is not the price of civilisation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/23/the-dawn-of-everything-by-david-graeber-and-david-wengrow-review-inequality-is-not-the-price-of-civilisation|access-date=2024-03-04|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Origins===

====Greece and Rome====
{{See also|Athenian democracy}}

The term ''democracy'' first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of [[Athens]] during [[classical antiquity]].<ref>John Dunn, ''Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC – 1993 AD'', Oxford University Press, 1994, {{ISBN|978-0-19-827934-1}}</ref>{{sfn|Raaflaub|Ober|Wallace|2007|p={{page needed|date=July 2014}} }} The word comes from ''dêmos'' '(common) people' and ''krátos'' 'force/might'.<ref>[[Luciano Canfora]], ''La democrazias:Storia di un'ideologia,'' [[Editori Laterza|Laterza]] (2004) 2018 pp.12–13</ref> Under [[Cleisthenes]], what is generally held as the first example of a type of democracy in the sixth-century BC (508–507 BC) was established in Athens. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of [[Athenian democracy]]".<ref>R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, ''The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740'' (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.</ref> The first attested use of the word democracy is found in prose works of the 430s BC, such as [[Herodotus]]' ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', but its usage was older by several decades, as two Athenians born in the 470s were named Democrates, a new political name—likely in support of democracy—given at a time of debates over constitutional issues in Athens. [[Aeschylus]] also strongly alludes to the word in his play ''[[The Suppliants (Aeschylus)|The Suppliants]]'', staged in c.463 BC, where he mentions "the demos's ruling hand" [''demou kratousa cheir'']. Before that time, the word used to define the new political system of Cleisthenes was probably [[isonomia]], meaning political equality.<ref>Kurt A. Raaflaub, ''Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece'', pp. 108, 109.</ref>
[[File:Cleisthenes.jpg|thumb|200px|Modern bust of [[Cleisthenes]], known as "the father of [[Athenian democracy]]", on view at the [[Ohio Statehouse]], Columbus, Ohio]]
Athenian democracy took the form of direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features: the [[sortition|random selection]] of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices,<ref>Aristotle Book 6</ref> and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens.<ref>{{cite book|first=Leonid E.|last=Grinin|url=http://www.socionauki.ru/book/early_state_en/|title=The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues|publisher=Uchitel' Publishing House|year=2004}}</ref> All eligible citizens were allowed to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city-state. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners (μέτοικοι / ''métoikoi''), and youths below the age of military service.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davies|first=John K.|date=1977|title=Athenian Citizenship: The Descent Group and the Alternatives|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=105–121|jstor=3296866|issn=0009-8353}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/article_women_and_family?page=4|title=Women and Family in Athenian Law|website=stoa.org|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164428/http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/article_women_and_family?page=4}}</ref>{{Contradictory inline|Athenian democracy|date=September 2014}} Effectively, only 1 in 4 residents in Athens qualified as citizens. Owning land was not a requirement for citizenship.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manville|first=Philip Brook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBcABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|title=The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens|date=14 July 2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6083-8}}</ref> The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns.<ref>Susan Lape, ''Reproducing Athens: Menander's Comedy, Democratic Culture, and the Hellenistic City'', Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 4, {{ISBN|978-1-4008-2591-2}}</ref>

Athenian democracy was not only ''direct'' in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also the ''most direct'' in the sense that the people through the assembly, [[Boule (ancient Greece)|boule]] and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.{{sfn|Raaflaub|Ober|Wallace|2007|p=5}} Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"{{sfn|Ober|Hedrick|1996|p=107}}), those who were citizens of Athens enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.{{sfn|Clarke|Foweraker|2001|pp=194–201}}

[[Range voting]] appeared in [[Sparta]] as early as 700 BC. The [[Ecclesia (Sparta)|Spartan ecclesia]] was an assembly of the people, held once a month, in which every male citizen of at least 20 years of age could participate. In the assembly, Spartans elected leaders and cast votes by range voting and shouting (the vote is then decided on how loudly the crowd shouts). [[Aristotle]] called this "childish", as compared with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenian citizenry. Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity, and to prevent any biased voting, buying, or cheating that was predominant in the early democratic elections.<ref>Terrence A. Boring, ''Literacy in Ancient Sparta'', Leiden Netherlands (1979). {{ISBN|978-90-04-05971-9}}</ref>
[[File:Austria Parlament Athena bw.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Athena]], the patron goddess of [[Athens]], in front of the [[Austrian Parliament Building]]. Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Deacy|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Deacy|title=Athena|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=978-0-415-30066-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiCAgAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Ares+Darmon&pg=PA163|pages=145–49}}</ref>]]
Even though the [[Roman Republic]] contributed significantly to many aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of [[weighted voting]], so most high officials, including members of the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], came from a few wealthy and noble families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annourbis.com/Ancient-Rome/8rome10.html|title=Ancient Rome from the earliest times down to 476 A.D|publisher=Annourbis.com|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> In addition, the [[Overthrow of the Roman monarchy|overthrow of the Roman Kingdom]] was the first case in the Western world of a polity being formed with the explicit purpose of being a [[republic]], although it did not have much of a democracy. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Livy|De Sélincourt|2002|p=34}}</ref>

====Ancient India ====
[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], capital city of the [[Vajjika League]] (Vrijji [[mahajanapada]]) of [[Ancient India|India]], is considered one of the first examples of a [[republic]] around the 6th century BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bindloss|first=Joe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ZHUhSEleYC&q=Vaishali&pg=PA556|title=India: Lonely planet Guide|author2=Sarina Singh|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-74104-308-2|page=556}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=Vaishali&pg=PA208|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|author2=Indu Ramchandani|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&q=Vaishali&pg=PA57|title=A history of India|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|page=57}}</ref>

====Americas====
Other cultures, such as the [[Iroquois]] in the Americas also developed a form of democratic society between 1450 and 1660 (and possibly in 1142{{sfn|Mann|Fields|1997}}), well before contact with the Europeans. This democracy continues to the present day and is the world's oldest standing representative democracy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lightfoot|first=Sheryl R.|date=2021|title=Decolonizing Self-Determination: Haudenosaunee Passports and Negotiated Sovereignty|journal=European Journal of International Relations|volume=27|issue=4|page=978|doi=10.1177/13540661211024713|issn=1354-0661|s2cid=237710260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Communications|title=Government|url=https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/government/|access-date=2022-05-19|website=Haudenosaunee Confederacy}}</ref>

====Africa====
{{Main|Gadaa}}

===Middle Ages===
While most regions in [[Europe]] during the [[Middle Ages]] were ruled by [[clergy]] or [[feudal lords]], there existed various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small part of the population. In [[Scandinavia]], bodies known as [[Thing (assembly)|things]] consisted of freemen presided by a [[lawspeaker]]. These deliberative bodies were responsible for settling political questions, and variants included the [[Althing]] in [[Iceland]] and the [[Løgting]] in the [[Faeroe Islands]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2osDwAAQBAJ&q=althing+democracy&pg=PR7|title=On Democracy: Second Edition|last=Dahl|first=Robert A.|date=1 October 2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-23332-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mG7vCgAAQBAJ&q=althing+democracy&pg=PT30|title=Heritage and Identity: Shaping the Nations of the North|last1=Fladmark|first1=J. M.|last2=Heyerdahl|first2=Thor|date=17 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-74224-1}}</ref> The [[veche]], found in [[Eastern Europe]], was a similar body to the Scandinavian thing. In the Roman [[Catholic Church]], the [[pope]] has been elected by a [[papal conclave]] composed of cardinals since 1059. The first documented parliamentary body in Europe was the [[Cortes of León of 1188|Cortes of León]]. Established by [[Alfonso IX]] in 1188, the Cortes had authority over setting taxation, foreign affairs and legislating, though the exact nature of its role remains disputed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=O'Callaghan|first1=Joseph F.|title=The Cortes of Castile-León, 1188-1350 |chapter=The Cortes and Taxation |date=1989 |pages=130–151|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |doi=10.9783/9781512819571|jstor=j.ctv513b8x.12|isbn=978-1-5128-1957-1}}</ref> The [[Republic of Ragusa]], established in 1358 and centered around the city of [[Dubrovnik]], provided representation and voting rights to its male aristocracy only. Various Italian city-states and polities had republic forms of government. For instance, the [[Republic of Florence]], established in 1115, was led by the [[Signoria of Florence|Signoria]] whose members were chosen by [[sortition]]. In the 10th–15th century [[Frisian freedom|Frisia]], a distinctly non-feudal society, the right to vote on local matters and on county officials was based on land size. The [[Kouroukan Fouga]] divided the [[Mali Empire]] into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the ''Gbara''. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a [[constitutional monarchy]] than a [[democratic republic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The oldest constitution in the world |url=https://www.jpic-jp.org/en/a/the-oldest-constitution-in-the-world |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.jpic-jp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=The World Won't Listen: The Mande "Hunters' Oath" and Human Rights in Translation |url=https://humanityjournal.org/issue13-2/the-world-wont-listen-the-mande-hunters-oath-and-human-rights-in-translation/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Humanity Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Magna Carta (British Library Cotton MS Augustus II.106).jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|[[Magna Carta]], 1215, England]]

The [[Parliament of England]] had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into [[Magna Carta]] (1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of [[habeas corpus]], safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with the right to appeal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magna Carta: an introduction|url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction|publisher=The British Library|access-date=28 January 2015|quote=Magna Carta is sometimes regarded as the foundation of democracy in England. ...Revised versions of Magna Carta were issued by King Henry III (in 1216, 1217 and 1225), and the text of the 1225 version was entered into the statute roll in 1297. ...The 1225 version of Magna Carta had been granted explicitly in return for a payment of tax by the whole kingdom, and this paved the way for the first summons of Parliament in 1265, to approve the granting of taxation.|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002539/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/making_history_citizen.htm|title=Citizen or Subject?|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> The first representative national assembly in [[Kingdom of England|England]] was [[Simon de Montfort's Parliament]] in 1265.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jobson|first1=Adrian|title=The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-84725-226-5|pages=173–74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gHWamp-TLoC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30849472|access-date=19 January 2015|publisher=BBC|postscript=none|date=19 January 2015}}; {{cite news|title=The January Parliament and how it defined Britain|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11355822/The-January-Parliament-and-how-it-defined-Britain.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11355822/The-January-Parliament-and-how-it-defined-Britain.html|archive-date=10 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=28 January 2015|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=20 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The emergence of [[Parliament of England#Emergence as an institution|petitioning]] is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm|title=Origins and growth of Parliament|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>

Studies have linked the emergence of parliamentary institutions in Europe during the medieval period to urban agglomeration and the creation of new classes, such as artisans,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abramson|first1=Scott F.|last2=Boix|first2=Carles|date=2019|title=Endogenous Parliaments: The Domestic and International Roots of Long-Term Economic Growth and Executive Constraints in Europe|journal=International Organization|volume=73|issue=4|pages=793–837|doi=10.1017/S0020818319000286|s2cid=211428630|issn=0020-8183}}</ref> as well as the presence of nobility and religious elites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Møller|first=Jørgen|date=2014|title=Why Europe Avoided Hegemony: A Historical Perspective on the Balance of Power|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=58|issue=4|pages=660–670|doi=10.1111/isqu.12153}}</ref> Scholars have also linked the emergence of representative government to Europe's relative political fragmentation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cox|first=Gary W.|date=2017|title=Political Institutions, Economic Liberty, and the Great Divergence|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=77|issue=3|pages=724–755|doi=10.1017/S0022050717000729|issn=0022-0507|doi-access=free}}</ref> Political scientist [[David Stasavage]] links the fragmentation of Europe, and its subsequent democratization, to the manner in which the Roman Empire collapsed: Roman territory was conquered by small fragmented groups of Germanic tribes, thus leading to the creation of small political units where rulers were relatively weak and needed the consent of the governed to ward off foreign threats.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stasavage|first=David|s2cid=14393625|date=11 May 2016|title=Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=19|issue=1|pages=145–162|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-043014-105648|doi-access=free|issn=1094-2939}}</ref>

In [[Poland]], [[noble democracy]] was characterized by an increase in the activity of the middle [[szlachta|nobility]], which wanted to increase their share in exercising power at the expense of the magnates. Magnates dominated the most important offices in the state (secular and ecclesiastical) and sat on the royal council, later the senate. The growing importance of the middle nobility had an impact on the establishment of the institution of the land ''[[sejm]]ik'' (local assembly), which subsequently obtained more rights. During the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth century, sejmiks received more and more power and became the most important institutions of local power. In 1454, [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] granted the sejmiks the right to decide on taxes and to convene a mass mobilization in the [[Nieszawa Statutes]]. He also pledged not to create new laws without their consent.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lukowski|first1=Jerzy|last2=Zawadzki|first2=Hubert|title=A Concise History of Poland|date=January 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-33399-3|edition=3rd}}</ref>

===Modern era===

====Early modern period====
[[File:House of Commons during King Charles I's reign, circa 1640-1642 from NPG.jpg|thumb|Over the centuries, the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] progressively limited the power of the [[History of monarchy in the United Kingdom#English monarchy|English monarchy]], a process that arguably culminated in the [[English Civil War]].]]
In 17th century England, there was [[Magna Carta#17th–18th centuries|renewed interest in Magna Carta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|title=From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century|website=The British Library|access-date=16 October 2017|postscript=none|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018101349/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century}}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.sal.org.uk/events/2015/06/magna-carta-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century/|title=Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century|website=The Society of Antiquaries of London|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925053248/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> The Parliament of England passed the [[Petition of Right]] in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,<ref>{{cite web|title=Origins and growth of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rise of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/citizenship2.htm|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the [[Putney Debates]] of 1647.<ref>{{cite web|title=Putney debates|url=https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|publisher=The British Library|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223321/https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates}}</ref> Subsequently, [[the Protectorate]] (1653–59) and the [[English Restoration]] (1660) restored more autocratic rule, although Parliament passed the [[Habeas Corpus Act 1679|Habeas Corpus Act]] in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. After the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, the [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]] was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time, [[royal absolutism]] would not prevail.<ref name="refNARoP" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutionalism: America & Beyond|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html|publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State|access-date=30 October 2014|quote=The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024130317/http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html|archive-date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Economic historians [[Douglass North]] and [[Barry R. Weingast|Barry Weingast]] have characterized the institutions implemented in the Glorious Revolution as a resounding success in terms of restraining the government and ensuring protection for property rights.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=North|first1=Douglass C.|last2=Weingast|first2=Barry R.|date=1989|title=Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=49|issue=4|pages=803–832|doi=10.1017/S0022050700009451|s2cid=3198200|issn=1471-6372}}</ref>
[[File:John Locke.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|[[John Locke]] expanded on [[Thomas Hobbes]]'s [[social contract theory]] and developed the concept of [[natural rights]], the [[Right to property|right to private property]] and the principle of [[consent of the governed]]. His ideas form the ideological basis of [[liberal democracy|liberal democracies]] today.]]
Renewed interest in the Magna Carta, the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution in the 17th century prompted the growth of [[political philosophy]] on the British Isles. [[Thomas Hobbes]] was the first philosopher to articulate a detailed [[social contract theory]]. Writing in the ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' (1651), Hobbes theorized that individuals living in the [[state of nature]] led lives that were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" and constantly waged a [[Bellum omnium contra omnes|war of all against all]]. In order to prevent the occurrence of an anarchic state of nature, Hobbes reasoned that individuals ceded their rights to a strong, authoritarian power. In other words, Hobbes advocated for an absolute monarchy which, in his opinion, was the best form of government. Later, philosopher and physician [[John Locke]] would posit a different interpretation of social contract theory. Writing in his ''[[Two Treatises of Government]]'' (1689), Locke posited that all individuals possessed the inalienable rights to life, liberty and estate (property).<ref name="Locke-Laslett1988">{{cite book|title=Two Treatises of Government|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, NY|first=John|last=Locke|author-link=John Locke|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Laslett|at=[https://archive.org/details/twotreatisesofgo00john/page/ Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222]|year=1988|orig-date=1689|isbn=978-0-521-35448-6|url=https://archive.org/details/twotreatisesofgo00john/page/}}</ref> According to Locke, individuals would voluntarily come together to form a state for the purposes of defending their rights. Particularly important for Locke were property rights, whose protection Locke deemed to be a government's primary purpose.<ref>Locke, John. ''Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English''. Quote: "Government has no other end, but the preservation of property. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d_4BGe7-pFIC&pg=PR9 There is no practical alternative to majority political rule %E2%80%93 i.e., to take the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual." Google Books].</ref> Furthermore, Locke asserted that governments were [[legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] only if they held the [[consent of the governed]]. For Locke, citizens had the [[right of revolution|right to revolt]] against a government that acted against their interest or became tyrannical. Although they were not widely read during his lifetime, Locke's works are considered the founding documents of [[liberalism|liberal]] thought and profoundly influenced the leaders of the [[American Revolution]] and later the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curte|first1=Merle|date=1937|title=The Great Mr. Locke: America's Philosopher, 1783–1861|journal=The Huntington Library Bulletin|issue=11|pages=107–151|jstor=3818115|issn=1935-0708}}</ref> His liberal democratic framework of governance remains the preeminent form of democracy in the world.

In the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries, the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] and [[Zaporizhian Sich]], the holder of the highest post of [[Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks|Hetman]] was elected by the representatives from the country's districts.

In North America, representative government began in [[Jamestown, Virginia]], with the election of the [[House of Burgesses]] (forerunner of the [[Virginia General Assembly]]) in 1619. English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose local governance was democratic;<ref>[[Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville, Alexis de]] (2003). [[Democracy in America]]. Barnes & Noble. pp. 11, 18–19. {{ISBN|978-0-7607-5230-2}}.</ref> the hard power of these local assemblies [[Salutary neglect|varied greatly throughout]] the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial time period]] however officially they held only small amounts of devolved power, as ultimate authority belonged to the Crown and Parliament. The [[Puritans]] ([[Pilgrim Fathers]]), [[Baptists]], and [[Quakers]] who founded these colonies applied the democratic organisation of their congregations also to the administration of their communities in worldly matters.<ref>[[Allen Weinstein]] and David Rubel (2002), ''The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York, {{ISBN|978-0-7894-8903-6}}, p. 61</ref><ref>Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), ''History of Religion in the [[United States]]'', Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 63–65, 74–75, 102–05, 114–15</ref><ref>Christopher Fennell (1998), [http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html ''Plymouth Colony Legal Structure''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429000512/http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html |date=29 April 2012 }}</ref>

====18th and 19th centuries====
[[File:The House of Commons 1793-94 by Karl Anton Hickel.jpg|thumb|[[William Pitt the Younger]] addressing the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]]]
The [[first Parliament of Great Britain]] was established in 1707, after the merger of the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] under the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]]. Two key documents of the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|UK's uncodified constitution]], the English [[Declaration of Right, 1689]] (restated in the [[Bill of Rights 1689]]) and the Scottish [[Claim of Right 1689]], had both cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chavetz|first1=Josh|title=Democracy's Privileged Few. Legislative Privilege and Democratic Norms in the British and American Constitutions|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|page=274}}</ref> However, Parliament was only elected by male property owners, which amounted to 3% of the population in 1780.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/struggle_democracy/getting_vote.htm|title=Getting the vote|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> The first known British person of [[African diaspora|African]] heritage to vote in a general election, [[Ignatius Sancho]], voted in 1774 and 1780.<ref>{{cite news|title=Record of Ignatius Sancho's vote in the general election, October 1774|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/record-of-ignatius-sanchos-vote-in-the-general-election-october-1774|access-date=2 October 2020|agency=British Library|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930142733/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/record-of-ignatius-sanchos-vote-in-the-general-election-october-1774}}</ref>

During the [[Age of Liberty]] in Sweden (1718–1772), [[civil rights]] were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sweden". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–221.</ref> The taxed peasantry was represented in parliament, although with little influence, but commoners without taxed property had no suffrage.

The creation of the short-lived [[Corsican Republic]] in 1755 was an early attempt to adopt a democratic [[constitution]] (all men and women above age of 25 could vote).<ref>{{cite book|title=The ungovernable rock: a history of the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and its role in Britain's Mediterranean strategy during the Revolutionary War, 1793–1797|first=Desmond|last=Gregory|year=1985|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|location=London|page=31|isbn=978-0-8386-3225-3}}</ref> This [[Corsican Constitution]] was the first based on [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] principles and included [[female suffrage]], something that was not included in most other democracies until the 20th century.

[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The [[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen British Colonies]] on the east coast of North America issued a [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in 1776]]
[[Colonial history of the United States|Colonial America]] had similar property qualifications as Britain, and in the period before 1776 the abundance and availability of land meant that large numbers of colonists met such requirements with at least 60 per cent of adult white males able to vote.<ref>Donald Ratcliffe, "[http://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf The right to vote and the rise of democracy, 1787—1828] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602005114/https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf |date=2 June 2023 }}". ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 33.2 (2013): 219–254.</ref> The great majority of white men were farmers who met the property ownership or taxpaying requirements. With few exceptions, no blacks or women could vote. [[Vermont]], which, on declaring independence of Great Britain in 1777, adopted a constitution modelled on Pennsylvania's citizenship and democratic suffrage for males with or without property.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dinkin|first=Robert|url=https://archive.org/details/votinginrevoluti00dink/page/37|title=Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 1776–1789|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1982|isbn=978-0-313-23091-2|location=US|pages=[https://archive.org/details/votinginrevoluti00dink/page/37 37–42]}}</ref> The [[United States Constitution]] of 1787 is the oldest surviving, still active, governmental [[codified constitution]]. The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties, but did not end [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] nor extend [[voting rights in the United States]], instead leaving the issue of suffrage to the individual states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ratcliffe|first=Donald|date=Summer 2013|title=The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828|url=https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf|journal=Journal of the Early Republic|volume=33|issue=2|page=231|doi=10.1353/jer.2013.0033|s2cid=145135025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602005114/https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> Generally, states limited suffrage to white male property owners and taxpayers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ratcliffe|first=Donald|date=Summer 2013|title=The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828|url=https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf|journal=Journal of the Early Republic|volume=33|issue=2|pages=225–229|doi=10.1353/jer.2013.0033|s2cid=145135025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602005114/https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> At the time of the first [[1788–89 United States presidential election|Presidential election in 1789]], about 6% of the population was eligible to vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expansion of Rights and Liberties – The Right of Suffrage|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706144856/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html|archive-date=6 July 2016|access-date=21 April 2015|website=Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom|publisher=National Archives}}</ref> The [[Naturalization Act of 1790]] limited U.S. citizenship to whites only.<ref name="Schultz">{{cite book|last=Schultz|first=Jeffrey D.|title=Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDV40aK1T-sC&pg=PA284|page=284|year=2002|publisher=Oryx Press|access-date=8 October 2015|isbn=978-1-57356-148-8}}</ref> The [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bill of Rights: A Brief History|url=https://www.aclu.org/bill-rights-brief-history|publisher=ACLU|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Inspired by [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosophers, the ''[[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]'' had a significant impact on the development of popular conceptions of [[individual liberty]] and democracy in Europe and worldwide.]]
In 1789, [[Revolutionary France]] adopted the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] and, although short-lived, the [[National Convention]] was elected by all men in 1792.<ref>{{cite web|title=The French Revolution II|url=http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213104/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html|archive-date=27 August 2008|access-date=22 August 2010|publisher=Mars.wnec.edu}}</ref> The [[Constitution of 3 May 1791|Polish-Lithuanian Constitution]] of 3 May 1791 sought to implement a more effective [[constitutional monarchy]], introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, mitigating the worst abuses of [[serfdom]]. In force for less than 19 months, it was declared null and void by the [[Grodno Sejm]] that met in 1793.<ref name="Davies1992" /><ref name="Ligeza2017" /> Nonetheless, the 1791 Constitution helped keep alive Polish aspirations for the eventual restoration of the country's sovereignty over a century later.

In the United States, the [[1828 United States presidential election|1828 presidential election]] was the first in which non-property-holding white males could vote in the vast majority of states. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of the adult white male population in the [[1840 United States presidential election|1840 presidential election]].<ref>William G. Shade, "The Second Party System". in Paul Kleppner, et al. ''Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (1983) pp 77–111</ref> North Carolina was the last state to abolish property qualification in 1856 resulting in a close approximation to universal white male suffrage (however tax-paying requirements remained in five states in 1860 and survived in two states until the 20th century).<ref name="Engerman2005">{{Cite web|first1=Stanley L.|last1=Engerman|first2=Kenneth L.|last2=Sokoloff|title=The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World|date=2005|url=http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf|pages=14–16|ref=refEngerman2005|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211244/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Scher2015">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POzqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|title=The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why is it So Hard to Vote in America?|last=Scher|first=Richard K.|date=2015|page=viii–ix|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45536-3}}</ref><ref name="NHLTS2009">{{Cite web|date=2009|title=Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights|url=https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/themes/CivilRights_VotingRights.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702010008/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/themes/CivilRights_VotingRights.pdf|archive-date=2015-07-02|publisher=A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study}}</ref> In the [[1860 United States census]], the slave population had grown to four million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm|title=Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War|publisher=Itd.nps.gov|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm|archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> and in [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] after the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were passed: the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] (1865) that ended slavery; the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] (1869) that gave black people citizenship, and the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]] (1870) that gave black males a nominal right to vote.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000965.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193453/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000965.html|archive-date=10 June 2014|title=Fifteenth Amendment: Framing and ratification|author=Gillette, William|year=1986|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the American Constitution|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/03/black-voting-rights-15th-amendment-still-challenged-after-150-years/4587160002/|access-date=18 November 2020|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] in 1868 altered the way each state is represented in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. It counted all residents for apportionment including slaves, overriding the [[three-fifths compromise]], and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied males over the age of 21 the right to vote; however, this was not enforced in practice. Some poor white men remained excluded at least until the passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]. For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections]]'' (1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor.}} Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the [[civil rights movement]] gained passage by the US Congress of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]].<ref>[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100&page=transcript Transcript of Voting Rights Act (1965)] US National Archives.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090214180002/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897070,00.html The Constitution: The 24th Amendment] Time.</ref>
[[File:Suffrage universel 1848.jpg|thumb|1850s lithograph marking the establishment of [[universal male suffrage]] in France in 1848]]
The voting franchise in the United Kingdom was expanded and made more uniform in a [[Reform Acts|series of reforms]] that began with the [[Reform Act 1832]] and continued into the 20th century, notably with the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] and the [[Equal Franchise Act 1928]]. [[Universal male suffrage]] was established in [[France]] in March 1848 in the wake of the [[French Revolution of 1848]].<ref>{{cite web|author=French National Assembly|title=1848 " Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil "|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/suffrage_universel/suffrage-1848.asp|access-date=26 September 2009}}</ref> During that year, several [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutions broke out in Europe]] as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.<ref>"[http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h114_2002/democracy.htm Movement toward greater democracy in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804213940/http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h114_2002/democracy.htm|date=4 August 2010}}". Indiana University Northwest.</ref>

In 1876, the Ottoman Empire transitioned from an [[absolute monarchy]] to a constitutional one, and held two elections the next year to elect members to her newly formed parliament.<ref>Hasan Kayalı (1995) [http://psi203.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Kayali, Elections in the Ott Empire (1995).pdf "Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1919"] ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol. 27, No. 3, pp 265–286</ref> Provisional Electoral Regulations were issued, stating that the elected members of the Provincial Administrative Councils would elect members to the first [[Parliament of the Ottoman Empire|Parliament]]. Later that year, a new constitution was promulgated, which provided for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] Parliament with a [[Senate of the Ottoman Empire|Senate]] appointed by [[Abdul Hamid II|the Sultan]] and a popularly elected [[Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)|Chamber of Deputies]]. Only men above the age of 30 who were competent in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and had full civil rights were allowed to stand for election. Reasons for disqualification included holding dual citizenship, being employed by a foreign government, being bankrupt, employed as a servant, or having "notoriety for ill deeds". Full universal suffrage was achieved in 1934.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reconstructing Gender in Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power|date=1995|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=101}}</ref>

In 1893, the self-governing colony [[New Zealand]] became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th-century Corsican Republic) to establish active [[universal suffrage]] by recognizing women as having the right to vote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nohlen|first=Dieter|author-link=Dieter Nohlen|date=2001|title=Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific|page=14|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

====20th and 21st centuries====

[[File:Number of nations 1800-2018 scoring 8 or higher on Polity5 scale.svg|thumb|The number of nations 1800–2018 scoring 8 or higher on [[Polity data series|Polity5]] scale, another widely used measure of democracy]]

20th-century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive "[[waves of democracy]]", variously resulting from wars, revolutions, [[decolonisation]], and religious and economic circumstances.<ref name="NYTimes20150915">{{cite news|last1=Diamond|first1=Larry|title=Timeline: Democracy in Recession|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/13/opinion/larry-diamond-democracy-in-recession-timeline.html|access-date=25 January 2016|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Global waves of "democratic regression" reversing democratization, have also occurred in the 1920s and 30s, in the 1960s and 1970s, and in the 2010s.<ref name="Bloomberg20170511" /><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/authoreditor/yascha-mounk|title=The Signs of Deconsolidation|last=Mounk|first=Yascha|date=January 2017|access-date=16 May 2017|journal=Journal of Democracy}}</ref>

[[File:Opening of the first parliament.jpg|thumb|right|Painting depicting the opening of the first Australian Parliament in 1901, one of the events that formed part of the [[Waves of democracy#First|first wave of democracy]] in the early 20th century]]

[[World War I]] and the dissolution of the autocratic [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states in Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the 1920s democratic movements flourished and [[Timeline of women's suffrage|women's suffrage]] advanced, but the [[Great Depression]] brought disenchantment and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships. [[Fascism]] and dictatorships flourished in [[Nazi Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]], as well as non-democratic governments in the [[Baltics]], the [[Balkans]], [[Brazil]], [[Cuba]], [[China]], and [[Japan]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snl.depaul.edu/contents/current/syllabi/HC_314.doc|title=Age of Dictators: Totalitarianism in the inter-war period|access-date=7 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907220746/http://www.snl.depaul.edu/contents/current/syllabi/HC_314.doc|archive-date=7 September 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Lev Trotsky 1906-3.3 V1.jpg|250x250px|thumb|left|The [[Saint Petersburg Soviet|Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Saint Petersburg]] in 1905: [[Leon Trotsky]] in the center. The [[soviet (council)|soviets]] were as an early example of a [[workers council]].]]

[[World War II]] brought a definitive reversal of this trend in Western Europe. The [[democratisation]] of the [[Allied Control Council|American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany]] (disputed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=599|title=Did the United States Create Democracy in Germany?: The Independent Review: The Independent Institute|work=The Independent Institute |publisher=Independent.org|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>), Austria, Italy, and the [[occupied Japan]] served as a model for the later theory of [[government change]]. However, most of [[Eastern Europe]], including the [[German Democratic Republic|Soviet sector of Germany]] fell into the non-democratic [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet-dominated bloc]].

The war was followed by [[decolonisation]], and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions. [[India]] emerged as the world's largest democracy and continues to be so.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12557384|title=World | South Asia | Country profiles | Country profile: India|publisher=BBC News|date=7 June 2010|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> Countries that were once part of the [[British Empire]] often adopted the British [[Westminster system]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Arjomand|editor1-first=Saïd Amir|title=Constitutionalism and political reconstruction|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15174-1|pages=92–94|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94|author1=Julian Go|chapter=A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World|url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world|publisher=University of Cambridge|access-date=16 December 2013|date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

In 1948, the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] mandated democracy:

{{Blockquote|text=3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.|multiline=yes|source=[https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21, United Nations, 1948]}}

[[File:Mandela voting in 1994.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Nelson Mandela]] casting his vote in the [[1994 South African general election|1994 multi-racial elections in South Africa]]. It was the first time he had voted in his life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thuynsma |first1=Heather A. |title=Public Opinion and Interest Group Politics: South Africa's Missing Links? |date=2012 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0292-0 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-eaSTWcVyIC&dq=nelson+mandela+1994+election+first+time&pg=PA125 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelsson |first1=Richard |last2=Nelsson |first2=compiled by Richard |title=The day apartheid died: South Africa's first free elections – archive, 1994 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/26/the-day-apartheid-died-south-africa-elections-april-1994 |website=The Guardian |date=26 April 2024}}</ref>]]
By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the world's populations lived in nominal democracies that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in [[Communist state|"Communist" states]] and the former colonies). A subsequent wave of [[democratisation]] brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many states, dubbed "third wave of democracy". Portugal, Spain, and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the 1970s and 1980s.{{refn|group=nb|[[Portuguese transition to democracy|Portugal in 1974]], [[Spanish democratic transition|Spain in 1975]], [[Argentine transition to democracy|Argentina in 1983]], [[History of Bolivia|Bolivia]], [[History of Uruguay|Uruguay in 1984]], [[History of Brazil (1985–present)|Brazil in 1985]], and [[Chilean transition to democracy|Chile in the early 1990s]]}} This was followed by countries in [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]] by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|collapse of the Soviet Union]], the associated end of the [[Cold War]], and the democratisation and [[liberalisation]] of the former [[Eastern bloc]] countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now either part of the [[European Union]] or [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|candidate states]]. In 1986, after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship, the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the [[Philippines]] with the rise of [[Corazon Aquino]], who would later be known as the mother of [[Democracy in Asia|Asian democracy]].

[[File:Corazon Aquino inauguration.jpg|thumb|right|[[Corazon Aquino]] taking the Oath of Office, becoming the first female president in Asia]]

The liberal trend spread to some states in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the [[Indonesian Revolution of 1998]], the [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer Revolution]] in [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], the [[Rose Revolution]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the [[Orange Revolution]] in Ukraine, the [[Cedar Revolution]] in Lebanon, the [[Tulip Revolution]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]], and the [[2010–2011 Tunisian revolution|Jasmine Revolution]] in [[Tunisia]].

[[File:Age of democracies at the end of 2015, OWID.svg|thumb|Age of democracies at the end of 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Age of democracies at the end of 2015|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/age-of-democracies|access-date=15 February 2020|website=Our World in Data|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215230538/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/age-of-democracies}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}]]

According to [[Freedom House]], in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=368&year=2007|title=Tables and Charts|publisher=Freedomhouse.org|date=10 May 2004|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090713213025/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=368&year=2007|archive-date=13 July 2009}}</ref> According to ''World Forum on Democracy'', electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 per cent of the world's population. At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 per cent of the global population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Electoral Democracies|url=http://www.fordemocracy.net/electoral.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016184935/http://www.fordemocracy.net/electoral.shtml|archive-date=16 October 2013|website=World Forum on Democracy}}</ref> Also in 2007 the [[United Nations]] declared 15 September the [[International Day of Democracy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10655.doc.htm|title=General Assembly declares 15 September International Day of Democracy; Also elects 18 Members to Economic and Social Council|publisher=United Nations|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Nordiska radets presidium haller mote med de nordiska statsministrarna under session i Helsingfors 2008-10-28.jpg|thumb|Meeting of the Grand Committee of the [[Parliament of Finland]] in 2008]]

Many countries reduced their [[voting age]] to 18 years; the major democracies began to do so in the 1970s starting in Western Europe and North America.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bingham|first=Adrian|date=25 June 2019|title='The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age|url=https://www.historyandpolicy.org/index.php/policy-papers/papers/the-last-milestone-on-the-journey-to-full-adult-suffrage|access-date=2022-12-31|website=History & Policy}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2023|reason=This is about the 1960s, not the 1970s.}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archives of Maryland, Volume 0138, Page 0051 – Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968|url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000138/html/am138--51.html|access-date=2023-01-03|website=msa.maryland.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Mark|title=Your Right To Vote|date=2000|publisher=Raintree Steck- Vaugh company|location=United States}}</ref> Most electoral democracies continue to exclude those younger than 18 from voting.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wall|first=John|date=October 2014|title=Democratising democracy: the road from women's to children's suffrage|url=https://johnwall.camden.rutgers.edu/files/2014/10/Democratising-Democracy-The-Road-from-Womens-to-Childrens-Suffrage1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420200500/http://johnwall.camden.rutgers.edu/files/2014/10/Democratising-Democracy-The-Road-from-Womens-to-Childrens-Suffrage1.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-20|url-status=live|journal=The International Journal of Human Rights|volume=18|issue=6|pages=646–59|doi=10.1080/13642987.2014.944807|s2cid=144895426|via=Rutgers University}}</ref> The voting age has been lowered to 16 for national elections in a number of countries, including Brazil, Austria, Cuba, and Nicaragua. In California, a 2004 proposal to permit a quarter vote at 14 and a half vote at 16 was ultimately defeated. In 2008, the German parliament proposed but shelved a bill that would grant the vote to each citizen at birth, to be used by a parent until the child claims it for themselves.

According to Freedom House, starting in 2005, there have been 17 consecutive years in which declines in political rights and civil liberties throughout the world have outnumbered improvements,<ref name="freedom-world-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-16|title=Biden Says Democracy Is Winning. It's Not That Simple.|publisher=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-07-16/is-biden-right-that-us-democracy-is-beating-china-and-russia|access-date=2023-07-19}}</ref> as [[Populism|populist]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] political forces have gained ground everywhere from Poland (under the [[Law and Justice]] party) to the Philippines (under [[Rodrigo Duterte]]).<ref name="freedom-world-2017" /><ref name="Bloomberg20170511" /> In a Freedom House report released in 2018, Democracy Scores for most countries declined for the 12th consecutive year.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/freedom-house-reports-decrease-in-democratic-principles/4209557.html "Freedom House: Democracy Scores for Most Countries Decline for 12th Consecutive Year"], VOA News, 16 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.</ref> ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' reported that [[nationalist]] and [[populist]] political ideologies were gaining ground, at the expense of [[rule of law]], in countries like Poland, Turkey and Hungary. For example, in Poland, the President [[2015–present Polish constitutional crisis|appointed 27 new Supreme Court judges]] over legal objections from the [[European Commission]]. In Turkey, thousands of judges were removed from their positions following a [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|failed coup attempt]] during a [[2016–present purges in Turkey|government crackdown]] .<ref>{{Cite news|issn=0882-7729|title=As populism rises, fragile democracies move to weaken their courts|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=14 November 2018|date=13 November 2018|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2018/1113/As-populism-rises-fragile-democracies-move-to-weaken-their-courts}}</ref>

[[File:Countries democratizing or autocratizing substantially and significantly 2010–2020.svg|thumb|Countries autocratising (red) or democratising (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.<ref>Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914030243/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf|date=14 September 2021 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}{{Relevant|discuss=This map, at a glance, might be mistaken for countries that are or are not democracies (like all other maps) as opposed to trends|date=March 2024}}]]

"[[Democratic backsliding]]" in the 2010s were attributed to economic inequality and social discontent,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greskovitz|first=Béla|date=2015|title=The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East-Central Europe|journal=Global Policy|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–37|doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12225}}</ref> personalism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rhodes-Purdy|first1=Matthew|last2=Madrid|first2=Raúl L.|date=27 November 2019|title=The perils of personalism|journal=Democratization|volume=27|issue=2|pages=321–339|doi=10.1080/13510347.2019.1696310|s2cid=212974380|issn=1351-0347}}</ref> poor government's management of the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics|COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idea.int/news-media/multimedia-reports/global-overview-covid-19-impact-elections|title=Global overview of COVID-19: Impact on elections|website=idea.int|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Democracy under Lockdown|publisher=Freedom House|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown|access-date=28 January 2021|first1=Sarah|last1=Repucci|first2=Amy|last2=Slipowitz}}</ref> as well as other factors such as manipulation of civil society, "toxic polarization", foreign disinformation campaigns,<ref name="2019VDem">{{Cite report|url=https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/99/de/99dedd73-f8bc-484c-8b91-44ba601b6e6b/v-dem_democracy_report_2019.pdf|title=Democracy Facing Global Challenges: V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2019|publisher=V-Dem Institute at the [[University of Gothenburg]]|date=May 2019|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605230333/https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/99/de/99dedd73-f8bc-484c-8b91-44ba601b6e6b/v-dem_democracy_report_2019.pdf}}</ref> racism and nativism, excessive executive power,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mettler|first=Suzanne|title=Four Threats: The Recurring Crises of American Democracy|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-250-24442-0|location=New York|oclc=1155487679}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=History tells us there are four key threats to U.S. democracy|author=Farrell, Henry|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=14 August 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/14/history-tells-us-there-are-four-key-threats-us-democracy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lieberman|first=By Suzanne Mettler and Robert C.|date=10 August 2020|title=The Fragile Republic|url=https://reader.foreignaffairs.com/2020/08/10/the-fragile-republic/content.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=Foreign Affairs}}</ref> and decreased power of the opposition.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haggard|first1=Stephan|last2=Kaufman|first2=Robert|date=2021|title=Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/backsliding/CCD2F28FB63A56409FF8911351F2E937|access-date=21 January 2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108957809|isbn=978-1-108-95780-9|s2cid=242013001}}</ref> Within English-speaking Western democracies, "protection-based" attitudes combining cultural conservatism and leftist economic attitudes were the strongest predictor of support for authoritarian modes of governance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malka|first1=Ariel|last2=Lelkes|first2=Yphtach|last3=Bakker|first3=Bert N.|last4=Spivack|first4=Eliyahu|date=2020|title=Who Is Open to Authoritarian Governance within Western Democracies?|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/who-is-open-to-authoritarian-governance-within-western-democracies/0ADCD5FFE5B7E9267E8283C7561FB6BE|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=20|issue=3|pages=808–827|doi=10.1017/S1537592720002091|s2cid=225207244|issn=1537-5927}}</ref>

==Theory==

===Early theory===
[[Aristotle]]'s '''democratic theory''' contrasted rule by the many (democracy/[[timocracy]]), with rule by the few ([[oligarchy]]/[[aristocracy]]/[[elitism]]), and with rule by a single person ([[tyranny]]/[[autocracy]]/[[absolute monarchy]]). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to timocracy).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII, Chapter 10 (1160a.31-1161a.9)|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.8.viii.html|access-date=21 June 2018|publisher=Internet Classics Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm|title=Aristotle|encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

A common view among early and renaissance [[Republicanism|Republican]] theorists was that democracy could only survive in small political communities.<ref name="Deudney2008a" /> Heeding the lessons of the Roman Republic's shift to monarchism as it grew larger or smaller, these Republican theorists held that the expansion of territory and population inevitably led to tyranny.<ref name="Deudney2008a" /> Democracy was therefore highly fragile and rare historically, as it could only survive in small political units, which due to their size were vulnerable to conquest by larger political units.<ref name="Deudney2008a" /> [[Montesquieu]] famously said, "if a republic is small, it is destroyed by an outside force; if it is large, it is destroyed by an internal vice."<ref name="Deudney2008a" /> [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] asserted, "It is, therefore the natural property of small states to be governed as a republic, of middling ones to be subject to a monarch, and of large empires to be swayed by a despotic prince."<ref name="Deudney2008a" />

===Contemporary theory===
Among modern political theorists, there are different fundamental conceptions of democracy.

====Aggregation====
The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens' preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt. Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on [[voting]], where the policy with the most votes gets implemented. Different variants of aggregative democracy exist.

According to the minimalist democracy conception, elections are a mechanism for [[Electoral competition|competition]] between [[politician]]s. [[Joseph Schumpeter]] articulated this view famously in his book ''Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy''.<ref name="Schumpeter"/> According to the [[median voter theorem]] the [[Political representation|political representativeness]] can be evaluated by comparing how close laws and policies are to the views of the [[median]] voter along the [[political spectrum]].<ref name="j070">{{cite journal | last1=Golder | first1=Matt | last2=Stramski | first2=Jacek | title=Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions | journal=American Journal of Political Science | volume=54 | issue=1 | date=2010 | issn=0092-5853 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00420.x | pages=90–106 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00420.x | access-date=2026-02-09| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Anthony Downs]] argues that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individuals and governments.<ref>[[Anthony Downs]], (1957). ''An Economic Theory of Democracy''. HarperCollins College. {{ISBN|978-0-06-041750-5}}.</ref> On the other hand, [[direct democracy]], where citizens vote directly on legislative proposals, can show better aggregation in cases of differences in preferences between elites and voters.<ref name="a097">{{cite journal | last1=Leemann | first1=Lucas | last2=Wasserfallen | first2=Fabio | title=The Democratic Effect of Direct Democracy | journal=American Political Science Review | volume=110 | issue=4 | date=2016 | issn=0003-0554 | doi=10.1017/S0003055416000307 | pages=750–762 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055416000307/type/journal_article | access-date=2026-02-09}}</ref>

====Polyarchy====
{{Main|Polyarchy}}
[[Robert A. Dahl]] argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration. He uses the term polyarchy ("rule by many") to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy. First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open [[elections]] which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation.<ref>[[Robert A. Dahl|Dahl, Robert]], (1989). ''Democracy and its Critics''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-04938-1}}</ref> Similarly, [[Ronald Dworkin]] argues that "democracy is a substantive, not a merely procedural, ideal."<ref>Dworkin, Ronald (2006). ''Is Democracy Possible Here?'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13872-5}}, p. 134.</ref>

====Deliberation====
{{Main|Deliberative democracy}}
Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by [[deliberation]]. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting. Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups.<ref>Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson (2002). ''Why Deliberative Democracy?'' Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-691-12019-5}}</ref><ref>Joshua Cohen, "Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy" in Essays on Reason and Politics: Deliberative Democracy Ed. James Bohman and William Rehg (The MIT Press: Cambridge) 1997, 72–73.</ref><ref>Ethan J. "Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative?", ''Buffalo Law Review'', Vol. 54, 2006</ref> If the decision-makers cannot reach [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule. [[Citizens' assemblies|Citizens assemblies]] are considered by many scholars as practical examples of deliberative democracy,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Warren|first1=Mark E.|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/WARDDD-2|title=Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens' Assembly|last2=Pearse|first2=Hilary|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Suiter|first1=Jane|last2=Farrell|first2=David M|last3=O'Malley|first3=Eoin|date=1 March 2016|title=When do deliberative citizens change their opinions? Evidence from the Irish Citizens' Assembly|journal=International Political Science Review|volume=37|issue=2|pages=198–212|doi=10.1177/0192512114544068|s2cid=155953192|issn=0192-5121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Graham|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/democratic-innovations/7887AF1095A7546F8AE2E072CEF760F4|title=Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51477-4|series=Theories of Institutional Design|location=Cambridge}}</ref> with a recent [[OECD]] report identifying citizens assemblies as an increasingly popular mechanism to involve citizens in governmental decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave {{!}} en {{!}} OECD|url=https://www.oecd.org/gov/innovative-citizen-participation-and-new-democratic-institutions-339306da-en.htm|access-date=20 November 2020|website=oecd.org|date=9 June 2020}}</ref> Proponents of direct democracy view citizens do not rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socialises and educates citizens, and [[Public participation (decision making)|popular participation]] can check powerful elites.

==Measurement of democracy==
{{anchor|Indices ranking degree of democracy}}
[[File:Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2024.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.5|The 2024 [[The Economist Democracy Index]] map
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Full democracies'''
{{Legend|#0c3091|9.00–10.00}}
{{legend|#2f5cd5|8.00–8.99}}
'''Flawed democracies'''
{{legend|#6bd2df|7.00–7.99}}
{{legend|#c3eded|6.00–6.99}}
{{Col-break}}
'''[[Hybrid regimes]]'''
{{legend|#f9f8bb|5.00–5.99}}
{{legend|#fad45d|4.00–4.99}}
{{Col-break}}
'''[[Authoritarian regimes]]'''
{{legend|#da820f|3.00–3.99}}
{{legend|#a8261f|2.00–2.99}}
{{legend|#66000f|1.00–1.99}}
{{legend|#240011|0.00–0.99}}
{{Col-end}}]]
[[File:V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index 2026 World.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.5|[[V-Dem Democracy Indices|V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index]] map for 2025<ref name="j496">{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era? | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf | access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Legend|#0c3091|0.90–1.00}}
{{legend|#2f5cd5|0.80–0.89}}
{{legend|#6bd2df|0.70–0.79}}
{{legend|#c3eded|0.60–0.69}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#f9f8bb|0.50–0.59}}
{{legend|#fad45d|0.40–0.49}}
{{legend|#da820f|0.30–0.39}}
{{legend|#a8261f|0.20–0.29}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#66000f|0.10–0.19}}
{{legend|#240011|0.00–0.09}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}
{{Col-end}}]]

Measurement of democracy varies according to the different fundamental conceptions of democracy. Minimalist democracy evaluations focus on [[free and fair election]]s,<ref name="Schumpeter">{{cite book|last1=Schumpeter|first1=Joseph |title=Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190072 |date=1942 |publisher=Harper and Brothers |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190072/page/n259 252] |edition=1st}}</ref> while maximalist democracy evaluates additional values, such as [[human rights]], [[deliberation]], [[economy|economic]] outcomes or [[state capacity]].<ref name="u916">{{cite journal | last1=Schmitter | first1=Philippe C | last2=Karl | first2=Terry Lynn | title=What Democracy Is. . . and Is Not | journal=Journal of Democracy | volume=2 | issue=3 | date=1991 | issn=1086-3214 | doi=10.1353/jod.1991.0033 | pages=75–88}}</ref>

{{Excerpt|Democracy indices|only=paragraph|paragraph=1,2,3|hat=no}}

==Types of governmental democracies==
{{Main|Types of democracy}}

Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others.<ref>G.F. Gaus, C. Kukathas, ''Handbook of Political Theory'', SAGE, 2004, pp. 143–45, {{ISBN|978-0-7619-6787-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RGisaLxA6eMC Google Books link]</ref><ref>''The Judge in a Democracy'', Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 26, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12017-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3HX7mAbjGOYC Google Books link]</ref> However, if any democracy is not structured to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process, or any branch of government from altering the [[separation of powers]] in its favour, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy.<ref>A. Barak, ''The Judge in a Democracy'', Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 40, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12017-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3HX7mAbjGOYC Google Books link]</ref><ref>T.R. Williamson, ''Problems in American Democracy'', Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 36, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-4316-8}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NrUlR8nc9Q8C Google Books link]</ref><ref>U.K. Preuss, "Perspectives of Democracy and the Rule of Law". ''Journal of Law and Society'', 18:3 (1991). pp. 353–64</ref>

{{Systems of government|right|2=upright=2.0}}

The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another: many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system.

===Basic forms===
Several variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will. One form of democracy is [[direct democracy]], in which all eligible citizens have active participation in the political decision making, for example voting on policy initiatives directly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Budge, Ian|chapter=Direct democracy|editor=Clarke, Paul A.B.|editor2=Foweraker, Joe|title=Encyclopedia of Political Thought|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-19396-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224}}</ref> In most modern democracies, the whole body of eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives; this is called a [[representative democracy]].

====Direct====
{{Main|Direct democracy}}
[[File:Landsgemeinde Glarus, 2009.jpg|thumb|A [[Landsgemeinde]] (in 2009) of the [[canton of Glarus]], an example of direct democracy in Switzerland]]
[[File:Swiss voting material.jpg|thumb|In [[Voting in Switzerland|Switzerland]], without needing to register, every citizen receives [[ballot papers]] and information brochures for each vote (and can send it back by post). Switzerland has a [[direct democracy]] system and votes (and elections) are organised about four times a year; here, to [[Bern#Politics|Berne]]'s citizen in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.]]

Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to:
* Change constitutional laws,
* Put forth [[Popular initiative|initiative]]s, [[referendum]]s and suggestions for laws

Within modern-day representative governments, certain electoral tools like referendums, citizens' initiatives and [[recall election]]s are referred to as forms of direct democracy.<ref>Beramendi, Virginia, and Jennifer Somalie. Angeyo. ''Direct Democracy: The International Idea Handbook''. Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA, 2008. Print.</ref> However, some advocates of direct democracy argue for local assemblies of face-to-face discussion. Direct democracy as a government system currently exists in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] of [[Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden|Appenzell Innerrhoden]] and [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]],<ref name="Golay" /> the [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities]],<ref>Niels Barmeyer, ''Developing Zapatista Autonomy'', Chapter Three: Who is Running the Show? The Workings of Zapatista Government.</ref> communities affiliated with the [[CIPO-RFM]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Teaching Rebellion: Stories from the Grassroots Mobilization in Oaxaca|last=Denham|first=Diana|year=2008}}</ref> the [[Bolivia]]n city councils of [[Fejuve|FEJUVE]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces in Latin America|last=Zibechi|first=Raul|year=2013}}</ref> and Kurdish cantons of [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/opinion/29012015|title=A Very Different Ideology in the Middle East|publisher=Rudaw}}</ref>

=====Semi-direct=====
Some modern democracies that are predominantly representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic. These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed ''semi-direct democracies'' or ''participatory democracies''. Examples include Switzerland and some [[U.S. state]]s, where frequent use is made of [[referendum]]s and [[initiatives]].

The [[Swiss confederation]] is a semi-direct democracy.<ref name="Golay" /> At the federal level, citizens can propose changes to the constitution ([[federal popular initiative]]) or ask for a [[Optional referendum|referendum]] to be held on any law voted by the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|parliament]].<ref name="Golay" /> Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums).<ref name="Golay" /> Although in the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.<ref>{{Citation|last=Serdült|first=Uwe|title=Referendums in Switzerland|date=2014|work=Referendums Around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy|pages=65–121|editor-last=Qvortrup|editor-first=Matt|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|doi=10.1057/9781137314703_4|isbn=978-1-137-31470-3}}</ref>

Examples include the extensive use of [[referendum]]s in the US state of [[California]], which is a state that has more than 20 million voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themercury.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3985561|title=Article on direct democracy by Imraan Buccus|publisher=Themercury.co.za|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117121519/http://www.themercury.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3985561|archive-date=17 January 2010}}</ref>

In [[New England]], [[town meeting]]s are often used, especially in rural areas, to manage local government. This creates a hybrid form of government, with a local [[direct democracy]] and a representative state government. For example, most [[Vermont]] towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have the opportunity to speak and be heard on political matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec.state.vt.us/townmeeting/citizens_guide.html|title=A Citizen's Guide To Vermont Town Meeting|date=July 2008|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805023214/http://www.sec.state.vt.us/TownMeeting/citizens_guide.html|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

=====Lot system=====
The use of a lot system, a characteristic of [[Athenian democracy]], is a feature of some versions of direct democracies. In this system, important governmental and administrative tasks are performed by citizens picked from a lottery.<ref name ="Manin 1997">{{cite book|author=Manin, Bernard|title=Principles of Representative Government|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=8–11|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511659935 |isbn=978-0-521-45891-7 |s2cid=153766786|url=http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/96019710.html}}</ref>

====Representative====
{{Main|Representative democracy}}

Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also [[Democratically elected government|democratically elected]] then it is called a democratic [[republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REV/RADICAL.HTM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203212816/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REV/RADICAL.HTM|archive-date=3 February 1999|title=Radical Revolution – The Thermidorean Reaction|publisher=Wsu.edu|date=6 June 1999|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref> The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the votes. Most western countries have representative systems.<ref name="Golay" />

Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or [[constituency]]), or represent the entire electorate through [[Proportional representation|proportional]] systems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as [[referendum]]s. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people's interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so. Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy,<ref>{{cite book|last=Köchler|first=Hans|title=The Crisis of Representative Democracy|publisher=Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York|isbn=978-3-8204-8843-2|year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Urbinati|first=Nadia|title=Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy|isbn=978-0-226-84279-0|date=1 October 2008|chapter=2|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fenichel Pitkin|first=Hanna|s2cid=154048078|title=Representation and democracy: uneasy alliance|journal=[[Scandinavian Political Studies]]|volume=27|issue=3|pages=335–42|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.2004.00109.x|date=September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=Politics|volume=Book 4|chapter=Ch. 9}}</ref>

=====Parliamentary=====
{{Main|Parliamentary system}}
[[File:Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palace of Westminster]] in [[London]], United Kingdom. The [[Westminster system]] originates from the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Houses of Parliament]].]]
Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by or can be dismissed by, representatives as opposed to a "presidential rule" wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters. Under a parliamentary democracy, government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people.<ref>[[Keen, Benjamin]], A History of Latin America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.</ref><ref>Kuykendall, Ralph, Hawaii: A History. New York: Prentice Hall, 1948.</ref><ref>Brown, Charles H., The Correspondents' War. New York: [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], 1967.</ref><ref>Taussig, Capt. J. K., "Experiences during the Boxer Rebellion," in Quarterdeck and Fo'c'sle. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1963</ref>

In a parliamentary system, the prime minister may be dismissed by the legislature at any point in time for not meeting the expectations of the legislature. This is done through a vote of no confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the prime minister from office with majority support for dismissal.<ref name="O'Neil, Patrick H 2010" /> In some countries, the prime minister can also call an election at any point in time, typically when the prime minister believes that they are in good favour with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies, extra elections are virtually never held, a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections. An important feature of the parliamentary democracy is the concept of the "[[loyal opposition]]". The essence of the concept is that the second largest political party (or opposition) opposes the governing party (or coalition), while still remaining loyal to the state and its democratic principles.

=====Presidential=====
{{Main|Presidential system}}

Presidential democracy is a system where the public elects the president through an election. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. The legislature often has limited ability to remove a president from office. Elections typically have a fixed date and are not easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, specifically appointing the cabinet members.<ref name="O'Neil, Patrick H 2010" />

The executive usually has the responsibility to execute or implement legislation and may have the limited legislative powers, such as a veto. However, a legislative branch passes legislation and budgets. This provides some measure of [[separation of powers]]. In consequence, however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas, Africa, and Central and Southeast Asia.<ref name="O'Neil, Patrick H 2010" />

A [[semi-presidential system]] is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country.<ref name="O'Neil, Patrick H 2010" />

===Typology===

====Constitutional monarchy====
{{Main|Constitutional monarchy}}

Many countries such as the [[United Kingdom]], [[Spain]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian countries]], [[Thailand]], [[Japan]] and [[Bhutan]] turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs (often gradually) with limited or symbolic roles. For example, in the predecessor states to the United Kingdom, constitutional monarchy began to emerge and has continued uninterrupted since the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 and passage of the [[Bill of Rights 1689]].<ref name="Kopstein2014" /><ref name="refNARoP" /> Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, have been referred to as [[crowned republic]]s by writers such as [[H. G. Wells]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World|url=https://www.bartleby.com/86/64.html|access-date=8 January 2022|website=bartleby.com}}</ref>

In other countries, the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system (as in [[France]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Hungary]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], and [[Egypt]]). An elected person, with or without significant powers, became the head of state in these countries.

Elite upper houses of legislatures, which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure, were common in many states. Over time, these either had their powers limited (as with the British [[House of Lords]]) or else became elective and remained powerful (as with the [[Australian Senate]]).

====Republic====
{{Main|Republicanism}}

The term ''[[republic]]'' has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected [[head of state]], such as a [[President (government title)|president]], serving for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary [[monarch]] as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed [[head of government]] such as a [[Prime Minister|prime minister]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/republic|title=Republic – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|publisher=M-W.com|date=25 April 2007|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>

The [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] often criticised [[direct democracy]], which in their view often came without the protection of a constitution enshrining inalienable rights; [[James Madison]] argued, especially in [[Federalist No. 10|''The Federalist'' No. 10]], that what distinguished a direct ''democracy'' from a ''republic'' was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.<ref name="Federalist10">{{cite web|title=The Federalist Papers: No. 10|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed10.asp|work=[[Avalon Project]]|date=29 December 1998|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>

Professors Richard Ellis of [[Willamette University]] and Michael Nelson of [[Rhodes College]] argue that much constitutional thought, from Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny". They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities."<ref>Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson, ''Debating the presidency'' (2009) p. 211</ref> What was critical to American values, [[John Adams]] insisted,<ref>Novanglus, no. 7. 6 March 1775</ref> was that the government be "bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend." As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the US Constitution, [[Elizabeth Willing Powel]]<ref name="Brockell">{{cite news|last1=Brockell|first1=Gillian|title='A republic, if you can keep it': Did Ben Franklin really say Impeachment Day's favorite quote?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/12/18/republic-if-you-can-keep-it-did-ben-franklin-really-say-impeachment-days-favorite-quote/|access-date=20 January 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=19 December 2019}}</ref> asked him "Well, Doctor, what have we got—a republic or a monarchy?". He replied "A republic—if you can keep it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch18I.html|title=''The Founders' Constitution: Volume 1, Chapter 18, Introduction'', "Epilogue: Securing the Republic"|publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu|access-date=22 August 2010}}</ref>

====Liberal====
{{Main|Liberal democracy}}

A liberal democracy is a representative democracy which enshrines a [[liberalism|liberal]] [[political philosophy]], where the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the [[rule of law]], moderated by a constitution or laws such as the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and constrained on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.<ref name="He 2022 pp. 111–139">{{cite journal | last=He | first=Jiacheng | title=The Patterns of Democracy in Context of Historical Political Science | journal=Chinese Political Science Review | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=7 | issue=1 | date=Jan 8, 2022 | issn=2365-4244 | doi=10.1007/s41111-021-00201-5 | pages=111–139| s2cid=256470545 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Socialist====
{{Main|Socialist democracy|Democratic centralism}}
[[Socialism|Socialist]] thought has several different views on democracy, for example [[social democracy]] or [[democratic socialism]]. Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of [[participatory democracy|participatory]], [[industrial democracy|industrial]], [[economic democracy|economic]] and/or [[workplace democracy]] combined with a [[representative democracy]].

====Marxist====
{{Main|Democracy in Marxism}}
[[Marxist theory]] supports a democratic society centering the [[working class]].<ref name="Clark1998">{{cite book |author=Barry Stewart Clark|title=Political economy: a comparative approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&pg=PA57|access-date=7 March 2011|year=1998|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-96370-5|pages=57–59}}</ref> Some Marxists and [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] believe in [[direct democracy]] or [[workers' council]]s (which are sometimes called [[Soviet (council)|soviets]]). This system can begin with workplace democracy and can manifest itself as [[soviet democracy]] or [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref name="Kazuko 2014">{{cite journal|last=Kazuko|first=Kawamoto|date=2014|title=Rethinking Soviet Democracy|journal=Japanese Political Science Review|volume=2|issue=2|pages=111–133|doi=10.15545/2.111|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swearer|first=Howard R.|date=1961|title=The Functions of Soviet Local Elections|journal=Midwest Journal of Political Science|volume=5|issue=2|pages=129–149|doi=10.2307/2109266|jstor=2109266|issn=0026-3397|url=http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/POSO/article/view/54803}}</ref> [[Trotskyist]] groups have interpreted socialist democracy to be synonymous with [[multi-party]] [[Far-left politics|far-left]] representation, [[economic democracy|autonomous union organizations]], [[worker's control|worker's control of production]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wiles|first1=Peter|title=The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove|date=14 June 2023|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-88190-5|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+legalization+of+soviet+parties+worker+control+of+production&pg=PA31}}</ref> internal party democracy and the [[worker self-management|mass participation of the working masses]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mandel|first1=Ernest|title=Trotsky as Alternative|date=5 May 2020|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1-78960-701-7|pages=84–86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVmcEAAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+as+alternative+mandel&pg=PT80}}</ref><ref name="Pathfinder Press">{{cite book|last1=Trotsky|first1=Leon|title=The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution: Including The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International|date=1977|publisher=Pathfinder Press|isbn=978-0-87348-524-1|pages=145–146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rL8gAQAAIAAJ&q=the+transitional+program+trotsky}}</ref> Some [[communist party|communist parties]] support a [[soviet republic]] with [[democratic centralism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lenin|first=V. I.|author-link=Vladimir Lenin|orig-date=1905|chapter=Freedom to Criticise and Unity of Action|title=Lenin's Collected Works|publisher=[[Progress Publishers]]|date=1965|location=Moscow|volume=10|pages=442–443|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1906/may/20c.htm|via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124192311/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1906/may/20c.htm|archive-date=24 January 2021|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Within [[democracy in Marxism]] there can be hostility to what is commonly called "liberal democracy".

====Anarchist====
[[Anarchism|Anarchists]] are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a [[Tyranny of the majority|majority-rule is tyrannic or not]]. To many anarchists, the only form of democracy considered acceptable is direct democracy. [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous.<ref>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. ''General Idea of the Revolution'' See also commentary by [[Robert Graham (historian)|Graham, Robert]]. [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/proudhon/grahamproudhon.html ''The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution'']</ref> However, [[anarcho-communist]] [[Murray Bookchin]] criticised [[individualist anarchists]] for opposing democracy,<ref>Bookchin, Murray. Communalism: The Democratic Dimensions of Social Anarchism. Anarchism, Marxism and the Future of the Left: Interviews and Essays, 1993–1998, AK Press 1999, p. 155</ref> and says "majority rule" is consistent with anarchism.<ref>Bookchin, Murray. [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bookchin/soclife.html Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm]</ref>

Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt-in favour of a non-majoritarian form of [[consensus democracy]], similar to Proudhon's position on direct democracy.<ref>Graeber, David and Grubacic, Andrej. ''Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement of the Twenty-first Century''</ref>

====Sortition====
{{Main|Sortition}}

[[Sortition]] is the process of choosing decision-making bodies via a random selection. These bodies can be more representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large than an elected legislature or other decision-maker. The technique was in widespread use in [[Athenian Democracy]] and [[Republic of Florence|Renaissance Florence]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dowlen|first1=Oliver|title=The Political Potential of Sortition: A study of the random selection of citizens for public office|date=2008|publisher=Imprint Academic}}</ref> and is still used in modern [[jury selection]] and [[Citizens' assembly|citizens' assemblies]].

====Consociational====
{{Main|Consociational democracy}}

Consociational democracy, also called [[consociationalism]], is a form of democracy based on power-sharing formula between elites representing the social groups within the society. In 1969, Arendt Lijphart argued this would stabilize democracies with factions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arend|first=Lijphart|date=January 1969|title=Consociational Democracy|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/consociational-democracy/BB47BF2A5A4EBAE341FD3FA4E262410F|journal=World Politics|volume=21|issue=2|pages=207–225|doi=10.2307/2009820|jstor=2009820|s2cid=251572712|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A consociational democracy allows for simultaneous majority votes in two or more ethno-religious constituencies, and policies are enacted only if they gain majority support from both or all of them. The [[Qualified majority voting]] rule in [[European Council of Ministers]] is a consociational democracy approach for supranational democracies. This system in [[Treaty of Rome]] allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states. A consociational democracy requires consensus of representatives, while consensus democracy requires consensus of electorate.{{update inline|date=February 2024|reason=The only source cited is from 1969 – needs update on the latest scholarship regarding how these experiments have or have not worked}}

====Majoritarian====
{{Excerpt|Majoritarian democracy|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs|hat=no}}

====Consensus====
{{Main|Consensus democracy}}

Consensus democracy<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414012463883|title=The Calculus of Consensus Democracy: Rethinking Patterns of Democracy Without Veto Players|first1=Anthony J.|last1=McGann|first2=Michael|last2=Latner|date=16 July 2013|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=46|issue=7|pages=823–850|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1177/0010414012463883|url-access=subscription}}</ref> requires [[consensus decision-making]] and [[supermajority]] to obtain a larger support than [[majority]]. In contrast, in [[majoritarian democracy]] minority opinions can potentially be ignored by vote-winning majorities.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09512748.2022.2035426|title=The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia|first1=Yuko|last1=Kasuya|first2=Benjamin|last2=Reilly|date=4 July 2023|journal=The Pacific Review|volume=36|issue=4|pages=844–870|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1080/09512748.2022.2035426|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Constitution]]s typically require consensus or supermajorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/shclj8&i=371|title=shclj8|website=heinonline.org}}</ref>

====Ethnic====
{{Excerpt|Ethnic democracy|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

====Inclusive====
{{Main|Inclusive democracy}}

Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for [[direct democracy]] in all fields of social life: political democracy in the form of face-to-face assemblies which are confederated, [[economic democracy]] in a [[Stateless society|stateless]], moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i.e. [[Workers' self-management|self-management]] in places of work and education, and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher [[Takis Fotopoulos]] in "Towards An Inclusive Democracy" and was further developed in the journal ''[[Democracy & Nature]]'' and its successor ''The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy''.<ref>Jorge Camil, review of Hacia Una Democracia Inclusiva (in Spanish), La Jornada, Friday, 8 June 2001.</ref><ref>Arran Gare, review of Towards an Inclusive Democracy, Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 34 (1), Winter 2002, p. 97–99.</ref><ref>Michael Levin, review of Towards an Inclusive Democracy, [[Anarchist Studies]], Vol. 5, No. 2, October 1997.</ref><ref>John Griffin, Dodgy Logic and the Olympians, Total Liberty, 1999-2000, p. 10–11.</ref><ref>James Herod, review of Towards an Inclusive Democracy, [http://libcom.org/files/Getting%20Free.pdf Getting Free: Creating an Association of Democratic Autonomous Neighborhoods], [[Lucy Parsons Center]] (first printing edition), May 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/towards-anti-capitalist-synthesis-what-can-ecosocialists-learn-ecoanarchists|title=Towards an anti-capitalist synthesis: what can ecosocialists learn from ecoanarchists?|date=November 19, 2020|access-date=January 2, 2021|author=Baer, Hans|work=Green Left}}</ref>

====Participatory====
{{Main|Participatory politics}}

A [[parpolity]] or participatory polity is a theoretical form of democracy that is ruled by a [[Parpolity|nested council]] structure. The guiding philosophy is that people should have decision-making power in proportion to how much they are affected by the decision. Local councils of 25–50 people are completely autonomous on issues that affect only them, and these councils send delegates to higher level councils who are again autonomous regarding issues that affect only the population affected by that council.

A council court of randomly chosen citizens serves as a check on the [[tyranny of the majority]], and rules on which body gets to vote on which issue. Delegates may vote differently from how their sending council might wish but are mandated to communicate the wishes of their sending council. Delegates are recallable at any time. Referendums are possible at any time via votes of lower-level councils, however, not everything is a referendum as this is most likely a waste of time. A parpolity is meant to work in tandem with a [[participatory economy]].

====Procedural====
{{Excerpt|Procedural democracy|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs|hat=no}}

====Radical====
{{Main|Radical democracy}}
Radical democracy is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society. Radical democracy's role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms in decision-making processes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Springer|first1=Simon|year=2011|title=Public Space as Emancipation: Meditations on Anarchism, Radical Democracy, Neoliberalism and Violence|url=https://www.academia.edu/354048|journal=Antipode|volume=43|issue=2|pages=525–62|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00827.x|bibcode=2011Antip..43..525S}}</ref>

====Religious====
{{Excerpt|Religious democracy|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

====Cosmopolitan====
{{Main|Cosmopolitan democracy}}

Cosmopolitan democracy, also known as ''global democracy'' or ''world federalism'', is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale, either directly or through representatives. An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who, by definition, cannot vote. By contrast, in a cosmopolitan democracy, the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/CD_and_critics_A_review.pdf|title=Article on Cosmopolitan democracy by Daniele Archibugi|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220629/http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/CD_and_critics_A_review.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

According to its supporters, any attempt to solve global problems is undemocratic without some form of cosmopolitan democracy. The general principle of cosmopolitan democracy is to expand some or all of the values and norms of democracy, including the rule of law; the non-violent resolution of conflicts; and equality among citizens, beyond the limits of the state. To be fully implemented, this would require reforming existing [[international organisations]], e.g., the [[United Nations]], as well as the creation of new institutions such as a [[World Parliament]], which ideally would enhance public control over, and accountability in, international politics.

Cosmopolitan democracy has been promoted, among others, by physicist Albert Einstein,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/ws1997-letter-einstein.html|title=letter by Einstein – "To the General Assembly of the United Nations"|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510174259/http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/ws1997-letter-einstein.html|archive-date=10 May 2013}}, first published in United Nations World New York, October 1947, pp. 13–14</ref> writer Kurt Vonnegut, columnist [[George Monbiot]], and professors [[David Held]] and [[Daniele Archibugi]].<ref>Daniele Archibugi & David Held, eds., ''Cosmopolitan Democracy. An Agenda for a New World Order'', Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995; David Held, ''Democracy and the Global Order'', Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995, Daniele Archibugi, [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8737.html ''The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy''], Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008</ref> The creation of the [[International Criminal Court]] in 2003 was seen as a major step forward by many supporters of this type of cosmopolitan democracy.

====Creative====
{{Main|Creative democracy}}

Creative democracy is advocated by American philosopher [[John Dewey]]. The main idea about creative democracy is that democracy encourages individual capacity building and the interaction among the society. Dewey argues that democracy is a way of life in his work of "Creative Democracy: The Task Before Us"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/dewey/dewey_creative_democracy.pdf|title=Creative Democracy – The Task Before Us|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212175652/http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/dewey/dewey_creative_democracy.pdf|archive-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> and an experience built on faith in human nature, faith in human beings, and faith in working with others. Democracy, in Dewey's view, is a [[Morality|moral ideal]] requiring actual effort and work by people; it is not an institutional concept that exists outside of ourselves. "The task of democracy", Dewey concludes, "is forever that of creation of a freer and more humane experience in which all share and to which all contribute".

====Guided====
{{Main|Guided democracy}}
[[File:Democracy claims.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|'''Green:''' countries that claim to be a democracy '''Red:''' countries that do not claim to be democratic (only [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Qatar]], [[Brunei]], [[Afghanistan]], and the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] do not claim to be democratic as of 2022){{citation needed|date=February 2024}}]]

Guided democracy is a form of democracy that incorporates regular popular elections, but which often carefully "guides" the choices offered to the electorate in a manner that may reduce the ability of the electorate to truly determine the type of government exercised over them. Such democracies typically have only one central authority which is often not subject to meaningful public review by any other governmental authority. Russian-style democracy has often been referred to as a "guided democracy".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17149/pdf|doi=10.1353/jod.2001.0063|title=From Democratization to "Guided Democracy&quot|year=2001|last1=Brown|first1=Archie|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=12|issue=4|pages=35–41|s2cid=201790528|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Russian politicians have referred to their government as having only one center of power/ authority, as opposed to most other forms of democracy which usually attempt to incorporate two or more naturally competing sources of authority within the same government.<ref>[http://www.russialist.org/archives/2009-35-32.php Putin's Rule: Its Main Features and the Current Diarchy] Johnson's [[Russia]] List. By Peter Reddaway. 18 February 2009. Downloaded 28 April 2017.</ref>

==Non-governmental democracy==
Aside from the public sphere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of groups. Many [[non-governmental organisation]]s decide policy and leadership by voting. Most [[trade union]]s and [[cooperative]]s are governed by democratic elections. [[Corporation]]s are ultimately governed by their [[shareholder]]s through [[shareholder democracy]]. Corporations may also employ systems such as [[workplace democracy]] to handle internal governance. [[Amitai Etzioni]] has postulated a system that fuses elements of democracy with [[sharia law]], termed Islamic democracy or ''[[wikt:Islamocracy|Islamocracy]]''.<ref>Compare: {{cite book|last1=Tibi|first1=Bassam|title=The Sharia State: Arab Spring and Democratization|date=2013|page=161|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXAdAAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-135-92468-3}}</ref> There is also a growing number of [[Democratic education]]al institutions such as [[Sudbury school]]s that are co-governed by students and staff.

===Shareholder democracy===
{{Main|Shareholder democracy}}

Shareholder democracy is a concept relating to the governance of corporations by their shareholders. In the United States, shareholders are typically granted voting rights according to the [[one share, one vote]] principle. Shareholders may vote annually to elect the company's [[board of directors]], who themselves may choose the company's [[Chief executive officer|executives]]. The shareholder democracy framework may be inaccurate for companies which have different [[Share class|classes of stock]] that further alter the distribution of voting rights.

==Justification==
Several justifications for democracy have been postulated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gerring|first1=John|last2=Knutsen|first2=Carl Henrik|last3=Berge|first3=Jonas|title=Does Democracy Matter?|journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]]|date=2022|volume=25|pages=357–375|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-060820-060910|doi-access=free|hdl=10852/100947|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

===Legitimacy===
[[Social contract|Social contract theory]] argues that the [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy of government]] is based on [[consent of the governed]], i.e. an election, and that political decisions must reflect the [[general will]]. Some proponents of the theory like [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] advocate for a [[direct democracy]] on this basis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Friend|first=Celeste|date=n.d.|title=Social Contract Theory|url=https://iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/|access-date=26 April 2022|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>

===Better decision-making===
[[Condorcet's jury theorem]] is logical proof that if each decision-maker has a better than chance probability of making the right decision, then having the largest number of decision-makers, i.e. a democracy, will result in the best decisions. This has also been argued by theories of [[Wisdom of the crowd|the wisdom of the crowd]]. Democracy tends to improve [[conflict resolution]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0022002793037001002|title=Democracy and the Management of International Conflict|date=1993|last1=Dixon|first1=William J.|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=37|pages=42–68}}</ref>

===Economic success===
{{Main|Democracy and economic growth}}

In ''[[Why Nations Fail]]'', economists [[Daron Acemoglu]] and [[James A. Robinson (economist)|James A. Robinson]] argue that democracies are more economically successful because undemocratic political systems tend to limit markets and favor [[Monopoly|monopolies]] at the expense of the [[creative destruction]] which is necessary for sustained [[economic growth]].

A 2019 study by Acemoglu and others estimated that countries switching to democratic from authoritarian rule had on average a 20% higher GDP after 25 years than if they had remained authoritarian. The study examined 122 transitions to democracy and 71 transitions to authoritarian rule, occurring from 1960 to 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Democracy Does Cause Growth|author1=Daron Acemoglu|author2=Suresh Naidu|author3=Pascual Restrepo|author4=James A. Robinson|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=127|number=1|date=February 2019|pages=47–100|doi=10.1086/700936|hdl=1721.1/124287|s2cid=222452675|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w20004.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Acemoglu said this was because democracies tended to invest more in health care and human capital, and reduce special treatment of regime allies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/04/24/135720/democracy-dividend/|title=Democracy dividend|magazine=[[Technology Review]] MIT News|author=Peter Dizikes|date=24 April 2019|page=03}}</ref>

A 2023 study analyzed the long-term effects of democracy on economic prosperity using new data on GDP per capita and democracy for a dataset between 1789 and 2019. The results indicate that democracy substantially increases economic development.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pelke|first1=Lars|title=Reanalysing the link between democracy and economic development|journal=[[International Area Studies Review]]|date=2023|volume=26|issue=4|pages=361–383|doi=10.1177/22338659231194945|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Unemployment]] is associated with anti-democratic beliefs.<ref name="h752">{{cite journal | last1=Soral | first1=Wiktor | last2=Bukowski | first2=Marcin | last3=Bilewicz | first3=Michał | last4=Cichocka | first4=Aleksandra | last5=Lewczuk | first5=Karol | last6=Marchlewska | first6=Marta | last7=Rabinovitch | first7=Aleksandra | last8=Rędzio | first8=Anna | last9=Skrodzka | first9=Magdalena | last10=Kofta | first10=Mirosław | title=Prolonged unemployment is associated with control loss and personal as well as social disengagement | journal=Journal of Personality | volume=92 | issue=6 | date=2024 | issn=0022-3506 | doi=10.1111/jopy.12967 | pages=1704–1725 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jopy.12967 | access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Excerpt|Criticism of democracy|templates=-democracy}}

==Democratic transitions==
{{Main|Democratic transition}}
[[File:Number of countries experiencing autocratization and democratization, 1900–2000.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Since {{circa|2010}}, the [[Democratic backsliding by country|number of countries autocratizing]] (blue) is higher than those [[democratizing]] (yellow).]]

A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's [[political system]], often created as a result of an incomplete change from an [[authoritarian]] regime to a democratic one (or vice versa).<ref name="Arugay 2021 pp. 1–7">{{cite book|last=Arugay|first=Aries A.|title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies|chapter=Democratic Transitions|publisher=Springer International Publishing|publication-place=Cham|year=2021|isbn=978-3-319-74336-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1|pages=1–7|s2cid=240235199}}</ref><ref name="Munck 2001 pp. 3425–3428">{{cite book|last=Munck|first=G.L.|title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences|chapter=Democratic Transitions|publisher=Elsevier|year=2001|doi=10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01135-9|pages=3425–3428|isbn=978-0-08-043076-8}}</ref>

===Democratization===
{{Main|Democratization}}
{{Excerpt|Democratization|only=paragraph|hat=no}}
[[File:Hong Kong P1066634 (48678676473).jpg|thumb|Banner in Hong Kong asking for democracy, August 2019]]
Several philosophers and researchers have outlined historical and social factors seen as supporting the evolution of democracy. Other commentators have mentioned the influence of economic development.<ref>For example: {{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/1951731|author=Lipset, Seymour Martin.|s2cid=53686238|year=1959|title=Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=53|issue=1|pages=69–105|jstor=1951731}}</ref> In a related theory, [[Ronald Inglehart]] suggests that improved living-standards in modern developed countries can convince people that they can take their basic survival for granted, leading to increased emphasis on [[self-expression values]], which correlates closely with democracy.<ref>Inglehart, Ronald. Welzel, Christian ''Modernisation, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence'', 2005. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Inglehart|first1=Ronald F.|title=Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108613880|isbn=978-1-108-61388-0}}</ref>

Douglas M. Gibler and Andrew Owsiak in their study argued about the importance of peace and stable borders for the development of democracy. It has often been assumed that [[democratic peace theory|democracy causes peace]], but this study shows that, historically, peace has almost always predated the establishment of democracy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibler|first1=Douglas M.|last2=Owsiak|first2=Andrew|title=Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919–2001|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=62|issue=9|pages=1847–75|date=2017|doi=10.1177/0022002717708599|s2cid=158036471}}</ref>

[[Carroll Quigley]] concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy:<ref>Foreword, written by historian [http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml Harry J Hogan] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130901040610/http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml |date= 1 September 2013}} in 1982, to Quigley's ''Weapons Systems and Political Stability''</ref><ref>see also Chester G Starr, Review of ''Weapons Systems and Political Stability'', American Historical Review, Feb 1984, p. 98, available at [http://www.carrollquigley.net/book-reviews/Review-of-Weapons-Systems-Political-Stability-Starr.htm carrollquigley.net]</ref> Democracy—this scenario—tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to obtain and use.<ref name="Quigley1983-38" /> By the 1800s, guns were the best personal weapons available, and in the United States of America (already nominally democratic), almost everyone could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments could not do any better: it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns.<ref name="Quigley1983-38" /> Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and democracy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carroll Quigley|title=Weapons systems and political stability: a history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ|access-date=20 May 2013|year=1983|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-8191-2947-5|page=307}}</ref>

Other theories stressed the relevance of [[education]] and of [[human capital]]—and within them of [[intelligence|cognitive ability]] to increasing tolerance, rationality, political literacy and participation. Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Glaeser|first1=E.|last2=Ponzetto|first2=G.|last3=Shleifer|first3=A.|year=2007|title=Why does democracy need education?|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27867132|journal=Journal of Economic Growth|volume=12|issue=2|pages=77–99|doi=10.1007/s10887-007-9015-1|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=August 2018}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Deary|first1=I.J.|last2=Batty|first2=G.D.|last3=Gale|first3=C.R.|year=2008|title=Bright children become enlightened adults|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/8896064/bright_children_become_enlightened_adults.pdf|journal=Psychological Science|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02036.x|pmid=18181782|s2cid=21297949|hdl=20.500.11820/a86dbef4-60eb-44fa-add3-513841cdf81b|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite journal|last1=Rindermann|first1=H|year=2008|title=Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations: Democracy, rule of law and political liberty|journal=Intelligence|volume=36|issue=4|pages=306–22|doi=10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.003|quote=Political theory has described a positive linkage between education, cognitive ability and democracy. This assumption is confirmed by positive correlations between education, cognitive ability, and positively valued political conditions (N = 183–130). [...] It is shown that in the second half of the 20th century, education and intelligence had a strong positive impact on democracy, rule of law and political liberty independent from wealth (GDP) and chosen country sample. One possible mediator of these relationships is the attainment of higher stages of moral judgment fostered by cognitive ability, which is necessary for the function of democratic rules in society. The other mediators for citizens as well as for leaders could be the increased competence and willingness to process and seek information necessary for political decisions due to greater cognitive ability. There are also weaker and less stable reverse effects of the rule of law and political freedom on cognitive ability.}}</ref>
* a cognitive effect (competence to make rational choices, better information-processing)
* an ethical effect (support of democratic values, freedom, human rights etc.), which itself depends on intelligence.

Evidence consistent with conventional theories of why democracy emerges and is sustained has been hard to come by. Statistical analyses have challenged [[modernisation theory]] by demonstrating that there is no reliable evidence for the claim that democracy is more likely to emerge when countries become wealthier, more educated, or less unequal.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albertus|first1=Michael|first2=Victor|last2=Menaldo|s2cid=153949862|title=Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation|journal=Comparative Politics|volume=44|issue=2|year=2012|pages=151–69|doi=10.5129/001041512798838003 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1694364_code1402071.pdf?abstractid=1618909&mirid=1 }}</ref> In fact, empirical evidence shows that economic growth and education may not lead to increased demand for democratization as modernization theory suggests: historically, most countries attained high levels of access to primary education well before transitioning to democracy.<ref name="Paglayan 179–198">{{Cite journal|last=Paglayan|first=Agustina S.|date=February 2021|title=The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=115|issue=1|pages=179–198|doi=10.1017/S0003055420000647|issn=0003-0554|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rather than acting as a catalyst for democratization, in some situations education provision may instead be used by non-democratic regimes to indoctrinate their subjects and strengthen their power.<ref name="Paglayan 179–198"/>

The assumed link between education and economic growth is called into question when analyzing empirical evidence. Across different countries, the correlation between education attainment and math test scores is very weak (.07). A similarly weak relationship exists between per-pupil expenditures and math competency (.26). Additionally, historical evidence suggests that average human capital (measured using literacy rates) of the masses does not explain the onset of industrialization in France from 1750 to 1850 despite arguments to the contrary.<ref>Squicciarini, Mara and Voigtländer, Nico, Knowledge Elites and Modernization: Evidence from Revolutionary France (October 2016). NBER Working Paper No. w22779, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2861711</ref> Together, these findings show that education does not always promote human capital and economic growth as is generally argued to be the case. Instead, the evidence implies that education provision often falls short of its expressed goals, or, alternatively, that political actors use education to promote goals other than economic growth and development.

Some scholars have searched for the "deep" determinants of contemporary political institutions, be they geographical or demographic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last1=Acemoglu|first1=Daron|author-link1=Daron Acemoglu|first2=James A.|last2=Robinson|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85526-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plawlotic.com/?p=102|title=Rainfall and Democracy}}</ref>

An example of this is the disease environment. Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world. For example, in Africa, the [[tsetse fly]]—which afflicts humans and livestock—reduced the ability of Africans to plough the land. This made Africa less settled. As a consequence, political power was less concentrated.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alsan, Marcella|doi=10.1257/aer.20130604|url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_285.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201234/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_285.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=live|year=2015|title=The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development|journal=American Economic Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=382–410|citeseerx=10.1.1.1010.2955}}</ref> This also affected the colonial institutions European countries established in Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Acemoglu, Daron|author2=Johnson, Simon|author3=Robinson, James|year=2005|chapter=Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth|title=Handbook of Economic Growth|volume=1|pages=385–472, Sections 1 to 4|doi=10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3|isbn=978-0-444-52041-8}}</ref> Whether colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths. This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take. As a result, some African countries ended up having democracies and others [[autocracies]].

An example of geographical determinants for democracy is having access to coastal areas and rivers. This natural endowment has a positive relation with economic development thanks to the benefits of [[trade]].<ref>Mellinger, Andrew D., Jeffrey Sachs, and John L. Gallup. (1999). [http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/pubs/024.pdf "Climate, Water Navigability, and Economic Development"]. Working Paper.</ref> Trade brought economic development, which in turn, broadened power. Rulers wanting to increase revenues had to protect property-rights to create incentives for people to invest. As more people had more power, more concessions had to be made by the ruler and in many{{quantify|date=August 2018}} places this process lead to democracy. These determinants defined the structure of the society moving the balance of political power.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Acemoglu, Daron|author2=Johnson, Simon|author3=Robinson, James|year=2005|chapter=Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth|title=Handbook of Economic Growth|volume=1|pages=385–472, Sections 5 to 10|doi=10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3|isbn=978-0-444-52041-8}}</ref>

Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised, democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy:

<blockquote>The peasant in the fable, when on his deathbed, tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field. After the old man's death the sons dig everywhere in order to discover the treasure. They do not find it. But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative well-being. The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Michels|title=Political Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijae_UIez38C|access-date=5 June 2013|date=1999|orig-date=1962 by [[Collier's|Crowell-Collier]]|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4128-3116-1|page=243}}</ref></blockquote>

Democracy in modern times has almost always faced opposition from the previously existing government, and many times it has faced opposition from social elites. The implementation of a democratic government from a non-democratic state is typically brought by peaceful or violent [[democratic revolution]].

The [[V-Dem Institute]] found 2026 ongoing democratization in 18 countries: [[Benin]], [[Bolivia]], [[Botswana]], [[Bazil]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Fiji]], [[Guatemala]], [[Lesotho]], [[Mauritius]], [[Montenegro]], [[Poland]], [[Seychelles]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Thailand]], [[The Gambia]], and [[Zambia]].<ref name=VDEM_Report_2026>{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2026 / Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |publisher=[[V-Dem Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260320121434/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2026 |date=March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Democracy promotion====
[[Democracy promotion]] can increase the quality of already existing democracies, reduce [[political apathy]], and the chance of democratic backsliding. Democracy promotion measures include [[voting advice application]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237|title=Getting Out the Vote with Voting Advice Applications|year=2019|last1=Germann|first1=Micha|last2=Gemenis|first2=Kostas|journal=Political Communication|volume=36|pages=149–170|s2cid=149640396|hdl=20.500.14279/30071|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[participatory democracy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2016/10/20/book-review-against-elections-the-case-for-democracy-by-david-van-reybrouck/|title=Book Review: Against Elections: The Case for Democracy by David Van Reybrouck|date=20 October 2016|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> increasing [[electoral integrity]], [[youth suffrage]] and civic education,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wong|first=Alia|date=2018-10-05|title=Civics Education Helps Create Young Voters and Activists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/10/civics-education-helps-form-young-voters-and-activists/572299/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> reducing [[barriers to entry]] for new political parties,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816288|jstor=1816288|last1=Tullock|first1=Gordon|title=Entry Barriers in Politics|journal=The American Economic Review|year=1965|volume=55|issue=1/2|pages=458–466}}</ref> increasing [[proportional representation|proportionality]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0007123408000161|title=Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour|year=2008|last1=Karp|first1=Jeffrey A.|last2=Banducci|first2=Susan A.|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=38|issue=2|pages=311–334|hdl=10036/64393|s2cid=55486399|hdl-access=free}}</ref>, reducing [[presidential system|presidentialism]]<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Hawkins|editor-first1=Kirk Andrew|editor-last2=Carlin|editor-first2=Ryan E.|editor-last3=Littvay|editor-first3=Levente|editor-last4=Rovira Kaltwasser|editor-first4=Cristóbal|title=The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis|isbn=978-1-315-19692-3|page=281|oclc=1053623603}}</ref> and aligning with [[median voter theorem|median voter]] preferences.<ref name="y717">{{cite journal | last1=Ezrow | first1=Lawrence | last2=Xezonakis | first2=Georgios | title=Citizen Satisfaction With Democracy and Parties' Policy Offerings | journal=Comparative Political Studies | volume=44 | issue=9 | date=2011 | issn=0010-4140 | doi=10.1177/0010414011405461 | pages=1152–1178 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0010414011405461 | access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref>

===Autocratization===
{{Further|Democratic backsliding by country}}
[[File:1790- Electoral and liberal democracy indices - world.svg |thumb |The [[V-Dem Institute]]'s indices of democracy indicate that worldwide democracy peaked in 2012, and has since declined, with the decline accelerating in the early 2020s.<ref name=VDem_world>{{cite web |title=Country Graph |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/ |publisher=V-Dem Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301172546/https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/ |archive-date=1 March 2026 |date=March 2026 |url-status=live}} (Choose "World" and under "VDem Indices" select "Election Democracy Index" and "Liberal Democracy Index". Click on the three horizontal lines in the upper right, and in the resulting drop-down menu choose "Download Graph Data as CSV")</ref>]]
[[File:Putin's speech on Crocus City Hall attack.jpg|thumb|[[Russia under Vladimir Putin]] has turned into an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] state]]
{{Excerpt|Democratic backsliding|only=paragraph|hat=no}}

[[Steven Levitsky]] says: "It's not up to voters to defend a democracy. That's asking far, far too much of voters, to cast their ballot on the basis of some set of abstract principles or procedures. With the exception of a handful of cases, voters never, ever — in any society, in any culture — prioritize democracy over all else. Individual voters worry about much more mundane things, as is their right. It is up to élites and institutions to protect democracy — not voters."<ref>
[[David Remnick]]: [https://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-new-yorker-radio-hour/the-authors-of-how-democracies-die-on-the-new-democratic-minority ''The Authors of "How Democracies Die" on the New Democratic Minority - Two leading political scientists explain why voters failed to defend democracy: We never do.''], Podcast ''[[The New Yorker]] Radio Hour'', 15. November, 2024. 
Ursula Sommer discusses David Remnicks podcast with [[Steven Levitsky]] and [[Daniel Ziblatt]] in: [https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/tnyradiohour/articles/the-authors-of-how-democracies-die-on-the-new-democratic-minority ''The Authors of "How Democracies Die" on the New Democratic Minority''], November 15, 2024.</ref>
[[File:Alexander Lukashenko (2024-05-24) (cropped) 3.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Lukashenko]] is currently serving his seventh and final<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reuters |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Veteran Belarus leader Lukashenko signals this may be his final term |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/veteran-belarus-leader-lukashenko-signals-this-may-be-his-final-term-2025-08-08/}}</ref> term as the [[President of Belarus]], leading many to claim he is "Europe's Last Dictator".]]

The [[V-Dem Institute]] found 2026 ongoing [[democratic backsliding]] in 44 countries: [[Afghanistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cambodia]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Croatia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Greece]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[El Salvador]], [[Haiti]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Hungary]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Italy]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Kuwait]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Libya]], [[Mali]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauretania]], [[Mexico]], [[Moldova]], [[Mozambique]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Niger]], [[Pakistan]], [[Peru]], [[Philippines]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Senegal]], [[Serbia]], [[Romania]], [[Togo]], [[Ukraine]], [[United Kingdom]], and [[United States]].<ref name=VDEM_Report_2026/>

====Disruption====
Some democratic governments have experienced sudden [[state collapse]] and [[regime change]] to an undemocratic form of government. Domestic military coups or rebellions are the most common means by which democratic governments have been overthrown.<ref name="Siaroff">{{cite book|title=Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics|author=Alan Siaroff|isbn=978-1-4426-0012-6|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|page=285}}</ref> (See [[List of coups and coup attempts by country]] and [[List of civil wars]].) Examples include the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[Coup of 18 Brumaire]] that ended the [[French First Republic]], and the [[28 May 1926 coup d'état]] which ended the [[First Portuguese Republic]]. Some military coups are supported by foreign governments, such as the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]] and the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]]. Other types of a sudden end to democracy include:
* [[Invasion]], for example the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]], and the fall of [[South Vietnam]].
* [[Self-coup]], in which the leader of the government extra-legally seizes all power or unlawfully extends the term in office. This can be done through:
** Suspension of the constitution by decree, such as with the [[1992 Peruvian coup d'état]]
** An "electoral self-coup" using [[election fraud]] to obtain re-election of a previously fairly elected official or political party. For example, in the [[1999 Ukrainian presidential election]], [[2003 Russian legislative election]], and [[2004 Russian presidential election]].<ref name="Siaroff" />
* Royal coup, in which a monarch not normally involved in government seizes all power. For example, the [[6 January Dictatorship]], begun in 1929 when King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]] dismissed parliament and started ruling by decree.<ref>{{cite web|work=The New York Times|author=[[Edwin Leland James]]|title=King of Yugoslavia Assumes All Power|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/01/07/archives/king-of-yugoslavia-assumes-all-power-in-midnight-coup-alexander.html|date=7 January 1929|access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>

[[Democratic backsliding]] can end democracy in a gradual manner, by increasing emphasis on [[national security]] and eroding [[free and fair election]]s, [[freedom of expression]], [[independence of the judiciary]], [[rule of law]]. A famous example is the [[Enabling Act of 1933]], which lawfully ended democracy in [[Weimar Germany]] and marked the transition to [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pinfield|first1=Nick|title=A/AS Level History for AQA Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 Student Book|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=98}}</ref>

Temporary or long-term [[political violence]] and government interference can prevent [[free and fair election]]s, which erode the democratic nature of governments. This has happened on a local level even in well-established democracies like the United States; for example, the [[Wilmington insurrection of 1898]] and African-American [[disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era]].

==Influence of the media==
{{Further|Mediatization (media)|Crowd manipulation|Media manipulation|Post-truth politics}}

The theory of democracy relies on the implicit assumption that voters are well informed about [[social issue]]s, policies, and candidates so that they can make a truly informed decision. Since the late 20th century there has been a growing concern that voters may be poorly informed due to the [[news media]]'s focusing more on entertainment and gossip and less on serious journalistic research on political issues.<ref name="MacChesney1999">{{cite book|last1=MacChesney|first1=Robert W|title=Rich media, poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious times|date=1999|publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref><ref name="Barnett2002">{{cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Steven|title=Will a crisis in journalism provoke a crisis in democracy?|journal=The Political Quarterly|date=2002|volume=73|issue=4|pages=400–408|doi=10.1111/1467-923X.00494}}</ref>

The media professors Michael Gurevitch and [[Jay Blumler]] have proposed a number of functions that the mass media are expected to fulfill in a democracy:<ref name="GurevitchBlumler1990">{{cite book|last1=Gurevitch|first1=Michael|last2=Blumler|first2=Jay G.|editor1-last=Lichtenberg|editor1-first=Judith|title=Democracy and the mass media: A collection of essays|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=269–289|chapter=Political Communication Systems and Democratic Values}}</ref>
* Surveillance of the sociopolitical environment
* Meaningful [[agenda setting]]
* Platforms for an intelligible and illuminating advocacy
* Dialogue across a diverse range of views
* Mechanisms for holding officials to account for how they have exercised power
* Incentives for citizens to learn, choose, and become involved
* A principled resistance to the efforts of forces outside the media to subvert their independence, integrity, and ability to serve the audience
* A sense of respect for the audience member, as potentially concerned and able to make sense of his or her political environment

This proposal has inspired a lot of discussions over whether the news media are actually fulfilling the requirements that a well functioning democracy requires.<ref name="Bucy1999">{{cite journal|last1=Bucy|first1=Erik P.|last2=D'Angelo|first2=Paul|title=The Crisis of Political Communication: Normative Critiques of News and Democratic Processes|journal=Communication Yearbook|date=1999|volume=22|pages=301–339}}</ref>
Commercial mass media are generally not accountable to anybody but their owners, and they have no obligation to serve a democratic function.<ref name="Bucy1999" /><ref name="Blumler2014">{{cite book|last1=Blumler|first1=Jay G.|editor1-last=Esser|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Strömbäck|editor2-first=Jesper|title=Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies|date=2014|publisher=Springer|pages=31–41|chapter=Mediatization and Democracy}}</ref> They are controlled mainly by economic [[market forces]]. Fierce economic competition may force the mass media to divert themselves from any democratic ideals and focus entirely on how to survive the competition.<ref name="Donges2014">{{cite book|last1=Donges|first1=Patrick|last2=Jarren|first2=Otfried|editor1-last=Esser|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Strömbäck|editor2-first=Jesper|title=Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies|date=2014|publisher=Springer|pages=31–41|chapter=Mediatization of Organizations: Changing Parties and Interest Groups?}}</ref><ref name="Esser2013">{{cite book|last1=Esser|first1=Frank|editor1-last=Kriesi|editor1-first=Hanspeter|editor2-last=Esser|editor2-first=Frank|editor3-last=Bühlmann|editor3-first=Marc|title=Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=155–176|chapter=Mediatization as a Challenge: Media Logic versus Political Logic}}</ref>

The [[Tabloid journalism|tabloidization]] and popularization of the news media is seen in an increasing focus on human examples rather than statistics and principles. There is more focus on politicians as personalities and less focus on political issues in the popular media. Election campaigns are covered more as [[horse race journalism|horse races]] and less as debates about ideologies and issues. The dominating media focus on [[Spin (propaganda)|spin]], conflict, and competitive strategies has made voters perceive the politicians as egoists rather than idealists. This fosters mistrust and a [[Cynicism (contemporary)|cynical]] attitude to politics, less [[civic engagement]], and less interest in voting.<ref name="CappellaJamieson1997">{{cite book|last1=Cappella|first1=Joseph N.|last2=Jamieson|first2=Kathleen Hall|title=Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="Vreese2014">{{cite book|last1=Vreese|first1=Claes H. de|editor1-last=Esser|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Strömbäck|editor2-first=Jesper|title=Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies|date=2014|publisher=Springer|pages=137–155|chapter=Mediatization of News: The Role of Journalistic Framing}}</ref><ref name="EsserMatthes2013" />
The ability to find effective political solutions to social problems is hampered when problems tend to be blamed on individuals rather than on [[Social structure|structural causes]].<ref name="Vreese2014" />
This person-centered focus may have far-reaching consequences not only for domestic problems but also for foreign policy when international conflicts are blamed on foreign heads of state rather than on political and economic structures.<ref name="Baum2003">{{cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Matthew A.|title=Soft news goes to war. Public opinion and american foreign policy in the new media era|date=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref><ref name="Altheide2002">{{cite book|last1=Altheide|first1=David L.|title=Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis|date=2002|publisher=Aldine de Gruyter|isbn=978-1-138-52143-8}}</ref>
A strong media focus on fear and [[terrorism]] has allowed military logic to penetrate public institutions, leading to increased [[surveillance]] and the erosion of [[civil rights]].<ref name="Altheide2014" />

The responsiveness<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0010414016633226|title=Advances in the Study of Democratic Responsiveness: An Introduction|year=2017|last1=Esaiasson|first1=Peter|last2=Wlezien|first2=Christopher|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=50|issue=6|pages=699–710|s2cid=155126179}}</ref> and [[accountability]] of the democratic system is compromised when lack of access to substantive, diverse, and undistorted information is handicapping the citizens' capability of evaluating the political process.<ref name="Blumler2014" /><ref name="EsserMatthes2013">{{cite book|last1=Esser|first1=Frank|last2=Matthes|first2=Jörg|editor1-last=Kriesi|editor1-first=Hanspeter|editor2-last=Esser|editor2-first=Frank|editor3-last=Bühlmann|editor3-first=Marc|title=Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=177–201|chapter=Mediatization Effects on Political News, Political Actors, Political Decisions, and Political Audiences}}</ref>
The fast pace and trivialization in the competitive news media is [[dumbing down]] the political debate. Thorough and balanced investigation of complex political issues does not fit into this format. The political communication is characterized by short time horizons, short slogans, simple explanations, and simple solutions. This is conducive to political [[populism]] rather than serious deliberation.<ref name="Blumler2014" /><ref name="Altheide2014">{{cite book|last1=Altheide|first1=David L.|title=Media edge: Media logic and social reality|date=2014|publisher=Peter Lang}}</ref>

Commercial mass media are often differentiated along the political spectrum so that people can hear mainly opinions that they already agree with. Too much controversy and diverse opinions are not always profitable for the commercial news media.<ref name="Nielsen2016">{{cite book|last1=Nielsen|first1=Rasmus Kleis|editor1-last=Witschge|editor1-first=Tamara|editor2-last=Anderson|editor2-first=Christopher William|editor3-last=Domingo|editor3-first=David|editor4-last=Hermida|editor4-first=Alfred|title=The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism|date=2016|publisher=Sage|pages=51–67|chapter=The Business of News}}</ref>
[[Political polarization]] is emerging when different people read different news and watch different TV channels. This polarization has been worsened by the emergence of the [[social media]] that allow people to communicate mainly with groups of like-minded people, the so-called [[echo chamber]]s.<ref name="Cinelli2021">{{cite journal|last1=Cinelli|first1=Matteo|last2=Morales|first2=Gianmarco De Francisci|last3=Galeazzi|first3=Alessandro|last4=Quattrociocchi|first4=Walter|last5=Starnini|first5=Michele|title=The echo chamber effect on social media|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2021|volume=18|issue=9|article-number=e2023301118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2023301118|pmid=33622786|pmc=7936330|bibcode=2021PNAS..11823301C|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Extreme political polarization may undermine the trust in democratic institutions, leading to erosion of [[civil rights]] and [[free speech]] and in some cases even reversion to [[autocracy]].<ref name="McCoySomer2019">{{cite journal|last1=McCoy|first1=Jennifer|last2=Somer|first2=Murat|title=Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|date=2019|volume=681|issue=1|pages=234–271|doi=10.1177/0002716218818782|s2cid=150169330|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Many media scholars have discussed non-commercial news media with [[Public service broadcasting|public service]] obligations as a means to improve the democratic process by providing the kind of political contents that a free market does not provide.<ref name="Cushion2012">{{cite book|last1=Cushion|first1=Stephen|title=The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan}}</ref><ref name="CushionFranklin2015">{{cite book|last1=Cushion|first1=Stephen|last2=Franklin|first2=Bob|editor1-last=Coleman|editor1-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Giles|editor3-last=Parry|editor3-first=Katy|editor4-last=Halperin|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Ryan|editor5-first=Michael|title=Can the Media Serve Democracy?: Essays in Honour of Jay G. Blumler|date=2015|publisher=Springer|pages=65–75|chapter=Public Service Broadcasting: Markets and Vulnerable Values in Broadcast and Print Journalism}}</ref>
The [[World Bank]] has recommended public service broadcasting in order to strengthen democracy in [[developing countries]]. These broadcasting services should be accountable to an independent regulatory body that is adequately protected from interference from political and economic interests.<ref name="Buckley2008">{{cite book|last1=Buckley|first1=Steve|last2=Duer|first2=Kreszentia|last3=Mendel|first3=Toby|last4=Siochrú|first4=Seán Ó|title=Broadcasting, voice, and accountability: A public interest approach to policy, law, and regulation|date=2008|publisher=World Bank and University of Michigan Press}}</ref>
Public service media have an obligation to provide reliable information to voters. Many countries have publicly funded radio and television stations with public service obligations, especially in Europe and Japan,<ref name="GuntherMugham">{{cite book|last1=Gunther|first1=Richard|last2=Mugham|first2=Anthony|editor1-last=Gunther|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Mugham|editor2-first=Anthony|title=Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=402–448|chapter=The Political Impact of the Media: A Reassessment}}</ref> while such media are weak or non-existent in other countries including the US.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pickard|first1=Victor|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=W. Lance|editor2-last=Livingston|editor2-first=Steven|title=The Disinformation Age: Politics, Technology, and Disruptive Communication in the United States|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=238–258|chapter=The Public Media Option: Confronting Policy Failure in an Age of Misinformation}}</ref>
Several studies have shown that the stronger the dominance of commercial broadcast media over public service media, the less the amount of policy-relevant information in the media and the more focus on [[horse race journalism]], personalities, and the pecadillos of politicians. Public service broadcasters are characterized by more policy-relevant information and more respect for [[Journalism ethics and standards|journalistic norms]] and [[impartiality]] than the commercial media. However, the trend of [[deregulation]] has put the public service model under increased pressure from competition with commercial media.<ref name="GuntherMugham" /><ref name="Udris2014">{{cite book|last1=Udris|first1=Linards|last2=Lucht|first2=Jens|editor1-last=Esser|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Strömbäck|editor2-first=Jesper|title=Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies|chapter=Mediatization at the Structural Level: Independence from Politics, Dependence on the Market|date=2014|publisher=Springer|pages=114–136}}</ref><ref name="Thoday2018">{{cite book|last1=Thoday|first1=Jon|editor1-last=Freedman|editor1-first=Des|editor2-last=Goblot|editor2-first=Vana|title=A Future for Public Service Television|date=2018|publisher=MIT Press|pages=29–39|chapter=Public Service Television and the Crisis of Content}}</ref>

The emergence of the [[internet]] and the [[social media]] has profoundly altered the conditions for political communication. The social media have given ordinary citizens easy access to voice their opinion and share information while bypassing the [[Gatekeeping (communication)|filters]] of the large news media. This is often seen as an advantage for democracy.<ref name="Schulz2014">{{cite book|last1=Schulz|first1=Winfried|editor1-last=Esser|editor1-first=Frank|editor2-last=Strömbäck|editor2-first=Jesper|title=Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies|chapter=Mediatization and New Media|date=2014|publisher=Springer|pages=114–136}}</ref> The new possibilities for communication have fundamentally changed the way [[social movement]]s and [[protest movements]] operate and organize. The internet and social media have provided powerful new tools for democracy movements in developing countries and [[emerging democracies]], enabling them to bypass [[censorship]], voice their opinions, and organize protests.<ref name="Zhuravskaya2020">{{cite journal|last1=Zhuravskaya|first1=Ekaterina|last2=Petrova|first2=Maria|author2-link=Maria Petrova (economist)|last3=Enikolopov|first3=Ruben|title=Political effects of the internet and social media|journal=Annual Review of Economics|date=2020|volume=12|pages=415–438|doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239|s2cid=219769484|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Voltmer2019">{{cite book|last1=Voltmer|first1=Katrin|last2=Sorensen|first2=Lone|editor1-last=Voltmer|editor1-first=Katrin|display-editors=etal|title=Media, Communication and the Struggle for Democratic Change|date=2019|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=35–58|chapter=Media, Power, Citizenship: The Mediatization of Democratic Change}}</ref>

A serious problem with the social media is that they have no truth filters. The established news media have to guard their reputation as trustworthy, while ordinary citizens may post unreliable information.<ref name="Zhuravskaya2020" /> In fact, studies show that false stories are going more [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] than true stories.<ref name="Vosoughi2018">{{cite journal|last1=Vosoughi|first1=Soroush|last2=Roy|first2=Deb|last3=Aral|first3=Sinan|title=The spread of true and false news online|journal=Science|date=2018|volume=359|issue=6380|pages=1146–1151|doi=10.1126/science.aap9559|pmid=29590045|bibcode=2018Sci...359.1146V|s2cid=4549072|url=http://vermontcomplexsystems.org/share/papershredder/vosoughi2018a.pdf|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429073158/http://vermontcomplexsystems.org/share/papershredder/vosoughi2018a.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Prooijen2021">{{cite journal|last1=Prooijen|first1=Jan-Willem van|last2=Ligthart|first2=Joline|last3=Rosema|first3=Sabine|title=The entertainment value of conspiracy theories|journal=British Journal of Psychology|date=2021|volume=113|issue=1|pages=25–48|doi=10.1111/bjop.12522|pmid=34260744|pmc=9290699|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The proliferation of false stories and [[conspiracy theories]] may undermine public trust in the political system and public officials.<ref name="Prooijen2021" /><ref name="McCoySomer2019" />

Reliable information sources are essential for the democratic process. Less democratic governments rely heavily on [[censorship]], [[propaganda]], and [[misinformation]] in order to stay in power, while independent sources of information are able to undermine their legitimacy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Egorov|first1=Georgy|last2=Sonin|first2=Konstantin|title=The political economics of non-democracy|date=2020|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|id=NBER Working Paper No. w27949|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3714441}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Column|
* [[Defensive democracy]]
* [[Democracy Ranking]]
* [[Democracy-Dictatorship Index]]
* [[Democratic peace theory]]
* [[Delegate model of representation]]
* [[Empowered democracy]]
* [[Energy democracy]]
* [[Industrial democracy]]
* [[Meritocracy]]
* [[Parliament in the Making]]
* [[Political representation of nature]]
* [[Power to the people (slogan)|Power to the people]]
* [[Trustee model of representation]]
}}
{{Portal|Politics|Society}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Davies1992">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|author-link=Norman Davies|title=The Third of May 1791.|url=https://ces.fas.harvard.edu/uploads/files/Working-Papers-Archives/CEE_24.pdf|date=15 May 1991|publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University.|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905232450/https://ces.fas.harvard.edu/uploads/files/Working-Papers-Archives/CEE_24.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Ligeza2017">{{cite book|author1=Jan Ligeza|title=Preambuła Prawa|language=pl|trans-title=The Preamble of Law|year=2017|publisher=Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|isbn=978-83-945455-0-5|page=12}}</ref>

<ref name="Kopstein2014">{{cite book|editor1-last=Kopstein|editor1-first=Jeffrey|editor2-last=Lichbach|editor2-first=Mark|editor3-last=Hanson|editor3-first=Stephen E.|title=Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-99138-4|pages=37–39|edition=4, revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref>

<ref name="Deudney2008b">{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691138305/bounding-power|title=Bounding Power|last=Deudney|first=Daniel|date=9 November 2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13830-5}}</ref>

<ref name="refNARoP">{{cite web|title=Britain's unwritten constitution|url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|publisher=British Library|access-date=27 November 2015|quote=The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232341/http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg20170511">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-11/mini-trumps-are-running-for-election-all-over-the-world|title=Mini-Trumps Are Running for Election All Over the World|last=Kurlantzick|first=Joshua|date=11 May 2017|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="freedom-world-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2017|title=Freedom in the Word 2017|date=2016|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Deudney2008a">{{Cite book|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8304.html|title=Deudney, D.: Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village. (eBook and Paperback)|date=9 November 2008|isbn=978-0-691-13830-5|access-date=14 March 2017|last1=Deudney|first1=Daniel H.|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

<ref name="O'Neil, Patrick H 2010">O'Neil, Patrick H. Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton 2010. Print</ref>

<ref name="Golay">Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. {{ISBN|978-2-606-01295-3}}.</ref>

<ref name="Quigley1983-38">{{cite book|author=Carroll Quigley|title=Weapons systems and political stability: a history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ|access-date=20 May 2013|year=1983|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-8191-2947-5|pages=38–39}}</ref>



}}

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* {{Cite book|title=Principles of Comparative Politics|last1=Clark|first1=William Roberts|last2=Golder|first2=Matt|last3=Golder|first3=Sona Nadenichek|publisher=Sage/CQ Press|edition=3rd|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5063-8979-0|location=Washington, DC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Graeber|first=David|title=The Democracy Project: a history, a crisis, a movement|date=2013|isbn=978-0-8129-9356-1|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|oclc=769425385}}
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* {{cite journal|author-last1=Mann|author-first1=Barbara A.|author-last2=Fields|author-first2=Jerry L.|title=A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee|journal=American Indian Culture and Research Journal|volume=21|number=2|date=1997|pages=105–163|doi=10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r3062510|doi-broken-date=23 July 2025 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/27g1b5px}}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [[Paul Cartledge|Cartledge, Paul]] (2016). ''Democracy: A Life''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199697670.
* {{cite book|last1=Provost|first1=Claire|last2=Kennard|first2=Matt|author-link2=Matt Kennard (journalist)|date=2023|title=Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-350-26998-9}}
* [[Eugenio Biagini|Biagini, Eugenio]] (general editor). 2021. ''A Cultural History of Democracy'', 6 Volumes New York : Bloomsbury Academic.
* {{cite book|title=Democracy May Not Exist, but We'll Miss It When It's Gone|year=2019|first=Astra|author-link=Astra Taylor|last=Taylor|publisher=Metropolitan Books|isbn=978-1-250-17984-5}}
* [[Adam Przeworski|Przeworski, Adam]] (2018) ''Why Bother With Elections?'' Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
* [[Gerardo L. Munck|Munck, Gerardo L.]] (2016) "What is Democracy? A Reconceptualization of the Quality of Democracy". ''Democratization'' 23(1): 1–26.
* {{cite book|last=Fuller|first=Roslyn|date=2015|title=Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose|location=London|publisher=Zed Books|page=371|isbn=978-1-78360-542-2|author-link=Roslyn Fuller}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=The Role of Media and Polls in Shaping Public Opinion: A 2024 Analysis|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/The_Role_of_Media_and_Polls_in_Shaping_Public_Opinion_A_2024_Analysis.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=Election Security 101: How Votes Are Counted and Protected|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/Election_Security_101_How_Votes_Are_Counted_and_Protected.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=Silent Voices: Why Certain Demographics Routinely Don't Show Up to Vote and What We're Missing|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/Silent_Voices_Why_Certain_Demographics_Routinely_Dont_Show_Up_to_Vote_and_What_Were_Missing.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=Voting and Government in Ancient Greece: The Birth of Democracy|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/Voting_and_Government_in_Ancient_Greece_The_Birth_of_Democracy.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=The Science Behind Voter Behavior: Why People Change Their Minds|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/The_Science_Behind_Voter_Behavior_Why_People_Change_Their_Minds.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=Why Young Voters Don't Show Up: The Hidden Factors|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/Why_Young_Voters_Dont_Show_Up_The_Hidden_Factors.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}
* {{cite web|last=Votingsystem|first=Nu|date=2024|title=Countries with Documented Election Irregularities: A 2024 Analysis|url=https://votingsystem-nu.vercel.app/Countries_with_Documented_Election_Irregularities_A_2024%20_Analysis.html|accessdate=2025-11-27}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Democracy}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|democracy}}
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Democracy}}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy Democracy] at the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''
* [https://democracyparadox.com/the-democracy-paradox-podcast/ Podcast: Democracy Paradox], hundreds of interviews with democracy experts around the world

{{navboxes
|list=
{{Government}}
{{Age of Enlightenment}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Western culture}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Democracy| ]]
[[Category:Classical Greece]]
[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:Forms of government]]
[[Category:Greek inventions]]

Khamoshi: The Musical

2026-03-21T22:27:32Z

Aoufa: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|1996 Hindi film by Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{About-distinguish|the 1996 film|Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi (2019 film)}}
{{other uses|Khamoshi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khamoshi: The Musical
| image = Khamoshi The Musical 1996 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| producer = Sibte Hassan Rizvi
| writer = Sanjay Leela Bhansali
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=[[Sutapa Sikdar]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Nana Patekar]]
*[[Salman Khan]]
*[[Manisha Koirala]]
}}
| music = '''Songs''': [[Jatin–Lalit]] [[Remo Fernandes]] '''Score''': Babloo Chakravarty
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = Bela Segal
| studio = PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
| distributor = Phaedra Cinema
| released = {{Film date|1996|08|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹6 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2772|title=Khamoshi: The Musical – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = ₹14.26 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Khamoshi: The Musical''''' ({{Translation|Silence: The Musical}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Nana Patekar]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Manisha Koirala]], and [[Seema Biswas]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Patekar |first1=Nana |title=Khamoshi: the musical |date=1998 |place=Iselin, NJ |publisher=Video Sound |oclc=50741491 |last2=Khan |first2=Salman |last3=Koirala |first3=Manisha |last4=Biswas |first4=Seema |last5=Helen |last6=Bhansali |first6=Sanjay Leela |last7=Rizvi |first7=Sibte Hassan |last8=PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (Firm) |first8=TriStar International (Firm), King's Video (Firm)}}</ref> The story is about Joseph and Flavy Braganza, a deaf couple in Goa. They have a baby girl, Annie, who is able to speak and hear. A few years later they have another baby, a boy named Sam, who also speaks and hears. Annie's life is divided into two worlds – one with her parents and the other of music, which she loves.

A box office failure when released, the film has over the years gained [[Cult film|cult]] following.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 2019 |title=Streaming Guide: Sanjay Leela Bhansali movies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/streaming-guide-sanjay-leela-bhansali-movies-6097757/ |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khamoshi - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2772 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali on Khamoshi: It couldn't have been made without Salman's support |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sanjay-leela-bhansali-on-khamoshi-it-couldnt-have-been-made-without-salmans-support-11042731.html |publisher=|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Koirala's portrayal of Annie, a caring daughter of a [[deaf-mute]] couple, was critically praised, and is regarded as one of her finest performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khamoshi - the Musical (1996) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-cdm1db/khamoshi-the-musical/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Radio Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=Filmfare: Top 80 Iconic Performances (old article 2010) |website=Tanqeed|date=10 August 2012 }}</ref> She won several awards for her performance, including the [[Screen Award for Best Actress]] and her second consecutive [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]].

== Plot ==
The story is about Joseph and Flavy Braganza, a deaf couple in Goa. They have a baby girl, Annie, who is able to speak and hear. A few years later they have another baby, a boy named Sam, who also speaks and hears. Annie's life is divided into two worlds – one with her parents and the other of music, which she loves. Annie gets her musical inspirations from her grandmother, Maria Braganza.

A few years later, after the tragic death of Sam, Annie's life is shattered and music and singing fade away. When Annie grows up she gets in touch with music once again – with Raj whom she falls in love with. She starts singing again. When Annie gets pregnant, her father tells her to abort the baby because it will dishonor the family. Annie refuses to go against her church and religion. When Joseph learns this, he asks Annie to leave the house. Raj tries to convince Annie's father that he is a nice guy, but Joseph dislikes him mainly because he is a Hindu who doesn't live in Goa, so Annie would have to live far away from him.

Annie marries Raj and gives birth to a boy, whom they name Sam, after her brother. She, Raj, and Sam go to Joseph's house to reconcile with him. Joseph accepts Annie's boy and approves Raj as his son-in-law. Things are really beautiful until their life takes a drastic turn. Annie and Raj have a devastating accident; Annie is seriously injured and goes into a coma. Joseph, Flavy, and Raj try hard to revive her, even trying to stir her emotionally for the sake of Sam. The broken Raj, Joseph's moving mute "speech", and Flavy's love and hope bring Annie back to consciousness.

==Cast==

* [[Nana Patekar]] as Joseph Braganza, Annie's father
* [[Salman Khan]] as Rajant "Raj" Kashyap
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Annie Braganza Kashyap
** Priya Parulekar as young Annie
* Pratik Gala as
** Sam Braganza, Annie's deceased brother
** Sam Kashyap, Raj and Annie's son
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Flavy J. Braganza, Annie's mother
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Willie
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Neelima Kashyap, Raj's mother
* Sunil Shende as Raj's father
* [[Anil Mehta]] as the Priest
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Maria Braganza, Joseph's mother and Annie's grandmother
* [[Ashok Lokhande]] as Fredericks, shop owner

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khamoshi: The Musical
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Jatin–Lalit]], [[Remo Fernandes]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = April 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 59:30
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| producer = Jatin–Lalit
| prev_title = [[Fareb (1996 film)|Fareb]]
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title = [[Return of Jewel Thief]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]] and [[Remo Fernandes]]. The lyrics were written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. The soundtrack topped the music charts in India,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Saba Naqvi |title=A Song for the Asking |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19960930-a-song-for-the-asking-753642-1996-09-30 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=[[India Today]]|date=30 September 1996}}</ref> and was #97 on the list of "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks of All Time", compiled by ''Planet Bollywood''.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bahon Ke Darmiyan
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title2 = Aankhon Mein Kya
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| title3 = Gaate Thay Pehle Akele
| extra3 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Shraddha Pandit]], Khusumum
| title4 = Jaana Suno Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| title5 = Aaj Mein Upar
| extra5 = Kavita Krishnamurthy, Kumar Sanu
| title6 = Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hain
| extra6 = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| title7 = Saagar Kinare Bhi Do Dil Hain Pyaase
| extra7 = Udita Narayan, [[Sulakshana Pandit]]
| title8 = Mausam Ke Sargam Ko Sun
| extra8 = Kavita Krishnamurthy, Shraddha Pandit
| title9 = Shing-A-Linga
| extra9 = [[Remo Fernandes]]
| title10 = Huiya Ho
| extra10 = Remo Fernandes
}}

== Awards and nominations ==

==== [[42nd Filmfare Awards]] ====
'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]] – [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] – [[Manisha Koirala]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] for "Aaj Main Upar"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] – [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – Jitendra Chowdhary

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – Polygram Filmed Entertainment
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Manisha Koirala]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* Best Supporting Actress – [[Seema Biswas]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Jatin–Lalit]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] for "Aaj Main Upar"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Alka Yagnik]] for "Baahon Ke Darmiyaan"

==== [[Star Screen Awards]] ====
'''Won'''
* [[Star Screen Award Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Manisha Koirala]]
* [[Star Screen Award Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Seema Biswas]]
* [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] for "Aaj Main Upar"
*[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]] for "Aaj Main Upar"

==Legacy==

The film is considered ahead of its time and rated by many as best work of director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. The film features several autobiographical references to life of director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/7-best-movies-award-winning-lens-sanjay-leela-bhansali-amazon-prime-video-youtube-jiocinema/ |title=National award winning director Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 7 best movies on Amazon Prime Video, YouTube & JioCinema |publisher= |date=22 July 2020|website=[[GQ]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/sanjay-leela-bhansali-birthday-best-movies-7199066/ |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali movies: A Gorgeous and repetitive filmography |publisher= |date=13 April 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In the [[Filmfare]] magazine Manisha Koirala's performance in the film was included on its Top 80 Iconic Performances list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-leela-bhansali-debut-khamoshi-the-musical-best-film-nana-patekar-manisha-koirala-salman-khan-9177881/lite/ |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali's debut Khamoshi: The Musical sank without a trace, changed him as a filmmaker: 'I vowed to get audience's approval' |date=24 February 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The 1996 German film ''[[Beyond Silence (1996 film)|Beyond Silence]]''{{'}}s narrative is similar to that of ''Khamoshi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2016 |title=European films being 'inspired by' Indian films rather than the other way round |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Continental-drift/article10185745.ece |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Khamoshi'' was released on 9 August 1996 and ''Beyond Silence'' was released on 19 December 1996, more than four months later. The 2014 French film ''[[La Famille Bélier]]'' and its 2021 American remake ''[[CODA (2021 film)|CODA]]'' also have a similar narrative.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0116763}}

{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian Sign Language films]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:1990s melodrama films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films about Catholicism]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about pianos and pianists]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age romance films]]
[[Category:Semi-autobiographical films]]

Ancient Greece

2026-03-17T06:01:17Z

Aoufa: refine article and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Greek civilization from 1200 BC to 600 AD}}
{{About|the civilization|the language|Ancient Greek}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{History of Greece}}
'''Ancient Greece''' ({{langx|grc|Ἑλλάς|Hellás}}) was a northeastern [[Mediterranean]] civilization, existing from the [[Greek Dark Ages]] of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of [[classical antiquity]] ({{circa|600 AD}}), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related [[polis|city-states]] and communities. Prior to the [[Greece in the Roman era|Roman period]], most of these regions were officially unified only once under the [[Kingdom of Macedon]] from 338 to 323 BC.{{Efn|This roughly 15-year-long unification, under [[Philip II of Macedon]] and his son [[Alexander the Great]], excludes independent Greek city-states in the western Mediterranean, around the Black Sea and Cyrenaica.}} In [[Western world|Western history]], the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the [[Early Middle Ages]] and the [[Byzantine]] period.<ref name="Thomas1988">{{cite book |first=Carol G. |last=Thomas |title=Paths from ancient Greece |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAwVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27 |year=1988 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08846-7 |pages=27–50}}</ref>

Three centuries after the decline of [[Mycenaean Greece]] during the [[Bronze Age collapse]], Greek urban [[poleis]] began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]] and [[Greek colonisation|the colonization]] of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the age of [[Classical Greece]], from the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] to the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, and which included the [[Golden Age of Athens]] and the [[Peloponnesian War]] between [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and [[Sparta]]. The unification of Greece by [[Rise of Macedon|Macedon]] under [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] and subsequent conquest of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] by Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization across the Middle East. The [[Hellenistic period]] is considered to have ended in 30 BC, when the last Hellenistic kingdom, [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], was annexed by the [[Roman Republic]].

Classical [[Greek culture]], especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on [[ancient Rome]], which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the [[Cradle of civilization|cradle]] of [[Western culture|Western civilization]], the [[wikt:seminal|seminal]] culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art.<ref name="EllynMcGinnis2004">{{cite book |author1=Maura Ellyn |author2=Maura McGinnis |title=Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N69iOTtVHGYC&pg=PT8 |year=2004 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3999-2 |page=8}}</ref><ref name="FindlingPelle2004">{{cite book |author1=John E. Findling |author2=Kimberly D. Pelle |title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PR23 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32278-5 |page=23}}</ref><ref name="ThompsonMullin">{{cite book |author1=Wayne C. Thompson |author2=Mark H. Mullin |title=Western Europe, 1983 |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=serMXIpALD0C |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |page=337 |isbn=978-0-943448-11-4 |quote=for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...}}</ref>

== Chronology ==
{{For timeline|Timeline of ancient Greece}}
[[File:Parthenon (30276156187).jpg|thumb|The [[Parthenon]], a temple dedicated to [[Athena]], located on the [[Acropolis]] in [[Athens]], is one of the most representative symbols of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks.]]
[[Classical antiquity]] in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC<ref>{{cite book |last=Osborne |first=Robin |title=Greece in the Making: 1200–479 BC |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2009 |page=xvii}}</ref> (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD.

Classical antiquity in Greece was preceded by the [[Greek Dark Ages]] ({{circa|1200|800 BC}}), [[archaeologically]] characterised by the [[protogeometric]] and [[Geometric art|geometric styles]] of designs on pottery. Following the Dark Ages was the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]], beginning around the 8th century BC, which saw early developments in Greek culture and society leading to the [[Classical Greece|Classical period]]<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|2007|p=1}}</ref> from the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|2007|pp=2–3}}</ref> The Classical period is characterized by a "classical" style, i.e. one which was considered exemplary by later observers, most famously in the [[Parthenon]] of Athens. Politically, the Classical period was dominated by [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and the [[Delian League]] during the 5th century, but displaced by [[Spartan hegemony]] during the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]] and the [[Boeotian League]] and finally to the [[League of Corinth]] led by [[Macedon]]. This period was shaped by the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], the [[Peloponnesian War]], and the [[Rise of Macedon]].

Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period (323–146 BC), during which Greek culture and power expanded into the [[Near East]] from the death of Alexander until the Roman conquest. [[Roman Greece]] is usually counted from the Roman victory over the [[Corinth]]ians at the [[Battle of Corinth (146 BC)|Battle of Corinth]] in 146 BC to the establishment of [[Byzantium]] by [[Constantine I|Constantine]] as the capital of the [[Roman Empire]] in 330 AD. Finally, [[Late Antiquity]] refers to the period of [[Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism|Christianization]] during the later 4th to early 6th centuries AD, consummated by the closure of the [[Plato's Academy|Academy of Athens]] by [[Justinian I]] in 529.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Greek Literature |last=Hadas |first=Moses |year=1950 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-01767-1 |page=273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOht3609JOMC&pg=PA273}}</ref>

== Historiography ==
{{Main|Greek historiographers}}

The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative [[historiography]], while earlier ancient history or [[protohistory]] is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic [[epigraphy]].

[[Herodotus]] is widely known as the "father of history": his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' are eponymous of [[history|the entire field]]. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, Herodotus' work reaches about a century into the past, discussing 6th-century BC historical figures such as [[Darius I of Persia]], [[Cambyses II]] and [[Psamtik III]], and alluding to some 8th-century BC persons such as [[Candaules]]. The accuracy of Herodotus' works is debated.<ref>{{harvp|Marincola|2001|p=59}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Roberts|2011|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Sparks|1998|p=58}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Asheri|Lloyd|Corcella|2007}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cameron|2004|p=156}}</ref>

Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as [[Thucydides]], [[Xenophon]], [[Demosthenes]], [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]. Most were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of many other cities.
Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic and social history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Michael |title=Greek and Roman historians: information and misinformation |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-11770-8 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUNxvi0kbd8C}}</ref>

== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{Further|History of Greece}}

=== Archaic period ===
{{Main|Archaic Greece}}
[[File:Prothesis Dipylon Painter A517.jpg|thumb|Dipylon Vase of the late [[Geometric art|Geometric period]], or the beginning of the Archaic period, {{cx|750 BC}}.|upright=1.2]]
The archaic period, lasting approximately from 800 to 500 BC, saw the culmination of political and social developments which had begun in the Greek Dark Age, with the ''polis'' (city-state) becoming the most important unit of political organisation in Greece.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=65}}</ref> The absence of powerful states in Greece after the collapse of Mycenaean power, and the geography of Greece, where many settlements were separated from their neighbours by mountainous terrain, encouraged the development of small independent city-states.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=67–68}}</ref> Several Greek states saw tyrants rise to power in this period, most famously at [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] from 657 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=103}}</ref> The period also saw the founding of Greek colonies around the Mediterranean, with [[Euboea]]n settlements at [[Al-Mina]] in the east as early as 800 BC, and [[Ischia]] in the west by 775.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=69–70}}</ref> Increasing contact with non-Greek peoples in this period, especially in the Near East, inspired developments in art and architecture, the adoption of coinage, and the development of the Greek alphabet.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=73–74}}</ref>

Athens developed its democratic system over the course of the archaic period. Already in the 7th century, the right of all citizen men to attend the [[ecclesia (ancient Greece)|assembly]] appears to have been established.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=108}}</ref> After a failed coup led by [[Cylon of Athens]] around 636 BC, [[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]] was appointed to establish a code of laws in 621. This failed to reduce the political tension between the poor and the elites, and in 594 [[Solon]] was given the authority to enact another set of reforms, which attempted to balance the power of the rich and the poor.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=109–110}}</ref> In the middle of the 6th century, [[Pisistratus]] established himself as a tyrant, and after his death in 527 his son [[Hippias]] inherited his position; by the end of the 6th century he had been overthrown, and [[Cleisthenes]] carried out further democratising reforms.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=112–113}}</ref>

In Sparta, a political system with two kings, a [[gerousia|council of elders]], and five [[ephors]] developed over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries. According to Spartan tradition, this constitution was established by the legendary lawgiver [[Lycurgus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=96}}</ref> Over the course of the [[First Messenian War]] and [[Second Messenian War]], Sparta subjugated the neighbouring region of [[Messenia]], enserfing the population.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=98}}</ref>

In the 6th century, Greek city-states began to develop formal relationships with one another, where previously individual rulers had relied on personal relationships with the elites of other cities.<ref>{{harvnb|Osborne|2009|p=270}}</ref> Towards the end of the Archaic period, Sparta began to build a series of alliances, the [[Peloponnesian League]], with cities including [[Corinth]], [[Elis]], and [[Megara]],<ref>{{harvnb|Hammond|1982|p=356}}</ref> isolating Messenia and reinforcing Sparta's position against [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], the other major power in the Peloponnese.<ref>{{harvnb|Osborne|2009|p=275}}</ref> Other alliances in the 6th century included those between Elis and [[Heraea (Arcadia)|Heraea]] in the Peloponnese; and between the Greek colony [[Sybaris]] in southern Italy, its allies, and the Serdaioi.<ref>{{harvnb|Osborne|2009|p=271}}</ref>

=== Classical Greece ===
{{Main|Classical Greece}}
[[File:EarlyAthenianCoin.jpg|thumb|left|Early Athenian coin, depicting the head of [[Athena]] on the obverse and her owl on the reverse – 5th century BC]]

In 499 BC, the [[Ionia]]n city-states under Persian rule rebelled against their Persian-supported tyrant rulers.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=126–127}}</ref> Supported by troops sent from Athens and [[Eretria]], they advanced as far as [[Sardis]] and burnt the city before being driven back by a Persian counterattack.<ref name="martin2013">{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=127}}</ref> The revolt continued until 494, when the rebelling Ionians were defeated.<ref name="martin2013" /> Darius did not forget that Athens had assisted the Ionian revolt, and in 490 he assembled an armada to retaliate.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=128}}</ref> Though heavily outnumbered, the Athenians—supported by their [[Plataea]]n allies—defeated the Persian hordes at the [[Battle of Marathon]], and the Persian fleet turned tail.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=128–129}}</ref>

[[File:Map Greco-Persian Wars-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Events of the first phases of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]]]]
[[File:Map athenian empire 431 BC-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Delian League immediately before the [[Peloponnesian War]] in 431 BC]]

Ten years later, a [[Second Persian invasion of Greece|second invasion]] was launched by Darius' son [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]].<ref name="martin131">{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=131}}</ref> The city-states of northern and central Greece submitted to the Persian forces without resistance, but a coalition of 31 Greek city-states, including Athens and Sparta, determined to resist the Persian invaders.<ref name="martin131" /> At the same time, Greek Sicily was invaded by a Carthaginian force.<ref name="martin131" /> In 480 BC, the first major battle of the invasion was fought at [[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]], where a small rearguard of Greeks, led by three hundred Spartans, held a crucial pass guarding the heart of Greece for several days; at the same time [[Gelo]]n, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Carthaginian invasion at the [[Battle of Himera (480 BC)|Battle of Himera]].<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=131–133}}</ref>

The Persians were decisively defeated at sea by a primarily Athenian naval force at the [[Battle of Salamis]], and on land in 479 BC at the [[Battle of Plataea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=134–136}}</ref> The alliance against Persia continued, initially led by the Spartan [[Pausanias (general)|Pausanias]] but from 477 by Athens,<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=137–138}}</ref> and by 460 Persia had been driven out of the Aegean.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=140}}</ref> During this long campaign, the [[Delian League]] gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire, as Athens' growing naval power intimidated the other league states.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=137–141}}</ref> Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450, after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454, and the death of [[Cimon]] in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450.<ref name="martin147">{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=147}}</ref>

As the Athenian fight against the Persian empire waned, conflict grew between Athens and Sparta. Suspicious of the increasing Athenian power funded by the Delian League, Sparta offered aid to reluctant members of the League to rebel against Athenian domination. These tensions were exacerbated in 462 BC when Athens sent a force to aid Sparta in overcoming a [[helot]] revolt, but this aid was rejected by the Spartans.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=142}}</ref> In the 450s, Athens took control of Boeotia, and won victories over [[Aegina]] and Corinth.<ref name="martin147" /> However, Athens failed to win a decisive victory, and in 447 lost Boeotia again.<ref name="martin147" /> Athens and Sparta signed the [[Thirty Years' Peace]] in the winter of 446/445, ending the conflict.<ref name="martin147" />

Despite the treaty, Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s, and in 431 BC the [[Peloponnesian War]] began.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=149}}</ref> The [[Archidamian War|first phase of the war]] saw a series of fruitless annual invasions of Attica by Sparta, while Athens successfully fought the Corinthian empire in northwest Greece and defended its own empire, despite a [[Plague of Athens|plague]] which killed the leading Athenian statesman [[Pericles]].<ref name="hornblower160">{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=160}}</ref> The war turned after Athenian victories led by [[Cleon]] at [[Battle of Pylos|Pylos]] and [[Battle of Sphacteria|Sphakteria]],<ref name="hornblower160" /> and Sparta sued for peace, but the Athenians rejected the proposal.<ref name="hornblower162">{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=162}}</ref> The Athenian failure to regain control of Boeotia at [[Battle of Delium|Delium]] and [[Brasidas]]' successes in northern Greece in 424 improved Sparta's position after Sphakteria.<ref name="hornblower162" /> After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, the strongest proponents of war on each side, [[Peace of Nikias|a peace treaty]] was negotiated in 421 by the Athenian general [[Nicias]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=163}}</ref>

The peace did not last, however. In 418 BC allied forces of Athens and Argos were defeated by Sparta at [[Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)|Mantinea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=1981–1999}}</ref> In 415 Athens launched an ambitious [[Sicilian Expedition|naval expedition]] to dominate Sicily;<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=200}}</ref> the expedition ended in disaster at the harbor of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], with almost the entire army killed, and the ships destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=177}}</ref> Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse, Athens' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league, while Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=202–203}}</ref> Initially the Athenian position continued relatively strong, with important victories at [[Battle of Cyzicus|Cyzicus]] in 410 and [[Battle of Arginusae|Arginusae]] in 406.<ref>{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|pp=186–189}}</ref> However, in 405 the Spartan [[Lysander]] defeated Athens in the [[Battle of Aegospotami]], and began to blockade Athens' harbour;<ref name="Martin 2013 205">{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=205}}</ref> driven by hunger, Athens sued for peace, agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League.<ref>{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=189}}</ref> Following the Athenian surrender, Sparta installed an oligarchic regime, the [[Thirty Tyrants]], in Athens,<ref name="Martin 2013 205" /> one of a number of Spartan-backed oligarchies which rose to power after the Peloponnesian war.<ref>{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=203}}</ref> Spartan predominance did not last: after only a year, the Thirty had been overthrown.<ref>{{harvnb|Hornblower|2011|p=219}}</ref>

The first half of the 4th century saw the major Greek states attempt to dominate the mainland; none were successful, and their resulting weakness led to a power vacuum which was eventually filled by Macedon under Philip II and then Alexander the Great.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=221, 226}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of the Peloponnesian war, Sparta attempted to extend their own power, leading Argos, Athens, Corinth, and Thebes to join against them.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=224}}</ref> Aiming to prevent any single Greek state gaining the dominance that would allow it to challenge Persia, the Persian king initially joined the alliance against Sparta, before imposing the [[Peace of Antalcidas]] ("King's Peace") which restored Persia's control over the Anatolian Greeks.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=224–225}}</ref>

[[File:L'atleta di Fano.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The ''[[Victorious Youth]]'' ({{cx|310 BC}}) is a rare, water-preserved [[bronze sculpture]] from ancient Greece.]]

By 371 BC, Thebes was in the ascendancy, defeating Sparta at the [[Battle of Leuctra]], killing the Spartan king [[Cleombrotus I]], and invading Laconia. Further Theban successes against Sparta in 369 led to Messenia gaining independence; Sparta never recovered from the loss of Messenia's fertile land and the helot workforce it provided.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=225–226}}</ref> The rising power of Thebes led Sparta and Athens to join forces; in 362 they were defeated by Thebes at the [[Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)|Battle of Mantinea]]. In the aftermath of Mantinea, none of the major Greek states were able to dominate. Though Thebes had won the battle, their general Epaminondas was killed, and they spent the following decades embroiled in wars with their neighbours; Athens, meanwhile, saw its second naval alliance, formed in 377, collapse in the mid-350s.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=226}}</ref>

The power vacuum in Greece after the Battle of Mantinea was filled by Macedon, under [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]], starting from the [[battle of Crocus field]]. In 338 BC, he defeated a Greek alliance at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]], and subsequently formed the [[League of Corinth]]. Philip planned to lead the League to invade Persia, but was murdered in 336 BC. His son [[Alexander the Great]] was left to fulfill his father's ambitions.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=221}}</ref> After campaigns against Macedon's western and northern enemies, and those Greek states that had broken from the League of Corinth following the death of Philip, Alexander began his campaign against Persia in 334 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=243–245}}</ref> He conquered Persia, defeating [[Darius III]] at the [[Battle of Issus]] in 333 BC, and after the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] in 331 BC proclaimed himself king of Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|pp=245–247}}</ref> From 329 BC he led expeditions to [[Wars of Alexander the Great#Bactria|Bactria]] and then [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|India]];<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=248}}</ref> further plans to invade Arabia and North Africa were halted by his death in 323 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|2013|p=250}}</ref>

=== Hellenistic Greece ===
{{Main|Wars of Alexander the Great|Diadochi|Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Greece}}
[[File:Alexander the Great mosaic.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alexander Mosaic]], National Archaeological Museum, Naples]]

The period from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC until the death of [[Cleopatra]], the last Macedonian ruler of Egypt, is known as the Hellenistic period. In the early part of this period, a new form of kingship developed based on Macedonian and Near Eastern traditions. The first Hellenistic kings were previously Alexander's generals, and took power in the period following his death, though they were not part of existing royal lineages and lacked historic claims to the territories they controlled.{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=253}} The most important of these rulers in the decades after Alexander's death were [[Antigonus I]] and his son [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]] in Macedonia and the rest of Greece, [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] in Egypt, and [[Seleucus I]] in Syria and the former Persian empire;{{sfn|Martin|2013|pp=254–255}} smaller Hellenistic kingdoms included [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] under the reign of [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]], the [[Attalid]]s in Anatolia and the [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom]].{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=256}}

[[File:Diadochen1.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The major [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] realms included the [[Diadochi]] kingdoms:
{{legend|#787CAD|Kingdom of [[Ptolemy I Soter]]}}
{{legend|#50A249|Kingdom of [[Cassander]]}}
{{legend|#C38833|Kingdom of [[Lysimachus]]}}
{{legend|#C3B933|Kingdom of [[Seleucus I Nicator]]}}
{{legend|#AF3662|[[Epirus]]}}
Also shown on the map:
{{legend|#85AB54|[[Greek colonies]]}}
{{legend|#A361BD|[[Carthage]] (non-Greek)}}
{{legend|#70A9BE|[[Ancient Rome|Rome]] (non-Greek)}}

The orange areas were often in dispute after 281 BC. The [[Attalid dynasty]] occupied some of this area. Not shown: [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]].]]

In the early part of the Hellenistic period, the exact borders of the Hellenistic kingdoms were not settled. Antigonus attempted to expand his territory by attacking the other successor kingdoms until they joined against him, and he was killed at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in 301 BC.{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=255}} His son Demetrius spent many years in Seleucid captivity, and his son, [[Antigonus II]], only reclaimed the Macedonian throne around 276.{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=255}} Meanwhile, the Seleucid kingdom gave up territory in the east to the Indian king [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in exchange for war elephants, and later lost large parts of Persia to the [[Parthian Empire]].{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=255}} By the mid-3rd century, the kingdoms of Alexander's successors was mostly stable, though there continued to be disputes over border areas.{{sfn|Martin|2013|p=256}}

The great capitals of Hellenistic culture were [[Alexandria]] in the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Werner |first1=Robert |title=Ptolemaic dynasty |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ptolemaic-dynasty |website=Britannica |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ptolemaic Kingdom |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/ancient-world/the-ptolemaic-kingdom.html |website=World Atlas |access-date=24 August 2024 |date=16 February 2023}}</ref> and [[Antioch]] in the [[Seleucid Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chrubasik |first1=Boris |title=Chapter 3 – Seleucid Antioch |chapter=Seleucid Antioch |date=2024 |pages=31–42 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/antioch-on-the-orontes/seleucid-antioch/481BB7CE7FA7D1D698E495E99E81F457 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108988988.005 |isbn=978-1-108-98898-8 |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Antioch |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Antioch-modern-and-ancient-city-south-central-Turkey |website=Britannica |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration of the young and ambitious to the new Greek empires in the east.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered]. BBC News. 7 August 2007.</ref> Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]], where the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] and the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] survived until the end of the 1st century BC.

Some city-states within Greece formed themselves into two major leagues; the [[Achaean League]] (including Corinth and Argos)<ref>{{cite web |title=Achaean League |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/misc/achaean-league/ |website=Livius.org |access-date=25 August 2024 |date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Spawforth |first1=Antony J. S. |title=Corinth, Argos, and the imperial cult |url=https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/148112.pdf |website=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref> and the [[Aetolian League]]. For much of the period until the Roman conquest, these leagues were at war, often participating in the conflicts between the [[Diadochi]]'s successor states to Alexander's empire.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The Antigonid Kingdom became involved in a war with the Roman Republic in the late 3rd century. Although the [[First Macedonian War]] was inconclusive, the Romans, in typical fashion, continued to fight Macedon until it was completely absorbed into the Roman Republic (by 149 BC). In the east, the unwieldy Seleucid Empire gradually disintegrated, although a rump survived until 64 BC, whilst the Ptolemaic Kingdom continued in Egypt until 30 BC when it too was conquered by the Romans. The Aetolian league grew wary of Roman involvement in Greece, and sided with the Seleucids in the [[Roman–Seleucid War]]; when the Romans were victorious, the league was effectively absorbed into the Republic. Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon, it was also soon [[Achaean War#War|defeated and absorbed by the Romans]] in 146 BC, bringing Greek independence to an end.

=== Roman Greece ===
{{Main|Greece in the Roman era}}
{{Further|Byzantine Greece}}

The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] became a [[Roman province]] while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia's [[prefect]]; however, some Greek ''poleis'' managed to maintain a partial independence and avoid taxation. The [[Aegean Islands]] were added to this territory in 133 BC. Athens and other Greek cities [[revolted in 88 BC]], and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general [[Sulla]]. The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further, until [[Augustus]] organized the peninsula as the province of [[Achaea (province)|Achaea]] in 27 BC.

Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the [[Roman culture]] had long been in fact [[Greco-Roman]]. The [[Koine Greek|Greek language]] served as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the East and in [[Italia (Roman province)|Italy]], and many Greek intellectuals such as [[Galen]] would perform most of their work in Rome.

== Geography ==
=== Regions ===
{{Main|Regions of ancient Greece}}
[[File:Ancient Regions Mainland Greece.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Major regions of mainland ancient Greece and adjacent "barbarian" lands]]

The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions, each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. Regionalism and regional conflicts were prominent features of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains, or on coastal plains, and dominated a certain area around them.

In the south lay the [[Peloponnese]], consisting of the regions of Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), Elis (west), Achaia (north), Korinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center). These names survive to the present day as [[regional units of Greece|regional units of modern Greece]], though with somewhat different boundaries. Mainland Greece to the north, nowadays known as [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]], consisted of [[Aetolia]] and [[Acarnania]] in the west, [[Locris]], [[Doris (Greece)|Doris]], and [[Phocis (ancient region)|Phocis]] in the center, while in the east lay [[Boeotia]], [[Attica]], and [[Megaris]]. Northeast lay [[Thessaly]], while [[Epirus]] lay to the northwest. Epirus stretched from the [[Ambracian Gulf]] in the south to the [[Ceraunian Mountains]] and the [[Aoos]] river in the north, and consisted of [[Chaonia]] (north), [[Molossia]] (center), and Thesprotia (south). In the northeast corner was [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]],<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354266/Macedonia |title=Macedonia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=3 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092317/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354266/Macedonia |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> originally consisting [[Lower Macedonia]] and its regions, such as [[Emathia (Macedonia)]], [[Pieria (regional unit)|Pieria]], and [[Bottiaea]], and later [[Almopia]], [[Amphaxitis]]. The original capital of Macedon was [[Aegae (Macedonia)|Aigai]] and then moved to [[Pella]] in the 4th century BC. Around the time of [[Alexander I of Macedon]], the [[Argead dynasty|Argead kings of Macedon]] started to expand into [[Eordaia]] and the rest of [[Upper Macedonia]], lands inhabited by independent Upper [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]] tribes like the [[Lyncestae]], [[Orestae]] and the [[Elimiotis|Elimiotae]] and to the east, beyond the [[Axius river]], into [[Mygdonia]] and regions settled by Thracian tribes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=RA6-PA750 ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The fourth century B.C.''] edited by D. M. Lewis et al. I. E. S. Edwards, Cambridge University Press, D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, [[Cyril John Gadd]], Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, 2000, {{ISBN|0-521-23348-8}}, pp. 723–724.</ref> To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the [[Paeonians]] due north, the [[Thracians]] to the northeast, and the [[Illyrians]], with whom the [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]] were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. [[Chalcidice]] was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world, while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], in [[Anatolia]].

=== Colonies ===
{{Main|Greek colonisation}}
{{further|Magna Graecia|Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia#Greek}}
[[File:Greek Colonies in the 8th-6th centuries BC.png|thumb|upright=1.6|[[Greek colonisation|Ancient Greek colonies]] in the [[Archaic Greece|archaic period]]]]
[[File:Agrigento-Tempio della Concordia01.JPG|thumb|The [[Temple of Concordia, Agrigento|Temple of Concordia]], [[Valle dei Templi]], [[Magna Graecia]], present-day Italy]]

During the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]], the Greek [[Classical demography#Ancient Greece and Greek colonies|population]] grew beyond the capacity of the limited [[arable land]] of Greece proper, [[Greek colonisation|resulting in the large-scale establishment of colonies]] elsewhere: according to one estimate, the population of the widening area of Greek settlement increased roughly ten-fold from 800 to 400 BC, from 800,000 to as many as {{frac|7|1|2}}–10 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/fall2006/hansen.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305112612/http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/fall2006/hansen.htm |title=Population of the Greek city-states |archive-date=5 March 2007}}</ref> This was not simply for trade, but also to found settlements. These [[Greek colonies]] were not, as Roman colonies were, dependent on their mother-city, but were independent city-states in their own right.<ref name=BoardmanHammond-xiii>{{harvnb|Boardman|Hammond|1982|p=xiii}}</ref>

Greeks settled outside of Greece in two distinct ways. The first was in permanent settlements founded by Greeks, which formed as independent poleis. The second form was in what historians refer to as ''[[emporium (antiquity)|emporia]]''; trading posts which were occupied by both Greeks and non-Greeks and which were primarily concerned with the manufacture and sale of goods. Examples of this latter type of settlement are found at [[Al Mina]] in the east and [[Pithekoussai]] in the west.<ref>{{harvnb|Antonaccio|2007|p=203}}</ref> From around 750 to 500 BC, Greeks settled colonies in all directions. To the east, the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] coast of [[Asia Minor]] was colonized first, followed by [[Ancient history of Cyprus|Cyprus]] and the coasts of [[Thrace]], the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the south coast of the [[Black Sea]].

Eventually, Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present-day [[Ukraine]] and Russia ([[Taganrog]]). To the west the coasts of [[Illyria]], [[Southern Italy]] (called "[[Magna Graecia]]") were settled, followed by [[Southern France]], [[Corsica]], and even eastern [[Spain]]. Greek colonies were also founded in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Ancient Libya|Libya]]. Modern [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]], [[Naples]], [[Marseille]] and [[Istanbul]] had their beginnings as the Greek colonies Syracusae ({{lang|grc|Συράκουσαι}}), Neapolis ({{lang|grc|Νεάπολις}}), Massalia ({{lang|grc|Μασσαλία}}) and [[Byzantion]] ({{lang|grc|Βυζάντιον}}). These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between the Greek city-states, boosting the [[economy of ancient Greece]].

== Politics and society ==
=== Political structure ===
{{Further|History of citizenship#Ancient Greece}}
[[File:Bust Pericles Chiaramonti.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Marble bust of Pericles with a [[Corinthian helmet]], Roman copy of a Greek original, [[Museo Chiaramonti]], Vatican Museums; Pericles was a key [[populist]] political figure in the development of the radical [[Athenian democracy]].<ref>Ruden, Sarah (2003). ''Lysistrata''. Hackett, p. 80. {{ISBN|0-87220-603-3}}.</ref>]]

Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred relatively independent [[city-state]]s (''[[poleis]]''). This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies, which were either [[tribal]] or [[Realm|kingdoms]] ruling over relatively large territories. Undoubtedly, the [[geography of Greece]]—divided and sub-divided by hills, mountains, and rivers—contributed to the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece. On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were "one people"; they had the same [[State religion|religion]], same basic culture, and same language. Furthermore, the Greeks were very aware of their tribal origins; [[Herodotus]] was able to extensively categorise the city-states by tribe. Yet, although these higher-level relationships existed, they seem to have rarely had a major role in Greek politics. The independence of the ''poleis'' was fiercely defended; unification was something rarely contemplated by the ancient Greeks. Even when, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, a group of city-states allied themselves to defend Greece, the vast majority of ''poleis'' remained neutral, and after the Persian defeat, the allies quickly returned to infighting.<ref>Holland, T. ''Persian Fire'', Abacus, pp. 363–370 {{ISBN|978-0-349-11717-1}}</ref>

Thus, the major peculiarities of the ancient Greek political system were its fragmented nature (and that this does not particularly seem to have tribal origin), and the particular focus on urban centers within otherwise tiny states. The peculiarities of the Greek system are further evidenced by the colonies that they set up throughout the [[Mediterranean]], which, though they might count a certain Greek ''polis'' as their 'mother' (and remain sympathetic to her), were completely independent of the founding city.

Inevitably smaller ''poleis'' might be dominated by larger neighbors, but conquest or direct rule by another city-state appears to have been quite rare. Instead the ''poleis'' grouped themselves into leagues, membership of which was in a constant state of flux. Later in the Classical period, the leagues would become fewer and larger, be dominated by one city (particularly [[Athens]], [[Sparta]] and [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]); and often ''poleis'' would be compelled to join under threat of war (or as part of a peace treaty). Even after [[Philip II of Macedon]] conquered the heartlands of ancient Greece, he did not attempt to annex the territory or unify it into a new province, but compelled most of the ''poleis'' to join his own [[Corinthian League]].

=== Government and law ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek law}}
[[File:Law Code Gortyn Louvre Ma703.jpg|thumb|left|Inheritance law, part of the [[Gortyn code]], Crete, fragment of the 11th column. Limestone, 5th century BC]]

Initially many Greek city-states seem to have been petty kingdoms; there was often a city official carrying some residual, ceremonial functions of the king (''[[basileus]]''), e.g., the ''[[archon basileus]]'' in Athens.<ref>Holland T. ''Persian Fire'', p. 94 {{ISBN|978-0-349-11717-1}}</ref> However, by the Archaic period and the first historical consciousness, most had already become aristocratic [[oligarchies]]. It is unclear exactly how this change occurred. For instance, in Athens, the kingship had been reduced to a hereditary, lifelong chief magistracy (''[[Archon of Athens|archon]]'') by {{cx|1050 BC}}; by 753 BC this had become a decennial, elected archonship, and finally an annually elected archonship by 683 BC. Through each stage, more power would have been transferred to the aristocracy as a whole, and away from a single individual.

Inevitably, the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many ''poleis''. In many cities a [[tyrant]] (not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies), would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power. In a system wracked with [[class conflict]], government by a 'strongman' was often the best solution.

Athens fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century BC. When this tyranny was ended, the Athenians founded [[Athenian democracy|the world's first democracy]] as a radical solution to prevent the aristocracy regaining power. A [[Popular assembly|citizens' assembly]] (the ''[[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|Ecclesia]]''), for the discussion of city policy, had existed since the reforms of [[Draco (lawgiver)|Draco]] in 621 BC; all citizens were permitted to attend after the reforms of [[Solon]] (early 6th century), but the poorest citizens could not address the assembly or run for office. With the establishment of the democracy, the assembly became the ''de jure'' mechanism of government; all citizens had equal privileges in the assembly. However, non-citizens, such as [[metic]]s (foreigners living in Athens) or [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slaves]], had no political rights at all.

After the rise of democracy in Athens, other city-states founded democracies. However, many retained more traditional forms of government. As so often in other matters, Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece, ruled through the whole period by not one, but two hereditary monarchs. This was a form of [[diarchy]]. The [[Kings of Sparta]] belonged to the Agiads and the Eurypontids, descendants respectively of [[Eurysthenes]] and [[Procles]]. Both dynasties' founders were believed to be twin sons of [[Aristodemus]], a [[Heraclid]] ruler. However, the powers of these kings were held in check by both a council of elders (the ''[[Gerousia]]'') and magistrates specifically appointed to watch over the kings (the ''[[Ephor]]s'').

=== Social structure ===
Only free, land-owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. In most city-states, unlike the situation in [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], social prominence did not allow special rights. Sometimes families controlled public religious functions, but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government. In Athens, the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth. People could change classes if they made more money. In Sparta, all male citizens were called ''[[homoioi]]'', meaning "peers". However, Spartan kings, who served as the city-state's dual military and religious leaders, came from two families.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powell |first1=Anton |title=A Companion to Sparta |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-07237-9 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqA6DwAAQBAJ |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref>

[[Women in Greece#Women in ancient Greece|Women in Ancient Greece]] appear to have primarily performed domestic tasks, managed households, and borne and reared children.

==== Slavery ====
{{Main|Slavery in ancient Greece}}
[[File:Grabstein einer Frau mit Dienerin.jpg|thumb|Gravestone of a woman with her slave child-attendant, {{cx|100 BC}}]]
Slaves had no power or status. Slaves had the right to have a family and own property, subject to their master's goodwill and permission, but they had no political rights. By 600 BC, [[chattel slavery]] had spread in Greece. By the 5th century BC, slaves made up one-third of the total population in some city-states. Between 40 and 80% of the population of [[Classical Athens]] were slaves.<ref>[http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-201729/ANCIENT-GREECE Slavery in Ancient Greece] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201123710/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-201729/ANCIENT-GREECE |date=1 December 2008 }}. ''Britannica Student Encyclopædia''.</ref> Slaves outside of Sparta almost never revolted because they were made up of too many nationalities and were too scattered to organize. However, unlike later [[Western culture]], the ancient Greeks did not think in terms of [[race (human categorization)|race]].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |last=Painter |first=Nell |title=The History of White People |location=New York |date=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/5 5] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/5}}</ref>

Most families owned slaves as household servants and laborers, and even poor families might have owned a few slaves. Owners were not allowed to beat or kill their slaves. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Unlike in Rome, [[freedmen]] did not become citizens. Instead, they were mixed into the population of ''[[metic]]s'', which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state.

City-states legally owned slaves. These public slaves had a larger measure of independence than slaves owned by families, living on their own and performing specialized tasks. In Athens, public slaves were trained to look out for [[counterfeit coinage]], while temple slaves acted as servants of the temple's [[Lists of Greek mythological figures|deity]] and [[Scythian]] slaves were employed in Athens as a police force corralling citizens to political functions.

Sparta had a special type of slaves called ''[[helots]]''. Helots were [[Messenians]] enslaved en masse during the [[First Messenian War|Messenian Wars]] by the state and assigned to families where they were forced to stay. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as [[hoplite]]s. Their masters treated them harshly, and helots [[slave rebellion|revolted]] against their masters several times. In 370/369 BC, as a result of [[Epaminondas]]' liberation of Messenia from Spartan rule, the helot system there came to an end and the helots won their freedom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cartledge |first=Paul |title=The Spartans: An Epic History |year=2002 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |page=67}}</ref> However, it persisted in Laconia until the 2nd century BC.

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in ancient Greece}}
[[File:Plato's Academy mosaic from Pompeii.jpg|thumb|left|Mosaic from [[Pompeii]] depicting [[Plato]]'s [[Platonic Academy|Academy]]]]

For most of Greek history, education was private, except in Sparta. During the Hellenistic period, some city-states established [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]]. Only wealthy families could afford a teacher. Boys learned how to read, write and quote literature. They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service. They studied not for a job but to become an effective citizen. Girls also learned to read, write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household. They almost never received education after childhood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |title=A Companion to Ancient Education |publisher=Willey-Blackwell |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-118-99741-3 |location=Malden, MA |page=305}}</ref>

Boys went to school at the age of seven, or went to the barracks, if they lived in Sparta. The three types of teachings were: grammatistes for arithmetic, kitharistes for music and dancing, and Paedotribae for sports.

Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a ''paidagogos'', a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day. Classes were held in teachers' private houses and included reading, writing, mathematics, singing, and playing the lyre and flute. When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports such as wrestling, running, and throwing discus and javelin. In Athens, some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture, sciences, music, and the arts. The schooling ended at age 18, followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years.<ref>Angus Konstam: "Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece", pp. 94–95. Thalamus, UK, 2003, {{ISBN|1-904668-16-X}}</ref>

Some of Athens' greatest such schools included the [[Lyceum]] (the so-called [[Peripatetic school]] founded by [[Aristotle]] of [[Stageira]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Lyceum |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lyceum-Greek-philosophical-school |website=Britannica |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Lyceum |url=https://iep.utm.edu/lyceum/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> and the [[Platonic Academy]] (founded by [[Plato]] of Athens).<ref name="Lindberg 2007 70">{{cite book |url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/B/bo5550077.html |last=Lindberg |first=David C. |title=The Beginnings of Western Science |page=70 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kampouris |first1=Nick |title=Plato's Academy: The World's First University |url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/10/26/plato-academy-athens-first-university-world/ |website=Greek Reporter |access-date=21 August 2024 |date=26 October 2023}}</ref> The education system of the wealthy ancient Greeks is also called [[Paideia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woodruff |first1=Paul |title=Nine Education (Paideia) |chapter=Education (Paideia) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/8502/chapter-abstract/154343006?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=21 August 2024 |date=March 2006 |pages=191–210 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304541.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-530454-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=López |first1=Raquel |title=Did sons and daughters get the same education in ancient Greece? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/education-in-ancient-greece |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=21 August 2024 |date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
{{Main|Economy of ancient Greece|Agriculture in ancient Greece|Slavery in ancient Greece}}

At its economic height in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the free citizenry of [[Classical Greece]] represented perhaps the most prosperous society in the ancient world, some economic historians considering Greece one of the most advanced pre-industrial economies. In terms of wheat, wages reached an estimated {{cvt|7–12|kg}} daily for an unskilled worker in urban Athens, 2–3 times the {{cvt|3.75|kg}} of an unskilled rural labourer in Roman Egypt, though Greek farm incomes too were on average lower than those available to urban workers.<ref>W. Schiedel, "Real slave prices and the relative cost of slave labor in the Greco-Roman world", ''Ancient Society'', vol. 35, 2005, p 12.</ref>

While slave conditions varied widely, the institution served to sustain the incomes of the free citizenry: an estimate of economic development drawn from the latter (or derived from urban incomes alone) is therefore likely to overstate the true overall level despite widespread evidence for high living standards.

=== Warfare ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek warfare|Ancient Macedonian army}}
[[File:Greek-Persian duel.jpg|thumb|Greek [[hoplite]] and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient [[kylix]], 5th century BC]]

At least in the Archaic period, the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict but conversely limited the scale of warfare. Unable to maintain professional armies, the city-states relied on their own citizens to fight. This inevitably reduced the potential duration of campaigns, as citizens would need to return to their own professions (especially in the case of, for example, farmers). Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer. When battles occurred, they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, rarely amounting to more than five percent of the losing side, but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front.

The scale and scope of warfare in ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]]. To fight the enormous armies of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of city-states (the exact composition changing over time), allowing the pooling of resources and division of labor. Although alliances between city-states occurred before this time, nothing on this scale had been seen before. The rise of Athens and Sparta as pre-eminent powers during this conflict led directly to the [[Peloponnesian War]], which saw further development of the nature of warfare, strategy and tactics. Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta, the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale and allowed the diversification of warfare. Set-piece battles during the Peloponnesian war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on attritionary strategies, naval battles and blockades and sieges. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society.

Athens owned one of the largest war fleets in ancient Greece. It had over 200 [[trireme]]s each powered by 170 oarsmen who were seated in 3 rows on each side of the ship. The city could afford such a large fleet—it had over 34,000 oarsmen—because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves.

According to [[Josiah Ober]], Greek city-states faced approximately a one-in-three chance of destruction during the archaic and classical period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ober |first=Josiah |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691146249/democracy-and-knowledge |title=Democracy and Knowledge |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-691-14624-9 |pages=81–82 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek philosophy}}
[[File:British Museum - Four Greek philosophers.jpg|thumb|left|The carved busts of four ancient Greek philosophers, on display in the British Museum. From left to right: [[Socrates]], [[Antisthenes]], [[Chrysippus]], and [[Epicurus]].]]

Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of [[reason]] and [[inquiry]]. In many ways, it had an important influence on modern philosophy, as well as modern science. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and [[Hellenistic philosophers]], to medieval [[Early Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosophers]] and [[Islamic science|Islamic scientists]], to the European [[Renaissance]] and [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], to the secular sciences of the modern day.

Neither reason nor inquiry began with the ancient Greeks. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the [[ancient Egypt]]ians and [[Babylonia]]ns, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization.

The first known philosophers of Greece were the [[pre-Socratic]]s, who attempted to provide naturalistic, non-mythical descriptions of the world. They were followed by [[Socrates]], one of the first philosophers based in Athens during [[fifth-century Athens|its golden age]] whose ideas, despite being known by second-hand accounts instead of writings of his own, laid the basis of Western philosophy. Socrates' disciple [[Plato]], who wrote ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' and established a radical difference between ideas and the concrete world, and Plato's disciple [[Aristotle]], who wrote extensively about nature and ethics, are also immensely influential in Western philosophy to this day. The later [[Hellenistic philosophy]], also originating in Greece, is defined by names such as [[Antisthenes]] ([[cynicism (philosophy)|cynicism]]), [[Zeno of Citium]] ([[stoicism]]) and [[Plotinus]] ([[Neoplatonism]]).

=== Literature and theatre ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek literature|Theatre of ancient Greece}}
[[File:The great theater of Epidaurus, designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC, Sanctuary of Asklepeios at Epidaurus, Greece (14015010416).jpg|thumb|left|The [[ancient Theatre of Epidaurus]], 4th century BC]]

The earliest Greek literature was poetry and was composed for performance rather than private consumption.<ref>{{harvnb|Power|2016|p=58}}</ref> The earliest Greek poet known is [[Homer]], although he was certainly part of an existing tradition of oral poetry.<ref>{{harvnb|Kirk|1985|p=44}}</ref> Homer's poetry, though it was developed around the same time that the Greeks developed writing, would have been composed orally; the first poet to certainly compose their work in writing was [[Archilochus]], a [[Greek lyric|lyric poet]] from the mid-7th century BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Kirk|1985|p=45}}</ref> [[Greek tragedy|Tragedy]] developed around the end of the archaic period, taking elements from across the pre-existing genres of late archaic poetry.<ref>{{harvnb|Power|2016|p=60}}</ref> Towards the beginning of the classical period, comedy began to develop—the earliest date associated with the genre is 486 BC, when a competition for comedy became an official event at the [[City Dionysia]] in Athens, though the first preserved ancient comedy is [[Aristophanes]]' ''[[Acharnians]]'', produced in 425.<ref>{{harvnb|Handley|1985|p=355}}</ref>

[[File:Hypnos Thanatos BM Vase D56 full.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A scene from the ''[[Iliad]]'': [[Hypnos]] and [[Thanatos]] carrying the body of [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]] from the battlefield of [[Troy]]; detail from an Attic [[white-ground]] [[lekythos]], {{cx|440 BC}}]]

Like poetry, Greek prose had its origins in the archaic period, and the earliest writers of Greek philosophy, history, and medical literature all date to the 6th century BC.<ref name="mcglew79">{{harvnb|McGlew|2016|p=79}}</ref> Prose first emerged as the writing style adopted by the [[presocratic]] philosophers [[Anaximander]] and [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]]—though [[Thales of Miletus]], considered the first Greek philosopher, apparently wrote nothing.<ref>{{harvnb|McGlew|2016|p=81}}</ref> Prose as a genre reached maturity in the classical era,<ref name="mcglew79" /> and the major Greek prose genres—philosophy, history, rhetoric, and dialogue—developed in this period.<ref>{{harvnb|McGlew|2016|p=84}}</ref>

The Hellenistic period saw the literary centre of the Greek world move from Athens, where it had been in the classical period, to Alexandria. At the same time, other Hellenistic kings such as the [[Antigonids]] and the [[Attalids]] were patrons of scholarship and literature, turning [[Pella]] and [[Pergamon]] respectively into cultural centres.<ref>{{harvnb|Mori|2016|p=93}}</ref> It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings, and especially the Museum at Alexandria, that so much ancient Greek literature has survived.<ref name="bulloch542">{{harvnb|Bulloch|1985|p=542}}</ref> The [[Library of Alexandria]], part of the Museum, had the previously unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek. Almost all of the surviving non-technical Hellenistic literature is poetry,<ref name="bulloch542" /> and Hellenistic poetry tended to be highly intellectual,<ref>{{harvnb|Bulloch|1985|pp=542–543}}</ref> blending different genres and traditions, and avoiding linear narratives.<ref>{{harvnb|Mori|2016|p=99}}</ref> The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed—while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance, in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately.<ref>{{harvnb|Mori|2016|p=98}}</ref> At the same time, Hellenistic poets began to write for private, rather than public, consumption.<ref>{{harvnb|Bulloch|1985|p=543}}</ref>

With Octavian's victory at Actium in 31 BC, Rome began to become a major centre of Greek literature, as important Greek authors such as [[Strabo]] and [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] came to Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowersock|1985|pp=642–643}}</ref> The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the "long second century" from approximately 80 AD to around 230 AD.<ref name="konig113">{{harvnb|König|2016|p=113}}</ref> This innovation was especially marked in prose, with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both dating to this period.<ref name="konig113" />

=== Music and dance ===
{{Main|Music of ancient Greece}}
In Ancient Greek society, music was ever-present and considered a fundamental component of civilisation.{{sfn|West|1994|pp=1, 13}} It was an important part of public religious worship,{{sfn|West|1994|p=14}} private ceremonies such as weddings and funerals,{{sfn|West|1994|p=21}} and household entertainment.{{sfn|West|1994|p=24}} Men sang and played music at the [[symposium]];{{sfn|West|1994|p=25}} both men and women sang at work; and children's games involved song and dance.{{sfn|West|1994|pp=27–28}}

Ancient Greek music was primarily vocal, sung either by a solo singer or a chorus, and usually accompanied by an instrument; purely instrumental music was less common.{{sfn|West|1994|p=39}} The Greeks used stringed instruments, including lyres, harps, and lutes;{{sfn|West|1994|p=48}} and wind instruments, of which the most important was the {{Transliteration|grk|aulos}}, a [[reed instrument]].{{sfn|West|1994|p=81}} Percussion instruments played a relatively unimportant role supporting stringed and wind instruments, and were used in certain religious cults.{{sfn|West|1994|p=122}}

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|List of Graeco-Roman geographers|Greek astronomy|Greek mathematics|Ancient Greek medicine|Ancient Greek technology|Science in classical antiquity}}
[[File:0142 - Archaeological Museum, Athens - Antikythera mechanism - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 11 2009.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Antikythera mechanism]] was an [[analog computer]] from 150 to 100 BC designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.]]

Ancient Greek mathematics contributed many important developments to mathematics, including the basic rules of [[geometry]], the idea of [[formal proof|formal mathematical proof]], and discoveries in [[number theory]], [[mathematical analysis]], [[applied mathematics]], and approached close to establishing [[integral calculus]]. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including [[Pythagoras]], [[Euclid]], and [[Archimedes]], are still used in mathematical teaching today.

The Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]] and [[Callippus of Cyzicus]]. Their younger contemporary [[Heraclides Ponticus]] proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. In the 3rd century BC, [[Aristarchus of Samos]] was the first to suggest a [[heliocentric]] system. Archimedes in his treatise [[The Sand Reckoner#Estimation of the size of the universe|The Sand Reckoner]] revives Aristarchus' hypothesis that ''"the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, while the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle"''. Otherwise, only fragmentary descriptions of Aristarchus' idea survive.<ref>Pedersen, ''Early Physics and Astronomy'', pp. 55–56</ref> [[Eratosthenes]], using the angles of shadows created at widely separated regions, estimated the [[circumference of the Earth]] with great accuracy.<ref>Pedersen, ''Early Physics and Astronomy'', pp. 45–47</ref> In the 2nd century BC [[Hipparchus]] of Nicea made a number of contributions, including the first measurement of [[precession]] and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of [[apparent magnitude]]s.

The [[Antikythera mechanism]], a device for calculating the movements of planets, dates from about 80 BC and was the first ancestor of the astronomical computer.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of [[Antikythera]], between [[Kythera]] and [[Crete]]. The device became famous for its use of a [[differential gear]], previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century, and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts, comparable to a clock made in the 18th century. The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]], accompanied by a replica.

The ancient Greeks also made important discoveries in the medical field. Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the [[history of medicine]]. He is referred to as the "[[List of persons considered father or mother of a field#Natural and social sciences|father of medicine]]"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grammaticos |first1=P. C. |last2=Diamantis |first2=A. |title=Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus |journal=Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18392218}}</ref><ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576397/Hippocrates.html Hippocrates], Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Microsoft Corporation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091029181928/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576397/Hippocrates.html Archived] 31 October 2009.</ref> in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized [[medicine in ancient Greece]], establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably [[theurgy]] and philosophy), thus making medicine a profession.<ref name="garrison9293">{{Cite book |last=Garrison |first=Fielding H. |year=1966 |title=History of Medicine |publisher=W. B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |pages=92–93}}</ref><ref name="nuland5">{{Cite book |last=Nuland |first=Sherwin B. |year=1988 |title=Doctors |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-55130-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/doctorsbiography00nula/page/5 5] |url=https://archive.org/details/doctorsbiography00nula/page/5}}</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek art|Ancient Greek architecture}}
[[File:Sicily Selinunte Temple E (Hera).JPG|thumb|The Temple of [[Hera]] at [[Selinunte]], Sicily]]

The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day, particularly in the areas of [[sculpture]] and architecture. In the West, the art of the [[Roman Empire]] was largely derived from Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in [[Greco-Buddhist art]], with ramifications as far as Japan. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the [[humanist]] aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the Western world.

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek religion}}
[[File:Θερμαικος με θεα τον Ολυμπο!.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Olympus]], home of the [[Twelve Olympians]]]]

Religion was a central part of ancient Greek life.{{sfn|Ogden|2007|p=1}} Though the Greeks of different cities and [[ancient Greek tribes|tribes]] worshipped similar gods, religious practices were not uniform and the gods were thought of differently in different places. The Greeks were [[polytheistic]], worshipping many gods, but as early as the 6th century BC a pantheon of [[twelve Olympians]] began to develop.{{sfn|Dowden|2007|p=41}} Greek religion was influenced by the practices of the Greeks' near eastern neighbours at least as early as the archaic period, and by the Hellenistic period this influence was seen in both directions.{{sfn|Noegel|2007|pp=21–22}}

The most important religious act in ancient Greece was [[animal sacrifice]], most commonly of sheep and goats.{{sfn|Bremmer|2007|pp=132–134}} Sacrifice was accompanied by public prayer,{{sfn|Furley|2007|p=121}} and prayer and hymns were themselves a major part of ancient Greek religious life.{{sfn|Furley|2007|p=117}}

== Legacy ==
{{Further|Classics}}

The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. It became the ''[[Leitkultur]]'' of the Roman Empire to the point of marginalizing native [[Iron Age Italy|Italic]] traditions. As [[Horace]] put it,
{{blockquote|{{lang|la|Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis / intulit agresti Latio}} (''[[Epistles (Horace)|Epistulae]]'' 2.1.156f.){{pb}}Captive Greece took captive her uncivilised conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic [[Latium]].}}
Via the Roman Empire, Greek culture came to be foundational to [[Western culture]] in general.
The [[Byzantine Empire]] inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of Classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted a strong influence on the [[Slavs]] and later on the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and the Western European Renaissance. A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the [[Neoclassicism]] movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Civilizations|History}}
* [[List of ancient Greek writers]]
* [[Classical demography]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity|Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity]]
* [[Science in classical antiquity]]
* [[List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|19em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Antonaccio |first=Carla M. |chapter=Colonization: Greece on the Move 900–480 |year=2007 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece |editor-last=Shapiro |editor-first=H. A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last1=Asheri |first1=David |last2=Lloyd |first2=Alan |last3=Corcella |first3=Aldo |year=2007 |title=A Commentary on Herodotus, Books 1–4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-814956-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |last2=Hammond |first2=N. G. L. |chapter=Preface |year=1982 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History – Volume 3, part 3 |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |volume=III |edition=2 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowersock |first=G. W. |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature |chapter=The literature of the Empire |editor1-last=Easterling |editor1-first=P. E. |editor1-link=P. E. Easterling |editor2-last=Knox |editor2-first=Bernard M. W. |editor2-link=Bernard Knox |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Jan M. |chapter=Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice |year=2007 |title=A Companion to Greek Religion |publisher=Blackwell |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel}}
* {{cite book |last=Bulloch |first=A. W. |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature |chapter=Hellenistic Poetry |editor1-last=Easterling |editor2-last=Knox |editor1-first=P. E. |editor2-first=Bernard M. W. |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last=Cameron |first=Alan |year=2004 |title=Greek Mythography in the Roman World |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803821-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Dowden |first=Ken |chapter=Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon |year=2007 |title=A Companion to Greek Religion |publisher=Blackwell |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel}}
* {{cite book |last=Furley |first=William D. |chapter=Prayers and Hymns |year=2007 |title=A Companion to Greek Religion |publisher=Blackwell |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel}}
* {{cite book |last=Hammond |first=N. G. L. |chapter=The Peloponnese |year=1982 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |volume=III.iii |edition=2 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Handley |first=E. W. |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature |chapter=Comedy |editor1-last=Easterling |editor2-last=Knox |editor1-first=P. E. |editor2-first=Bernard M. W. |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last=Hornblower |first=Simon |title=The Greek World: 479–323 BC |edition=4 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Kirk |first=G. S. |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature |chapter=Homer |editor1-last=Easterling |editor2-last=Knox |editor1-first=P. E. |editor2-first=Bernard M. W. |year=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last=König |first=Jason |title=A Companion to Greek Literature |chapter=Literature in the Roman World |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |editor1-last=Hose |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Schenker |editor2-first=David}}
* {{cite book |last=Marincola |first=John |year=2001 |title=Greek Historians |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922501-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Thomas R. |title=Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |year=2013 |edition=2}}
* {{cite book |last=McGlew |first=James |title=A Companion to Greek Literature |chapter=Literature in the Classical Age of Greece |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |editor1-last=Hose |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Schenker |editor2-first=David}}
* {{cite book |last=Mori |first=Anatole |title=A Companion to Greek Literature |chapter=Literature in the Hellenistic World |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |editor1-last=Hose |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Schenker |editor2-first=David}}
* {{cite book |last=Noegel |first=Scott B. |chapter=Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East |year=2007 |title=A Companion to Greek Religion |publisher=Blackwell |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel}}
* {{cite book |last=Ogden |first=Daniel |chapter=Introduction |year=2007 |title=A Companion to Greek Religion |publisher=Blackwell |editor-last=Ogden |editor-first=Daniel}}
* {{cite book |last=Power |first=Timothy |title=A Companion to Greek Literature |chapter=Literature in the Archaic Age |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2016 |editor1-last=Hose |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Schenker |editor2-first=David}}
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Jennifer T. |year=2011 |title=Herodotus: a Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-957599-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Shapiro |first=H. A. |chapter=Introduction |year=2007 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece |editor-last=Shapiro |editor-first=H. A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last=Sparks |first=Kenton L. |year=1998 |title=Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and their Expression in the Hebrew Bible |location=Winona Lake, IN |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-033-0}}
* {{cite book |last=West |first=M. L. |title=Ancient Greek Music |year=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientgreekmusi0000west}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shanks |first1=Michael |title=Classical Archaeology of Greece |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-17197-7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4032788}}
* Brock, Roger, and Stephen Hodkinson, eds. 2000. ''Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of political organization and community in ancient Greece''. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
* Cartledge, Paul, Edward E. Cohen, and Lin Foxhall. 2002. ''Money, labour and land: Approaches to the economies of ancient Greece''. London and New York: Routledge.
* Cohen, Edward. 1992. ''Athenian economy and society: A banking perspective''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
* Hurwit, Jeffrey. 1987. ''The art and culture of early Greece, 1100–480 B.C.'' Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
* Kinzl, Konrad, ed. 2006. ''A companion to the Classical Greek world''. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell.
* Morris, Ian, ed. 1994. ''Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies''. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* [[Sarah B. Pomeroy|Pomeroy, Sarah]], Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. 2008. ''Ancient Greece: A political, social, and cultural history''. 2d ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
* Rhodes, Peter J. 2006. ''A history of the Classical Greek world: 478–323 BC''. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
* Whitley, James. 2001. ''The archaeology of ancient Greece''. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ancient Greece}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ancient Greece}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Ancient Greece
|viaf= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* [http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/greece/gr0000e.shtml The Canadian Museum of Civilization—Greece Secrets of the Past]
* [http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/ Ancient Greece] website from the [[British Museum]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502201333/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/engen.greece Economic history of ancient Greece] (archived 2 May 2006)
* [http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/currency/drachma-history The Greek currency history]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090038/http://www.limenoscope.ntua.gr/index.cgi?lan=en Limenoscope], an ancient Greek ports database (archived 11 May 2011)
* [http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/home.htm The Ancient Theatre Archive], Greek and Roman theatre architecture
* [http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/lectures/history/history.shtm Illustrated Greek History], Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, [[Hampden–Sydney College]], Virginia

{{Ancient Greece topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Classical antiquity}}
{{Ancient Greek Wars}}
{{Western culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Greece| ]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]

Neel Madhav

2026-03-10T05:11:47Z

Aoufa: Made New Details W/ Refs

{{short description|Producer, Director, television personality, Author & Mentalist(born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neel Madhav
| image = NeelMadhavShoot.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|08|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| education = [[The Doon School]]
| alma_mater = [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]]
| occupation = {{hlist | Actor | consultant | educator | illusionist |mentalist| television presenter | writer}}
| father = Raghvendra Madhav
| mother = Vinita Madhav
| known_for = Television work: ''You've Got Magic with Neel Madhav'', ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
| years_active = 2013 — present
| awards = [[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes'' Asia 30 Under 30]] (2019) {{small|(Sports and Entertainment)}}
}}

'''Neel Madhav''' (born 14 August 1993) is a television producer, director, educator, public speaker, television personality, [[illusionist]], [[mentalist]], actor and writer. He is the director of special projects at [[Fashion TV]] Paris, where he handles television distribution and programming. He is also the CEO of Nyaas Solutions which is a fashion consultancy & fashion tourism firm.<ref name="doon" />

Madhav hosts the travel and magic television show ''You Got Magic with Neel Madhav''.<ref>{{cite news|title=These young magicians from India will leave you spellbound|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150929/lifestyle-offbeat/article/these-young-magicians-india-will-leave-you-spellbound|access-date=10 September 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=bbcearth>{{Cite news| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=It's an exciting time for magic, says illusionist Neel Madhav on 'You Got Magic' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/illusionist-neel-madhavs-latest-show/article31161559.ece |access-date=2 Jun 2020 |date=25 Mar 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602042228/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/illusionist-neel-madhavs-latest-show/article31161559.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020 |author=Srinivasa Ramanujam}}</ref> He was included in the 2019 ''[[Forbes Asia]]'' Sports and Entertainment ''[[Forbes 30 under 30|30 under 30]]''.<ref name=forbes>{{Cite web |title=Forbes 30 under 30 (Entertainment) |url=https://www.forbes.com/under30/list/2019/asia/entertainment-sports/ |access-date=1 Jun 2020 |year=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508120943/https://www.forbes.com/under30/list/2019/asia/entertainment-sports/ |archive-date=8 May 2020 |institution=Forbes Asia |website=forbes.com |last1=Nishikori |first1=Kei |authorlink1=Kei Nishikori | first2=Dick |last2=Lee |authorlink2=Dick Lee }}</ref> His work incorporates mentalism, [[neuro-linguistic programming]], and [[criminology]]. Madhav also specializes in [[nonverbal communication]] and [[body language]] and provides consultation services for companies.<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|author1=Bhumika K.|title=I want to believe in magic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/interview-with-magician-neel-madhav/article6852767.ece|accessdate=10 September 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 February 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Madhav was born on 14 August 1993 to Raghvendra Madhav, an investment banker,<ref name=dobyear>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B1ItRf6le5c|last1=Madhav |first1=Neel |access-date=6 Jun 2020|website=instagram.com |title=Boy turns 26 |date=14 Aug 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200703051146/https://www.instagram.com/p/B1ItRf6le5c/}}</ref><ref name=dobday>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/6W8VHHEPLn|last1=Madhav |first1=Neel |access-date=6 Jun 2020|website=instagram.com |title=Happy independence day to Pakistan and Happy Birthday to me. Lol |date=14 Aug 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200703051125/https://www.instagram.com/p/6W8VHHEPLn/}}</ref> and Vinita Madhav, a scriptwriter and producer.<ref name=ygmlon>{{cite AV media |people=Neel Madhav |date=21 Aug 2017 |title=Neel Madhav at Zee Literature Festival, British Library |language=en |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=xNIwHmR5b-U |access-date=1 Jun 2020 |format= |time=8m40s |location=London |via=youtube.com }}</ref><ref name=sen>{{Cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Tanushree |date=14 Dec 2016 |title=In India, magic as a genre needs to be modernised believes mentalist Neel Madhav |url=https://www.justearthnews.com/news-details/564/in-india-magic-as-a-genre-needs-to-be-modernised-believes-mentalist-neel-madhav.html |access-date=2 Jun 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602162145/https://www.justearthnews.com/news-details/564/in-india-magic-as-a-genre-needs-to-be-modernised-believes-mentalist-neel-madhav.html |website=justearthnews.com |quote=Admitting how it was not easy to convince his parents, he said, My dad is an investment banker and he is from Harvard Business School. So for someone like him, it was very hard to accept that his younger son wanted to be a magician}}</ref><ref name=mother>{{Cite web| website=newindianexpress.com |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/nov/28/what-slick-trick-is-up-neel-madhavs-sleeve-these-days-1542601.html |title=What slick trick is up Neel Madhav's sleeve these days? |last1=Rajpal |first1=Seema |institution=Express News Service |quote=In 2014, he began hosting a TV series called You Got Magic with Neel Madhav on NDTV, which sees the young magician travelling across India and performing his tricks. When he felt the need to elevate the status of magicians in India, he co-authored his first book You Got Magic, with Vinita Madhav, his mother. |access-date=6 Jun 2020 |date=28 Nov 2017 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606051722/https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/nov/28/what-slick-trick-is-up-neel-madhavs-sleeve-these-days-1542601.html }}</ref><ref name=vinita>{{Cite web| title=Neel Madhav & Vinita Madhav |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602055014/https://penguin.co.in/author/neel-madhav-vinita-madhav/ |access-date= 2 Jun 2020 |url=https://penguin.co.in/author/neel-madhav-vinita-madhav/ |archive-date=2 June 2020 |website=penguin.co.in |quote=Vinita Madhav began her career as a freelance presenter with BBC Radio, London, in 1989, after a short stint with All India Radio and Doordarshan. Thereafter she proceeded to work in corporate and film production, specializing in scriptwriting. On returning to India, she launched her own company, Media Network Pvt. Ltd. For the past twenty years, Vinita has produced several shows for a host of Indian and international television networks.}}</ref> His family lived in various locations, including [[New York City]], [[Mumbai]] and [[New Delhi]].<ref name=ygmbook/>

He attended [[The Doon School]] for his secondary education and received a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]].<ref name="mensxp">{{cite web |author1=Divyani Rattanpal |date=26 September 2014 |title=Neel Madhav Brings Some Magic In Your Life! |url=http://www.mensxp.com/work-life/career-growth/23991-neel-madhav-brings-some-magic-in-your-life.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003132723/http://www.mensxp.com/work-life/career-growth/23991-neel-madhav-brings-some-magic-in-your-life.html |archive-date=3 October 2017 |accessdate=10 September 2016 |website=mensxp.com}}</ref>

Madhav cites magicians [[James Randi]]<ref name=sen/> and Jason Randal as inspirations, and [[David Blaine]], [[Dynamo (magician)|Dynamo]], and [[Derren Brown]] as role models.<ref>{{Cite twitter|number=686935227738886144 |user=NeelMadhav4 |title=Being featured in India's 10 most Dynamic Debuts of 2016 in the Verve magazine. #verve #India #magic |date=12 Jan 2016 |name=Neel Madhav |url=https://twitter.com/NeelMadhav4/status/686935227738886144 |link=no}}</ref><ref name=thehindu/>

==Career==
Madhav developed ''You Got Magic with Neel Madhav'', which premiered on [[NDTV Good Times]] in 2014. The show features a combination of food, travel, adventure, and magic.<ref name=ygmbook/><ref name="mensxp" /><ref name=ravi>{{cite news |author1=Mayuri J Ravi |title=The Singular Mind |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/sep/21/the-singular-mind-817804.html |access-date=2 Jun 2020 |website=newindianexpress.com |archive-date=2 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602040106/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/sep/21/The-Singular-Mind-817804.html |date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Jayashree Narayanan|title=Keeping it simple with magical approach |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/507385/keeping-simple-magical-approach.html|accessdate=10 September 2016 |date=20 October 2015 |website=deccanherald.com}}</ref> The show began airing on Sony [[BBC Earth]] in March 2020.<ref name=bbcearth/>

His illusions include turning sand into gold, turning leaves into butterflies, making people forget how to read, and predicting newspaper headlines.{{r|ravi}}<ref name=emag>{{Cite magazine |series=Indulge |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/m5/966122/Indulge-Chennai/14102016#dual/22/1 |page=22 |date=14 Oct 2016 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606165031/https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/m5/966122/Indulge-Chennai/14102016#issue/5/1 |last1=P |first1=Peter |issue=51 |volume=9 |location=Chennai |title=Spell Theory |magazine=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Madhav has presented at [[TEDx]] conferences at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13799 |series=TEDxStXaviersMumbai |title=TEDx at St Xavier's, Mumbai |date=8 Feb 2015 |access-date=1 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601141155/https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/13799 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |website=ted.com |quote=Neel Madhav, a young graduate is known to scintillate his audiences with his dabble in magic.}}</ref> and [[Christ University]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/16380 |title=Theme: Prism of Possibilities |date=26 Feb 2016 |location=[[Bangalore]] |access-date=1 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601141447/https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/16380 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |series=TEDxChristUniversity |website=ted.com |quote=Neel Madhav is not your run-of-the-mill magician. This new-age illusionist combines magic with mentalism, neuro-linguistic programming and criminology, even applying it to corporate strategies. Neel has spoken at other conferences and college events in between shooting new episodes of his show "You Got Magic with Neel Madhav". }}</ref>

He teaches criminal psychology and neuro-linguistic programming.<ref name=thehindu/><ref name=ravi/>

In 2016, Madhav co-wrote the book ''You Got Magic'' with his mother, Vinita Madhav, published by [[Penguin Random House]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Neel conquers dyslexia to cast a magical spell on India |url=http://www.catchnews.com/culture-news/neel-madhav-conquers-dyslexia-to-cast-a-magical-spell-on-india-1485414495.html |access-date=1 Jun 2020 |date=26 Jan 2017 |last1=R Hassan |first1=Lamat |website=catchnews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215736/http://www.catchnews.com/culture-news/neel-madhav-conquers-dyslexia-to-cast-a-magical-spell-on-india-1485414495.html |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ygmbook>{{cite book |last1=Madhav |first1=Neel |last2=Madhav |first2=Vinita |title=You Got Magic |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=London |isbn=9789386057983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0B1wDQAAQBAJ |via=books.google.com}}</ref>

In 2019, Madhav played a recurring role as Arjun Mehra in the Amazon Original TV series [[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']].<ref name="doon">{{Cite magazine|url=https://issuu.com/dsirdoon/docs/dsir_spring_2019_issue |editor1-last=Sampath |editor1-first=Karan |title=The Doon School Informational Review |issue=May 2019 |access-date=30 May 2020 |last=Raggett |first=Matthew| authorlink1=Matthew Raggett| quote="It was good to see two Doscos amongst the cast as they make their way in the world; Aditi Joshi played the bride in the first episode and Neel Madhav played Karan's younger brother in two episodes." |via=issuu.com |page=19 |institution=[[The Doon School]] |magazine=[[The Doon School Weekly]]}}</ref><ref name="epi">{{Cite episode|title=All That Glitters Is Gold |episode-link= |url=https://www.amazon.com/Made-In-Heaven-Season-1/dp/B07P67NJCC |access-date=30 May 2020 |series=Made in Heaven |network=Amazon |number=1 |date=March 2019 |season=1 |time=21m44s |language=en}}</ref> He was also included in the Forbes Asia ''30 under 30'' list for Sports and Entertainment.{{r|forbes}}

==Personal life==
Madhav resides in Mumbai.<ref name=starbio>{{Cite web|title=Neel Madhav Biography |url=https://starclinch.com/neel-madhav |access-date=2 Jun 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602121816/https://starclinch.com/neel-madhav |website=starclinch.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" |Television
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2013 – present
|''You Got Magic''
|Host, writer, producer
| {{plainlist|
* [[NDTV Good Times]] (2013–2019)
* [[BBC Earth]] (2020–)
}}
|-
| 2019 – present
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV Series)|Made in Heaven]]''
|Arjun Mehra<ref name=doon/><ref name=epi/>
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2021 – present
|''[[Tour D' Royale]]''
|Host, writer, director, producer
|[[History TV 18]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10505895}}
* {{YouTube|user=YGMwithNeel}}
* [https://penguin.co.in/book_author/neel-madhav/ Neel Madhav] at [[Penguin India]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhav, Neel}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Mentalists]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York City]]

[[Category:Mass media people from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Television personalities from New York City]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]

Sanjib Bhattacharjee

2026-03-06T05:48:05Z

Aoufa: created basic data from scratch.

{{Short description|British campaigner}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sanjib Bhattacharjee
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| birthname =
| party =
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Driving instructor trainer
| honorific_suffix = [[British Empire Medal|BEM]]
}}

'''Sanjib Bhattacharjee''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|BEM}} is a British-Indian campaigner and driving instructor trainer based in [[London|London, United Kingdom]]. He was awarded the [[British Empire Medal|British Empire Medal (BEM)]] in the [[2025 New Year Honours|2025 New Year's Honours]] list in recognition of his involvement in community service and road safety initiatives in the London Boroughs of Newham, Redbridge, and Waltham Forest.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |title=British Empire Medal |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4783727 |journal=The London Gazette |issue=64607}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Assamese Resident of London Gets British Empire Medal |url=https://epaper.assamtribune.com/clip-preview/57961t8prCfRGhRFMS1p9PVGxT1uIeVhkcpuO7428814 |work=The Assam Tribune |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2025 |title=Sanjib Bhattacharjee Honoured UK National Honour |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2025/epaper/july/delhi-english-edition-2025-07-17.pdf |work=The Pioneer |pages=8}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bhattacharjee began his community service during his student years in India, where he volunteered with the [[Indian Red Cross Society]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Caddick |first=Paul |date=2025-04-17 |title=ADI Honoured |url=https://www.intelligentinstructor.co.uk/adi-honoured/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Intelligent Instructor |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyQfbKVrLqM |title=ব্রিটিশ এম্পায়ার মেডেল পেলেন অসমের সঞ্জীব ভট্টাচার্য্য! কেন এই সম্মাননা? |date=2025-08-01 |last=Headlines Kolkata |access-date=2025-08-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He moved to the UK in 1998.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Driving instructor trainer receives prestigious award |url=https://roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/driving-instructor-trainer-receives-prestigious-award/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Road Safety GB |language=}}</ref>

==Road safety==
As a road safety advocate, Bhattacharjee has spoken about challenges within the driving test industry in the United Kingdom, including test delays and its impact on key workers. He has called for government action to address issues such as the resale of test appointments and examiner shortages.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-16 |title=Time and Alarms |url=https://www.intelligentinstructor.co.uk/time-and-alarms/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Intelligent Instructor |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjib Bhattacharjee BEM: Transforming Driver Education |url=https://nri.today/sanjib-bhattacharjee/ |website=NRI Today |date=11 July 2025 }}</ref>

He has organised workshops focused on improving hazard perception and safe driving practices, and has advocated for clearer road markings and pedestrian safety measures.<ref name="auto"/> Bhattacharjee contributed to the development of UK road safety reforms,<ref>{{Cite news |title=সড়ক নিরাপত্তার সংকট আমাদের শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থার খামতি সূচিত করে: সঞ্জীব ভট্টাচার্য |url=https://gatidainik.in/16-09-25/epaper.html |work=Gati Dainik |pages=2}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> including the introduction of seatbelt penalty points, expanded roadside drug testing, and advocacy for [[Graduated driver licensing|Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL).]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-21 |title=Road Safety Reforms |url=https://www.intelligentinstructor.co.uk/road-safety-reforms/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Intelligent Instructor |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Bhattacharjee has campaigned for Indian road safety as well, emphasising the need for mandatory road safety education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Ritwik |title=India accounts for 11 pc of global road fatalities despite having just 1 pc of world's vehicles |url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/4046500/Delhi-The-Statesman/19-08-2025#page/10/1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250821211147/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/4046500/Delhi-The-Statesman/19-08-2025%23page/10/1 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |work=The Statesman |pages=10}}</ref>

Currently, Bhattacharjee is a road safety campaigner and since 2014, an [[Approved Driving Instructor]] and trainer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AA Driving Instructor Trainer Recognised in New Year's Honours |url=https://www.theaa.com/about-us/newsroom/bem-honour |website=The AA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=মুখার্জি |first=ঋত্বিক |date=2 August 2025 |title=দেশে সম্মানিত আসামের ভূমিপুত্র |url=https://epaper.tripurabhabishyat.in/?date=02/08/2025&page=7&url=home&ced=11 |work=ত্রিপুরা ভবিষ্যত |pages=7}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Bhattacharjee received a BEM for his contributions to the community.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Recognition on New Year's Honours List |url=https://edition.pagesuite.com/html5/reader/production/default.aspx?pubname=Ilford%20Recorder&edid=2d210cc2-b509-4f9d-b773-ef4bb3097544 |work=The Ilford Recorder |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2025 |title=ব্রিটেনে জাতীয় সম্মান পাচ্ছেন শ্রীভূমির সঞ্জীব |work=দৈনিক যুগশঙ্খ}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=11 July 2025 |title=শ্রীভূমির সঞ্জীব ভট্টাচার্য ব্রিটিশ এম্পায়ার মেডালে ভূষিত |url=https://gatidainik.in/11-07-25/epaper.html |work=Gati Dainik |pages=3}}</ref> His contributions were also acknowledged by [[Edmund King (campaigner)|Edmund King OBE]], President of the [[The AA|AA]], who commended Bhattacharjee for his dedication to improving road safety and congratulated him on his achievements.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trimby |first=Adam |date=2025-02-05 |title=AA Driving Instructor Trainer Recognised in New Year's Honours |url=https://www.driving.org/aa-driving-instructor-trainer-recognised-in-new-years-honours/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Driving Instructors Association |language=en-GB}}</ref> He attended the Cabinet Office press briefing at the [[Tower of London]] on the 30th December 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Year Honours list 2025 |url=https://www.paimages.co.uk/image-details/2.78590218 |website=PA Images}}</ref> where he discussed his work in road safety education.<ref name=":1" />

He is believed to be the first London Driving Instructor Trainer to receive the national honour while working in the role.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=":1"/>

==Politics==
Bhattacharjee was a political candidate in the London Borough of Redbridge for the [[2010 Redbridge London Borough Council election|2010]], [[2014 Redbridge London Borough Council election|2014]] and [[2018 Redbridge London Borough Council election|2018]] local elections and chairman of the [[Ilford North (UK Parliament constituency)|Ilford North Constituency]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Local Election Results |url=https://my.redbridge.gov.uk/electionresults/2018/local/fullwell |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=my.redbridge.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Local Election Results |url=https://my.redbridge.gov.uk/electionresults/2014/local/clayhall |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=my.redbridge.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Local Election Results |url=https://my.redbridge.gov.uk/electionresults/2010/local/barkingside |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=my.redbridge.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-13 |title=Labour hits back after being accused of 'playing politics' in swimming pool row |url=https://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/21205203.labour-hits-back-accused-playing-politics-swimming-pool-row/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Ilford Recorder |language=en}}</ref> He subsequently joined the Conservative Party,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=পাল |first=অঙ্কিতা |title=ব্রিটিশ এম্পায়ার মেডেল পেলেন অসমের সঞ্জীব ভট্টাচার্য্য! কেন এই সম্মাননা? |url=https://headlineskolkata.com/mob/article.php?v=562 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=headlineskolkata.com |language=bn}}</ref> citing dissatisfaction with the Labour leadership at the time, stating that he could "no longer defend Ed Miliband and Ed Balls".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glanville |first=Natalie |date= |title=Sanjib Bhattacharjee said he can "no longer defend Ed Miliband and Ed Balls" |url=https://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/11727882.sanjib-bhattacharjee-said-he-can-no-longer-defend-ed-miliband-and-ed-balls/ |work=The Waltham Forest Guardian}}</ref> His decision to support the Conservative Party during then-candidate [[Wes Streeting|Wes Streeting's]] campaign to challenge the Ilford North seat was described as a "blow".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnip |first=Laura |date= |title=Former Ilford North Labour chairman defects to Conservatives at height of Wes Streeting campaign |url=https://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/21205204.former-ilford-north-labour-chairman-defects-conservatives-height-wes-streeting-campaign/ |work=The Ilford Recorder}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharjee, Sanjib}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the British Empire Medal]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Politicians from the London Borough of Redbridge]]

Bardo (2021 film)

2026-03-04T09:36:58Z

Aoufa: adding new data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|Marathi film}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Bhimrao Mude
| producer = Rutuja Gaikwad Bajaj, Sachin Bajaj, Rohan Gokhale, Dr. Nishad Chimote
| writer = Shweta Pendse
| starring = {{ubl|Makarand Deshpande|Anjali Patil|Ashok Samarth|Shweta Pendse}}
| editing = {{ubl|Sanil Kokate|Prathamesh Patkar}}
| music = Rohan-Rohan
| studio = Ritu Films Cut LLP. Panchajanya Productions
| released = {{Film date|2021}}
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''''Bardo''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] film directed by Bhimrao Mude and produced by Rutuja Gaikwad Bajaj, Sachin Bajaj with Co-producers Rohan Gohkale & Dr. Nishad Chimote under the banners of Ritu Films Cut LLP <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-25 |title=67th National Film Awards: Filmmaker Bhimrao Mude receives Rajat Kamal for Marathi film 'Bardo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/67th-national-film-awards-filmmaker-bhimrao-mude-receives-rajat-kamal-for-marathi-film-bardo/articleshow/87254258.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Panchajanya Productions. The screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by actress and Shweta Pendse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=‘Bardo’, a Marathi movie by Nagpurian, wins National Film Award |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/bardo-a-marathi-movie-by-nagpurian-wins-national-film-award/10261748 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en-US}}</ref> Rohan Gokhale was one of the music directors. The film starred [[Makarand Deshpande]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Jithin |date=2018-11-27 |title=Film Review: Bardo (2018) by Bhimrao Mude (Indian Marathi language) |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2018/11/film-review-bardo-2018-by-bhimrao-mude/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Anjali Patil]], [[Singham|Ashok Samarth]], .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-10-26 |title=Marathi film Bardo, produced by city embryologist, wins National award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/marathi-film-bardo-produced-by-city-embryologist-wins-national-award/articleshow/87265936.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was honored with a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] at the [[67th National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=67th National Film Award: Marathi cinema wins big, Anandi Gopal and Bardo awarded in two categories |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-67th-national-film-award-marathi-cinema-wins-big-anandi-gopal-and-bardo-awarded-in-two-categories-2218696/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Utpal
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Ashalata
* [[Singham|Ashok Samarth]] as Sakharam
* Girish Pardeshi as Buddhisagar
* Gautam Joglekar
* Dr. Shweta Pendse

== Reception ==
In his review for ''Asian Movie Pulse'', Jithin Mohan writes that "Dedicated to Einstein's Theory of Relativity, “Bardo” tries to tell its story being relatable to all kinds of people which makes it more watchable than it could have been."

== Awards ==

* [[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - Savaniee Ravindrra <ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=11024096}}
{{Marathi-film-stub}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Marathi}}
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Best Marathi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Parvathy Thiruvothu

2026-03-02T19:17:20Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1988)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parvathy_Thiruvothu&diff=1249121094&oldid=1248719064 these 2024 rewrites] and others by this user; note [[BP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLMs, etc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvathy Thiruvothu
| image = File:Actress Parvathi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Parvathy Thiruvothu Kottuvatta<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dont-want-caste-tag-my-surname-actor-parvathy-says-no-discrimination-37054 |title=Don't want caste tag as my surname, actor Parvathy says no to discrimination |website=thenewsminute.com |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704181959/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dont-want-caste-tag-my-surname-actor-parvathy-says-no-discrimination-37054 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|4|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram|All Saints College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006{{endash}}present
| works = [[Parvathy Thiruvothu filmography|Full list]]
}}
'''Parvathy Thiruvothu Kottuvatta''' (born 7 April 1988), known mononymously as '''Parvathy''', is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She has received several accolades including a [[National Film Award]], two [[Kerala State Film Awards]], and six [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2017 |title=Parvathy on Tiger Zinda Hai vs Take Off, Bollywood vs Mollywood, and sexual assault in film industries |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parvathy-on-tiger-zinda-hai-vs-take-off-bollywood-vs-mollywood-and-sexual-assault-in-film-industries-4222569.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=22 November 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308011229/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parvathy-on-tiger-zinda-hai-vs-take-off-bollywood-vs-mollywood-and-sexual-assault-in-film-industries-4222569.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Parvathy began her acting career with the Malayalam film ''[[Out of Syllabus]]'' in 2006, and gained critical acclaim for her performance in the Tamil romantic drama ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' (2008). She rose to prominence with her roles in ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' (2014), ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' (2015) and ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (2015). Her success continued with acclaimed performances in ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' (2017), ''[[Uyare]] (2019),'' ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019), and ''[[Puzhu]]'' (2022). For her performance in ''Take Off'', she received the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]].

Beyond acting, Parvathy is an outspoken advocate for gender equality and a founding member of the [[Women in Cinema Collective]].

==Early life==
Parvathy was born in [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]]<ref> https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/My-name-is-Parvathy/article14943232.ece/amp/</ref> on 7 April 1988 in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], to P. Vinod Kumar and T. K. Usha Kumari, who are both lawyers. She has a brother named Aum Thiruvothu Karunakaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Parvathy Thiruvothu: 5 Must-watch Films Of The Actress |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-parvathy-thiruvothu-5-must-watch-films-of-the-actress-2567883.html |access-date=19 August 2020 |website=News18 |date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416124019/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-parvathy-thiruvothu-5-must-watch-films-of-the-actress-2567883.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nita">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/my-name-is-parvathy/article1530215.ece |title=My name is Parvathy |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |date=12 March 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 November 2014 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113043857/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/My-name-is-Parvathy/article14943418.ece |archive-date=2017-11-13}}</ref>

During her schooling years, her family moved and settled at [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. After completing her schooling at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Pangode|Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pangode]], she did her [[Bachelor of Arts]] in English literature at the [[All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram]].

Parvathy was a successful television anchor at [[Kiran TV]], a full-time music-based channel located in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.maheshwaran.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=239&Itemid=50 |title=Source 2 |website=Maheshwaran.com |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104134/http://www.maheshwaran.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=239&Itemid=50 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is also a trained dancer, specialized in [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sathyendran |first=Nita |date=11 March 2011 |title=My name is Parvathy |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/My-name-is-Parvathy/article14943232.ece |access-date=19 August 2020 |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228152342/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/My-name-is-Parvathy/article14943232.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==

=== Acting debut and success (2006–2011) ===
Parvathy made her acting debut in the 2006 Malayalam film ''[[Out of Syllabus]]'', portraying a supporting role as a college student. Her second venture, [[Rosshan Andrrews]]' ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'', won media attention due to its theme on teenage pregnancy. She appeared alongside [[Roma Asrani]] and [[Mariya Roy]], after being picked for one of the three main roles from among 5,000 applicants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/09/15/stories/2006091500070200.htm |title=Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram / On Location : Snapshots of school life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105095440/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/09/15/stories/2006091500070200.htm |archive-date=2007-01-05 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 September 2006 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/notebook-review-malayalam-14355480.html |title=Movie Review : Notebook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311112826/http://www.sify.com/movies/notebook-review-malayalam-14355480.html |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Moviebuzz |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> She was also seen in [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s comedy-drama film, ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' (2007), playing a supporting role alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Meera Jasmine]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinodayathra-review-malayalam-14426079.html |title=Movie Review : Vinodayathra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124404/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinodayathra-review-malayalam-14426079.html |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Moviebuzz |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref>

Her first leading role was in the Kannada film ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'', which became a commercial success upon release. Pairing alongside [[Puneet Rajkumar]], she was a surprise selection for the film and began working on the film in April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=14423210 |title=Parvathi opposite Puneeth! |orig-date=4 April 2007 |date=10 April 2007 |agency=Moviebuzz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051523/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=14423210 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> The film won mixed reviews, but the actress's role was praised with a critic noting she "has been a wonderful selection for the role", adding that "she has that right attitude for the role".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/milana-review-kannada-14527855.html |title=Movie Review : Milana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124438/http://www.sify.com/movies/milana-review-kannada-14527855.html |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> The film went on to become a big commercial success, running for 500 days at a multiplex in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-never-makes-a-big-deal-of-awards-Puneet/articleshow/3973037.cms |title=I never makes a big deal of awards: Puneet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222033205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-never-makes-a-big-deal-of-awards-Puneet/articleshow/3973037.cms |archive-date=2023-12-22 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 January 2009 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=R.G. |last1=Vijayasarathy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14581836&cid=14176012 |title=Milana continues to top Kannada film charts |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105194644/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14581836&cid=14176012 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]] |date=28 December 2007 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> She returned to the Malayalam industry portraying the leading female role in [[Sibi Malayil]]'s ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' with [[Mohanlal]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], and prior to release revealed that she hoped the film would give a breakthrough as a lead actress in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/02/stories/2007120250940200.htm |title=Kerala News : Parvathi's flash of hope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204180018/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/02/stories/2007120250940200.htm |archive-date=2007-12-04 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 December 2007 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> However, the film failed commercially and garnered poor reviews on release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/flash-review-malayalam-14580184.html |title=Movie Review : Flash |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311112833/http://www.sify.com/movies/flash-review-malayalam-14580184.html |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |agency=Moviebuzz}}</ref>

Parvathy was selected to play the lead role in [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]]'s ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' (2008) and featured alongside [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], portraying the role of a young Tamil village girl named Maari. She revealed that director Sasi selected her after a successful audition, and she learned Tamil to better understand the character. To acclimatize to the role, she had to get her skin tone several shades darker and also visited a firework factory to study Maari's occupation. The actress revealed she found it difficult get out of character and became emotionally attached to the role she had played.<ref>{{Cite interview |first1=Parvathy |last1=Thiruvothu |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/05sli2-parvathy-on-poo.htm |title=Parvathy's stunning transformation! 'It took me a week to become Mari' |date=5 December 2008 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040941/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/05sli2-parvathy-on-poo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon release, the film and her performance won rave reviews. A critic from [[Sify.com]] noted "Parvathy has lived in the role of Maari and takes your breath away as she effortlessly delivers such a difficult role so convincingly on her debut in Tamil", adding that "she is consistently credible and lifelike and absolutely riveting."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/poo-review-tamil-14806415.html |title=Movie Review : Poo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808040839/http://www.sify.com/movies/poo-review-tamil-14806415.html |archive-date=2013-08-08 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> Similarly, [[Rediff.com]]'s reviewer mentioned that ''Poo'' is "almost entirely Parvathy's film" noting that "she's superb", while Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Parvathy makes optimum use and plays a rustic belle to the hilt in attire and expression, also getting the body language right."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/12/05/stories/2008120550050200.htm |title=Cinema Plus / Film Review : Return to the roots – Poo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205141656/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/12/05/stories/2008120550050200.htm |archive-date=2008-12-05 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pavithra |last1=Srinivasan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/28poo-review.htm |title=Poo is poetic |date=28 November 2008 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809054533/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/28poo-review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The actress subsequently went on to win [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress]], while also securing other accolades and nominations from several other award juries, notably winning the [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-glowing-filmfare-night/articleshow/4845798.cms |title=The glowing filmfare night! |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |orig-date=2 August 2009 |date=14 January 2017 |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204012746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-glowing-filmfare-night/articleshow/4845798.cms |archive-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>

Her only release in 2009 was the Kannada film, ''[[Male Barali Manju Irali]]'', directed by Vijayalakshmi Singh, where she dubbed for the role in her own voice. Parvathy accepted the venture, which featured mostly rookie technicians, noting that she was impressed by the director's script and revealed she had turned down several offers from Tamil filmmakers during the period who had wanted to cast her in roles similar to her character from ''Poo''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14735117&ctid=2 |title=Parvathy is back in Kannada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311112836/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14735117&ctid=2 |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=5 January 2014 |agency=Moviebuzz}}</ref> The film won rave reviews, with a critic noting "Parvathy steals the show" and that "she comes with one of the most absorbing performances", adding that "her level of commitment to the role could be gauged by the way she has taken pains to dub in an alien language almost perfectly."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/31/kannada-film-review-male-barali-manju-irali.htm |title=Male Barali Manju Irali is a must watch |website=Movies.rediff.com |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040800/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/31/kannada-film-review-male-barali-manju-irali.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/12/slide-show-1-parvathy-talks-about-her-new-kannada-film.htm#2 |title=From Poo to Male Barali Manju Irali |website=Movies.rediff.com |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224125533/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/12/slide-show-1-parvathy-talks-about-her-new-kannada-film.htm#2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, Parvathy reunited with Puneet Rajkumar for ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'', which was based on the political landscape of Karnataka. The director has earmarked her for the role while writing the script and the media highlighted their collaboration, following the success of ''Milana''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Parvathi-bags-Prithvi/articleshow/5105475.cms |title=Parvathi bags Prithvi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032217/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-10/news-interviews/28079052_1_prithvi-jacob-varghese-power-star |archive-date=2014-01-06 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 October 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2014}}</ref> Although the film opened to positive reviews, critics pointed out that Parvathy's character had limited scope, noting that "she was mostly confined to the songs".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-prithvi/20100423.htm |title=Prithvi is a treat for Puneet fans |website=Rediff.com |date=23 April 2010 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106041226/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-prithvi/20100423.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prithvi-review-kannada-14939464.html |title=Movie Review: Prithvi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311112837/http://www.sify.com/movies/prithvi-review-kannada-14939464.html |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Moviebuzz |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

In 2011, she starred in [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]'s ''[[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]],'' which garnered mixed reviews. Despite its commercial failure, critics praised her performance as a Tamil refugee girl, calling her "brilliant" and a "dynamo".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/city-of-god-review-malayalam-14968186.html |title=Movie Review: City of God |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124434/http://www.sify.com/movies/city-of-god-review-malayalam-14968186.html |archive-date=2014-03-11 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-city-of-god/20110425.htm |title=Review: City Of God is worth a watch |website=Rediff.com |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040944/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-city-of-god/20110425.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After the film, Parvathy voluntarily took a break, choosing to be more selective with her roles moving forward.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article564840.ece |title=No more goodie characters: Parvathi |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106035806/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article564840.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Established actress (2013–2018) ===
After a two-year break from films, Parvathy made her comeback in 2013 with the Kannada romantic film ''[[Andhar Bahar]]'' co-starring [[Shivrajkumar]], which told the story of the relationship between a newly married criminal and his wife. She dubbed in her own voice for the film again, revealing that she chose to star in the film as the role had scope for her to perform.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Parvathy-has-dubbed-for-her-character-in-Andar-Bahar/articleshow/19341781.cms |title=Parvathy has dubbed for her character in Andar Bahar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052458/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-03/news-interviews/38247330_1_andar-bahar-kannada-shivarajkumar |archive-date=2013-12-03 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 April 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The film received positive reviews, with one critic noting "Parvathy lights up the screen whenever she appears and is a delight to watch".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-andar-bahar-is-a-good-watch/20130405.htm |title=Review: Andar Bahar is a good watch |website=Rediff.com |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032344/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-andar-bahar-is-a-good-watch/20130405.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

She was next seen in the 2013 Tamil [[thriller film|thriller]], ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'', featuring her alongside an ensemble cast. The film, a remake of the 2011 Malayalam film ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'', has its narrative in a [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink]] format and Parvathy won good reviews for her small role as Aditi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil review: 'Chennaiyil Oru Naal' is an out and out racy thriller |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-chennaiyil-oru-naal-is-an-out-and-out-racy-thriller/382032-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403155023/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-review-chennaiyil-oru-naal-is-an-out-and-out-racy-thriller/382032-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=30 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chennaiyil-oru-naal-review-review-tamil-15024691.html |title=Movie Review : Chennaiyil Oru Naal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331104936/http://www.sify.com/movies/chennaiyil-oru-naal-review-review-tamil-15024691.html |archive-date=2013-03-31 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Moviebuzz |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> She then signed on for the lead role in [[Bharat Bala]]'s romantic drama ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]],'' opposite [[Dhanush]]. The director had seen her performance in ''Poo'' and subsequently auditioned her for the part, with Parvathy noting that the character was the best she has played to date. She portrayed Panimalar, a girl in love with the titular character Maryan, who inspires him to overcome his struggles. During production, Parvathy worked with fishermen to get into the mind of her character, while also learning to swim to perform the film's underwater scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-parvathy-dhanush--is-a-very-private-person/20130715.htm#4 |title=Parvathy: Dhanush is a very private person |website=Rediff.com |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215054632/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-parvathy-dhanush--is-a-very-private-person/20130715.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial success upon its release in June 2013. A reviewer from Sify.com noted Parvathy "leaves a lasting impression", while another critic noted that she "is totally in sync with Dhanush all the way; she has matched him step for step, never allowing him to overshadow her."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-mariyaan-is-a-beautiful-love-story/20130719.htm |title=Review: Mariyaan is a beautiful love story |website=Rediff.com |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201081828/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-mariyaan-is-a-beautiful-love-story/20130719.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maryan-review-tamil-15034378.html |title=Movie Review: Maryan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719172534/http://www.sify.com/movies/maryan-review-tamil-15034378.html |archive-date=2013-07-19 |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Moviebuzz |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The ''Times of India'' noted "Parvathy is the other pillar of the film, and comes up with a scintillating performance", adding "it is such a pleasure to watch her portray various emotions".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Maryan/movie-review/21217584.cms |title=Maryan movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114092131/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Maryan/movie-review/21217584.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her portrayal as Panimalar earned her multiple nominations for Best Actress, most notably the Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil and the [[Vijay Award for Best Actress]].

In 2014, Parvathy appeared in ''[[Bangalore Days]],'' directed by [[Anjali Menon]], which became a major commercial success, with reports claiming as "one of the biggest hits in the history of Malayalam cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html |title=Anjali Menon's 'Bangalore Days' creates history |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728052302/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anjali-menons-bangalore-days-creates-history-1562751.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film featured an ensemble cast, including [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nazriya Nazim]], [[Nithya Menen]] and [[Isha Talwar]]. Parvathy's performance as RJ Sarah, a paraplegic radio jockey, was widely appreciated for its depth and sensitivity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=On Parvathy Thiruvothu's birthday, her 5 most memorable performances and where to watch them |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-thiruvothu-birthday-top-strong-woman-films-and-where-to-watch-them-7261679/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her performance received critical acclaim for bringing authenticity and warmth to the character, earning her several accolades, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]].

In 2015, Parvathy appeared in ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' which narrated the tragic love tale of Kanchanamala and Moideen which happened in the 1960s in [[Mukkam]], a riverside village in Kerala. The film opened to critical acclaim, with several critics regarding it as one of the greatest romance films made in Malayalam. Parvathy's performance was acclaimed critically and commercially. She went onto win many accolades most notably her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Rejath |last1=R G |date=21 September 2015 |url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69214 |title=Ennu Ninte Moideen is truly epic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193630/http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=69214 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |newspaper=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> The same year she appeared in ''[[Uttama Villain]]'', a Tamil film directed by [[Ramesh Aravind]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]]. The film featured an ensemble cast, including [[K. Balachander]], [[Jayaram (actor)|Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Andrea Jeremiah]]. Parvathy played a key role in this experimental film, which combined elements of mythology, theatre, and personal redemption, further showcasing her versatility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-02 |title=Uttama Villain: The story of a star and his legacy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Uttama-Villain-The-story-of-a-star-and-his-legacy/article60168975.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her final release of 2015 was ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'', where she starred alongside Dulquer Salmaan, [[Aparna Gopinath]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. The film, a light-hearted adventure-drama, was a major commercial success and went on to win eight Kerala State Film Awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-01 |title='Charlie' sweeps Kerala State film awards; 'Ozhivudivasathe Kali' adjudged Best film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Kerala-State-film-awards/article60515511.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Parvathy's role as Tessa, a free-spirited young woman on a quest to find a mysterious vagabond, was highly praised for its depth and liveliness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathy turns 35! Here's a look at her top 5 Malayalam movies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/07/parvathy-thiruvothu-birthday.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> For her performances in both ''Charlie'' and ''Ennu Ninte Moideen'', she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress, as well as the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam for ''Ennu Ninte Moideen'', making 2015 one of the most significant years in her career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win top honours at Kerala State Film awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dulquer-salmaan-parvathy-win-top-honours-at-kerala-state-film-awards-2015/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Parvathy reprised her role as RJ Sarah in ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'', the Tamil remake of the 2014 Malayalam hit ''Bangalore Days''. Directed by [[Bommarillu Bhaskar]], the film was a faithful adaptation of the original, focusing on the lives of three cousins navigating life and relationships in Bangalore. While the film followed the same narrative as the Malayalam version, it did not replicate the success of the Malayalam version. However, Parvathy's performance as RJ Sarah remained consistent, though the film's overall impact was less significant compared to the original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date= |title=Bangalore Naatkal review: An engrossing remake of Bangalore Days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/bangalore-naatkal-review-an-engrossing-remake-of-bangalore-days/story-Pbg8TeHgZeHKzqYsBTyLnO.html |access-date= |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2016-02-07 |title=Bangalore Naatkal Review: Remake Stays Faithful to the Original |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/Feb/07/bangalore-naatkal-review-remake-stays-faithful-to-the-original-889367.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Irrfan Khan and Parvathy Thiruvothu (cropped).jpg|alt=Irrfan Khan and Parvathy Thiruvothu at a special screening of 'Qarib Qarib Singlle'|thumb|[[Irrfan Khan]] and Parvathy Thiruvothu at a special screening of [[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]]]
''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]], released'' in 2017, was one of the major performances in Parvathy's career. Directed by [[Mahesh Narayanan|Mahesh Narayan]] and starring [[Kunchacko Boban]] and Fahadh Faasil, the film received widespread acclaim, with praise from celebrities like Kamal Haasan. The film was screened at international festivals, including the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]], and enjoyed a theatrical run of over 125 days. Parvathy's performance earned her the [[IFFI Best Actor Award (Female)]], making her the first Indian actress to win the Silver Peacock award.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-complete-winners-list-parvathy-wins-best-actress-amitabh-bachchan-is-film-personality-of-the-year-4232189.html|title=IFFI 2017 complete winners list: Parvathy wins Best Actress; Amitabh Bachchan is 'Film Personality of The Year'|date=28 November 2017|website=Firstpost|access-date=8 September 2023|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908051634/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-complete-winners-list-parvathy-wins-best-actress-amitabh-bachchan-is-film-personality-of-the-year-4232189.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was also nominated for the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]], where she lost to [[Sridevi]] in the final round but won her first [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]]. She also secured her second [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and another Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathy: The Activist Star |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2018-celebrity-100/parvathy-the-activist-star/52013/1 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Parvathy made her Bollywood debut in 2017, starring opposite [[Irrfan Khan]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=I am a fan, but had no time to be starstruck: Malayalam star Parvathy about co-star Irrfan Khan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/qarib-qarib-singlle-parvathy-irrfan-khan-interview-1064577-2017-10-14 |website=[[India Today]] |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220151511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/qarib-qarib-singlle-parvathy-irrfan-khan-interview/1/1068551.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Directed by [[Tanuja Chandra]], the film follows the journey of two contrasting individuals who meet through a dating app and embark on a road trip across India. The film was well-received for its refreshing take on relationships, and Parvathy's performance as Jaya, a reserved widow, was praised for bringing emotional depth and authenticity to her character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=11 November 2017 |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle movie review: A heartfelt film where Parvathy outshines a superb Irrfan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/qarib-qarb-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-parvathy-film-will-charm-its-way-in-your-heart/story-8lR4NlcF7uV3hFANxffHVL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |pages=}}</ref> This film marked an important milestone in her career, showcasing her ability to transition into Hindi cinema seamlessly while maintaining her signature style of acting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-10 |title=Qarib Qarib Singlle movie review: This Irrfan Khan starrer is a well-crafted, winsome rom-com |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/qarib-qarib-singlle-movie-review-irrfan-khan-parvathy-film-star-rating-4929736/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Parvathy appeared in [[My Story (film)|''My Story'']], a romantic drama directed by [[Roshni Dinaker]]. She was paired with Prithviraj Sukumaran in this film, marking their second collaboration after ''Ennu Ninte Moideen''. While the film did not perform as well as expected at the box office, Parvathy's performance was noted for her natural portrayal of emotion and her chemistry with Prithviraj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-07 |title='My story': Parvathy works her magic again {{!}} Movie Rating 3/5 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/my-story-1.2950880 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The film's unique narrative structure and lavish cinematography were appreciated, but the film itself faced criticism for its pacing and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2018-07-07 |title='My Story' movie review: An old-fashioned romance saved by its two leads |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Jul/07/my-story-movie-review-an-old-fashioned-romance-saved-by-its-two-leads-1839386.html |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Following ''My Story'', Parvathy's next release in 2018 was ''[[Koode]]'', directed by Anjali Menon. This marked her third collaboration with Prithviraj and her second with both Anjali Menon and Nazriya Nazim, who was making her comeback after a four-year break. ''Koode'' is an emotional drama that explores themes of family, loss, and personal growth, set against a backdrop of rural life in Kerala. The film received positive reviews from both critics and audiences, praised for its storytelling, strong performances, and beautiful cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/koode-movie-review-prithviraj-nazriya-s-film-is-a-heart-wrenching-poem-in-motion/story-ltFtKWawQ2oZ6ZTNyhKKnN.html |title=Koode movie review: Prithviraj, Nazriya's film is a heart wrenching poem in motion |date=20 July 2018 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731160554/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/koode-movie-review-prithviraj-nazriya-s-film-is-a-heart-wrenching-poem-in-motion/story-ltFtKWawQ2oZ6ZTNyhKKnN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Continued success and expanding horizons (2019–present) ===
In 2019, Parvathy appeared in ''[[Uyare]]'', directed by debutant Manu Ashokan. In the film, she played the role of Pallavi Raveendran, an aspiring pilot whose life takes a drastic turn after surviving an acid attack. The film was well received both critically and commercially, and Parvathy's portrayal of Pallavi was praised by both critics and audiences for its emotional depth and sensitivity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200819/parvathys-uyare-conquers-great-heights.html |title=Parvathy's Uyare conquers great heights |date=20 August 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909151540/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200819/parvathys-uyare-conquers-great-heights.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2019-04-26 |title='Uyare' movie review: Despite minor quibbles, film soars high on Parvathy's wings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uyare-movie-review-despite-minor-quibbles-film-soars-high-on-parvathys-wings/article26956855.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her second release in 2019 was [[Aashiq Abu]]'s [[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']], a medical thriller based on the real-life [[2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala|Nipah virus outbreak that occurred in Kerala]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/virus-more-than-just-a-medical-drama/cid/1697347 |title=Virus: More than just a medical drama |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914011157/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/virus-more-than-just-a-medical-drama/cid/1697347 |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by [[Rima Kallingal]], the film featured an ensemble cast and explored the devastating effects of the virus on the lives of those affected, while also showcasing the efforts of healthcare workers and government officials to contain the outbreak. Parvathy played Dr. Annu, a pivotal role in the film, contributing to the narrative with a restrained yet powerful performance. Both the film and Parvathy's role were well-received by critics and audiences, with the film praised for its realistic portrayal of the outbreak and the collaborative effort required to manage such a crisis.<ref>{{Citation |title=Virus Movie Review {3.5/5}: A well-crafted multi-starrer, fictional documentation on the Nipah virus attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/virus/movie-review/69688873.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, Parvathy made a cameo appearance in ''[[Halal Love Story]]'', a satirical comedy directed by [[Zakariya Mohammed]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഹലാല്‍ ലൗ സ്റ്റോറി മോഷന്‍ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/10/05/halal-love-story-motion-poster.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426114939/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/10/05/halal-love-story-motion-poster.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film revolves around a group of aspiring filmmakers attempting to create a film that aligns with their religious values. Although her role was brief, the film received positive reviews for its humour and social commentary. The following year, Parvathy had three releases: [[Varthamanam]], [[Aanum Pennum]] and [[Aarkkariyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-28 |title=Parvathy film Varthamanam, set in JNU, rejected by Kerala censor board |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-starrer-varthamanam-set-in-jnu-rejected-by-kerala-censor-board-7123476/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409161102/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-starrer-varthamanam-set-in-jnu-rejected-by-kerala-censor-board-7123476/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-14 |title=Aarkkariyam review: Parvathy impresses in an impactful film where less is more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aarkkariyam-movie-review-parvathy-impresses-in-impactful-film-where-less-is-more-7272852/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009080928/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aarkkariyam-movie-review-parvathy-impresses-in-impactful-film-where-less-is-more-7272852/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Varthamanam, directed by [[Sidhartha Siva|Siddhartha Siva]], she played a central role as a student activist, addressing themes of social justice and political unrest. The film received praise for its topical relevance and Parvathy's strong performance as a committed activist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2021-03-12 |title='Varthamanam' movie review: Makes all the right noises, squanders it in execution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varthamanam-movie-review-makes-all-the-right-noises-squanders-it-in-execution/article34052402.ece |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Aanum Pennum, an [[anthology film]], explored three different stories set across distinct periods in Kerala's history, each examining gender roles and dynamics. The segments were directed by Aashiq Abu, [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]], and Jay K.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കരുത്തിന്റെ മൂന്നു പെൺമുഖങ്ങൾ..; റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/03/26/aanum-pennum-malayalam-movie-review-aashiq-abu-venu-jay-k.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122163734/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/03/26/aanum-pennum-malayalam-movie-review-aashiq-abu-venu-jay-k.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Parvathy's contribution as ''Rachiyamma'' added depth to this anthology, which delved into the evolving roles of men and women across generations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Aswin |date=2021-03-27 |title=Aanum Pennum Review {{!}} Rachiyamma Is Easily the Best in This Mixed Bag of Stories |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/aanum-pennum-malayalam-movie-review-2021/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Lensmen Reviews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-03 |title=Aanum Pennum movie review: Parvathy-Venu's team-up is the bright spot in the midst of muddled notions of female strength |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aanum-pennum-movie-review-parvathy-venus-team-up-is-the-bright-spot-in-the-midst-of-muddled-notions-of-female-strength-9775341.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In Aarkkariyam, a thriller directed by [[Sanu Varghese]], Parvathy starred alongside [[Biju Menon]] and [[Sharaf U Dheen]] in a film set against the backdrop of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title=Aarkkariyam movie review: Parvathy, Biju Menon and Sharafu grapple with a script of unfulfilled potential |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aarkkariyam-movie-review-parvathy-biju-menon-and-sharafu-grapple-with-a-script-of-unfulfilled-potential-9633581.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The story revolves around secrets uncovered within a family, and Parvathy's performance was well-received for its subtlety and emotional nuance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-14 |title=Aarkkariyam review: Parvathy impresses in an impactful film where less is more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aarkkariyam-movie-review-parvathy-impresses-in-impactful-film-where-less-is-more-7272852/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She also made her debut in web series through Tamil [[Anthology series]] ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'' in the segment ''Inmai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Everyone took care of me like I was a baby, Parvathy cherishes 'Navarasa' experience|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/movie-uyare-actress-inmai-1.5921750|work=Mathrubhumi News |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2022, she took on a prominent role in ''[[Puzhu]]'', a psychological drama directed by [[Ratheena PT|Ratheena]], where she starred alongside [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-05-12 |title='Puzhu' movie review: Mammootty's menacing presence anchors this important debut film with a few failings |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puzhu-movie-review-mammoottys-menacing-presence-anchors-this-important-debut-film-with-a-few-failings/article65408754.ece |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521123853/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puzhu-movie-review-mammoottys-menacing-presence-anchors-this-important-debut-film-with-a-few-failings/article65408754.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film delved into complex themes of caste, power, and morality, and Parvathy's role added depth to the tense narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Puzhu review: An in-form Mammootty makes us empathise with a bigot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/puzhu-review-an-in-form-mammootty-makes-us-empathise-with-a-bigot-7914346/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The project marked her first collaboration with Mammootty, and their on-screen dynamic was noted for its powerful emotional undertones.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-05-12 |title='Puzhu' movie review: Mammootty's menacing presence anchors this important debut film with a few failings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puzhu-movie-review-mammoottys-menacing-presence-anchors-this-important-debut-film-with-a-few-failings/article65408754.ece |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Additionally, in 2022, Parvathy appeared in [[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]], an Indian English-language film directed by Anjali Menon. The film, centred on a group of pregnant women navigating the challenges of impending motherhood, featured an ensemble cast that included [[Nadhiya|Nadiya Moidu]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]] and [[Amruta Subhash]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2022-11-18 |title='Wonder Women' movie review: Anjali Menon charts a heartwarming story of sisterhood |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wonder-women-movie-review-anjali-menon-charts-a-heartwarming-story-of-sisterhood/article66151951.ece |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120104804/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/wonder-women-movie-review-anjali-menon-charts-a-heartwarming-story-of-sisterhood/article66151951.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The story explored themes of sisterhood and personal growth, with Parvathy playing a significant role in bringing these ideas to screen. The film was well-received for its focus on women's experiences and its collaborative, supportive narrative structure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2022-11-18 |title='Wonder Women' review: A feel-good tribute to female solidarity |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1037528/wonder-women-review-a-feel-good-tribute-to-female-solidarity |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Wonder Women movie review: A sneak peek into the roller coaster ride that is pregnancy - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/wonder-women-movie-review-a-sneak-peek-into-roller-coaster-ride-pregnancy-15201201.htm |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Parvathy made her return to Hindi cinema with ''[[Kadak Singh]]'', a psychological thriller directed by [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]. She played the role of a head nurse who interacts with [[Pankaj Tripathi]]'s character, a man suffering from [[retrograde amnesia]]. Although her role had limited screen time, her character played a key part in the story's development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title='Kadak Singh' Review: Pankaj Tripathi elevates this substandard psycho-thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/kadak-singh-review-pankaj-tripathi-lifts-this-substandard-psycho-thriller-2473547-2023-12-08 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews, with criticism focused on its slow pacing and predictable plot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Kadak Singh movie review: How bad can a Pankaj Tripathi film be? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kadak-singh-movie-review-how-bad-can-a-pankaj-tripathi-film-be-9059670/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The same year, Parvathy acted in a web series ''[[Dhootha]]'', a supernatural thriller on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Directed by [[Vikram Kumar]] and starring [[Naga Chaitanya]], the series centres around inanimate objects that possess sinister powers. She portrayed DCP Kranthi Shenoy, a strict investigative officer tasked with solving mysterious deaths linked to supernatural events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-11-30 |title=Dhootha web series review: Director Vikram Kumar, Naga Chaitanya and Parvathy Thiruvothu serve up an intriguing supernatural thriller devoid of gimmicks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhootha-telugu-web-series-review-director-vikram-kumar-naga-chaitanya-and-parvathy-thiruvothu-serve-up-an-intriguing-supernatural-thriller/article67590301.ece |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The series received mixed reviews, with praise for its suspenseful atmosphere but criticism for its disjointed narrative.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhootha Season 1 Review : Naga Chaitanya's supernatural thriller delivers a compelling viewing experience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/dhootha/season-1/seasonreview/105659458.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-01 |title=Dhootha: Naga Chaitanya scores high in this contrived thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/011223/dhootha-review-rating.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Parvathy delivered three notable performances in ''[[Ullozhukku]],'' ''[[Thangalaan]]'' and ''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]''. In ''Ullozhukku'', a family drama directed by [[Christo Tomy]], Parvathy portrayed Anju, a complex character dealing with deep personal struggles amidst family secrets and grief. Critics praised her performance, describing her portrayal of Anju as "raw and edgy" while balancing the emotional turmoil of her character. Parvathy's scenes with co-star Urvashi were particularly highlighted, with reviews noting how much of the film's tension and emotion were conveyed through their interactions, often without words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-06-22 |title='Ullozhukku' movie review: Parvathy-Urvashi duo deliver a nuanced tale of grief, secrets amidst unrelenting rain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jun/22/ullozhukku-delivers-a-nuanced-tale-of-grief-secrets-amidst-unrelenting-rain |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her performance earned her the Best Performance (Female) award at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-08-26 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu interview: on 'Thangalaan', awards and portraying Gangamma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/parvathy-thiruvothu-interview-on-thangalaan-awards-and-portraying-gangamma/article68568451.ece |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In ''Thangalaan'', a Tamil period drama directed by [[Pa. Ranjith]] and set during the British colonial era in the [[Kolar Gold Fields]], Parvathy portrayed ''Gangamma'', a central character in a narrative that explored themes of oppression, caste dynamics, and exploitation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Actor Parvathy on epic 'Thangalaan' scene where women are introduced to blouses |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-thiruvothu-blouse-scene-chiyaan-vikram-pa-ranjith-thangalaan-2585567-2024-08-21 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her performance was praised as "feisty" and impactful, with critics noting her ability to bring depth and strength to the role of a strong, caring mother.<ref name=":0" /> Despite these strong performances, the film received mixed reviews. While it was praised for its bold political commentary and visually striking moments, the slow pacing and convoluted storytelling were noted as drawbacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2024-08-20 |title='Thangalaan' movie review: Even if not as sparkly, this film still gives you plenty to chew on |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/20/thangalaan-movie-review-even-if-not-as-sparkly-this-film-still-gives-you-plenty-to-chew-on |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thangalaan Movie Review : Pa Ranjith's Thangalaan is a stunning spectacle on greed, societal oppression and self-assertion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thangalaan/movie-review/112542778.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In ''Her'', directed by [[Lijin Jose]], Parvathy portrayed Ruchi, one of five women whose interconnected stories explore personal and professional challenges. While her performance was described as compelling and deeply personal, critics noted that the film's fragmented narrative and tokenistic handling of certain themes weakened its overall impact.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Her movie review: Urvashi, Parvathy Thiruvothu and Aishwarya Rajesh's film is insincere and performative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/her-movie-review-urvashi-parvathy-thiruvothu-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-film-is-insincere-and-performative-9697181/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2024-11-29 |title='Her' movie review: An uneven anthology made worthwhile by a couple of segments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/her-movie-review-an-uneven-anthology-made-worthwhile-by-a-couple-of-segments/article68927015.ece |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the same year, she played the central character Sudha in ''Kazhcha'' a segment of the Malayalam [[Anthology series]] ''[[Manorathangal]]'' directed by [[Shyamaprasad]] in which her performance was well acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Why Parvathy Thiruvothu’s Kazhcha is the most relevant segment in MT’s Manorathangal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parvathy-in-kazhcha-relevant-segment-mt-manorathangal-women/6d452f81f7793|work=OTTPlay |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-22 |title=Manorathangal: Parvathy Thiruvothu and Shyamaprasad’s Kazhcha; Here’s all you need to know|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manorathangal-parvathy-thiruvothu-in-shyamaprasads-kazhcha-heres-all-about-segment/c9733627c5119 |work=OTTPlay |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Other works and advocacy ==
In the early stages of her career, Parvathy was often credited as "Parvathy Menon" in several films.This misattribution arose from an interview following the release of ''Milana'' (2007), where the interviewer assumed her surname was Menon. Despite her efforts to correct this misconception, the name persisted in media references. In 2015, Parvathy publicly clarified that her surname is Thiruvothu, not Menon, and emphasized that she never had a surname in any of her official documents except her birth certificate and expressed her desire to be referred to simply as "Parvathy", without any caste-based surname.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/dont-want-caste-tag-my-surname-actor-parvathy-says-no-discrimination-37054 |title=Don't want caste tag as my surname, actor Parvathy says no to discrimination |date=24 December 2015 |website=The News Minute |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908051421/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/dont-want-caste-tag-my-surname-actor-parvathy-says-no-discrimination-37054 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-27 |title=What's important is character, not caste: Parvathy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/whats-important-is-character-not-caste-parvathy/articleshow/50333454.cms |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2016, she became one of the first actors in Indian cinema to openly criticize misogyny in films. She specifically named the Malayalam film [[Kasaba (2016 film)|''Kasaba'']] for its problematic portrayal of women, urging veteran actors like [[Mammootty]] to refrain from roles that perpetuate such stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Parvathy calls Mammootty's Kasaba misogynistic, gets trolled by fans |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-calls-mammootty-kasaba-misogynistic-gets-trolled-by-fans-4980774/ |access-date=25 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021152800/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-calls-mammootty-kasaba-misogynistic-gets-trolled-by-fans-4980774/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her statement provoked significant backlash and cyberbullying from fans, with two individuals later arrested for online abuse.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2017-12-26 |title=Actor Parvathy lodges complaint against cyber bullying |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-parvathy-lodges-complaint-against-cyber-bullying/article22281566.ece |access-date=2024-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-29 |title=Parvathy trolled by Mammootty fans: One more nabbed after actress lodges complaint |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parvathy-trolled-by-mammootty-fans-one-more-nabbed-after-actress-lodges-complaint-4280695.html |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2017, Parvathy spoke about Islamophobia in Indian films, including in her own projects such as ''Ennu Ninte Moideen'' and ''Take Off'', acknowledging past mistakes and vowing to approach such themes more responsibly in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamophobia a reality in Kerala, was part of my films too: Parvathy |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/01/20/islamophobia-a-reality-in-kerala-was-part-of-my-films-too-parvathy.html |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202140427/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/01/20/islamophobia-a-reality-in-kerala-was-part-of-my-films-too-parvathy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, during a Film Companion roundtable at the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI), she criticized ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' and ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' for glorifying toxic masculinity and abuse. Her remarks, made in the presence of lead actor [[Vijay Deverakonda]], were widely praised for addressing these issues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 November 2019 |title=Vijay Deverakonda on Arjun Reddy row: I love Parvathy but social media hadavidi irritates me |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-on-arjun-reddy-row-i-love-parvathy-but-social-media-hadavidi-irritates-me-1623294-2019-11-28 |access-date=21 March 2022 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126154435/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-deverakonda-on-arjun-reddy-row-i-love-parvathy-but-social-media-hadavidi-irritates-me-1623294-2019-11-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2020, Parvathy resigned from the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA)]] to protest controversial remarks by General Secretary [[Edavela Babu]] about a fellow female actor. She called for his resignation and urged other members of the body to seek the same.<ref>{{Cite web |first3=2020 19:54 |title=Parvathy resigns from AMMA: Abandoned all hope that anything will change within the association |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-resigns-from-amma-abandoned-all-hope-that-anything-will-change-within-the-association-1730898-2020-10-12 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=India Today |date=12 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013022415/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-resigns-from-amma-abandoned-all-hope-that-anything-will-change-within-the-association-1730898-2020-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2020 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu resigns from AMMA citing Edavela Babu's 'utterly disgusting' remark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-resigns-from-amma-citing-edavela-babu-remark-6722325/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015015738/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-resigns-from-amma-citing-edavela-babu-remark-6722325/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, she criticized [[Netflix]]'s decision to remove the film ''[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food|Annapoorani]]'' following controversies, calling it a dangerous precedent for censorship. On social media, she expressed concern about the growing trend of restricting artistic freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu condemns removal of 'Annapoorani' from Netflix |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-thiruvothu-condemns-removal-of-annapoorani-from-netflix-nayanthara-jai-2487426-2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=India Today |date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-11 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu reacts to Annapoorani being removed from Netflix amid row: 'A dangerous precedent' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/parvathy-thiruvothu-reacts-to-annapoorani-being-removed-from-netflix-amid-row-a-dangerous-precedent-101704974009259.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She addressed the [[Hema Committee report|Hema Committee Report]], which investigated malpractices in the Malayalam film industry. She described its release as a "bitter-sweet" moment, emphasizing its purpose to improve workplace culture rather than sensationalize issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu on Justice Hema Committee Report: 'I lost all hope about it being released' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-thiruvothu-on-justice-hema-committee-report-i-lost-all-hope-about-it-being-released-9527847/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-22 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu on Justice Hema Committee Report findings: 'It took so many years' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/parvathy-thiruvothu-on-justice-hema-committee-report-findings-it-took-so-many-years-101724338815772.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906175729/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/parvathy-thiruvothu-on-justice-hema-committee-report-findings-it-took-so-many-years-101724338815772.html |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Parvathy advocated for similar studies across other industries to foster better working conditions and gender equality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-23 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu says Hema Committee report should not be used to unfairly criticize Malayalam film industry: 'Other industries should also begin the same cleanup' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-says-hema-committee-report-should-not-be-used-to-unfairly-criticize-malayalam-film-industry-other-industries-should-also-begin-the-same-cleanup/articleshow/112720466.cms |access-date=2024-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Parvathy is also a founding member of the [[Women in Cinema Collective]] (WCC), an organization dedicated to improving working conditions and addressing gender-based challenges faced by women in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2017 |title=Kerala's Women in Cinema Collective registers as society, to fight for gender parity |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keralas-women-cinema-collective-registers-society-fight-gender-parity-70931 |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102105118/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keralas-women-cinema-collective-registers-society-fight-gender-parity-70931 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Media image ==
[[File:Parvathy at Bangalore Naatkal Teaser Launch Press Meet (cropped).jpg|thumb|Parvathy in 2016]]

Parvathy's characters in ''Take Off'', ''Uyare'' and ''Charlie'' are recognized as some of the strongest portrayals of female characters in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-elsamma-enna-aankutty-to-uyare-the-definitive-women-centric-malayalam-films-of-the-decade/article30339114.ece/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133532/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-elsamma-enna-aankutty-to-uyare-the-definitive-women-centric-malayalam-films-of-the-decade/article30339114.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |title=The best women-centric Malayalam films of the decade |first=Nita |last=Sathyendran |accessdate=20 December 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |website=The Hindu|date=18 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/powerful-female-characters-malayalam-films/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528133532/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/powerful-female-characters-malayalam-films/ |url-status=dead |title=15 powerful female characters in Malayalam films that are slowly breaking stereotypes |first=Shalin |last=Jacob |accessdate=21 August 2017 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |website=ScoopWhoop}}</ref> She was named the [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Women]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-woman-2017-parvathy/articleshow/62873036.cms |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In the same list, she was placed 2nd in 2018 and 10th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-of-2018/articleshow/68050858.cms |access-date=25 September 2019 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Kochi Times 30 Most Desirable Woman 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-2020-check-out-the-full-list/articleshow/83145524.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, ''[[Rediff.com]]'' named Parvathy as the "Best Malayalam Actress" of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=The TOP 5 Malayalam Actresses of 2015 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/the-top-5-malayalam-heroines/20160105.htm |website=Rediff.com |date=5 January 2016 |accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref> She is also considered as one of the highest paid Malayalam actresses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier to Nayanthara: Top 7 highest-paid Malayalam actresses |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/manju-warrier-to-nayanthara-top-7-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses/ar-AA1uYSHs |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=MSN |publisher=Asianet News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Parvathy Thiruvothu filmography}}

== Accolades ==
*2008: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] for ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-glowing-filmfare-night/etarticleshow/4845798.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026031715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/news-interviews/28177373_1_black-lady-award-film |url-status=live |archive-date=26 October 2012 |first1=Srinivasa |last1=Ramanjuam |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=The glowing filmfare night! |date=2 August 2009}}</ref>
* 2008: [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]] for ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47587.html |title=Univercell 3rd Vijay Awards - Winners List - Tamil Movie News |website=indiaglitz.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618072752/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47587.html |archive-date=18 June 2009}} </ref>
* 2014: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Bangalore Days]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152856/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2015: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' and ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title='Charlie' Dominates Kerala State Film Awards 2015 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Charlie-Dominates-Kerala-State-Film-Awards-2015/2016/03/01/article3304819.ece |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302102142/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Charlie-Dominates-Kerala-State-Film-Awards-2015/2016/03/01/article3304819.ece |archive-date=2 March 2016 }}</ref>
*2015: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref>
* 2015: [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=IIFA Utsavam 2016: Baahubali and Thani Oruvan win maximum number of awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/iifa-utsavam-2016-baahubali-and-thani-oruvan-win-maximum-number-of-awards-at-the-grand-event-305400-2016-01-25 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*2016: [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] for ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html|title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award|publisher=News 18|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903193716/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-vinod-khanna-honoured-with-dada-saheb-phalke-award-1717053.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2016: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html|title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref>
*2016: [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2018 {{!}} winners {{!}} {{!}} |url=https://siima.in/2018/winners.html |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=siima.in |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604230740/http://siima.in/2018/winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2017: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/07/kerala-state-film-awards-best-actor-actress.html|title=Best actor is Indrans, best actress Parvathy|work=OnManorama|access-date=2018-03-08|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311065012/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/07/kerala-state-film-awards-best-actor-actress.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2017: [[IFFI Best Actor Award (Female)|IFFI Best Actor – Female]] for ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffi-2017-complete-winners-list-parvathy-wins-best-actress-amitabh-bachchan-is-film-personality-of-the-year-4232189.html|title=IFFI 2017 complete winners list: Parvathy wins Best Actress; Amitabh Bachchan is 'Film Personality of The Year'|accessdate=28 November 2017 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>
*2020: [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Award for Popular Actress]] for ''[[Uyare]]'' and ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanitha film awards 2020: Mohanlal wins best actor, Manju Warrier is best actress |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=OnManorama |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928051410/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/02/09/vanitha-film-awards-2020-winners-list-madhuri-jacqueline-kochi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2023: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Puzhu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-2023_-67184.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
*2024: [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|Indian Film Festival of Melbourne – Best Actress]] for ''[[Ullozhukku]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2024 full winners list: 12th Fail is Best Film, Kartik Aaryan declared Best Actor|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2024-full-winners-list-12th-fail-is-best-film-kartik-aaryan-declared-best-actor-101723861728450.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 August 2024|access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>
*2025: [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] for ''[[Ullozhukku]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=SIIMA 2025 winners list: Aadujeevitham, Amaran win big; Sai Pallavi, Prithviraj take home best actor honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-2025-winners-list-aadujeevitham-amaran-sai-pallavi-prithviraj-10234920/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*2026: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress-Tamil]] for ''[[Thangalaan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Tamil) {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-tamil-81911.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parvathy T. K.}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2527173}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Instagram|id=par_vathy}}

{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{IFFI Award for Best Actress|status=collapsed}}
{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}
{{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}
{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiruvothu, Parvathy}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:IFFI Best Actor (Female) winners]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Tamilakam

2026-03-01T18:58:50Z

Aoufa: updated page

{{Short description|Geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
[[File:South India in Sangam Period Tamilakam.jpg|thumb|300px|Tamilakam in the [[Sangam Period]].]]
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|300px|Tamilakam comprised that part of India south of the [[Maurya Empire]] {{Circa|250 BCE}}.]]

'''Tamilakam''' ({{langx|ta|தமிழகம்|Tamiḻakam}}), also known as '''ancient Tamil country,''' as was the geographical region inhabited by the ancient [[Tamils|Tamil]] people, covers the southernmost region of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Tamilakam covered today's [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Lakshadweep]] and southern parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Iyengar" /> Traditional accounts and the ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' referred to these territories as a single cultural area, where [[Old Tamil|Tamil]] was the natural language{{refn|group=note|Thapar mentions the existence of a common language of the Dravidian group: "Ashoka in his inscription refers to the peoples of South India as the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas and Satiyaputras - the crucible of the culture of Tamilakam - called thus from the predominant language of the Dravidian group at the time, Tamil".{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=229}}}} and permeated the culture of all its inhabitants.{{refn|group=note|See, for example, Kanakasabhai.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=10}}}} The ancient Tamil country was divided into kingdoms. The best known among them were the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyans]] and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]. During the [[Sangam period]], Tamil culture began to spread outside Tamilakam.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=384}} Ancient Tamil settlements were also established in [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Sri Lankan Tamils]]) and the [[Maldives]] ([[Giraavaru people|Giravarus]]).

During the Prehistorical, Classical, Middle and Early Modern ages, the entire region of Tamilakam mostly remained unconquered by the Northern [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] dynasties, ranging from the [[Maurya Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Ancient Past|author=R.S. Sharma|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpastbyrssharma/page/n205 206]|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaancientpastbyrssharma|author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma}}</ref> to the [[Mughal Empire]].{{cn|date=June 2023}}

In contemporary India, Tamil politicians and orators often use the name ''Tamilakam'' to refer to Tamil Nadu alone.

==Etymology==
[[File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|thumb|Part of Tamilakam from [[Tabula Peutingeriana]]|244x244px]]
{{Tamils}}
{{Dravidian}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{Keralahistory}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}

"Tamiḻakam" (தமிழகம்) is a combination of a word and suffix from the [[Tamil language]], namely ''Tamiḻ'' (தமிழ்) and -[[akam (poetry)|akam]] (-அகம்). It can be roughly translated as the "home of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]". According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], the term seems to be the most ancient term used to designate Tamil territory in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn |Zvelebil |1992 |p=xi}}

The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', as well as [[Ptolemy]]'s writings, mention the term "[[Limyrike]]" which corresponds to the [[Malabar Coast]] of south-western India. The Roman map ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'' includes a place named "Damirica" (or "Damirice") and because this sounds like "Tamil," some modern scholars have equated it with Limyrike, considering both to be synonyms of "Tamilakam". However, the "Damirice" mentioned in the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' actually refers to an area between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Lionel Casson |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC&pg=PA213 |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4320-6 |pages=213–214}}</ref>

== Extent ==

The term "Tamilakam" appears to be the most ancient term used for designating the Tamil territory. The earliest sources to mention it include ''[[Purananuru]]'' 168.18 and ''[[Patiṟṟuppattu]] [[Patikam]]'' 2.5.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=xi}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Schalk |author2=A. Veluppillai |author3=Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi |title=Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QEAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |isbn=978-91-554-5357-2 |page=56}}</ref> The Specific Preface (''cirappuppayiram'') of the more ancient text ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' mentions the terms ''tamil-kuru nal-lulakam'' ("the beautiful world [where] Tamil is spoken") and ''centamil ... nilam'' ("the territory ... of refined Tamil"). However, this preface, which is of uncertain date, is definitely a later addition to the original ''Tolkāppiyam''.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=x}} According to the ''Tolkāppiyam'' preface, "the virtuous land in which Tamil is spoken as the mother tongue lies between the northern [[Venkata (hill)|Venkata hill]] and the southern [[Kanyakumari|Kumari]]."<ref name="Shu_1989">{{cite book |author=Shu Hikosaka |title=Buddhism in Tamilnadu: A New Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmQEAAAAYAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |page=3 }}</ref>

The ''[[Silappadikaram]]'' ({{Circa|2nd century CE}}) defines the Tamilakam as follows:<ref>{{cite book |author=Kanakalatha Mukund |title=The World of the Tamil Merchant: Pioneers of International Trade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bha2eLqMPWcC&pg=PT27 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-612-8 |page=27 }}</ref>

{{cquote|The Tamil region extends from the hills of Vishnu [Tirupati] in the north to the oceans at the cape in the south. In this region of cool waters were the four great cities of: [[Madurai]] with its towers; [[Uraiyur]] which was famous; tumultuous [[Kanchi]]; and [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] with the roaring waters [of the Kaveri and the ocean].}}

While these ancient texts do not clearly define the eastern and western boundaries of the Tamilakam, scholars assume that these boundaries were the seas, which may explain their omission from the ancient definition.<ref>{{cite book |author=P. C. Alexander |title=Buddhism in Kerala |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2175 |year=1949 |publisher=Annamalai University |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2175/page/n98 2] }}</ref> The ancient Tamilakam thus included the present-day [[Kerala]].<ref name="Shu_1989"/> However, it excluded the present-day Tamil-inhabited territory in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East]] of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. P. K. Pillay |title=South India and Ceylon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukHRAAAAMAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=University of Madras |page=40 }}</ref>

== Subdivisions ==

===Kingdoms===
{{Main|History of Tamil Nadu}}{{Further|Three Crowned Kings}}
From around 600 BCE to 300 CE,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece|title=Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study|last=Jesudasan|first=Dennis S.|date=20 September 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 October 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Tamiḻakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties: the [[Chola dynasty]], the [[Pandyan dynasty]] and the [[Chera dynasty]]. There were also a few independent chieftains, the [[Velirs]] ([[Satyaputra]]). The earliest datable references to the Tamil kingdoms are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE during the time of the Maurya Empire.

The Chola dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (~3rd century BCE) until the 13th century in central Tamil Nadu. The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the [[Kaveri]]. The Pandyan dynasty ruled parts of South India until the late 17th century. The heartland of the Pandyas was the fertile valley of the [[Vaigai River]]. They initially ruled their country from [[Korkai]], a seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula, and in later times moved to [[Madurai]]. The Chera dynasty ruled from before the Sangam period (~3rd century) until the 12th century over an area corresponding to modern-day western [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].

The Vealirs (''Vēḷir'') were minor dynastic kings and aristocratic chieftains in Tamiḻakam in the early historic period of [[South India]].<ref name="Meluhha and Agastya">{{cite web |url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf |title=Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script |first=Iravatham |last=Mahadevan |year=2009 |location=Chennai, India |page=16 |quote=The Ventar - Velir - Vellalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212814/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Fairservis">{{cite book| last = Fairservis| first = Walter Ashlin| title = The Harappan civilization and its writing. A model for the decipherment of the Indus Script| orig-year = 1921| year = 1992| publisher = Oxford & IBH| isbn = 978-81-204-0491-5| pages = 52–53 }}</ref>

===Nations of Tamilakam===
Tamiḻakam was divided into political regions called ''Perunadu'' or "Great country" ("nadu" means country).<ref name="Iyengar">{{Cite book|title = History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC&q=aruva+nadu&pg=PA151|publisher = Asian Educational Services|date = 1 January 1929|isbn = 9788120601451|first = P. T. Srinivasa|last = Iyengar}}</ref>

There were three important political regions which were [[Chera Dynasty|Chera Nadu]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ponnumuthan|first=Sylvister|title=The Spirituality of Basic Ecclesial Communities in the Socio-Religious Context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India|year=1996|publisher=Gregorian&Biblical BookShop}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=S. Soundararajan|title=Ancient Tamil country: its social and economic structure|year=1991|publisher=Navrang|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=K. Lakshminarasimhan |author2=Muthuswamy Hariharan |author3=Sharada Gopalam |title=Madhura kala: silver jubilee commemoration volume|year=1991|publisher=CBH Publications|pages=141}}</ref> [[Chola Nadu]] and [[Pandya Nadu]].<ref name="Iyengar"/> Alongside these three, there were two more political regions of Athiyaman Nadu (Sathyaputha) and Thamirabharani Nadu (Then Paandi) which were later on absorbed into Chera and Pandya Nadu by 3rd century BCE. [[Tondaimandalam|Tondai Nadu]] which was under Chola Nadu, later emerged as independent Pallava Nadu by 6th century CE.

Tamilakam was also divided into 13 socio-geographical regions called ''Nadu'' or "country", each of which had their own dialect of Tamil.{{sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Aruva Vadathalai Nadu]]
* [[Kakkanadu]]<ref>History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D., P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, Asian Educational Services 1929, p.151</ref>
* [[Kuda Nadu]]
* [[Kuttanadu]]
* [[Malabar region|Malai Nadu]]<ref>Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture, K.V. Raman Abhinav Publications, 1 June 2003, p.17</ref>
* [[Mushika Kingdom|Puzhi Nadu]]
* [[Mysore|Erumai Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
* [[Panri Nadu]]
* [[Punal Nadu]]
* [[Sida Nadu]]
* [[Thenpandi Nadu]]
* [[Tondai Nadu]]
* [[Tulu Nadu]]<ref>A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98</ref>
* [[Venad (historical region)|Venadu]]
{{div col end}}

===Nations outside Tamilakam===

Some other ''Nadus'' are also mentioned in Tamil literature which were not part of Tamilakam, but the countries traded with them in ancient times.

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}Tamil speaking lands:
*[[Eelam|Eela Nadu]] (Eelam)<ref>Census of India, 1961: India, India. Office of the Registrar General
Manager of Publications.</ref>
*[[Naga people (Lanka)|Naga Nadu]] or [[Jaffna Peninsula|Yazh Kuthanadu]] (Jaffna Peninsula)<ref name="The Sri Lanka Reader p.85">The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics, By John Holt, Duke University Press, 13 April 2011 see (Tamil Nadus in Rajarata p.85.)</ref>
*[[Vannimai|Vanni Nadu]] (Vanni region)<ref name="The Sri Lanka Reader p.85"/>

Other:
*[[Vengi|Vengi Nadu]]<ref>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India, By Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, Asian Educational Services 1911, p.121.</ref>
*Chavaka Nadu (Java)<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|title = International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BHtkAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala|date = 1 January 2001}}</ref>
*[[Kedah|Kadara Nadu]] (Kedah)<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Tambapanni|Singhala Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Bellary|Vadugu Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Karnataka|Kannada Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/> (Land of [[Kannada people]])
*[[Telugu people|Telunka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/> (Land of [[Telugu people]])
*[[Kolhapur|Kolla Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Bangladesh|Vanka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*Kucala Nadu<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Konkan|Konkana Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Cambodia|Kampocha Nadu]] (Cambodia)<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Maldives|Palantivu Nadu]] (Maldives)<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Kutch|Kupaka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Maharashtra|Marattha Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Rayalaseema|Vatuka Nadu]]<ref name="books.google.com"/>
*[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Tinmaitivu]] (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)<ref name="goi1908">{{Cite journal | title=The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer |author=Government of India | publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta | year=1908 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrwBAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 AD, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as ''Nakkavaram'' or land of the naked people.''}}</ref>{{div col end}}

===European references to the Tamil kingdoms===

The Tamil kingdoms of southern India—including the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], and [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] dynasties—were referred to by various names in European historical sources from classical antiquity through the early modern period. These references appear primarily in Greek and Roman geographical works, medieval travel accounts, and early modern colonial records. The names used were typically transliterations of local Tamil terms or adaptations into Greek and Latin phonetic systems.<ref name="Warmington">{{cite book |last=Warmington |first=E. H. |title=The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928}}</ref><ref name="Casson">{{cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1989}}</ref>

'''Classical antiquity (Greek and Roman sources)'''
Greek and Roman authors from approximately the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE described the Tamil kingdoms as part of the broader region known as India, but also referred to specific kingdoms and regions by distinct names.<ref name="Ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994}}</ref>

'''Regional names'''

The Tamil-speaking region, known locally as ''Tamilakam'', was referred to by several names in Greco-Roman geography, including:
'''Damirica (Damirice or Dimirice)''' – widely believed to be a transliteration of "Tamilakam".<ref name="McCrindle">{{cite book |last=McCrindle |first=J. W. |title=Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |year=1885}}</ref>
'''Limyrike (Limyrica)''' – used primarily to describe the southwestern coast of India, associated with the Chera kingdom.<ref name="Casson"/>
These names appear in works such as the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' (1st century CE) and the ''Geographia'' of [[Ptolemy]] (2nd century CE).<ref name="Casson"/><ref name="McCrindle"/>

'''Pandya kingdom'''
The Pandya kingdom was referred to as:'''Pandion''' '''Pandaea'''
Greek and Roman writers often used "Pandion" as a dynastic title rather than a personal name.<ref name="Warmington"/> The Pandya kingdom is mentioned in the works of [[Megasthenes]], [[Strabo]], [[Pliny the Elder]], and [[Ptolemy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=McCrindle |first=J. W. |title=Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature |publisher=Westminster |year=1901}}</ref>
Megasthenes described the kingdom of Pandaea as occupying the southernmost part of India and ruled by a hereditary dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arrian |title=Indica |translator=E. Iliff Robson |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1929}}</ref>
Pliny the Elder also referred to the Pandya kingdom and its trade relations with Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History |translator=H. Rackham |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1942}}</ref>

'''Chola kingdom'''
The Chola kingdom was identified in classical sources under names such as:'''Cholae''' '''Colchi''' '''Sorae'''
These names appear in Ptolemy’s geographical accounts.<ref name="McCrindle"/> The Chola territory was noted for its coastal ports and maritime trade networks.<ref name="Ray"/>
The port of '''Kaberis Emporion''', identified with [[Kaveripattinam]], was mentioned as a major trading center.<ref name="Casson"/>

'''Chera kingdom'''
The Chera rulers were referred to by names including:'''Cerobothra''' '''Kerobothra'''
These terms appear in Greco-Roman texts and are believed to represent transliterations of Chera royal titles.<ref name="Warmington"/>
The Chera kingdom controlled important ports along the Malabar Coast, including '''Muziris''', a major center of Indo-Roman trade described in the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea''.<ref name="Casson"/>
Archaeological discoveries of Roman coins and amphorae in Kerala and Tamil Nadu confirm extensive trade between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tomber |first=Roberta |title=Indo-Roman Trade: From Pots to Pepper |publisher=Duckworth |year=2008}}</ref>

'''Medieval European references'''
During the medieval period, European knowledge of southern India was transmitted largely through Arab intermediaries and travel accounts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hourani |first=George F. |title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1995}}</ref>

'''Maabar'''
The Tamil region, particularly the Pandya kingdom, was referred to as '''Maabar''' (or Mabbar).<ref>{{cite book |last=Polo |first=Marco |title=The Travels of Marco Polo |translator=Henry Yule |publisher=John Murray |year=1871}}</ref>
Marco Polo described Maabar as a wealthy kingdom known for pearls and maritime trade.<ref name="Polo">{{cite book |last=Polo |first=Marco |title=The Travels of Marco Polo |translator=Henry Yule |publisher=John Murray |year=1871}}</ref>

'''Coromandel Coast'''
The eastern coast of Tamil Nadu came to be known as the '''Coromandel Coast'', derived from the Tamil word ''Cholamandalam'' (realm of the Cholas).<ref>{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990}}</ref>
This term became widely used by Portuguese, Dutch, and British traders from the 16th century onward.<ref name="Subrahmanyam">{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Political Economy of Commerce |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990}}</ref>

'''Early modern European usage'''

With the arrival of European colonial powers, references to Tamil regions became more standardized. Common names included:
'''Coromandel Coast''', '''Malabar Coast''', '''Kingdom of Tanjore''', '''Carnatic'''.
These names appear frequently in European administrative and trade records from the 16th to 18th centuries.<ref name="Subrahmanyam"/>

'''Significance in European accounts'''
European sources consistently described the Tamil kingdoms as independent political entities and important centers of maritime trade.<ref name="Warmington"/>
They were known for exporting:
# Pearls
# Pepper
# Textiles
# Ivory
# Precious stones<ref name="Casson"/>
Archaeological evidence, including Roman coin hoards found in Tamil Nadu, supports the existence of extensive trade relations between the Tamil kingdoms and the Roman Empire.<ref name="Tomber">{{cite book |last=Tomber |first=Roberta |title=Indo-Roman Trade: From Pots to Pepper |publisher=Duckworth |year=2008}}</ref>

== Geocultural unity==
[[File:Kerala and Tamil Nadu - combined district map.svg|thumbnail|A major part of ancient Tamilakam lies in the modern Indian states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
Although the area covered by the term "Tamilakam" was divided among multiple kingdoms, its occurrence in the ancient literature implies that the region's inhabitants shared a cultural or ethnic identity, or at least regarded themselves as distinct from their neighbours.{{sfn|Abraham|2003|p=211}} The ancient Tamil inscriptions, ranging from 5th century BCE to 3rd century CE, are also considered as linguistic evidence for distinguishing Tamilakam from the rest of South India.{{sfn|Abraham|2003|pp=211-212}} The ancient non-Tamil inscriptions, such as those of the northern kings [[Ashoka]] and [[Kharavela]], also allude to the distinct identity of the region. For example, Ashoka's inscriptions refer to the independent states lying beyond the southern boundary of his kingdom, and Kharavela's [[Hathigumpha inscription]] refers to the destruction of a "confederacy of Tamil powers".{{sfn|Abraham|2003|p=212}}

==Interaction with Sri Lanka==
{{see also|Sri Lankan Tamils}}

During the protohistoric period (1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece |title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne |work=Frontline (2006) |date=26 January 2006 }}</ref> and shared the same megalithic burials, [[Black and red ware culture|pottery]], iron technology, farming techniques and [[megalithic graffiti symbols|megalithic graffiti]].<ref name="Seneviratne">{{cite book |last=Seneviratne |first = Sudharshan|title=Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka|date=1984 }}</ref><ref name="Karunaratne">{{cite book |last=Karunaratne |first = Priyantha|title=Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery|date=2010 }}</ref> This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the [[Velir]], prior to the migration of [[Prakrit]] speakers.<ref>Robin Conningham - Anuradhapura - The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta
Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)</ref><ref>Sudharshan Seneviratne (1989) - Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka -http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078</ref><ref name="Seneviratne"/> The [[Annaicoddai seal]], dated to the 3rd century BCE, contains a bilingual inscription in [[Tamil-Brahmi]].{{refn|group=note|An archaeological team led by K.Indrapala of the University of Jaffna excavated a megalithic burial complex at Anaikoddai in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. In one of the burials, a metal seal was found assigned by the excavators to c. the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2002}}}}{{Sfn|de Silva|2005|p=129}}{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=91}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way:Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=27 January 2006|volume=23|issue=1|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20060127003610200.htm&date=fl2301/&prd=fline&|access-date=9 July 2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Mahadevan|2002}} Excavations in the area of [[Tissamaharama]] in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins produced between the second century BCE and the second century CE, some of which carry Tamil personal names written in early Tamil letters,<ref>Mahadevan, I. "Ancient Tamil coins from Sri Lanka", pp. 152–154</ref> which suggest that Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.<ref>Bopearachchi, O. "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu", pp. 546–549</ref> Around 237 BCE, "two adventurers from southern India"{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}} took control of the Anuradhapura kingdom. In 145 BCE Elara, a Chola general{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}} or prince known as [[Ellalan (monarch)|Ellāḷaṉ]]<ref name="mahavamsa">{{cite web|url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/21-five-kings/|title=The Five Kings - Mahasiva, Suratissa, Elara, Asela, Sena, and Guttika|date=8 October 2011 |publisher=mahavamsa.org|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=March 2018}} took over the throne at [[Anuradhapura]] and ruled for forty-four years.{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}} [[Dutugamunu]], a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]], started a war against him, defeated him, and took over the throne.{{sfn|Reddy|2003|p=45}}{{sfn|Deegalle|2006|p=30}} Tamil Kings have been dated in Sri Lanka to at least the 3rd century BCE.{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=324}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701211040/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2010|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{main|Religion in ancient Tamil country}}
{{see also|Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam}}
[[Hinduism]] ([[Vaishnavism]], [[Kaumaram]], [[Shaktism]], [[Shaivism]],{{sfn|Aiyangar|2019|p=16}}), [[Dravidian folk religion]], [[Jain]]s and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] have coexisted in Tamil country since at least the second century BCE.{{sfn|John E. Cort|1998|p=187}}

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of ancient Tamil country}}
The '''economy of the ancient Tamil country''' ([[Sangam era]]: 600 BCE – 300 CE) describes the ancient economy of a region in [[South India|southern India]] that mostly covers the present-day states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. The main economic activities were agriculture, weaving, [[pearl hunting|pearl fishery]], manufacturing and construction. [[Paddy fields|Paddy]] was the most important crop; it was the staple cereal and served as a medium of exchange for inland trade. [[Black pepper|Pepper]], [[sugarcane]], [[millet]]s, and various other [[Cereal|cereals]] were other commonly grown crops. [[Madurai]] and [[Urayur]] were important centers for the [[Textile|textile industry]]; [[Korkai]] was the center of the pearl trade. Industrial activity flourished.

==Agriculture==
{{main|Agriculture in ancient Tamil country}}
During the [[Sangam period|Sangam]] age, 700 BCE – 100 CE, agriculture was the main vocation of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]].<ref name="Venkata Subramanian 26">Venkata Subramanian, T.K. (1988). Environment and Urbanisation in Early Tamilakam. Thanjavur: Tamil University. p. 26.</ref> It was considered a necessity for life, and hence was treated as the foremost among all occupations. The farmers or the ''Ulavar'' were placed right at the top of the social classification. As they were the producers of food grains, they lived with self-respect. Agriculture during the early stages of Sangam period was primitive,<ref name="Venkata Subramanian 26"/> but it progressively got more efficient with improvements in irrigation, ploughing, manuring, storage and distribution.
The ancient Tamils were aware of the different varieties of soil, the kinds of crops that can be grown on them and the various irrigation schemes suitable for a given region. These were also in Madras, Thanjore (now as Chennai, Thanjavur respectively).

==Industry==
{{main|Industry in ancient Tamil country}}
During the Sangam age, industrial activity was considered ancillary to agriculture and was mostly domestic, not factory-based. Simple workshops where the blacksmith made the wheel or the carpenter his wooden wares could be called factories of a sort. Weaving, pearl fishing, smithy and ship building were some of the prominent industries of the ancient Tamil country. Cotton and silk fabrics from Madurai and Urayur were in great demand; the textiles from these regions were well known for their high quality. Korkai was the center of pearl trade and produced pearls that were sought after not only in Tamilakam, but in the kingdoms of north India and Rome. Smithy was an essential industry, because the blacksmith manufactured many of the tools and objects used in daily life. The flourishing overseas trade was supported by the shipbuilding industry that produced a variety of ocean and river craft. There were several ancillary industries such as carpentry, fishing, salt manufacture and construction that supported the trade and economic activity of this age.

==See also==
*[[Sources of ancient Tamil history]]
*[[Chronology of Tamil history]]
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[History of Kerala]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Shinu |year =2003 | title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India | journal =Asian Perspectives | volume =42 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=GfpTLJYcL1XJGP4Vv1mSvT1hvmCvCxGMhrrDBZ23l2vmKVN1JkYG!-2096127210?docId=5002047766 |issue=2 |pages=207–223 | doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031|hdl=10125/17189 |s2cid=153420843 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{citation |editor=John E. Cort |editor-link=John E. Cort |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-7914-3785-X }}
* {{Cite book |last =Aiyangar | first =Muttusvami Srinivasa | year =1986 |title=Tamil studies: essays on the history of the Tamil people, language, religion, and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMMKAQAAIAAJ|access-date=24 April 2012|publisher=Asian Educational Services | isbn =9788120600294 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Aiyaṅgār | first =Sākkoṭṭai Krishṇaswāmi | year =1994 |title=Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRR9yu-u4kC&pg=PA10|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0966-2 }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Deegalle | first =Mahinda | year =2006 | title =Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka | publisher =Routledge }}
* {{Cite journal |last =Hanumanthan | first =Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan | year =1979 | title =Untouchability: a historical study upto 1500 A.D. : with special reference to Tamil Nadu|publisher=Koodal Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvQtAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Holt | first =John | year =2011 | title =The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics | publisher =Duke University Press }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Indrapala | first =K. | year =1969 | title =Early Tamil settlements in Ceylon | journal =Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1969, XIII:54 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Kanakasabhai | first =V |year=1904 | title =The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago | publisher =Asian Educational Services | isbn =8120601505 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&q=Tamilakam&pg=PA1 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Krishnan | first =Shankara | year =1999 | title =Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood | publisher =University of Minnesota Press|isbn =0-8166-3330-4|page=172 }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Mahadevan | first =Iravatham | year =2002 | title =Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000) | journal =Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies | volume =8 | issue =1 | url =http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070723121117/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt | archive-date =23 July 2007 | df =dmy-all }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Manogaran | first =Chelvadurai | year =1987 | title =Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka | publisher =University of Hawaii Press }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Rajayyan | first =K. | year =2005 |title =Tamil Nadu, a real history | publisher =Ratna Publications }}
* {{Cite book |last =Ramaswamy | first =Sumathi | year =1997 |title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Npvv-ALoQFcC&pg=PA89 }}
* {{Cite book |last =Ramaswamy | first =Vijaya | year =2007 | title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5379-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Reddy | first =L.R. | year =2003 | title =Sri Lanka: Past and Present | publisher =APH Publishing }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2009 | title =A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | publisher =Pearson Education India }}
* {{Cite book | last =Smith | first =Vincent A. |year =1999 | title=The Early History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA438|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-618-1 }}
* {{Cite book | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =2004 | title =Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 | publisher =University of California Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&q=Tamilakam | isbn =9780520242258 }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Wenzlhuemer | first =Roalnd | year =2008 | title =From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History | publisher =BRILL }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Zvelebil | first = Kamil | year =1973 | title =The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India | place =Leiden | publisher =Brill }}
* {{Cite journal | last =Zvelebil | first =Kamil | year =1992 | title =Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature | publisher =BRILL }}
{{refend}}

{{Portal bar|Tamils|India}}

[[Category:Tamilakam| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian geography]]
[[Category:1st-millennium BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]

Al-Lat

2026-03-01T02:45:00Z

Aoufa: typo fix

{{Short description|Pre-Islamic Arabian goddess}}
{{Distinguish|Allah}}
{{lowercase title}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Arabian
| name = al-Lat
| deity_of = Goddess of war, peace, combat, and prosperity
| image = Allat_Palmyra_RGZM_3369.jpg
| caption = Al-Lāt with a palm branch and her lion from the [[Temple of Baalshamin]] in [[Palmyra]], first century AD, [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| symbol = Lion, gazelle, crescent, cubic rock
| cult_center = [[Palmyra]], Iram,{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=111}} [[Ta'if]] (according to Islamic sources)
| consort = {{plainlist|
*[[Lion of Al-lat]] (Palmyrene tradition){{sfn|Butcher|2003|p=309}}
*[[Dushara]] (Nabataean tradition)}}
| siblings = [[Al-Uzza]], [[Manat (goddess)|Manat]]
| children = [[Dushara]] (Nabataean tradition)
| region = [[Arabia]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Minerva]]
| Greek_equivalent = [[Athena]]
| equivalent1_type = Canaanite
| equivalent1 = [[Astarte]], [[Atargatis]]
| equivalent2 = [[Allatu]]
| equivalent2_type = Carthaginian
}}
{{Fertile Crescent myth (Arabian)}}

'''Al-Lat''' ({{langx|ar|اللات|translit=al-Lāt}}, {{IPA|ar|alːaːt|pron}}), also spelled '''Allat''', '''Allatu''', and '''Alilat''', is a [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arabian]] [[List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities|goddess]], at one time worshipped under various associations throughout the entire [[Arabian Peninsula]], including [[Mecca]], where she was worshipped alongside [[Al-Uzza]] and [[Manat (goddess)|Manat]]. She was depicted as the feminine counterpart, consort, or daughter of [[Allah]]. The word ''Allat'' or '''Elat''' has been used to refer to various goddesses in the [[ancient Near East]], including the goddess [[Asherah|Asherah-Athirat]]. She also is associated with the [[Great Goddess]].{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=136}}

The worship of al-Lat is attested in [[Old South Arabian|South Arabian]] inscriptions as '''Lat''' and '''Latan''', but she had more prominence in north Arabia and the [[Hejaz]], and her cult reached as far as [[Syria]].{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} The writers of the [[Safaitic]] script frequently invoked al-Lat in their inscriptions. She was also worshipped by the [[Nabataeans]] and was associated with [[Al-Uzza|al-'Uzza]]. The presence of her cult was attested in both [[Palmyra]] and [[Hatra]]. Under [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] influence, her iconography began to show the attributes of [[Athena]], the [[Greek mythology|Greek goddess]] of war, as well as Athena's Roman equivalent [[Minerva]]. According to Islamic sources, the tribe of [[Banu Thaqif]] in [[Ta'if]] especially held reverence to her.

In [[Islamic culture|Islamic tradition]], her worship ended in the seventh century when her temple in Ta'if was demolished on the orders of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir - 53:19 - english|url=https://quran.com/53:19/tafsirs/169?locale=en|access-date=2021-05-21|website=quran.com|archive-date=2021-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521145545/https://quran.com/53:19/tafsirs/169?locale=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology and name ==
The most likely and most accepted etymology takes al-Lat to be the feminine form of [[Allah]].<ref name="EI2">Fahd, T., "al-Lat", in {{harvnb|Bosworth|Donzel|Lewis|Pellat|1986|pp=692}}</ref> She may have been known originally as ''ʾal-ʾilat'', based on Herodotus' attestation of the goddess as ''Alilat''.{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=112}} A folk etymology from Medieval Arab lexicographers derived the name from the verb ''latta'' (to mix or knead barley-meal). According to [[Ibn Abbas]], [[Mujahid ibn Jabr|Mujahid]], and Ar-Rabi bin Anas, Al-Lat was a man who used to mix Sawiq (a kind of barley mash) with water for the pilgrims during the time of [[Jahiliyyah]]. When he died, the people remained next to his grave and worshiped him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 4859 - Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) - كتاب التفسير - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4859 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tafsir Surah An-Najm - 19 |url=https://quran.com/53:19/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> It has also been associated with the "idol of jealousy" erected in the temple of Jerusalem according to the [[Book of Ezekiel]], which was offered an oblation of barley-meal by the husband who suspected his wife of infidelity. It can be inferred from [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi|al-Kalbi]]'s ''[[Book of Idols]]'' that a similar ritual was practiced in the vicinity of the image of al-Lat.<ref name="EI2" />

Al-Lat was used as a title for the goddess [[Asherah]] or [[Asherah|Athirat]].{{sfn|Monaghan|2014|p=31}} The word is akin to [[Asherah|Elat]], which was the name of the wife of the Semitic deity [[El (deity)|El]].{{sfn|Sykes|Turner|2014|p=7, 8, 63}} A western Semitic goddess modeled on the Mesopotamian goddess [[Ereshkigal]] was known as ''Allatum'', and she was recognized in [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] as [[Allatu]].{{Sfn|Jordan|2014|p=13}}

The goddess Allat's name is recorded as:{{sfn|Rabinowitz|1956}}{{sfn|Robin|2005}}
* {{lang|arc|{{script|Armi|𐡄𐡍𐡀𐡋𐡕}}}} ({{transliteration|arc|han-ʾIlat}}) in [[Imperial Aramaic]];
* {{lang|mis|{{script|Nbat|𐢀𐢑𐢞}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|Allāt}}) in [[Nabataean Arabic]];
* {{lang|mis|{{script|Palm|𐡠𐡫𐡶}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|Allāt}}) in [[Palmyrene Aramaic]];
* {{lang|mis|{{sc|ʾlt}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|ʾIlāt}}), {{lang|mis|{{sc|h-lt}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|ha-Lāt}}), and {{lang|mis|{{sc|lt}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|Lāt}}) in [[Safaitic]];
* {{lang|mis|{{script|Narb|𐪁𐪉}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|Lāt}}) in [[Dadanitic]];
* {{lang|mis|{{script|Narb|𐪁𐪉}}}} ({{transliteration|mis|Lāt}}) in [[Thamudic]];
* {{lang|grc|Ἀλιλάτ}} ({{transliteration|grc|Alilát}}) in [[Ancient Greek]];
* {{lang|xsa|𐩡𐩩}} ({{transliteration|xsa|Lāt}}) and {{lang|xsa|𐩡𐩩𐩬}} ({{transliteration|xsa|Lātān}}) in [[Sabaean language|Sabaean]];
* {{lang|ar|أللاَّت}} {{transliteration|ar|ʾal-Lāt}} in [[Classical Arabic]].

== Attestations ==

=== Pre-Islamic era ===
Al-Lat was mentioned as ''Alilat'' by the Greek historian [[Herodotus]] in his fifth-century BC work ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', and she was considered the equivalent of [[Aphrodite]] ([[Aphrodite Urania]]):<ref name=":0">Corrente, Paola, "Dushara and Allāt alias Dionysos and Aphrodite in Herodotus 3.8", in {{harvnb|Bernabé|Jáuregui|Cristóbal|Hernández|2013|pp=265, 266}}</ref>{{blockquote|The [[ancient Assyrians|Assyrians]] call Aphrodite ''[[Mylitta]]'', the [[Arabians]] ''Alilat'' [Greek spelling: Ἀλιλάτ], and the [[Persian people|Persians]] ''[[Mithra]]''.<ref>[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] I:131</ref>|sign=|source=}}
According to Herodotus, the ancient Arabians believed in only two deities:

{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width =300
| image1 = Palmira_Museo_-_GAR_-_7-01.jpg
| caption1 = Statue of al-Lat-Athena found in the [[temple of Al-Lat]], [[Palmyra]]. Palmyra Archaeological Museum
| image2 = Al-Lat-Minerva, Damascus Museum.jpg
| caption2 = 2nd-century AD statue of al-Lat-Minerva from [[As-Suwayda]], [[Syria]]. [[National Museum of Damascus]]
}}
{{blockquote|They believe in no other gods except [[Dionysus]] and the Heavenly Aphrodite; and they say that they wear their hair as Dionysus does his, cutting it round the head and shaving the temples. They call Dionysus, ''[[Orotalt]]''; and [[Aphrodite]], ''Alilat''.<ref>[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] III:8</ref>}}

Al-Lat was widely worshipped in north Arabia, but in [[South Arabia]] she was not popular and was not the object of an organized cult, with two [[amulet]]s (inscribed "Lat" on one, "Latan" on the other) being the only indication that this goddess received worship in the area.<ref name=":1">Robin, Christian Julien, "South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic", in {{harvnb|McAuliffe|2005|pp=88}}</ref> However, she seems to have been popular among the [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]] bordering [[Yemen]].<ref name=":1" /> She was also attested in [[eastern Arabia]]; the name ''Taymallat'' (a theophoric name invoking the goddess){{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=14–15}} was attested as the name of a man from [[Gerrha]], a city located in the region.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=25}}

From [[Safaitic]] and [[Hismaic]] inscriptions, it is probable that she was worshipped as Lat (''lt'').{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} In [[Safaitic]] inscriptions, al-Lat was invoked for solitude and mercy, as well as to provide well-being, ease and prosperity.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=207}} Travelers would invoke her for good weather and protection.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=207}} She was also invoked for vengeance, booty from raids, and infliction of blindness, and lameness to anyone who defaces their inscriptions.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=207}}

The [[Qedarites]], a northern Arabian tribal confederation, seemed to have also worshipped al-Lat, as evidenced by a silver bowl dedicated by a Qedarite king, with the goddess' name inscribed on it.{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=63}}

The [[Nabataean]]s and the people of [[Hatra]] also worshipped al-Lat, equating her with the Greek goddesses [[Athena]] and [[Tyche]] and the Roman goddess [[Minerva]].{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=136}} She is frequently called "the Great Goddess" in Greek in multilingual inscriptions.{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=136}} The Nabataeans regarded al-Lat as the mother of the deities, and her family relations vary; sometimes she is regarded as the consort of [[Dushara]] and at other times as the mother of Dushara.{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]] inscriptions call her and [[Al-‘Uzzá|al-'Uzza]] the "brides of [[Dushara]]".<ref>Corrente, Paola, "Dushara and Allāt alias Dionysos and Aphrodite in Herodotus 3.8", in {{harvnb|Bernabé|Jáuregui|Cristóbal|Hernández|2013|pp=263}}</ref>
[[File:Palmyra,Al-Lat T.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Remains of the [[Temple of Al-Lat|temple of al-Lat]], [[Palmyra]], [[Syria]]|alt=]]

A temple was built for al-Lat in [[Iram of the Pillars]], by the tribe of [[ʿĀd]].{{Sfn|Zayadine|Farés-Drappeau|1998|p=256}} Al-Lat was referred to as "the goddess who is in Iram" in a [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]] inscription.{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=111}} She was also referred to as "the goddess who is in [[Bosra]]".{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=111}} Perhaps a local Hijazi form of her attested in [[Mada'in Saleh|Hegra]] alongside [[Dushara]] and [[Manāt|Manat]] was "Allat of 'Amnad".{{Sfn|Healey|2001|p=111}}

Al-Lat was closely related to [[Al-‘Uzzá|al-'Uzza]], and in some regions of the [[Nabataean Kingdom|Nabataean kingdom]], both al-Lat and al-'Uzza were said to be the same goddess.{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} John F. Healey believes that al-Lat and al-'Uzza originated as a single goddess, which parted ways in the [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia#Role of Mecca and the Kaaba|pre-Islamic Meccan tradition]].{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} Susan Krone suggests that both al-Lat and [[Al-‘Uzzá|al-'Uzza]] were uniquely fused in central Arabia.{{sfn|Frank|2006|p=96}}

[[File:Statue of an enthroned Arabian goddess or idol, probably Al-Lat (also Allat, Allatu, and Alilat), from Hatra, Iraq. 2nd to 3rd century CE. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.jpg|thumb|Statue of an enthroned Arabian goddess or idol, probably Al-Lat, from Hatra, Iraq. second to third century CE. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq]]

Al-Lat was also venerated in [[Palmyra]], where she was known as the "Lady of the temple".{{Sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=54}} According to an inscription, she was brought into the Arab quarter of the city by a member of the [[Bene Ma'zin]] tribe,{{Sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=53}} who were probably an Arab tribe.{{Sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=36}}{{Efn|Ma'zin is an Arabic word meaning "goat herders".<ref name="Gawlikowski">Gawlikowski, Michal, "Palmyra: From a Tribal Federation to a City", in {{harvnb|Freyberger|Henning|Hesberg|2003|pp=9}}</ref> While Teixidor described the tribe as Arab,{{sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=36}} Michał Gawlikowski, head of the Polish archaeological expedition in Palmyra between 1980 and 2011, stated that the tribe is best understood as an alliance of pastoralists from different origins who settled in the city.<ref name="Gawlikowski" />}} She had a [[Temple of Al-Lat|temple]] in the city, which Teixidor believed to be the cultic center of Palmyrene Arab tribes.{{sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=54}} The practice of casting [[divination]] arrows, a common divination method in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], was attested in her temple; an honorific inscription mentioning "a basin of silver for [casting] lots (''lḥlq'')".{{sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=156}}

By the second-century AD, al-Lat in Palmyra began to be portrayed in the style of [[Athena]], and was referred to as "Athena-Allāt", but this assimilation does not extend beyond her iconography.{{sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=62}} The Palmyrene emperor [[Vaballathus]], whose name is the Latinized form of the theophoric name ''Wahballāt'' ("Gift of al-Lat"), began to use ''Athenodorus'' as the Greek form of his name.{{sfn|Butcher|2003|p=284}}

=== Islamic tradition ===
In Islamic sources discussing [[pre-Islamic Arabia]], al-Lat is attested as the chief goddess of the [[Banu Thaqif]] tribe.{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=14}} She was said to be venerated in [[Ta'if]], where she was called ''ar-Rabba'' ("The Lady"),{{sfn|Brockelmann|1960|p=9}}{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=107}} and she reportedly had a shrine there that was decorated with ornaments and treasure of [[gold]] and [[onyx]].{{sfn|Tabari|1990|p=46}} There, the goddess was venerated in the form of a cubic granite rock.{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=14}}{{sfn|Jordan|2014|p=13}} The area around the shrine was considered sacred; no trees could be felled, no animal could be hunted, and no human blood could be shed.{{sfn|Eckenstein|2018|p=24}}

According to [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi|al-Kalbi]]'s ''[[Book of Idols]]'', her shrine was under the guardianship of the Banū Attāb ibn Mālik of the [[Banu Thaqif]].{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=14–15}} She was also venerated by other [[Tribes of Arabia|Arab tribes]], including the [[Quraysh]], and their children would be named after the goddess, such as ''Zayd al-Lat'' and ''Taym al-Lat''.{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=14–15}}

Al-Lat is also mentioned in pre-Islamic Arab poetry, such as in [[al-Mutalammis]]' satire of [[Amr ibn Hind]]:{{Sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=15}}

{{Blockquote|text=Thou hast banished me for fear of lampoon and satire. No! By Allat and all the sacred baetyls (ansab) thou shalt not escape.|sign=|source=}}

[[File:Relief of the Arabian goddess Al-Lat, Manat and al-Uzza from Hatra. Iraq Museum.jpg|thumb|Relief of the Arabian goddesses Al-Lat, Manat, and al-Uzza from Hatra, second century AD. Iraq Museum]]
A poem by the pre-Islamic monotheist [[Zayd ibn Amr]] mentions al-Lat, along with [[Al-‘Uzzá|al-'Uzza]] and [[Hubal]]:{{sfn|Ishaq|1955|p=100}}

{{Blockquote|text=Am I to worship one lord or a thousand? If there are as many as you claim, I renounce al-Lat and al-Uzza, both of them, as any strong-minded person would. I will not worship al-Uzza and her two daughters… I will not worship Hubal, though he was our lord in the days when I had little sense.|sign=|source=}}Al-Lat was also called as a daughter of [[Allah]] along with the other two chief goddesses [[Al-‘Uzzá|al-'Uzza]] and [[Manāt|Manat]].{{sfn|Berkey|2003|p=42}}{{sfn|Robinson|2013|p=75}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=110}}{{sfn|Peterson|2007|p=21}} According to the ''Book of Idols'', the [[Quraysh]] were to chant the following verses as they circumambulated the Kaaba:{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=17}}
{{blockquote|text=By al-Lat and al-'Uzza, And Manat, the third idol besides. Verily they are the ''gharaniq'' Whose intercession is to be sought.|sign=|source=}}
The word ''gharaniq'' was translated as "most exalted females" by Faris in his English translation of the ''Book of Idols'', but he annotates this term in a footnote as "lit. Numidean cranes".{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=17}}

According to Islamic tradition, the shrine dedicated to al-Lat in Ta'if was demolished on the orders of [[Muhammad]], during the [[Expedition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]], in the same year as the [[Battle of Tabuk]]{{sfn|Tabari|1990|p=46}} (which occurred in October 630 AD).{{sfn|Muir|1878|p=207}} The destruction of the cult image was a demand by Muhammad before he would allow any reconciliation to take place with the tribes of Ta'if, who were under his siege.{{sfn|Muir|1878|p=205}} According to the ''Book of Idols'', this occurred after the [[Banu Thaqif]] converted to [[Islam]], and that her temple was "burnt to the ground".{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=15}}

In the [[al-Tabari|al-Tabari's]] history the name of the Goodess is used by [[Abu Bakr]]. When [[Urwah ibn Masʽud]] indirectly insulted him by saying that Mohammeds Companions might desert him in the face of danger, he in turn to insulted him by saying "Go suck the clitoris of al-Lat! Would we flee and leave him?",<ref>{{Citation |last=Ṭabarī |first=Muḥammad Ibn-Ǧarīr aṭ- |title=The history of al-Ṭabarī. vol. 8: The victory of Islam / transl. and annot. by Michael Fishbein |date=1997 |pages=76 |url=https://archive.org/details/TabariVolume08/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=2025-09-04 |archive-url= |series=Bibliotheca Persica |place=Albany, NY |publisher=State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3150-4 |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |translator-last=Fishbein |translator-first=Michael}}</ref> with clitoris sometimes translated as nipples. It is based on the proverb to suck someones mothers clitoris, also found in other sources of the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cheema |first=Waqar |date=2014 |title=Abu Bakr's Befitting Response to a Pagan or an Insult to Anothers's Religion? |url=https://www.academia.edu/8817470/Abu_Bakr_s_Befitting_Response_to_a_Pagan_or_an_Insult_to_Another_s_Religion |journal=[[Journal of Islamic Sciences]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–5}}</ref>

==== Quran and Satanic Verses incident ====
{{main|Satanic Verses}}

In the [[Quran]], she is mentioned along with [[al-‘Uzzá|al-‘Uzza]] and [[Manāt|Manat]] in [[Quran 53:19–22]],<ref>[[Quran]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D53%3Averse%3D19 53:19-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923032328/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D53%3Averse%3D19 |date=2020-09-23 }}</ref> which became the subject of the alleged [[Satanic Verses]] incident,{{sfn|Ishaq|1955|p=165}} an occasion on which the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] had mistaken the words of "satanic suggestion" for divine revelation.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Shahab|date=1998|title=Ibn Taymiyyah and the Satanic Verses|journal=Studia Islamica|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|volume=87|issue=87|pages=67–124|jstor=1595926|doi=10.2307/1595926}}</ref> Many different versions of the story existed (all traceable to one single narrator Muhammad ibn Ka'b, who was two generations removed from biographer Ibn Ishaq).{{Sfn|Ishaq|1955|p=165}} In its essential form, the story reports that during [[Muhammad]]'s recitation of Surat An-Najm, when he reached the following verses:
{{blockquote|text=Have you thought of al-Lāt and [[al-‘Uzzá]] and [[Manāt]], the third, the other?|sign=|source=[[Quran 53:19–20]]}}
[[Iblis|Satan]] tempted him to utter the following line:{{sfn|Ishaq|1955|p=165}}
{{blockquote|text=These are the exalted gharāniq, whose intercession is hoped for. (In Arabic تلك الغرانيق العلى وإن شفاعتهن لترتجى.)|sign=|source=}}Following this, the angel [[Gabriel]] chastised Muhammad for uttering that line, and the verses were abrogated with a new revelation:{{sfn|Ishaq|1955|p=166}}
{{blockquote|text=Are yours the males and His the females? That were indeed an unfair division!|sign=|source=[[Quran 53:21–22]]}}
The majority of Muslim scholars have rejected the historicity of the incident on the basis of the theological doctrine of ''[['isma]]'' (prophetic infallibility i.e., divine protection of Muhammad from mistakes) and their weak ''[[isnads]]'' (chains of transmission).<ref name=":2" /> Due to its defective chain of narration, the tradition of the Satanic Verses never made it into any of the canonical [[hadith]] compilations,{{sfn|Rubin|1997|p=161}} though reference and exegesis about the Verses appear in early histories, such as [[al-Tabari]]'s ''Tārīkh ar-Rusul wal-Mulūk'' and [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s ''[[Prophetic biography|Sīrat Rasūl Allāh]]'' (as [[Ibn Ishaq#Translations|reconstructed]] by [[Alfred Guillaume]]).{{sfn|Ishaq|1955|p=165}}

==== The "Grinder" legend ====
Various legends about her origins were known in medieval Islamic tradition, including one that linked al-Lat's stone with a man who grinds cereal (''al-latt'', "the grinder").{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=143}} The stone was used as a base for the man (a Jew) to grind cereal for the pilgrims of [[Mecca]].{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=102}} While most versions of this legend place the man at Ta'if, other versions place him at either Mecca or 'Ukaz.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=143}} After the man's death, the stone, or the man in the form of a stone, was deified,{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=102}} according to some legends after the [[Banu Khuza'a|Khuza'a]] drove the [[Jurhum]] out of Mecca, while other legends report it was Amr ibn Luhayy who deified the grinder.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=143}}

Michael Cook noticed the oddity of this story, as it would make al-Lat masculine.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=142}} Gerald Hawting believes the various legends that link al-Lat with that of ''al-latt'', "the grinder", was an attempt to relate al-Lat with Mecca.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=143}} He also compared the legends to [[Isaf and Na'ila]], who according to legend were a man and a woman who fornicated inside the [[Kaaba]] and were petrified.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=102}} These two stones representing the primordial couple (sic Adam & Eve the so called ancestors of the human race) most likely pre-existed this cautionary tale promulgated by Islam. Furthermore, Isaf and Na'ila played a central role in the Quraish and al-Khuza'a's ritual practice of hierogamy or 'sacred marriage' culminating in a communal wedding feast 'walima'. This joyful event took place every year during the mid-winter month of Dhu'l Hijjah on and around Mt. Arafat until the pair of baetyls were finally removed and placed at Jabal as-Safa'a and Jabal al-Marwah in Mecca.

== Mythological role ==
F. V. Winnet saw al-Lat as a lunar deity due to association of a crescent with her in 'Ayn esh-Shallāleh and a [[Lihyan]]ite inscription mentioning the name of [[Wadd]] over the title of '''fkl lt''.{{Sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} [[René Dussaud]] and Gonzague Ryckmans linked her with Venus, while others have thought her to be a solar deity.{{Sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} John F. Healey considers al-Uzza might have been an epithet of al-Lat before becoming a separate deity in the Meccan pantheon.{{Sfn|Healey|2001|p=114}} ''Redefining Dionysos'' considers she might have been a deity of vegetation or a celestial deity of atmospheric phenomena and a sky deity.<ref name=":0" /> According to Wellhausen, the Nabataeans believed al-Lat was the mother of [[Hubal]] (and hence the mother-in-law of [[Manāt]]).<ref>Wellhausen, 1926, p. 717, quoted in translation by [http://hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_32_01.htm Hans Krause] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216223426/http://hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_32_01.htm|date=2005-02-16}}</ref>

It has been hypothesized that Allah was the consort of al-Lat, given that it is typical of deities in that area of the world to have consorts.{{sfn|Monaghan|2014|p=30}}

== Iconography ==
In Ta'if, al-Lat's primary cult image was a cubic stone,{{sfn|al-Kalbi|2015|p=14}} sometimes described as white in color.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=138}} [[Al-Waqidi|Waqidi]]'s mention of the 'head' (''ra's'') of ''ar-Rabba'' may imply that the image was perceived in human or animal form, although [[Julius Wellhausen]] resisted this implication.{{sfn|Hawting|1999|p=138}}

[[File:Lion in the garden of Palmyra Archeological Museum, 2010-04-21.jpg|thumb|The Lion of Al-Lat, representing the goddess and her consort.|alt=]]
Early [[Palmyra|Palmyrene]] depictions of al-Lat share iconographical traits with [[Atargatis]] (when seated) and [[Astarte]] (when standing).{{sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=61}} The [[Lion of Al-Lat]] that once adorned her temple depicts a lion and a gazelle, the lion representing her consort,{{sfn|Butcher|2003|p=309}} and the gazelle representing al-Lat's tender and loving traits, as bloodshed was not permitted under penalty of al-Lat's retaliation.{{sfn|Baaren|1982|p=70}}

Al-Lat was associated with the Greek goddess [[Athena]] (and by extension, the Roman [[Minerva]]) in [[Nabataeans|Nabataea]], [[Hatra]], and [[Palmyra]].{{sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=62}}{{sfn|Healey|2001|p=136}} It seems that her identification with Athena was only a mere change in iconography,{{sfn|Teixidor|1979|p=62}} and al-Lat's character noticeably softened the warlike Athena in places where she was equated with al-Lat.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=130}} One [[Nabataeans|Nabataean]] relief of Athena-al-Lat depicts the goddess bearing both Athena and al-Lat's attributes.{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=130}} The relief depicts the goddess in the style of Athena, but having a [[Nabataean religion]] stylized eye-[[betyl]] in place of the [[Gorgoneion]].{{sfn|Taylor|2001|p=130}}

Al-Lat can also be identified with the Babylonian goddess [[Ishtar]], with both of the deities taking part in prosperity, warfare, and later being linked to [[Aphrodite]] and Athena. The two's similarities also appeared in their symbols, as both were associated with lions, morning star,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=allat&pg=PA37|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404052626/https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=allat&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHxlL8my-YC&q=AL-LAT+morning+star&pg=PA59|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines [2 volumes]|date=2009-12-18|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34990-4|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404052629/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHxlL8my-YC&q=AL-LAT+morning+star&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> and crescents.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Kanishk Tharoor|author2=Maryam Maruf|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35720366|title=Museum of Lost Objects: The Lion of al-Lat|date=2016-03-04|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-13|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214025054/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35720366|url-status=live}}</ref> Like Al-Lat, Ishtar's origin was of Semitic roots.

== Modern relevance ==
The [[Lion of Al-lāt|Lion of Al-Lat]] statue that adorned her temple in [[Palmyra]] was damaged by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) in 2015 but has been since restored.{{sfn|Makieh|Perry|Merriman|2017}} It now stands in the [[National Museum of Damascus]], but it may be returned to Palmyra in the future.{{sfn|Makieh|Perry|Merriman|2017}}

== See also ==
* [[Asherah]]
* [[Banu Thaqif]]
* [[Hubal]]
* [[List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities]]
* [[Manāt]]
* [[Satanic Verses]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=1:chapter=131|title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 131|publisher=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2019-01-26}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=3:chapter=8|title=Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 8|publisher=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2019-01-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1332|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221070821/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1332|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2013|title=Lat, al- - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|publisher=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|access-date=2019-01-26}}

{{Pre-Islamic Arabia}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Al-Lat| ]]
[[Category:Arabian goddesses]]

Culture of Goa

2026-02-28T19:26:12Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
[[Goa]] is a state of [[India]]. [[Goans]] are commonly said to be born with [[music]] and [[Association football|football]] in their blood because both are deeply entrenched in Goan culture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siqueira |first1=Abigail |title=Is hospitality management a sinking ship? |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Is-hospitality-management-a-sinking-ship/190275 |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=oHeraldo |date=7 Jun 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goan Art And Culture Services |url=https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/goan-art-and-culture-services-14609568688.html |website=indiamart.com |access-date=26 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Saxena |first1=Ayush |title=Tourism Scenario of Goa |url=https://issuu.com/arenaleo123/docs/3b9724d4-3b5e-4722-ade7-e7c4babe9b7 |access-date=26 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Churches in Old Goa.jpg|thumb|[[Old Goa|Velha Goa]] is considered to be the heart of [[Goan]] culture and religion.]]
According to the 1909 statistics in the '''''Catholic Encyclopedia''''', the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book
|chapter=Archdiocese of Goa
|author=Ernest Hull
|title=Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 6
|date=1909
|publisher=Robert Appleton Company
|location=New York}}</ref> Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity due to Goan emigration, and a steady rise of other religions, due to massive non-Goan immigration since the [[Annexation of Goa]]. Native Goans are outnumbered by non-Goans in Goa, but Christianity remains prevalent in the state, with a higher percentage of Christians than the national average. <ref>{{cite news
|first=Vivek
|last=Menezes
|title=Who belongs to Goa? This question resurfaces as the State battles the raging pandemic
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/who-belongs-to-goa-this-question-resurfaces-as-the-state-battles-the-raging-pandemic/article34554870.ece
|date=15 May 2021
|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Conversion seems to play little role in the demographic change. According to the 2011 census, in a population of 1,458,545 people, 66.1% were [[Hindu]], 25.1% were [[Christians|Christian]], 8.3% were [[Muslim]] and 0.1% were [[Sikh]].<ref name="THReligion">{{cite news
|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece
|title = India's religions by numbers
|date = 29 March 2016
|publication-date = 26 August 2015
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|access-date = 6 September 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece
|archive-date = 10 January 2016
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Festivals==
The most popular celebrations in the Indian state of Goa include the [[Goa Carnival]], (Konkani: ''Intruz''), [[Shigmo]] and [[Sao Joao Festival in Goa|São João]] (Feast of John the Baptist).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/christian-festivals/201-sao-joao|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - SAO JOAO|last=Administrator|website=www.goatourism.gov.in|language=en-gb|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> The most popular festivals in Goa include [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] (Konkani: ''Chavath''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/hindu-festivals/184-ganesh-chaturthi-or-chovoth|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - GANESH CHATURTHI or CHOVOTH|last=Administrator|website=www.goatourism.gov.in|language=en-gb|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> [[Diwali]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/hindu-festivals/185-diwali|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - DIWALI|last=Administrator|website=www.goatourism.gov.in|language=en-gb|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> [[Christmas]] (Konkani: ''Natalam''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/christian-festivals/195-christmas|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - CHRISTMAS|last=Administrator|website=www.goatourism.gov.in|language=en-gb|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> [[Easter]] (Konkani: ''Paskanchem Fest''), Samvatsar Padvo or Sanvsar Padvo and the feast of St. [[Francis Xavier]], who is known as ''Goencho Saib'' by the Catholic Community in Goa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6BAAAAMAAJ|title=Feasts, festivals, and observances of Goa|author-link=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|last=Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|first=Maria de Lourdes|publisher=L & L Publications|year=2004|location=Goa|pages=43–74}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/festivals/christian-festivals/203-feast-of-st-francis-xavier|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - FEAST OF ST FRANCIS XAVIER|last=Administrator|website=www.goatourism.gov.in|language=en-gb|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
{{main|Education in Goa}}

==Cuisine==
{{main|Goan cuisine}}
[[Rice]] with [[Fish (food)|fish]] [[curry]] (''Xit kodi'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]) is the staple diet in Goa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/food-travel-soul-stirring-seafood-in-india/as66630323.cms|title=Food travel: soul-stirring seafood in India|last=Chowdhury|first=Arka Roy|date=14 November 2018|work=Times of India Travel|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> [[Goan cuisine]] is renowned for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. [[Coconut]] and [[coconut oil]] is widely used in [[Goan]] cooking along with [[chili pepper]]s, [[spice]]s and [[vinegar]] giving the food a unique flavour. [[Pork]] and beef dishes such as [[Vindalho]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|title=BBC Food - Curry: Where did it come from?|last=Taylor|first=Anna-Louise|date=11 October 2013|website=BBC Food|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211232211/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archive-date=11 December 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetiffinbox.ca/2011/11/vindalho-de-galinha-chicken-vindaloo.html|title=Indian Classics - Vindalho de Galinha (Chicken Vindaloo)|website=www.thetiffinbox.ca|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> [[Xacuti]] and [[Sorpotel]] are cooked for major occasions among the Catholics. An exotic [[Goan]] vegetable stew, known as [[Khatkhate]], is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special [[Goan]] spices that add to the aroma. A rich [[egg (food)|egg]]-based multi-layered sweet dish known as [[bebinca]] is a favourite at [[Christmas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/goa-government-readies-to-brand-feni-as-heritage-brew/16890188|title=Goa government readies to brand Feni as heritage brew|date=23 January 2016|work=Mid-Day|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut [[Goan Feni|feni]] is made from the sap of toddy palms.

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Goan Catholics}}
[[File:Panaji, nostra signora dell'immacolata concezione, esterno 03.jpg|thumb|[[Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa|Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church]] at [[Panaji|Panjim]].]]
The architecture of Goa shows a distinct [[Portugal|Portuguese]] influence. [[Fontainhas (quarter)|Fontainhas]] in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-quiet-goa-fontainhas/article4105686.ece|title=The quiet Goa: Fontainhas|last=Datta|first=Sravasti|date=18 November 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 November 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[Churches and convents of Goa|Churches and Convents of Goa]] are a group of six churches that are a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/234/|title=Churches and Convents of Goa|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> The [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]] holds the mortal remains of [[St. Francis Xavier]], the [[patron saint]] of Goa.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/casket-housing-st-xavier-relics-in-goa-to-undergo-restoration-687837
|title=Casket housing St Xavier relics in Goa to undergo restoration
|date=23 November 2018
|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]}}</ref> Once every ten years, the body is taken down for veneration and for public viewing. The last such event was conducted in 2024.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Exposition-of-St-Francis-Xaviers-relics-ends-on-January-4/articleshow/45730692.cms
|title=Exposition of St. Francis Xavier's relics ends on January 4
|first=Paul
|last=Fernandes
|date=2 January 2015
|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

Influences from other eras ([[Kadambas of Goa]], [[Maratha Empire]]) are visible in some of Goa's temples, notably the [[Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla|Mahadev Temple]]<ref>[http://www.goa-india-tourism.com/goa-temples/mahadevatemple.html Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107105533/http://www.goa-india-tourism.com/goa-temples/mahadevatemple.html |date=7 January 2009 }}</ref> and [[Saptakoteshwar Temple]].<ref>{{cite book|
last1=Esteves|first1=Sarto |last2=de Sousa|first2=Vatsala
|title=This is Goa |year=1983
|pages=19}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{see also|Goans in sports}}
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Goa along with [[Cricket]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=32509|title=Craze for football has doubled since ISL: Aaren|work=The Goan|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]], [[chess]], [[Field hockey|hockey]], [[human swimming|swimming]], [[table tennis]] and [[basketball]] are other popular sports in Goa. [[Fishing]] is also a popular recreational activity.

==Science==
{{see also|Goans in science and technology}}

==Arts==

===Music===
{{main|Music of Goa}}
Goan Catholics have been performing [[Western classical music]] since the 1500s, because it is an integral part of the [[Catholic liturgy]]. [[Mando (music)|Mando]], [[dekhnni]], [[dulpod]] and [[tiatr]] are traditional Goan musical forms in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] developed from Western Music.

Goan [[Hindu]]s are very fond of [[Natak]], [[Bhajan]] and [[Kirtan]]. Many famous [[Indian classical music|Indian Classical]] singers hail from Goa, such as, [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Kesarbai Kerkar]], [[Jitendra Abhisheki]], [[Prabhakar Karekar]].

[[File:Fugdi Dancers from South Goa.jpg|thumb|Fugdi Dancers from South Goa]]

===Dance===
Some traditional Goan dance forms are [[dekhnni]], [[fugdi]], [[corridinho]] and [[Mando (music)|mando]]. [[Ballroom dancing|Western social dancing]] is a part of most celebrations.

===Theatre===
Goans are very fond of theatre and acting. ''Kalo'' and ''dashavatar'' were popular art forms. Marathi Nataks have been very popular among Hindus in Goa for the past two centuries. [[Tiatr]] is the major Goan form of theatre common amongst Catholics and is the most commercial offering as it has entertained Goans not only in [[Goa]] but also in [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] (which are major cities of [[India]] and have a sizeable Goan population) and in the ''Gulf'' regions of [[UAE]], [[Kuwait]] and so on.

===Cinema===
{{see also|Konkani cinema}}

===Literature===
{{main|Goan literature}}

==Language==
The majority of Goans speak Konkani as their first language, while the remaining speak other languages, like Hindi, Portuguese or Marathi as their primary language.{{cn|date=February 2025}} However, practically all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. Konkani is an important part of the Goan identity that binds together all Goans.

==Tourism ==
{{main|Tourism in Goa}}
Goa developed an international reputation in the 1960s as one of the prime stops on the legendary India-Nepal "[[hippie trail]]". In the mid-1960s, several Westerners, including "[[Eight Finger Eddie]]" walked over the hill to Calangute, and decided to create a community for Westerners. In the early years, Calangute and Baga were the center of this scene, but it grew over the years to include other nearby cities like Anjuna Beach, which became, and arguably still is, the center of the Western youth culture of Goa. By the mid-1980s, there were over 8000 Westerners living in Goa, mostly from Western Europe. The scene was marked by drug culture, trance music and free love. Goa remains today an international center of youth culture.

Starting in the late 1990s, Goa began to attract a more "upscale" audience, which in turn drove prices up, which in turn drove many in the "hippie" community to other less-expensive areas. Arambol the beach community furthest away from "civilization", like electricity and running water—became the center of a battle between those wanting to turn Goa into a more traditional upscale resort area, and those wanting Goa to retain its traditional rustic counterculture appeal.

==See also==
* [[Culture of Goan Catholics]]
* [[Goans in Hindi film music composition]]
* [[LGBTQ rights in Goa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Sarah |first2=Eleanor |last2=Phelps |title=Folk Tales from New Goa, India |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=50 |issue=195 |date=1937 |pages=1–51 |doi=10.2307/535980}}
* {{Cite book |title=Konkani Folk Tales |series=Folklore of India |editor=Olivinho Gomes |publisher=National Book Trust |date=2007 |isbn=9788123750835}}
* {{cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Lucio |date=2020 |title=The Wise Fools of Moira... and Other Goan Folk Tales |location=Goa |publisher=Goa, 1556 |isbn=978-81-940107-7-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Whispers and Reflections: Folk Tales from Goa |editor=Sharmila Pais |date=2024 |publisher=Goa, 1556 |isbn=978-93-95795-56-2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20pandurang%20r.%20phaldesai.htm Goan culture article]

{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:Culture of Goa| ]]

Piplodi school roof collapse

2026-02-19T10:24:17Z

Aoufa: stub...

{{Short description|Building disaster in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Piplodi school roof collapse
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2025|07|25|df=yes}}
| time = 8.00 am IST (UTC+05:30)
| location = [[Piplodi]], Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.2551014|N|76.7327599|E|}}
| cause = [[Structural integrity and failure|Structural failure]]
| injuries = 27
| deaths = 7
}}
On 25 July 2025, part of a classroom roof collapsed in the [[Piplodi]] Government School in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], killing seven students and injuring 27 others.

== Incident ==
The collapse occurred around 8 a.m. [[Time in India|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]]), shortly before the morning assembly began.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zargar |first=Arshad R. |date=25 July 2025 |title=At least 7 children killed as India school roof collapses after weeks of monsoon rains |work= CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-school-roof-collapse-children-deaths-rajasthan-jhalawar-piplodi/ |access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref> Students reportedly noticed falling debris and alerted the teachers, who dismissed the warnings and instructed them to remain seated. Moments later, the classroom wall and roof gave away, burying 35 children under the debris. The incident resulted in the deaths of seven students with ages ranging from 7 to 13 years, and injuring 27 others.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Students warned of cracks minutes before roof collapse that killed 7 in Rajasthan school, but teachers ignored |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-jhalawar-school-collapse-students-warned-roof-could-fall-seven-killed-teachers-suspended-101753493817009.html |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The injured were taken to the Manoharthana [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], with the critically injured patients later transferred to [[Jhalawar district]] hospital.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Seven students killed as roof of govt school collapses in Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-school-building-collapse-jhalawar-children-trapped-toll-rescue-ops-10148248/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
A five-member committee led by the local [[Zila Parishad (India)|zila parishad]] was tasked with investigating the causes of the collapse. [[First information report|Criminal complaints]] were filed against the school headmaster and five teachers, who were later suspended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Education department takes action in Jhalwar accdeint |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/education-department-takes-action-in-jhalawar-school-accident-four-teachers-including-female-principal-suspended-8948160 |date=27 July 2025 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]], the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], mourned the tragedy, and ordered a safety inspection of all school buildings in the state and sealing of unsafe buildings.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Govt's BIG move after Rajasthan school roof collapse: Safety audit is mandatory for all schools, student facilities |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govts-big-move-after-rajasthan-school-roof-collapse-safety-audit-is-mandatory-for-all-schools-student-facilities-11753534022932.html |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref> The [[Government of Rajasthan]] announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|1|m|lk=on}} and a government job to one member from each of the families of the killed.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Rajasthan govt. announces ₹10 lakh each to kin of children killed in Jhalawar school building collapse |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/rajasthan-govt-announces-10-lakh-each-to-kin-of-children-killed-in-jhalawar-school-building-collapse/article69859056.ece |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The union education ministry directed all states and territories to conduct safety audits of school buildings for structural integrity and fire safety, conduct emergency drills, and ensure mental health preparedness.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Centre orders safety audit of all govt schools after Rajasthan roof collapse kills 7 children |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-orders-safety-audit-of-all-govt-schools-after-rajasthan-roof-collapse-kills-7-children-10151724/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

The school was to resume functioning at a nearby government school on 28 July, while a new school building featuring classrooms named in memory of the children is to be constructed.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Rajasthan: Last rites of 7 children killed in school roof collapse held, case lodged against teachers |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-last-rites-of-7-children-killed-in-school-roof-collapse-held-case-lodged-against-teachers/2703654/ |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Print]]}}</ref> The government proposed that {{INRConvert|1.5|b}} would be spent on repairing classrooms in schools throughout the state, and school buildings deemed unrepairable would be razed and replaced with temporary containers, while the rest would be cataloged and monitored.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan to demolish unsafe buildings, have AI-based monitoring as school collapse kills 7 children |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/rajasthan-to-demolish-unsafe-buildings-have-ai-based-monitoring-as-school-collapse-kills-7-children-4740 |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On 6 September 2025, Mor Singh, a 60-year-old farm labourer, donated his two-room house for temporary use for the school and proposed to move his family into a temporary shelter on his farmland. In recognition, the Rajasthan government announced a {{INRconvert|0.2|m}} aid for Singh.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2025 |title=Jhalawar man gives up house, lives on farm, to make space for classrooms after school collapsed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jhalawar-man-gives-up-house-lives-on-farm-to-make-space-for-classrooms-after-school-collapsed-101757129514676.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
[[Droupadi Murmu]], the [[President of India]], offered her condolences and prayers to the families of the deceased.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2025 |title=Rajasthan School collapse leaves 7 dead; PM Modi, President Murmu offer prayers and support |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rajasthan-school-collapse-leaves-7-dead-pm-modi-president-murmu-offer-prayers-and-support/videoshow/122901307.cms |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], expressed his grief on the incident.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2025 |title=Prime Minister expresses grief on school mishap at Jhalawar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2148201 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] }}</ref> [[Rahul Gandhi]], the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], demanded a fair investigation, and punishment for those responsible for the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan School Collapse: Rahul Gandhi Demands Probe, Punishment for Negligence |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/rajasthan-school-building-collapse-rahul-demands-probe-strict-punishment-for-culprits-3649612 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> Other leaders, including former chief minister of Rajasthan [[Ashok Gehlot]] and Lok Sabha speaker [[Om Birla]] also expressed grief.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saini |first=Sachin |date=25 July 2025 |title=Seven children dead, 28 injured as school building collapses in Rajasthan's Jhalawar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/seven-children-dead-28-injured-as-school-building-collapses-in-rajasthans-jhalawar-piplodi-village-101753441966939.html |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The opposition criticised state education minister [[Madan Dilawar]] for the poor state of school infrastructure, with calls for his resignation due to dereliction of duty and after he appeared at a welcome celebration in Jagheena the day after the incident.<ref>{{cite news |last=Asnani |first=Rajesh |date=27 July 2025 |title=Jhalawar School tragedy puts Rajasthan Education Minister in the dock: Will he Resign? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/27/jhalawar-school-tragedy-puts-rajasthan-education-minister-in-the-dock-will-he-resign |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 July 2025 |title=Jully slams Dilawar for ‘grand welcome’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jully-slams-dilawar-for-grand-welcome/articleshow/122927162.cms |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 29 July, [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]leader [[Hanuman Beniwal]], [[Bharat Adivasi Party]] leader [[Rajkumar Roat]], and [[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|Azad Samaj Party]] leader [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]] protested outside the [[Parliament of India]], demanding accountability and compensation for the collapse.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2025 |title=MPs protest outside Parliament demanding justice for Jhalawar victims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/mps-protest-outside-parliament-demanding-justice-for-jhalawar-victims/articleshow/122959850.cms |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2025 |title=Jhalawar school roof collapse sparks uproar in Lok Sabha: Beniwal demands action against collector in ongoing case of 7 children’s deaths |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/jhalawar-school-wall-collapse-sparks-uproar-in-lok-sabha-beniwal-demands-action-against-collector-in-ongoing-case-of-7-deaths-135550005.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=Bhaskar English }}</ref> Later, Beniwal asserted that all government officials and political leaders should enroll their children in government schools, arguing that this would lead to an improvement in the quality of public education.<ref>{{cite news |last=Asnani |first=Rajesh |date=25 July 2025 |title=Seven students dead, over 25 injured after school building collapses in Rajasthan’s Jhalawar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/25/seven-students-dead-over-25-injured-after-school-building-collapses-in-rajasthans-jhalawar |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=Nagaur MP Hanuman Beniwal stated in Parliament that the children of all government officers and leaders should be educated in government schools to ensure the quality of public education improves.}}</ref> In September 2025, Naresh Meena attempted to march to the chief minister's residence and launched a [[hunger strike]] in [[Jaipur]] demanding compensation for victims.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=Naresh Meena begins hunger strike against Rajasthan government: Demands justice for Jhalawar school collapse victims; appeals to Pilot and Beniwal for support |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/naresh-meena-begins-hunger-strike-against-rajasthan-government-demands-justice-for-jhalawar-school-collapse-victims-135908611.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar English]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2025 |title=Police admit Naresh Meena to SMS Hospital: After 6 days hunger strike in Jaipur demanding compensation for Jhalawar victims, his condition required medical attention |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/police-admit-naresh-meena-sms-hospital-after-six-day-hunger-strike-jaipur-compensation-demand-jhalawar-victims-135958402.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar English]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Disasters in India in 2025}}{{2020s building and structure collapses}}
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:July 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2025]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:Disasters in schools]]

Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-14T17:07:09Z

Aoufa: new initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Gurdaspur {{Small|PB-1}}
| incumbent_image = Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa.jpg
| electors =16,05,204(2024)
| established = 1952
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2024/Punjab/Gurdaspur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]] [[Bhoa Assembly Constituency|Bhoa]] [[Pathankot Assembly Constituency|Pathankot]] [[Gurudaspur Assembly Constituency|Gurdaspur]] [[Dina Nagar Assembly Constituency|Dina Nagar]] [[Qadian Assembly Constituency|Qadian]] [[Batala Assembly Constituency|Batala]] [[Fatehgarh Churian Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Churian]] [[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly Constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
|reservation=None
}}
'''Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]]. The incumbent [[Member of parliament|MP]] is [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]] from [[Indian National Congress]].

==Assembly segments==

Presently, Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency consist of nine assembly constituencies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="500px"
!#
!Constituency
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"| Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|1
|[[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
|[[Naresh Puri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2
|[[Bhoa Assembly Constituency|Bhoa]] (SC)
|[[Lal Chand Kataruchakk]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|3
|[[Pathankot Assembly Constituency|Pathankot]]
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|4
|[[Gurudaspur Assembly Constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|[[Barindermeet Singh Pahra]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|5
|[[Dina Nagar Assembly Constituency|Dina Nagar]] (SC)
|[[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|-
|6
|[[Qadian Assembly Constituency|Qadian]]
|[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|-
|7
|[[Batala Assembly Constituency|Batala]]
|[[Amansher Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|9
|[[Fatehgarh Churian Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Churian]]
|[[Tripat Rajinder Singh Bajwa]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10
|[[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly Constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
|[[Gurdeep Singh Randhawa]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=65|value2=25|value3=5|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (13 Times)]]|label2=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(5 Times)]]|label3=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Gurdaspur Lok Sabha|label4=[[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|value4=5}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Teja Singh Akarpuri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan=3| [[Diwan Chand Sharma]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
| 1968^
|rowspan=2| [[Prabodh Chandra (politician)|Prabodh Chandra]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Yagya Dutt Sharma (Punjab politician)|Yagya Datt Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan=5|[[Sukhbans Kaur Bhinder|Sukhbuns Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=3| [[Vinod Khanna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Vinod Khanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2017 elections in India#Parliamentary By-election|2017^]]
| [[Sunil Jakhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sunny Deol]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

^By-Poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Gurdaspur]]<ref name="Gurdaspur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Gurdaspur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/punjab/gurdaspur |access-date=25 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325154507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/punjab/gurdaspur |archive-date=25 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gurdaspur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gurdaspur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S191.htm |access-date=25 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325154626/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S191.htm |archive-date=25 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:364043}}
|percentage = 33.78
|change = {{decrease}}9.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dinesh Singh (Punjab politician)|Dinesh Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:281182}}
|percentage = 26.09
|change = {{decrease}}24.52
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amansher Singh]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:277252}}
|percentage = 25.72
|change = {{increase}}23.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Daljit Singh Cheema]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:85500}}
|percentage = 7.93
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurinder Singh Bajwa
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|votes = {{formatnum:25765}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:3354}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change = {{decrease}} 0.56
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:82861}}
|percentage = 7.69
|change = {{decrease}} 0.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1077826}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,05,204 |ref = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Gurdaspur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sunny Deol]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:558719}}
|percentage = 50.61
|change = {{increase}}14.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:476260}}
|percentage = 43.14
|change = {{decrease}}15.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Peter Masih
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:27744}}
|percentage = 2.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[Lal Chand Kataruchakk]]
|party = Revolutionary Marxist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:15274}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Kasim Deen
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3136}}
|percentage = 0.28
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:9560}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:82459}}
|percentage = 7.47
|change = {{decrease}}15.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1104546}}
|percentage = 69.26
|change = {{increase}}12.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}7.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2017: Gurdaspur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]|votes={{formatnum:499752}}|percentage=58.15|change={{increase}}24.95|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Swaran Salaria|votes={{formatnum:306533}}|percentage=35.67|change={{decrease}}10.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Suresh Kumar Khajuria|votes={{formatnum:23579}}|percentage=2.74|change={{decrease}}13.89}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Parvinder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:6825}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Pawan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3791}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,587|percentage=0.88|change={{increase}}0.44|}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = {{formatnum:193219}}
| percentage = 22.48
| change = {{increase}}9.43
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{formatnum:859467}}
| percentage = 56.43
| change = {{decrease}}13.07
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = {{increase}}11.90
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gurdaspur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Khanna]]
|votes = {{formatnum:482255}}
|percentage = 46.25
|change = {{decrease}}0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:346190}}
|percentage = 33.20
|change = {{decrease}}14.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Sucha Singh Chhotepur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:173376}}
|percentage = 16.63
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Varinder Singh
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:11839}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukhwinder Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5621}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change = {{decrease}}1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4625}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:136065}}
|percentage = 13.05
|change = {{increase}}12.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1042699}}
|percentage = 69.50
|change = {{decrease}}1.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}1.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gurdaspur]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|votes = 4,47,994
|percentage = 48.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vinod Khanna]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,39,652
|percentage = 47.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Swaran Singh Thakur
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,420
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Lal Chand
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,037
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Vidya Bhushan
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|votes = 6,970
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,342
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,33,370
|percentage = 70.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gurdaspur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|32.0|75.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]

Prasanna GK

2026-02-10T02:30:56Z

Aoufa: done...

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasanna GK
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|12|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College|Madras Christian College, Chennai]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2010{{endash}}present
| website =
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Film editing|Film editor]]
}}

'''Prasanna GK''' is an Indian film editor, working in [[Tamil cinema]]. He was a former assistant of ace film editor, [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]. He made his debut with ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' (2015).

== Career ==

Prasanna did his under-graduation at the [[Madras Christian College]], before doing his diploma in editing and sound design at the [[Prasad Studios|LV Prasad Film and TV Academy]]. He assisted film editors [[Leo John Paul]] and [[T. S. Suresh]] before joining [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]. He made his debut with ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' (2015) and then formed a working relationship with [[Dhanush (actor)|Dhanush]] and subsequently edited ''[[Pa. Pandi]]'' (2017), ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018), and ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' (2023).<ref name="Behindwoods">{{cite news|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/editor-gk-prasanna-on-selvaraghavans-nenjam-marappathillai.html|title=''I GOT THE FILM BECAUSE OF DHANUSH SIR''|website=Behindwoods.com |date=2016-09-13 |accessdate=2017-03-17}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2015 || ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2016 || ''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2017 || ''[[Pa. Pandi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ப.சூரியராஜ் |date=2017-03-17 |title=''பவர் பாண்டி'ல பல விஷயங்கள் கத்துகிட்டேன்!'' - எடிட்டர் பிரசன்னா ஜிகே |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/83853-editor-prasanna-gk-interview |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Yaanum Theeyavan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu|Iravaakaalam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ghajinikanth]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Maari 2]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Igloo (2019 film)|Igloo]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 || ''[[Taana (film)|Taana]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sarbath]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || ''[[Blood Money (2021 film)|Blood Money]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022 || ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title='Maaran' movie review: A passive Dhanush tries to keep you invested in an incomplete film |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maaran-movie-review/article65215720.ece |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[FIR (2022 film)|FIR]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-10 |title='FIR' movie review: Vishnu Vishal stars in a fast-paced, taut thriller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fir-movie-review-vishnu-vishal-stars-in-a-fast-paced-taut-thriller/article38406921.ece |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Gatta Kusthi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Theera Kaadhal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Veeran (film)|Veeran]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeran, Minnal Murali comparisons prompt makers to release hilarious promo! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32130/veeran-minnal-murali-promo-hiphop-tamizha-basil-joseph |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024
|''[[Ippadiku Kadhal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[PT Sir]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-12 |title=Hip Hop Adhi's sports drama titled 'PT Sir' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hip-hop-adhis-sports-drama-titled-pt-sir/articleshow/96937405.cms |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raayan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Idli Kadai]]''
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
| ''[[Mr. X (upcoming film)|Mr. X]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr X: Arya, Gautham Karthik come together for Manu Anand's action drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mr-x-arya-gautham-karthik-come-together-for-manu-anands-action-drama-makers-reveal-motion-poster/138de5aab1755 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Film
! Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2021 || rowspan="2"|Blacksheep Digital Awards for Best Editor|| ''Triples (2020 Web Series)'' || {{Won}} || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=4139926}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:GK, Prasanna}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film editors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Telugu film editors]]

Nalini Singh

2026-02-08T18:00:51Z

Aoufa: correct information further and added references

{{Short description|Indian journalist (born 1945)}}
{{For|the New Zealand author|Nalini Singh (author)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nalini Singh
| birth_name = Nalini Shourie
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Nalini Singh nee Shourie - renowned Journalist
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|9|01|mf=y}}
| birth_place = Jalandhar
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| employer = Managing Director of Tvlive India Private Limited

Managing Editor at Nepal 1 Tv Channel
| known_for = Investigative Journalism
| occupation = [[Journalist]] and [[Author]]
| relatives =
| television = News Presenter at DD Metro Channel's (Currently known as DD News) show Aankhon Dekhi from 1990 to 2002.
| spouse = S. P. N. Singh<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140726/lifestyle-booksart/article/daughter-strikes-back-ratna-vira-literary-debut|title=A daughter strikes back; Ratna Vira literary debut|date=27 July 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
| children = Ratna Vira (daughter, Author, Daughter By Court Order <ref name="auto"/> Sukaran Singh (son, VP - Tata Advanced Systems)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tas-agt.com/board-of-directors/ |title=Tatas, TAS-AGT |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102214327/http://www.tas-agt.com/board-of-directors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| family = [[H. D. Shourie]], father [[Arun Shourie]], brother
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{Portal|Journalism}}
'''Nalini Singh''' (born September 1, 1945) is an Indian journalist.

She has been the anchor for several current affairs programs on [[Doordarshan]], and is most known for her program, 'Aankhon Dekhi', on investigative journalism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/aankon-dekhi-in-the-eye-of-a-storm/articleshow/225013.cms|title=Aankon Dekhi: in The eye of a storm | undefined News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 October 2003 |accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref>

She had made another show - [[Hello Zindagi]], for Doordarshan, broadcast in 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyjaVz-GDUkC&q=hello%2520zindagi%2520nalini%2520singh&pg=PA183|title=Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local|last=Miller|first=Daniel|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134840946|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
She is daughter of consumer rights activist, [[H. D. Shourie]], and the sister of Indian journalists, Deepak Shourie, and [[Arun Shourie]], who has also been a Union minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/feb/feb163.htm|title=Nalini Singh's Nepalese-Hindi channel to launch in March|date=25 February 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com|accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/relative-values/articleshow/23110.cms|title=Relative Values - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2003 |accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Singh is also the managing director, TV Live India Pvt Ltd,<ref>[http://harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=999 An uncommon man: H D Shourie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182941/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=999 |date=3 March 2016 }} Harmony Magazine, June 2004</ref> and [[Managing editor|Managing Editor]] of News Channel, Nepal-1.<ref>[http://www.mail-archive.com/zestmedia@yahoogroups.com/msg03739.html What's new(s)? Govt 'kill Bill' set to muzzle media] IBNlive.com, Tuesday August 7</ref>

==Personal life==
She is also the daughter-in-law of Sir [[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh]], former Governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and first Indian Ambassador to [[Nepal]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} Ratna Vira, her daughter, has written a novel named 'Daughter by Court Order' which occasioned some speculation whether it is autobiographical. Ratna gave an interview in which she described her relationship with her mother as difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/journalist-nalini-singh-aranya-cherie-blair-ratna-vira-arun-shourie-rani-jethmalani/articleshow/38933748.cms|title=Uncomfortable truths|website=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=23 February 2021}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book | last1 = Singh | first1 = Nalini | last2 = Jain | first2 = Devaki | last3 = Chand | first3 = Malini | author-link2 = Devaki Jain | title = Women's quest for power: five Indian case studies | publisher = Vikas Publishing | location = Sahibabad, Ghaziabad district, Delhi, India | year = 1980 | isbn = 9780706910216 }}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [https://twitter.com/NaliniSinghTv Nalini Singh] on [[Twitter|X]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nalini}}
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Doordarshan journalists]]
[[Category:Managing editors]]

{{India-journalist-stub}}

Jagathishree Kumaresan

2026-02-02T17:39:21Z

Aoufa: adding a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian bike racer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jagathishree Kumaresan
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = 2004
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| education = [[Madras Christian College|BA in Archaeology, 2024]]
| occupation = Professional motorcycle racer
| years_active = 2021–present
| sport = Motorcycle racing
| team = One Racing Team
}}

'''Jagathishree Kumaresan''' (born 2004) is a professional motorcycle racer from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She competes in Indian National championships organised by the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India|Federation of Motor Sports Clubs in India]] specialising in drag and road racing disciplines. She is a three time Indian national champion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakde |first=Aashlesha |date=12 January 2026 |title=Results of the MRF MMSC FMSCI Racing Championship 2025 |url=https://punemirror.com/specials/mrf-mmsc-fmsci-racing-championship/ |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Pune Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumaresan is from [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Sarthak Chavan scores fighting win; Jagathisree tops in three races |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/sarthak-chavan-scores-fighting-win-jagathisree-tops-in-three-races-842047 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> She completed her Bachelor of Arts in archaeology at [[Madras Christian College]] in 2024.<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/jagathishree-kumaresan-43bb6324a/</ref>

== Career ==
Kumaresan started racing bikes and made her debut in the Indian National Motorcycle Championship in 2021. She won the Indian National Motorcycle Racing Championship 2024 in the Girls (Stock 165cc) category<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-02 |title=Sarthak scores fighting win, Jagathishree scores a grand triple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/sarthak-scores-fighting-win-jagathishree-scores-a-grand-triple/article69887495.ece |access-date=2025-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-10-03 |title=Fifth and final round of National Motorcycle Racing Championship to begin on Friday |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/fifth-and-final-round-of-national-motorcycle-racing-championship-to-begin-on-friday-911804 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and later, won the Indian National Drag Racing Championship for the year 2024, in the ladies class. Both the Nationals were promoted and organised by [[Madras Motor Sports Club]] at the [[Madras International Circuit]] in [[Irungattukottai]], near Chennai. In the drag Nationals, she won both the first and second rounds to lead the table in the ladies class in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-06-30 |title=National 2W Drag Racing Championship: Triple delight for Hemanth Muddappa; Jagathishree notches second win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/national-drag-racing-championship-hemanth-muddappa-jagathishree-win/article68352164.ece |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisth |first=Mohit |date=2024-10-07 |title=TVS Racing dominates the final round of INMRC 2024, Jagan Kumar bids adieu with 11th national title |url=https://www.evoindia.com/news/tvs-racing-dominates-the-final-round-of-inmrc-2024-jagan-kumar-bids-adieu-with-11th-national-title |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Later, she won the third round and clinched the title in the fourth and final round.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Track |first=Auto |date=2024-12-30 |title=Hemanth Muddappa wins three more National titles |url=https://www.autotrack.ind.in/post/hemanth-muddappa-wins-three-more-national-titles |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Auto Track |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Triple delight for Hemanth Muddappa in Motorcycle Drag Racing Championship |url=https://afternoonnews.in/article/triple-delight-for-hemanth-muddappa-in-motorcycle-drag-racing-championship |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Afternoonnews |language=en}}</ref> She first took part and won the first round of the FMSCI drag national in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National 2W Drag Racing: Double for Bengaluru's Abdul Shaikh; Jagathishree tops among girls |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1075071 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, she won both the races, representing One Racing team, in the second round at the [[Kari Motor Speedway]], Coimbatore, in the Girls (Stock 165cc) category and also took first place in the [[Petronas]] [[TVS Group|TVS]] India One-Make Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-02 |title=Sarthak scores fighting win; Jagathisree tops in three races |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Aug/02/sarthak-scores-fighting-win-jagathisree-tops-in-three-races |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In September 2025, she won both the races in the third round to lead the championship table in the Girls Stock 165cc class and also added one more race victory to top the Petronas TVS RTR 200 women's race at the Madras International Circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Classy Rahil Pillarisetty tops Pro-Stock 301-400cc Open race |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/classy-rahil-pillarisetty-tops-pro-stock-301-400cc-open-race-845771 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Express News Service |date=6 September 2025 |title=Classy Rahil Pillarisetty tops Pro-Stock 301-400cc Open race |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Sep/06/classy-rahil-pillarisetty-tops-pro-stock-301-400cc-open-race |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== International ===
Kumaaresan was selected by the [[Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India]] to represent India in the FIM Asia Women’s Cup of Circuit Racing (ACCR) in [[Thailand]] from 12 to 14 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Triple National Champion Jagathishree Kumaresan To Make India Debut At FIM Asia Women’s Cup |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/triple-national-champion-jagathishree-kumaresan-to-make-india-debut-at-fim-asia-womens-cup-ws-l-9558220.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{LinkedIn page|in/jagathishree-kumaresan-43bb6324a}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaresan, Jagathishree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Indian motorcycle racers]]
[[Category:Women from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Ghatawan

2026-01-21T08:29:31Z

Aoufa: new new stub first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghatawan
| other_name = Ghatāwān
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.09677|N|83.72659|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/10509904/ghatawan.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Ghatāwān''|accessdate=4 February 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.33
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 89
| population_total = 9997<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Ghatawan''' (also spelled '''Ghataon''') is a large village in the western part of [[Kudra]] block, in [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. As of 2011, its population was 9,997, in 1,551 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=280–343|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=4 February 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kaimur district]]

{{Kaimur-geo-stub}}

Jana Krishnamurthi

2026-01-20T17:53:43Z

Aoufa:

{{short description|Indian political leader (1928–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox office holder
| name = Jana Krishnamurthi
| image = File:Jana Krishnamurthi.JPG
| office = 6th [[National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2002
| predecessor = [[Bangaru Laxman]]
| successor = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date ={{Birth date|1928|05|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|09|25|1928|05|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Lawyer, politician
| spouse = Bhagyalakshmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/25/president-patil-condoles-jana-krishnamurthys-demise-1190732680.html|title = President Patil condoles Jana Krishnamurthy's demise|date = 25 September 2007}}</ref>
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''K. Jana Krishnamurthi''' (24 May 1928 – 25 September 2007) was an Indian political leader who rose to be the President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2001. A former Union [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law Minister]] and a member of the [[Parliament of India]], Krishnamurthi was the second person from Tamil Nadu to head a national party in India after [[Kamaraj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Bhupendra |title=The Rise of the BJP: The Making of the World's Largest Political Party |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2022 |isbn=978-0670095254 |edition=1st |location=India |language=English}}</ref>

==Early life==
Krishnamurthi was born during the late [[British Raj]] in May 1926 in the town of [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. An alumnus of the Chennai Law College, he gave up his successful law practice in Madurai in 1965. He was persuaded by [[M. S. Golwalkar]], the then chief of the RSS, to enter politics.

==Political career==
An active member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) from 1940, Krishnamurthi took over as the General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS) in Tamil Nadu at the instance of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. He played an active part in building an equity for the relatively unknown BJS in South India.

In 1974, when [[Katchatheevu]] was ceded by India to Sri Lanka, he became the first Tamil leader to challenge it legally. On a request from [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]], he filed a petition in the Madras High Court challenging the secession of Katchatheevu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajappa |first=Sam |date=6 September 2013 |title='Why this double standard?' people of Tamil Nadu ask the PM |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Causes/1701/islet-of-loss.html |website=The Weekend Leader}}</ref>

In 1975 when [[Indian Emergency (1975 - 77)|emergency]] was declared, he was the secretary of the resistance movement in Tamil Nadu. In 1977 when BJS merged with the [[Janata Party]], he became the General Secretary of that party's Tamil Nadu unit. In 1980, he helped found the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) along with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], SS Bhandari, [[Kushabhau Thakre]] and Jaganatha Rao Joshi. He was the founder National Secretary. In 1983 became one of the General Secretaries and from 1985 he was the Vice-President of the Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri K Jana Krishnamurthy |url=https://www.bjp.org/shri-k-jana-krishnamurthy |website=BJP.org}}</ref>

From 1980 to 1990, he helped the BJP expand in the four Southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

In 1993 he moved to [[Delhi]] at the request of L. K. Advani and set up the Intellectual Cells of the BJP on Economic, Defence and Foreign Affairs. From 1995 onwards he was in charge of the BJP Headquarters. He also served as the Spokesperson of the Party. In 1998, Krishnamurthi contested the [[Lok Sabha]] election from South Chennai and lost by a very small margin. On 14 March 2001 he took over as the President of the BJP from [[Bangaru Laxman]]. He held office until June 2002.

Krishnamurthi then became the Union Law Minister in the cabinet of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2002 |title=Krishnamurthy inducted into Union Cabinet |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/krishnamurthy-inducted-into-union-cabinet/articleshow/14675094.cms}}</ref> He stepped down in a year, due to ill health. He was a [[Rajya Sabha]] Member of Parliament from the State of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|title=Rajya Sabha members|access-date=2009-12-31}}</ref>
and an active member of the Parliament Standing Committees on External Affairs and Defence. He was also the Chairman of the Petitions Committee. His tenure will be remembered for his frank and forthright report on Petrol Adulteration.

==Death==
Krishnamurthi died on 25 September 2007. He succumbed to a cardio-respiratory arrest at a private hospital in Chennai. His wife, Bhagyalakshmi died on 14 May 2021. He is survived by two sons (Krishnaswamy and Anantha Narayan) and three daughters (Radhika, Bharathi, and Shanthi).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bjp.org/leader/JanaBio-data.htm Life Sketch of Jana Krishnamurthi]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018023442/http://www.bjp.org/leader/JanaBio-data.htm |date=18 October 2007 }}.
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/nov/10inter.htm Rediff interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175809/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/book2/reports/petition/123rdreport.htm Report on Petrol Adulteration] (archived)
* [https://archive.today/20070621154158/http://www.politicsbharat.com/clean_politician.php India's Cleanest Politician] (archived)
* [http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1882 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurthi, Jana}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Law ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]

Yavatmal

2026-01-19T22:35:25Z

Aoufa: created the info basic info

{{short description|Municipality in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the municipality in Maharashtra, India|its namesake district|Yavatmal district}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yavatmal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Yavatmal Municipal Council.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Yavatmal Municipal Council
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1191|frame-width=370|frame-height=300|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=18.92|frame-long=76.68|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|20.24|N|78.06|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Yavatmal in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|20.24|N|78.06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidarbha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Yavatmal District|Yavatmal]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Yavatmal Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 5 in Vidharbh
| area_total_km2 = 90
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 445
| population_total = 116551
| population_metro =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Yavatmalkar
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 445001-445002
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07232
| registration_plate = MH-29
| website = {{URL|www.yavatmal.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yavatmal''' ({{audio|Yavatmal.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a city and [[municipal council]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Yavatmal District]]. Yavatmal is around 90 km away from divisional headquarters [[Amravati, Maharashtra|Amravati]] while it is {{cvt|670|km}} away from the state capital [[Mumbai]] and 150 km south west of [[Nagpur]].

==Etymology==
The name is derived from the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ''Yavat'' (mountain) and ''mal'' (row).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Ramakrishna Ashram - Yavatmal |url=https://srkayavatmal.in/yavatmal.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=srkayavatmal.in}}</ref> Another theory is {{citation needed span|date=September 2022|it might be derived from Yavateshwar (Lord Shiva) and Mal (one of the marathi word for Plateau)}} as the city is located on a plateau, which is comparatively higher altitude than its other tehsils.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' records Yavatmal as the headquarters of a pargana under the name of [[Yavatmal_district#Medieval_history|Yot-Lohara]] – ''Yot'' being the Urdu or Persian corruption of ''Yevata'', the original name of the town; ''Lohara'' the name of a village about {{convert|3|mi|km|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} to the west of Yavatmal, and the suffix ''mal'' is a corruption of ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|mahal]]'' (or [[pargana]]).

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
Formerly known as "Yeoti" or "Yeotmal", Yavatmal was the main town of the [[Berar Sultanate]] and according to old writings "the safest place in the world". The then region of Yavatmal (now Yavatmal district), was part of the dominion of [[Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah]] who founded the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1347. In 1572, [[Murtaza Shah]], ruler of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] (current day [[Ahmadnagar District]]), annexed the Yavatmal district. In 1596, [[Chand Bibi]], warrior queen of Ahmadnagar, ceded the district of Yavatmal to the [[Mughal Empire]], then rulers of a large part of India. Following the death of the sixth Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, Yavatmal was passed on to the [[Maratha Empire]]. When [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] became ruler of the [[Nagpur kingdom]] in 1783, he included the Yavatmal district in his territory. After the [[British East India Company]] created [[Berar Province]] in 1853, Yavatmal became part of East Berar District in 1863 and later part of the South East Berar district—both districts of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. Yavatmal remained part of Madhya Pradesh until the 1956 reorganisation of states when it was transferred to the [[Bombay State]]. With the creation of the Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960, Yavatmal district became a part of the same.

Yavatmal Municipal Council was constituted in 1869 but was dissolved shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department - YEOTMAL |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/YAVATMAL/places_Yeotmal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719182314/https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/YAVATMAL/places_Yeotmal.html |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> It was established again in 1894 and thus forms the oldest municipal council in the district. Mr. Eliot was first mayor and Lieutenant, W. Hege was deputy mayor. Govind Punaji Bari was the first Indian president of the Yavatmal Municipal council (2 January 1914 to 31 May 1932). The first elections conducted for the position of president of municipal council were held on 22 December 1934. Prior to that the same was appointed.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

The mini-train called ''Shakuntala'' is a historic remark built by the British government to transport cotton which is now closed.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Yavatmal had a total population of 116,551, of which 58,549 were males and 58,002 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 11,360. The total number of literates in Yavatmal was 96,726, which constituted 82.9% of the population with male literacy of 85.1% and female literacy of 80.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Yavatmal was 91.9%, of which the male literacy rate was 94.8% and the female literacy rate was 89.1%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 19,816 and 6,543 respectively. Yavatmal had 26,173 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Yavatmal |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=610124 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Male
! Female
! Total Population
! Change
|-
|2001<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls |title=C-01: Population by religious community, India - 2001 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |61780
| style="text-align:right;" |58896
| style="text-align:right;" |120676
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
|2011<ref name="Religion_2011"/>
| style="text-align:right;" |58549
| style="text-align:right;" |58002
| style="text-align:right;" |116551
| style="text-align:right;" |-0.034
|}

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Yavatmal City (2011)<ref name="Religion_2011"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|14.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|blue|12.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|yellow|1.99}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|1.01}}
}}

Majority of the population follow [[Hinduism]], followed by significant [[Muslim]] and [[Buddhist]] minorities.<ref name="Religion_2011">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-01: Population by religious community, India - 2011 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

===Language===
The principal language of the Yavatmal district is [[Marathi language|Marathi]] however [[Varhadi]] dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] majorly spoken by people of Yavatmal. However, since the district has numerous Scheduled and Nomadic Tribes, other languages such as [[Gormati|Gormati or Banjari]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], Beldari, [[Urdu]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kolami language|Kolami]] are also spoken in parts of the district. In 1973, the ''[[Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]]'' (Marathi Literature Conference) was hosted in the city for the first time which was presided over by [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar]]. The second time, it was hosted on 11 January 2019 chaired by Vaishali Yende, widow of a suicide victim farmer, to highlight the issue of farmer suicides in the area.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

==Culture==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
Yavatmal is known for its unique Navratri festival celebration, the whole city is known for organising huge celebration events for Navratri. Festivals like [[Gudi Padwa]], [[Diwali]], [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], [[Christmas]], [[Easter|Easter Sunday]] and almost all [[Hindu]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] occasions are celebrated. The district is also home to a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] community, and they celebrate [[Ambedkar Jayanti]] in huge gatherings.

==Climate==
This city has a tropical savannah climate. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Aw. In Yavatmal, the average annual temperature is 26.8 °C. The rainfall here averages 946 mm.

{{Weather box
| location = Yavatmal (1991–2020, extremes 1949–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 35.2
| Feb record high C = 38.8
| Mar record high C = 41.8
| Apr record high C = 45.5
| May record high C = 46.6
| Jun record high C = 46.6
| Jul record high C = 39.5
| Aug record high C = 35.8
| Sep record high C = 38.2
| Oct record high C = 37.4
| Nov record high C = 34.9
| Dec record high C = 34.0
| year record high C = 46.6
| Jan high C = 28.4
| Feb high C = 31.4
| Mar high C = 36.0
| Apr high C = 39.8
| May high C = 41.3
| Jun high C = 36.2
| Jul high C = 30.2
| Aug high C = 28.9
| Sep high C = 30.6
| Oct high C = 31.5
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 28.5
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan low C = 14.7
| Feb low C = 17.1
| Mar low C = 21.0
| Apr low C = 24.5
| May low C = 26.6
| Jun low C = 24.5
| Jul low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 21.8
| Sep low C = 21.7
| Oct low C = 20.1
| Nov low C = 17.1
| Dec low C = 14.5
| year low C = 20.3
| Jan record low C = 6.4
| Feb record low C = 7.2
| Mar record low C = 9.8
| Apr record low C = 13.5
| May record low C = 18.2
| Jun record low C = 16.1
| Jul record low C = 15.2
| Aug record low C = 16.0
| Sep record low C = 16.3
| Oct record low C = 13.0
| Nov record low C = 8.6
| Dec record low C = 6.2
| year record low C = 6.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.5
| Feb rain mm = 9.6
| Mar rain mm = 17.9
| Apr rain mm = 11.1
| May rain mm = 13.4
| Jun rain mm = 180.0
| Jul rain mm = 285.6
| Aug rain mm = 238.4
| Sep rain mm = 134.7
| Oct rain mm = 55.1
| Nov rain mm = 11.9
| Dec rain mm = 3.9
| year rain mm = 977.2
| Jan rain days = 1.0
| Feb rain days = 0.9
| Mar rain days = 1.5
| Apr rain days = 1.3
| May rain days = 1.1
| Jun rain days = 8.7
| Jul rain days = 13.9
| Aug rain days = 11.8
| Sep rain days = 8.2
| Oct rain days = 3.2
| Nov rain days = 0.9
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 52.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 38
| Feb humidity = 31
| Mar humidity = 24
| Apr humidity = 22
| May humidity = 25
| Jun humidity = 50
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 56
| Nov humidity = 46
| Dec humidity = 40
| year humidity = 46
| source 1 = {{small|[[India Meteorological Department]]}}<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Yeotmal Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 799–800
| access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M155
| access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref>
| source =
}}

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
During [[British Raj|British rule]], Yavatmal city was classified as a [[hill station]]. Both cotton-ginning and pressing are carried on in Yavatmal, while the town is also the chief trading center in the district and connected by road with Dhamangaon station, {{convert|29|mi|km}} away. Major business establishments in Yavatmal include the Raymond UCO mill that produces denim fabrics for jeans. There are establishments related to the cotton, and textile industries. There is a {{convert|106|acre|km2|adj=on}} textile [[Special economic zone|Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) under construction while HLL Unilever has also decided to restart the plant they currently have in the city. Other local businesses in the town are dominated by the presence of [[agricultural supply store|agricultural supply]] facilities used by the nearby farming community.

Banking services are available in the Yavatmal, [[Arni, Maharashtra|Arni]], Ner, [[Pusad]], [[Digras]], [[Ghatanji]] and [[Kelapur]] and [[Wani, Yavatmal|Wani]] areas.

The major industrial centres are at: MIDC [[Lohara Tahsil|Lohara]], [[Darwha]], Digras, Pusad, [[Umarkhed|Umerkhed]], Wani, Umari, Kelapur, [[Ralegaon]] and [[Babhulgaon]], Ner, and Wani-Maregaon with the main market places in: Yavatmal City, [[Arni, Maharashtra|Arni]], Wani, Darwha, Digras, Ghatanji, Mohada, Pusad, Umerkhed and Kelapur.

==Transport==
[[File:Nursery Road, Yavatmal - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Nursery Road, Yavatmal.]]

===Roads===
*New Shaktipith Expressway will pass through Yavatmal city and district Nagpur-Yavatmal-Goa Express
* The National Highway [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] (Varanasi–Kanyakumari) passes through the district at Vadki, Karanji, Pandharkawada, Patanbori, and [[Kelapur]].<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|title=Transports, Trades & Commerce |url=http://yavatmal.nic.in/transports_trades.htm |publisher=Yavatmal district information |access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
* New National Highway has been proposed from Khandwa(MP)- Dharni-[[Amravati]]-Yavatmal-[[Karanji, Maharashtra|Karanji]] on NH 44.
* The state highway (Amravati–Chandrapur) passes through Ner, Yavatmal, [[Jodmoha]], [[Mohada]], [[Umari, Maharashtra|Umari]], Karanji and [[Wani, Yavatmal|Wani]].
* The (Nagpur–Tuljapur) National highway 361 passes through [[Kalamb, Yavatmal|Kalamb]], Yavatmal, [[Arni, Maharashtra|Arni]], and [[Umarkhed]].
* [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] will directly connect to Yavatmal City with feeder roads.

===Railways===
* Yavatmal is the southern terminus of the {{cvt|762|mm|abbr=on}} [[narrow gauge railway]] known locally as the [[Shakuntala Railway]]. This line is composed of two legs intersecting with the {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[Broad gauge]] [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] at [[Murtijapur]] – the {{cvt|76|km|abbr=on}} northern leg to [[Achalpur]] and the {{cvt|113|km|abbr=on}} southeastern leg to Yavatmal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-ng.html |title=Indian Narrow-Gauge Lines 2002–2003| publisher= Simon Mortimer, Indian Railways Fan Club.|date= 13 February 2004 }}</ref> [[Darwha]] Station lies on this line.
*Another line, [[Majri–Mudkhed line]], passes through the district. [[Wani, Maharashtra|Wani]] is a railway station on this line.<ref name="NIC"/> The state cabinet has approved [[Wardha]]–[[Nanded]] rail link project. This railway line will connect [[Wardha]]–Yavatmal in [[Vidarbha]] with [[Nanded]] in Marathwada.
* [[India]]'s First [[Nagpur broad-gauge Metro|broad-gauge Metro]] will run From [[Nagpur]] to Yavatmal on [[Nagpur]]-[[Wardha]], [[Wardha]]-Yavatmal-[[Nanded]] line.
*SURVEY REPORTS SUBMITTED TO BOARD for approval for new broad gauge line between Yavatmal-[[Adilabad]] Via [[Ghatanji]], [[Pandharkawada]], [[Chankha]]

===Airport===
====International====
*[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]], [[Nagpur]] is 150 km away From Yavatmal City.

====Regional====
* [[Yavatmal airport]] is located {{cvt|9|km|abbr=on}} east of the city of Yavatmal and has been taken up by [[Reliance Infrastructure#Reliance Airport Project|Reliance Airport Developers Ltd]] for development.<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title=Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927183635/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-06/india-business/28178331_1_greenfield-airport-reliance-airport-developers-midc |url-status=live |archive-date=27 September 2012 |date= 6 August 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>

==Education==
Prominent educational institutes:
*[[Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vngmcytl.org/ |title=Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College |website=vngmcytl.org |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011014621/http://www.vngmcytl.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Technical: Government College of Engineering,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government College of Engineering, Yavatmal on DTE Maharashtra website |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=1012 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228124325/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=1012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government Polytechnic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gpyavatmal.edu.in/ |title=Government Polytechnic Yavatmal |website=gpyavatmal.edu.in |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205102644/http://gpyavatmal.edu.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government Residential Women's Polytechnic,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grwpy.ac.in/grwpy/ |title=Government Residential Women's Polytechnic |website=grwpy.ac.in |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319153830/http://www.grwpy.ac.in/grwpy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jawaharlal Darda Engineering and Technical Institute<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jdiet.ac.in/ |title=Jawaharlal Darda Engineering and Technical Institute |website=jdiet.ac.in |access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> (private), Jagdamba College of Engineering,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jcoet.org/ |title=Jagdamba College of Engineering |website=jcoet.org |access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>
*Other: Amolakchand Mahavidyalaya (Science, Arts and Commerce),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://amolakchandmahavidyalaya.org/ |title=Amolakchand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya |website=amolakchandmahavidyalaya.org/ |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319145752/http://amolakchandmahavidyalaya.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babaji Datey Kala & Vanijya Mahavidyalaya (Arts and Commerce College),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dateycollege.in/ |title= Babaji Datey Kala ani Vanijya Mahavidyalaya |website=dateycollege.in |access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> St. Aloysius English School<ref>{{Cite web |title=St.Alosyous |url=http://staloy.net/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=staloy.net |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228124324/http://staloy.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==



*[[Keshav Baliram Hedgewar]], Founding Sarsanghachalak of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
*[[Aajibai Banarase]], community leader and president of Maharashtra Mandal London.
* [[Vijay Darda]], former MP ([[Rajya Sabha]]), Chairman [[Lokmat|Lokmat media Pvt. Ltd]]
* [[Jambuwantrao Dhote]], politician and founder of [[Vidarbha Janata Congress]]
* [[Nachiket Mor]], banker and National Director for [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]].
* [[Sudhakarrao Naik]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].
* [[Vasantrao Naik]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].
* [[Sanjay Rathod]], former Guardian minister Yavatmal
* [[Manikrao Thakare]], former President Maharashtra State Congress Committee
* [[Madan Madhukarrao Yerawar]], former Guardian minister Yavatmal
* [[Wasudev Waman Patankar]], Marathi poet and advocate (1908–1997)
* [[Akash Chikte]], Indian field hockey player
* [[Suryakanta Patil]], Indian politician
* [[Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]], Vidharbha cricketer
* [[Alind Naidu]], Vidharbha cricketer
* [[Ashok Uike]], Former Minister of Tribal Development
* [[Vasant Purke]], Politician and former Minister of Education
* [[Jawaharlal Darda]], Freedom Fighter
* [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]] ([[Loknayak Bapuji Aney]] [<nowiki/>[[Padma Vibhushan]]]) Ardent educationist, freedom fighter, statesman, a modern Sanskrit poet and a politician
* [[Rajendra Darda]], Politician
* [[Shivajirao Moghe]], Former Minister of Social Justice in Maharashtra Cabinet
* [[Faheem Hussain]], Pakistani physicist
* [[Harising Nasaru Rathod]], Politician

==See also==
*[[Rani Amravati]]
*[[Make in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dacnet.nic.in/cipmcnagpur/YAVATMAL.htm Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of agriculture of Government of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504020909/http://dacnet.nic.in/cipmcnagpur/YAVATMAL.htm |date=4 May 2008 }}
*[https://globalpincode.com/india-pincode/maharashtra/yavatmal-pincode/ List of Yavatmal Pincode .] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202195529/https://globalpincode.com/india-pincode/maharashtra/yavatmal-pincode/ |date=2 February 2023 }}

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Yavatmal
|North = [[Babhulgaon]]
|Northeast = [[Kalamb, Yavatmal|Kalamb]], [[Ralegaon]]
|East = [[Maregaon]], [[Wani, Maharashtra]]
|Southeast = [[Ghatanji]], [[Kelapur]], [[Zari Jamani]]
|South = [[Akola Bazar]], [[Arni, Maharashtra|Arni]], [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]], [[Umarkhed]]
|Southwest = [[Digras]], [[Pusad]]
|West = [[Darwha]]
|Northwest = [[Ner, Yavatmal]]
}}
{{yavatmal district villages}}
{{vidarbha}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal]]

K. V. Nadarajah

2026-01-17T17:02:33Z

Aoufa: creating basic pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|Ceylon Tamil lawyer and Member of Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon.]]
|name = Kanthapillai Velupillai Nadarajah
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|honorific-suffix =
|image =
|imagesize =
|constituency_MP1 = [[Bandarawela Electoral District|Bandarawela]]
|parliament1 = Ceylon
|term_start1 = 1947
|term_end1 = 1952
|predecessor1 = seat created
|successor1 = [[K. D. Sugathadasa]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|07|06|df=yes}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = October 2000
|death_place =
|citizenship =
|nationality =
|party = [[Independent politician]]
|otherparty =
|spouse = Gnanamany née Eliyatamby
|partner =
|relations =
|children = Bala (son)
|residence =
|alma_mater = [[Jaffna Central College]] [[Parameshwara College, Jaffna|Parameshwara College]] [[Ceylon University College]]
|occupation =
|profession = lawyer, politician
|religion =
|website =
|footnotes =
|blank1 = Ethnicity
|data1 = [[Ceylon Tamil]]
}}
'''Kanthapillai Velupillai Nadarajah''' (6 July 1905 – October 2000) was a leading [[Ceylon Tamil]] lawyer and Member of Parliament.

==Early life and family==
Nadarajah was born on 6 July 1905.<ref name=Arumugam>{{cite book|last=Arumugam|first=S.|title=Dictionary of Biography of the Tamils of Ceylon|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_Biography_of_the_Tamils_of_Ceylon|year=1997|pages=109–110}}</ref> He was one of the four sons of Kalladi Velupillai (Kalladi Velan), a prominent poet, and Atchikuddy.<ref name=Arumugam/> Nadarajah was educated at [[Jaffna Central College]] and [[Parameshwara College, Jaffna]].<ref name=Arumugam/> After school he joined [[Ceylon University College]].<ref name=Arumugam/> He then entered [[Colombo Law College]], qualifying as a proctor.

Nadarajah married Gnanamani, daughter of P. S. Eliyatamby.<ref name=Arumugam/> They had a son (Bala).<ref name=Arumugam/>

==Career==
Nadarajah started practising law in [[Badulla]] in 1930.<ref name=Arumugam/> He continued practising in [[Uva Province]] for 54 years.<ref name=Arumugam/>

Nadarajah was a member of Badulla Urban Council for more than ten years.<ref name=Arumugam/> He contested the [[1947 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1947 parliamentary election]] as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] candidate in Bandarawela and was elected to [[Parliament of Ceylon|Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1947%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |title=Result of Parliamentary General Election 1947 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115557/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/Results_1947%20GENERAL%20ELECTION.PDF |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref><ref name=TI291000>{{cite news|last=Abeyesekera|first=Kirthie|title=Former Badulla MP K.V. Nadarajah passes away|url=http://www.island.lk/2000/10/29/opinio02.html|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]]|date=29 October 2000}}</ref>

Nadarajah was president of the Badulla Saiva Paripalana Sangam and managing trustee of the Kathir-velauthar Swami Temple in Badulla.<ref name=Arumugam/> He was the founder of first Tamil school in Uva and served as the manager of Badualla Saraswathi Minor and Maha Vidayalam for 30 years.<ref name=Arumugam/>

==Later life==
Nadarajah's family home in Pingarawa was burnt to the ground during the [[Black July]] anti-Tamil riots of 1983.<ref name=TI291000/> Nadarajah fled to [[Colombo]] with assistance of [[J. C. T. Kotelawala]], the former MP for [[Badulla Electoral District (1947-1989)|Badulla]].<ref name=TI291000/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tamilnation.co/indictment/indict029.htm The Plea That Went Unheeded, Tamil Nation]

{{Members of the 1st Parliament of Ceylon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadarajah, K. V.}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Sri Lankan lawyers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Ceylon Law College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jaffna Central College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Parameshwara College, Jaffna]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Ceylon University College]]
[[Category:Ceylonese proctors]]
[[Category:Local authority councillors of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Parliament of Ceylon]]
[[Category:People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil politicians]]

List of IIM Calcutta alumni

2026-01-10T15:19:16Z

Aoufa: fix formatting for clarity and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{alumni|SAL|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
This '''list of IIM Calcutta alumni''' includes notable people who are alumni of [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]].

==Business==
* [[Sunil Alagh]], former MD and CEO of [[Britannia Industries]]
* [[Ajit Balakrishnan]], founder and [[chief executive officer]] of [[Rediff.com]];<ref name="alu-aji_bal1">[http://ajitb.rediffiland.com//scripts/xanadu_diary_view.php?postId=1175607380 Rediffiland.com], Ajith Balakrishnan's Blog - IIM Calcutta convocation speech - 1 April 2007</ref> chairman of the board of governors of [[IIM Calcutta]]<ref name="alu-aji_bal2">[http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/bog/bog.doc Iimcal.ac.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307042402/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/campus/bog/bog.doc |date=7 March 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Vikrant Bhargava]], co-founder and group marketing director, [[PartyGaming]]<ref name="alu-vik_bha1">[http://www.iimcal.ac.in/newsandevents/fullarticle.asp?id=269 IIMCal.ac.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126033931/http://www.iimcal.ac.in/NewsAndEvents/fullarticle.asp?ID=269 |date=26 November 2009 }}, IIM-C alumnus joins as keynote presenter at World Poker Congress : Vikrant Bhargava</ref>
*[[Rohit Chadda]], CEO for the digital business at Zee group ([[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Entertainment]], [[Zee Media]] and [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-group-appoints-rohit-chadda-to-the-role-of-ceo-digital-publishing-86573.html|title=ZEE Group appoints Rohit Chadda to the role of CEO - Digital Publishing|last=Bureau|first=Adgully|website=www.adgully.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> co-founder of [[Foodpanda|foodpanda.com]]; Fortune 40 under 40<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/rohit-chadda|title=Rohit Chadda {{!}} IIM Calcutta|website=www.iimcal.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-09-04}}</ref>
* [[Ashish Chauhan]], [[managing director]] and CEO, [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]<ref name="alu-ash_cha1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/about/mgmteam.asp |title=Management Team (As of July 2011) |accessdate=5 September 2011 |publisher=[[Bombay Stock Exchange]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920063842/http://www.bseindia.com/about/mgmteam.asp |archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>
* [[Pranay Chulet]], co-founder and CEO of [[Quikr]]
* [[Sunil Duggal]], chief executive officer of [[Dabur]]<ref name="alu-sun_dug">{{Cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/iimc-alumni-to-meet-on-dec-22/186961/0 |title=IIM-C alumni to meet on December 22 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=18 December 2006 |location=Kolkata}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Gupta (business executive)|Sanjay Gupta]], country manager of [[Google]]
* [[Sabyasachi Hajara]], chairman and managing director, [[Shipping Corporation of India]]<ref name="alu-sab_haj1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Research/LeaderSpeak/Mr.-Sabyasachi-Hajara-CMD-The-Shipping-Corporation-of-India/6252708 |title=Mr. Sabyasachi Hajara, CMD, The Shipping Corporation of India |author=Anil Mascarenhas & Hemant P. Maradia |accessdate=4 October 2011 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |date=25 November 2009}}</ref>
* [[Patu Keswani]], chairman and managing director of [[Lemon Tree Hotels]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/india-emerging/patu-keswani-entrepreneur-by-chance/articleshow/8704167.cms|title=Patu Keswani, entrepreneur by chance|last=Nair|first=Radhika P.|date=2011-06-03|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Shantanu Khosla]], MD of [[Procter & Gamble]] India
* [[M. R. Madhavan]], president and co-founder of [[PRS Legislative Research]]
* [[P M Murty]], former MD and CEO of Asian Paints<ref name="alu-pm_mur1">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/news/29820740_1_margins-titanium-dioxide-price-increases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033207/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-27/news/29820740_1_margins-titanium-dioxide-price-increases |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2016 |title=Retail demand is likely to be more or less normal: Asian Paints |accessdate=20 June 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[Srinath Narasimhan]], managing director and chief executive officer of [[Tata Teleservices]]
* [[T. V. Narendran]], MD of [[Tata Steel]]
* [[Indra Nooyi]], chairman and chief executive officer, [[PepsiCo]]<ref name="alu-ind_noo1">[http://mba.yale.edu/leaders_forum/profiles/nooyi_indra_bio.shtml Leaders Forum], [[Yale School of Management]] - Indra Nooyi</ref><ref name="alu-ind_noo2">[https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/14/news/companies/pepsico_ceo/index.htm CNN.com], IIM Calcutta - Alumni Spotlight - Indra Nooyi, new chairman and CEO of [[PepsiCo]]</ref>
* [[Jessie Paul]], author and marketer<ref name="alu-jes_pau1">{{cite web|title=10 Reasons to Read Jessie Paul's No Money Marketing|url=http://business.in.com/article/appraisals/10-reasons-to-read-jessie-pauls-no-money-marketing/6072/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031084536/http://business.in.com/article/appraisals/10-reasons-to-read-jessie-pauls-no-money-marketing/6072/1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2009 |work=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=20 June 2012 |author=Vivek Kamath |date=29 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="alu-jes_pau2">{{cite news |title=Wipro's CMO Jessie Paul quits to start own venture|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Corporate-Announcement/Jessie-Paul-quits-Wipro-to-start-own-venture/articleshow/5213972.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]|access-date=20 June 2012|author=Shelley Singh|date=10 November 2009}}</ref>
* [[Sudhakar Ram]], founder and CEO of Mastek
* [[Sumant Sinha]], founder, chairman and CEO, [[ReNew Power]]
* [[Shyam Srinivasan]], MD and CEO of [[Federal Bank]]
* [[Nishi Vasudeva]], chairperson and managing director at [[Hindustan Petroleum]]; first woman to head a [[Navratna]] [[Public Sector Undertaking#India|PSU]]
* [[Gopal Vittal]], CEO of [[Bharti Airtel]] (India)

==Academics==
* [[Prakash Apte]], academic; professor and former director of [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]<ref name="alu-pra_apt1">{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-08/bangalore/27290927_1_prakash-g-apte-iimb-indian-institute |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103182221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-08/bangalore/27290927_1_prakash-g-apte-iimb-indian-institute |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Prakash Apte is new IIM director |accessdate=20 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 October 2002}}</ref>
* [[B. B. Chakrabarti]], former [[finance]] professor at IIM Calcutta; ex [[Director (education)|Director]] of [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]] (IIM Ranchi)
* [[Dipesh Chakrabarty]], historian<ref name="alu-dip_cha1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.edu/news/press-releases/2012/03/16/chakrabarty |title=Dipesh Chakrabarty Appointed to Faculty at Institute for Advanced Study |accessdate=20 June 2012 |publisher=[[Institute for Advanced Study]]}}</ref>
*[[Ravi Dhar]], George Rogers Clark Professor of Management and Marketing and Director of the Center for Customer Insights at the Yale School of Management<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/alumni/distinguished-alumnus-award/2013|title=Distinguished Alumnus Award {{!}} IIM Calcutta|website=www.iimcal.ac.in|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref>
* [[Anindya Ghose]], Heinz Riehl Chair professor and Director of the Masters in Business Analytics degree program at [[Stern School of Business]] at [[New York University]]
* [[Dan Gode]], professor at [[New York University]]
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], historian and author
* [[Gita Johar]], vice dean for diversity, equity, and inclusion and Meyer Feldberg Professor of Business, [[Columbia Business School]], [[Columbia University]]<ref name="alu-git_joh">[http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/whoswho/bio.cfm?ID=47 Gita Johar, Columbia Business School Faculty Staff Directory]</ref>
* [https://www.scheller.gatech.edu/directory/faculty/kohli/index.html Ajay Kohli], Professor at [[Georgia Tech|Georgia Tech University]]
* [https://business.ku.edu/people/murali-k-mantrala Murali Mantrala], Professor at [[Kansas State University]], Emeritus Professor, [[University of Missouri]]
* [[Krishna Palepu]], professor at [[Harvard Business School]], senior adviser to the president for Global Strategy, [[Harvard University]]<ref name="alu-kri_pal1">{{Cite web |url=http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facEmId=kpalepu |title=Biography - Krishna G. Palepu |accessdate=13 January 2012 |publisher= [[Harvard Business School]] }}</ref>
* [[Vallabh Sambamurthy]], Dean of the [[Wisconsin School of Business]], [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]
* [[Chetan Sankar]], Emeritus Professor of [[Raymond J. Harbert College of Business]], [[Auburn University]]
* [[Mohanbir Sawhney]], McCormick Tribune Professor of Technology, [[Kellogg School of Management]]<ref name="alu-moh_saw">[http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/bio/sawhney.htm Mohanbir S. Sawhney]</ref>
*[[Venkatesh Shankar]], Coleman Chair Professor of Marketing and director of research at the Center for Retailing Studies at [[Mays Business School]] at [[Texas A&M University]]
* [[Paul Shrivastava]], David O'Brien Distinguished Professor of Sustainable Enterprise, [[Concordia University]]
* [[M. J. Xavier]], founding director of [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/7098/IIM-Ranchi-new-director|title=IIM Ranchi gets new director from IIM Kolkata as Dr MJ Xavier steps down|website=www.mbauniverse.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>

==Literature==
* [[Swati Kaushal]], novelist<ref name="alu-swa_kau1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/19/books/review/19donadio.html |title=The Chick-Lit Pandemic |author=Rachel Donadio |accessdate=17 January 2012 |work= [[The New York Times]] |date=19 March 2006}}</ref>
* [[Manreet Sodhi Someshwar]], novelist<ref name="alu-man_som1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3532655.ece |title=Weaving tales around the Taj |author=Sana Amirjanu Narayan |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work= [[The Hindu]] |date=15 June 2012}}</ref>
* [[Amish Tripathi]], novelist, author of the ''[[Shiva Trilogy]]''<ref name="alu-ami_tri1">{{Cite web |url=http://shivatrilogy.com/the-secret-of-the-nagas/about-author.html |title=The Author |accessdate=12 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206173849/http://shivatrilogy.com/the-secret-of-the-nagas/about-author.html |archive-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

==Government, politics, and social work==
*[[Ajay Bisaria]], Indian High Commissioner to [[Pakistan]], former Ambassador to [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/iimc-alumnus-ajay-bisaria-pgdm-20th-batch-new-high-commissioner-pakistan-hopes-for-better-relations|title=IIMC alumnus, Ajay Bisaria (PGDM 20th Batch), the new high commissioner to Pakistan hopes for better relations {{!}} IIM Calcutta|website=www.iimcal.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref>
* [[Amolak Rattan Kohli]], former [[Governors of states of India|Governor]] of [[Mizoram]]<ref name="alu-amo_koh1">{{Cite web |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/gov_kohli.htm |title=AMOLAK RATTAN KOHLI |accessdate=20 June 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Vinayak Lohani]], social entrepreneur, founder of Parivaar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://parivaar.org/about/the-founder/|title=The Founder {{!}} Parivaar|website=parivaar.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
*[[Dinesh K. Patnaik]], Ambassador of India to [[Spain|the Kingdom of Spain]] and [[Andorra|the Principality of Andorra]], former Ambassador to [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]] and to the [[Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]]; Deputy High Commissioner to the [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Krishnamurthy Subramanian]], 17th [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]]

== Spirituality ==
* [[Mukundananda|Swami Mukundananda]], spiritual leader; bestselling author; founder of [[Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog|JKYog]] and [[Radha Krishna Temple, Dallas]]

== Other ==
* [[Malli Mastan Babu]], mountaineer; known for his [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for scaling the [[seven summits]] in 172 days in 2006<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/HaU2IHszAzJBMVOegRjbZP/Malli-Mastan-Babu-Indias-mountain-man.html|title=Malli Mastan Babu: India's mountain man|last=Bag|first=Shamik|date=2015-09-20|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:IIM Calcutta alumni}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni|*]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|Alumni]]
[[Category:Lists of people by university or college in India]]
[[Category:Kolkata-related lists]]

List of international prime ministerial trips made by P. V. Narasimha Rao

2026-01-07T16:20:21Z

Aoufa: Made New Bio W/ Sources.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
This is a '''list of international prime ministerial trips''' made by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] during his tenure as the [[Prime Minister of India]] from June 1991 and May 1996. The first overseas visit was to Germany in September 1991.

==Summary of international trips==
{{Further|Foreign relations of India}}

In his five-year long tenure as the Prime Minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao made 32 international trips, visiting 39 countries, including visits to the United States to attend the United Nations General Assembly.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao's visits by country
|-
!Number of visits
!Country
|-
|1 visit (34)
|[[Argentina]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Brazil]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Colombia]], [[Denmark]], [[Egypt]], [[Ghana]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Mauritius]], [[Nepal]], [[Oman]], [[Portugal]], [[Russia]], [[Senegal]], [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tunisia]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Thailand]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Venezuela]], [[Vietnam]], [[Zimbabwe]]
|-
|2 visits (3)
|[[China]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]]
|-
|3 visits (2)
|[[France]], [[United States]]
|}

==1991==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|-
!
!Country<ref name="Narayanan Kutty">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan Kutty |first1=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India's Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/isq/sqae144 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!1
|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Bonn]]
|September 1991
|
|<ref name="1991-92">{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/?2520?000|title=Annual Reports Prior to 1999 : Annual Report 1991-92|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416181022/https://mealib.nic.in/?2520%3F000|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!2
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Harare]]
|October 1991
|[[1991 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]
|<ref name="1991-92"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|{{flag|France}}
|
|November 1991
|
|<ref name="1991-92"/>
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela|1954}}
|[[Caracas]]
|November 1991
|[[Group of 15|2nd G15 summit]]
|<ref name="1991-92"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!4
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Colombo]]
|December 1991
|[[List of SAARC summits|6th SAARC summit]]
|<ref name="1991-92"/>
|}

==1992==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|-
!
!Country<ref name="Narayanan Kutty">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan Kutty |first1=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India's Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/isq/sqae144 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!5
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[New York City]]
|January 1992
|UN Security Council meeting
|Met with President [[George H. W. Bush]] during a [[United Nations Security Council]] summit in New York City.<ref name="1991-92"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!6
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|[[Davos]]
|2 February 1992
|
|<ref name="1991-92"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!7
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|March 1992
|Chief guest on the occasion Mauritius proclaiming itself a republic
|<ref name="1991-92"/><ref name="1992-93">{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/?2521?000|title=Annual Reports Prior to 1999 : Annual Report 1992-93|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119044950/https://mealib.nic.in/?2521%3F000|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|8
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|3–14 June 1992
|[[Earth Summit]]
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Madrid]]
|14 June 1992
|Transit visit
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|[[Lisbon]]
|15 June 1992
|Transit visit
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!9
|{{flag|Japan|1870}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|22–26 June 1992
|
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!10
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Jakarta]]
|September 1992
|[[10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|10th NAM summit]]
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!11
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Paris]]
|28–30 September 1992
|
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!12
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|[[Kathmandu]]
|19–21 October 1992
|
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|13
|{{flag|Tunisia|1959}}
|[[Tunis]]
|20 November 1992
|
|On his way to Dakar to attend G-15 Summit, Rao stopped in Tunis on 20 November.<ref name="1992-93" />
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|[[Dakar]]
|21–23 November 1992
|[[Group of 15|3rd G-15 summit]]
|<ref name="1992-93" />
|}

==1993==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|-
!
!Country<ref name="Narayanan Kutty">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan Kutty |first1=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India's Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/isq/sqae144 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!rowspan="2"|14
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Dhaka]]
|10–11 April 1993
|[[List of SAARC summits|7th SAARC summit]]
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|[[Bangkok]]
|April 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94">{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/?2522?000|title=Annual Reports Prior to 1999 : Annual Report 1993-94|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=2015-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503124115/http://mealib.nic.in/?2522%3F000|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|15
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|
|23–25 May 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|
|25–26 May 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!16
|{{flag|Oman|1970}}
|[[Muscat]]
|June 1993
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indemb-oman.org/inner.aspx?type=Menu&id=26 |title=Indian Embassy Oman-Trade & Investment |access-date=2017-03-29 |archive-date=2016-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152248/http://www.indemb-oman.org/inner.aspx?type=Menu&id=26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1994-95">{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/?2522?000|title=Annual Reports Prior to 1999 : Annual Report 1993-94|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=2015-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503124115/http://mealib.nic.in/?2522%3F000|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!17
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|
|21–22 August 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|18
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|[[Seoul]]
|9–11 September 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|[[Beijing]]
|September 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!19
|{{flag|Iran|}}
|[[Tehran]]
|20–23 September 1993
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|}

==1994==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|-
!
!Country<ref name="Narayanan Kutty">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan Kutty |first1=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India's Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/isq/sqae144 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!rowspan="2"|20
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|[[Davos]]
|1 February 1994
|[[World Economic Forum]]
|<ref name="1993-94"/>
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|
|2–5 February 1994
|
|<ref name="1993-94"/><ref name="1994-95"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!21
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|
|13–16 March 1994
|
|<ref name="1994-95"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!22
|{{flag|United States}}
|
|14–20 May 1994
|
|<ref name="1994-95"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!23
|{{flag|China}}
|
|June 1994
|Inauguration of the Festival of India in China
|<ref name="1994-95" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!24
|{{flag|Russia}}
|
|29 June–2 July 1994
|
|<ref name="1994-95" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|25
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|
|September 1994
|
|<ref name="1994-95" />
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|
|September 1994
|
|<ref name="1994-95" />
|}

==1995==
{|style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto" class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|-
!
!Country<ref name="Narayanan Kutty">{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan Kutty |first1=Sumitha |last2=Ladwig III |first2=Walter C. |date=March 2025 |title=Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India's Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/isq/sqae144 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
!Areas visited
!Date(s)
!Purpose
!Notes
|-
!26
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Copenhagen]]
|8–11 March 1995
|[[Commission for Social Development|World Summit for Social Development]] and State visit
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!27
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|[[Malé]]
|April 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96">{{cite web|url=http://mealib.nic.in/?2524?000|title=Annual Reports Prior to 1999 : Annual Report 1995-96|access-date=2022-02-20|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420141851/https://mealib.nic.in/?2524%3F000|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!28
|{{flag|France}}
|
|11–14 June 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96"/>
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!29
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|
|August 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="2"|30
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|
|19–21 September 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|
|21–23 September 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|31
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|
|15–16 October 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|[[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]
|16–20 October 1995
|[[Non-Aligned Movement|11th NAM summit]]
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[New York City]]
|October 1995
|[[United Nations General Assembly]]
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
!colspan="6"|
|-
!rowspan="3"|32
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Buenos Aires]]
|5–7 November 1995
|[[Group of 15|5th G15 summit]]
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|
|November 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|
|November 1995
|
|<ref name="1995-96" />
|}

==See also==
* [[List of international trips made by prime ministers of India]]
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mea.gov.in/outgoing-visits.htm?2/outgoing_visits Outgoing Visits] – by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
* [https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/69/1/sqae144/7921924 Nonresident Prime Ministers? Measuring India's Foreign Policy Orientation via Leadership Travel] by Sumitha Narayanan Kutty and Walter C. Ladwig III

{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, P. V. Narasimha}}
[[Category:Rao administration]]
[[Category:Indian prime ministerial visits]]
[[Category:Lists of diplomatic visits by heads of government]]
[[Category:20th century in international relations]]

Ice Skating Association of India

2026-01-06T01:24:01Z

Aoufa: updated citations per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian national sports governing body}}
{{independent sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Ice Skating Association of India
|abbrev = ISAI
|logo = Ice Skating India Logo.png
|logosize =
|sport = [[Ice skating]]
|category = [[Figure skating]], [[synchronized skating]], [[speed skating]], and [[short track speed skating]]
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|membership = 23 state/UT associations 4 skating clubs<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Members |url=http://www.iceskatingindia.net/list-of-members/ |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=22 July 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2002|03}}
|aff = [[International Skating Union]]
|affdate = 2003<ref>{{cite web |title=Ice Skating Association of India |url=https://www.isu.org/member-federations/161-ice-skating-association-of-india |website=ISU |access-date=22 July 2018 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|region = [[Asian Skating Union]]
|regionyear =
|headquarters = 7/19, Ansari Road, [[Daryaganj]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=http://www.iceskatingindia.net/contact-us/ |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003623/http://www.iceskatingindia.net/contact-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|president = Amitabh Sharma
|vicepresident = S.C . Narang Bhavnesh Banga Shabir Ahmad Wani
|secretary = Jagraj Singh Sahney<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=http://www.iceskatingindia.net/executive-council/ |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217211454/http://www.iceskatingindia.net/executive-council/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|key staff =
|operating income =
|sponsor =
|url = https://www.iceskatingindia.in/
|countryflag = IND
|more =
}}
The '''Ice Skating Association of India (ISAI)''' is the national [[sport governing body|governing body]] for competitive [[ice skating]] disciplines, including [[figure skating]], [[synchronized skating]], [[speed skating]], and [[short track speed skating]] in India. The ISAI is affiliated to the [[International Skating Union]], and the [[Asian Skating Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership/Affiliation |url=http://www.iceskatingindia.net/membershipaffiliation/ |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034101/http://www.iceskatingindia.net/membershipaffiliation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The Ice Skating Association of India was registered with the Registrar of Societies in March 2002 based on the advice of [[Randhir Singh (sport shooter)|Randhir Singh]], Secretary General of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) and then IOA President [[Suresh Kalmadi]]. Prior to the establishment of the ISAI, the sport was governed by the Winter Games Federation of India as it was a [[winter sport]]. The IOA felt that the creation of a separate national federation would help encourage the growth of the sport in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.iceskatingindia.net/about/ |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902225946/http://www.iceskatingindia.net/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Competitions==
* [[Indian Figure Skating Championships]]

==Rinks==
The ISAI operates 4 indoor and 5 outdoor ice rinks in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ice Rinks |url=http://www.iceskatingindia.net/ice-rinks/ |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003620/http://www.iceskatingindia.net/ice-rinks/ |archive-date=23 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ice Rinks |url=https://iceskatingindia.in/servlet/General?id=12&cid=1&title=Ice%20Rinks |website=Ice Skating Association of India |access-date=11 March 2023 }}</ref>

===Indoor===
====All weather====
* Himadri Ice Rink, [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand
* iSkate, [[Ambience Mall Gurgaon|Ambience Mall, Gurgaon]], Haryana

====Minor====
* Ice Rink, [[EsselWorld]], [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
* Lulu Ice Skating Rink, [[Kochi]], Kerala

===Outdoor===
* Shimla Ice Skating Rink, [[Shimla]], Himachal Pradesh
* Ice Rink, [[Gulmarg]], Jammu and Kashmir
* Ice Rink, [[Leh]], Ladakh
* Ice Rink, [[Kargil]], Ladakh
* Ice Rink, [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]], Himachal Pradesh

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.iceskatingindia.in/index.html Ice Skating Association of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805224131/https://www.iceskatingindia.in/index.html |date=5 August 2023 }}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}

[[Category:Ice skating in India]]
[[Category:National governing bodies for ice skating]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2002]]
[[Category:National members of the International Skating Union]]

{{Sport-org-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

Sabrina Dhawan

2025-12-31T07:43:05Z

Aoufa: created initial details initial version

{{short description|Indian screenwriter and producer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sabrina Dhawan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sabrina Dhawan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = London, England
| genre =
| subject = Indian family life, women screenwriters, Indian film
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Steve Cohen|2006|2012}}
| imagesize = 317px
| yearsactive = 2000–present
}}
'''Sabrina Dhawan''' is an Indian screenwriter and producer, born in [[England]] and raised in [[Delhi, India|Delhi]], India.

Dhawan is a Professor and the area head of screenwriting at the [[Tisch School of the Arts]], [[New York University]]. She has been commissioned to write for many large companies including [[Disney Channel|Disney]], [[HBO]], [[ABC Family Worldwide|ABC Family]] and [[20th Century Fox]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = https://tisch.nyu.edu/about/directory/dramatic-writing/109238575|title = Sabrina Dhawan|website = tisch.nyu.edu|access-date = 2016-03-09}}</ref> She has taught at filmmaking labs all over the world.

Dhawan is most well known for her writing credits on various feature-length films, as well as some producing and directing work on her own independent short films. She works a great deal within Indian and [[Bollywood]] cinema. ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'', a 2001 film directed by [[Mira Nair]], is one of her earliest and most well known works, launching her screenwriting career.

Dhawan has a brief acting cameo in ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' as a wedding guest.

== Early life ==
Dhawan was born in England and raised in Delhi. Dhawan attended both the [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]] as well as [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School]] for her elementary education. She then went on to [[Hindu College, University of Delhi|Hindu College]] to obtain her [[Bachelor of Arts]] and to [[Leicester University]], U.K. for a [[Master of Arts|Masters of Arts]] in Communications Research.<ref>Dhawan, S. (2016, March). Getting to Know Sabrina Dhawan [E-mail interview].</ref> Dhawan then moved to [[New York City]], where she graduated from [[Columbia University]]'s Graduate Film Program in 2001 with a [[Master of Fine Arts|Masters of Fine Arts]] in Film.<ref name=":1" />

Her student short film, ''(Saanjh) As Night Falls,'' which she made during the last years of her MFA, has been successful since its release in 2000.

== Career ==
Graduating from Columbia in 2001, the same year as the release of ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'', Dhawan's career was almost immediate. In fact, Dhawan wrote the first draft of the screenplay while she was still in school - it only took her about a week.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Mercy in her eyes: the films of Mira Nair|last = Muir|first = John Kenneth|publisher = Hal Leonard Corporation|year = 2006|pages = 166–7}}</ref> Fusing [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[English language|English]], Dhawan wrote the multi-lingual script for ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Atreyee and Neha Raheja Thakker|date=April 2011|title=Prostitution, pee-ing, percussion, and possibilities: Contemporary women documentary film-makers and the city in South Asia.|journal=South Asian Popular Culture|volume=9|pages=29–42|doi=10.1080/14746689.2011.553886|s2cid=13290707|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/prostitution-peeing-percussion-and-possibilities-contemporary-women-documentary-filmmakers-and-the-city-in-south-asia(32804100-1ee5-4e89-ac13-91157423f964).html}}</ref> The film was premiered in the [[Marché du Film]] section of the 2001 [[Cannes Film Festival]] and was nominated for various awards, including a [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]].

After their pairing on ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'', Dhawan and [[Mira Nair|Nair]] formed a brief partnership in which Dhawan worked as Nair's assistant at Columbia sometime in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boltin|first=Kylie|date=2002|title=Mira Nair's New Film Monsoon Wedding: A Discussion Of|journal=Metro}}</ref> She also wrote the segment "India" (directed by Nair) in ''[[11'09"01 September 11]]'', a series of short films for [[StudioCanal|Canal Plus]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/books/sabrina-dhawan/article5363736.ece|title = Sabrina Dhawan|date = 2013-12-02|newspaper = The Hindu|language = en-IN|issn = 0971-751X|access-date = 2016-03-09|archive-date = 16 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216060827/http://www.thehindu.com/books/sabrina-dhawan/article5363736.ece|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Dhawan's short film ''(Saanjh) As Night Falls'' was awarded the Best of the Festival at the [[Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films]]. It also received the Audience Award at Angelus Awards; and was voted "Most Original Film," by [[New Line Cinema]] at the [[Polo Ralph Lauren]] New Works Festival in 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url = http://arts.columbia.edu/film/sabrina-dhawan|title = Sabrina Dhawan|website = arts.columbia.edu|access-date = 2016-03-09|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310030549/http://arts.columbia.edu/film/sabrina-dhawan|archive-date = 10 March 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2009, Dhawan acted as [[Television producer|co-producer]] for the first three episodes of a TV Series titled ''[[Bollywood Hero]]''.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

In 2016, Dhawan co-wrote the film ''Rangoon'', with Vishal Bharadwaj and Matthew Robbins.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

Dhawan worked with Mira Nair to create a stage adaptation of ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' which ran at the [[Berkeley Repertory Theatre|Berkeley Repertory Theater]] in California in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weinert-Kendt |first=Rob |date=2017-05-03 |title='Monsoon Wedding' Lifted Moods Onscreen. How About Onstage? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/03/theater/monsoon-wedding-lifted-moods-onscreen-how-about-onstage.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2006, Dhawan married Steve Cohen, who wrote the screenplay for ''[[The Bachelor (1999 film)|The Bachelor]]'' (1999) starring [[Chris O'Donnell]] and [[Renée Zellweger]]. Cohen died on 29 September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/democratandchronicle/obituary.aspx?n=steven-l-cohen&pid=160267767|title = Steven L. Cohen's Obituary on Rochester Democrat And Chronicle|website = Rochester Democrat And Chronicle|access-date = 2016-03-09}}</ref>

{{as of|2016}} Dhawan was living in [[New York City]] with their son, Kabir.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Genre
|-
|2000
|''(Saanjh) As Night Falls''
|Writer/Director
|Fiction Short
|-
|2001
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|Writer
|Fiction (Film)
|-
|2002
|''[[11'09"01 September 11]]'' ("India")
|Writer
|Fiction Short
|-
|2003
|''[[Cosmopolitan (film)|Cosmopolitan]]''
|Writer
|Fiction (TV)
|-
|2004
|''Independent Lens''
|Writer (2 episodes)
|TV documentary
|-
|2009
|''[[Kaminey]]''
|Writer
|Fiction (Film)
|-
|2010
|''[[Ishqiya]]''
|Writer
|Fiction (Film)
|-
|2011
|''Bollywood: The Greatest Love Story Ever Told''
|Writer
|Documentary
|-
|2013
|''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]''
|Script Consultant
|Fiction
|-
|2016
|''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]''
|Writer
|Fiction (Film)
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Festival/Institution
!Award
!Film
!Result
|-
|2000
|[[Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films|Palm Spring International Festival of Short Films]]
|Best of the Festival
|(''Saanjh) As Night Falls''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2001
|[[Venice Film Festival]]
|Golden Lion
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2002
|[[Venice Film Festival]]
|Best Short Film
|''[[11'09"01 September 11]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2002
|[[Venice Film Festival]]
|UNESCO Award
|''[[11'09"01 September 11]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2002
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Special Award for International Cinema
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2002
|[[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]]
|Best Foreign Language Film
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2002
|[[BAFTA Awards]]
|Best Film Not in the English Language
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2002
|Awards Circuit Community Awards
|Best Foreign Language Film
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2002
|[[British Independent Film Awards]]
|Best Foreign Independent Film - Foreign Language
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2003
|[[Satellite Awards|Golden Satellite Awards]]
|Best Motion Picture, Foreign Language
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2003
|[[César Award]]s (France)
|Best European Union Film
|''[[11'09"01 September 11]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2003
|[[National Board of Review]] (US)
|Freedom of Expression Award
|''[[11'09"01 September 11]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2004
|Director's View Film Festival
|Feature Documentary
|''Independent Lens''<ref>{{Citation|title=Independent Lens|date=1999-08-09|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0486531/awards?ref_=tt_awd|access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref>
|{{Won}}
|-
|2004
|[[San Diego Film Festival]]
|Best Short Film
|''Independent Lens''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2004
|Toronto ReelWorld Film Festival
|Best International Short Film
|''Independent Lens''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2010
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Film
|''[[Kaminey]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2010
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|Best Picture
|''[[Kaminey]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2011
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|Best Screenplay
|''[[Ishqiya]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2011
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|Best Dialogue
|''[[Ishqiya]]''
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0223526}}
* https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0486531/awards?ref_=tt_awd

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Sabrina}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tisch School of the Arts faculty]]
[[Category:English emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Columbia University School of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Delhi]]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura

2025-12-02T08:20:23Z

Aoufa: created basic data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Stadium in Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, India}}
{{About|the stadium in Navrangpura|the former stadium in Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|the current stadium in Motera|Narendra Modi Stadium|other uses|Sardar Patel Stadium (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Sardar Vallabhai Patel Stadium
| nickname = Sports Club of Gujarat Stadium
| image = Navrangpura Stadium 2.jpg
| caption = Navrangpura Stadium
| country = India
| location = [[Navrangpura]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| establishment = 1960
| seating_capacity = 50,000
| owner = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Gujarat Cricket Association]]
|architect = [[Charles Correa]]
| tenants = [[Gujarat cricket team]] [[Government of Gujarat]]
| end1 = Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation End
| end2 = Azhar Altaf Pavilion End
| international = true
| onlyodidate = 25 November
| onlyodiyear = 1981
| onlyodihome = India
| onlyodiaway = England
| firstwtestdate = 3–5 February
| firstwtestyear = 1984
| firstwtesthome = India
| firstwtestaway = Australia
| lastwtestdate = 23–25 February
| lastwtestyear = 1985
| lastwtesthome = India
| lastwtestaway = New Zealand
| date = 8 December
| year = 2019
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/57852.html ESPNcricinfo profile
}}
'''Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium''' or '''SVP Stadium''' for short, sometimes referred as ''Sports Club of Gujarat Stadium''; is an Indian sports [[stadium]] located in the [[Navrangpura]] district of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India. The stadium hosted the first [[One Day International]] match played in India. It is owned by [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]. It is mainly used for [[cricket]], but it has also played host to a number of events arranged by the [[Government of Gujarat]].

==History==
[[File:Navrangpura Stadium1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sardar Patel Stadium in Navrangpura, Ahmedabad]]
In the early 1950s, the province of Bombay gifted {{convert|80,000|sqyd|order=flip}} of land to the Cricket Club of Ahmedabad (CCA) to construct a cricket stadium and a clubhouse. CCA handed over the project as well as the land to the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC) at a token price. It was agreed to have separate management for the Stadium and the Club House and that the original members of the CCA would form a new club, christened The Sports Club of Gujarat Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GlORIOUS PAST – Sports Club |url=http://www.sportsclub-gujarat.com/glorious-past/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121152546/http://www.sportsclub-gujarat.com/glorious-past/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sheth Chinubhai Chimanbhai, a leading industrialist and then Mayor of Ahmedabad, hired architect [[Charles Correa]] to design both the stadium and the clubhouse. The early idea for the construction of the stadium was conceived and structural engineer Mahendra Raj served as the consulting engineer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2023-10-08 |title=Know Your City: Built by Charles Correa, Ahmedabad's iconic Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium boasts of many firsts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/know-your-city-built-charles-correa-iconic-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadium-boasts-firsts-8973281/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The construction of the SVP stadium began in 1959. Due to financial issues, the stadium was partially completed in 1966 with only a roof-covered south pavilion. Later the stands around the entire stadium were built by the 1980s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Tushar |date=2023-09-23 |title=Though Many Matches Were Played In The City, It Lacked A Good Stadium; As A Result The AMC In 1960-61 Planned To Built Its Own Stadium In Navrangpura |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/1st-ever-odi-in-india-hosted-at-sp-stadium/81863136.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2024}}</ref>

=== Cricket ===
The stadium hosted its only [[One Day International]] (ODI) match and first played in [[India]] on 25 November 1981.<ref name=":2" /> The match was played between [[Indian cricket team|India]] and [[England cricket team|England]]. The match was reduced to 46 overs. India scored 156 for 7. [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] top scored with 46 runs. England replied with 160 for 5 and won the match by five wickets and 13 balls to spare. [[Mike Gatting]] and [[Ian Botham]] were unbeaten on 47 and 25 respectively.<ref name="scorecard">{{cite web|title=Scorecard|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/engine/match/64180.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Once [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Motera stadium]] came up in [[Motera]] in 1982, the stadium has not been used for international cricket matches. The Motera Stadium now hosts all ODI matches and [[Test Cricket|Test matches]] in the city. The Motera stadium was rebuilt in 2020 and renamed [[Narendra Modi Stadium]].<ref name="S">{{Cite web |title=Modern Marvel: World's largest stadium |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nMqdtV9QTro&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjy1OP1sYKBAxVDON4KHWnlCWIQtwJ6BAgKEAE&usg=AOvVaw1lZ1vkMULw9vtqp0Q_xO9l |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005124506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=nMqdtV9QTro&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjy1OP1sYKBAxVDON4KHWnlCWIQtwJ6BAgKEAE&usg=AOvVaw1lZ1vkMULw9vtqp0Q_xO9l |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=YouTube |publisher=[[History TV18]]}}</ref>

==== Indian Cricket League ====
During 2008 season of [[Indian Cricket League]] (ICL), the stadium was chosen as one of the venues for the tournament, other venues being Hyderabad, Gurgaon and Panchkula. Prior to the tournament, the ICL spent {{INR}}100 million ({{INR}}10 crore) for renovation of the stadium and {{INR}}30-40 million for floodlights, apart from improving the pitch, outfield, and dressing rooms.

The stadium hosted 12 matches during the T20 tournament. The stadium was scheduled to host all seven matches of ICL World Series, but the tournament was canceled after four matches due to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai terrorist attacks]].

=== Recreational use ===
[[File:SP Stadium Swarnim Gujarat.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Thousands of spectators attended the Swarnim Gujarat celebrations]]
The stadium is a popular place for recreational use including hosting political and religious events as well as concerts.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The stadium hosted the Swarnim Gujarat Fest, the golden jubilee celebrations of the foundation of Gujarat, on 30 April and 1 May 2010. The stadium was renovated at the cost of {{INRconvert|5|c}}. The event was attended by thousands.<ref name="swarnimgujarat">{{cite web|title=Navrangpura stadium gets Rs 5 cr facelift|url=http://www.swarnimgujarat.org/user/frmForumComment.aspx?enc=JPTwkwdmEoliojXxV9up5ZGPWtUdsjgVX/+iqxZBEmjv/ipeM3PZTXxGDgFOmI7Z|publisher=swarnimgujarat.org}}</ref><ref name="TOI SG">{{cite web|title=Gujarat turns 50 in style|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-turns-50-in-style/articleshow/5882277.cms|date=2 May 2010|newspaper=The Times of India | location=Ahmedabad Edition|access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=50,000 Spectators & VIPs Attend Swarnim Guajarat|url=http://www.indianewstime.com/swarnim-gujarat-celebration-may-trouble-people-50000-spectators-vips-attend-r27885.htm|publisher=India News Time}}</ref>

The seating arena was closed in 2020 and was opened for the 11th edition of [[Khel Mahakumbh|Khel Mahakhumb]], state level multi-sports tournament in March 2022, after repairs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Restoration proposal ===
In July 2020, the [[Getty Foundation]] announced that SVP Stadium was one of 13 significant twentieth-century buildings in the world and announced a grant. In 2022, [[World Monuments Fund]] (WMF) and National Centre for Safety of Heritage Structures, Department of Civil Engineering at [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] submitted the Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan for the stadium to AMC in March 2023. The stadium was also included in the 2020 World Monuments Watch. The repair and restoration is estimated to cost {{INRconvert|50|c}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Plans to Demolish Iconic Sardar Patel Stadium: Report |url=https://thewire.in/government/amc-plans-to-demolish-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadium-report-says |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium |url=https://www.wmf.org/project/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadium |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=World Monuments Fund |language=en}}</ref>

There were reports of its demolition proposal to make space for a new stadium under the master plan for Gujarat's [[Bids for the 2036 Summer Olympics|bid for the 2036 Summer Olympics]]. Another proposal was to retain the stadium and build additional sports facilities for the Olympics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=CricTracker |date=2023-08-25 |title=Uncertainty looms over fate of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium amid Ahmedabad's 2036 Olympic aspirations |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/uncertainty-looms-over-fate-of-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadium-amid-ahmedabads-2036-olympic-aspirations/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=As Ahmedabad Preps For Olympics 2036, AMC in a Quandary About SVP Stadium's Fate |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/as-ahmedabad-preps-for-olympics-2036-amc-in-quandary-about-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-stadiums-fate-article-103049047 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amin |first=Neha |date=2023-09-23 |title=Ahmedabad's Iconic Venue Sardar Patel Stadium Faces The Wrecking Ball To Make Way For Olympic-Standard Facility |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/end-of-an-era/81863126.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The stadium is spread over an area of 67,000 square metres. It used a complex folded plate structural system, the first such building in India. The folded plate cantilever roof above the pavilion was 20 m wide and 326 feet long. It was made of reinforced cement concrete and was the longest such span in the world in 1963. The exterior has geometric concrete frames which creates open space below the seats for the spectators.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-25 |title=Ahmedabad: To revamp or raze, that's the only question for SVP stadium |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/to-revamp-or-raze-thats-the-oly-question-for-svp-stadium/articleshow/103038113.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The stadium has a [[seating capacity]] of 40,000 to 50,000 spectators.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.sportsclub-gujarat.com/eliteclub/elite-pg2.html sportsclub]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

It is equipped with floodlights for day-and-night games.

== Home ground ==
The stadium is one of the home grounds of the [[Gujarat cricket team]] that plays in the domestic tournament of [[Ranji Trophy]]. It is a regular venue during the Indian domestic cricket season.

==See also==
*[[Narendra Modi Stadium]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57852.html ESPNcricinfo Website - Ground Page]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/876.html cricketarchive Website - Ground Page]
* [http://cricruns.com/venue/Sardar-Patel-Stadium Cricruns.com - Ground Details]
* [http://www.sportsclub-gujarat.com/index.html Sports Club of Gujarat Ltd. - Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420113213/http://www.sportsclub-gujarat.com/index.html |date=20 April 2010 }}

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

{{coord|23.0422|72.5644|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Charles Correa buildings]]
[[Category:Indian Cricket League stadiums]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

GSAT-7

2025-11-23T11:00:30Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Indian Navy communications satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = GSAT-7
| image =
| image_caption =
| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communication]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| website =
| COSPAR_ID = 2013-044B
| SATCAT = 39234
| mission_duration = Planned: 7 years Elapsed: {{time interval|29 August 2013|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-2K]]
| manufacturer = ISRO [[Space Applications Centre]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|2650|kg}}
| power = 3 kilowatts
| launch_date = {{start-date|29 August 2013, 20:30|timezone=yes}} UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 5|Ariane 5ECA]]
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] [[ELA-3]]
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]
| entered_service =
| disposal_type =
| deactivated = 
| orbit_epoch = 7 November 2013, 23:12:49 UTC<ref name="heavens-above">{{cite web|url=http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39234|title=GSAT 7 - Orbit|first=Chris|last=Peat|work=Heavens Above|date=7 November 2013|access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35779|km|mi}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35806|km|mi}}
| orbit_inclination = 0.06 degrees
| orbit_period = 23.93 hours
| orbit_longitude = 74° East
| orbit_slot =
| apsis = gee
| trans_band = UHF C-band Ku-band
| trans_frequency =
| trans_bandwidth =
| trans_capacity =
| trans_coverage =
| trans_TWTA =
| trans_EIRP =
| trans_HPBW =
| programme = [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[INSAT-4E]]
| next_mission = [[INSAT-4G]]
| programme2 = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission2 = [[GSAT-7R]]
| next_mission2 = [[GSAT-8]]
}}

'''GSAT-7''' or '''INSAT-4F''' is a multi-band military communications satellite developed by [[ISRO]]. The [[Indian Navy]] is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013. According to defense experts, the satellite will enable the navy to extend its blue water capabilities and stop relying on foreign satellites like [[Inmarsat]], which provide communication services to its ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1833 |title=Defence News - Indian 'military' satellite put into Earth's orbit |access-date=2013-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130904180311/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1833 |archive-date=2013-09-04 }}

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/india/41617825_1_advanced-communication-satellite-gslv-gsat-7 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901092046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/india/41617825_1_advanced-communication-satellite-gslv-gsat-7 |date=2013-09-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/18insat.htm?mh|title=INSAT-4 series satellite launches|work=rediff.com|access-date=2012-04-12}}</ref>

==Satellite==
GSAT-7, the multi-band communication satellite named ''Rukmini''<ref>{{cite news |title= GSAT-7 to boost India's military capabilities |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GSAT-7-to-boost-Indias-military-capabilities/articleshow/22158766.cms |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 30 August 2013 |access-date= 4 September 2013}}</ref> carries the payloads in [[UHF]], [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] and {{Ku band}}. It is the first dedicated military communication satellite (unlike earlier dual use satellites) built by ISRO that will provide services to the [[Indian Armed Forces]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/315652/first-naval-satellite-may-launched.html | title=First naval satellite may be launched this year | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=March 1, 2013 | access-date=March 13, 2013}}</ref> with the main user being the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aame.in/2012/07/gsat-7-insat-4f-india-military.html | title=GSAT-7 [INSAT-4F] - India's military communication satellite [Indian Navy] | date=July 23, 2012 | access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> Its procured launch cost has been put at [[Indian rupee|₹]]480 [[crore]], with the satellite costing ₹185 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-05|title=What is GSAT-7 Rukmini?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/india-rukmini-gsat-7-satellite-china-indian-ocean-region-sikkim-standoff-4736318/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Cost of whole project per [[Memorandum of Understanding]] with ISRO was [[Indian rupee|₹]]950 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Defence, Demands for Grants (2010-2011) |url=http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/15_Defence_6.pdf |quote=The cost of the Project as per Memorandum of Understanding signed with ISRO is Rs. 950 crores.}}</ref>

The multiple-band spacecraft will be used exclusively by the Navy to shore up secure, real-time communications among its warships, submarines, aircraft and land systems. GSAT-7/ INSAT-4F is said to significantly improve the country's naval operations around the world.

GSAT 7 satellite carrying payloads operating in UHF, S, C and Ku bands, had a lift-off mass of {{convert|2650|kg}} and is based on ISRO's {{convert|2000|kg}} class satellite bus I-2K with some new technological elements, including the antennae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-20|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF GSAT-7|url=http://www.isac.gov.in:80/communication/html/gsat-7.jsp|access-date=2021-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820031446/http://www.isac.gov.in:80/communication/html/gsat-7.jsp|archive-date=2017-08-20}}</ref> After a flight of almost 34 minutes, the satellite was injected into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) of {{convert|249|km|adj=on}} [[perigee]], {{convert|35929|km|adj=on}} [[apogee]] and an inclination of 3.5 degree with respect to the [[equator]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-first-defence-satellite-GSAT-7-launched-successfully/articleshow/22152778.cms|title=India's first defence satellite GSAT-7 launched successfully | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 August 2013 }}</ref>

ISRO launched a second satellite, [[GSAT-7A]] for [[Indian Air Force]] on 19 December 2018 on its [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV-F11).<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSLV-F11 successfully launches GSAT-7A|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186622|access-date=2021-11-13|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 16, 2018|title=12 Missions, 12 Months - ISRO's Mega Plan For 2018 Revealed. Details Here|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isro-missions-2018-12-launches-12-months-isros-mega-plan-for-2018-revealed-details-here-1838144|access-date=July 1, 2018|website=NDTV.com|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==Launch==
The satellite was launched early on 30 August 2013 atop an [[Ariane 5 ECA]] rocket from [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]], [[French Guiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Aug30_2013 |title=India's Advanced Communication Satellite GSAT-7 Launched Successfully |publisher=[[ISRO]] |date=2013-08-30 |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217204640/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Aug30_2013 |archive-date=2013-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

India's first dedicated military satellite was put into a geosynchronous orbit, about {{convert|36000|km}} above Earth, five days after it was launched after three orbit-raising manoeuvres from ISRO's [[Master Control Facility (ISRO)|Master Control Facility]] at [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title= India's first 'military' satellite GSAT-7 put into earth's orbit |url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-s-first-military-satellite-gsat-7-put-into-earth-s-orbit-414080 |publisher= [[NDTV]] |date= 4 September 2013 |access-date= 4 September 2013}}</ref> The 2.5-tonne spacecraft's antennae, including the ultra high frequency Helix antenna were deployed before it was stabilised on its three-axis in the orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indistannews.com/indian-military-satellite-put-into-earths-orbit/ |title=Indian 'military' satellite put into earth's orbit – Indistan News – National, Political and States News |publisher=Indistannews.com |access-date=2013-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054743/http://www.indistannews.com/indian-military-satellite-put-into-earths-orbit/ |archive-date=2013-09-21 }}</ref> All of the on-board transponders were switched on successfully on September 18, 2013<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Sep18_2013 | title=GSAT-7 Transponders Successfully Switched ON | publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation | date=September 18, 2013 | access-date=October 15, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142129/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Sep18_2013 | archive-date=October 17, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Capability==

Rukmini will provide networking capabilities to various Indian Naval assets. During the [[Exercise TROPEX#TROPEX 2014|2014 edition of Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]], Rukmini was able to provide a common network about 60 ships and 75 aircraft seamlessly. Rukmini has a nearly 2,000 nautical mile 'footprint' over the Indian Ocean Region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-Navy-joins-search-for-missing-Malaysian-plane-in-the-Malacca-Straits/articleshow/31855418.cms|title=Straits of Malacca: Indian Navy joins search for missing Malaysian plane in the Malacca Straits | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Replacement==
The [[Indian Navy]] placed an order for [[GSAT-7R]] on June 11, 2019. GSAT-7R is expected to eventually replace GSAT-7.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/navy-to-buy-rs-1589-crore-satellite-from-isro/articleshow/70283927.cms?from=mdr|title=Navy to buy Rs 1,589 crore satellite from ISRO|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2019-07-18|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Integrated_Space_Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]
* [[GSAT-7A]]
* [[GSAT]]
* [[Indian National Satellite System]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130902014754/http://www.isro.org/satellites/gsat-7.aspx ISRO GSAT-7]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/VA215-Eutelsat25B-EShail1-GSAT7-GB.pdf |title=Ariane-5 VA215 Mission Profile |publisher=[[Arianespace]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102115408/http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/VA215-Eutelsat25B-EShail1-GSAT7-GB.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-02 }}

{{GSAT Satellites}}
{{INSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2013}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:INSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Satellites orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 in India]]

Rising Pune Supergiants

2025-11-18T04:36:27Z

Aoufa: creating basic stub added tags

#REDIRECT [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]

{{R from move}}

List of Punjabi films of 1970

2025-11-09T21:41:49Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]] of 1970.

==List of films==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=10% | Title !! width=10% |Director !!width=30% | Cast !! width=10% |Genre !! width=30% |Notes
|-
|''[[Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar]]''<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT267 |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 |pages=267–}}</ref>||Dara Singh ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Balraj Sahni, Dara Singh, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Som Dutt, Meena Rai, Achala Sachdev, Ram Mohan, Mumtaz Begum ||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] ||[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213108/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1/ IMDb]
|-
|''[[Kankan De Ohle]]''||Om Bedi ||Dharmendra, Asha Parekh, Jeevan, Ravinder Kapoor, Indira, Uma Dutt, Mumtaz Begum, Anwar Hussain ||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] ||[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0302682/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1/ IMDb]
|-
|''[[Heer Ranjha (1970 film)|Heer Ranjha]]<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |author=Syeda Sheherbano Kazim |date=2 August 2015 |title=Mundwa Film Festival starts with ''Heer Ranjha (1970 film)'' screening |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1197917 |access-date=9 June 2022 |newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>'' ||Masud Pervez ||Firdous, [[Ejaz Durrani]], [[Zamurrad]], [[M. Ajmal|Ajmal]]||[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama]] ||This was a Golden Jubilee film of 1970 with music by [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]] and lyrics by [[Ahmad Rahi]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?title_type=feature&languages=pa&sort=moviemeter,asc&ref_=tt_dt_dt/ Punjabi films] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{1970 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 1970}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|1970]]
[[Category:Lists of 1970 films by language|Punjabi]]

Maharana Pratap Horticultural University

2025-09-28T04:17:36Z

Aoufa: Made Basic Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Agricultural university in Anjanthali, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maharana Pratap Horticultural University
| native_name = महाराणा प्रताप बागवानी विश्वविद्यालय
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 28 November 2016
| closed =
| type = [[Public universities|Public]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget = [[Indian rupee|INR]]
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Suresh K. Malhotra
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Karnal district]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|29.8350734|76.8784629|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Anjanthali]]
| former_names =
| free_label = Area
| free = 
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = MHU
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| website = {{official website|www.mhu.ac.in}}
| logo =
}}

'''Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal''' ('''MHU''') was established by the [[Government of Haryana]] at Anjanthali Village in [[Nilokheri]] sub-district of [[Karnal]] district of India.<ref name=uni1>[http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report-horticultural-sciences-varsity-in-karnal-to-be-named-after-2406519 Horticultural Sciences varsity in Karnal to be named after], [[Daily News & Analysis]], 18 Apr 2017.</ref><ref name=uni2>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-govt-has-disbursed-rs-2400-cr-compensation-to-farmers-manohar-lal-khattar-4721635/ Haryana govt has disbursed Rs 2400-cr compensation to farmers], [[Indian Express]], 25 Jun 2017.</ref> It is 21 km north of [[Karnal]] on [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]] leading to [[Ambala]].

== History ==
On 28 November 2016, the university came into existence via [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha]] legislature. On 18 April 2017, Chief Minister [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]'s administration renamed it after the [[Maharana Pratap]].<ref name=uni1/>

==Objective==
It was established for research and development of [[horticulture]].<ref name=uni4>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-s-first-horticulture-university-to-be-set-up-at-karnal-115100701257_1.html Haryana's first horticulture university to be set up at Karnal], Business Standard, 7 Oct 2015.</ref>

==Main Campus==
Main campus is in Anjanthali village in [[Nilokheri]] tehsil of Karnal after 97 acres land of [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|HAU]]'s Regional Research Station was transferred to the Horticulture university.<ref name=uni4/> University has "Regional Research Stations" at Ambala, Jind and Jhajjar.<ref name=uni4/>

==Regional research stations==

* Captain Pawan Kumar Extension campus, Jind: Captain Pawan Kumar Extension campus is at [[Badhana]] village in [[Jind district]] for which INR46 crore (460 million) was released in 2018.<ref name=capt1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/varsity---s-construction-to-start-soon-in-jind.html Varsity’s construction to start soon in Jind], The Pioneer, Oct 2018.</ref><ref name=nar1/>

* Regional Research Station, Ambala: It is located at [[Naraingarh]] in [[Ambala district]].<ref name=nar1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Haryana-to-get-third-science-city/articleshow/50963358.cms Haryana to get third science city], Times of India, 2016.</ref>

* Regional Research Station, Jhajjar: located at [[Jhajjar district]].<ref name=nar1/>

* RMRC Mushroom Research Center, Murthal in Sonepat

== Collaboration==

The university participates and collaborates with these initiatives.

===Cold chain===
University is establishing a regional [[cold chain]] centre in collaboration with [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=uni3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-to-set-up-cold-chain-with-uk-in-karnal/articleshow/61679627.cms Haryana to set up cold chain with United Kingdom in Karnal], [[The Times of India]], 16 Nov 2017.</ref>

===Fruits, Veg and Spice Markets===

* '''International Terminal Market for Fruits and Vegetables''' at near by [[Ganaur]] on [[Grand Trunk Road]] in [[Sonepat district]] is being established on 600 acres which will be larger than .<ref name=nar1/> Centre for excellence for horticulture are being established in [[List of districts of Haryana|each district of Haryana]],<ref name=each1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Ganaur-fruit-vegetable-terminus-to-start-in-next-2-yrs/articleshow/54700436.cms Ganaur fruit and vegetable terminus to start], Times of India, 2016.</ref> along with 340 horticulture villages.<ref name=track1>[http://demosl56.rvsolutions.in/ernet/website-158-new/en/governance-track-record Track record]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Govt is also promoting an agricultural produce brand called '''Haryana Fresh'''.<ref name=track1/>

* Domestic NCR Flower Market at Gurugram

* Spice Market at Sonepat

* Haryana State Honey Trade Centre (HS HTC) at IBDC (Integrated Beekeeping Development Centre), Ramnagar in Kurukshetra district

=== Centres of Excellence in Horticulture===
{{anchor | COE | CoE }}
{{see also | List of agricultural centres established by CCS HAU}}

As of March 2015, Haryana has 11 Centres of Excellent in Horticulture, 3 under construction, 3 newly announced, including the following.<ref name=budget2026>[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s386e78499eeb33fb9cac16b7555b50767/uploads/2025/03/20250317848367019.pdf Haryana 2025-2026 Budget], Govt of Haryana, accessed 20 March 2025.</ref> This leaves only Punchkula, Panipat, Faridabad, Rewari, Dadri, Jind, and Kaithal districts without any Horticulture CoE or State-level Horticulture Markets.

# [[Ambala district]]: Centre of Excellence for Litchi, announced in FY2025-26.
# [[Yamunanagar district]]: Centre of Excellence for strawberry, announced in FY2025-26.
# [[Karnal district]]: Centre of Excellence for Vegetables, [[Gharaunda]], established 7.01.2011.
# [[Karnal district]]: Potato Technology Centre, [[Shamgarh]], established 06.04.2016.
# [[Kurukshetra district]]: Centre for Subtropical Fruits, [[Ladwa]], established 06.04.2016.
# [[Kurukshetra district]]: Horticulture Integrated Bee Keeping, Ram Nagar, post office Chaduni Jattan, established 10.11.2017.
# [[Rohtak district]]: Hi-tech Greenhouse Seedling Centre, established 17.12.2013.
# [[Jhajjar district]]: Center of Excellence for Flowers, Munimpur, established 2022.
# [[Gurugram district]]: Hi-tech Greenhouse Seedling Centre, established 17.12.2013.
# [[Nuh district]]: Center of Excellence for Onions, [[Pinangwan]], established 2022.
# [[Palwal district]]: Integrated Horticulture Development, Centre, [[Hodal]], established 13.10.2018.
# [[Mahendergarh district]]: Integrated Horticulture Development Centre, Sundrah village on Ateli-Kanina road, established 01.09.2019.
# [[Bhiwani district]]: Centre of excellence for semi-arid horticulture, [[Gignaw]], established 2022.
# [[Hisar district]]: Multi Crops Demonstration Centre, [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]], established 2022.
# [[Hisar district]]: Date Palm and Guava Demonstration Centre, announced in FY2025-26.
# [[Fatehabad district]]: Guava Demonstration Centre at Government Garden Nursery on Uklana road, [[Bhuna]], established 27.10.2020.
# [[Sirsa district]]: Centre of Excellence for fruits (Citrus & Pomegranate), Mangiana, established 22.06.2013.

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Education in Asia}}

[[Category:Horticulture in India]]
[[Category:Horticultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Asia]]

Sudheer Varma (director)

2025-09-21T17:27:58Z

Aoufa: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sudheer Varma]]

Hari Nau

2025-08-13T21:43:03Z

Aoufa: adding post - done

{{Short description|Village in district Faridkot of Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hari Nau
| native_name = ਹਰੀ ਨੌਂ
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.4991699336285|N|74.79515796429281|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = Block
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151204
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kotkapura]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]|
}}
'''Hari Nau''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਹਰੀ ਨੌਂ) is a village located in [[Jaitu|Jaito]] tehsil of [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Nau · Punjab 151204, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hari+Nau,+Punjab+151204/@30.4984951,74.7889352,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39174f77c4865af1:0x5ce73c33187e6075!8m2!3d30.497897!4d74.7936828!16s/g/1tlk9s4f?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQyMC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Hari Nau · Punjab 151204, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the population census of 2011, the village has a population of 5711 of which 3034 are males while 2677 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Nau Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35462-hari-nau-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The geographical area of village is about 1691 Hectares/16.91 KM2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Nau (105) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/hari-nau-105-002420354620/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The Postal code of village is 151204.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: HARI NAU, FARIDKOT, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/FARIDKOT/H/HARI_NAU |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref> The nearest railway station is Romana Albel Singh, 4.56 km away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Nau {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Hari-Nau/zh4CGe5VPq |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+No. of Households - '''1075'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visualizations {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225204503/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |archive-date=2025-02-25 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=censusindia.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
!S. No.
!Indicators
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
!'''1'''
|Population
|5,711
|3,034
|2,677
|-
!'''2'''
|Child Population
|659
|366
|293
|-
!'''3'''
|Scheduled Castes
|2,059
|1,102
|957
|-
!'''4'''
|Scheduled Tribes
|0
|0
|0
|-
!'''5'''
|Literate
|3,429
|1,960
|1,469
|-
!'''6'''
|Illiterate
|2,282
|1,074
|1,208
|-
!'''7'''
|Workers
|1,886
|1,747
|139
|-
!'''8'''
|Non Workers
|3,825
|1,287
|2,538
|}

== References ==
<references />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Kashi Yatra

2025-07-22T22:13:52Z

Aoufa: adding a post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
[[File:India - Varanasi - 027 - pilgrims getting ready to cruise (2146282405).jpg|thumb|260x260px|Hindu pilgrims undertaking the Kashi Yatra.]]
{{Short description|Pilgrimage to the city of Kashi}}
{{for2|the Indian Institute of Technology festival|Kashiyatra|the 1973 Indian film|Kasi Yathirai}}
'''Kashi Yatra''' ({{Langx|sa|काशीयात्रा|lit=Pilgrimage to Kashi|translit=Kāśīyātrā}}) refers to the [[yatra]] (pilgrimage) to the city of Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-05-25 |title=Kashiyatra, Kāśīyātrā, Kashi-yatra: 2 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kashiyatra |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Regarded to be among the holiest of cities in Hinduism, pilgrims undertake a journey to this city due to the belief that it would allow them to achieve ''mukti'' (salvation). The significance of this pilgrimage is explained in the [[Skanda Purana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsuqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Panchkrosi+Parikarma+Jal+Tirth+Yatra+Shivayatan+Yatra+Antargrihi+Yatra+Gauri+Yatra+Durga+Devi+Yatra+Ekadasha+Maha+Rudra+Yatra+Navagraha+Yatra&pg=PT100 |title=Tourism and Religion: Issues and Implications |last2=Suntikul |first2=Wantanee |date=2018-01-30 |publisher=Channel View Publications |isbn=978-1-84541-647-8 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> Kashi is referred to as an important [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] (holy site) in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], with the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kashi Vishwanath]] temple of the city considered to be among the most sacred sites dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jk6oE4sh18C&dq=kashi+tirtha&pg=PA114 |title=India and Nepal: Sacred Centres and Anthropological Researches |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-081-8 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>

It also refers to a name of a ceremony during a [[Hindu wedding]]: A bridegroom expresses the desire to become an ascetic and undertake a pilgrimage to Kashi, carrying slippers, an umbrella, a bamboo fan, and other objects that may vary according to regional traditions. While he walks away from the [[wedding mandapa]], the bride's father persuades the bridegroom to return, and marry his daughter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratra |first=Amiteshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XV5iBV_pYm0C&dq=navagraha+yatra+kashi&pg=PA191 |title=Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario |date=2006 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-758-5 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Panchakroshi route near Varanasi.JPG|thumb|260x260px|The panchakroshi route near Varanasi.]]

==Circuits==
There are a number of routes or circuits that pilgrims may choose to undertake in the city within the Kashi Yatra:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bandarin |first1=Francesco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1YUBQAAQBAJ&dq=kashi+yatra+routes&pg=PA131 |title=Reconnecting the City: The Historic Urban Landscape Approach and the Future of Urban Heritage |last2=Oers |first2=Ron van |date=2014-12-15 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-38398-8 |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodson |first=Michael S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwNEAAAQBAJ&dq=kashi+yatra+route&pg=PT39 |title=Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories |date=2021-01-31 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-36564-1 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>
* Panchakroshi Yatra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Kapila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGHGDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchakroshi+parikrama&pg=PT339 |title=The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific |date=2019-12-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-94307-2 |pages=339 |language=en}}</ref>
* Jala Tirtha Yatra<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwMaBwAAQBAJ&dq=jala+tirtha+yatra&pg=PA230 |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City |date=2009-10-02 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1579-6 |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref>
* Shivayatan Yatra
* Antargrihi Yatra<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOR1hvfH8s8C&dq=antargrihi+yatra&pg=PA77 |title=The Sacred Complex of Kashi: A Microcosm of Indian Civilization |last2=Jha |first2=Makhan |last3=Saraswati |first3=Baidyanath |date=1979 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref>
* Gauri Yatra
* Durga Devi Yatra
* Ekadasha Maharudra Yatra
* Navagraha Yatra

==See also==
* [[Yatra#Famous_yatras|Famous Hindu yatras]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[Padayatra]]
* [[Ratha Yatra]]
* [[Yatra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://varanasi.nic.in/ District Varanasi Official Website] – Official website of [[Varanasi District]].

[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage routes]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Organised events in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Religion in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Culture of Varanasi]]

M. Shanmugaiah Pandian

2025-07-18T12:48:16Z

Aoufa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''M. Shanmugaiah Pandian''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Alangulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Alangulam constituency]] in [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf 1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>
==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Alangulam Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Alangulam Assembly constituency|1984}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, N. Shanmugaiah}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Ramanagara district

2025-07-04T03:03:36Z

Aoufa: Improved structure and clarity

#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru South district]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}