Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

ISO 3166

2026-05-08T23:39:24Z

Anymore6055: small updated structure based on references additionally and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Standard codes for geographical names}}
{{Distinguish-redirect|Geographic code|Address geocoding{{!}}Geographic coding}}{{Multiple issues|{{Third-party | date = March 2018}}
{{Single source | date = November 2024}}}}
'''ISO 3166''' is a standard published by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) that defines [[code]]s for the names of [[country|countries]], [[dependent territory|dependent territories]], special areas of geographical interest, and their principal [[administrative divisions|subdivisions]] (e.g., [[province]]s or [[state (administrative division)|states]]). The official name of the standard is '''''Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions'''''.

==Parts==
It consists of three parts:<ref name="iso-info">{{cite web| url=https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html| title=Country Codes - ISO 3166| publisher=International Organization for Standardization (ISO)}}</ref>
* '''[[ISO 3166-1]]''', ''Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country code'', defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. It defines three sets of [[country code]]s:
** [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] – two-letter country codes which are the most widely used of the three, and used most prominently for the [[Internet]]'s [[country code top-level domain]]s (with a few exceptions).
** [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3]] – three-letter country codes which allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the alpha-2 codes.
** [[ISO 3166-1 numeric]] – three-digit country codes which are identical to those developed and maintained by the [[United Nations Statistics Division]], with the advantage of script ([[writing system]]) independence, and hence useful for people or systems using non-[[Latin script]]s.
* '''[[ISO 3166-2]]''', ''Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 2: Country subdivision code'', defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, states, departments, regions) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
* '''[[ISO 3166-3]]''', ''Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 3: Code for formerly used names of countries'', defines codes for country names which have been deleted from ISO 3166-1 since its first publication in 1974.

==Editions==
The first edition of ISO 3166, which included only alphabetic country codes, was published in 1974. The second edition, published in 1981, also included numeric country codes, with the third and fourth editions published in 1988 and 1993 respectively. The fifth edition, published between 1997 and 1999, was expanded into three parts to include codes for subdivisions and former countries.<ref name="iso-info"/>

==ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency==
The ISO 3166 standard is maintained by the '''ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency''' ('''ISO 3166/MA'''), located at the ISO central office in [[Geneva]]. Originally it was located at the [[Deutsches Institut für Normung]] (DIN) in [[Berlin]]. Its principal tasks are:<ref name="iso-info"/>
* To add and to eliminate country names and to assign code elements to them;
* To publish lists of country names and code elements;
* To maintain a reference list of all country code elements and subdivision code elements used and their period of use;
* To issue newsletters announcing changes to the code tables;
* To advise users on the application of ISO 3166.

===Members===
There are fifteen experts with voting rights on the ISO 3166/MA.<ref name="iso-info"/> Nine are representatives of national [[standards organization]]s:

* [[Association française de normalisation]] (AFNOR){{snd}}France
* [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI){{snd}}United States
* [[British Standards Institution]] (BSI){{snd}}United Kingdom
* [[Deutsches Institut für Normung]] (DIN){{snd}}Germany
* [[Japanese Industrial Standards Committee]] (JISC){{snd}}Japan
* [[Standards Australia]] (SA){{snd}}Australia
* [[Kenya Bureau of Standards]] (KEBS){{snd}}Kenya
* [[Standardization Administration of China]] (SAC){{snd}}China
* [[Swedish Standards Institute]] (SIS){{snd}}Sweden

The other six are representatives of major [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations agencies]] or other [[international organization]]s who are all users of ISO 3166-1:

* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
* [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)
* [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN)
* [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU)
* [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] (UNECE)

The ISO 3166/MA has further associated members who do not participate in the votes but who, through their expertise, have significant influence on the decision-taking procedure in the maintenance agency.

==Codes beginning with "X"==
Country codes beginning with "X" are used for private custom use (reserved), never for official codes. Despite the words "private custom", the use may include other public standards. ISO affirms that no country code beginning with X will ever be standardised.{{efn|[[XK (user assigned code)|XK]] for [[Kosovo]] is a unilateral "user assigned code" and not an ISO 3166 standard country code.}} Examples of X codes include:

* The ISO 3166-based [[NATO]] [[List of NATO country codes|country codes]] ([[STANAG 1059]], 9th edition) use "X" codes for imaginary exercise countries ranging from XXB for "Brownland" to XXY for "Yellowland", as well as for major commands such as XXE for [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe|SHAPE]] or XXS for [[Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic|SACLANT]].
* [[ISO 4217#X currencies|X currencies defined in ISO 4217]].

==Current country codes==
{{Main|List of ISO 3166 country codes}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography}}

* {{Annotated link |International Organization for Standardization}}
**[[ISO standard]]s
**ISO 3166
*** {{Annotated link |ISO 3166-1}}
**** {{anli|ISO 3166-1 alpha-2}}
**** {{anli|ISO 3166-1 alpha-3}}
**** {{anli|ISO 3166-1 numeric}}
*** {{Annotated link |ISO 3166-2}}
*** {{Annotated link |ISO 3166-3}}
** {{Annotated link |List of ISO 3166 country codes}}
* {{Annotated link |Country code}}
** {{Annotated link |International vehicle registration code}}
* {{Annotated link |Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories}}
** {{Annotated link |Sovereign state}}
*** {{Annotated link |List of sovereign states}}
*** {{Annotated link |Associated state#States currently in a formal association|List of associated states}}
*** {{Annotated link |List of states with limited recognition|List of de facto states}}
** {{Annotated link |Dependent territory}}
* {{Annotated link |United Nations}}
** {{Annotated link |Member states of the United Nations}}
** {{Annotated link |United Nations list of non-self-governing territories}}

== Explanatory notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency], International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

{{ISO 3166}}
{{Geocoding-systems}}
{{ISO standards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:ISO 3166| ]]
[[Category:ISO standards|#03166]]
[[Category:1974 introductions]]
[[Category:1974 establishments]]
[[Category:Internationalization and localization]]

Venadu, Tada mandal

2026-05-06T23:45:20Z

Anymore6055: Added New Data

{{about|a village in Andhra Pradesh|the former kingdom in south India|Venad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Venadu
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Telugu, Tamil (spoken language).
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tada mandal|Tada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Venadu''' is an island village in [[Tada mandal]], [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is surrounded by [[Pulicat Lake]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Tada mandal |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=25 May 2015|pages=228, 240|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

{{coord|13|38|N|80|08|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Islands of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Chitvel mandal

2026-05-03T14:34:17Z

Anymore6055: made a entry!

{{disputed|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chitvel mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chitvel]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Chitvel mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].

== History ==
The mandal used to be a part of [[Annamayya district]] and was made part of the [[Tirupati district]] on 31 December 2025.<ref name="districts-20251231">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Devdas (1935 film)

2026-05-01T21:12:58Z

Anymore6055:

{{short description|1935 Bengali film by Pramathesh Barua}}
{{About||Bengali novel|Devdas|other uses|Devdas (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devdas
| image = P.C. Barua and Jamuna - Bengali version of Devdas (1935).jpg
| caption = [[Pramathesh Barua]] and [[Jamuna Barua]] in a sequence of the film
| director = [[Pramathesh Barua]]
| producer = [[New Theatres Ltd]]
| screenplay = [[Pramathesh Barua]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Devdas]]''|[[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pramathesh Barua]]|[[Jamuna Barua]]|[[Chandrabati Devi]]}}
| music = {{ubl|Timir Baran|[[Raichand Boral]]|Pankaj Mullik}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Dilip Gupta|Sudhin Majumdar|Yusuf Mulji|[[Nitin Bose]]}}
| editing = [[Subodh Mitra (editor)|Subodh Mitra]]
| distributor = [[Aurora Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|1935|03|30|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{cite book|last=Sur|first=Ansu|title=[[Bengali film directory]]|publisher=Nandan, Calcutta|year=1998|pages=319}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 141 min.
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}

'''''Devdas''''' is a [[1935 in film|1935]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Pramathesh Barua]] and based on the 1917 [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] novel, ''[[Devdas]]''. It stars Barua as Devdas, [[Jamuna Barua]] as Parvati (Paro) and [[Chandrabati Devi]] as [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]]. This was Barua's first of three language versions of the story, the second being in [[Devdas (1936 film)|Hindi]] and the third in [[Devdas (1937 film)|Assamese]]. The Bengali film was dubbed into Tamil and was released in 1936. [[K. L. Saigal]] sang two songs in Tamil for this film.(See Ext. links for a link.)

Sharat Chandra Chatterjee's classic novel ''[[Devdas]]'' is about two lovers - Debdas and Parbati - who can never unite as mortals because of the class system in the society. Sharat Chandra Chaterjee is believed to have been in his teens when he wrote ''Devdas'' in 1901. But it was published in 1917. This classic masterpiece sensitively criticizes the feudalistic society that prevailed.

All Indian prints of this Bengali version were destroyed decades ago in a fire that ravaged [[New Theatres Calcutta|New Theatre]]’s studios. Currently, there is only one copy of the film which belongs to the Bangladesh Film Archives, of which almost 40 percent is destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Original-Devdas-belongs-to-Bangladesh/articleshow/24097377.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071509/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-10-03/news-interviews/27309167_1_indian-films-directorate-of-film-festivals-pk-nair|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Original Devdas belongs to Bangladesh|access-date=19 February 2009|first1=Nikhat|last1=Kazmi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 October 2002}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:P.C. Barua, Amar Mullick and Chandrabati in Devdas (bengali version) (1935).jpg|right|thumb|Amar Mullick, [[Chandrabati Devi]] and [[Pramathesh Barua]] in a sequence of the film]]
The son of [[Zamindar]] Narayan Mukherjee, Devdas was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. He grew up in the lush village of Taj [[Sonapur, Alipurduar|Sonapur]], where he spent his childhood, indulged by his lovely playmate Paro. They grew up sharing a special relationship, in which they existed only to each other. Oblivious of all the differences of status and background, a bond that would never break grew between them. Slowly, it changed to love but it was still unsaid. But the reverie was broken when his family sent Devdas to Calcutta for education. Paro's world crashed knowing that her Devdas would be gone and she lit a diya, for it signified the quick return of her loved one. Years passed and Devdas returned. Devdas was besotted by Paro's stunning beauty and longed to have her back. But Zamindar Narayan Mukherjee, Devdas' father, met Paro's mother Sumitra's marriage proposal with condescending arrogance. It caused a rift between the families and even though Devdas tried to convince his father, only antagonism came his way. Finally, he moved away from Paro and wrote a letter to her, asking her to forget him. Only, he didn't realize that he would never be able to forget her ever. And much later, when he reached out to her, it was too late as she was far too humiliated. She scorned him for not standing by her and they parted forever with a heart-broken Paro entering into a chaste marriage with a wealthy, much older man, Zamindar Bhuvan, while a shattered Devdas walked towards anguish, alcoholism & Chandramukhi. Chandramukhi, a stunning tawaif instantly lost her heart to Devdas. A unique bond was formed between both as he could share with her the intense pain of his unfulfilled love for Paro. Meanwhile, Paro, on the other hand, performed her worldly duties sincerely, but in her heart, she could never forget Devdas for a moment. Strange was the fate of Devdas. Intensely loved by two women, who were never meant to be his. One whom he could never love and one whom he could never stop loving.

==Main cast==
* [[Pramathesh Barua]] as Devdas
* [[Chandrabati Devi]] as [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]]
* [[Jamuna Barua]] as Parvati / Paro
* [[K. L. Saigal]] as a guest at Chandramukhi's house
* Ahi Sanyal
* Nirmal Bannerjee
* Manoranjan Bhattacharya
* Dinesh Ranjan Das
* [[Krishna Chandra Dey]]
*[[Amar Mullick]]
* Sailen Pal
* [[Prabhavati Devi]]

==Production==
[[File:Devdas35.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pramathesh Barua]] and [[Jamuna Barua]] in ''Devdas'', 1935 ]]
''Devdas'', based on a popular Bengali novel by [[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]], revolutionized the entire look of Indian [[social]] pictures. Rather than just translate one medium to another, PC Barua uses the novel as just raw material, creating his own structure and transforming what was purely verbal into an essentially visual form. Avoiding stereotypes and melodrama, Barua raises the film to a level of noble tragedy. The film's characters are not heroes and villains but ordinary people conditioned by a rigid and crumbling social system. Even the lead character Devdas has no heroic dimensions to his character. What we see are his weaknesses, his [[narcissism]], his humanity as he is torn by driving passion and inner-conflict.

The film is a complete departure from the then prevalent theatricality in acting, treatment and dialogue. Barua initiates a style of acting that is natural and unaffected. His method is to underplay, to convey emotion through the slightest tremor of the voice and use significant pauses in between the dialogue to maximum effect. This naturalness of tone spills over to the dialogue as well. Rather than dialogue in a florid style as was prevalent then, Barua who had been exposed to European naturalistic trends ensures the dialogue in the film is what one speaks in real life.

A refreshing economy of style is visible throughout the film, whether establishing the love between Devdas and Parvati or conveying his anguish through the piercing sounds of the speeding train that takes him on his final tragic tryst with Parvati. The great physical distance that separates them and Devdas anxiety to redeem a promise is skillfully conveyed through some stunning use of parallel cutting. The sequence of Devdas crying out in delirium, Parvati stumbling and then Devdas falling from his berth in the train was commended for its essential 'Indianness' in conveying fate's domination over individual destiny.

[[KL Saigal]] played Devdas in the Hindi version (Barua himself played the role in the Bengali version) and the film took him to cult star status. His songs in the film Balam Aaye Baso Mere Man Mein and Dukh ke Din Ab Beete Nahin became smash hits and set the tone for a glorious filmic career till his death in 1947. Saigal remains the prototype of Devdas till today, no mean feat considering screen giants such as [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] repeated the role later.

''Devdas'' has been remade a number of times, [[New Theatres]] remade it in Tamil in 1937, it was made twice in Telugu in 1953 and 1974 but the most famous subsequent version was the one by Bimal Roy who had photographed this version. The film, made in 1955, starred [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Devdas, Parvati and Chandramukhi respectively. The undercurrent of ''Devdas'' runs strong in the central character in both of [[Guru Dutt]]. [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] has made a version of the film in 2002 with [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in the three lead roles.



===Box office and ratings===
''Devdas'' (1935), produced by [[New Theatres]] is an all-time hit. It made [[Pramathesh Chandra Barua]] (1903–1951) a star overnight and revolutionalised the concept of cinema as entertainment into cinema of social concern and literature expressed through celluloid. [[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]], a then-frequent visitor at the [[New Theatres]] studio in south [[Calcutta]], told Barua after seeing ''Devdas'', "It appears that I was born to write ''Devdas'' because you were born to recreate it in cinema." It was a rare tribute from a writer to the actor-director of a film based on his story. Over time, the character of Devdas became synonymous with the name of PC Barua. Till today, the image of PC Barua the man is inseparable from the image of Devdas, the character he played.

==Reviews and critiques==
[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] (1876–1938) wrote ''[[Devdas]]'' in 1901 when he was 25. But he could not find a publisher till 1917. Sarat Chandra was sympathetic to the woman - repressed at home and tortured outside. He was partial to those who, for no fault of theirs, incurred the disapproval or displeasure of the family or community. The social and domestic atmosphere in Sarat Chandra's works does not exist any more. But the story interest keeps the reader hooked, irrespective of the plausibility or otherwise of the narrative. His stories were extremely ‘filmogenic’ and therefore, novels like [[Parineeta (novel)|Parineeta]] (1914), [[Biraj Bou]] (1914) and [[Palli Samaj]] (1916), appear as topical to the Indian filmmaker as stories written by contemporary writers. Translated in many Indian languages, ''Devdas'' continues to be Sarat Chandra Chatterjee's most successful and controversial novel.

The climax of the film was Pramathesh's original contribution to the story because Sarat Chandra had written it differently. Had ''Devdas'' the film, ended the way the novel did, the audience might not have understood it. Barua decided that when Parvati would hear that her Devdas was dying under a tree outside her house, she would run out to see him. But as she would rush out, the doors would begin to close on her. This door is a metaphor for the social taboo against a married woman rushing out to see her former lover, crossing the threshold of her marital home. It was unthinkable in those days. "Barua conceptualised this entire scene. It was not there in the novel. When Sarat Babu saw the film, he was so moved that he told Barua that even he had never thought of ending the novel the way Barua had done," informed Jamuna Barua. Sarat Babu went on to tell Pramathesh that this actor's entry into films was solely to give life to Devdas, the character he had created through the written word.

Devdas turned into a folk hero for all time. Pramathesh metamorphosed into a cultural icon of his time since he directed and brought to life the Devdas character. Yet, the story goes that Pramathesh was under severe mental stress during the making of this film because he was still coping with his grief over the death of Kshiti (Amala Devi) who had died before he began to make the film. The script of ''Devdas'' was being written while Pramathesh was already shooting Rooprekha. After finishing the casting, Pramathesh discovered that he had not found the Parvati he was looking for. Kanan Devi was approached but she had to decline because she was already under contract with Radha Films. He then chanced upon Jamuna, sister of Sitara and Jaya Gupta of Varanasi, who was chosen to portray Parvati. Sometime during the making of the film, the reel-love story turned into a love story in real life. Pramathesh married Jamuna. As soon as work on ''Devdas'' was complete, Jamuna gave birth to their son who, to rhyme with the film that brought the lovers together, was christened Debkumar.

''Devdas'' was released in Chitra Talkies on 26 April 1935. There are several scenes in ''Devdas'' that marked the entry of the jump cut to heighten the drama through a new editing strategy. When ''Devdas'' vomits blood during his travels, the camera cuts in to show a plate of floral offerings fall off Parvati's hands, far away in her matrimonial home. In a night scene on the train, as soon as Devdas calls out to Paro, the scene cuts once again to show the doors and windows burst open in Parvati's room as Parvati screams out in sleep in the middle of a nightmare. These scenes set out Pramathesh's creative imagination in explaining through the language of cinema the psychological stress his characters were reeling under, as also the telepathic bonding the lovers shared, without reducing these to melodrama or using sentimental dialogue.

According to the late [[Phani Majumdar]], Pramathesh's best performance is in ''Devdas''. He describes, in particular, the scene where Devdas, after his beloved Parvati has been married to another, wanders aimlessly, drinking and shooting birds at random. A friend of Parvati who spots him from a distance while carrying a pot of water back home, is scared to cross his path. But Devdas merely comes close to the girl and asks her how she is, thus building a scene to an unpredictable anti-climax in a film spilling over with dramatic twists and turns and human tragedy. This is an example of how Pramathesh had gained both command and control over the medium of cinema. As an actor, Pramathesh abhorred melodrama. He kept his face almost deadpan, used minimum body language and left it to his audience to read from his emotions and from the total mise-en-scene.

Barua did not create Devdas - he was Devdas. So powerful was the impact of Pramathesh's portrayal on screen, so close it grew to his private life, that to the Bengali audience, Devdas was synonymous with the actor who played the character. By the time the film was released, Pramathesh became aware that he had contacted tuberculosis, and, drawn inescapably to the bottle like his screen parallel, wasted himself away slowly and surely, to die barely 15 years after he had lived the character of Devdas on screen.

The social relevance of ''Devdas'' lies in the fact that it was the first film to place on celluloid the social ramifications of a man of high birth who moves away from his feudal, upper-class roots in rural Bengal to the colonial city of Calcutta during pre-World War II years. It tried to explore the inner pain of this man, torn between the pull he feels towards his village roots and his wish to run away to the city to escape from the tragic reality of a lost love. His wilful manner of moving towards self-destruction could be read as his casual indifference to the village that he once belonged to, a village he now responds to with mixed feelings. Before his death, he tries in vain to run away from an anonymous death in the unfeeling city by coming back to the village in one last desperate attempt to renew his lost ties. The harsh, heartless reality of the city has changed his perspective towards the village. He finally rejects the tempting illusions and fantasies the city once held for him. The city loses Devdas but the village too refuses to accept him even in his ignominious, humiliating death. Only two women - Parvati and Chandramu- khi - who operate like invisible, unwritten ‘guardians of conscience’ in the wreckage his life is reduced to, are left to grieve over his death.

For Parvati, Devdas symbolises the adorable rebel from a feudal family who breaks rules only to come back to them in the end, proving that he is no rebel after all. For Chandramukhi, Devdas represents the generosity that characterises a prince who wills himself to self-destruction through excess. Devdas failed to offer social respectability to the two women in his life. Somewhere down the line, the audience forgot to draw the line between the Devdas they saw on screen and Pramathesh Barua, the real man who was merely playing out a role. Never before or since, has any screen character meshed so completely, so seamlessly and so ideally with the actor who brought the character to life on celluloid.

Stylistically, Pramathesh adopted a refreshing economy throughout the film. "The film was a complete departure from the then-prevalent theatricality in acting, treatment and dialogue. Barua initiated a style of acting which was natural and unaffected; his method was to underplay, to convey emotion through the slightest tremor of the voice and use significant pauses between the dialogue to telling effect. The dialogue too, was simple, everyday speech, without dramatic flamboyance or literary flourish. The slow, soft and cleverly modulated dialogue became a hallmark not only of Barua’s but all of New Theatres’ films."<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=14239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729034947/http://www.screenindia.com/old/print.php?content_id=14239|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2010|title=Printer Friendly Version|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]
|access-date=19 February 2009}}</ref>

The Indian movie world was adorned with some excellent productions by Pramathesh Barua. But, his most celebrated work is ''Devdas''. He played the title role in it, where the other stars were Biswanath Bhaduri, Uma Shashi, Kundan Saigal and Chandrabati. Raichand Boral was the music director. The story of ''Devdas'' was based on the novel of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhya of the same title. The novelist was so deeply moved by the film that tears rolled down his eyes and he opined that PC Barua’s ''Devdas'' was more distinctive than the ''Devdas'' of his own novel. Noted film critic Chidananda Das Gupta made a significant remark — "Pramathesh Barua did not merely make ''Devdas'', but also came to be widely known as ‘Devdas’ rather than a Rajkumar (prince) ... His ''Devdas'' is a milestone in the film world of the subcontinent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/dec1908/mosaic1.html|title=Assam Tribune online|publisher=www.assamtribune.com|accessdate=19 February 2009|archive-date=27 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227203159/http://www.assamtribune.com/dec1908/mosaic1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Social and cultural impact==



===Political and social influence===
The Directorate of Film Festivals had to borrow a copy of India's first film version of this from the [[Bangladesh High Commission]] in order to screen it during the ''Devdas'' retrospective here on [[Delhi]] on Oct 2002 at [[Delhi Film Festival]].
The film was sent through diplomatic bag by the [[Bangladesh government]] and the screening was conducted under strict vigil, no video clips, no photographs, no extracts on television — as the copyright belongs to the Bangladesh Film Archives. The film was screened to a full auditorium. The copyright of the film actually belongs to the [[New Theatres Calcutta|New Theatre]]. The Indian prints of [[P.C. Barua]]’s Bengali version of the film, with Barua playing Devdas, were destroyed decades ago in a fire that ravaged New Theatre's studios. Currently, there is only one copy of the film which belongs to the [[Bangladesh Film Archives]]. And that too is with almost 40 percent of it destroyed.

This version, which was screened here after a long gap, retained only parts of the classic and had very poor sound quality. [[P.K Nair]], Director, [[Film Archives]], says the Archives traced the presence of the copy in the 1970s and requested the Bangladesh Film Archives to allow India to restore the film and make a copy of it.

But that's not the only missing classic from India's repertoire, says Nair. According to him, the Archives has traced a number of copies of Indian classic of the 1930s and 1940s in countries like Pakistan, Algeria and many more. And these are copies of films which can no longer be found in India. Almost 70 percent of the films made before the 1950s will not be available any more.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/24097377.cms|title=Original Devdas belongs to Bangladesh-Bollywood-Entertainment-The Times of India|publisher=[[indiatimes.com]]|accessdate=19 February 2009|first1=Nikhat|last1=Kazmi|date=3 October 2002}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Devdas (1936 film)]] - Barua's [[Hindi]] version
* [[Devdas (1937 film)]] - Barua's [[Assamese language|Assamese]] version
* [[List of incomplete or partially lost films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Cinema+devdas&pg=PA262 Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema]
* {{IMDb title|0361503|Devdas}}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050406123355/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100950300.htm Summary of Devdas films]}}
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/devdas.html Review]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213543/http://www.spicevienna.org/showMovie.php?m=17583 SPICE info]
* {{youTube|ZVU0pbXBNj4|Saigal sings in Tamil for the Dubbed version}}

{{Devdas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devdas (1935 Film)}}
[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
[[Category:1935 drama films]]
[[Category:1935 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Devdas films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pramathesh Barua]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Timir Baran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raichand Boral]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pankaj Mullick]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]

Biju Kuttan

2026-04-30T13:24:31Z

Anymore6055: made info!

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1976)}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bijukuttan
| image = Bijukuttan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|05|13}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| parents = {{ubl|Anandan|Chandrika}}
| spouse = Subitha
| children = 2
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Biju Kuttan''' (born 13 May 1976) is an Indian actor and comedian who appears in [[Malayalam film]]s. As of June 2021, he has acted in more than 70 Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/i-am-a-die-hard-mohanlal-fan-and-mammootty-is-an-actor-with-good-heart-says-biju-kuttan/|title=I am a die-hard Mohanlal fan and Mammootty is an actor with good heart, says Biju Kuttan|date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

Biju Kuttan is born in [[North Paravur]], [[Ernakulam]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} He completed most of his schooling from SNM HSS MOOTHAKUNNAM, Ernakulam <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/415458 |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 March 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318215957/http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/415458 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biju is married to Subitha. The couple have two daughters{{mdash}}Lakshmi and Parvathi.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20161109170002/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/271/24 Article title]}}</ref>

==Career==
{{expand section|date=August 2020}}
In 2006, he acted in a supporting role alongside [[Mammootty]] in the Malayalam film ''[[Pothen Vava]]''. It was a comedic role. In the same year, he acted in another full-length comedy role in the [[Mohanlal]] starrer ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'', which gave a major breakthrough in his career. In 2019, he played Sinthappan, one of the main characters, in the film ''An International Local Story.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=An International Local Story {{!}} Release Date, Reviews, Cast, and Where to Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/movies/an-international-local-story-movie-152705269 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
*All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pothan Vava]]'' || Mathai ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Susheelan ||
|-
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || Vaidyar's Assistant ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2008 || ''[[Kichamani MBA]]'' || Udhayabhanu ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Police (film)|Kerala Police]]'' || Balram ||
|-
| ''Jubilee'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Annan Thampi]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Ottu Murali ||
|-
| ''Thavalam'' || Bijukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || Girijan ||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' || 'Irumpan' Sadu ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2009 || ''[[Love in Singapore (2009 film)|Love In Singapore]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Decent Parties]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Patient]]'' || Sajan ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://falconpost.in/2018/02/17/guiness-pakrus-facebookpost-about-bijukuttan/|title="ഒന്നും പറയാനില്ല", ബിജുക്കുട്ടനെ ട്രോളി ഗിന്നസ് പക്രു|website=falconpost.in}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Trigger'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || Kakka Thampuran ||
|-
| ''[[Duplicate (2009 film)|Duplicate]]'' || Professional killer 2 ||
|-
| ''[[Utharaswayamvaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali|Kappal Muthalali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gulumal: The Escape]]'' || Constable Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2010 || ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ringtone (film)|Ringtone]]'' || Sarasan ||
|-
| ''[[Advocate Lakshmanan – Ladies Only]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| ''[[Nirakazhcha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Njan Sanchari'' || ||
|-
| ''[[3 Char Sau Bees]]'' || Palanichami ||
|-
| ''[[Chekavar (film)|Chekavar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Small Family]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'' || Kochanty ||
|-
| ''[[Puthumukhangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2011 || ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Note Out]]'' || Ajeesh/Aji ||
|-
| ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaadamalli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]]'' || Thankachan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2012 || ''Lakshmi Vilasam Renuka Makan Raghuraman'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudumba Chithram]]'' || Purushu ||
|-
| ''Track'' || Vishal ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Thirakkinidayil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Innocentanu]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
| ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2013 || ''[[Dolls (2013 film)|Dolls]]'' || Vishambharan ||
|-
| ''[[My Fan Ramu]]'' || Kuttan ||
|-
| ''Ennennum Ormakayi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Olipporu]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'' || Driver ||
|-
| ''Mr. Bean'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[Female Unnikrishnan]]'' || Docomo Paapan ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu Oru Bheegara Jeeviyanu]]'' || Battery Simon ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]'' || Bheekaran ||
|-
| ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]'' || Shaanthappan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Annmariya Kalippilannu]]'' || Velichapaad ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017 || ''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]'' || Kola machan ||
|-
| ''Chicken Kokkachi'' || || Full length slapstick comedy
|-
| ''[[Aadu 2]]'' || Battery Simon ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2018 || ''[[Kala Viplavam Pranayam]]'' || ||Cameo
|-
| ''[[Mohanlal (film)|Mohanlal]]'' || Solomon ||
|-
| ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || Sumesh ||
|-
| ''[[Suvarna Purushan]]'' || Isaac ||
|-
| ''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[An International Local Story]]'' || Sinthappan ||
|-
| ''[[Shibu (film)|Shibu]]'' || Prahladhan (Aliyan) ||
|-
| ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || Godwin's friend ||
|-
| ''Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Uriyadi (2020 film)|Uriyadi]]'' || Rajanikanth Vedivecham kovil ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Kunjan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=UR |first=Arya |date=2021-10-30 |title=Five reasons to watch 'Minnal Murali' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Oct/30/five-reasons-to-watch-minnal-murali-2377418.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''My Dear Machans''||||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]'' || Esthappan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of movie 'Karnan Napoleon Bhagat Singh' creating ripples on social media |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/01/23/trailer-karnan-napoleon-bhagat-singh.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2| 2024 || ''[[ARM (film)|Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' || Kuttappan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Tovino Thomas' Ajayante Randam Moshanam Reaches Rs 87 Crore, Eyes Rs 100-crore-club |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tovino-thomas-ajayante-randam-moshanam-reaches-rs-87-crore-eyes-rs-100-crore-club-9062022.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kallanmaarude Veedu]]''|| kurukkan Manoj ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='ഇങ്ങനെയൊരു ബിജു കുട്ടനെയല്ല മനസ്സിൽ കണ്ടത്, എന്റെ മമ്മൂക്കയും ലാലേട്ടനും അദ്ദേഹമായിരുന്നു' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/01/03/director-huzain-aroni-against-actor-biju-kuttan.html?fbclid=IwAR3vtDkl4LvNdJJ966_JV8Vk-Ji3SDTR7g2oOE9RydHcCwWq2eyOct3bjbM |work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''Ambalamukkile Visheshangal'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Case Diary]]''|| ||<ref name=tcd>{{cite web |title=അജു വധക്കേസ്‌ തെളിയിക്കാന്‍ ക്രിസ്റ്റി സാം; അഷ്‌ക്കര്‍ സൗദാന്‍ നായകനാകുന്ന 'കേസ് ഡയറി' ട്രെയ്‌ലര്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/case-diary-trailer-1.10837101 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=16 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Magic Mushrooms (film)|Magic Mushrooms]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-30 |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Magic Mushrooms gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/30/vishnu-unnikrishnans-magic-mushrooms-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aadu 3]]'' || Battery Simon ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Aadu 3 launched with pooja ceremony|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/10/aadu-3-launched-with-pooja-ceremony|date=10 May 2025|access-date=11 May 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-28 |title=Vaazha 2 trailer promises film lacing emotions and nostalgia with humour |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/28/vaazha-2-trailer-promises-film-lacing-emotions-and-nostalgia-with-humour |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
;Actor
*''Five Star Thattukada'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])- 2005-2008
*''Savari Girigiri'' ([[Surya TV]])- 2005
*''Ettu Sundarikalum Njanum'' ([[Surya TV]])- 2006-2008
*''Veendum Chila Veetuviseshangal'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])- 2007
*''Comedy stars season 2'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Host- 2018
*''Thattukada - Salt N Pepper'' (Kaumudy)- 2015
*''Comedy super nights '' (Flowers TV -HD) 2018
;Judge
*Bhima Jewels Comedy Festival ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])- 2014
*Comedy Utsavam (Flowers TV)- 2018
*Comedy Stars ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])- 2018
*Minnum Tharam Season 2([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])- 2021

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2469558}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuttan, Biju}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]

Thudarum

2026-04-28T23:10:15Z

Anymore6055: Added A Info

{{Short description|2025 film by Tharun Moorthy}}
{{For|the 1999 Tamil-language film|Thodarum}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thudarum
| image = Thudarum film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tharun Moorthy]]
| screenplay = {{ubl|[[K. R. Sunil]]<ref name="Photographer K R Sunil on how his story became the script for Mohanlal-starrer 'Thudarum'">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Photographer K R Sunil on how his story became the script for Mohanlal-starrer 'Thudarum' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/photographer-kr-sunil-on-how-his-story-became-the-script-for-mohanlal-tharun-moorthy-super-hit-crime-drama-thudarum/article69540327.ece |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921110914/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/photographer-kr-sunil-on-how-his-story-became-the-script-for-mohanlal-tharun-moorthy-super-hit-crime-drama-thudarum/article69540327.ece |archive-date=21 September 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>|Tharun Moorthy}}
| story = K. R. Sunil
| producer = M. Renjith
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Shobana]]|[[Prakash Varma]]|[[Binu Pappu]]|Thomas Mathew|Amritha Varshini|[[Farhaan Faasil]]|}}
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[Nishadh Yusuf]]|Shafeeque V. B.}}
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| studio = Rejaputhra Visual Media
| distributor = {{ubl|Rejaputhra Release|[[Aashirvad Release]]}}
| released = {{Film date|2025|04|25|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2025 |title=Mohanlal's 'Thudarum' set for April 25 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-thudarum-set-for-april-25-release/articleshow/120058084.cms |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Times of India}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{estimation}}{{INR|15 crore}}<ref name="as">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=Thudarum Budget |trans-title=Thudarum Budget |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/thudarum-box-office-collection-day-8-mohanlals-film-earns-thrice-the-collective-revenue-of-barroz-and-malaikottai-vaaliban-9980063/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|234-235 crore}}{{Efn|''Thudarum''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹234 crore (''[[The Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-03 |title=Lokah Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection day 6: Kalyani Priyadarshan beats Anushka Shetty, Keerthy Suresh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/lokah-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-6-kalyani-priyadarshan-beats-anushka-shetty-keerthy-suresh-101756890263786.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹235 crore (''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/saiyaara-becomes-2nd-biggest-movie-of-2025-these-are-top-10-highest-grossing-films-of-the-year/3927364</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Thudarum''''' ({{Translation|To be continued}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Tharun Moorthy]], who wrote the screenplay with [[K. R. Sunil]]. The film was produced by M. Renjith through Rejaputhra Visual Media. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Shobana]], alongside [[Prakash Varma]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Farhaan Faasil]], Thomas Mathew, Amritha Varshini, [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]], [[Aarsha Chandini Baiju]], [[Sangeeth Prathap]] and [[Krishna Praba|Krishna Prabha]] in supporting roles.

''Thudarum'' was released theatrically on 25 April 2025 to critical acclaim with praise for its performances (particularly of [[Mohanlal]] and [[Prakash Varma]]), direction, cinematography, editing, music, script, plot and screenplay and emerged as a major blockbuster. It is currently the [[List of Malayalam films of 2025#Box office collection|third highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2025]] and one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]].

== Plot ==

Shanmugham, known as Benz, is a former stuntman who now lives a quiet life as a taxi driver in [[Perunad]] with his wife Lalitha and their children. His peaceful routine is disrupted when his son Pavi and his friends take his prized [[Ambassador car]] for a ride and damage it. After a brief conflict with Pavi, Benz leaves the car with a mechanic for repairs and travels to Chennai.

In his absence, the mechanic’s assistant uses the car for drug smuggling, leading to its seizure by the police. At the station, Benz is forced by [[Inspector|Circle Inspector]] George Mathan and [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Benny Kurian to drive them to a wedding. Later that night, they coerce him into transporting and disposing of a corpse in a remote forest, claiming it was an accidental death involving a colleague’s family.

Disturbed by the incident, Benz returns home to find Pavi missing. While searching for him, he discovers a wallet in his car belonging to Pavi and realizes, to his horror, that the body he helped dispose of was his own son. As a landslide later reveals Pavi’s body, the police attempt to frame Benz for the murder.

Determined to uncover the truth, Benz abducts a police constable involved in the cover-up and learns that George orchestrated the crime. It is revealed that Pavi had been in a relationship with George’s daughter Mary, and George murdered him in an act of so-called “honour,” later using Benz’s car to conceal the body.

After escaping police custody, Benz confronts and kills Benny and George. The film ends with Benz being taken to court, asserting his innocence in his son’s death, while Mary mourns alongside his family. The closing notes highlight the prevalence and underreporting of honour killings in India.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as "Benz" Shanmugham
* [[Shobana]] as Lalitha Shanmugham, Benz's wife
* [[Prakash Varma]] as [[Perunad]] Police Station [[Inspector|CI]]/[[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] George Mathan, Mary's father (Main Antagonist)
* [[Binu Pappu]] as [[Perunad]] Police Station [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Benny C. Kurian
* [[Thomas Mathew (actor)|Thomas Mathew]] as Pavi Shanmugham, Benz's stepson (voice dubbed by [[Shebin Benson]])
** Master Rudraksh as young Pavi
* Amritha Varshini as Pavithra Shanmugham, Benz's daughter
* [[Farhaan Faasil]] as [[Perunad]] Police Station [[Constable|CPO]] T. K. Sudheesh.
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Kuttychan, Benz's friend
* [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad]] as Shiva, Benz's friend
* [[Aarsha Chandini Baiju]] as Mary Mathan, George's daughter and Pavi's girlfriend
* [[Sangeeth Prathap]] as Kiran, Pavi's friend
* Abin Bino as Manikandan C. P. / Maniyan
* [[Krishna Prabha]] as Seema, Lalitha's younger sister
* Shaijo Adimali as Cheeyaachan, Benz's brother-in-law
* [[Shobi Thilakan]] as Maniyan's father
* [[Bharathiraja]] as Stunt Master Palani Swamy
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Ilavarasu, Benz's friend
* Rani Sarran as Maniyan's mother (voice dubbed by [[Sminu Sijo]])
* Sasankan Mayyanad as auto driver
* [[G. Suresh Kumar]] as [[Judge]] Thomas Kurian
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Police Officer from Kottayam Camp
* Nilja K Baby as Sudheesh's sister
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as [[Pathanamthitta]] [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Muhammed Yousuf [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Jaise Jose as Police Officer from [[Kottayam]] Camp
* J Pallasseri as Hostel Warden
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Tamil Nadu Minister
* [[P. Chandrakumar]] as [[Ayyappan]] pilgrim
* [[Pradeep (Malayalam actor)|Pradeep Chandran]] as [[Constable|CPO]] Sadanandan
* Rajkumar Rajasekharan as Police Officer
* Syamlal as [[Constable|CPO]] Syam
* Karuna as Shaji's wife
* Chandini Sasikumar as a police officer
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as wedding guest (cameo appearance)
* [[Nishadh Yusuf]] as [[pickup truck]] driver (cameo appearance)
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as man in pickup (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was officially announced by [[Mohanlal]] in mid-March 2024, with [[Tharun Moorthy]] set to direct. Moorthy co-wrote the screenplay with [[K. R. Sunil]], while M. Renjith of Rejaputhra Visual Media took on production responsibilities. Filming was planned to begin in April. In an interview, Moorthy revealed that following the success of his previous film, ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' (2022), Renjith expressed interest in collaborating on a new project. Moorthy and Sunil spent eight months developing the screenplay, which was eventually [[greenlit]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Is |first=Gopika |date=20 March 2024 |title=We worked on the script for over eight months: Tharun Moorthy on his film with Mohanlal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/we-worked-on-the-script-for-over-eight-months-tharun-moorthy-on-his-film-with-mohanlal/articleshow/108655623.cms |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The project had the [[working title]] ''L360'', marking Mohanlal's 360th film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2024 |title='L360': Mohanlal's next to be directed by Tharun Moorthy; film to begin shoot in April |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l360-mohanlals-next-to-be-directed-by-tharun-moorthy-film-to-begin-shoot-in-april/article67964669.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318132125/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/l360-mohanlals-next-to-be-directed-by-tharun-moorthy-film-to-begin-shoot-in-april/article67964669.ece |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Although the team had already finalized a title by the time the screenplay was completed, they opted to use a temporary title during production.<ref name="antony-2024">{{Cite news |last=Antony |first=Seena |date=5 July 2024 |title=25 ദിവസത്തെ ഷൂട്ട് ബാക്കി, സിനിമയ്ക്ക് പേരിട്ടിട്ടുണ്ട്: തരുൺ മൂർത്തി അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/07/05/tharun-moorthy-clarifies-l360-movie-name-reveal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207022919/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/07/05/tharun-moorthy-clarifies-l360-movie-name-reveal.html |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A. |first=Amina |date=6 July 2024 |title=വിന്റേജ് ലാലേട്ടനെ റീ ക്രിയേറ്റ് ചെയ്യാനല്ല, മുണ്ടുടുത്ത് വരുന്ന ഒരു പുതിയ ലാലേട്ടനെ ഉണ്ടാക്കാനാണ് ശ്രമം ; തരുൺ മൂർത്തി അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/filmy-features/tharun-moorthy-interview-about-l360 |access-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref>

''Thudarum'' originated from a story conceptualized by Sunil, a [[documentary photographer]] who frequently travels in search of subjects for his works. Sunil revealed that the story was inspired by an encounter during one such journey, involving a person and a sight.<ref name="j-2024">{{Cite news |last=J. |first=Gowry Priya |date=1 December 2024 |title=വിന്‍റേജ് മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ തിരിച്ചുവരുമ്പോള്‍ എന്തൊക്കെ പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കാം? 'തുടരും' തിരക്കഥാകൃത്തിന് പറയാനുള്ളത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/celebrity-interviews/mohanlal-starrer-tharun-moorthy-movie-thudarum-script-writer-kr-sunil-interview-snt9bo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202063503/https://www.asianetnews.com/celebrity-interviews/mohanlal-starrer-tharun-moorthy-movie-thudarum-script-writer-kr-sunil-interview-snt9bo |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref> Renjith and Sunil approached Moorthy to direct the project, believing he was suitable to handle its "nuanced characters" and "emotional depth". Mohanlal had been attached to the film even before Moorthy's involvement, having expressed interest in the story "a long time ago". Speculation arose linking ''Thudarum'' to ''[[Benz Vasu]]'', an unrealized project of Mohanlal, written by Sunil with [[G. Prajith]] attached as director. Moorthy clarified that ''Thudarum'' was a different project developed from scratch based on a character and an event concept presented by the production team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=19 March 2024 |title=Tharun Moorthy: L360's emotional story will be elevated by Mohanlal's performance {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tharun-moorthy-l360s-emotional-story-will-be-elevated-by-mohanlals-performance-exclusive/15e9ba740e920 |access-date=2 December 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> The screenplay was completed after five drafts.<ref name="j-2024" />

=== Casting ===
Mohanlal plays the character Shanmugham, a taxi driver. Sunil noted that while the character was initially conceived independently of any specific actor, he eventually envisioned Mohanlal in the role as the story progressed. He remarked that Shanmugham embodies the essence of vintage Mohanlal, reminiscent of his characters in the films of [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]].<ref name="j-2024" /> Moorthy described Mohanlal's character as down-to-earth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2024 |title=L360' director Tharun Moorthy: I instructed the cameraman to sustain the first shot without calling for a cut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/l360-director-tharun-moorthy-i-instructed-the-cameraman-to-sustain-the-first-shot-without-calling-for-a-cut/articleshow/109625395.cms |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref> For the portrayal of Lalitha, the female lead character, Moorthy initially met [[Jyothika]] and narrated her the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title='Thudarum' trivia: Jyothika was first considered before Shobana for the Mohanlal starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thudarum-trivia-jyothika-was-first-considered-before-shobana-for-the-mohanlal-starrer/articleshow/120544505.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Jyothika, who liked the script, agreed to do the film, however due to her unavailability during the shooting period, was later replaced by [[Shobana]]. It marked Shobhana's reunion with Mohanlal after a 15-year gap, having previously worked together in numerous films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Thudarum director Tharun Moorthy reveals why Jyotika turned down Mohanlal's film: 'She was excited but…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/thudarum-director-tharun-moorthy-reveals-why-jyotika-turned-down-mohanlals-film-she-was-excited-but-101745398088408.html}}</ref> [[Prakash Varma]], an ad filmmaker who had earlier directed [[Vodafone]]'s [[ZooZoo]] commercials was cast in a significant role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=2025-04-25 |title=Thudarum: Meet the ultimate villain in Mohanlal blockbuster |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/thudarum-meet-the-ultimate-villain-in-mohanlal-blockbuster-1.500105987 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> The rest of the cast includes [[Farhaan Faasil]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]], [[Aarsha Chandini Baiju]], Thomas Mathew, Krishna Praba, and Aravind.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=Mohanlal's 'L360' gets official title 'Thudarum', featuring a long-awaited reunion with Shobana |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-l360-movie-title-shobana-tharun-moorthy-m-renjith-1.10059842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110184809/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-l360-movie-title-shobana-tharun-moorthy-m-renjith-1.10059842 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 22 April 2024, with Mohanlal and Shobhana joining on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2024 |title=Pics: Mohanlal, Shobana reunite for his 360th film with director Tharun Moorthy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pics-mohanlal-shobana-reunite-for-his-360th-film-with-director-tharun-moorthy-produced-by-m-renjith-under-rejaputhra-visual-media-2530133-2024-04-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203133250/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pics-mohanlal-shobana-reunite-for-his-360th-film-with-director-tharun-moorthy-produced-by-m-renjith-under-rejaputhra-visual-media-2530133-2024-04-22 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2024 |title=Mohanlal, Shobana's 'L360' begins filming |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlal-shobanas-l360-begins-filming/article68094191.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422130746/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlal-shobanas-l360-begins-filming/article68094191.ece |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's primary locations were [[Thodupuzha]] and [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]. The initial phase of filming took place in Kaloor East, Thodupuzha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ |date=22 April 2024 |title=ഷൺമുഖൻ എന്ന ടാക്സി ഡ്രൈവറായി മോഹൻലാൽ തൊടുപുഴയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/04/22/mohanlal-tharun-moorthy-movie-l360-shoot-starts-at-thodupuzha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203193154/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/04/22/mohanlal-tharun-moorthy-movie-l360-shoot-starts-at-thodupuzha.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref> After 70 days of shooting, the production paused for a scheduled break on 5 July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2024 |title=Watch: Mohanlal Gets Emotional On the Sets Of His Next With Tharun Moorthy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/watch-mohanlal-gets-emotional-on-the-sets-of-his-next-with-tharun-moorthy-8958378.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203080814/https://www.news18.com/movies/watch-mohanlal-gets-emotional-on-the-sets-of-his-next-with-tharun-moorthy-8958378.html |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> Filming was set to resume once Mohanlal completed his commitments on ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'' (2025), with approximately 20–25 days of work for ''Thudarum'' still pending.<ref name="antony-2024" /> Reports suggested that a brief second schedule would commence in the first week of August, lasting 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=28 July 2024 |title=L360: Mohanlal to resume the shooting of Tharun Moorthy's film on this date? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/l360-mohanlal-to-resume-the-shooting-of-tharun-moorthy-film-on-this-date/ca95526df1684 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202133244/https://www.ottplay.com/news/l360-mohanlal-to-resume-the-shooting-of-tharun-moorthy-film-on-this-date/ca95526df1684 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> This phase concluded by the end of the month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=31 August 2024 |title=Mohanlal's L360: Second schedule is wrapped up; major update soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlals-l360-second-schedule-is-wrapped-up-major-update-soon/baefd00b07862 |access-date=22 November 2024 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref>

Some scenes were modified during the filming process.<ref name="j-2024" /> The final schedule started in October in [[Chennai]]. Renjith mentioned that crucial scenes were being filmed in Chennai over three days, followed by a week-long shoot in [[Walayar]], and then in the [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]] and [[Theni]] regions, with plans to conclude in Thodupuzha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2024 |title=L360 marks the return of Shobana; Mohanlal to play a taxi driver in Tharun's family action drama |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/l360-mohanlal-shobana-set-to-charm-audiences-in-family-action-drama-1.9981352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202183506/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/l360-mohanlal-shobana-set-to-charm-audiences-in-family-action-drama-1.9981352 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> Moorthy added that this phase also includes filming in Ranni and [[Vagamon]]. Mohanlal joined the team in Chennai<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2024 |title=Mohanlal joins the final schedule of 'L360' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-joins-the-final-schedule-of-l360/articleshow/114134387.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120014916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-joins-the-final-schedule-of-l360/articleshow/114134387.cms |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and was later spotted filming in Theni.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2024 |title=ആ ഫാന്‍സ് അസോസിയേഷന്‍ 1988 ല്‍; 36 വര്‍ഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കിപ്പുറം ജയപാണ്ടിക്ക് ആഗ്രഹ സാഫല്യം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/jayapandi-a-mohanlal-fan-from-madurai-first-time-meets-his-silver-screen-idol-at-theni-location-of-l-360-slpccs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129190423/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/jayapandi-a-mohanlal-fan-from-madurai-first-time-meets-his-silver-screen-idol-at-theni-location-of-l-360-slpccs |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> The production wrapped up in Thodupuzha on 1 November 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=It's a wrap for Mohanlal – Tharun Moorthy's 'L360' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-tharun-moorthys-l360/articleshow/114831530.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202152159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-tharun-moorthys-l360/articleshow/114831530.cms |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> after a total of 99 shooting days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2024 |title=It's a wrap for Mohanlal – Shobana's 'L360', helmed by Tharun Moorthy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-shobanas-l360-helmed-by-tharun-moorthy/article68819080.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123150801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-shobanas-l360-helmed-by-tharun-moorthy/article68819080.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's title was announced later that month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=Mohanlal's 'L360' gets official title 'Thudarum', featuring a long-awaited reunion with Shobana |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-l360-movie-title-shobana-tharun-moorthy-m-renjith-1.10059842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110184809/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-l360-movie-title-shobana-tharun-moorthy-m-renjith-1.10059842 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
Mohanlal finished his [[dubbing]] in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=20 November 2024 |title=Mohanlal Wraps Up Dubbing For Tharun Moorthy's Thudarum |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/mohanlal-wraps-up-dubbing-for-tharun-moorthys-thudarum-article-115489484 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> After the death of editor [[Nishadh Yusuf]], Shafeeque V. B. took over the editing, with both of them receiving the credits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2024 |title=Mohanlal and Tharun's film titled 'Thudarum' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Nov/09/mohanlal-and-tharuns-film-titled-thudarum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130083213/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Nov/09/mohanlal-and-tharuns-film-titled-thudarum |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Thudarum (soundtrack)}}

The film's music and background score is composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2025 |title=Jakes Bejoy decodes 'Thudarum' soundscape |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/29/jakes-bejoy-decodes-thudarum-soundscape |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The first single titled "Kanmanipoove" was released on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=First single from Mohanlal-starrer Thudarum on the way, promo out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/18/first-single-from-mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-on-the-way-promo-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225121053/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/18/first-single-from-mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-on-the-way-promo-out |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The second single titled "Kadha Thudarum" was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2025 |title='Kadha Thudarum' from Thudarum is a soothing melody |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/21/kadha-thudarum-from-thudarum-is-a-soothing-melody |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327190301/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/21/kadha-thudarum-from-thudarum-is-a-soothing-melody |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released through [[Sony Music India]] on 11 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Thudarum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/thudarum-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1805114491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710151603/https://music.apple.com/in/album/thudarum-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1805114491 |archive-date=2025-07-10 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Thudarum'' was first scheduled for a release in theatres on 30 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=29 November 2024 |title=Aashirvad Cinemas announces Mohanlal's upcoming release roster for 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/29/aashirvad-cinemas-announces-mohanlals-upcoming-release-roster-for-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202025421/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/29/aashirvad-cinemas-announces-mohanlals-upcoming-release-roster-for-2025 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The date was then revised to 25 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Achu |date=2025-04-07 |title=Thudarum release date announced: Mohanlal and Shobana return in new crime drama |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/thudarum-release-date-announced-mohanlal-and-shobana-return-in-new-crime-drama-8934301 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> ''Thudarum'' did receive a [[U/A 16+]] certificate for strong bloody violence, threat, sexual abusive behavior and domestic abuse. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dub was released on the next day with the same title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Thudarum to release in Tamil as Thodarum, release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/04/mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-to-release-in-tamil-as-thodarum-release-date-out |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dubbed version titled as ''Thodarum'', was released on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-06 |title=Mohanlal's 'Thudarum' becomes 'Thodarum' for Tamil fans - In cinemas from May 9 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/06/mohanlals-thudarum-becomes-thodarum-for-tamil-fans-in-cinemas-from-may-9 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's digital streaming rights were acquired by [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=JioHotstar secures streaming rights for Mohanlal's 'Thudarum' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/26/jiohotstar-secures-streaming-rights-for-mohanlals-thudarum |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film began streaming on JioHotstar from 30 May 2025 in Malayalam and dubbed versions of Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Kannada languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Thudarum OTT release: When and where to watch Mohanlal, Shobana's crime drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/thudarum-ott-release-jiohotstar-mohanlal-crime-drama-shobana-malayalam-film-2731188-2025-05-27 |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film is acquired by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and will premiere on 5 September 2025 on occasion of [[Onam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Asianet Onam Premiers Are Thudarum , Empuraan, Prince and Family, Bromance and Padakkalam|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-onam-premier-films-list/ |website=Kerala TV|date=25 August 2025|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Thudarum'' received positive reviews from critics.

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "Tharun Moorthy's Mohanlal and Shobana-starrer ranks among one of the finest Indian revenge thrillers that hasn't compromised on any of its aspects, both on the creative and technical sides, while also ensuring brilliant performances".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=25 April 2025 |title=Thudarum movie review: Mohanlal, Tharun Moorthy deliver a nearly flawless revenge thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thudarum-movie-review-mohanlal-delivers-a-nearly-flawless-revenge-thriller-9964517/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Pooja Pillai of ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' wrote that "Mohanlal returns to form in a dark, emotional ride that's winning hearts".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Pooja |date=25 April 2025 |title='Thudarum' review round-up: Mohanlal returns to form in a dark, emotional ride that's winning hearts |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/thudarum-review-mohanlal-comeback/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427015557/https://www.easterneye.biz/thudarum-review-mohanlal-comeback/ |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=EasternEye}}</ref> S R Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Thudarum'', despite its flaws, is a finely-crafted film with the right emotional beats."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-04-25 |title='Thudarum' movie review: Mohanlal in top form in a fine film, with minor flaws |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thudarum-moview-review-mohanlal-shobana-malayalam-cinema-tharun-moorthy/article69490633.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave 4.5/5 and wrote, "''Thudarum'' comes together as a compelling unit not just because of Mohanlal's restrained brilliance, but also because of its dark, macabre villains."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=2025-04-25 |title=Thudarum review: Mohanlal impresses in UAE first day first show with gripping thriller and monstrous villains |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/thudarum-review-mohanlal-impresses-in-uae-first-day-first-show-with-gripping-thriller-and-monstrous-villains-1.500105653 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref>

Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote that "''Thudarum'' is a masterpiece for adults, a serious yet self-aware piece of cinema that has something for everybody".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=25 April 2025 |title=Thudarum Review: Mohanlal Scores Big Time |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/thudarum-review/20250425.htm |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3.5/5 starts and wrote "A top-form Mohanlal shines in fan boy Tharun Moorthy's gripping directorial".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=25 April 2025 |title=Thudarum movie review: A top-form Mohanlal shines in fan boy Tharun Moorthy's gripping directorial |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/thudarum-movie-review-a-top-form-mohanlal-shines-in-fan-boy-tharun-moorthys-gripping-directorial-101745582170234.html |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote, " Some minor flaws aside, Tharun Moorthy delivers the goods with this finely-crafted film that has the right mix of emotions and high moments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-04-26 |title=Thudarum Movie Review: Mohanlal returns to glorious form |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Apr/26/thudarum-movie-review-mohanlal-returns-to-glorious-form |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sanjith Sidharthan of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' rated 4/5 and wrote, "When the Mohanlal-starrer lands in the suspense thriller territory, there's no holding back. The brilliant casting of Prakash Varma and Binu Pappu further elevates the film"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudarum movie review: Tharun Moorthy's crafty, gripping thriller lets Mohanlal revel in his 'complete actor' avatar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/thudarum-movie-review-tharun-moorthys-crafty-gripping-thriller-lets-mohanlal-revel-in-his-complete-actor-avatar/47a257dc33135 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote, "''Thudaram'' lacks nuance in script and acting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudarum Movie Review: Thudaram lacks nuance in script and acting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/thudarum/amp_movie_review/120620943.cms |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated 3.5/5 and wrote, " Even during the film's darkest moments, the filmmaker doesn't forget to inject us with much-welcome doses of catharsis."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Thudarum' review: Mohanlal delivers one of his most emotionally charged roles in director Tharun Moorthy's hat-trick outing- The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/04/25/thudarum-review-mohanlal-delivers-one-of-his-most-emotionally-charged-roles-in-director-tharun-moorthys-hat-trick-outing.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> Sanjay Ponappa of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote, "Mohanlal's crime drama is good mix of thrills and punches."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=Thudarum review: Mohanlal's crime drama is good mix of thrills and punches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thudarum-movie-review-mohanlal-crime-drama-is-good-mix-of-thrills-and-punches-2715107-2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute|News Minute]]'' wrote, "Sticking to formula, ''Thudarum'' is a well-made film, with every department doing a clean job. Shaji Kumar's cinematography is especially important in a film that dwells, for a good part, in the depths of the woods."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Thudarum review: Mohanlal-Shobana film is intriguing but sticks to formula |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/thudarum-review-mohanlal-shobana-film-is-intriguing-but-sticks-to-formula}}</ref> Athulya Nambiar of ''[[Mid-Day|Mid Day]]'' wrote, "Shobana brings quiet strength and grace matching Mohanlal's energy frame for frame while Prakash Varma makes a solid acting debut."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Thudarum movie review: Mohanlal makes the rightful glorious comeback |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/thudarum-movie-review-malayalam-mohanlal-shobana-tharun-moorthy-23528065}}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama|OnManorama]]'' wrote, "''Thudarum'' is Moorthy's fanboy service to the actor as evident in some dialogues which also has references to [[Mammootty]] and [[Rajinikanth]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Thudarum' review: Tharun Moorthy delivers THE Mohanlal we all longed for |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/04/25/thudarum-movie-review-tharun-moorthy-mohanlal-shobana-film-peak-performance.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Thudarum'' collected {{INR}}17.18 crore worldwide on the first day of its release, with {{INR}}5.10 crore from Kerala, ₹90 lakh from ROI{{clarify|What is ROI?|date=September 2025}} and {{INR}}11.18 crore from overseas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title=Thudarum Box Office Worldwide Day 1: Mohanlal's crime thriller off to a fantastic start, mints around Rs 16.65 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-box-office-worldwide-day-1-mohanlals-crime-thriller-off-to-a-fantastic-start-mints-around-rs-16-65-crores-1384608 |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Correction - #Thudarum Opening Day Gross: ₹17.18Cr |url=https://x.com/ForumReelz/status/1916443826715070482?t=MeGu4eqX1pd_nf_iZPmb-w&s=19 |website=x.com}}</ref> The film went on to gross ₹70 crore worldwide in the first three-day weekend of its release,<ref name="pinkvilla-2025">{{Cite news |date=28 April 2025 |title=Thudarum Box Office Worldwide: Mohanlal's crime thriller off to a fantastic start, mints around Rs 70 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-1st-weekend-mohanlal-shobhanas-return-gets-thunderous-start-grosses-around-rs-70-crore-in-3-days-1384709 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> to become the 2nd fastest Malayalam film to cross ₹50 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2025 |title=Box Office: Fastest Malayalam movies to enter Rs 50 crore club worldwide; Thudarum takes 2nd spot |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/crore-club/box-office-fastest-malayalam-movies-to-enter-rs-50-crore-club-worldwide-thudarum-takes-2nd-spot-1384896 |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> It ranked eighth on [[Comscore]]'s global opening weekend (April 25{{Ndash}}27) with a gross over $7.3 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rankings |url=https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919144937/https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Rankings |archive-date=19 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Comscore, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title='Thudarum' Among Global Top-Scoring Films: India Box Office Report |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2025/04/28/indias-thudarum-among-global-top-scoring-films/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In its first four-days it grossed ₹82 crore worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Thudarum Worldwide Box Office 10 Days: Mohanlal starrer surpasses Aavesham and Aadujeevitham, grosses Rs 158 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-10-days-mohanlal-starrer-surpasses-aavesham-and-aadujeevitham-grosses-rs-158-crore-1385883 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505091806/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-10-days-mohanlal-starrer-surpasses-aavesham-and-aadujeevitham-grosses-rs-158-crore-1385883 |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> The first 4-day Kerala gross was ₹27.20 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2025 |title=Thudarum Kerala Box Office Day 4: Mohanlal starrer family drama registers BLOCKBUSTER Monday; grosses Rs 6.90 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-kerala-box-office-day-4-mohanlal-starrer-family-drama-registers-blockbuster-monday-grosses-rs-6-90-crore-1384897}}</ref>

The film grossed ₹94.5 crore worldwide in 5 days of its release.<ref name=":0" /> It collected {{INR}}105.85 crore in 6 days, hence becoming the second fastest Malayalam film to cross the {{INR}}100 crore mark.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pinkvilla-apr30">{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=30 April 2025 |title=Thudarum Worldwide Box Office: Mohanlal's family drama zooms past Rs 100 crore mark in just 6 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-mohanlals-family-drama-zooms-past-rs-100-crore-mark-in-just-6-days-1385207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501023645/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-mohanlals-family-drama-zooms-past-rs-100-crore-mark-in-just-6-days-1385207 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The film collected {{INR|158.85}} crore by the second sunday (10 days) of its release, becoming the 6th Malayalam film to gross over {{INR}}150 crore.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="an04">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title='മുരുകനെ'യും വീഴ്ത്തി 'ബെന്‍സ്'! മലയാളത്തിലെ എക്കാലത്തെയും വലിയ ആറാമത്തെ ഹിറ്റ് ഇനി 'തുടരും' |trans-title=Thudarum beats Pulimurugan to become all time 6th hit in Malayalam crossed 150 crores |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-beats-pulimurugan-to-become-all-time-6th-hit-in-malayalam-crossed-150-crores-svqhhi |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref name="tnie04">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Thudarum to release in Tamil as Thodarum, release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/04/mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-to-release-in-tamil-as-thodarum-release-date-out |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In 12 days of theatrical run, the film has grossed {{INR|175.69}} crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Mohanlal eyes Rs 500 crore worldwide with combined success of blockbusters Thudarum and L2 Empuraan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-mohanlal-eyes-rs-500-crore-worldwide-with-combined-success-of-blockbusters-thudarum-and-l2-empuraan-1386672 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> On its 16th day it grossed ₹3.80 crore approx in Kerala, taking its total to ₹90 crore surpassing ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' (2023), emerging as the highest grosser at the Kerala box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Top Highest Grossing Films in Kerala: Mohanlal starrer Thudarum tops surpassing 2018 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-films-in-kerala-mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-tops-surpassing-2018-1387084}}</ref> In 17 days of run, the film crossed {{INR|200}} crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudarum Worldwide Box Office: Mohanlal starrer STORMS PAST Rs 200 crore mark in just 17 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-starrer-storms-past-rs-200-crore-mark-in-just-17-days-1387141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512100117/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-mohanlal-starrer-storms-past-rs-200-crore-mark-in-just-17-days-1387141 |archive-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> It became the first film to collect {{INR}}100 crore at the Kerala box office reaching the mark on its 19th day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudarum box office collection day 19: Mohanlal film makes history by becoming 1st film to collect ₹100 crore in Kerala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/thudarum-box-office-collection-day-19-mohanlal-film-makes-history-by-becoming-1st-film-to-collect-100-crore-in-kerala-101747202797643-amp.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> In 24 days, the worldwide gross was ₹222 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudarum Worldwide Box Office: Mohanlal's latest outing scores MASSIVE Rs 222 crore in 24 days |website=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-mohanlals-latest-outing-scores-massive-rs-222-crore-in-24-days-1388676 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523072751/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-worldwide-box-office-mohanlals-latest-outing-scores-massive-rs-222-crore-in-24-days-1388676 |archive-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> and grossed {{INR}}232 crore worldwide in 34 days.<ref name="mint">{{Cite news |title=Thudarum OTT release date: When and where to watch Malayalam blockbuster movie starring Mohanlal online |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/thudarum-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-malayalam-blockbuster-movie-starring-mohanlal-online-11748307396455.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INR}}28 crore,<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=Thudarum box office collection day 8: Mohanlal's film earns thrice the collective revenue of Barroz and Malaikottai Vaaliban |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/thudarum-box-office-collection-day-8-mohanlals-film-earns-thrice-the-collective-revenue-of-barroz-and-malaikottai-vaaliban-9980063/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> the film grossed {{INR}}234{{En dash}}235 crore worldwide, including {{INR}}93.80 crore gross from [[Diaspora|overseas]] and {{INR}}141.50 crore [[India|domestic]] gross, in which {{INR}}118 crore gross is from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Thudarum Kerala Box Office Day 35: Mohanlal's biggest blockbuster nears theatrical end, wraps 5th week slightly under Rs 118 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/thudarum-kerala-box-office-day-35-mohanlals-biggest-blockbuster-nears-theatrical-end-wraps-5th-week-slightly-under-rs-118-crore-1389981 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

=== Malayala Puraskaram 1201<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-17 |title=ഒമ്പതാമത്‌ മലയാള പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ: മോഹൻലാലിനും സിബി മലയിലിനും അഭിലാഷ് മോഹനനും അവാര്‍ഡ്‌ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-puraskaram-2025-winners-1.10839857 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> ===
* Best Popular Film – [[Tharun Moorthy]], [[M. Renjith]]
* Best Actor – [[Mohanlal]]
* Best Newcomer – [[Prakash Varma]]
* Best Editor – [[Nishadh Yusuf]] (posthumously)

=== [[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards: Mohanlal wins Entertainer of the Year for 'Thudarum' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/18/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-malayalam-cinema-star-studded-event.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> ===
* Best Film – M. Renjith
* Best Director – [[Tharun Moorthy]]
* Entertainer of the Year – Mohanlal
* Best Negative Role – Prakash Varma
* Best Stunt Director – [[Stunt Silva]]
* Best On-screen Couple – Mohanlal, [[Shobana]]
* Upcoming Star – [[Binu Pappu]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31969600|Thudarum}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020s action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s legal thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s police films]]
[[Category:2020s road movies]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Films about automobiles]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about stunt performers]]
[[Category:Films about taxis]]
[[Category:Films about torture]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jakes Bejoy]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Films set in Theni]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Peermade]]
[[Category:Films shot in Theni]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Hindustan vehicles]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cannabis]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Indian legal thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]

Rocky (2013 film)

2026-04-25T19:17:08Z

Anymore6055:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rocky
| image = Rocky 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Sujit Mondal]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer = [[N.K. Salil|NK Salil]] [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]
| starring = [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty|Mimoh]] [[Puja Banerjee]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Poulomi Das]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|04|26}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Rocky''''' is a 2013 Indian Bengali-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Sujit Mondal]], starring [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty|Mimoh]] and [[Pooja Bose|Pooja]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/rocky-2012-bengali-movie-info-cast-story-release-date/ |title=Rocky Movie Info, Cast, Release Date |publisher=filmz24.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-13 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224072813/http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/rocky-2012-bengali-movie-info-cast-story-release-date/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Earlier [[Sayantika Banerjee|Sayantika]] was signed to play the female lead role as Nandini, but after a few days of shooting she refused to play the character as she did not like the change made in the story. The film also has [[Mithun Chakraborty]] in a guest appearance.

==Plot==
Rocky is a goon from [[Mumbai]] and does anything for money. He is on a mission and constantly runs away from the police. Everyone relates to him as a 'chameleon' who constantly changes colors. Rocky finally reaches [[Kashmir]] and meets Nandini, and he instantly falls in love with her. Rocky rescues Nandini while being kidnapped by terrorists. Later Rocky finds that Nandini is already engaged to Avik. Avik is a goon (and the minister's son), but Nandini doesn't know that. When Nandini finds out that Avik is a goon, she dumps him. And she also discovers that she is in love with Rocky. Later on, Rocky kills Avik and the minister. One day when Rocky, Nandini, and Diya (Nandini's friend) go to the temple, Diya sees Rocky killing someone. And then there is a flashback about how he and Nandini met before, but she lost her memory. That happened because Nandini's brother was an undercover cop, and when goons found out, they killed the whole family. The only one who survived was Nandini, but she had a bullet in her head. The doctors said that she would lose her memory soon. So, she tells Rocky to kill the people who killed her family because she had seen Rocky beating up a bunch of people. In the end, Rocky kills all the goons who killed Nandini's family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mithun, Mimoh to come together|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/news-interviews/33712958_1_bengali-film-father-son-duo-mimoh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126093607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-09/news-interviews/33712958_1_bengali-film-father-son-duo-mimoh|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|accessdate=2012-09-10|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 Sep 2012}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty|Mimoh]] as Rocky, a local gangster in Mumbai.
* [[Pooja Bose|Pooja]] as Nandini/Anindita Sen
* [[Poulomi Das]] as Diya
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Fatakeshto, Rocky's father (cameo) / special appearance in an item song named "Rocky Bhai"
* [[STAR Jalsha TV serials|Somnath Panja]]
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Mafia Ravi Verma, the most wanted person in [[Interpol]]
* [[Surajit Sen]] as Raj Verma, Ravi Verma's younger brother
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Soumya Sen, an undercover police officer and Nandini's elder brother
* Rajat Ganguly as a corrupt Housing Minister Vinayak Sen
* Sujoy as minister's son, Avik Sen
* Moushumi Saha as Vinayak's wife
* Mita Chatterjee as Vinayak's mother
* Kaushik Chakravorty as Police Officer Ranjit Sinha
* Vashcar Dev as a Police officer

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rocky
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|7|13}}
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
| prev_title = [[Bapi Bari Jaa]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Boss: Born to Rule]]
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Rocky
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Tui Borsha Bikeler Dheu
| single1date = 10 Dec 2018
| single2 = Aaj Chai Toke
| single2date = 10 Dec 2018
| single3 = Rocky Bhai
| single3date = 10 Dec 2018
| single4 = Jay Maa Kali
| single4date = 11 Dec 2018
}}
}}

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), [[Raja Chanda]]
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = Jay Maa Kali
| lyrics1 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra1 = Saikat, [[Swajal]], [[Basudeb]]
| length1 = 2:34
| title2 = Aaj Chai Toke
| lyrics2 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra2 = Jeet Gannguli
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Tui Borsha Bikeler Dheu
| lyrics3 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Rocky Bhai
| lyrics4 = Raja Chanda
| extra4 = Jeet Gannguli
| length4 = 4:25
}}

==Reception==
The music of ''Rocky'', and the film as well, received bad reviews and was declared a flop at box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali movie review: Rocky is appalling |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/bengali-movie-review-rocky-is-appalling-50209094-in-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507144600/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/bengali-movie-review-rocky-is-appalling-50209094-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2013 |publisher=in.com |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rocky Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/rocky/movie-review/19766295.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3080284}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Raakshasa

2026-04-23T03:57:52Z

Anymore6055: creating a stub

{{Infobox television
| image = Raakshasa.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Psychological thriller]]
*[[crime thriller]]}}
| creator =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Suhan Prasad
*Apoorva Kumar}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
*Suhan Prasad
*Apoorva Kumar
*M M Shrikantha (Dialogues)}}
| director = Suhan Prasad
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Vijay Raghavendra]]
*[[Mayuri Kyatari]]
*Appanna Ramadurga
*[[Avinash Yelandur]]}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = [[Tharun Sudhir]]
| location = [[North Karnataka]]
| cinematography = Vivan Vidyut
| editor = {{Plainlist|
*A S Aravind
*Bhuvanesh Manivannan}}
| runtime =
| company = Tharun Sudhir Kreatiivez
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2026|02|20}}
}}
'''Raakshasa''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Psychological thriller|psychological]] [[Crime film|crime thriller]] [[web series]] written and directed by Suhan Prasad and produced by [[Tharun Sudhir]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 8, 2026 |title=New crime psychological web series Raakshasa will start streaming from February 20th |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/new-crime-psychological-web-series-raakshasa-will-start-streaming-from-february-20th/articleshow/128021858.cms |accessdate=February 18, 2026 |website=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-07 |title=Rakshasa Web Series: ಒಟಿಟಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಲಿಟ್ಟ ವಿಜಯ್ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ; ಚಿನ್ನಾರಿ ಮುತ್ತ ಅಭಿನಯದ ವೆಬ್ ಸರಣಿ ಯಾವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಾ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/ott-vijay-raghavendra-raakshasa-web-series-zee5-kannada-tharun-sudhir-rvj-kes-2302695.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260207171109/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/ott-vijay-raghavendra-raakshasa-web-series-zee5-kannada-tharun-sudhir-rvj-kes-2302695.html |archive-date=2026-02-07 |access-date=2026-02-18 |language=kn}}</ref> The series features [[Vijay Raghavendra]] in his digital streaming debut as a police officer investigating a series of mysterious deaths in [[North Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 11, 2026 |title=Crocodile attacks or cult rituals? Rakshasa trailer hints at darker truths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/kannada/crocodile-attacks-or-cult-rituals-rakshasa-trailer-hints-at-darker-truths/articleshow/128216633.cms |accessdate=February 18, 2026 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-07 |title=ಜೀ5ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ‘ರಾಕ್ಷಸ’ ವೆಬ್ ಸೀರಿಸ್; ಒಟಿಟಿ ಜಗತ್ತಿಗೆ ವಿಜಯ್ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/ott/rakshasa-web-series-vijay-raghavendras-crime-psychological-thriller-premieres-on-zee5-1145832.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> The series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on February 20, 2026.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 11, 2026 |title=Rakshasa OTT release: When and where to watch this Kannada psychological crime thriller |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/rakshasa-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-this-kannada-psychological-crime-thriller-article-13824953.html |accessdate=February 18, 2026 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Set against the backdrop of North Karnataka, the narrative follows an intense investigation into a series of gruesome deaths initially attributed to [[crocodile attack]]s. As the investigation unfolds, the protagonist, a dedicated police officer, uncovers evidence suggesting that the killings may be linked to dark [[cult]] rituals and human intervention rather than animal attacks. The series explores the psychological tension between local superstition and forensic reality.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as SI Hanmappa
* [[Mayuri Kyatari]] as Jyothi
* Appanna Ramadurga as Yellappa
* [[Avinash Yelandur]] as Praveen Kumar
* MS Jahangir as Virupaksha
* [[Abhijith (actor)|Abhijith]] as Rudrappa
* Hulugappa Kattimani as Ravindra
* Mahadev Hadapad as Beera
* Sushmitha Jagappa

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
In early 2026, it was confirmed that actor [[Vijay Raghavendra]] would lead the series, marking his debut in the OTT space.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 11, 2026 |title=North Karnataka crime thriller Rakshasa: Vijay Raghavendra’s ZEE5 debut |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/rakshasa-trailer-north-karnataka-crime-thriller-vijay-raghavendra-zee5-2866778-2026-02-11 |accessdate=February 18, 2026 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
Raakshasa began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from February 20, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Hari P. |date=2026-02-14 |title=Raakshasa Release Date Update: When & Where To Watch Vijay Raghavendra’s Mystery Thriller Series |url=https://www.koimoi.com/what-to-watch/raakshasa-release-date-update-when-where-to-watch-vijay-raghavendras-mystery-thriller-series/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raakshasa OTT release date: When and where to stream Vijay Raghavendra-led crime thriller series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raakshasa-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-stream-vijay-raghavendra-led-crime-thriller-series/47a4a70989936 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Raakshasa'' received mixed reviews from critics, who largely compared it to its source material, the Tamil series ''[[Vilangu (TV series)|Vilangu]]''. While the North Karnataka setting and Vijay Raghavendra's performance were praised, the show was criticized for its technical execution and lack of originality.

[[The Times of India]] called it a "gripping watch" that benefited from a "restrained, internalised performance" by Raghavendra and an atmospheric setting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-20 |title=Raakshasa Review: A gripping watch that smartly downplays its surprises and avoids unrealistic hero moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/kannada/raakshasa-review-a-gripping-watch-that-smartly-downplays-its-surprises-and-avoids-unrealistic-hero-moments/articleshow/128575914.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] noted that while the pacing was "sturdy," the early reveal in the third episode stripped the later half of its "riveting" potential.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Raakshasa’ Series Review: An Intriguing Watch That Stops Short Of Being Riveting |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/raakshasa-series-review-an-intriguing-watch-that-stops-short-of-being-riveting |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> [[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]] praised the series for adapting the story into the "distinct social fabric" of rural Karnataka, highlighting the "natural" supporting cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raakshasa review: A brooding crime thriller rooted in North Karnataka’s dark realities |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/raakshasa-review-a-brooding-crime-thriller-rooted-in-north-karnataka-s-dark-realities-article-13837450.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260220090432/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/raakshasa-review-a-brooding-crime-thriller-rooted-in-north-karnataka-s-dark-realities-article-13837450.html |archive-date=2026-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a critical review, [[Deccan Herald]] rated it 1.5 out of 5 stars, stating it "fell prey to the OTT template" with forced cliffhangers and "amateurish" dubbing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raakshasa review: Formulaic twists blunt gritty crime remake on Zee5 series |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/raakshasa-review-web-series-falls-prey-to-ott-template-3905374 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[Firstpost]] gave it 2 out of 5 stars, arguing the show "loses its bite in translation" and suffered from a "generic" visual palette.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-23 |title=Raakshasa Web Series Review: Vijay Raghavendra-starrer remake loses its bite in translation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raakshasa-web-series-review-vijay-raghavendra-starrer-remake-loses-its-bite-in-translation-13982605.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260223045104/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raakshasa-web-series-review-vijay-raghavendra-starrer-remake-loses-its-bite-in-translation-13982605.html |archive-date=2026-02-23 |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=Firstpost |language=}}</ref> [[HT Media|OTTplay]] also rated the series 1.5 out of 5, concluding that it "pales in comparison to the original" due to repetitive beats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raakshasa review: Vijay Raghavendra’s remake of Vilangu pales in comparison |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/raakshasa-series-review-vijay-raghavendras-kannada-adaptation-of-vilangu-pales-in-comparison-to-the-original/c97db67fee310 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Hans India]] dismissed the series as a "hollow remake," criticizing the "shallow writing" and uninspired direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2026-02-22 |title=‘Raakshasa’ review: A hollow remake that butchers a proven thriller |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/raakshasa-review-a-hollow-remake-that-butchers-a-proven-thriller-1050818 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Writing for [[India Today]], the critic noted that while the "central mystery is engaging enough to keep viewers invested," the series suffered from an "amateurish, underproduced quality" and technical issues such as "glaring errors with the dubbing" and grammatical mistakes in the credits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2026-02-20 |title=Raakshasa review: A well-written crime thriller led by Vijay Raghavendra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/raakshasa-review-a-well-written-crime-thriller-led-by-vijay-raghavendra-2871271-2026-02-20 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/raakshasa/0-6-4z5910206 ''Raakshasa''] on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=39783849}}

[[Category:2026 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]

Karamatullah Khan

2026-04-21T11:58:31Z

Anymore6055: new

{{short description|Indian tabla player (1919–2000)}}
{{other uses|Allah Rakha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person

| name = Karamatullah Khan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Karamatullah Khan
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj]] (now in Uttar Pradesh, India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|05|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|12|03|1917|05|17|df=y}}
| origin =
| occupation = [[Tabla]] player
| known_for = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| years_active =
| label =
| credits = Performed with [[Faiyaz Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]]
| children = [[Sabir Khan (tabla player)|Sabir Khan]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1976
| website =
}}

'''Karamatullah Khan''' (17 May 1917 – 3 December 1977) was an Indian [[tabla]] player who specialised in the [[Farrukhabad gharana|Farrukhabad tradition]] of [[Hindustani Classical music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karamatullah Khan |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100030251 |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2019 |title=Steeped in tradition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/steeped-in-tradition/article30348198.ece |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is known as an icon of the [[Farrukhabad gharana]], a prolific creator of tabla [[Bandish|compositions]], a soloist (which was novel at the time), and an accompanist to many celebrated instrumentalists and vocalists of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ustad Karamatullah Khan: Remembering a legend | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/ustad-karamatullah-khan-remembering-a-legend-1540603858120.html | access-date=22 November 2025 | website=www.livemint.com}}</ref>

==Background==
Khan was born to an extensive family of musicians from the [[Farrukhabad gharana]] and represented its thirty-second generation. His father and guru was acclaimed tabla maestro [[Masit Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=Vijay Prakash |title=An Introduction to Hindustani Classical Music: A Beginners Guide |date=31 May 2018 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=9788193704943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-02 |title=State of Tabla |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/state-of-tabla/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

After formative years in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], where his family were court musicians, Khan became the court musician to the [[Raigarh State|Maharaja of Raigarh]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7bxEAAAQBAJ&dq=karamatullah+khan+tabla&pg=PA116 |title=Tabla- A Quest |publisher=Anshika Publication |year=2024 |isbn=9789359679990 |page=116}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Khan is credited with popularizing [[tabla]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naimpalli |first1=Sadanand |title=Tabla |date=2005 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179911495 |pages=98–99}}</ref>

He was conferred the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1976 for his contributions to music.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Karamatulla Khan | url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Kalamatulla%20Khan.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525051252/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Kalamatulla%20Khan.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Khan's son and disciple, [[Sabir Khan (tabla player)|Sabir Khan]], is also a [[tabla]] maestro.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2022-04-18 |title=Festival of Indian classical music and dance in Delhi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/festival-indian-classical-music-dance-delhi-1503061886.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Karamatullah}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian drummers]]

EMigrate (portal)

2026-04-20T05:35:57Z

Anymore6055: made article!

{{Short description|Indian government portal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Lowercase title}}
{{other uses|Emigrate (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = eMigrate
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| logo_size = 167
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation =
| formation = {{Start date and age|2014|||df=y}}
| logo = File:EMigrate_logo.png
| extinction = 
| type = Governmental project
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters = Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, [[New Delhi]]
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]], [[Bangla (language)|Bangla]], [[Gujarati (language)|Gujarati]], and other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| publication =
| leader_title = Protector General of Emigrants
(PGE)
| leader_name = Shri Surinder Bhagat
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| remarks =
}}
'''eMigrate''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] digital portal developed by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] in 2014.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/turn-towards-indian-talent-for-sourcing-workforce-eam-to-friendly-nations-124101400965_1.html</ref> It automates [[Emigration|emigration processes]] and facilitates a safety and legal support to Indian workers employed abroad, particularly blue-collar laborers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-migrate |url=https://emigrate.gov.in/#/emigrate/about-us |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=emigrate.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-10-14 |title=Explained {{!}} eMigrate Portal: Ensuring Safety and Security of Indian Blue Collar Workers |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!international/emigrate-portal-ensuring-safety-and-security-of-indian-blue-collar-workers-enn24101405549 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
eMigrate was launched in 2014 by the Overseas Employment Division of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=inputs |first=dc correspondent with agency |date=2024-10-14 |title=Jaishankar Launches eMigrate V2.0 Portal, App |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/jaishankar-launches-emigrate-v20-portal-app-1830158 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2024, [[External Affairs Minister]], [[S. Jaishankar]] relaunched the portal as version 2.0 with more functionalities including a 24*7 [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] helpline support to address workers' issues and quicker registration of feedbacks for redressal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-14 |title=India's e-Migrate 2.0 Portal Launched To Simplify Overseas Employment |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/indias-e-migrate-20-portal-launched-to-simplify-overseas-employment-449977-2024-10-14 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Other digital solutions like [[DigiLocker]] were also integrated to the portal enabling emigrants to submit various documents paperless and obtain clearances faster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seli |first=Yeshi |date=2024-10-14 |title=Dr Jaishankar launches revamped eMigrate portal, mobile app |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/14/dr-jaishankar-launches-revamped-emigrate-portal-mobile-app |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=India launches revamped e-Migrate web portal and mobile app to help to promote safe and legal mobility |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/india-launches-e-migrate-v2-0-web-portal-and-mobile-app-to-help-to-promote-safe-and-legal-mobility/articleshow/114209233.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Platform ==
The Protector General of Emigrants (PGE) issues registration certifications to recruiting agencies who can employ Indian workers overseas. The eMigrate platform lists more than 1800 registered private agencies for transparency to safeguard workers from fraudulent hiring, as per Emigration Act 1983. The platform also lists State Manpower Export Corporations that are registered by PGE, namely in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Punjab]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Emigration and You |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/20_Emigration_and_You.pdf |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Migrate |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/7_e_Migrate.pdf |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official Website}}

[[Category:Government programmes of India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Emigration]]
[[Category:Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]

Sree Raam

2026-04-19T16:11:14Z

Anymore6055: Added A Stub

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| spouse =

}}
'''Sree Raam''' is an Indian actor who appears in Tamil language films. He made a breakthrough appearing as a child actor, winning a National Film Award for his performance in Pandiraj's Pasanga (2009). He has since appeared in the leading and supporting roles in films, and won acclaim for his portrayal in ''[[Goli Soda]]'' (2014).

==Career==
Sree Raam made a breakthrough appearing as a child actor, winning the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for his performance in [[Pandiraj]]'s ''Pasanga'' (2009). He then appeared in several films in smaller roles, portraying the younger version of the lead actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Pasanga-stars-dialogue-bring-home-three-national-awards/articleshow/6562281.cms|title=Pasanga' stars, dialogue bring home three national awards | Chennai News |date=16 September 2010|website=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=Chennai}}</ref>

In 2014, he played one of the lead roles in [[Vijay Milton]]'s ''Goli Soda'' and the success of the film, led him to be featured in films of a similar genre including ''[[Vajram (2015 film)|Vajram]]'' (2015) and ''[[Kamara Kattu]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/goli-soda-little-men/article5617400.ece|title=Goli Soda: Little men|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|date=25 January 2014|website=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/jan/23/Goli-Soda-Smells-and-Feels-Like-Teen-Spirit-567323.html|title='Goli Soda' Smells and Feels Like Teen Spirit |first=Janani |last=Sampath |date=23 January 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His performance in ''Goli Soda'' also saw him recommended and subsequently signed up for a role in ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' (2015) starring [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150523/entertainment-kollywood/article/sree-raam-thrilled-act-kamal-haasan|title=Sree Raam thrilled to act with Kamal Haasan|first=S|last=Subhakeerthana|date=24 May 2015|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of performances in film
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kattradhu Thamizh]]'' || Young Prabhakar ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' || Jeevanandham || [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || Young Shiva ||
|-
| ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || Young Karthik ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''[[Venghai]]'' || Young Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Markandeyan]]'' || Young Mark||
|-
| ''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]'' || Young Ramana||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Jilla (film)|Jilla]]'' || Young Aadhi Kesavan ||
|-
| ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || Saettu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[Vajram (2015 film)|Vajram]]'' || Madurai ||
|-
| ''[[Kamara Kattu]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' || Cheramadurai ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Sagaa]]'' || Jacky ||
|-
|| ''[[Adutha Saattai]]'' || Student ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || || Unreleased (Tamil version)
|-
|}

=== Streaming television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of performances in streaming television
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]'' || Arul ||[[Netflix]] || episode "Rowthiram"
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Five Six Seven Eight]]'' || Dinesh || [[ZEE5]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3745205}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raam, Sree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]

Bajubon Kharlukhi

2026-04-18T23:04:04Z

Anymore6055: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bajubon Kharlukhi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2021
| death_place = Shillong
| office = Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]], Meghalaya
| term = 1980-1984
| predecessor = [[Hoping Stone Lyngdoh]]
| successor = [[George Gilbert Swell]]
| office1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bajubon R Kharlukhi''' (died 2021) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]] constituency of [[Meghalaya]] as a member of the [[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]].<ref name="The Shillong Times 2021">{{cite web | title=Former Lok Sabha member no more | website=The Shillong Times | date=26 December 2021 | url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/12/27/former-lok-sabha-member-no-more/ | access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="India. Parliament. House of the People India. Parliament. Lok Sabha 1984 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | author2=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | issue=v. 44, nos. 6-10 | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVIwAAAAMAAJ | language= | access-date=18 March 2023 | page=497}}</ref><ref name="Asian Recorder 1983 p. ">{{cite book | title=Asian Recorder | issue=v. 29 | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sw0uAQAAIAAJ | access-date=18 March 2023 | page=17097}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharlukhi, Bajubon}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Cyclone Yaas

2026-04-17T06:01:23Z

Anymore6055:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2021}}
{{distinguish|Cyclone Yasa|Cyclone Yasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas
| image = Yaas_2021-05-26_0500Z.jpg
| caption = Yaas before landfall in Odisha on 25 May near peak intensity.
| formed = 23 May 2021
| dissipated = 26 May 2021
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 75
| pressure = 970
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 65
| pressure = 974
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 20 total
| year = 2021
| damage = 2986000000
| areas = {{hlist|[[Bangladesh]]|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]|[[Bihar]]|[[Jharkhand]]|[[Madhya Pradesh]]|[[Odisha]]|[[Uttar Pradesh]]|[[West Bengal]]|[[Nepal]]}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas'''{{efn|The name ''Yaas'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ياس, [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[jaːs]]]) was contributed by [[Oman]] and means "jasmine" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-23|title=Explained: Cyclone YAAS to hit West Bengal, Odisha on May 26 {{!}} Here's why and how cyclones are named|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/explained-cyclone-yaas-to-hit-west-bengal-odisha-on-may-26-heres-why-and-how-cyclones-are-named-10027031|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Jagran English|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524124415/https://english.jagran.com/india/explained-cyclone-yaas-to-hit-west-bengal-odisha-on-may-26-heres-why-and-how-cyclones-are-named-10027031|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Cyclone 'Yaas' Likely to Hit Coasts of Bengal, Odisha on May 26; Know Origin, Meaning of Name|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-likely-to-hit-coasts-of-bengal-odisha-on-may-26-know-origin-meaning-of-name-3762215.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524140418/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-likely-to-hit-coasts-of-bengal-odisha-on-may-26-know-origin-meaning-of-name-3762215.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} was a relatively strong and very damaging [[tropical cyclone]] that made landfall in India's eastern State of [[Odisha]], and brought significant impact to [[West Bengal]] during late May 2021. The second cyclonic storm, second severe cyclonic storm, and second very severe cyclonic storm of the [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Yaas formed from a tropical disturbance that the [[Indian Meteorological Department]] first monitored on 23 May. Conditions in the basin favoured development as the system became a deep depression later that day, before intensifying into a cyclonic storm on the next day, receiving the name ''Yaas''. The system further intensified as it turned to the northeast, becoming a severe cyclonic storm on 24 May despite moderate [[wind shear]]. Marginally favourable conditions further continued as Yaas accelerated northeastward, strengthening to a Category 1-equivalent [[tropical cyclone]] and to a very severe cyclonic storm on 25 May. Yaas crossed the northern Odisha coast around 20 km south of [[Balasore]] at its peak intensity as a very severe cyclonic storm on 26 May. Upon landfall, the JTWC and IMD issued their final advisories as Yaas further weakened inland while turning north-northwestwards.

In preparations for the storm, many electrical companies in [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]] prepared additional generators and transformers for possible electrical problems. Evacuations were also ordered, starting on 24 May on low-lying areas in [[East Midnapore]] and [[West Midnapore]] and [[Jhargram]]. [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Kolkata]] and [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas]] are now placed on high alert.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=LIVE: Cyclone Yaas to intensify into a very severe cyclonic storm in 24 hrs|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-cyclones-west-bengal-odisha-cyclone-yaas-tracker-latest-news-tamil-nadu-karnataka-rain-weather-updates-deaths-imd-121052400094_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=www.business-standard.com|language=en|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524062350/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-cyclones-west-bengal-odisha-cyclone-yaas-tracker-latest-news-tamil-nadu-karnataka-rain-weather-updates-deaths-imd-121052400094_1.html}}</ref> Railway operations and marine activities were halted due to Yaas, while rescue authorities and medical teams were deployed in for possible emergencies. In [[Bangladesh]], over two million individuals were ordered to be evacuated in coastal areas of the country due to the storm's approach. Food supplies and emergency funds were also released for the evacuees. 20 people across India and Bangladesh died due to Yaas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two electrocuted, 40 houses partly damaged in tornado ahead of Cyclone Yaas: Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/two-electrocuted-40-houses-partly-damaged-in-tornado-ahead-of-yaas-mamata-101621951493381.html|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=Hindustan Times|date=25 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526063928/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/two-electrocuted-40-houses-partly-damaged-in-tornado-ahead-of-yaas-mamata-101621951493381.html|url-status=live}}</ref> West Bengal was the hardest hit [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]], with an estimated loss of [[Indian rupee|₹]]210 billion ([[United States dollar|US$]]2.89 billion).<ref name=":17" /> Odisha also suffered a loss of ₹6.1 billion (US$83.9 million).<ref name=":18" />

== Meteorological history ==
{{storm path|Yaas 2021 track.png}}
On 22 May, a [[low-pressure area]] formed in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. On the next day, at 09:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], the disturbance intensified into a depression and was assigned the designation ''BOB 02'' by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD).<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Special Tropical Cyclone Bulletin for Depression BOB 02 No. 1|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_09c7b3_SPECIAL%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%20%200600%20UTC%20of%2023.05.2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523092108/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_09c7b3_SPECIAL%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%20%200600%20UTC%20of%2023.05.2021.pdf|archive-date=May 23, 2021|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=IMD}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] (TCFA) at 15:00 UTC on 22 May on the developing system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for Invest 93B|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9321web.txt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523163909/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io9321web.txt|archive-date=May 23, 2021|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=JTWC}}</ref> The system subsequently intensified into a deep depression at 15:00 UTC on 23 May.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2021|title=Special Tropical Cyclone Outlook for Deep Depression BOB 02|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_4628ed_SPECIAL%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%201800%20UTC%20of%2023.05.2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524032158/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_4628ed_SPECIAL%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%201800%20UTC%20of%2023.05.2021.pdf|archive-date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=mausam.imd.gov.in}}</ref> On the following day, at 02:30 UTC, the system further intensified into a cyclonic storm and was given the name ''Yaas'' by the IMD.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2021|title=National Bulletin for Cyclonic Storm Yaas|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_8bdb8d_4.%20National_Bulletin_20210524_0000UTC.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524034636/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_8bdb8d_4.%20National_Bulletin_20210524_0000UTC.pdf|archive-date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=IMD}}</ref> At that time, the [[low-level circulation centre]] of the system became partially-exposed due to moderate [[wind shear]]; however, large masses of [[rainband]]s persisted in the southern portion of the storm as it remained in a marginally favourable environment for intensification, with warm [[sea surface temperatures]] and good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] but moderate wind shear.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2021|title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Yaas) Warning NR 002|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|url-status=dead|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524042107/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt}}</ref><ref name="JTWC4">{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Yaas) Warning NR 004|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|url-status=dead|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524234234/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|archive-date=May 24, 2021|website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> The IMD further upgraded Yaas to a severe cyclonic storm at 18:00 UTC that day as the system became more organised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=National Bulletin for Cyclonic Storm Yaas No. 8|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/8__RSMC_TC_ADVISORY-8_BASED_ON_2100_UTC_OF_24_05_2021.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=mausam.imd.gov.in|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525020010/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/backend/assets/cyclone_pdf/8__RSMC_TC_ADVISORY-8_BASED_ON_2100_UTC_OF_24_05_2021.pdf}}</ref> A [[subtropical ridge]] turned the system northeast into an area of low wind shear, causing Yaas to gradually strengthen.<ref name="JTWC4"/> At 12:00 UTC on 25 May, the JTWC upgraded the storm to a Category 1 system as the system further organised.<ref name="JTWC5">{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=Tropical Cyclone 02B (Yaas) Warning NR 006|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|url-status=dead|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525130639/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|archive-date=May 25, 2021|website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> Despite Yaas being negatively affected after making landfall, combined with the weakening effects of moderate wind shear and poor [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], it intensified further to a very severe cyclonic storm at 15:00 UTC on 25 May as it featured a profound convection.<ref name=:"6">{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=National Bulletin for Cyclone Yaas No. 16|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_4cb0a4_16.National_Bulletin_20210525_1200TC.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525155123/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_4cb0a4_16.National_Bulletin_20210525_1200TC.pdf|archive-date=May 25, 2021|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=IMD}}</ref> The storm subsequently reached its peak intensity of {{convert|140|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} in three-minute sustained wind speeds, according to the IMD; the JTWC had slightly lower estimates of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}} on the system.<ref name=:"6"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning for Cyclone 02B (Yaas) No.7|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525160506/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|archive-date=May 25, 2021|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=JTWC}}</ref> Around 09:00 IST (03:30 UTC) on 26 May, Yaas made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] north of [[Dhamra Port]] and south of [[Bahanaga]] at the same intensity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 26, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas LIVE Updates: 1 Dead in East Midnapore as Heavy Rains Inundate Bengal; Cyclone Completes Landfall in 3.5 Hrs|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-live-tracker-odisha-dhamra-west-bengal-balasore-jharkhand-rainfall-update-3776906.html|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526023838/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-live-tracker-odisha-dhamra-west-bengal-balasore-jharkhand-rainfall-update-3776906.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon moving inland, the JTWC issued their final warning on the storm as it weakened to a tropical storm since it was over land and also faced increased vertical shear.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 26, 2021|title=Final Tropical Cyclone Warning for Cyclone 02B (Yaas) No. 10|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526105932/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0221web.txt|archive-date=May 26, 2021|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=JTWC}}</ref> Soon afterward, the IMD also discontinued advisories as the system became disorganised and as it weakened to a deep depression.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hourly Update on Cyclonic Storm 'Yaas' Bulletin No. 28, Date: 27-05-2021 Time of Issue: 0230 HRS IST - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/hourly-update-cyclonic-storm-yaas-bulletin-no-28-date-27-05-2021-time-issue-0230-hrs|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=ReliefWeb|date=27 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527073722/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/hourly-update-cyclonic-storm-yaas-bulletin-no-28-date-27-05-2021-time-issue-0230-hrs|url-status=live}}</ref> Yaas eventually dissipated in northern [[India]] on 28 May.
{{Clear}}

== Preparations ==
=== India ===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi chairing a meeting to review the impact of Cyclone ‘Yaas’, through video conferencing, in New Delhi on May 27, 2021.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] chairing a meeting to review the impact of the cyclone, through video conferencing, in [[New Delhi]] on 27 May, 2021.]]
The [[Ministry of Power (India)|Union Power Ministry]] of India had prepared transformers and generators in case of power outages. The Health Ministry also prepared to ensure that there is no disruption in vaccine supplement and [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] treatment. The Ministry of Telecommunication kept all telecom towers and exchanges under watch.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 25, 2021|title=West Bengal: Telcos ready with Cyclone Yaas measures {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/telcos-ready-with-cyclone-measures/articleshow/82921526.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525062633/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/telcos-ready-with-cyclone-measures/articleshow/82921526.cms}}</ref> India Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] had also arranged an emergency meeting to prepare for the cyclone.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=May 23, 2021|title=With cyclone approaching, Centre helps Odisha, West Bengal brace for Yaas|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/with-cyclone-approaching-centre-helps-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-yaas-11621764318268.html|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=May 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523110235/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/with-cyclone-approaching-centre-helps-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-yaas-11621764318268.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]] had deployed 65 teams with another 20 teams on reserve. Also, NDRF deployed 115 teams in 5 states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=NDRF deploys 115 teams in 5 states for Cyclone Yaas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-rain-lashes-odisha-west-bengal/liveblog/82873733.cms|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=The Times Of India|language=en|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525054332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-rain-lashes-odisha-west-bengal/liveblog/82873733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Rescue and relief teams of the [[Indian Army|Indian army]], [[Indian Navy|navy]], and the [[Indian Coast Guard|coast guard]] have also deployed over the coastal districts of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas LIVE Updates: PM Modi Holds Meeting to Review Preparedness; 18 NDRF Teams on Alert|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-tracker-live-updates-imd-tauktae-west-bengal-odisha-pm-narendra-modi-rains-weather-today-3766886.html|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523031905/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-tracker-live-updates-imd-tauktae-west-bengal-odisha-pm-narendra-modi-rains-weather-today-3766886.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[CESC Limited|CESC]] stayed on guard for the cyclone to ensure uninterrupted service especially for major hospitals and critical establishments like drainage pumping stations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 21, 2021|first=Subhro|last=Niyogi|title=CESC stays on guard for cyclone|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cesc-stays-on-guard-for-cyclone/articleshow/82811737.cms|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524071519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cesc-stays-on-guard-for-cyclone/articleshow/82811737.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Northern Railway zone]] had cancelled many trips from [[New Delhi]] to and from [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Puri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Ensure timely evacuation, minimise time of outages of power: PM Narendra Modi directs officials during Cyclone Yaas review meeting|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/cyclone-yaas-pm-narendra-modi-holds-review-meeting-with-amit-shah-senior-officials-2363784.html|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=May 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523071715/https://zeenews.india.com/india/cyclone-yaas-pm-narendra-modi-holds-review-meeting-with-amit-shah-senior-officials-2363784.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]] had also canceled trains going to and from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas: Western Railway Cancels 7 Trains on Odisha, Gujarat and Rajasthan Routes; Details Here|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-western-railway-cancels-7-trains-on-odisha-gujarat-and-rajasthan-routes-details-here-3766505.html|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523031915/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-western-railway-cancels-7-trains-on-odisha-gujarat-and-rajasthan-routes-details-here-3766505.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hardaha|first=Rashi|date=May 22, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas: Railways cancel several trains. Check full list|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-trains-cancelled-full-list-indian-railways-update-706354|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522201913/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-trains-cancelled-full-list-indian-railways-update-706354|url-status=live}}</ref> Airline operations at [[Kolkata International Airport]] were cancelled due to the forecasted interminent weather from Yaas. Furthermore, airports in [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Rourkela Airport|Rourkela]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Durgapur]] were ordered to be closed starting on 27 May due to Yaas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 26, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas impact: 5 airports to remain shut today. Timings and other details|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-impact-5-airports-to-remain-shut-today-timings-and-other-details-11621993028866.html|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527132639/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-impact-5-airports-to-remain-shut-today-timings-and-other-details-11621993028866.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The IMD issued an orange alert on 25 May on [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Jajpur]], [[Cuttack]], [[Khordha]], and [[Puri]] in [[Odisha]], citing the threat of Yaas' rainfall.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas tracking live: Rain lashes Odisha, West Bengal as Yaas cyclone is expected to cross West Bengal-Odisha coast tomorrow|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-rain-lashes-odisha-west-bengal/liveblog/82873733.cms|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525054332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-rain-lashes-odisha-west-bengal/liveblog/82873733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, a red alert was raised by the department for [[Kendrapara]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Bhadrak]], and [[Balasore]] on the same day due to the system.<ref name=":0"/> Ministry of Home Affairs [[Amit Shah]] instructed the authorities in West Bengal, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh in a virtual meeting to prepare electricity supplies at hospitals and vaccine centres for possible power outages.<ref>{{Cite news|title=West Bengal, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh get ready for cyclone Yaas|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bengal-odisha-andhra-an-get-yaas-ready/articleshow/82921142.cms|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525062633/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bengal-odisha-andhra-an-get-yaas-ready/articleshow/82921142.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port of Kolkata]] started to suspend all shipping activities in the city, starting on 25 May due to Yaas' threat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Maura|date=May 25, 2021|title='Humanitarian crisis' looming as Cyclone Yaas eyes northeastern India|work=[[Accuweather]]|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/hurricane/humanitarian-crisis-looming-as-cyclone-yaas-eyes-northeastern-india/950949|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525062634/https://www.accuweather.com/en/hurricane/humanitarian-crisis-looming-as-cyclone-yaas-eyes-northeastern-india/950949|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy|first=Suryagni|date=May 24, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas to cross Odisha-Bengal coast as a very severe cyclonic storm: Met Department|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yaas-to-cross-odisha-bengal-coast-as-a-very-severe-cyclonic-storm-rmd-1806465-2021-05-24|access-date=May 25, 2021|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525062633/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yaas-to-cross-odisha-bengal-coast-as-a-very-severe-cyclonic-storm-rmd-1806465-2021-05-24|url-status=live}}</ref> All 265 boats which were reported to be in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on that day returned to the port as the [[Indian Coast Guard]] instructed them to do so due to the brewing storm.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas LIVE Updates: Extremely Heavy Rain Warning Issued for Odisha Towns, Cyclone Intensifies Into Severe Cyclonic Storm|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-west-bengal-odisha-kolkata-balasore-track-live-3772931.html|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525024807/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-west-bengal-odisha-kolkata-balasore-track-live-3772931.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Evacuations were also started on 24 May for the coastal and low-lying areas in [[East Midnapore]] and [[West Midnapore]] and [[Jhargram]], with over a million people being evacuated.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=cn>{{cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas likely to hit India, Bangladesh Wednesday|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/cyclone-yaas-likely-to-hit-india-bangladesh-wednesday/2253759|date=May 26, 2021|language=en|website=www.aa.com|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526120143/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/cyclone-yaas-likely-to-hit-india-bangladesh-wednesday/2253759|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, as Yaas weakens over [[Jharkhand]], evacuations were ordered due to the threat of strong winds and heavy rainfall from the system.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=cyclone yaas live tracking: Cyclone Yaas Live Updates: Deep depression to weaken into depression in next 6 hours, 7 Navy teams undertake relief operations in Bengal|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-yaas-landfall-live-tracking-latest-updates-may-27/liveblog/82992797.cms|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=The Economic Times|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527055014/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-yaas-landfall-live-tracking-latest-updates-may-27/liveblog/82992797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 600,000 individuals were instructed to move to disaster shelters provided by the authorities due to the storm's approach.<ref name=":9" />

=== Bangladesh ===
Assessing the threat of Yaas in the country, Bangladesh Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] reserved 225 disaster centres for evacuation premises.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2021|title=Bangladesh prepared for Cyclone Yaas|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/24/bangladesh-prepared-for-cyclone-yaas|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=May 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525012538/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/24/bangladesh-prepared-for-cyclone-yaas|url-status=live}}</ref> 349 shelters had been prepared, which accommodated half the capacity of people to maintain [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh|COVID-19]] health restrictions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=May 23, 2021|title=Khulna preparing for Cyclone Yaas|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/news/khulna-preparing-cyclone-yaas-2097457|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=The Daily Star|language=en|archive-date=May 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523164847/https://www.thedailystar.net/environment/news/khulna-preparing-cyclone-yaas-2097457|url-status=live}}</ref> 114 medical authorities were readied for medical emergencies.<ref name=":1" /> Food supplies were also prepared for the evacuees, while Bangladeshi authorities including the [[Cyclone Preparedness Programme]] of the country and [[Bangladesh Navy|its navy]] were on standby and high alert, starting from 24 May.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Signal Warning No. 2 were raised on harbors in [[Chattogram|Chittagong]], [[Cox's Bazar]], [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]] and [[Port of Payra|Payra]] on the same day as Yaas neared the country.<ref name=":2" /> In [[Barisal Division|the administrative division of Barisal]], authorities there started to prepare temporary and permanent evacuation shelters as they started to depopulate over 2 million individuals due to the storm.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=May 24, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas: Authorities preparing to evacuate 2 million people in Barisal Division|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/24/cyclone-yaas-authorities-preparing-to-evacuate-2m-people-in-barisal-division|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526023953/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/05/24/cyclone-yaas-authorities-preparing-to-evacuate-2m-people-in-barisal-division|url-status=live}}</ref> Fishing activities in the northern [[Bay of Bengal]] were prohibited.<ref name=":2" /> [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]]1.5 million (US$17,700) worth of standby funds were also released by the authorities for disaster response. 20,000 [[Rohingya]] at the remote island of [[Bhasan Char]] were also considered at risk.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=cn/>

=== Sri Lanka ===
The meteorology department of [[Sri Lanka]] issued a red alert on 24 May for the possibility of heavy rains and strong winds from Yaas for the country's [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central]], [[Sabaragamuwa Province|Sabaragamuwa]] and [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern]] provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas – India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (IMD, SLMD, BMD, Media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 24 May 2021) - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/cyclone-yaas-india-bangladesh-and-sri-lanka-imd-slmd-bmd-media-echo-daily-flash-24-may|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=ReliefWeb|date=24 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527073514/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/cyclone-yaas-india-bangladesh-and-sri-lanka-imd-slmd-bmd-media-echo-daily-flash-24-may|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
=== India ===
Farmlands throughout Odisha, West Bengal, and some in [[Jharkhand]] were damaged by flooding, while small boats within the [[Bay of Bengal]] were damaged.<ref name=":56">{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas LIVE Updates: Yaas centred over South Jharkhand; UN ready to support response efforts|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/cyclone-yaas-live-news-updates-odisha-bengal-andhra-imd-ndrf-tauktae-amphan-naveen-patnaik-balasore-dharma-coast-flight-updates-9433521.htm|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=cnbctv18.com|date=26 May 2021 |language=en-US|quote=Cyclone 'Yaas' whiplashes eastern coast, over 3 lakh houses|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527063617/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/cyclone-yaas-live-news-updates-odisha-bengal-andhra-imd-ndrf-tauktae-amphan-naveen-patnaik-balasore-dharma-coast-flight-updates-9433521.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Electrical lines in these states were knocked down causing thousands of power outages.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas: Two electrocuted to death, 80 houses damaged due to strong winds in Bengal|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/cyclone-yaas-two-electrocuted-death-170351036.html|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526032616/https://in.news.yahoo.com/cyclone-yaas-two-electrocuted-death-170351036.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== West Bengal ====
More than 4,500 villages were damaged. Various rural homes and agricultural lands were hard-hit, and basic needs such as drinking water, sanitation, and the like were also hard to come by. At least 143 marine vehicles were broken into.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=UNICEF India Humanitarian Situation Report No. 1 (Cyclone Yaas): 28 May 2021 - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/unicef-india-humanitarian-situation-report-no-1-cyclone-yaas-28-may-2021|access-date=2021-05-29|website=ReliefWeb|date=28 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528191233/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/unicef-india-humanitarian-situation-report-no-1-cyclone-yaas-28-may-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting on 25 May, heavy rains and strong winds started to brush the coastal and inland areas of [[West Bengal]], storms reaching as far as [[Kolkata]], where 62 kmph winds and gusts of 90 kmph were recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas Live Updates: Yaas likely to make landfall by noon; Odisha witnesses heavy rainfall and strong winds|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-yaas-landfall-live-tracking-latest-updates-may-26/liveblog/82962009.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=The Economic Times|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526030805/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-yaas-landfall-live-tracking-latest-updates-may-26/liveblog/82962009.cms}}</ref> Before Cyclone Yaas came, a tornado outbreak was reported on the districts of [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paragana]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]. One tornados reported in [[Halisahar|Halishar]] and another reported in [[Chinsurah]]. Two people died with five injured and 80 houses being damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 25, 2021|title=Two electrocuted to death, 80 houses damaged as 'tornado' hits West Bengal districts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/two-electrocuted-to-death-80-houses-damaged-as-tornado-hits-west-bengal-districts/articleshow/82946743.cms|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608094459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/two-electrocuted-to-death-80-houses-damaged-as-tornado-hits-west-bengal-districts/articleshow/82946743.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-26|title=Ahead of Cyclone Yaas, Tornado Strikes West Bengal's South|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/ahead-of-cyclone-yaas-tornado-strikes-west-bengals-south/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB|archive-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607142250/https://science.thewire.in/environment/ahead-of-cyclone-yaas-tornado-strikes-west-bengals-south/|url-status=live}}</ref> Knee-deep floods caused by torrential rainfall submerged the beach areas of [[Digha]], while palm trees were snapped by the cyclone's strong winds.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas brings heavy rain, high tide to eastern India after killing 2|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7893688/cyclone-yaas-india-landfall/|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=Global News|language=en-US|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526050801/https://globalnews.ca/news/7893688/cyclone-yaas-india-landfall/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 25, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas: Digha in West Bengal faces strong winds, high tides|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cyclone-yaas-digha-in-west-bengal-faces-strong-winds-high-tides/videoshow/82949620.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526055609/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cyclone-yaas-digha-in-west-bengal-faces-strong-winds-high-tides/videoshow/82949620.cms}}</ref> [[Chandabali]] reported rains of up to {{convert|39.31|cm|in|abbr=on}} between 24 and 26 May, also causing flooding.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 26, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas: more than a million evacuated as storm hits India's east coast|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/26/cyclone-yaas-india-evacuation-odisha-west-bengal-landfall|url-status=live|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526050154/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/26/cyclone-yaas-india-evacuation-odisha-west-bengal-landfall}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=At least 2 dead after Cyclone Yaas slams vulnerable part of India|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/05/27/india-india-cyclone-yaas-weather/3851622158152/|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=UPI|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527235631/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/05/27/india-india-cyclone-yaas-weather/3851622158152/|url-status=live}}</ref> 300,000 houses were damaged in West Bengal, while around 10 million people were affected in the state alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 27, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas pounds Odisha- Bengal coast: three killed, villages flooded|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-yaas-west-bengal-odisha-jharkhand-weather-7331444/|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527004624/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-yaas-west-bengal-odisha-jharkhand-weather-7331444/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Two farmers from [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] were struck by lightning while on their fields, killing them both, while a senior citizen of [[Asansol]] died as her house collapsed on top of her.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Banerjee|first1=Tamaghna|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Monotosh|last3=Mondal|first3=Suman|last4=Khanra|first4=Sujay|date=May 26, 2021|title=Yaas Cyclone: Three dead in districts, West Bengal govt evacuates 11 lakh {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-dead-in-districts-govt-evacuates-11-lakh/articleshow/82956755.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526015516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-dead-in-districts-govt-evacuates-11-lakh/articleshow/82956755.cms}}</ref> Two more individuals were killed as they were hit by uprooted trees in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 27, 2021|title=Thousands of Homes Damaged in India as Deadly Cyclone Yaas Makes Landfall (PHOTOS)|url=https://weather.com/photos/news/2021-05-25-tropical-cyclone-yaas-india|url-status=live|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-US|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527002036/https://weather.com/photos/news/2021-05-25-tropical-cyclone-yaas-india}}</ref> Over 1,100 villages in [[West Bengal]] were submerged in floodwaters caused by storm surges, displacing about 500,000 people.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Yeung|first=Jessie|date=May 27, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas batters India's east coast leaving tens of thousands homeless|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/india/india-cyclone-yaas-impact-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=CNN|publisher=|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527031842/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/26/india/india-cyclone-yaas-impact-intl-hnk/index.html}}</ref> Cars also suffered damage due to the floods, and various structures were also damaged.<ref name=":8" /> In the city of [[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]], a small tornado touched down in the area on 27 May, destroying many houses and private properties.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Mini Tornado in Ashoknagar: হুগলি-হালিশহরের পর 'মিনি টর্নেডো' অশোকনগরে, মিনিট খানেকের তাণ্ডবে তছনছ এলাকা|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/mini-tornado-in-ashoknagar-guma-area-many-house-effected-sdg-603101.html|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=News18 Bengali|language=bn|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527095920/https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/mini-tornado-in-ashoknagar-guma-area-many-house-effected-sdg-603101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> No one was injured or killed in the event.<ref name=":10" /> A preliminary report submitted to the [[Government of India|Central government]] gave an estimated loss of [[Indian rupee|₹]]210 billion (US$2.89 billion).<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=June 10, 2021|title=West Bengal submits primary report to central team, pegs cyclone damage at Rs 21K crore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-submits-primary-report-to-central-team-pegs-cyclone-damage-at-rs-21k-crore-7351848/|access-date=June 15, 2021|work=Indian Express|location=Kolkata|language=en}}</ref>

==== Odisha ====
Due to the heavy rains in Odisha, many residents had been evacuated, so only a few people felt the impact of Yaas.<ref name=":8" /> The state was still heavily affected, with 120 village settlements being flooded and heavily damaged by the rains. [[Paradeep]] received over {{convert|36|cm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall on 25 May.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhubaneswar|first=Mohammad Suffian|date=May 28, 2021|title=With effective management of Cyclone Yaas, Odisha proves why it is numero uno in taming natural disasters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-cyclone-yaas-management-naveen-patnaik-1807834-2021-05-28|url-status=live|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528001324/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-cyclone-yaas-management-naveen-patnaik-1807834-2021-05-28}}</ref> A 15-year-old boy was found dead in a pond in the village of Jagannath Khunta in [[Mayurbhanj]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas kills two in India's Odisha as rains lash east coast|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/26/cyclone-yaas-very-severe-storm-makes-landfall-on-indian-coast|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526051920/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/26/cyclone-yaas-very-severe-storm-makes-landfall-on-indian-coast|url-status=live}}</ref> Another fatality was reported on 26 May in the town of [[Keonjhar]], when a man died after a tree fell on top of him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Dikhyaa|title=Man Crushed To Death Under Tree In Keonjhar During Cyclone 'Yaas' - Interview Times|date=26 May 2021 |url=https://interviewtimes.net/man-crushed-to-death-under-tree-in-keonjhar-during-cyclone-yaas/|access-date=May 26, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526052714/https://interviewtimes.net/man-crushed-to-death-under-tree-in-keonjhar-during-cyclone-yaas/|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 people had to be rescued from a boat which capsized off of the Odisha coast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas live updates: Yaas makes landfall; West Bengal, Odisha coastal areas flooded (Appreciate the quick response from teams of NDRF and Erasama BDO to rescue 10 people from a capsized boat in the river: CM Naveen Patnaik)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-yaas-live-tracking-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-severe-cyclonic-storm/liveblog/82962051.cms|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526022934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-yaas-live-tracking-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-severe-cyclonic-storm/liveblog/82962051.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Continued heavy rains from Yaas caused the [[Baitarani River]] to nearly overflow, but it didn't as the conditions in Odisha improved.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas Live Updates: Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee pegs losses due to 'Yaas' at Rs 15K cr, announces scheme for affected people|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-yaas-landfall-live-tracking-latest-updates-may-27/liveblog/82992797.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=The Economic Times|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527124242/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/cyclone-yaas-landfall-live-tracking-latest-updates-may-27/liveblog/82992797.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas leaves 3 dead in Odisha; Baitarani river flowing above danger mark|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cyclone-yaas-leaves-3-dead-in-odisha-baitarani-river-flowing-above-danger-mark20210527174425/|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527130927/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/cyclone-yaas-leaves-3-dead-in-odisha-baitarani-river-flowing-above-danger-mark20210527174425/|url-status=live}}</ref> Damage statewide were stood at ₹6.1 billion (USS$83.9 million), and the majority of them were government properties.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|last=Mohanty|first=BDebabrata|date=June 3, 2021|title=Odisha suffered losses worth ₹610 crore due to Cyclone Yaas|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-suffered-losses-worth-rs-610-crore-due-to-cyclone-yaas-101622659686724.html|access-date=June 10, 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==== Other states ====
In [[Ranchi]], the capital of [[Jharkhand]], two people were reported dead as they were trapped in a collapsed house, not being rescued and eventually dying there.<ref name=":11" /> 1,500 homes were damaged, 10 [[lakh]] people were effected, and 18 people were injured in Jharkhand.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=About 1500 houses damaged, 18 injured and 10 lakh impacted by Cyclone Yaas in Jharkhand|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/28/about-1500-houses-damaged-18-injured-and-10-lakh-impacted-by-cyclone-yaas-in-jharkhand-2308876.html|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606114306/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/28/about-1500-houses-damaged-18-injured-and-10-lakh-impacted-by-cyclone-yaas-in-jharkhand-2308876.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An additional two people died in Ranchi after a five-year-old bridge connecting the [[Tamar block]] to [[Bundu, India|Bundu]] and [[Sonahatu block]] of the city collapsed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 28, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas: State begins damage assessment, CM orders probe in bridge collapse|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/cyclone-yaas-state-begins-damage-assessment-cm-orders-probe-in-bridge-collapse-101622217383131.html|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528160741/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/cyclone-yaas-state-begins-damage-assessment-cm-orders-probe-in-bridge-collapse-101622217383131.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> 75 [[hectare]]s worth of farmland were destroyed.<ref name=":13" />

In [[Patna]], the largest city of [[Bihar]], a rain amount of {{convert|3.85|cm|in|abbr=on}} was reported by the meteorological centre in the area on 27 May.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Piyush|date=May 28, 2021|title=Yaas Cyclone drenches Bihar, showers may continue today {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cyclone-yaas-drenches-bihar-showers-may-continue-today/articleshow/83017959.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528000926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cyclone-yaas-drenches-bihar-showers-may-continue-today/articleshow/83017959.cms}}</ref> The largest rain accumulation in the state was reported at [[Gaya, India|the city of Gaya]], standing at {{convert|6.88|cm|in|abbr=on}} on the same day.<ref name=":12" /> Seven people died in the state of Bihar due to floods produced by Yaas as it moved further inland.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 28, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas Kills 7 in Bihar, CM Nitish Kumar Orders Rs 4 Lakh Each to Families of Deceased|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-kills-7-in-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-orders-rs-4-lakh-each-to-families-of-deceased-3787604.html|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528221546/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-kills-7-in-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-orders-rs-4-lakh-each-to-families-of-deceased-3787604.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The rainfall from Yaas also extended to [[Uttar Pradesh]], where many areas in the state reported light downpours including [[Ballia]], [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Varanasi]], Chandoli, [[Mirzapur]], [[Sonbhadra]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Kushinagar]], [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkarnagar]], [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], [[Mahrajganj, Uttar Pradesh|Maharajganj]], [[Naugarh]], [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]] and [[Ayodhya]] and the districts of [[Bhadohi district|Bhadohi]] and [[Sant Kabir Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 27, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas Effect Brings Heavy Rain in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-effect-brings-heavy-rain-in-bihar-and-uttar-pradesh-4696110/|url-status=live|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606114309/https://www.india.com/news/india/cyclone-yaas-effect-brings-heavy-rain-in-bihar-and-uttar-pradesh-4696110/}}</ref>

In [[Sidhi]] and [[Shajapur]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], the remnant moisture of Yaas caused light rainfall, standing at {{convert|0.5|and|0.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} on 28 May, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=May 28, 2021|title=Yaas Cyclone effect makes weather wild, windy in Bhopal {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/yaas-cyclone-effect-makes-weather-wild-windy-in-bhopal/articleshow/83027019.cms|url-status=live|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528051121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/yaas-cyclone-effect-makes-weather-wild-windy-in-bhopal/articleshow/83027019.cms}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
Tidal waves generated by Yaas flooded low-lying areas in [[Khulna]], [[Satkhira]], [[Patuakhali]], [[Barguna]], [[Jhalokati District|Jhalokathi]], and [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], including some fishing settlements in [[Sundarbans]] on 26 May.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 26, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas a double trouble for Bangladesh, India|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2021/05/26/cyclone-yaas-a-double-trouble-for-bangladesh-india|access-date=May 26, 2021|website=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526033952/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2021/05/26/cyclone-yaas-a-double-trouble-for-bangladesh-india|url-status=live}}</ref> The coastal areas of [[Cox's Bazar]] saw inundation in multiple villages due to Cyclone Yaas, while tidal surges severely damaged a jetty and at least 50 houses at [[St. Martin's Island]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Yaas: Cox's Bazar villages flooded; St Martin Island jetty damaged |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/05/26/cyclone-yaas-cox-s-bazar-villages-flooded-st-martin-island-jetty-damaged |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526171427/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/05/26/cyclone-yaas-cox-s-bazar-villages-flooded-st-martin-island-jetty-damaged |url-status=live }}</ref> 500 meters of [[Kuakata|Kuakata Beach]] in [[Patuakhali District]] were washed away by coastal erosion due to Yaas, while at least {{convert|56|km|mi|abbr=on}} worth of flood-controlling [[Levee|dykes]] were damaged, which would ultimately cost the district [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]]530 million (US$6.25 million) to repair.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Cyclone Yaas: 500m of Kuakata beach washed away, 56km dams damaged, says WDB|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/cyclone-yaas-500m-kuakata-beach-washed-away-56km-dams-damaged-says-wdb-2101041|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Daily Star|language=en|archive-date=May 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529140902/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/cyclone-yaas-500m-kuakata-beach-washed-away-56km-dams-damaged-says-wdb-2101041|url-status=live}}</ref> A hotel along the western side of beach collapsed.<ref name=":16" /> In [[Khulna District]], 50,000 homes and croplands were damaged by strong winds and tidal surges produced by the cyclone and at least 5,000 were left homeless, with estimated losses in the district worth at least ৳600 million (US$7.08 million).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-29|title=Cyclone Yaas: Coastal Khulna suffers losses worth 60C|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/05/29/cyclone-yaas-coastal-khulna-suffers-losses-worth-60c|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=May 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529084658/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/05/29/cyclone-yaas-coastal-khulna-suffers-losses-worth-60c|url-status=live}}</ref> Damage in [[Bagerhat District]] were at ৳460 million (US$5.43 million), with the road infrastructure suffered the greatest loss.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alam|first=Md Shah|date=June 16, 2021|title=Yaas impact damage stands at Tk 46cr in 11 sectors in Bagerhat|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=317446|access-date=June 20, 2021|work=Daily Observer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322072031/https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=317446|archive-date=March 22, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Sundarbans]] were inundated with saline seawater after Yaas had moved inland, raising fears of potential damage the forest ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-30|title=Sundarbans bears the brunt of Yaas while shielding rest of Bangladesh |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/05/30/sundarbans-bears-the-brunt-of-yaas-while-shielding-rest-of-bangladesh|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=May 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530083008/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2021/05/30/sundarbans-bears-the-brunt-of-yaas-while-shielding-rest-of-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> The seawater filled 53 of the 54 freshwater ponds within the forest, cutting off supply of uncontaminated drinking water for wildlife and forest workers; the [[Forest Department (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Forest Department]] stated the flooding in the Sundarbans was the worst in 14 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahmud|first=Iftekhar|title=Sundarbans submerged after Cyclone Yaas|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/environment/sundarbans-submerged-after-cyclone-yaas|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Prothomalo|date=30 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=May 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530095218/https://en.prothomalo.com/environment/sundarbans-submerged-after-cyclone-yaas|url-status=live}}</ref> According to naval sources at Patenga in Chittagong, a ship, called MV ''Sanvalli'', sank near Bhasanchar in the Bay of Bengal and 12 sailors were rescued by Bangladesh Air Force helicopters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Force rescues 12 sailors of capsized vessel from sea near Bhashan Char |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/rohingya-crisis/2021/05/26/air-force-rescues-12-trawler-capsize-victims-from-sea-near-bhashan-char |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526174244/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/rohingya-crisis/2021/05/26/air-force-rescues-12-trawler-capsize-victims-from-sea-near-bhashan-char |url-status=live }}</ref>.Some other districts of western Bangladesh was effected by Winds and heavy rain.

=== Elsewhere ===
The remnants of Yaas caused light rainfall in some areas in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Yaas triggers warnings of adverse weather, natural disasters|url=https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2021/05/28/cyclone-yass-triggers-warnings-of-adverse-weather-natural-disasters|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Kathmandu Post|language=English|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528023208/https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2021/05/28/cyclone-yass-triggers-warnings-of-adverse-weather-natural-disasters}}</ref> Some climbers and hikers at [[Mount Everest]] and [[Lhotse]] in the country were stranded in high summits, while several more were forced to go down due to imminent weather from the interaction of the system's remnants and a prevailing [[Western Disturbance|western disturbance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-05-28|title=Yaas stops Everest climbers at Camp 2|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/latest/yaas-stops-everest-climbers-at-camp-2/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Nepali Times|language=en-US|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528080551/https://www.nepalitimes.com/latest/yaas-stops-everest-climbers-at-camp-2/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Drama in Nepal: Escape From Everest and Baruntse|url=https://explorersweb.com/2021/05/27/drama-in-nepal-escape-from-everest-and-baruntse/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Explorersweb|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527093319/https://explorersweb.com/2021/05/27/drama-in-nepal-escape-from-everest-and-baruntse/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
=== India ===

The Chief Minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]], met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi to assess and submit damage reports on 27 May. The Bengal Governor, [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]], criticised Banerjee for skipping a prior review meet with Modi. Banerjee herself took aerial surveys of impacted areas in the North 24 Parganas district. He said a field survey would be conducted later on.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=May 28, 2021|title=Cyclone Yaas LIVE Updates: Mamata meets PM to submit report on damage in Bengal, skips review meet|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-mamata-modi-to-meet-today-7333718/|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528045548/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-yaas-live-updates-mamata-modi-to-meet-today-7333718/|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi announced ₹10 billion (US$138 million) in immediate relief split between Odisha, West Bengal, and [[Jharkhand]] on 28 May. Modi undertook aerial surveys of impacted areas in the [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]] and [[Balasore district|Balasore]] districts of Odisha, as well as [[Purba Medinipur district]] in West Bengal as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian PM reviews damage by Cyclone Yaas, announces financial aids - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-05/28/c_139976243.htm|access-date=May 28, 2021|website=www.xinhuanet.com|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606114306/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-05/28/c_139976243.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Earlier on 27 May, Modi had held a review meeting with Odisha's Chief Minister, [[Naveen Patnaik]]. Discussing the impact of the cyclone, Odisha's government had demanded long-term solutions to problems that were caused by repeated cyclone effects, and provision of disaster-resilient power systems. However, there were no immediate funds for this.<ref name=":14" /> Those displaced by Yaas had sought refuge in overcrowded shelters; this caused increased concern about [[COVID-19]] outbreaks in an already terrible [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic in India]]. WASH items were in limited availability, and shelter camps and WASH facilities were flooded by the storm. Critical demands for the resources were being sent through the IAG network for primary health services; this prompted the need for immediate availability of these items. Children, women, the elderly, and other groups of notable vulnerability were of high concern due to the lack of basic supplies. Psychosocial support and recreational activities for sheltering youth was also required.

=== Controversies ===
However protest erupted on 5 June on South 24 Paragana's Gosaba for demand of concrete embankments, as it was broken by Cyclone Yaas. The protest then spread
across South Bengal. [[List of political parties in India|Opposition parties]] have also putting pressure to the state government for the construction of concrete embankments rather than rebuilding [[sandbars]] and weak soil embankments. The state government have already proposed the idea for construction of concrete embankments after reports of embankments broke open in South Bengal. It is currently in discussion after Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has expressed her disappointment in several meetings for ineffective repair of the embankments and told the officials for finding a permanent solution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=March for concrete embankments in South 24-Parganas's Gosaba|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/villagers-hold-march-demanding-concrete-embankments-in-south-24-parganass-gosaba/cid/1818028|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=June 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607150425/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/villagers-hold-march-demanding-concrete-embankments-in-south-24-parganass-gosaba/cid/1818028|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the destruction caused by Cyclone, the [[Government of West Bengal]] decided to start "Duare Traan" (Relief near the house) scheme, in which the relief amount would be given to everyone whose property have been destructed. But, 50% of the applications for this scheme detected as fraud.<ref>{{Cite web|title=50% of the applications for the Duare Traan scheme detected as fraud, claimed by Government of West Bengal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/50-applications-for-cyclone-yaas-relief-in-bengal-binned-as-bogus-report-101625399792692.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Hindustan Times|date=July 4, 2021 |archive-date=July 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705045600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/50-applications-for-cyclone-yaas-relief-in-bengal-binned-as-bogus-report-101625399792692.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|India|Bangladesh}}
*[[Weather of 2021]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2021]]
*[[Cyclone Aila]] — Another storm that impacted [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] in 2009.
*[[Cyclone Phailin]] — Took a similar path and made a devastating landfall in [[Odisha]], becoming the strongest cyclone to hit the state since the [[1999 Odisha cyclone]].
*[[Cyclone Amphan]] — A powerful storm that impacted the state of West Bengal in same month in 2020.
*[[Cyclone Tauktae]] — A severe storm that devastated [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] in the same month.
*[[Cyclone Fani]]
*[[Tropical Storm Matmo and Cyclone Bulbul]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cyclone Yaas}}
* Preliminary Report of [https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_8819a2_YAAS-Brief%20Report_10062021.pdf Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas] IMD
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210525141719/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc2021/IO/IO022021/txt/trackfile.txt JTWC Best Track Data] of Tropical Cyclone 02B (Yaas)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211103131948/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc2021/IO/IO022021/ 02B.YAAS] from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Got4evtZw DEADLY Tornado From Cyclone Yaas Hits Homes! West Bengal, India - May 25, 2021]

{{2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Disasters in India in 2021}}

[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2021|Yaas]]
[[Category:May 2021 in Asia]]
[[Category:2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Yaas]]
[[Category:May 2021 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh|Yaas]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2021]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Very severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:2021 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Nepal]]

Kalpi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:49Z

Anymore6055: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalpi
| map_image = 220-Kalpi.svg
| mla = [[Vinod Chaturvedi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = Narendra Pal Singh
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 229331
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 220
}}

'''Kalpi''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the town of Kalpi in the [[Jalaun district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Kalpi is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 220 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Vinod Chaturvedi]] who won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating NISHAD Party candidate Chhote Singh by a margin of 2,816 votes.<ref name="election2022-1">{{Cite web |title=Kalpi Assembly Seat: कालपी विधानसभा सीट पर दौड़ी साइकिल, सपा के विनोद चतुर्वेदी को मिली बड़ी सफलता |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/up-assembly-election-2022-kalpi-assembly-constituency-latest-news/articleshow/87239343.cms |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kalpi Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kalpi.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Virendra Shah Judeo
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| Garib Das
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shiv Sampati Sharma
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Choudhry Shanker Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Shiv Sampati Sharma
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Bir Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | Choudhry Shanker Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Badri Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Choudhry Shanker Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" | Sriram Pal
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Arun Kumar Mehrotra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Chhote Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Uma Kanti
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Narendra Pal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Vinod Chaturvedi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalpi<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Chaturvedi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69782}}
|percentage = 29.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Chhote Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:66966}}
|percentage = 28.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:64683}}
|percentage = 27.32
|change = +3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Kanti
|votes = {{formatnum:15195}}
|percentage = 6.42
|change = -16.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ainul Hasan Mansoori
|votes = {{formatnum:8146}}
|percentage = 3.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Jishan
|votes = {{formatnum:2470}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1706}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2816}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change = -21.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236741}}
|percentage = 59.99
|change = -0.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Kalpi<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |accessdate=26 March 2022 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narendra Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:105988}}
|percentage = 46.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chhote Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:54504}}
|percentage = 23.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Kanti
|votes = {{formatnum:53160}}
|percentage = 23.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Balgovind
|votes = {{formatnum:6468}}
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2356}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:51484}}
|percentage = 22.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:229331}}
|percentage = 60.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|26.12|79.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jalaun district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Dahanu Umbergaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:55Z

Anymore6055: made details!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dahanu Umbergaon
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,10,734
| mla = Shamrao Ramchandra Patil
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Dahanu–Umbergaon Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Republic of India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the [[Delimitation of constituencies in India|1955 Delimitation Act]], its area was extended to [[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] Assembly constituency and included some areas of the [[Palghar Jawhar Assembly constituency|Palghar Jawhar]] Assembly constituency.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shamrao Ramchandra Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Bhimara Radka Rupji
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dahanu Umbergaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shamrao Ramchandra Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,842 |percentage = 20.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimara Radka Rupji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,742 |percentage = 19.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhinda Lohanu Ladku |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 13,976 |percentage = 13.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parulekar Godavari Shamrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,135 |percentage = 12.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sapatya Shidva Deoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,951 |percentage = 10.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheth Sampatkumar Gheverchand |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 9,602 |percentage = 9.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Rama Bhula |party = Krishikar Lok Party |votes = 7,064 |percentage = 6.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pethe Mahadev Gopal |party = Krishikar Lok Party |votes = 6,048 |percentage = 5.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,866 |percentage = 6.77% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,360 |percentage = 45.77% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,360}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,734 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Eparchy of Idukki

2026-04-09T03:21:56Z

Anymore6055: made new stub!

{{short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Syro-Malabar Eparchy
| name = Idukki
| local =
| image =Idukki_diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| metropolitan = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Ernakulam–Angamaly]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates =

| area_km2 = 3,000
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 760,350
| population_as_of = 2009
| catholics = 261,750
| catholics_percent = 34
| parishes = 151
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established = 15 January 2003
| cathedral = Cathedral of St George in Vazhathoppe[[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Mar Sleeva]]
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| bishop = [[John Nellikkunnel]]
| bishop_title = 
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [https://www.idukkidiocese.org/index Website of the Diocese]
| footnotes =
|headquarters=}}
The '''Eparchy of Idukki''' is an [[eparchy]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in southern [[India]]. It belongs to the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Eranakulam-Angamaly]]. Its [[cathedral]] church is Saint George's Cathedral Vazhathoppe, [[Idukki township]], [[Kerala]].

== History ==
The creation of the diocese on 15 January 2003, as the twenty-sixth eparchy of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, on territory split off from the Diocese of Kothamangalam is contained in an [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''Maturescens catholica fideis'' put forth by Pope [[John Paul II]] in December 2002. It started with 114 parishes and mission stations.

== Statistics ==
{{As of|2015}}, it pastorally served 266,600 Syro-Malabar Catholics (34.0% of 785,000 total; there are also Latin Catholics and Syro-Malankara Catholics in this region, belonging to the Diocese of Vijayapuram viz. Thiruvalla, and Christians of Jacobite and Orthodox Churches besides various Protestant denominations) on 3,000 km2 in 155 parishes with 573 priests (238 diocesan, 335 religious), 1,306 lay religious (350 brothers, 956 sisters) and 86 seminarians.

== Prelates ==
'''Eparch's of Idukki'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| align="center" | [[Mathew Anikuzhikattil]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2003
| align="center" | 2018
|-
| 2
| align="center" | [[John Nellikunnel]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2018
| align="center" | ''present''
|}
'''Prelates Hailing from the Eparchy'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| align="center" | [[Joseph Arumachadath, MCBS]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Bhadravathi
| align="center" | 2007
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| 2
| align="center" | [[Joseph Lukose Thachaparambath, C.M.I]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Adilabad
| align="center" | 2025
| align="center" | ''present''
|-
| 3
| align="center" | [[Mathew Nellikunnel, C.S.T]]
| align="center" | Bishop - Gorakhpur
| align="center" | 2023
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

== Sources and external links ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/iduk0.htm GCatholic, with Google HQ satellite picture - data for all sections]
* [http://www.idukkidiocese.org/ official diocesan website, with map, diocesan chronicle etc.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110411230757/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/ernakulam.html Archdiocese of Ernakulam]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/diduk.html Catholic-Hierarchy ]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Idukki, Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2002]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Kerala]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)

2026-04-05T18:51:35Z

Anymore6055: creating new bio

{{Short description|Singaporean politician}}
{{For|Indian politician|S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Jayakumar|Shunmugam}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Jayakumar
| native_name = {{nobold|சண்முகம் செயக்குமார்}}
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|list= [[Bintang Bakti Masyarakat|BBM]] [[Darjah Utama Temasek|DUT]]}}
| image = File:Jayakumar (1).jpg
| image_caption =
| office = 4th [[Senior Minister of Singapore]]
| term_start = 1 April 2009
| term_end = 20 May 2011
| prime_minister = [[Lee Hsien Loong]]
| alongside = [[Goh Chok Tong]] (2004–2011)
| predecessor = [[Lee Kuan Yew]]
| successor = [[Teo Chee Hean]] [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]]
| office2 = [[Coordinating Minister for National Security]]
| prime_minister2 = Lee Hsien Loong
| term_start2 = 1 September 2005
| term_end2 = 31 October 2010
| predecessor2 = [[Tony Tan]]
| successor2 = [[Wong Kan Seng]]
| office3 = 5th [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore]]
| alongside3 = [[Tony Tan]] (1995–2005) [[Wong Kan Seng]] (2005–2011)
| term_start3 = 12 August 2004
| term_end3 = 1 April 2009
| prime_minister3 = Lee Hsien Loong
| predecessor3 = Lee Hsien Loong
| successor3 = [[Teo Chee Hean]] [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]]
| office4 = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Singapore)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
| prime_minister4 = Goh Chok Tong
| term_start4 = 3 January 1994
| term_end4 = 11 August 2004
| predecessor4 = Wong Kan Seng
| successor4 = [[George Yeo]]
| office5 = [[Minister for Law (Singapore)|Minister for Law]]
| term_start5 = 12 September 1988
| term_end5 = 30 April 2008
| prime_minister5 = Lee Kuan Yew Goh Chok Tong Lee Hsien Loong
| predecessor5 = [[E. W. Barker]]
| successor5 = [[K. Shanmugam]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Singapore)|Minister for Home Affairs]]
| prime_minister6 = Lee Kuan Yew Goh Chok Tong
| term_start6 = 3 January 1985
| term_end6 = 31 December 1993
| predecessor6 = [[Chua Sian Chin]]
| successor6 = Wong Kan Seng
| office7 = [[Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)|Minister for Labour]]
| prime_minister7 = Lee Kuan Yew
| term_start7 = 1 June 1984
| term_end7 = 1 January 1985 {{small|Acting: 7 September 1983 – 31 May 1984}}
| predecessor7 = [[E. W. Barker]]
| successor7 = [[Lee Yock Suan]]
| constituency_MP8 = Bedok
| parliament8 = Singapore
| term_start8 = 23 December 1980
| term_end8 = 19 April 2011
| predecessor8 = [[Sha'ari Tadin]] ([[People's Action Party|PAP]])
| successor8 = [[Lim Swee Say]] ([[People's Action Party|PAP]])
| constituency8 = [[Bedok SMC]] (1980–1988) [[Bedok Group Representation Constituency|Bedok GRC]] (1988–1997) [[East Coast Group Representation Constituency|East Coast GRC]] (1997–2011)
| birth_name = Shunmugam Jayakumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1939|08|12}}
| birth_place = [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], [[Straits Settlements]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = Lalitha Rajahram
| party = [[People's Action Party]]
| relations =
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[National University of Singapore]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) [[Yale University]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]])
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|diplomat|jurist|author}}
| caption = Jayakumar in 2009
}}
'''Shunmugam Jayakumar''' {{post-nominals|list= [[Bintang Bakti Masyarakat|BBM]] [[Darjah Utama Temasek|DUT]]}} ({{langx|ta|சண்முகம் செயக்குமார்|Caṇmukam Ceyakkumār}}; born 12 August 1939),<ref name="Corfield2010">{{cite book|author=Justin Corfield|title=Historical Dictionary of Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC&pg=PA124|date=2 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7387-2|pages=124–|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806093545/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> often known as '''S. Jayakumar''', is a Singaporean former politician, diplomat, jurist and author who served as the 5th [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore]] between 2004 and 2009. A member of the governing [[People's Action Party]] (PAP), he was the [[Parliament of Singapore|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Bedok Constituency]] between 1980 and 1988, the Bedok division of [[Bedok Group Representation Constituency]] (GRC) between 1988 and 1997, and the Bedok division of [[East Coast Group Representation Constituency|East Coast GRC]] between 1997 and 2011.

Jayakumar served as [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Singapore)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] between 1994 and 2004, [[Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore)|Minister for Home Affairs]] between 1988 and 1994, [[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Minister for Law]] between 1988 and 2008, [[Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)|Minister for Labour]] in 1984 and 1985, [[Senior Minister of Singapore|Senior Minister]] and [[Coordinating Minister for National Security]] concurrently in 2009 and 2011. He became [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore|Deputy Prime Minister]] in 2004 after Lee Hsien Loong resigned to become [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Minister S. Jayakumar to retire|url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110324-269930.html|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326023934/http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110324-269930.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, he was appointed [[Pro-Chancellor]] of the [[National University of Singapore]] (NUS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Former DPM S. Jayakumar appointed NUS pro-chancellor|date=18 June 2020|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/former-dpm-s-jayakumar-appointed-nus-pro-chancellor|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626112113/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/former-dpm-s-jayakumar-appointed-nus-pro-chancellor|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Singapore, Straits Settlements|Singapore during British colonial rule]], Jayakumar was educated at [[Raffles Institution]] before graduating from the University of Singapore (now the [[National University of Singapore]]) with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] with honours degree and was [[called to the Bar]] in 1964.

He subsequently went on to complete a [[Master of Laws]] degree at [[Yale Law School]] in 1966.

==Career==
===Academic career===
Upon his graduation from [[Yale Law School]], Jayakumar took on a lecturing position at the [[National University of Singapore]]'s [[National University of Singapore Faculty of Law|Faculty of Law]] between 1964 and 1981, assuming the position of Dean in 1974, which he held until 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Milestones|url=https://law.nus.edu.sg/about-us/history-milestones/|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

===Diplomatic career===
While teaching at [[National University of Singapore Faculty of Law|NUS Faculty of Law]], Jayakumar concurrently served as Singapore's [[Permanent Representative to the United Nations]] and Singapore's High Commissioner to Canada between 1971 and 1974. He was also a member of Singapore's delegation to the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] between 1974 and 1979.

Jayakumar also authored three books and 32 articles on the topics of constitutional law, international law and legal education.

===Political career===
In 1980, Jayakumar was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the [[Bedok]] constituency. He remained as the MP for the Bedok constituency after the [[1988 Singaporean general election|1988 general election]] but this time under the newly created [[Bedok GRC]].

During the [[1991 Singaporean general election|1991 general election]], he remained as the MP for the Bedok constituency but this time under the newly created [[East Coast GRC]]. He retained his seat in [[1997 Singaporean general election|1997 general election]] and [[2006 Singaporean general election|2006 general election]].

In 1981, Jayakumar was appointed as [[Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Minister of State for Law]]. He first served in Prime Minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]]'s Cabinet in 1984 as Minister for Labour, Second Minister for Home Affairs and Second Minister for Law.

Jayakumar was appointed Minister for Home Affairs and Second Minister for Law on 2 January 1985.

In 1988, Jayakumar was appointed Minister for Law and Minister for Home Affairs. He retained these portfolios under Prime Minister [[Goh Chok Tong]].

In January 1994, Jayakumar was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Law.

On 12 August 2004, Jayakumar was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Law under Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]]'s Cabinet. On 1 September 2005, Jayakumar took over the role as [[Coordinating Minister for National Security]] from [[Tony Tan]] to oversee [[Counter-terrorism in Singapore|counter-terrorism policies in Singapore]].

Jayakumar stepped down as Minister for Law on 30 April 2008,<ref>{{cite news| title=PM Lee unveils cabinet changes| url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/338040/1/.html| date=29 March 2008| access-date=29 March 2007| archive-date=31 March 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331133643/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/338040/1/.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shanmugam gets Law in new Cabinet line-up |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Free/Story/STIStory_221942.html |date=30 March 2008 |access-date=30 March 2007 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403054019/http://www.straitstimes.com/Free/Story/STIStory_221942.html |archive-date=3 April 2008 }}</ref> and as Deputy Prime Minister on 1 April 2009.

Jayakumar was appointed a Senior Minister on 1 April 2009 before retiring from politics on 21 May 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Rachel |title=Former Senior Minister S Jayakumar launches memoir |publisher=Straits Times |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/former-senior-minister-s-jayakumar-launches-memoir |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208184205/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/former-senior-minister-s-jayakumar-launches-memoir |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
He decided not to contest in the [[2011 Singaporean general election|2011 general election]] citing health reasons. He also resigned as a permanent member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights which he was appointed to the position on 1 July 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2013 |title=S. Jayakumar |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-11-26_164632.html |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Singapore Government Agency |publisher=Singapore Infopedia}}</ref>

==Career after politics==
After his retirement from politics, Jayakumar served as Chair of the [[National University of Singapore Faculty of Law]]'s Advisory Council<ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS Law Advisors |url=http://law.nus.edu.sg/about_us/advisors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426223513/http://law.nus.edu.sg/about_us/advisors.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 |access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> and Patron of the NUS Centre for International Law.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004909/http://cil.nus.edu.sg/about-2/patrons-advisors/ NUS Centre for International Law Patrons.]</ref> He became an emeritus professor at the NUS Faculty of Law,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=S JAYAKUMAR |url=https://law.nus.edu.sg/people/s-jayakumar/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=NUS Law |publisher=National University of Singapore}}</ref> and a consultant at [[Drew & Napier]], one of the [[Lawyers in Singapore#Law firms in Singapore|Big Four]] law firms in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leong |first=Grace |date=12 April 2013 |title=Jayakumar joins Drew & Napier as consultant |work=[[The Business Times (Singapore)|The Business Times]] |page=10}}</ref> On 1 July 2020, he was appointed [[pro-chancellor]] of the National University of Singapore, where he served until 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ang |first=Jolene |date=2020-06-18 |title=Former DPM S. Jayakumar appointed NUS pro-chancellor |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/former-dpm-s-jayakumar-appointed-nus-pro-chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622142232/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/former-dpm-s-jayakumar-appointed-nus-pro-chancellor |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 April 2021, during the National Day Awards, Jayakumar was conferred the [[Darjah Utama Temasek|Order of Temasek]] (With High Distinction), the nation's highest civilian honour, by President [[Halimah Yacob]] for his "wide-ranging, invaluable and unique contributions to the well-being and security of Singapore".<ref name="NDP Award">{{Cite web |last=Yuen-C |first=Tham |date=4 April 2021 |title=Former senior minister S. Jayakumar heads list of 500 receiving National Day honours |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/former-senior-minister-s-jayakumar-heads-list-of-500-receiving-national-day |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=The Straits Times }}</ref> In the investiture ceremony, he was praised for having "given his entire life to the service of Singapore" and the citation of his award said: "Uniquely among public servants, Prof Jayakumar brought an exceptionally keen legal mind to bear on a considerable range of issues, from national security and foreign policy to political and constitutional developments."<ref name="NDP Award" />

== Publications ==
Jayakumar has written and published several books related to his life and experiences in foreign affairs and diplomacy. In 2009, Jayakumar and Ambassador-at-Large [[Tommy Koh]] published the book titled ''Pedra Branca: The Road to the World Court'', which covers the [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between Malaysia and Singapore over [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]], a small island of strategic value located near the entry point to the Straits of Malacca.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009 |title=Pedra Branca: The Road to the World Court |url=https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/pedra-branca-the-road-to-the-world-court |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=National University of Singapore (NUS) }}</ref>

In 2011, Jayakumar published a book titled ''Diplomacy: A Singapore Experience''.<ref name="Diplomacy">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 June 2011 |title=Straits Times Press launches Professor S Jayakumar's book, "Diplomacy – A Singapore Experience" |url=https://corporate.sph.com.sg/media_releases/1237 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=SPH |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings Ltd}}</ref> The book covers his reflections on many events and episodes during his many years in public service.<ref name="Diplomacy">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 June 2011 |title=Straits Times Press launches Professor S Jayakumar's book, "Diplomacy – A Singapore Experience" |url=https://corporate.sph.com.sg/media_releases/1237 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=SPH |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings Ltd}}</ref> It also shared behind-the-scenes political decision making that governed Singapore's responses during important post-independence events that formed the basis of Singapore's foreign policy principles.<ref name="Diplomacy">{{Cite web |last= |date=9 June 2011 |title=Straits Times Press launches Professor S Jayakumar's book, "Diplomacy – A Singapore Experience" |url=https://corporate.sph.com.sg/media_releases/1237 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=SPH |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings Ltd}}</ref>

In 2015, he published a memoir titled ''Be at the Table or Be on the Menu: A Singapore Memoir'', which covers his early life and his career as a law academic and dean before he entered politics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abdul Khamid |first=Hetty Musfirah |title=S Jayakumar's book a reminder of Singapore's position in the world: PM Lee |publisher=CNA |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/s-jayakumar-s-book-a/1829340.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110050/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/s-jayakumar-s-book-a/1829340.html |archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Rachel |date=May 6, 2015 |title=Former Senior Minister S Jayakumar launches memoir |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/former-senior-minister-s-jayakumar-launches-memoir |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=The Straits Times }}</ref>

In 2019, Jayakumar, Ambassador-at-Large Tommy Koh and Deputy Attorney-General Lionel Lee launched the book titled "''Pedra Branca: Story Of The Unheard Cases''", which recounts how Singapore's team prepared in the dispute with Malaysia over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca and also serves as a continuation to ''Pedra Branca: The Road to the World Court''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teo |first=Gwyneth |date=30 January 2019 |title=Book on 'unheard cases' of Pedra Branca challenge launched |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/pedra-branca-book-launched-story-of-unheard-cases-11185572 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=CNA }}</ref>

In November 2020, Jayakumar introduced his book titled ''Governing: A Singapore Perspective'', which covers his views and experiences of Singapore's governance, such as how he viewed the [[Lee family (Singapore)|Lee family]] dispute over their 38 Oxley Road home, and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's retirement plan if the COVID-19 crisis has not improved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ho |first=Grace |date=November 6, 2020 |title=Former senior minister Jayakumar launches book on governance in Singapore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/former-senior-minister-s-jayakumar-launches-book-on-governance-in-singapore |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=The Straits Times }}</ref>

==Honours==
* {{flag|Singapore}}:
** [[File:Bintang Bakti Masyarakat ribbon (1963–1996).png|70px]] [[Bintang Bakti Masyarakat|Public Service Star]] (1980)
** [[File:Darjah Utama Temasek ribbon (from 1996).svg|70px]] [[Darjah Utama Temasek|Order of Temasek]] with High Distinction (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former DPM S Jayakumar heads list of National Day Award recipients|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/former-dpm-s-jayakumar-national-day-award-recipient-13003898|access-date=2020-08-10|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809224733/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/former-dpm-s-jayakumar-national-day-award-recipient-13003898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Yuen-C|first=Tham|date=2020-08-09|title=Nation's top civilian honour for Jayakumar|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/nations-top-civilian-honour-for-jayakumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810122942/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/nations-top-civilian-honour-for-jayakumar|archive-date=10 August 2020|access-date=2020-08-10|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref>
* {{flag|Japan}}:
** [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|70px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan to confer award on former DPM Jayakumar|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1198094/1/.html|publisher=ChannelNewsAsia|access-date=29 April 2012|archive-date=28 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428223648/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1198094/1/.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation|last=Jayakumar|first=S.|title=The water issue: statement by Singapore Foreign Minister Prof S Jayakumar in Parliament, 25 Jan 2003|location=Singapore|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|year=2003}}
:(Contains official documents, press statements and speeches, correspondence between ministers of Singapore and Malaysia and text of the water agreements)
* {{citation|last=Jayakumar|first=S.|title=The Southeast Asian drama: evolution and future challenges : Georgetown University inaugural distinguished lecture on Southeast Asia, Washington DC, 22 April 1996 |location=Singapore(?)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs(?)|year=c. 1996}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Jayakumar|editor-first=S.|editor2=chairman ... |title=People's Action Party 1954–1984 : Petir 30th anniversary issue|location=Singapore|publisher=Central Executive Committee, People's Action Party|year=1984}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Jayakumar|editor-first=S.|title=Our heritage and beyond : a collection of essays on Singapore, its past, present and future|location=Singapore|publisher=Singapore National Trades Union Congress|year=1982}}
* {{citation|last1=Jayakumar|first1=S.|last2=Chin|first2=Tet Yung|title=Report on the development of the Faculty of Law |location=Singapore|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=1981}}
* {{cite book|last=Jayakumar|first=S.|title=Constitutional law cases from Malaysia and Singapore|location=Singapore|publisher=Malayan Law Journal|year=1976}}
* {{cite book|last=Jayakumar|first=S.|title=Constitutional law, with documentary materials|location=Singapore|publisher=Malaya Law Review, Faculty of Law, University of Singapore|year=1976}}
* {{cite book|last=Jayakumar|first=S.|title=Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore|location=Singapore|publisher=Singapore University Press|year=1974}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cabinet.gov.sg/CabinetAppointments/Prof+S.+JAYAKUMAR.htm Official Biography of Prof. S. Jayakumar] in the Cabinet of Singapore.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef |before=[[E. W. Barker]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Minister for Labour (Singapore)|Minister for Labour]] | years=1983–1985 (Acting: 1983–1984)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lee Yock Suan]]|as=Acting Minister for Labour}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Chua Sian Chin]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore)|Minister for Home Affairs]] | years=1985–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wong Kan Seng]]}}
{{s-bef |before= [[E. W. Barker]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Minister for Law (Singapore)|Minister for Law]] | years=1988–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[K. Shanmugam]]}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Wong Kan Seng]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Singapore)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] | years=1994–2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Yeo]]}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Lee Hsien Loong]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore]] | years=2004–2009}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Teo Chee Hean]]}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Tan Keng Yam Tony|Tony Tan]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Co-ordinating Minister for National Security]] | years=2005–2010}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wong Kan Seng]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lee Kuan Yew]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Senior Minister of Singapore]] | alongside = [[Goh Chok Tong]]| years=2009–2011}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Teo Chee Hean]] [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] {{small|2019}}}}
{{s-end}}
{{NUS Faculty of Law}}
{{Singapore Legal Profession}}
{{11th Parliament of Singapore}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayakumar, Shanmugam}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of Singapore]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Singapore]]
[[Category:National University of Singapore alumni]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]
[[Category:People's Action Party politicians]]
[[Category:Raffles Institution alumni]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Darjah Utama Temasek]]
[[Category:Singaporean Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Singaporean Hindus]]
[[Category:Singaporean politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Singaporean lawyers]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Singapore]]
[[Category:Ministers for law of Singapore]]
[[Category:Ministers for home affairs of Singapore]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Singapore]]
[[Category:Ministers for labour of Singapore]]
[[Category:21st-century Singaporean lawyers]]

Rahu Ketu (2026 film)

2026-04-05T11:25:30Z

Anymore6055:

{{Short description|2026 Indian comedy film}}
{{distinguish|Rahu Ketu (1978 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rahu Ketu
| image = Rahu Ketu (2026 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Vipul Vig
| writer = Vipul Vig
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Manos kumar mohalder l
* Suraj Singh
* Varsha Kukreja
* Pragati Deshmukh
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pulkit Samrat]]
* [[Varun Sharma]]
* [[Shalini Pandey]]
* [[Chunky Panday]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manoj Soni
| editing = Manann A. Sagar
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vikram Montrose]]
* [[Abhijit Vaghani]]
* Tarsh Srivastava
* Abhinav Shekhar
* Mattoo Bros
* Dilip Suthar
* Kapil Dhakde
}}
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] BLive Productions
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=14 January 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC censors ‘Kantara scream’ in Rahu Ketu; replaces middle finger with pinky finger |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-censors-kantara-scream-rahu-ketu-replaces-middle-finger-pinky-finger/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{estimation}} ₹20–25 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Rahu Ketu budget | website = [[ India Today]] | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/can-rahu-ketu-quirky-comedy-shine-amid-dhurandhars-box-office-dominance-2852487-2026-01-15| date = 19 January 2026 | access-date = 21 January 2026 | language = en}} </ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|8.44 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2026 |title=Rahu Ketu Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rahu-ketu-2/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|access-date=17 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''''Rahu Ketu''''' is a 2026 Indian Hindi-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by Vipul Vig.<ref>{{cite news |last1=|first1= |title=Rahu Ketu teaser: Fukrey duo Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma are harbingers of bad luck |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Nov/20/rahu-ketu-teaser-fukrey-duo-pulkit-samrat-and-varun-sharma-are-harbingers-of-bad-luck |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by Umesh Kumar Bansal, Pragati Deshmukh, Suraj Singh and Varsha Kukreja under the [[Zee Studios]] and BLive Productions. It stars [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Shalini Pandey]]<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Madness incoming’: Shalini Pandey drops riotous 1st look of ‘Rahu Ketu’ |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/shaline-pandey-rahu-ketu-comedy-film-mcg04mlq |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=18 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Chunky Panday]].

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=January 2026}}
Rahu and Ketu, two clueless yet lovable characters born from writer Churu Lal's magical notebook, set off on a chaotic mission to retrieve it from the crafty Meenu Taxi. Along the way, they uncover surprising truths about their origins, stumble into a dangerous drug mafia network, and ultimately take control of their own destiny.

==Cast==
* [[Varun Sharma]] as [[Rahu]]
* [[Pulkit Samrat]] as [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]]
* [[Shalini Pandey]] as Meenu Taxi
* [[Piyush Mishra]] as Foofaji
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Mordechai
* [[Amit Sial]] as Deepak Sharma
* [[Manu Rishi|Manu Rishi Chadda]] as Churu Lal Sharma
* Sumit Gulati as Bansi
* Deepak K. Mangla
* Varun Narang as Anti Corruption officer

==Production==
[[Zee Studios]] announced the commencement of the film’s production on 1 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shalini Pandey Begins Shooting For Next Rahu Ketu With Pulkit Samrat And Varun Sharma – See Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/shalini-pandey-begins-shooting-for-next-rahu-ketu-with-pulkit-samrat-and-varun-sharma-see-pics-article-151330737 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=1 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘Fukrey’ stars Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma reunite for comedy drama ‘Rahu Ketu’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pulkit-samrat-shalini-pandey-varun-sharma-start-shooting-for-vipul-vigs-rahu-ketu/cid/2092032 |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref> The film’s shooting was wrapped on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=It’s A Wrap For Pulkit Samrat’s Rahu Ketu, Actor Drops BTS Glimpses |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/its-a-wrap-for-pulkit-samrats-rahu-ketu-actor-drops-bts-glimpses-9448281.html |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pulkit Samrat wraps up Rahu Ketu with Varun Sharma; promises a ‘grah-level’ experience : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pulkit-samrat-wraps-rahu-ketu-varun-sharma-promises-grah-level-experience/ |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's teaser was released on 20 November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahu Ketu teaser out: Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma-starrer promises a cosmic chaos - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/rahu-ketu-teaser-out-pulkit-samrat-and-varun-sharma-starrer-promises-a-cosmic-chaos-19768842.htm |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=21 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The song "Kismat Ki Chaabi" featuring [[Raja Kumari]] and Abhinav Shekhar, from the soundtrack, was launched on December 22, 2025, in the presence of the Honourable [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], [[Mohan Yadav|Shri Mohan Yadav]], aligning with the state’s Nasha Mukti Abhiyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Varsha |date=December 24, 2025 |title=Rahu Ketu Song Kismat Ki Chaabi Out! MP CM Mohan Yadav Launches Socially Relevant Track From Pulkit Samrat, Varun Sharma’s Cosmic Caper- Watch |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/entertainment/rahu-ketu-song-kismat-ki-chaabi-out-mp-cm-mohan-yadav-launches-socially-relevant-track/ |access-date=January 6, 2026 |website=Bollywood Bubble}}</ref>

==Release==

===Theatrical===
''Rahu Ketu'' was theatrically released on 16 January 2026.<ref name="ReleaseSource">{{cite news |title='Rahu Ketu' teaser out: Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma gear up for cosmic comedy chaos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rahu-ketu-teaser-out-pulkit-samrat-and-varun-sharma-gear-up-for-cosmic-comedy-chaos/articleshow/125456171.cms |access-date=22 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began its digital streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 7 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |last=Sonal |first=Swapnal |title='राहु केतु' OTT रिलीज: अब घर बैठे देख‍िए वरुण शर्मा-पुलकित सम्राट की मजेदार फिल्‍म, जानिए कहां और कैसे |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/web-series/latest/rahu-ketu-ott-release-pulkit-sharma-varun-sharma-fantasy-comedy-film-starts-digital-streaming-on-rent-know-where-and-how-to-watch/articleshow/129204829.cms |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' describe it as "A witless assault on the senses."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title=‘Rahu Ketu’ Movie Review: A Feature-Length Prank Disguised As A Comedy|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/rahu-ketu-movie-review-varun-sharma-pulkit-samrat-star-in-a-feature-length-prank-disguised-as-a-comedy|date=16 January 2026|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "The film throws everything it can at the wall in the hope of generating humour, but very little of it actually lands."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Rahu Ketu review: This Varun Sharma-Pulkit Samrat starrer has too much noise, too few laughs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rahu-ketu-review-this-varun-sharma-pulkit-samrat-starrer-has-too-much-noise-too-few-laughs-101768568049639.html|date=16 January 2026|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and writes that "Rahu Ketu is refreshingly different. It has chaotic, busy, and occasionally uneven energy, but delivers plenty of genuine laughs and attempts something unusual within the comedy space."<ref>{{cite web|first=Ronak|last=Kotecha|title=Rahu Ketu Movie Review: Pulkit and Varun’s bromance powers the laughs in this mytho-styled comedy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rahu-ketu/movie-review/126558173.cms|date=16 January 2026|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and said that " The Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma starrer struggles to justify its ambitious mythological premise, collapsing under weak writing, confused mythology and a narrative that goes nowhere."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vineeta|last=Kumar|title=Rahu Ketu review: A mythological misfire that forgets its own story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rahu-ketu-movie-review-a-mythological-misfire-that-forgets-its-own-story-starring-pulkit-sharma-varun-sharma-2852975-2026-01-16|date=16 January 2026|website=India Today}}</ref>
Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 1 star and observed that "Rahu Ketu crams in a clumsy social commentary on corruption and social evils, along with flashy dance numbers, trying to do everything and too much all at once, before ending up as khichd."<ref>{{cite web|first=Mayur|last=Sanap|title=Rahu Ketu Review: Varun Sharma-Pulkit Samrat's Comedy Falls Flat|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rahu-ketu-review-varun-sharma-pulkit-samrats-comedy-falls-flat/20260116.htm|date=16 January 2026|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' noted that "It’s as high concept as a modest Bollywood movie can get – a magical notebook, which makes what is written in it happen."<ref>{{cite web|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title=Review: ‘Rahu Ketu’ refuses to be anything more than sporadically funny|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089849/review-rahu-ketu-refuses-to-be-anything-more-than-sporadically-funny|date=16 January 2026|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma's honest efforts are wasted in the dull comedy."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rachit|last=Gupta|title=Rahu Ketu Review - Stroke of Misfortune|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/rahu-ketu-review-stroke-of-misfortune-80963.html|date=16 January 2026|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
Zinia Bandyopadhyay writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' felt that "The Pulkit Samrat and Varun Sharma-starrer offers moments of humour and mythological insight, but inconsistent storytelling holds it back."<ref>{{cite web|first=Zinia|last=Bandyopadhyay|title='Rahu Ketu' Movie Review: Pulkit Samrat-Varun Sharma film delivers karma, comedy and chaos, but not quite in balance|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rahu-ketu-review-pulkit-samrat-varun-sharma-film-delivers-karma-comedy-and-chaos-but-not-quite-in-balance-13969195.html|date=16 January 2026|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt36410586}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|rahu-ketu-2}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 adventure films]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]

Gowri Krishnan

2026-04-02T17:23:28Z

Anymore6055: made new post

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gowri Krishnan
| image = Gowri Krishnan.jpg
| caption = Actress Gowri Krishnan
| other_names = Ponnu
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|10|29}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| parents = Radhakrishnan & Maya Radhakrishnan<ref>{{cite AV media|title=കുടുംബത്തോടൊപ്പം യൂട്യൂബിലേക്ക്|trans-title=Introducing My Official YouTube Channel|author=Gowri Krishnan}}</ref>
| spouse = Manoj
| website =
| years_active = 2011{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = pournamithingal
}}

'''Gowri Krishnan''' is an Indian television actress who is known for her leading roles in ''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]'' and ''[[Pournami Thinkal]]''. She won the Kerala television State award in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-gouri-krishna-engaged-in-psc-studies-but-her-fans-got-worried/articleshow/76088555.cms |title=പിഎസ്‌സി പഠനത്തിരക്കിൽ ഗൗരി! അപ്പോൾ സീരിയലിലേക്ക് ഇല്ലേ എന്ന് ചോദ്യം! |work=Malayalam Samayam |language=ml |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221060039/https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-gouri-krishna-engaged-in-psc-studies-but-her-fans-got-worried/articleshow/76088555.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Aniyathi-a-new-serial-on-Mazhavil-Manorama/articleshow/38427260.cms |title=Aniyathi, a new serial on Mazhavil Manorama |work=The Times of India|date=15 July 2014 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She became engaged to serial director Manoj on 11 February 2022<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pournamithinkal-actress-gowri-krishna-gets-engaged-to-director-manoj-see-pics/articleshow/89560520.cms |title=Pournamithinkal actress Gowri Krishna got married to director Manoj; see pics |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
and married him on 24 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/malayalam/inside-pictures-from-gowri-krishnans-dreamy-wedding/photostory/95829242.cms|title=Pournamithinkal actress Gowri Krishna got married to director Manoj; see pics |work=The Times of India|date=24 November 2022}}</ref> She is a strong believer of [[Karma]].

Now she is divorced https://www.instagram.com/p/DWYSSDiD9fg/?igsh=bWducTFuNjJ3ZmNl

==Filmography==

===Television===
•''All works are in Malayalam,unless noted otherwise.''
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Year
! style="background:LightBlue; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue; width:13%;"| Role
! style="background:LightBlue; width:16%;"| Channel
! style="background:LightBlue; width:22%;"| Notes
|-
| 2014-2015
| ''[[Aniyathi (TV series)|Aniyathi]]''
| Gowri
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Gowri-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/38977070.cms |title=Gowri is on a roll |work=The Times of India |date=24 July 2014 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
| Krishnendu
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Nilavum Nakshathrangalaum''
| Nandhu
| [[Amrita TV]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-state-television-awards-2017-announced/articleshow/63899251.cms |title=Kerala State Television Awards 2017 announced |work=The Times of India |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2017-2018
| ''Decemberile Aakasham''
| Swathi
| [[Amrita TV]]
|
|-
| 2017-2018
| ''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamangam]]''
| Menaka
| [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mamankam-a-new-serial-to-be-aired-soon/articleshow/60711516.cms |title=Mamankam, a new serial to be aired soon! |date=16 September 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Pranayini''
| Mili
| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|-
| 2017-2019
| ''[[Seetha (TV series)|Seetha]]''
| Devika Sreeraman
| Flowers
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/pournamithinkal-fame-gowri-krishnan-shares-a-photo-with-kavya-madhavan-went-viral-again/articleshow/82542729.cms |title=കാവ്യ മാധവന്റെ ഫാൻ ഗേളാണ്! ഒരുമിച്ചുള്ള ചിത്രം പങ്കുവെച്ച് പൗർണമി! രണ്ടാളും തിളങ്ങിയല്ലോയെന്ന് ആരാധകരും! ചിത്രം വൈറൽ |work=Malayalam Samayam |language=ml |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018-2019
| ''Ennu Swantham Jani''
| Jani<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ennu-swantham-jaani-completes-700-episodes/articleshow/67439542.cms |title=Ennu Swantham Jaani completes 700 episodes |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 January 2019 }}</ref>
| [[Surya TV]]
| Replaced
Devu Krishna<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/actress-gouri-krishna-navarathri-special-photoshoot-569240/ |title=കയ്യിൽ വീണയും ശൂലവും, ദേവിയായി ഗൗരികൃഷ്ണ; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ വൈറൽ |work=The Indian Express |language=ml |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Ayyappa Saranam''
| Malini , Mala , Sabari
| [[Amrita TV]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/pournamithinkal-actress-gowri-krishnan-and-koodevide-star-anshitha-anji-r8fu0g |title=Gowri Krishnan : 'നിന്റെ സ്വഭാവത്തിന് വിവാഹം കഴിക്കാത്തതാണ് നല്ലെന്ന് മുഖത്ത് നോക്കി പറഞ്ഞു'; ഗൗരി പറയുന്നു}}</ref>
|-
| 2019-2021
| ''[[Pournami Thinkal]]''
| Pournami
| Asianet
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pournamithinkal-actor-vishnu-nair-gets-engaged-on-screen-wife-gowri-krishnan-says-bye-bye-gossips/articleshow/80475575.cms |title=Pournamithinkal actor Vishnu Nair gets engaged; on-screen wife Gowri Krishnan says 'bye bye gossips' |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Ennishtam''
| Herself
| ACV
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Start Music Aaradhyam Padum''
| Participant
| Asianet
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]''
| [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Gayathri Devi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/gauri-krishna-loses-her-weight-shared-the-workout-video-and-experience-r2gwuf |title=ശരീരഭാരം കുറച്ച് ഗൗരി കൃഷ്ണ; വര്‍ക്കൗട്ട് അനുഭവം പങ്കുവച്ച് താരം |work=Asianet |language=ml |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pournamithinkal-fame-gouri-krishnans-parvathi-avatar-in-this-navadurga-photo-series-is-unmissable/articleshow/86993133.cms |title=Pournamithinkal fame Gouri Krishnan's Parvathi avatar in this Navadurga photo series is unmissable |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''Bhayam''
| Herself as contestant
| Zee Keralam
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhayam-contestants-to-compete-in-an-adventure-filled-outdoor-task/articleshow/88121088.cms |title=Bhayam: Contestants to compete in an adventure-filled outdoor task |work=The Times of India |date=6 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Red Carpet''
| Mentor
| Amrita TV
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Vennakallan''
| [[Yashoda]]
| YouTube
| Album
|-
| 2023
| ''Flowers Oru Kodi''
| Participant
| Flowers
| Game show
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''
| Sudevan's Daughter
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref name="Asianet">{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/pournamithinkal-fame-gouri-krishnan-and-kudumbavilakku-fame-anand-narayanan-friendly-talk-about-her-controversy-r3r2vk |title='പിന്നീട് ആരും അങ്ങനെ സംസാരിക്കാന്‍ മുതിര്‍ന്നിട്ടില്ല'; പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ ;പൗര്‍ണമി; പറയുന്നു |work=Asianet |language=ml |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
|''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]''
|
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2023/11/28/kottayam-thrikartika.html|title=അകം നിറയെ തൃക്കാർത്തിക വെളിച്ചവുമായി ഭക്തസമൂഹം|work=Manorama News| date=28 November 2023}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Gowri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Hansa Yogendra

2026-03-26T11:55:55Z

Anymore6055: done

{{Short description|Indian yoga guru, author, researcher and TV personality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hansa Yogendra
| image = Hansa J Yogendra.jpg
| caption = Hansa Yogendra
| birth_name = Hansa Patni
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1947|10|08}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[Mithibai College]] [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Yoga Guru, Author, Researcher & Director of [[The Yoga Institute]]
| organization = [[The Yoga Institute]]
| known_for = [[Yoga]]
| television = ''Yoga for Better Living'' on [[DD National]] (1980) ''Yoga Sutra'' on [[Zee TV]]
| title = President of [[The Yoga Institute]]
| term = February 2018-
| predecessor = [[Jayadeva Yogendra]]
| spouse = [[Jayadeva Yogendra]]
| family = [[Yogendra|Shri Yogendra]] (father-in-law)
}}

'''Hansa Yogendra''' (born 8 October 1947) is an Indian yoga teacher, author, researcher, and television presenter.<ref>{{cite book |author1=P. Warden |title=Parsiana, Volume 17 |date=1994 |publisher=the [[University of Virginia]] |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=India Today International, Volume 26 |date=2001 |publisher=[[Living Media]], the [[University of Michigan]] |page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 April 2018 |title=Taarak Mehta fame Disha Vakani seeks the blessing of Smt. Hansaji, writes a moving post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-fame-disha-vakani-seeks-the-blessing-of-smt-hansaji-writes-a-moving-post/articleshow/63592711.cms?slideshow=63285703&slide=63285704#10 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She is the director of [[The Yoga Institute]], a non-profit yoga organization based in Mumbai, which was founded in 1918 by her father-in-law, Yogendra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Debashree |date=3 July 2016 |title=Once Upon A Time: From 1918, this Yoga institute has been teaching generations, creating history |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/once-upon-a-time-from-1918-this-yoga-institute-has-been-teaching-generations-creating-history/ |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="navbharat" />

She was presenter of the television series ''Yoga for Better Living'', aired on [[DD National]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Kunal |title=Relative value: A century of wellness |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/relative-value-a-century-of-wellness/articleshow/62398932.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
She is the chair of the Yoga Certification Committee for [[Quality Council of India]] (QCI)<ref>{{cite web |title=Composition of The Yoga Certification Committee of QCI |url=http://yogacertification.qci.org.in/pdf/YOGA%20CERTIFICATION%20COMMITTEE%20.pdf |publisher=[[Quality Council of India]] |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324151708/http://yogacertification.qci.org.in/pdf/YOGA%20CERTIFICATION%20COMMITTEE%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and President of the International Board of Yoga.<ref name="navbharat">{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Vimal |title=बिन गुरु सधे न योग... |url=http://epaper.navbharattimes.com/details/49796-7470-2.html |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=14 June 2015 |location=Mumbai |language=hi |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211314/http://epaper.navbharattimes.com/details/49796-7470-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the Vice President of the Indian Yoga Association.

== Early life ==

Born on 8 October 1947 to Jitendra Phulchand Patni and Tara Patni, in a [[Jain]] family, she completed her graduation in science from [[Mithibai College]]. Later, she completed her Yoga teacher training course at [[The Yoga Institute]]. She holds a degree in law from the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]. She received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]] from The Open International University for Complementary Medicines in February 2018.<ref name="excellencereporter">{{cite news |title=Dr. Hansaji Jayadeva Yogendra: On The Meaning of Life |url=https://excellencereporter.com/2018/04/24/dr-hansaji-jayadeva-yogendra-on-the-meaning-of-life/ |publisher=Excellencereporter |date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

== Works ==

In 1991, she and [[Jayadeva Yogendra]] advised the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] on a Yoga education syllabus for schools in India. She has conducted several seminars and lecture tours in [[India]] and in [[Canada]], [[Pakistan]], [[Europe]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Australia]] and the [[United States of America|USA]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Yogi of the Month |journal=Yoga Life International |date=April 2015 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=7 |url=http://www.yogalife.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/UYLSnewsletter_2nd_Issue_PDF.pdf |publisher=Ujjain Yoga Life Society}}</ref>

Her book, ''Yoga For All'' (2018) was released by [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]], the [[Governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]] in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centenary celebrations of city yoga institute witnesses celebrity footfall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/centenary-celebrations-of-city-yoga-institute-witnessess-celebrity-footfall/articleshow/67347669.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 January 2019}}</ref> It took her 3 years to finish the book, based on a hundred years of research by [[The Yoga Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murdeshwar |first1=Sachin |title=World's Oldest Organized Institute of Yoga to Mark 100th Year With Harmony Fest |url=https://www.apnnews.com/worlds-oldest-organized-institute-of-yoga-to-mark-100th-year-with-harmony-fest/ |publisher=APN News |date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Bibliography ===

* ''Yoga Daily Planner - Heart Care'', (1990) {{ISBN|978-8185053318}}
* ''Yogic Life-Cure of Asthma and Bronchitis'', (1992) {{ISBN|978-8185053325}}
* ''Pregnancy, Parenthood and Yoga'', (1991) {{ISBN| 978-8185053257}}
* ''Dincharya'', (1997) 
* ''Yoga for Back and Joint disorders'', (1997) {{ISBN|978-8185053363}}
* ''Recipes For Happiness:Yogic lifestyle diet'', (2002) {{ISBN|978-8185053561}}
* ''Recipes for Happiness'', (2001) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-56-1}}
* ''Yogic Life-Control of Diabetes'', (1992) {{ISBN|81-85053-33-2}}
* ''Yoga of Caring'', (1997) {{ISBN|978-8185053370}}
* ''Thoughts on the Gita'' {{ISBN|9788185053493}}
* ''Marriage A Spiritual Journey'', (2010) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-80-6}}
* ''Insights through Yoga'', (2000) {{ISBN| 978-8185053530}}
* ''Swadhaya Practical Tips—For self-development'', (2007) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-78-3}}
* ''Yoga for the Police'', (2011) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-82-0}}
* ''Yoga for the Police - Tanmanachya Swasthya Sathi'', (2011) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-82-0}}
* ''Yoga of Caring'', (2015) {{ISBN|978-93-84670-04-7}}
* ''Inspiration'', (2003) 
* ''Yoga Sutra of Patanjali'', (2009) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-79-0}}
* ''How to Reverse Heart Disease the Yogic Way-Research, Facts and Program'', (2004) {{ISBN|978-8185053660}}
* ''Values of Life'', (2005) {{ISBN|978-81-85053-76-9}}
* ''Growing with Yoga'', (2008) {{ISBN|978-8185053448}}
* ''Yoga for All: Discovering the True Essence of Yoga'', (2018) {{ISBN|978-9353040857}}

== Personal life ==

She married [[Jayadeva Yogendra]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Kunal |title=Prominent yoga guru passes away |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/prominent-yoga-guru-passes-away/articleshow/62954387.cms |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=17 February 2018}}</ref> in 1973.
[[File:HansajiDrJayadev.jpg|thumb|Hansa Yogendra with husband Jayadeva Yogendra]]
She is daughter-in-law of [[Yogendra|Shri Yogendra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhangiani |first1=Diipti |title=Neighbourhood Haven The Yoga Institute |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-neighbourhood-haven-the-yoga-institute-1923076 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark Singleton |author1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |author2=Ellen Goldberg |title=Gurus of Modern Yoga |date=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199938728 |page=73}}</ref>

== Awards & distinctions==

* 1994 Vocational Excellence Award by [[Rotary Club|Rotary Club of Bombay]]<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
*  Award for contribution to Women's Health from the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres.<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2011 Special Award by The [[International Association of Yoga Therapists]] for pioneering work in [[Yoga Therapy]], Yoga education and research in 2011.<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* ''Yoga Tapaswini'' title at Pune International Yoga Week<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
*  Award of Excellence by [[Podar International School]] for her contribution to Yoga education.<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2015 Special Award by [[Lions Clubs International]]<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2015 Keynote speaker at International Conference on Yoga for Holistic Health at [[Vigyan Bhawan]], New Delhi<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2017 [[Rotary International]] Award for her contribution to spread the awareness of Yoga at Hotel Sahara Star, Mumbai<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2018 Chief guest at Pune International Yoga Festival<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2018 Vocational Excellence Award by Rotary Discon, Utsav
* 2018 [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]. from The Open International University for Complementary Medicines<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2018 ''Divine Shakti Leadership Award'' at [[Parmarth Niketan]], International Yoga Festival<ref name="excellencereporter"/>
* 2019 National Yoga Award 2019 from Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=dna>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Ravindra |title=AYUSH, Yoga are two strong pillars of 'Fit India': PM Narendra Modi |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ayush-yoga-are-two-strong-pillars-of-fit-india-pm-narendra-modi-2786300 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
* 2025: ELLE Beauty Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Riddhi |date=2025-10-17 |title=ELLE Beauty Awards 2025 Winners: Meet The Experts Redefining Modern Beauty |url=https://elle.in/beauty/elle-beauty-awards-2025-winners-meet-the-experts-redefining-modern-beauty-10517723 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Elle India |language=en}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|title=Das Schweizer Buch: bibliographisches Bulletin der Schweizerischen Landesbibliothek, Bern|date=2003|publisher=Schweizerischer Buchhändler- und Verlegerverein, [[Indiana University]]|page=329|language=de}}
* {{cite book|author1=Subba Rao|title=The Call of Yoga : The Life And Mission of Dr. Jayadeva & Hansaji Yogendra|date=January 2018|publisher=Zen Publications|isbn=9789385902918|url=https://www.flipkart.com/call-yoga-life-mission-dr-jayadeva-hansaji-yogendra/p/itmffzc4vwbdmceu?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3InYBRCLARIsAG6bfMS9GELu2OPSF_SmzCUowXmDxzKa3ZaTGAnpch76hRHpraIlgcXIWIcaAsXPEALw_wcB&pid=9789385902918&lid=LSTBOK9789385902918JVOTZ3&tgi=sem%2C1%2CG%2C11214002%2Cg%2Csearch%2C%2C170219493259%2C1o1%2C%2C%2Cc%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C%2C&s_kwcid=AL%21739%213%21170219493259%21%21%21g%21295092701166%21&ef_id=Wlu7cgAABfyg%40BFC%3A20180521162017%3As}}
* {{cite book|author1=Anne Cushman |author-link=Anne Cushman |author2=Jerry Jones|title=From here to nirvana: the essential guide to the yogis and gurus, ashrams and temples of spiritual India|date=4 February 1999|publisher=[[Rider (imprint)]]|isbn=9780712670616}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPqVXk1kyyU Yog Satra with Yogachrya Hansa Jaidev Yogendra] on ''[[DD News]]'' (Interview)
* [http://theyogainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Slide11.jpg One has to keep in mind the self] on ''DayBreak'' (25 October 1997){{Dead link|date=January 2026}}
* [http://theyogainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/LOKMAT-1024x720.jpg योग ही जगण्याची कला] on ''[[Lokmat]]'' (Marathi){{Dead link|date=January 2026}}
* [http://theyogainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/Navbharat-Times-mumbai1_June-2015-1024x718.jpg योग है जीवन जीने का विज्ञान] on ''[[Navbharat Times]]{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}''

{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Modern Yoginis}}

{{Portal bar|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yogendra, Hansa}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kottayam War

2026-03-24T17:35:25Z

Anymore6055: info

{{Short description|Conflict in India (1793–1806)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kottayam (Cotiote) War
| partof = the Battles involving the British East India Company
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1793–1806
| place = [[Wayanad]]
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Kottayam]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Robert Bowles (East India Company officer)|Robert Bowles]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[James Stevenson (East India Company officer)|James Stevenson]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Capt.Lawrence [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Capt. Bowman {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Capt. Troy {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt. Bond {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] [[Lachlan Macquarie]] {{WIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Maj. Cameron {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt. Nugent {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt. Madge {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt. Rudderman {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt.Millinchamp{{WIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt. Mealey [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Capt.Batchelor{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Capt.Browne{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Sjt.Wilson {{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Col.Dunlop [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Col.Dow [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Capt.Dickenson{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|22px]] Lt.Maxwell{{KIA}}
| commander2 = *[[Pazhassi Raja]]{{KIA}}
* [[Edachena Kunkan]]{{Executed}}
* [[Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar|Kannavath Sankaran]]{{Executed}}
* Kaitheri Ambu
* Kanoth Nambiar
| strength1 = 14,000
| strength2 = 6,000
| casualties1 = Unknown heavy|
| casualties2 = Unknown heavy
}}

The '''Kottayam War''' also known as the '''Cotiote War''' refers to a series of continuous struggles fought between the [[Cotiote|Kottayam]] king, [[Pazhassi Raja]] Kerala Varma, and the [[East India Company]] across a span of thirteen years between 1793 and 1806. Pazhassi Raja aimed to preserve the independence and unity of his kingdom while the East India Company was determined to annex and dismember it. His own desire for independence and sense of betrayal by the East India Company on their earlier promise to respect his country's independence, combined with constant exhortations of two of his noblemen, [[Kaitheri Ambu]] and [[Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar|Kannavath Sankaran]], led to outbreak of the Kottayam War. It is the longest war waged by the East India Company during their military campaigns on the [[Indian subcontinent]] – much longer than the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]], [[Anglo-Sikh Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] and [[Polygar Wars]]. It was one of the bloodiest and hardest wars waged by the East India Company in India – [[Presidency armies|Presidency army regiments]] that participated suffered losses as high as eighty percent in 10 years of warfare.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurup|first1=KKN|title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publication|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7099-094-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Madras Army Volume III|year=1883|publisher=Printed by E. Keys at the Govt. Press|url=https://archive.org/details/historymadrasar01wilsgoog}}</ref><ref>Kurup, KKN. 1980. ''Pazhassi Samarangal''.</ref> The Kottayam army waged guerrilla warfare, chiefly centred in the mountain forests of [[Aralam]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], and larger zone of conflict extended from Mysore to the Arabian Sea, from Coorg to Coimbatore. Warfare peaked in early 1797, 1800 to 1801, and 1803 to 1804 and due to constant reverses, Bombay regiments were withdrawn and instead Madras regiments were deployed with an increase in troop numbers - from 8,000 in 1803 to 14,000 in early 1804. The Kottayam War ended within months of the death of Kottayam leader, Pazhassi Raja in a skirmish on 30 November 1805. Following this war, the kingdom of Kottayam was annexed into the [[Malabar District|district of Malabar]] in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurup|first1=KKN|title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publication|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7099-094-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Madras Army Volume III|year=1883|publisher=Printed by E. Keys at the Govt. Press|url=https://archive.org/details/historymadrasar01wilsgoog}}</ref><ref>Kurup, KKN. 1980. ''Pazhassi Samarangal''.</ref>

The [[Presidency armies|East India Company military]] had 6,000 men in the beginning, which was increased to 8,000 in 1800 and to 14,000 in 1804. Arthur Wellesley was in charge of operations between 1800 and 1804. The Kottayam army manpower is not exactly known - estimates vary between 2,000 and 6,000. The Kottayam army was well equipped with [[flintlocks|fire-locks]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Supplementary Despatches and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington| publisher=J. Murray |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t49p3n379;view=1up;seq=9}}</ref> but ran short of musket ammunition after 1799 and so used bows and swords widely. 10 years of war had caused an 80 percent loss in the East India Company ranks - both European officers and Sepoys.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} No estimate is available regarding the death toll in the Kottayam armies.

Pazhassi's Cave, located in Cherambadi on the Nilgiri-Wayanad border, is believed to have been a strategic hideout and observation post used during the Kottayam War (1793–1806) led by Kerala Varma [[Pazhassi Raja]]. The cave's remote location amidst dense forests made it ideal for [[Guerrilla tactics]] employed by the Kottayam forces against the British [[East India Company]] around 1800. On 28 February 2025, Kochu Thampuratty Subha Varma, the great-granddaughter of Pazhassi Raja, visited the site with her husband Dr. Kishore and formally named it "Pazhassi's Cave" in honor of its historic significance. The visit renewed local interest in Pazhassi Raja's legacy and the cave's role in India's early resistance against colonial rule.

== First Pazhassi Revolt ==
===Attack on Convoy to Major Anderson===
On January 27, 1797, rebel forces led by [[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]] launched a surprise attack on a British East India Company convoy delivering supplies to Major Anderson's position at Manandery, [[Wynad|Wayanad]], [[Malabar District (India)|Malabar]], India, during the First Pazhassi Revolt. The convoy, likely escorted by a small detachment of sepoys, was targeted as part of the rebels’ guerrilla campaign to disrupt British logistics in the region. The attackers, comprising [[Nair]]s and [[Kurichiya]]s, leveraged their knowledge of Wayanad's rugged terrain to execute the assault, catching the British off guard. The engagement resulted in the deaths of three sepoys and wounds to twenty others, including one jemadar. The rebels also seized the convoy's stores and ammunition, significantly hampering British operations in Manandery.<ref name="Logan1887">{{cite book |last=Logan |first=William |title=Malabar Manual |year=1887 |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual00loga |access-date=August 17, 2025}}</ref>

=== Ambush at Manandery ===
{{Main|Ambush at Manandery}}
The '''Ambush at Manandery''' was a surprise attack carried out in 1797 by rebel forces of the [[Kingdom of Kottayam]] during the Kottayam War. Under the command of [[Kaitheri Ambu]], the rebels attacked a detachment of the [[East India Company]] led by Captain Bowman, Captain Troy, and Lieutenant Bond near Manandery in present-day Kerala. The engagement ended in a decisive rebel victory, with heavy losses for the company, including the deaths of all three commanding officers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Logan |first=William |title=Malabar Manual |year=1887 |publisher=Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Subramanian |first=K.R. |title=The South Indian Rebellion: The First War of Independence 1800–1801 |year=1928 |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=A. Sreedhara |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore |year=1972 |publisher=Government Press, Trivandrum}}</ref>

=== Attack at Periah Pass ===
{{Main|Attack at Periah Pass}}

The '''Attack at Periah Pass''' was a military engagement on 18 March 1797 during the Kottayam War, in which forces of the Kingdom of Kottayam under [[Pazhassi Raja]] ambushed and defeated a column of the [[East India Company]] at Periah Pass in Wayanad, Kerala. The action resulted in heavy casualties for the company, including the deaths of several officers, and the capture of baggage and artillery by the rebels.<ref>{{cite book |last=Logan |first=William |title=Malabar Manual |year=1887 |publisher=Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Subramanian |first=K.R. |title=The South Indian Rebellion: The First War of Independence 1800–1801 |year=1928 |publisher=Government Press |location=Madras}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Menon |first=K.P. Padmanabha |title=History of Kerala |year=1924 |publisher=Asian Educational Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=A. Sreedhara |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore |year=1972 |publisher=Government Press, Trivandrum}}</ref>

=== Battles of Devote Angady and Cunjote Angady ===
{{Main|Battles of Devote Angady and Cunjote Angady}}

From 9 to 11 March 1797, during the First Pazhassi Revolt, a Company detachment of some 150–200 sepoys led by Lt. Mealey (with Lt. Millinchamp wounded) engaged with thousands of Nair and Kurichiya rebels under Pazhassi Raja in the Wayanad area. The Kottayam forces used their superior numbers and terrain advantage to overwhelm the British over three days near Devote Angady and Cunjote Angady. British losses were about 38 killed or missing—including 1 subadar, 2 havildars, 2 naigues, 1 waterman, and 32 sepoys—and 67 wounded; rebel casualties are unrecorded.

=== Battle of Tadikulam ===
{{main|Battle of Tadikulam}}

The Battle of Tadikulam, fought between April and July 1797 during the First Pazhassi Revolt, saw British forces under Colonels Dow and Dunlop clash with rebels led by Kanoth Nambiar in Malabar, India. As part of the Manattana/Tadikulam operations, the British captured Tadikulam and demolished Nambiar's house, achieving a tactical success despite losing Brigade Major Captain Batchelor and sustaining some casualties among Europeans and sepoys. This engagement helped secure a temporary truce in 1797, though the revolt later resumed.

== Second Pazhassi Revolt ==
=== Battle of Panamarathukota ===
{{main|Battle of Panamarathukotta}}

The '''Battle of Panamarathukota''' (also called the Battle of Pancoorta Cottah) was fought on 11 October 1802 during the Kottayam War. Rebel forces of the [[Kingdom of Kottayam]] under [[Edachena Kunkan]] engaged the [[East India Company]] troops led by Colonel [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], Captain Dickenson, and Lieutenant Maxwell at Panamarathukota in Wayanad, Kerala. The engagement ended in a decisive rebel victory, inflicting heavy casualties on the company, including the deaths of Captain Dickenson and Lieutenant Maxwell.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{British colonial campaigns}}

[[Category:Cotiote War| ]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Kottayam]]
[[Category:1790s in India]]
[[Category:1800s in India]]
[[Category:1792 in India]]
[[Category:1806 in India]]
[[Category:Malabar District]]

Umar

2026-03-22T12:08:14Z

Anymore6055: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644}}
{{Redirect|Omar|other people with the name|Omar (name)||Omar (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Umar Farooq|the Bangladeshi politician|Md. Umar Farooq|the Kashmiri religious leader|Mirwaiz Umar Farooq}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Umar ibn al-Khattab {{lang|ar|عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب}}
| title = [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] [[Islamic honorifics#Muhammad's companions|Raḍiya Ilāhu ʿAnhū]] [[Farooq|Al-Fārūq]] [[Hafsa bint Umar|Abū Ḥafṣ]]
| succession = 2nd [[Caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| reign = 23 August 634 – {{circa|6 November 644}} ({{age in years and days|634|8|23|644|11|3|duration=yes}})
| image = Hagia Sopia 6163502494 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 280
| caption = Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul
| predecessor = [[Abu Bakr]]
| successor = [[Uthman]]
| birth_date = {{circa|584}}
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]]
| death_date = {{circa|6 November 644}} (c. 26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]) ({{Nowrap|aged 60–61}})
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| burial_place = [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]], Medina
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zaynab bint Maz'un]]
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal]]
* [[Qurayba bint Abi Umayya]]
* [[Jamila bint Thabit]]
* [[Atika bint Zayd]]
* [[Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham|Umm Hakim bint al-Harith]]
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]]
}}
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]]
* [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abd Allah]]
* [[Ubayd Allah ibn Umar|Ubayd Allah]]
* [[Asim ibn Umar|Asim]]
* [[Zayd ibn Umar|Zayd]]
}}
| house = [[Quraysh]] ([[Banu Adi]])
| house-type = Tribe
| father = [[Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl]]
| mother = [[Hantamah bint Hisham]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name
| embed = yes
| nasab = ʿUmar ibn [[Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl|al-Khaṭṭāb]] ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn [[Banu Adi|ʿAdiyy]] ibn [[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy|Ka'b]] ibn [[Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib|Lu'ayy]] ibn [[Ghalib ibn Fihr|Ghālib]] ibn [[Fihr ibn Malik|Fihr]] ibn [[Malik ibn al-Nadr|Mālik]]
| nasab-ar = {{Script|Arab| عُمَرُ ٱبْنُ ٱلْخَطَّابِ ٱبْنُ نُفَيْلٍ ٱبْنِ عَبْدِ ٱلْعُزَّىٰ ٱبْنِ رَازٍ ٱبْنِ عَدِيٍّ ٱبْنِ كَعْبٍ ٱبْنِ لُؤَيٍّ ٱبْنِ غَالِبٍ ٱبْنِ فِهْرٍ ٱبْنِ مَالِكٍ}}
}}}}
{{Umar}}
{{Sunni Islam|Rightly-Guided Caliphs}}

'''Umar ibn al-Khattab'''{{efn|Umar had many titles and epithets, including '''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]''', as the first holder of the title, and '''al-Faruq''' ("the one who distinguishes [between right and wrong]"), for his reputation as a jurist.}} ({{langx|ar|عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb}}; {{circa|584 – 644}}), also spelled '''Omar''', was the second [[Rashidun caliph]], ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded [[Abu Bakr]] ({{reign|632|634}}) and is regarded as a senior [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].

Initially, Umar opposed Muhammad, who was his distant [[Quraysh]]ite kinsman. However, after converting to Islam in 616, he became the first [[Muslims|Muslim]] to openly pray at the [[Kaaba]]. He participated in nearly all of [[List of expeditions of Muhammad|Muhammad's battles and expeditions]], and Muhammad conferred upon him the title ''al-Fārūq'' ("the Distinguisher") for his sound judgement. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to [[Abu Bakr]] as the first caliph and served as his chief adviser. In 634, shortly before his death, Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

During Umar's reign, the [[caliphate]] expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the [[Sasanian Empire]] and more than two-thirds of the [[Byzantine Empire]].{{sfn|Hourani|1991|p=23}} His campaigns against the [[Sasanians]] resulted in the [[Muslim conquest of Persia#Conquest of Persia (642–651)|conquest of Persia]] within two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar lifted the [[Christianity|Christian]] ban on [[Jews]] entering [[Jerusalem]] and permitted them to worship there.{{sfn|Dubnow|1968|p=326}} Umar was [[Assassination|assassinated]] by the Persian slave [[Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz]] in 644.

Umar is widely credited with expanding the [[Islamic world]] beyond [[Arabia]] and introducing the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri Calendar]].{{sfn|Vaglieri|1970|p=64}}{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2024}} Historians generally regard him as one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.<ref>Ahmed, Nazeer; ''Islam in Global History - From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War'', American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34 {{ISBN|0-7388-5963-X}}.</ref> In [[Sunni view of Umar|Sunni Islamic tradition]], he is revered as a just ruler and a paragon of Islamic virtues,<ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bonner, M. |author2=Levi Della Vida, G.| title=Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |volume=10 |page=820}}</ref> with some [[hadith]]s identifying him as the second greatest of the [[Companions of the Prophet|Sahabah]] after Abu Bakr.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/21 |title=Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/14|title=Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> In [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] tradition, however, he is viewed negatively.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bonner, M. |author2=Levi Della Vida, G. |title=Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |volume=10 |page=820 |quote=Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Umar was born in [[Mecca]] to the [[Banu Adi]] clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1/100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1#page/n37/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 1 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> His father was [[Khattab ibn Nufayl]], and his mother was [[Hantamah bint Hisham]] of the [[Banu Makhzum]] tribe. In his youth, Umar tended his father's [[camel]]s in the plains near Mecca. His father, a merchant, was renowned for his intelligence among his tribe.{{sfn|Qazi|2015}} Umar later recalled: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work, he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion".<ref>[[Muhammad Husayn Haykal]] (1944), ''Al Farooq, Umar'', Chapter 1, p. 45.</ref>

Although [[literacy]] was uncommon in pre-Islamic [[Arab world|Arabia]], Umar learned to read and write during his youth. While not a [[poet]] himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature.<ref name="haykal-ch1">Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1.</ref> In accordance with the traditions of the Quraysh, he was trained in [[martial arts]], [[horse riding]], and [[wrestling]] during his adolescence. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler.<ref name="haykal-ch1" /><ref>[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]''</ref> He was also recognized as a gifted orator and succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes.<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1, pp. 40–41.</ref>

Umar became a [[merchant]] and made several journeys to [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sasanian]] territories, where he is said to have met various [[scholar]]s and analyzed Byzantine and Sasanian societies. As a merchant, he was unsuccessful.<ref name="haykal-ch1"/><ref>Tabqat ibn Sa'ad, Chapter - Umar ibn Khattab.</ref> Like others around him, Umar was fond of [[Alcoholic drink|drinking]] in his pre-Islamic days.<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1, p. 47.</ref>

== Early military career ==
=== Opposition to Islam ===
In 610, [[Muhammad]] started preaching the message of Islam. However, like many others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in [[Persecution|persecuting]] Muslims.<ref name="haykal-p51">Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1, p. 51.</ref> He recommended Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Armstrong|p=128}} He firmly believed in the unity of the Quraysh and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord.<ref name="haykal-p51"/>

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his followers to [[Migration to Abyssinia|migrate to Abyssinia]]. When a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraysh and decided to have Muhammad [[Assassination|assassinated]].<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 1, p. 53.</ref>

=== Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad ===
Umar [[converted to Islam]] in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s ''Sīrah''. On his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who had secretly converted to Islam but had not told Umar. When Umar informed him that he had set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar? Do you think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight?"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/umars-conversion-islam |title=Umar's Conversion to Islam |website=al-islam.org |date=10 November 2013 |access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref>

Nu'aym then told him to inquire about his own house, where his sister, [[Fatima bint al-Khattab]], and his brother-in-law had converted to Islam and were taking lessons from [[Khabbab ibn al-Aratt]]. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found Fatima and her husband [[Saeed bin Zaid]] (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses of the [[Quran]] from [[Ta-Ha|Surat Ta-Ha]].<ref>as-Suyuti, ''The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way'', London, 1995, pp. 107–108.</ref> He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started arguing with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some say that upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident and lost balance when trying to pull Umar off of Saeed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2023 |title=New Hope - Prophet Muhammad's Uncle & Umar Convert to Islam |url=https://aboutislam.net/reading-islam/about-muhammad/new-hope-prophet-muhammads-uncle-umar-convert-islam/ |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=aboutislam.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Ibn Al Khattab (ra) – The Convert Who Changed The World {{!}} The Firsts |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/watch/series/omar-ibn-al-khattab-the-convert-who-changed-the-world-the-firsts |access-date=15 November 2024 |publisher=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research |language=en}}</ref> In both cases, however, his sister began to bleed from her mouth. Seeing what he had done, Umar calmed down out of guilt and asked Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and said, "You are unclean, and no unclean person can touch the Scripture". He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Umar at last gave in. He [[Ghusl|washed his body]] and then began to read the verses that were: ''Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer for My remembrance'' (Quran 20:14). He wept and declared, "Surely this is the word of Allah. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah". On hearing this, Khabbab came out from where he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, "O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or [[Amr ibn Hishām|Abu Jahl]], whomsoever Thou likest". It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."{{sfn|Al Mubarakpury|2002|pp=130–131}}

Umar then went to Muhammad with the same sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when he accepted Islam.<ref name="Tahthib 2002 page 170">Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab [[Al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya]] by [[ibn Kathir]], published by Dar al-Wathan publications, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1422 [[Islamic calendar|Anno hegiræ]] (2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 170 {{ISBN|978-9960-28-117-9}}</ref>

According to one account, after his conversion to Islam, Umar openly prayed at the [[Kaaba]] as the Quraysh chiefs, Abu Jahl and [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], reportedly watched in anger.{{sfn|Armstrong|p=35}} This further helped the Muslims to gain confidence in practicing Islam openly. At this stage, Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in [[Masjid al-Haram]] for the first time. [[Abdullah ibn Masud]] said,

{{blockquote|Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success, and his reign a blessing from Allah. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray in the Mosque.<ref>''Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq'', Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 30</ref>}}

==== Migration to Medina ====
In 622, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply [[Medina]]), Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraysh resistance, but Umar is reported to have left openly during the day saying:<ref>''Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq'', Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 119</ref><ref name=":0" />

{{Cquote| quote = Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphans should come and meet me there behind that cliff}}

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.<ref name="Tahthib 2002 page 170" />

==== Life in Medina ====
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Caliph Umar}}

Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year before the Quraysh raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the first battle between Muslims and Quraysh of Mecca i.e., the [[Battle of Badr]]. In 625, he took part in the [[Battle of Uhud]]. In the second phase of the battle, when [[Khalid ibn Walid]]'s cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the tide of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence of the hill.<ref>''Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq'', Mohammad Allias Aadil, pp. 40–41</ref> Later in the year Umar was a part of a campaign against the Jewish tribe of [[Banu Nadir]]. In 625, Umar's daughter [[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsah]] was married to Muhammad.<ref>''Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq'', Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 42, Sahih al Bukhari</ref>

Later in 627, he participated in the [[Battle of the Trench]] and also in the [[Banu Qurayza|Battle of Banu Qurayza]].<ref name="Maghazi">Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, p. 62</ref> In 628, Umar witnessed the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]].<ref name="Maghazi"/> In 628, he fought in the [[Battle of Khaybar]]. In 629, Muhammad sent [[Amr ibn al-As]] to [[Battle of Chains|Zaat-ul-Sallasal]], after which Muhammad sent [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]] with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.<ref>Sahih-al-Bhukari book of Maghazi, Ghazwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal</ref>

In 630, when Muslim armies rushed for the [[conquest of Mecca]], he was part of that army. Later in 630, he fought in the [[Battle of Hunayn]] and the [[Siege of Ta'if]]. He was part of the Muslim army that contested the [[Battle of Tabouk]] under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in the farewell [[Hajj]] of Muhammad in 632.<ref>''Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq'', Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 56</ref>

==== Death of Muhammad ====
When Muhammad died on 8 June 632, Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.<ref name="Suyuti54-61">as-Suyuti, ''The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way'', London, 1995, pp. 54–61.</ref> It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just as [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] went, remaining absent from his people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. By Allah, the messenger of Allah will indeed return just as Moses returned (to his people) and he will cut off the hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died."<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheBiographyOfAbuBakrAsSiddeeq/TheBiographyOfAbuBakrAs-siddeeq#page/n199/mode/2up |title=The Biography of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq |via=Internet Archive |date=2007}}</ref> [[Abu Bakr]] then publicly spoke to the community in the mosque, saying:

{{blockquote|Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies<ref name="http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/19">{{cite web |url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/19 |title=Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |website=sunnah.com |date=26 April 2012 |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>}}

Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an {{Cite Quran|3|144|b=n|style=ref}}:

{{blockquote|Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?<ref name="http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/19"/>}}

Hearing this, Umar fell on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.<ref name="Suyuti54-61" />

== Foundation of the caliphate ==
{{Wikisource|Letter to Usama bin Zaid}}

Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the [[caliphate]] following the death of [[Muhammad]] on 8 June 632.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=4}} While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged, a group of his Medinan followers, the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] (helpers), organized a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively excluding the companions known as the [[Muhajirun]] (the emigrants), including Umar.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=2}} Upon learning of this gathering at the [[Saqifah|Saqifah Bani Sa'ida]], Umar was accompanied by two other Muhajirun, [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]], and proceeded to the meeting to head off the Ansar's plans for political separation. Arriving at the [[Saqifa|Saqifah]], Umar was faced with a unified assembly of tribes from the Ansar who initially refused to accept the leadership of the Muhajirun;{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=3}} however, he remained undeterred in his conviction that the caliphate should remain under Muhajirun control.{{sfn|Donner|1993|p=6}} Though the [[Khazraj]] were in disagreement, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting one or two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of [[Banu Aws]] and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing his hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, [[Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah]], who were ostracised as a result. The Khazraj tribe is said to have posed no significant threat as there were sufficient men of war from the Medinese tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organise them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=33}}

[[File:Signature Believed To Be Of ʿUmar B. Al-Khaṭṭāb.png|thumb|Transcription of a undated rock inscription found in Saudi Arabia in 2012, without definitions such as [[Caliph]] or [[Amir al-Mu'minin]], claimed to be [[autograph|Umar's signature]]{{sfn|Imbert|2019|pp=161–174}} (See:[[Islamic archaeology]]]]
[[File:First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg|thumb|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanid style]] coins during the Rashidun period,{{sfn|Album|Bates|Floor|2012}} featuring a [[Crescent and star (symbol)|crescent-star]], [[fire altar]], depictions of [[Khosrow II]], and an Arabic ''[[Basmala|bismillāh]]'' in the margin). Unlike known historical figures such as [[Ibn Zubayr]] and [[Mu'awiya I]], there are no coins minted in the name of these caliphs that could be evidence of [[Hegemony|political sovereignty]].{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}]]

[[Wilferd Madelung]] summarises Umar's contribution:{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=33}}

{{blockquote|Umar judged the outcome of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta [translated by Madelung as "a precipitate and ill-considered deal"{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=22}}] because of the absence of most of the prominent Muhajirun, including the Prophet's own family and clan, whose participation he considered vital for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). It was, he warned the community, to be no precedent for the future. Yet he also defended the outcome, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one else. He apologised, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to press for an immediate oath of allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted to wait for a legitimate consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of the Mekkans. Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent and undignified end, as he and his followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not to kill him, for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule. This violent break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed by the wisdom and eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech and have accepted him as the best choice for the succession, as suggested by [[Leone Caetani]]. There would have been no sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the Muhajirun.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=33}}}}

According to various [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] sources and Madelung,<ref name="iis.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=106316 |title=Institute of Ismaili Studies |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703110811/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=106316 |url-status=dead |author=Dr Paul E Walker}} </ref><ref name="us.macmillan.com">{{cite web |url=http://us.macmillan.com/author/wilfredmadelung |title=Wilfred Madelung |work=us.macmillan.com |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626141253/http://us.macmillan.com/author/wilfredmadelung|url-status=dead}} </ref> Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against [[Ali]] at the Saqifah.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=68}} According to one version of narrations in [[primary sources]], Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to try to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. It has been reported in mainly Persian historical sources written 300 years later, such as in the [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|History of al-Tabari]], that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an armed contingent to [[Fatimah]]'s house where Ali and his supporters are said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire{{sfn|Donner|1993|pp=7-12}} and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. This version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who, in view of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. But then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but six months later after the death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sunni and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear allegiance to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear mandate to succeed Muhammad,{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} but offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by Umar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of the use of force and argues that:

{{blockquote|Isolated reports of use of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for six months are probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough to restrain Umar from any violence against them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of solidarity of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}} His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.}}

According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.<ref name="holland">{{cite book |title=In the shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World |first=Tom |last=Holland |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-349-12235-9 |publisher=Abacus |pages=381–382}}</ref> An Armenian bishop writing a decade or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating the advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert".<ref name="holland" /><ref>Sebeos 139</ref> Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to his prestige, was that his earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive cast of virtues. Rather than ape the manner of a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew on the example of a quite different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, salt and water, and his rejection of worldly riches would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a very particular kind of person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement of Umar was to take such language to a literal and previously unimaginable extreme."<ref name="holland" />

== Abu Bakr's era ==
Due to the delicate political situation in Arabia,{{Vague|date=December 2014}} Umar initially opposed military operations against the rebel tribes there,{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} hoping to gain their support in the event of an invasion by the Romans or the Persians. Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion by force. By late 632, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the incorporated lands rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.<ref>''Medieval Islamic political thought'', Patricia Crone, p. 18</ref>

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of a book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died in the [[Battle of Yamamah]].<ref name="sunnah.com">{{cite web |url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/93/53 |title=Hadith – Book of Judgments (Ahkaam) – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |website=sunnah.com}}</ref>

=== Appointment as a caliph ===
Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before dying in 634.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheBiographyOfAbuBakrAsSiddeeq/TheBiographyOfAbuBakrAs-siddeeq#page/n711/mode/2up |title=The Biography of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq |via=Internet Archive |date=2007}}</ref> Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure among the notables of Medina and members of [[Majlis-ash-Shura|Majlis al Shura]]; accordingly, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.<ref>Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, by Mohammad Allias Aadil, pp. 58–59</ref>{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|p=157}} Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar his successor. Umar was well known for his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and care for the poor.<ref>''Early caliphate'', Muhammad Ali, Muḥammad Yaʿqūb K̲h̲ān, p. 85</ref>
Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers:

{{blockquote|His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your men.<ref>''Umar Farooq-i-Azam'', Mohammad Hussain Haikal, chapter 4, pp. 112–113</ref>}}

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands.{{sfn|Blankinship|1993|pp=145–153}} Before his death, Abu Bakr called [[Uthman]] to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on [[Iraq]]i and [[Syria]]n fronts.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}}

== Caliphate ==
=== Political and civil administration ===
The government of Umar was a [[Unitary state|unitary government]], where the sovereign political authority was the caliph.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}} The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some [[autonomous]] territories, e.g., [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia]], that had accepted the suzerainty of the caliphate.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} The provinces were administered by the provincial governors or ''[[Wali]]'', personally and fastidiously selected by Umar. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Amir, usually appointed by Umar himself, but occasionally also appointed by the provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial level were:

# ''Katib'', the Chief Secretary
# ''Katib-ud-Diwan'', the Military Secretary
# ''Sahib-ul-Kharaj'', the Revenue Collector
# ''Sahib-ul-Ahdath'', the [[Police chief]]
# ''Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal'', the [[Treasury]] Officer
# ''Qadi'', the Chief Judge

In some districts there were separate military officers, though the ''Wali'' was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the ''Wali's'' conduct. On assuming office, the ''Wali'' was required to assemble the people in the main [[mosque]], and read the instrument of instructions before them.<ref>''The Cambridge History of Islam'', ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge, 1970</ref>

Umar's general instructions to his officers were:

{{blockquote|Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}}}

Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal officers were required to travel to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} Provincial governors received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief of the army of their sector).{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Under Umar, the empire was divided into the following provinces:

# [[Mecca]] (Arabia)
# [[Medina]] (Arabia)
# [[Basra]] (Iraq)
# [[Kufa]] (Iraq)
# [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]], in the upper reaches of the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]]
# [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]]
# [[Aelia Capitolina|Iliyā]] (Palestine)
# [[Ramlah]] (Palestine)
# [[Upper Egypt]]
# [[Lower Egypt]]
# [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (Persia)
# [[Adurbadagan|Azerbaijan]] (Persia)
# [[Fars province|Fars]] (Persia)

Umar was first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the state. This department acted as the [[administrative court]], where the legal proceedings were personally led by Umar.<ref>''Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought'', M. A. Cook, p. 79</ref>

The department was under the charge of [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]], one of Umar's most trusted men. In important cases, Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina and charged in Umar's administrative court.

Umar was known for this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable.{{sfn|Al-Buraey|2002|pp=248–249}} This service was also said to have inspired fear in his subjects.{{sfn|Essid|1995|pp=24, 67}}

Umar was a pioneer in some affairs:

# Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state
# He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order
# He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered<ref>''The Precious Pearls'' by Muhammad Ayub Sipra, Darussalam publishers and distributors, 2002, p. 57.</ref>

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of his governors and agents from engaging in any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. An agent of Umar by the name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have extra money beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Al Harith replied that he had some money and he engaged in trade with it. Umar said: ''By Allah, we did not send you to engage in trade!'' and he took from him the profits he had made.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n47/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 2}}</ref>

=== Canals ===
Since Medina, with a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import of grain. He ordered the building of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea and an improvement of port infrastructure on the Arabian coast. When Basra was established during Umar's rule, he started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris to the new city for irrigation and drinking water.{{sfn|Koehler|2014|p=78}} Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canal from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} After the city was built, Umar appointed [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] (17–29/638–650) as its first governor.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=60}} He began building two important canals, the [[al-Ubulla]] and the Ma'qil, linking Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis for the agricultural development for the whole Basra region and used for drinking water. Umar also adopted a policy of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during the Umayyad period and resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of irrigation canals by the state and by individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2012.htm |title=History of Science And Technology in Islam |publisher=History-science-technology.com |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Reforms ===
{{Main|Reforms of Umar's era|Covenant of Umar I}}

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities (''[[amsar]]'') of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.{{Citation needed |date=September 2023}}

Umar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of [[Najran]] and [[Khaybar]]. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews.<ref name="Simha Assaf 1946, pp. 20-21">Simha Assaf, ''Meqorot u-Meḥqarim be-Toldot Yisrael'', Jerusalem 1946, pp. 20–21 (Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic)</ref> He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the [[Hejaz]] for longer than three days.<ref>[[Giorgio Levi Della Vida]] and [[Michael Bonner]], ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2023}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=74}} He was first to establish the army as a state department.

In 641, he established [[Bayt al-mal]], a financial institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims. As a leader, Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In 638, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year since the [[Hijra year|Hijra]], he decreed that the [[Islamic calendar]] should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.

=== Visit to Jerusalem in 637 ===
[[File:The entrance of Caliph Umar (581?-644) into Jerusalem, 638- colored engraving, 19th century..jpg|thumbnail|19th-century colored engraving depicting [[Umar]]'s entrance into [[Jerusalem]] in 638.]]

Umar's visit to [[Jerusalem]] is documented in several sources. A recently{{When?|date=December 2025}} discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:<ref name="Simha Assaf 1946, pp. 20-21"/>

<blockquote>Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area of the [[Temple Mount]]. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the rest of the Jews in Palestine and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned to live in the southern part of the city, i.e., the Market of the Jews. (Their aim was to be near the water of ''[[Siloam|Silwan]]'' and the [[Temple Mount]] and its gates.) Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the area around it with their wives and children</blockquote>

It is also reported in the name of the [[Eutychius of Alexandria|Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius]] (932–940) that the rock known as the Temple Mount had been a place of ruins as far back as the time of the [[Helena (empress)|Empress Helena]], mother of Constantine the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines" he said, "had deliberately left the ancient site of the Temple as it was and had even thrown rubbish on it so that a great heap of rubble formed". It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he asked [[Ka'ab al-Ahbar]], who was Jewish before he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Ka'ab indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter.{{sfn|Friedmann|1992|pp=194-195}} The Jews, Ka'ab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the ''Rums'' (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the ''Ṣakhra'' (rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. To this day, the place is known as ''ḳubbat es ṣakhra'', the [[Dome of the Rock]].

According to lexicographer [[David ben Abraham al-Fasi]] (died before 1026), the Muslim conquest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the Temple Mount.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al-Fasi |first=D. |author-link=David ben Abraham al-Fasi |title=The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, Known as 'Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ' (Agron) |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |editor=Solomon L. Skoss |volume=1 |page=xxxix – xl (Introduction) |date=1936 |language=he |oclc=745093227}}</ref>

=== The Conquest of Jerusalem (637) ===
Jerusalem was conquered by Muslim forces in 637 during the caliphate of ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab. According to early Islamic historical sources, the inhabitants of the city agreed to surrender only on the condition that the caliph himself personally accept the submission. For this reason, Sophronius, the Byzantine Patriarch of Jerusalem, refused to hand over the city to the Muslim commanders, which led Caliph ʿUmar to travel from Medina to Jerusalem in person.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Futūḥ al-Buldān</ref>

According to traditional accounts, ʿUmar entered Jerusalem in an extremely modest manner, accompanied by only a single servant. It is reported that during the journey they took turns riding the camel, and that upon arriving at the city, ʿUmar himself was leading the animal. In Islamic historiography, this conduct has been interpreted as a symbolic demonstration of his humility, sense of justice, and ethical approach to leadership.<ref>Al-Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk</ref>

Following the peaceful surrender of the city, Caliph ʿUmar issued a document known in historical sources as the "Pact of ʿUmar" or the "Covenant of Jerusalem". This agreement guaranteed the safety of the lives and property of Jerusalem's inhabitants, ensured the protection of places of worship, and explicitly prohibited forced religious conversion. The status of churches was preserved, and Christians were permitted to continue their religious practices without interference. The pact is widely regarded as an early and significant example of religious tolerance and the protection of minority rights under Islamic rule.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya</ref>

According to Islamic narratives, some Christian clerics, upon observing ʿUmar's conduct, stated that his characteristics corresponded to descriptions found in their own sacred texts and consequently handed over the keys of the city to him. When the time for prayer arrived, Patriarch Sophronius offered ʿUmar the opportunity to perform his prayer inside a church. ʿUmar declined this offer, explaining that if he were to pray there, future Muslims might use this act as justification to convert the church into a mosque, thereby undermining Christian freedom of worship. Instead, he performed his prayer at a location outside the church.<ref>Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths</ref>

This attitude has been cited in historical narratives as a notable example of Caliph ʿUmar's respect for religious spaces and his sensitivity toward safeguarding the rights of different faith communities.<ref>F. E. Peters, Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers</ref>

=== Military expansion ===
{{Main|Military conquests of Umar's era}}
{{Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar}}

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine in Arabia and plague in the [[Levant]]. During his reign the Levant, Egypt, [[Cyrenaica]], [[Tripolitania]], [[Fezzan]], Eastern [[Anatolia]], almost the whole of the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Persian Empire]] including [[Bactria]], Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, [[Caucasus]] and [[Makran]] were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.<ref>''Medieval Islamic Civilization'', Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, p. 844</ref> Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in recently conquered [[Egypt (Roman province)|Roman Egypt]] and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, his rule extended from present day [[Libya]] in the west to the [[Indus river]] in the east and the [[Oxus river]] in the north.

=== Great famine ===
In 638, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Soon after, the reserves of food at Medina began to run out. Umar ordered caravans of supplies from Syria and Iraq and personally supervised their distribution. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HYQ3vETMgcC&q=umar+saved+famine&pg=PA44 |title=Umar - Makers of Islamic Civilization |last1=Numani |first1=Shibli |last2=Numani |first2=Muhammad Shibli |date=6 November 2004 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=9781850436706 |pages=44–45 |language=en}}</ref> The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the [[Rashidun army]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Life and Works of 2nd Caliph Umar Al Khattab |url=http://www.lscollege.ac.in/sites/default/files/e-content/2nd%20Caliph%20Umar%20al%20Khattab.pdf |website=[[Langat Singh College]], India}}</ref>

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Medina and acted as an officer of [[disaster management]], which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had attendance of more than a hundred thousand people.<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 22.</ref>

=== Great plague ===
While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by [[First plague pandemic|plague]]. While Umar was on his way to visit Syria, at [[Elat]], he was received by [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]], governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity and suggested that Umar go back to Medina. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubayda to come with him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in that critical situation. Abu Ubayda died in 639 of the plague, which also cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of the plague.<ref>Haykal, 1944, Chapter 21.</ref>

=== Welfare state ===
To be close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the first welfare state, [[Bayt al-mal]]{{sfn|Ahmad|2017|p=44}}{{sfn|Khālid|2005|p=20}}{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=132}} The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, from the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced a child benefit and pensions for the children and the elderly.{{sfn|Al-Buraey|1985|pp=252, 254}}{{sfn|Akgündüz|Öztürk|2011|p=539}}{{sfn|Quddus|1989}}

=== Free trade ===
Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the [[Byzantine–Sassanid Wars]], often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests.{{sfn|Esposito|2010|p=38}}{{sfn|Hofmann|1999|p=86}} As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while trading with other areas in the Caliphate (to encourage commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, but wealth is subject to the [[zakat]]).<ref>Islam - An Illustrated History By Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart Christopher Munro-Hay, p. 40</ref> Since the [[Constitution of Medina]], drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Caliphate and had their own judges.<ref>R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina{{'"}}, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' (1978), 41: 1–42, [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref><ref>Watt, W. Montgomery. [https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp/mode/2up ''Muhammad at Medina'']. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.</ref><ref>R. B. Serjeant (January–June 1964). "The 'Constitution of Medina{{'"}}. ''Islamic Quarterly'' '''8'''. p. 4.</ref><ref name="Constitution of Medina">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/15118390/Madinah-Peace-Treaty |title=Madinah Peace Treaty |via=Scribd}}</ref>

== Assassination ==
{{Main|Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz}}
[[File:Tarikhuna bi-uslub qasasi-The Conspiracy to kill Umar.jpg|thumb|upright|Early 20th-century depiction of ([[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]] or [[Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]]) witnessing the purported conspiracy of [[Abu Lu'lu'a]], [[Hurmuzān]], and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong){{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=404}} refers to Jufayna as "al-Naṣrānī", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like [[Zulfiqar]]), {{sfn|El-Hibri|2010|p=109}} describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from {{transliteration|ar|Tārīkhunā bi-uslūb qaṣaṣī}} ("Our History in a Narrative style"), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935.]]
[[File:Tombstone of Umar (r.a) by mohammad adil rais.JPG|thumb|Tombstone of caliph Umar, in the [[Green Dome]] in [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], Medina. The first window from the right gives a view of Umar's grave.]]

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian slave named [[Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz]]. His motivation for the assassination is not clear, but medieval sources attribute it to a tax dispute with his Arab master [[al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba]].{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}

According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a [[Zoroastrian]] from [[Nahavand]] (Iran), though other reports describe him as a [[Eastern Christianity|Christian]].{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}. Modern authors also take different views: {{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|2000}} merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas {{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=75|, note 64}} finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. {{sfn|Ishkevari|Nejad|2008}} mention that according to the {{transliteration|ar|Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ}}, an anonymous work written c. 1126, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near [[Kashan]]. A highly skilled [[joiner]] and [[blacksmith]],{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}. Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken captive by his master al-Mughira in the [[Battle of Nahavand]] (642) and subsequently brought to [[Arabia]], where he may also have converted to Islam. This is the view of {{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=75, note 64}}. Other historical sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the [[Battle of al-Qadisiyya]] (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by [[Hurmuzān]], an ex-[[Sassanid]] military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after his own capture by the Muslims.{{sfn|El-Hibri|2010|pp=108–109}} Although [[Medina]] was generally off-limits to the {{transliteration|ar|[[ʿajam]]}} (non-[[Arabs]]) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter the capital of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|early caliphate]], being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=75, note 64}}

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a {{transliteration|ar|[[kharāj]]}} tax of two [[dirham]]s a day, Other sources speak of three dirhams a month;{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}. Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this tax. However, Umar refused to lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}; {{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|2000}}. As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a {{transliteration|ar|kharāj}} tax on his master al-Mughira. Although this is the reason given by most historical accounts for Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar,{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|2000}}. Umar's biased policies against non-Arab captives may also have played a prominent role. This the hypothesis of {{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=75}}. One day when Umar was leading the congregational prayer in the [[mosque of Medina]], Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed him with a double-bladed dagger.{{sfn|El-Hibri|2010|p=109}} describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". There are different versions of how this happened: according to one version, he also killed Kulayb ibn al-Bukayr al-Laythi who was behind Umar,{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=90}}{{sfn|El-Hibri|2010|p=109}}{{sfn|Caetani|1905–1926|p=216}}. while in another version, he stabbed thirteen people who tried to restrain him.{{sfn|El-Hibri|2010|p=109}}. According to some accounts, the caliph died on the day of the stabbing (Wednesday {{nowrap|26 [[Dhu al-Hijja]]}} of the {{nowrap|[[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]] 23}}, or {{nowrap|3 November 644}} according to the [[Julian calendar]], or {{nowrap|6 November 644}} according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]), while other accounts maintain that he survived three more days.{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|2000}}{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}.

Some historical sources report that Abu Lu'lu'a was taken prisoner and executed for his assassination of Umar, while other sources claim that he committed suicide.{{sfn|Pellat|2011}} After Abu Lu'lu'a's death, his daughter was killed by [[Ubayd Allah ibn Umar]], one of Umar's sons. Acting upon the claim of one man (either [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]] or [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]]) that they had been seen conspiring with Abu Lu'lu'a while he was holding the double-bladed dagger, Ubayd Allah also killed Hurmuzān (Umar's Persian military adviser), and Jufayna, a Christian man from [[al-Hira]] (Iraq) who had been taken to Medina to serve as a private tutor to a family in Medina.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=69}} where Madelung refers to him as "Jufayna al-Naṣrānī"). After Ubayd Allah was detained for these murders, he threatened to kill all foreign captives residing in Medina, as well as some others. Although Ubayd Allah may have been encouraged by his sister [[Hafsa bint Umar]] to avenge their father's death, his murder of Hurmuzān and Jufayna was likely the result of a mental breakdown rather than of a true conspiracy. It was regarded by his peers as a crime rather than as a legitimate act of retaliation.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=69}}

In early 20th-century scholarship it was sometimes supposed that Abu Lu'lu'a had really been an instrument in the hands of a conspiracy, though not a conspiracy led by Hurmuzān, but rather one led by [[Ali]], [[al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], and [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah]]. These men, who according to the historical sources were appointed by Umar himself as members of the council who would elect the next caliph, were thought by scholars to have conspired to overthrow Umar's reign and to put Ali in his place.{{sfn|Caetani|1905–1926|loc=vol. V, pp. 40–51}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=68–70}}. This hypothesis, however, is rejected by more recent scholars.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=68–70}}{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bonner|2000}}{{sfn|Pellat|2011}}. Nevertheless, while Ubayd Allah was subsequently acquitted of his crimes by Umar's successor [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656), who considered the execution of Ubayd Allah an excessive measure in view of his father's recent assassination,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=70}} Ali, among others, did protest against this and vowed to apply the regular punishment for murder if he were ever to be caliph.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=69–70}}.

Umar was buried at the [[Green Dome]] in al-Masjid al-Nabawi alongside Muhammad and the caliph Abu Bakr, by the permission of [[Aisha]] given to his son Abdullah ibn Umar on Umar's request.{{sfn|Fayda|Koçak|2007|p=46}}

=== Aftermath ===
On his deathbed, Umar vacillated on his succession. However, it has been reported that he said that if [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]], [[Muadh ibn Jabal]], or [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi]]|title=[[Al-Jami al-Kamil]] (Authentic Hadith Encyclopaedia - Arranged According to the Chapters of Fiqh)|volume=9|publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]]|year=2016|page=197|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Nabil bin Mansur bin Ya‘qub al-Basara|title=Anis al-Sari in the Verification and Authentication of the Hadiths Mentioned by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in Fath al-Bari|volume=9|publisher=Al-Samahah Foundation, Al-Rayan Foundation|year=2005|page=6263|language=Arabic}}</ref> Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons to [[The election of Uthman|choose a caliph from amongst them]]: [[Abdur Rahman bin Awf]], [[Saad ibn Abi Waqqas]], [[Talha ibn Ubaidullah]], [[Uthman ibn Affan]], [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n381/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

All six are among [[the ten to whom Paradise was promised]] according to Sunnis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sunnah.com/abudawud/42/54 |title=Hadith – Book of Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) – Sunan Abi Dawud – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> The only one out of the "famous ten" left out of the committee who was still alive at the time was Saeed ibn Zaid, the cousin and brother-in-law of Umar. He was excluded on the basis of being related by blood and of the same tribe as Umar. Umar had a policy of not appointing anyone related to him to a position of authority even if they were qualified by his standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n45/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Umar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding. Until the appointment of the next caliph, Umar appointed a notable [[Sahaba|Sahib ( singular of Sahaba )]] and mawla, [[Suhayb ar-Rumi]] (''Suhayb the Roman''), as a deputy or caretaker caliph to run state affairs.<ref>Efendioğlu, Mehmet(2009), ''[[TDV Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', Volume 37, p. 476.</ref> While the meeting for selection of a caliph was proceeding, [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr]] and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf revealed that they saw the dagger used by Abu Lu'lu'a, the assassin of Umar. A night before Umar's assassination, reported Abd al-Rahman bin Awf, he saw Hormuzan, Jufaynah and Abu Lu'lu'a, while they were suspiciously discussing something.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=158}} Surprised by his presence, the dagger fell; it was the same two-sided dagger used in the assassination. Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, son of the late caliph Abu Bakr, confirmed that a few days before Umar's assassination, he saw this dagger in Hurmuzan's possession. After this revelation, it seemed clear that it had been planned by the Persians residing in Medina. Infuriated by this, Umar's younger son [[Ubayd Allah ibn Umar]] sought to kill all the Persians in Medina.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}} He killed Hormuzan, Jufaynah, and the daughter of Umar's assassin Abu Lu'lu'a, who is believed to have been a Muslim. Ubayd Allah was intercepted by the people of Medina, who prevented him from continuing the massacre. [[Amr ibn al-As]] is said to have intercepted him and convinced him to hand over his sword. The murder of Jufaynah enraged Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, his foster brother, and he assaulted Ubayd Allah ibn Umar; again the companions intervened. When Umar was informed about the incident, he ordered Ubayd Allah imprisoned and that the next caliph should decide his fate.<ref name="haykal-death">Haykal, 1944, Chapter "Death of Umar".</ref>

Umar died on 6 November 644; on 7 November [[The election of Uthman|Uthman succeeded him]] as caliph. After prolonged negotiations, the tribunal decided to give [[blood money (restitution)|blood money]] to the victims, and released Umar's son Ubaidullah on the ground that, after the tragedy of Umar's assassination, people would be further infuriated by the execution of his son the very next day.

== Physical appearance ==
Umar was strong, fit, athletic and good at wrestling. He is said to have participated in the wrestling matches on the occasion of the annual fair of [[Souk Okaz|Ukaz]].<ref name="hadrat">"Hadrat Umar Farooq" by Masud-Ul-Hasan</ref> From first hand accounts of his physical appearance Umar is said to be vigorous, robust and a very tall man; in markets, he would tower above the people. The front part of his head was bald, always ''A'sara Yusran'' (working with two hands),<ref>Lisan al-Arab 4/196</ref> both his eyes were black, with yellow skin; however, ibn Sa'ad in his book stated that he never knew that Umar had yellow skin, except for a certain part of Umar's life where his color changed due to his frequent consumption of oil.<ref name="tabaqat-3-324"/> Moreover, it is also narrated that he was initially white but his color turned dark during the Year of Ashes (18 A.H.) where a [[famine]] caused him to exert considerable effort in running the caliphate whilst there was a widespread lack of food.<ref name="tabaqat-3-324" /><ref>Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, Genealogies of the Nobles, pp. 325</ref> It is also narrated by [[Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani]] that he had reddish-white skin.<ref>معرفة الصحابة 1/205،206</ref> His teeth were ''ashnabul asnan'' (very white shining). He would always color his beard and take care of his hair using a type of plant.<ref name="tabaqat-3-324">ibn Sa'ad, 3/ 324</ref><ref>''History of the Prophets and Kings'' (''Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk'') 4/ 196 by [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]]</ref>

The early Muslim historians ''Ibn Saad'' and ''al-Hakim'' mention that Abu Miriam Zir, a native of Kufa, described Umar as being "advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour – a left handed man, tall and towering above the people".<ref name=hadrat /> Umar's eldest son [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abdullah]] described his father as "a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey".<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr, vol. 3, p. 301,قال: أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا شُعيب بن طلحة عن أبيه عن القاسم بن محمّد قال: سمعتُ ابن عمر يصف عمر يقول رجل أبيض تعْلُوه حُمْرَةٌ، طُوال، أصلع، أشيب.</ref> Historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said that "Umar was ambidextrous, he could use both his hands equally well". On the authority of ''Abu Raja al-U'taridi'', [[Ibn Asakir]] records that "Umar was a man tall, stout, very bald, very ruddy with scanty hair on the cheeks, his moustaches large, and the ends thereof reddish".<ref name="hadrat" /> In addition, on the authority of Amir bin Rabi'ah, Ibn Sa'ad records that "I saw Umar a white man, pale. Prevailing ruddiness, tall and bald".<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr, vol. 3, p. 301, أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا عمر بن عمران بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر عن عاصم بن عبيد الله عن عبد الله بن عامر بن ربيعة قال: رأيتُ عمر رجلًا أبيض، أمْهَق. تعلوه حمرة، طُوالًا، أصلع.</ref>

== Assessments and legacy ==
=== Political legacy ===
Umar was the first caliph to adopt the title {{Transliteration|ar|[[amir al-mu'minin]]}} (Commander of the Faithful).{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=49}} Umar was one of Muhammad's chief advisers. After Muhammad's passing, it was Umar who reconciled the Medinan Muslims to accept Abu Bakr, a Meccan, as the caliph.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Umar I {{!}} Muslim caliph |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umar-I |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> During Abu Bakr's era, he actively participated as his secretary and main adviser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/umar-ibn-al-khattab |title=Umar ibn al-Khattab |website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org |language=en |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> After succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar won over the hearts of Bedouin tribes by emancipating all their prisoners and slaves taken during the Ridda wars.{{sfn|Crawford|2013|p=119}}

Umar never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might amass too much local power. He dismissed his most successful general, [[Khalid ibn Walid]], because he wanted people to know that it is Allah who grants victory, and to counter the cult of personality that had built up around Khalid, for the sake of the Muslim faith.{{sfn|Lock|2003|p=70}}

He would patrol the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, ready to punish any offenders he might come across. It is said that Umar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. But with all of this, he was also known for being kindhearted, answering the needs of the fatherless and widows.{{sfn|Ramadani|Dana|Gërguri-Rashiti|Ratten|2016|p=27}}

Umar's swift imposition of justice against his governors for misdeeds made even powerful governors such as [[Mu'awiya I|Muawiyah]] scared of him. [[Ali ibn Abu Talib]], during the later rule of [[Uthman ibn Affan]], wanted Uthman to be more strict with his governors, saying, "I adjure you by God, do you know that Mu'awiyah was more afraid of Umar than was Umar's own servant Yarfa?"{{sfn|Humphreys|1990}}

Under Umar's rule, in order to promote strict discipline, Arab soldiers were settled outside of cities, between the desert and cultivated lands in special garrison towns known as "amsar". Known examples of such settlements are [[Basra]] and [[Kufa]] in Iraq and [[Fustat]] south of what would later become [[Cairo]]. His soldiers were forbidden to own land outside of Arabia. There were restrictions on their right to seize buildings and other immovable things usually thought of as prizes of war. Movable spoils were shared with the people of the umma, regardless of their social stratum.{{sfn|Goldschmidt|Boum|2015|pp=48–49}}

A modern researcher writes about this:{{sfn|Mohtsham|2007}}

{{blockquote|He used to monitor public policy very closely and had kept the needs of the public central to his leadership approach. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his subjects. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, his vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach.}}
{{blockquote|If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the River Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for dereliction of duty.|(Umar)}}
{{blockquote|He also knew that just having a vision is not enough unless it is supported by effective strategies. He didn't only have a vision; he truly transformed his vision into actions. For example, to ensure that nobody sleeps hungry in his empire, he used to walk through the streets almost every night to see if there is any one needy or ill.}}

In ''[[The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]] refers to Umar in the following terms:

{{blockquote|Yet the abstinence and humility of Umar were not inferior to the virtues of [[Abu Bakr]]; his food consisted of barley bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places; and a Persian satrap who paid his homage to the conqueror, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of the mosque of Medina.{{sfn|Gibbon|1833|p=410}}}}

His rule was one of the few moments in the history of Islam where Muslims were united as a single community. [[Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud]] would often weep whenever the subject of Umar was brought up. He said: "Umar was a fortress of Islam. People would enter Islam and not leave. When he died, the fortress was breached and now people are going out of Islam".<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n397/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 2}}</ref> [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah]] before Umar died famously said: "If Umar dies, Islam would be weakened". People asked him why and his reply was "You will see what I am speaking about if you survive".<ref name="archive.org"/>

His greatest achievement from a religious perspective was the compilation of the Qur'an.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1/100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1#page/n147/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 1 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> This had not been done during the time of Muhammad. However, during the Battle of Yamama, a great number of the memorisers of the Quran perished in the battle. On the advice of Umar, Abu Bakr tasked [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] with the momentous task of compiling the Quran into a single Book.<ref name="sunnah.com"/>

The [[Farooqui dynasty]] which ruled the [[Khandesh]] region in north of [[Maharashtra]], India, from 14th century until 16th century, has claimed their descent from Umar's lineage.{{sfn|Shyam|1981|pp=157, 165}}{{sfn|Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)|1962|p=30}}

=== Military legacy ===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}

Along with Khalid ibn Walid, Umar was influential in the Ridda wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n415/mode/2up |title=Umar Ibn Al-Khattab - His Life and Times, Volume 2 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

One strategic success was his sundering of the Byzantine-Sassanid alliance in 636, when Emperors [[Heraclius]] and [[Yazdegerd III]] allied against their common enemy.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}} He was lucky in that the Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III couldn't synchronise with Heraclius as planned. Umar fully availed himself of the opportunity by inducing the Byzantines to act prematurely.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}} This was contrary to the orders of Emperor Heraclius, who presumably wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Umar did this by sending reinforcements to the Roman front in the [[Battle of Yarmouk]], with instructions that they should appear in the form of small bands, one after the other, giving the impression of a continuous stream of reinforcements that finally lured the Byzantines to an untimely battle.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}} On the other hand, Yazdegerd III was engaged in negotiations that further gave Umar time to transfer his troops from Syria to Iraq. These troops proved decisive in the [[Battle of Qadisiyyah]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

His strategy resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638, where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]], aided by the Byzantine Emperor, made an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to [[Homs|Emesa (Homs)]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Umar issued an order to invade the very homeland of the Christian Arab forces besieging Emesa, the Jazira. A three-pronged attack against Jazira was launched from Iraq. To further pressure the Christian Arab armies, Umar instructed [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]], commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to send reinforcements to Emesa. Umar himself led reinforcements there from Medina. Under this unprecedented pressure, the Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslim reinforcements could arrive. The Muslims annexed [[Mesopotamia]] and parts of [[Byzantine Armenia]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

After the [[Battle of Nahavand]], Umar launched a full-scale invasion of the Sassanid Persian Empire. The invasion was a series of well-coordinated multi-pronged attacks designed to isolate and destroy their targets. Umar launched the invasion by attacking the very heart of Persia, aiming to isolate Azerbaijan and eastern Persia.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} This was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. Next, [[Sistan]] and [[Kerman province|Kirman]] were captured, thus isolating the stronghold of Persia, the Khurasan. By the end of Umar's reign, the Sassanid central authority had effectively collapsed, forcing Yazdegerd III to become a fugitive in the eastern provinces as the caliphate secured control over the Iranian plateau.

=== Religious legacy ===
==== Sunni views ====
{{Main|Sunni view of Umar}}

Umar is remembered by Sunnis as a rigid Muslim of a sound and just disposition in matters of religion; a man they title ''Fārūq'', meaning "Distinguisher", and the second of the rightly guided caliphs. He patched his clothes with skin, took buckets on his two shoulders, always riding his donkey without the saddle, rarely laughing and never joking with anyone. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' Umar".<ref name="misas168">''Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab [[Al-Bidaya wa l-Nihaya]]'' by [[ibn Kathir]], published by Dar al-Wathan publications, [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia, 1422 AH (2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 168</ref> He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the ''[[ummah]]''. According to one of Muhammad's companions, [[Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud]]:

{{blockquote|Umar's submission to Islam was a conquest, his migration was a victory, his Imamate (period of rule) was a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at the Kaabah until Umar submitted, when he submitted to Islam, he fought them (the pagans) until they left us alone and we prayed.| [[Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud]]<ref>as-Suyuti, ''The History of the Khalifas Who Took the Right Way'', p. 112.</ref>}}

==== Shia views ====
{{Main|Shia view of Umar}}

Umar is viewed very negatively in the literature of [[Twelver]] [[Shi'a]] (the main branch of Shia Islam<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/shia-islam-s-holiest-sites.html |title=Shia Islam's Holiest Sites |date=25 April 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|The World Factbook|2010}}) and is often regarded as a usurper of Ali's right to the Caliphate. After the [[Saqifah]] assembly chose Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar marched with armed men to Ali's house in order to get the allegiance of Ali and his supporters. Sources indicate that a threat was made to burn Ali's house if he refused, but the encounter ended when [[Fatima]], wife of [[Ali]], intervened.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=19}} According to the majority of Twelver scholar writings, Fatima was physically assaulted by Umar, which caused her to miscarry her child, [[Muhsin ibn Ali]], and led to her death soon after.{{sfn|The Conference of Baghdad's Ulema|2008|p=45}} (see [[Umar at Fatimah's house]]). However, some Twelver scholars, such as [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]], reject these accounts of physical abuse as a "myth",<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195137996 |last=Walbridge |first=Linda S. |title=The Most Learned of the Shi'a - The Institution of the Marja' Taqlid |date=30 August 2001 |page=211}}</ref> although Fadlallah mentioned that his speech is a probability, and not a certain reason to reject that event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aparat.com/v/NayZp |title=تدلیس شبکه وهابی در سخنان آقای محمد حسین فضل الله |website=آپارات}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shayeaat.ir/post/798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320151502/http://shayeaat.ir/post/798 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2017 |title=شایعات – کلیپ رد هجوم به منزل حضرت زهرا(س)، توسط آیت الله سید حسین فضل الله ! / شایعه 0717 |website=shayeaat.ir |date=11 March 2017}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2017}}

Another Shia sect, the [[Zaydism|Zaidiyyah]], followers of [[Zayd ibn Ali]], generally has two views about that. Some branches, such as [[Jarudiyya]] (Sarhubiyya), do not accept Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs. For instance, Jarudiyya believes that Muhammad appointed Ali and believes that the denial of the Imamate of Ali after Muhammad's passing would lead to infidelity and deviation from the right path.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The other view accepts Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs, albeit inferior to Ali.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195305036 |last=Ruthven |first=Malise |title=Islam in the World |date=20 April 2006 |page=186}}</ref> According to [[al-Tabari]] (and [[Ibn A'tham]]),<ref>{{Cite book |edition=1st |publisher=Dār al-ḍwāʾ |author=Alī Shīrī |title=Kitāb al-Futūḥ by Aḥmad ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī |location=Lebanon |date=1991 |volume=8 |page=289}}</ref> when asked about Abu Bakr and Umar, Zayd ibn Ali replied: "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them [...] when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah".<ref>''The waning of the Umayyad caliphate'' by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, pp. 37–38</ref><ref>''The Encyclopedia of Religion'', Vol. 16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243, ''"They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd"''</ref>

== Family ==
{{Main|Family tree of Umar}}

Umar married nine women in his lifetime and had fourteen children: ten sons and four daughters.{{Citation needed|date= December 2017}}

=== Wives ===
The known wives of Umar are:

* [[Zaynab bint Maz'un]], she was the mother of Hafsa, Abd Allah and Abd al-Rahman al-Akbar
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal]], she was divorced by Umar. She was the mother of Ubayd Allah and Zayd al-Asghar.
* [[Qurayba bint Abi Umayya]], divorced by Umar in 628
* [[Jamila bint Thabit]], she married Umar sometime between May 627 and May 628<ref name="Tabari/Fishbein, vol. 8, p. 95">Tabari/Fishbein, vol. 8, p. 95.</ref> They had one son, Asim.<ref>Malik ibn Anas, ''Al-Muwatta'', 37:6.</ref><ref>Ibn Saad/Bewley, vol. 3, p. 204.</ref><ref>Ibn Saad/Bewley, vol. 8, p. 236.</ref><ref name="Tabari/Fishbein, vol. 8, p. 95"/>{{sfn|Smith|1994|pp=100–101}}
* [[Atiqa bint Zayd]], she was married to Umar and had a son named Iyad
* [[Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham]], she was married to Umar{{sfn|Nomani|2003|p=465}} in 634 and was mother of Fatima.
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]] from this marriage Umar had a son named Zayd and a daughter named Ruqayya. This is, however, the Sunni view. The Shi'a do not accept that such a marriage took place. In fact, even some Sunni scholars maintain that Umar's wife Umm Kulthum was actually Abu Bakr's daughter who was raised in Ali's house.<ref>Nawawī, Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa l-lughāt, vol. 2, p. 630</ref>

=== Sons ===
The sons of Umar are:{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

* [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abd Allah]], son of Zaynab bint Maz'un
* Abd al-Rahman, son of Zaynab bint Maz'un
* [[Zayd ibn Umar|Zayd]], son of Umm Kulthum bint Ali<ref name="Saad3">Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', vol. 3, Translated by Bewley, A.; (2013), ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 204, London, Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref>
* [[Ubayd Allah ibn Umar|Ubayd Allah]], son of Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal
* Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal
* [[Asim ibn Umar|Asim]], son of Jamila bint Thabit
* Iyad, son of Atiqa bint Zayd
* Abd al-Rahman Abu'l-Mujabbar
* Abd al-Rahman "Abu Shahmah" ibn Umar
* Abd Allah

=== Daughters ===
The daughters of Umar are:{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

* [[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]], daughter of Zaynab bint Maz'un
* Fatima, daughter of Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham
* Ruqayya, daughter of Umm Kulthum bint Ali
* Zaynab

== See also ==
* {{Section link|7th century in Lebanon|Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon}}
* ''[[Al-Farooq (book)|Al-Farooq]]'', modern biography about Umar
* [[Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque]], mosque named for him in Dubai
* [[Farooqi]]
* [[Omar (TV series)|''Omar'' (TV series)]]
* [[Omar ibn AlKhatab Mosque|Omar ibn al-Khattab Mosque]] is a historic mosque in Dumat al-Jandal in northern Arabia which was built by Umar
* [[Pact of Umar]]
* [[Sahaba]]
* [[Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Waqid al-Umari]]
* [[Umar's Assurance]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |date=1985 |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |isbn=978-0-7103-0333-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJE9AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |date=2011 |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |publisher=IUR Press |isbn=978-90-90261-08-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnT_zhqEe5cC}}
* {{cite book |last=Quddus |first=Syed Abdul |date=1989 |title=The Challenge of Islamic Renaissance |publisher=Progressive Publishers |oclc=21425123}}
* {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |date=2010 |title=The Future of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516521-0|url=https://www.google.at/books/edition/The_Future_of_Islam/-UxRoBmUnsYC?hl=en&gbpv=0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Murad |date=1999 |title=Islam: The Alternative |publisher=Amana Publications |isbn=978-1-59008-047-4|url=https://www.google.at/books/edition/_/GCR4zgEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZqsuy9quTAxWlA9sEHUZoIrYQre8FegQIFxAG}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Caetani |first1=Leone |author1-link=Leone Caetani |date=1905–1926 |title=Annali dell'Islam |series=10 vols. |location=Milan |publisher=Ulrico Hoepli |oclc=3423680 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalidellislam05caetuoft}}
* Donner, Fred (1981). ''The Early Islamic Conquests''. Princeton University Press.
* {{Cite book |last1=El-Hibri |first1=Tayeb |date=2010 |title=Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History - The Rashidun Caliphs |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-15082-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouwL4dGrTN8C&pg=PA108}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Fayda |first1=Mustafa |last2=Koçak |first2=Muhşin |title=ÖMER b. el-Hattâb – An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam |date=2007 |publisher=[[TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-97-53-89456-2 |pages=44–53 |volume=34 |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/omer#2-fikih |language=tr}}
* Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford University Press.
* {{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Michael H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvbNRbDKY1wC |title=The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History |publisher=[[Carol Publishing Group]] |date=1978 |isbn=9780806513508 |author-link=Michael H. Hart}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hourani |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Hourani |title-link=History of the Arab Peoples |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=[[Faber & Faber]] |date=1991}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ibn Sa'ad |title=The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra) |title-link=The Book of the Major Classes}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica |last1=Ishkevari |first1=Hasan Yusofi |last2=Nejad |first2=Saleh |title=Abu Lu'lu'a |date=2008 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/}}
* {{EI2 |last=Levi Della Vida |first=G. |author-link=Giorgio Levi Della Vida |last2=Bonner |first2=M. |title=Umar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb |volume=10 |pages=818−821}}
* {{cite book |last=Dubnow |first=Simon |date=1968 |title=History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period |volume=2 |publisher=Cornwall Books |isbn=978-0-8453-6659-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ2MwNzB69IC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lock |first=Henry Osmond |title=Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries |others=Introduction by [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby]] |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |orig-date=1920 |date=2003 |isbn=0-7661-3984-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Madelung |first=W. |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |date=1997 |title=The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3|url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shyam |first1=Radhey |title=The Kingdom of Khandesh |date=1981 |publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwoMAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) |date=1962 |title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |volume=52–54 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x07jAAAAMAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92870 |archive-date=2024-03-06 |url-status=live |language=en |quote=The rulers of Khandesh who claimed descent from Caliph Umar Faruq evinced the Faruq – like spirit of statesmanship, worldly wisdom, tenacity of purpose, tolerance and patriotism}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Pellat |first1=Charles |author1-link=Charles Pellat |date=2011 |title=Abu Lu'lu'a |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |editor1-last=Yarshater |editor1-first=Ehsan |editor1-link=Ehsan Yarshater |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b}}
* Previte-Orton, C. W.; (1971), ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'', Cambridge, [[Cambridge University Press]].
* {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzyBPwAACAAJ |title=The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split |publisher=Overlook |isbn=978-1-59-020022-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |date=4 November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExbdVf5fFmUC |title=The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-0-74-812470-1 |author-link=Barnaby Rogerson}}
* {{cite book |title=The Conference of Baghdad's Ulema |date=2008 |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=978-1-60506-708-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGhp8Obm3bgC}}
* {{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Arthur Jr. |last2=Boum |first2=Aomar |date=2015 |title=A Concise History of the Middle East |publisher=[[Perseus Books Group|Avalon Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8133-4963-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSOdBAAAQBAJ |pages=48–49 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |last=Mohtsham |first=Saeed M. |title=Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective |url=http://www.bizresearchpapers.com/Mohtsham.pdf |format=PDF |website=Business Research Papers |date=2007 |access-date=2024-03-06}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vaglieri |first=Laura Veccia |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |date=1970 |chapter=The Patriarchal and Umayyad caliphates |editor1-last=Holt |editor1-first=P. M. |editor2-last=Lambton |editor2-first=Ann K. S. |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A: ''The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War'' |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=57–103 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521219464.005 |isbn=9780521219464 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_b2z0/page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Album |first1=Stephen |last2=Bates |first2=Michael L. |last3=Floor |first3=Willem |author-link3=Willem Floor |title=COINS AND COINAGE |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage- |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |volume=VI/1 |pages=14–41 |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=30 December 2012 |orig-date=15 December 1992 |doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_7783 |access-date=23 May 2022 |quote=As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian emperors [...] it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ramadani |first1=Veland |last2=Dana |first2=Léo-Paul |last3=Gërguri-Rashiti |first3=Shqipe |last4=Ratten |first4=Vanessa |date=2016 |title=Entrepreneurship and Management in an Islamic Context |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-39679-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsP3DAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-7103-0333-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJE9AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Essid |first=Yassine |title=A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic Thought |date=1995 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-10079-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij86T6DAwzgC |language=en}}
* {{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2024 |title=Islamic calendar: Months, Definition, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-calendar |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=27 April 2025}}
* {{cite book |last=Koehler |first=Benedikt |date=2014 |title=Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Lexington Books]] |isbn=9780739188835 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqbcAwAAQBAJ&q=umar+canal+medina&pg=PA78 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Gibbon |date=1833 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA410 |publisher=Harper}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Abdul Basit |date=6 September 2017 |title=Umar bin Al Khattab – The Second Caliph of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWp8aeuqKaYC&q=umar+walked+the+streets+every+evening&pg=PT44 |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]] |isbn=9789960861081}}
* {{cite book |last=Khālid |first=Khālid Muḥammad |date=1 February 2005 |title=Men Around the Messenger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-uN7tDGSZMC&q=umar+lived+in+a+mud+hut&pg=PA20 |publisher=The Other Press |isbn=9789839154733}}
* {{cite book |last=Al Mubarakpury |first=Safi ur Rahman |date=2002 |title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA130 |publisher=Darussalam Publishers |isbn=9960-899-55-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=Maulana Muhammad |date=16 April 2015 |title=The Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQxYnAykK6sC&q=umar+lived+in+a+mud+hut&pg=PT132 |publisher=Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA |isbn=9781934271223}}
* {{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Peter |date=16 July 2013 |title=The War of the Three Gods – Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&q=umar+slaves+emancipation+ridda&pg=PA119 |publisher=Pen and Sword Books|isbn=9781473828650}}
* {{cite book |last=Nomani |first=Shibli |date=2003 |title=Life of Umar the Great, the (Al-Farooq) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDs14WLLPy4C&q=umm+hakim&pg=PA465 |publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788174353382 |access-date=18 January 2014}}
* {{cite book |last=Qazi |first=Moin |date=2015 |title=Umar Al Farooq – Man and Caliph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkgfCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9789352061716 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Imbert |first=Frédéric |editor-last=Pinon |editor-first=Catherine |date=2019 |chapter=Espaces de liberté et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du début de l'islam |title=Savants, amants, poètes et fous – Séances offertes à Katia Zakharia |url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/13413 |location=Beirut |publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo |isbn=9782351595503 |doi=10.4000/books.ifpo.13413 |s2cid=213324606}}
* {{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |title=An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-300-03499-8}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=14}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=12}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=15}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=11}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=10}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links||d=Q8467|c=Category:Umar|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.bogvaerker.dk/Bookwright/Umar.html Excerpt from ''The History of the Khalifahs''] by Jalal ad-Din as-[[Suyuti]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930162009/http://www.lailahailallah.net/Khutbahs/Khutbah40.asf Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab] by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Omar|short=x}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Banu Adi]]|| {{circa|584}} || {{circa}} 6 November 644 |[[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]}}
{{S-rel|su}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Abu Bakr]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Caliphate|Caliph of Islam]] [[Rashidun Caliph]]|years=634–644}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Uthman ibn Affan]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Rashidun Caliphs|state=expanded}}
{{Ten companions of Muhammad|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Umar| ]]
[[Category:584 births]]
[[Category:644 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:7th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Arab Muslims]]
[[Category:Assassinated caliphs]]
[[Category:Burials at Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]]
[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia]]
[[Category:Rashidun caliphs]]
[[Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud]]
[[Category:Shahnameh characters]]

The Hero: Love Story of a Spy

2026-03-19T18:43:52Z

Anymore6055: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|2003 film by Anil Sharma}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Hero: Love Story of a Spy
| image = The Hero - Love Story of a Spy.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Dhirajlal Shah
* Hasmukh Shah
* Pravin Shah
}}
| writer = Shaktimaan Talwar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Preity Zinta]]
* [[Priyanka Chopra]]
* [[Amrish Puri]]
* [[Kabir Bedi]]
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]]
* [[Rajpal Yadav]]
}}
| music = '''Songs''': [[Uttam Singh]] '''Score''': Gurmeet Singh
| cinematography = Kabir Lal
| narrator = Sunny Deol
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Time Magnetics Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = Time Magnetics Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|4|11}}
| runtime = 183 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero – Love Story of a Spy (2003) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hero-love-story-spy-2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424194819/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/hero-love-story-spy-2003 |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}35 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=509|title=The Hero: Love Story of a Spy – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}45.13 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[spy]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] and produced by Time Magnetics. It stars [[Sunny Deol]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in her [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film debut. The film tells the story of an undercover [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) agent who must gather intelligence about cross-border terrorism and stop the terrorist responsible for it and his separation from his fiancé.

Sharma had long contemplated making a spy film but felt this was not economically viable for the Indian market because Indian films did not have sufficient budgets. He first planned a film about India's spy network set in the early 2000s but made the 2001 film ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'', which became [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time]]. Following the record-breaking success of that film, Sharma decided to make ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy''. The Shah Brothers were engaged to produce the film, which was touted to have a huge budget and scale, unlike previous Bollywood films. Aiming for high production values, a sizeable amount of money was spent on the film. Several large sets were created to give the film a feeling of grandeur, and international stunt experts were hired to coordinate action sequences new to Indian cinema. [[Principal photography]] was done at Indian locations, including [[Kullu]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], and in locations in [[Canada]] and [[Switzerland]]. [[Uttam Singh]] composed the soundtrack with lyrics written by [[Anand Bakshi]] and [[Javed Akhtar]].

The film's production cost was very high, with [[Trade magazine|trades]] suggesting that it was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film ever made]] at that point; this was the most talked-about aspect of the film. ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' was released on 11 April 2003 to mixed to positive reviews from critics. It grossed over {{INR}}451 million at the box office against a production and marketing budget of {{INR}}350 million, becoming the [[List of Bollywood films of 2003|third-highest-grossing film of the year]]. Chopra won the [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance.

== Plot ==
[[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Major]] Arun Khanna is an army intelligence officer working for the Indian Secret Service agency [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) who has been sent to the [[Line of Control|Indo-Pakistan border in Kashmir]]. Under the identity of Major Ravi Batra, he sets up a spy network to obtain information about Pakistani terrorist activities across the border. In a nearby village, he meets Reshma, an orphan. Reshma joins the network to help Batra, and they fall in love. He reluctantly sends her into Pakistan to work as an undercover maid in Colonel Hidayatulla's house. Hidayatulla is associated with [[ISI (agnecy)|ISI]] head Isaq Khan and terrorist Maulana Azhar.

Reshma begins passing information to Batra. Khan, Azhar, and a group of nuclear scientists meet Hidayatulla's house, where they reveal plans to make a nuclear bomb for a terrorist attack in Kashmir. Reshma is exposed; she escapes and is chased but is saved by Batra and returns to India. Batra proposes marriage. Their engagement ceremony is cut short when terrorists attack. Reshma goes missing after falling into the river, and Batra is presumed dead.

Batra realizes Khan and Azhar are responsible for the attack. He fakes his own death and plans to infiltrate their terrorist network. In disguise, he follows Khan and Azhar to [[Canada]] and discovers they are planning to create a nuclear bomb. Reshma is found alive on the [[Ravi River]] shore in Lahore, Pakistan, where she is rescued by Salman. She loses the ability to walk after learning about the deaths of Batra and her parents. Salman takes her to Canada for treatment under the care of doctor Shaheen Zakaria, the daughter of Muslim fundamentalist Mr. Zakaria, an associate of Khan. In a shopping mall, Reshma finds a muffler she had knitted for Batra, and realizes he is alive and in Canada.

Batra changes his identity to that of a nuclear scientist named Wahid. To infiltrate Zakaria's group, he wins Zakaria's trust and marries Shaheen. Reshma sees Batra as Wahid at his wedding with Shaheen and recognizes him. Batra tells Reshma they cannot be together because he is now married to Shaheen. Reshma is heartbroken and returns to India. Overhearing their conversation, Shaheen learns the truth and is heartbroken. Batra tells Shaheen the truth about her father, but she does not believe the news about her father's terrorist links.

Batra tricks the group into revealing the location of the bomb's parts, which have been kept at a high-altitude facility owned by Zakaria. The group reveals the codes to him, and he transmits a signal to the Canadian and Indian governments. Shaheen learns about the group's plan, exposing them. Khan learns about "Wahid's" true identity and attempts to kill him, but Batra survives. Soldiers arrive, forcing the terrorists toward a train station. They hijack a train and take the passengers hostage. Shaheen, on board, tries to disarm Khan, but he kills her. Before dying, she forgives Batra. Batra kills the other terrorists and Khan. He returns to Kashmir and reunites with Reshma.

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from [[Bollywood Hungama]].<ref name="cast&crew">{{Cite web |title=The Hero Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-hero/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424194952/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-hero/cast/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 April 2003 }}</ref>
{{Div col}}
* [[Sunny Deol]] as
** [[Indian Army ranks and insignia#Commissioned Officers|Major]] Arun Khanna ({{small|actual name}})
**Ajay Chakravarty ({{small|alias name}})
**Major Ravi Batra ({{small|alias name}})
**Wahid Khan ({{small|alias name}})
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Reshma
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Dr. Shaheen Zakaria Khan
* [[Kabir Bedi]] as Mr. Zakaria
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Isaq Khan
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Capt. Idris Wajahat Malik ([[Brigade of the Guards]])
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Lt Sorab Dorjee ([[Ladakh Scouts Regiment|Ladakh Scouts]])
* [[Parvin Dabas]] as Dr. Salman
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as Col Ashfaq Hidayatullah, Pakistani Army
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as RAW Chief Vinay Kapoor
* [[Shri Vallabh Vyas]] as Reshma's adoptive father
* [[Rajat Bedi]] as Wasim
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Karimuddin
*[[Gene Snitsky]] as a Russian terrorist
* [[Big Guido]] as Lab's security guard
{{Div col end}}

== Production ==
Director [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] had planned to make ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' before the release of his blockbuster film ''[[Gadar: Ek Prem Katha]]'' (2001).<ref name="directorrediff">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=9 April 2003 |title='The Hero is not an Indian James Bond' |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/09anil.htm |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182455/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/09anil.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Sharma said he wanted to make a spy film and had contemplated making something like a [[James Bond]] film for a long time but realised Indian films did not have the budget needed to make a film on such a scale.<ref name="directorrediff" /> Sharma then thought of making a film based on India's spy network and, unlike his last historical film, set it in the early 2000s. His idea was to make a family film with no sex and violence.<ref name="directorrediff" /> After the success of ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'', Sharma decided to make ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' which Shaktimaan had written.<ref name="cast&crew" /><ref name="directorrediff" /> As part of his research for the film, Sharma interacted with Army personnel to understand the working methods of its intelligence section.<ref name="spygamesrediff">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Spy Games |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/11intro.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828001614/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/11intro.htm |archive-date=28 August 2004 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| footer = [[Sunny Deol]] (top) and [[Preity Zinta]] (bottom) were cast in the lead roles
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Sunny deol 2012.jpg
| width1 = 400
| height1 = 200
| alt1 = Sunny Deol
| image2 = Preity Zinta at IPL Players Auction.jpg
| width2 = 400
| height2 = 200
| alt2 = Preity Zinta
}}

The Shah brothers of Time Magnetics—Dhirajlal Shah, Hasmukh Shah, and Pravin Shah—were engaged to produce the film.<ref name="workrediff">{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=1 March 2003 |title=Will The Hero work? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/01hero.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413225813/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/01hero.htm |archive-date=13 April 2005 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="saferediff">{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=10 April 2003 |title=Sunny Deol: Bollywood's safe bet |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/10sunny.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106125727/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/10sunny.htm |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Aiming for high production values, Sharma mounted the film on a sizable budget and the scale he said was needed for a story of this proportion. He said the film was a risk, especially when the Indian film industry was going through a slump.<ref name="directorrediff" /> Sharma defended the budget, saying, "But everything is risky; even walking on the street is risky. I knew before I started how much it would cost. I think the two years I gave to the film are more important than the budget. The money may come back, the time won't. Films these days don't work because filmmakers don't give enough time to them."<ref name="directorrediff" />

Sharma cast Sunny Deol, who also starred in ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'', in the role of an Indian spy.<ref name="saferediff" /> The director felt that the film differed greatly from their previous collaboration because Deol played a "subtle spy" who did not "scream and shout" (Deol's trademark in his films).<ref name="directorrediff" /> Deol streaked his hair blond and wore several disguises in the film, which made him uncomfortable.<ref name="directorrediff" /> Preity Zinta was cast in the female lead as a naive Kashmiri village girl, while [[Miss World 2000]] Priyanka Chopra was cast in the supporting role of a Pakistani-born Canadian doctor.<ref name="saferediff" /><ref name="spygamesrediff" /> Chopra's other 2003 film ''[[Andaaz]]'' was supposed to be her debut Bollywood film, but ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' ended up releasing a month before and thus became the actress' debut Bollywood film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Rohini |date=10 January 2003 |title=Controversy's child |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/10chopra.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106143724/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/10chopra.htm |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra Filmography |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/priyanka-chopra/filmography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430231927/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/priyanka-chopra/filmography/ |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Zinta thought that the film had "a terrific script" and she identified with her character thanks to Zinta's [[Himachal Pradesh]] roots.<ref name="preityrediff" /> Chopra thought the film had "a very emotional subject" and being a part of a big film like this seemed like a good option for her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=5 March 2003 |title='Lara and I are lucky charms for each other' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/05priyanka.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215103911/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/05priyanka.htm |archive-date=15 February 2005 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Kabir Bedi]] and [[Amrish Puri]] completed the cast.<ref name="cast&crew" /><ref name="saferediff" /> [[Simple Kapadia]], Abu Jani, [[Sandeep Khosla]], [[Neeta Lulla]] and Sheetal India designed the cast's costumes.<ref>''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy: The Movie Disc''. Event occurs at approximately 20:52</ref> Sanjay Dhabade was the film's production designer. Several huge sets were constructed, including a massive glass house on water.<ref name="spygamesrediff" /><ref name="workrediff" /> Kabir Lal handled the cinematography.<ref name="cast&crew" />

[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Kullu]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] in India with filming in [[Lonavala]] and [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]]<ref name="ReferenceA" /> where half the film was shot. The rest half was filmed at locations in Canada and Switzerland.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy: The Movie Disc''. Event occurs at approximately 03:02:11</ref><ref name="cast&crew" /><ref name="directorrediff" /> Filming in freezing weather in Canada and Switzerland proved to be difficult for the cast who had to be transported to rooms with heaters every five minutes. Sometimes, the temperatures fell to {{Convert|-20|C|abbr=on}}.<ref name="saferediff" /> [[Allan Amin]] designed the action set pieces, and international action experts coordinated the stunts.<ref name="cast&crew" /><ref name="workrediff" /> In one of the "heavy duty" action scenes, eight helicopters were used in the filming.<ref name="spygamesrediff" /> The film's producers cast professional wrestler [[Big Guido]] as Bedi's bodyguard for an action sequence.<ref name="saferediff" /> For one scene, Deol had to jump off an {{Convert|11000|feet|m|abbr=out|adj=on}} tall peak, which he felt was difficult.<ref name="saferediff" /> The climax of the film was shot at [[Jungfrau]] in temperatures of {{Convert|-16|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="saferediff" /> To shoot the scene, Lal propped himself on top of an open helicopter to capture the Jaungfrau Heights from {{Convert|15000|feet|m|abbr=out|adj=on}} in {{Convert|-30|C|F|abbr=on}}. The shot took two hours to film. After landing, he collapsed and was rushed to a hospital immediately.<ref name="spygamesrediff" /> [[Ganesh Acharya]] choreographed the songs, and [[Suresh Urs]] edited the film.<ref name="cast&crew" />

=== Budget and trade analysis ===
After the record-breaking success of Deol's and Sharma's previous collaboration ''Gadar: Ek Prem Katha'', which had become the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of all time]] at that point, their next collaboration was highly anticipated and a lot was expected from it.<ref name="directorrediff" /><ref name="workrediff" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadar – Ek Prem Katha |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=657 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401074718/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=657 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> According to [[Taran Adarsh]], there were "gargantuan" expectations for the new film.<ref name="tareview">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=11 April 2003 |title=The Hero Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-hero/critic-review/the-hero-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424194347/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-hero/critic-review/the-hero-movie-review/ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' was much talked about for its budget and scale.<ref name="directorrediff" /><ref name="workrediff" /> Adarsh said the producers had spared no expense in making it a film of "epic proportions" and "grand production values", writing, "The money spent is visible in every frame, the grand look of the film just cannot be overlooked."<ref name="tareview" /> The film was also talked about for including stunts that were new to Bollywood cinema.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=The Hero – Love Story of a Spy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/04/the_hero_index.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906214231/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/04/the_hero_index.shtml |archive-date=6 September 2005 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Industry experts and trade analysts declared ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film ever made]] at that point, with some estimating its budget as being between {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}600 million.<ref name="workrediff" /><ref name="bbc" /><ref name="yearrediff">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=15 April 2003 |title=Will 2003 be Bollywood's worst year? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/16bolly.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040924065503/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/16bolly.htm |archive-date=24 September 2004 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601120200.htm |title=A dauntless hero |date=16 May 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612074223/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601120200.htm |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the film had a budget of {{INR}}350 million, including production and marketing costs.<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite web |title=The Hero – Love Story of a Spy |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702184035/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=509 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Sharma refused to confirm the exact budget but agreed it was an expensive film, telling Subhash K. Jha: "The producers have gone on record about the budget. I cannot tell you the exact cost. But yes, it is an expensive film."<ref name="directorrediff" /> The director, however, was extremely unhappy with the hype around the film's budget because he did not want to raise audience expectations.<ref name="directorrediff" /> Rajesh Thadani said the film should have been made on a lower budget because the economics of film-making had changed and that restraining a film's budget was "the need of the hour".<ref name="workrediff" /> A distributor told ''[[Rediff.com]]'' "making such a costly film in the 2000s was not a viable proposition and that audiences had become extremely unpredictable". He added: "''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'', with all its hype, barely managed to recover its cost. For ''The Hero'' to succeed, it will have to do better than ''Devdas''."<ref name="workrediff" />

When ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' was in production, the Hindi film industry's revenues were declining, and many were hopeful the film would help to revive the industry.<ref name="directorrediff" /><ref name="workrediff" /> The film's trailers and promos created "enormous" to "positive" [[Marketing buzz|buzz]] in the public and the media, but some trade analysts were skeptical about its high budget and its potential box-office earnings.<ref name="directorrediff" /><ref name="workrediff" /> An editor of ''Box Office India'' said the recovery of the cost of a film like this, filmed on "an extra-large canvas", was impossible from the Indian market alone.<ref name="workrediff" /> He said big-budget films like this mostly rely on overseas markets, which was uncertain for this film because it offered nothing new to overseas audiences as a "James Bond type of movie" that had been done several times before.<ref name="workrediff" /> Trade analyst Amod Mehra was more optimistic about the film, saying he hoped it would help revive the Bollywood film industry, which had "virtually gone dead", and that "the public is anticipating something as thrilling and fast-paced as ''Gadar''. If he has kept the pulse of the public in mind, I see no reason why [the film] won't run well."<ref name="workrediff" />

== Music and soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Hero: Love Story of a Spy
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Uttam Singh]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2003|01|04}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=47}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Times Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Uttam Singh]] composed the music for the songs of ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' and the lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]] and [[Javed Akhtar]].<ref name="cast&crew" /> Initially, Bakshi was signed as the sole lyricist for all the songs, but during production he fell ill. He wrote the lyrics for six of the total eight songs, but unfortunately died before finishing all. Akhtar pitched in to write the lyrics for the remaining two songs.<ref name="preityrediff">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=11 March 2003 |title='I am not married to Aamir Khan!' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/11preity.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111223311/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/11preity.htm |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The background score of the film was provided by Gurmeet Singh.

The film contains eight original tracks with vocals provided by [[Vital Signs (band)|Vital Signs]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sardool Sikander]] and [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]].<ref name="cast&crew" /> Times Music released the soundtrack on 4 January 2003.<ref name="cast&crew" />

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' said the soundtrack did not have "anything great or extraordinary to offer" except for the song “Dil Main Hai Pyaar” and that the music is below expectations considering the lavish budget and scale of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=11 March 2003 |title=The Hero: Movie Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7079/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715083221/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7079/index.html |archive-date=15 July 2009 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero: Love Story of a Spy |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/the-hero:-love-story-of-a-spy/xMa0db0Ya4s_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424195309/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/the-hero:-love-story-of-a-spy/xMa0db0Ya4s_ |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=6 October 2003 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dil Main Hai Pyaar
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| length1 = 04:37
| title2 = Tere Shehar Ka Kya Hai Naam
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
| lyrics2 = Anand Bakshi
| length2 = 04:25
| title3 = In Mast Nigahon Se
| extra3 = Udit Narayan, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics3 = [[Javed Akhtar]]
| length3 = 05:02
| title4 = Mari Koyal Ne Aisi Cook
| extra4 = Jaspinder Narula, [[Sardool Sikander]]
| lyrics4 = Anand Bakshi
| length4 = 06:35
| title5 = Tum Bhi Na Mano
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Alka Yagnik
| lyrics5 = Javed Akhtar
| length5 = 06:11
| title6 = Dil Main Hai Pyaar 2
| extra6 = Alka Yagnik, Jaspinder Narula
| lyrics6 = Anand Bakshi
| length6 = 06:57
| title7 = Tu Hai
| extra7 = [[Vital Signs (band)|Vital Signs]]
| lyrics7 = Anand Bakshi
| length7 = 05:21
| title8 = Tu Hai 2
| extra8 = Vital Signs, Alka Yagnik & Sunidhi Chauhan
| lyrics8 = Anand Bakshi
| length8 = 05:21
}}

== Release ==
As ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' was nearing its release, the 2003 Bollywood Producers' strike prevented the release of new Hindi films in theaters after 1 April 2003.<ref name="strikerediff">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=22 April 2003 |title=Directors rage as producers strike |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/22film.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605185642/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/22film.htm |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Deol was unhappy about the strike because he felt postponing a big film like this was not an affordable option, saying: "When a producer has spent so much money promoting and publicising a film like ''The Hero'', how is he expected to scrap his campaign, postpone his film and start from scratch?"<ref name="strikerediff" /> ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' was released on 11 April 2003 on 500 screens despite the ongoing ban on the release of Hindi films.<ref name="yearrediff" />

The film had a good opening at the box office,<ref name="boxoffice2003">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023141040/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> collecting {{INR}}22.2 million on its opening day and {{INR}}63.1 million in its opening weekend in India with worldwide opening-weekend revenue of over {{INR}}111.5 million.<ref name="boxoffice" /> In its first week, the film collected over {{INR}}107 million at the domestic box office and over {{INR}}188.2 worldwide.<ref name="boxoffice" /> In a report published in ''Rediff.com'', Jha said the strike proved to be beneficial for ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' because it had sustained a steady second-week run.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=26 April 2003 |title='I'm not being defiant, merely realistic' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/26pran.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629192930/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/26pran.htm |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> During its box office run, the film grossed {{INR}}414.5 million in India and over {{INR}}36.8 million in the overseas market, making a worldwide gross of over {{INR}}451.3 million.<ref name="boxofficeworldwide2003">{{Cite news |title=Top Worldwide Grosser 2003 |work=Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225151858/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2003 |archive-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> It was the [[List of Bollywood films of 2003|third-highest-grossing Indian film of the year]],<ref name="boxofficeworldwide2003" /> but the film's box-office gross was considered to be below expectations due to high production costs.<ref name="boxoffice" /><ref name="boxoffice2003" />

Time released ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' as a single-disc, [[NTSC]]-format [[DVD]] on 8 July 2003 across all regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero DVD (2003) |url=https://www.induna.com/1000010783-productdetails/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031641/http://www.induna.com/1000010783-productdetails/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Induna.com]]}}</ref><ref name="dvdrelease">{{Cite web |title=The Hero – Love Story of a Spy [DVD] |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hero-Love-Story-Spy-DVD/dp/B0000BZNKQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303143502/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hero-Love-Story-Spy-DVD/dp/B0000BZNKQ |archive-date=3 March 2010 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=Amazon}}</ref> A DVD version released by [[Venus Records]] contains some bonus features, including a "making-of" documentary and a collection of Deol's songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003) |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/The-Hero-Love-Story-Of-A-Spy/616921/#Releases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207062958/https://www.blu-ray.com/The-Hero-Love-Story-Of-A-Spy/616921/ |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Blu-ray]]}}</ref> A [[Video CD]] version was released at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero VCD (2003) |url=https://www.induna.com/1000015325-productdetails/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111030656/http://www.induna.com/1000015325-productdetails/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> Tip Top Video released the film internationally on an all-regions, [[PAL]]-[[Widescreen display modes|Widescreen]] format DVD.<ref name="dvdrelease" /> A [[VHS]] version was released on 1 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero – Love Story of a Spy [VHS] |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hero-Love-Story-Spy-Kabir-Bedi/dp/B0000APAEB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817123606/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hero-Love-Story-Spy-Kabir-Bedi/dp/B0000APAEB |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|date=September 2003 }}</ref> [[Moser Baer]] later released another version of the DVD across all regions on an NTSC-format single disc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero DVD (2003) |url=https://www.induna.com/1000001112-productdetails/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111025541/http://www.induna.com/1000001112-productdetails/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=Induna.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[File:Priyanka Chopra12.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Priyanka Chopra|[[Miss World 2000]] Priyanka Chopra made her Bollywood debut with the film, winning the [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance]]
''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' garnered mixed to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10002625_hero |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127095042/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10002625_hero |archive-date=27 November 2017 |access-date=30 May 2017 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Deepa Gumaste of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the film, calling it a "comicbook spy movie", comparing it to ''[[Die Another Day]]'' (2002) and ''[[Mission: Impossible]]'' (2000), and wrote, "At last an original ''[[desi]]'' spy who combines the guile and charm of James Bond and the raw appeal of [[John Rambo|Rambo]]!" She said the cinematography is a "treat for the eyes with exquisite footage of the picturesque landscapes" and wrote, "For once in a Hindi film, foreign locations have actually been put to good use."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumaste |first=Deepa |date=11 April 2003 |title=A comicbook spy movie |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/11hero.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204323/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/11hero.htm |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Lawrence Van Gelder of ''[[New York Times]]'' was appreciative of the film, noting its "multiple pleasures" and writing, "Stretching from the snow-capped peaks of Kashmir to the ski slopes of Canada, mingling gunplay, spectacular explosions and chases with songs, dances and romance, this colorful Indian spy adventure constitutes the cinematic equivalent of the delightful and inconsequential escapism of a 700-page summer beach novel."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelder |first=Lawrence Van |date=11 April 2003 |title=Film in Review; 'The Hero' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/11/movies/film-in-review-the-hero.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410023454/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/11/movies/film-in-review-the-hero.html |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>

[[Sify]] gave ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' film three out of five, writing, "The central theme gets more spice with a love story giving much role to play for Zinta and Chopra. The action sequences are well shot and Deol essays his role with his usual skill."<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2003 |title=The Hero |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-hero-review--pclu0Lbejajae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424200646/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-hero-review--pclu0Lbejajae.html |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Kevin Thomas of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called the film "straightforward escapist fare" with the sensibility of an "old-fashioned comic-book", and said it "may be corny" and "unintentionally amusing at times" but it is also "a lot of fun" and has "all the classic elements of a Bollywood blockbuster taken to a spectacular level".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Kevin |date=2 May 2003 |title=A singing, dancing 'Hero' |url=http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-thomas2may02,0,2020213.story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829010557/http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-thomas2may02,0,2020213.story |archive-date=29 August 2010 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The ''[[BBC]]''<nowiki/>'s Manish Gajjar called the film "great escapist" cinema and praised the performances, writing that, "the role of Ravi Khanna was tailor-made for Deol. He got a chance to exhibit the various looks of a secret agent ... Zinta is radiantly refreshing throughout the film, whilst ex-Miss World Chopra appears natural considering that this is her debut film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=24 September 2014 |title=The Hero |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/04/the_hero.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221150359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/2003/04/the_hero.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' said ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy'' is "wildly over-the-top" but "undeniably entertaining". Praising the performances, Elley wrote, "Deol makes a solid, rather than exciting hero, better in military duds than his increasingly outre disguises, and Puri overacts wildly as the villain. The female leads are much more engaging, with Zinta typically sparky and likable, and mega-looker Chopra making a solid screen debut as a modern urban miss."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=16 April 2003 |title=The Hero: Love Story of a Spy |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/the-hero-love-story-of-a-spy-1200542160/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061004/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/the-hero-love-story-of-a-spy-1200542160/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[India Today]]'' said the narrative has flair, noting the love story, including the courtship and consequent separation that has "emotional vigour" works to some extent but the spying part is a problem. She wrote: "The leads try hard—Deol appears suavely sincere and Zinta, vulnerable—but Shaktimaan's script doesn't hold. The incendiary dialogue got whistles but the comic-book discussions on nuclear bombs were a sleeping pill."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=18 April 2003 |title=Film review: 'Hero: The Love Story of a Spy' starring Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20030428-film-review-hero-the-love-story-of-a-spy-starring-sunny-deol-preity-zinta-792869-2003-04-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424201014/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20030428-film-review-hero-the-love-story-of-a-spy-starring-sunny-deol-preity-zinta-792869-2003-04-28 |archive-date=24 April 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Taran Adarsh of ''Bollywood Hungama'' criticized the "superficial" writing but praised the technical aspects of the film, such as the "terrific" visuals and "awe-inspiring" action sequences, and said it "lacks the soul to make you cry and make your heart go out for the on-screen characters ... [the film] has gloss and hype as its trumpcards, but ... lacks in emotions, music and a taut screenplay".<ref name="tareview" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date{{efn|Linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| [[5th IIFA Awards|22 May 2004]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Puri|[[Amrish Puri]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kay |first=Jeremy |date=2 April 2004 |title=Kal Ho Naa Ho leads IIFA nominees |work=[[Screen Daily]] |url=https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107094231/https://www.screendaily.com/kal-ho-naa-ho-leads-iifa-nominees/4018041.article |archive-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Screen Awards]]
| 16 January 2004
| Best Action
| {{sort|Amin|[[Allan Amin]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Hero : Awards and Nominations |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/7079/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430175246/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/awards/7079/index.html |archive-date=30 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| 2004
| [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik, Preity conquer 2003 awards |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/03awards.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208151903/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/mar/03awards.htm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="4" | 26 February 2004
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{sort|Puri|[[Amrish Puri]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Zee Cine Awards 2004 |series=Zee Cine Awards |network=[[Zee TV]] |date=26 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{Sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Andaaz]]''.}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
| {{sort|Amin|[[Allan Amin]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Visual Effects
| ''The Hero: Love Story of a Spy''
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|the-hero|The Hero}}
* {{IMDb title|0347167}}

{{Anil Sharma}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hero: Love Story of a Spy}}
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language films]]
[[Category:2000s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2003 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2003 drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Uttam Singh]]
[[Category:Films set in Canada]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Quebec]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear technology]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]

Deivam

2026-03-04T04:53:21Z

Anymore6055: made a info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deivam
| image = Deivam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]
| writer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| producer = Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] [[Sowcar Janaki]]
| editing = M. A. Thirumugam
| music = [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = [[Dhandayuthapani Films]]
| released = {{film date|1972|11|4|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Deivam''''' ({{translation|God}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Devotional film|devotional]] [[anthology film]], starring [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Nagesh]] and [[Thengai Srinivasan]]. The film was edited and directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]] and written by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 November 1972 |title=தெய்வம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/nov/12-11-1972/p1.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726083556/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/nov/12-11-1972/p1.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> It was released on 4 November 1972.

== Plot ==
The film serves as an anthology of stories that highlight the miracles performed by [[Kartikeya|Lord Muruga]] in the lives of his devotees on a day-to-day basis in the present times which are narrated by [[Kirupanandha Variyar|Thirumuruga Kripananda Variyar]].

'''First story'''

A thief ([[Major Sundarrajan|Major Sundarajan]]) who comes to steal [[Kartikeya|Lord Muruga's]] jewels from the [[Marudhamalai (temple)|Arulmigu Thirumurugan Thirukovil, Marudhamalai]]. He loses the ability to use his leg while he attempts to steal the lord's jewels and later he reforms and he repents for his mistakes and he becomes a devotee and serves the temple. Later, a different thief comes to steal the temple collections. While fighting him, he regains the use of his leg. Turns out that the thief was none other than the god himself who came to make him run and thereby regain his mobility.

'''Second story'''

Vellammal ([[Sowcar Janaki]]) is a lone wife whose husband has abandoned her who came to [[Swaminathaswamy temple, Swamimalai|Swamimalai]] there she gets the contact of a banana vendor [[Nagesh]] and he gives her a job. Circumstances leads her to get into a fire accident where her husband Swaminathan ([[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]), now a fire fighter, comes and saves her and their child thereby reuniting the family. Turns out that the husband got a prank call saying that the temple of [[Swaminathaswamy temple, Swamimalai|Swamimalai]] is on fire where she ends up coming and there happens to be a fire accident in the slum she is residing. The Lord saves their child by hiding the baby behind a huge Swamimalai Muruga photo through which all three are united.

'''Third story'''

Kathirvelu ([[A. V. M. Rajan|A.V.M. Rajan]]) and Vadivelu ([[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishan]]) are friends. Vadivelu wants to start a business and needs fund. Both being staunch devotees of Muruga, Kathirvelu proceeds to give out the money without any promissory note with only Shanmugam ([[Thengai Srinivasan|Thengai Sreenivasan]]) a camphor seller as a coincidental witness. The agreement goes like a 50-50 partnership with Kathirvelu's 50% going to the services of temple. After a few years, Vadivelu becomes immensely successful as well as greedy. He refuses to give the share meant for God. Kathirvelu, angry that Vadivelu has cheated God, applies a case on him. Without a note and Shanmugam dead in an accident, Vadivelu gloats. However, Shanmugam comes at the right time to the court, gives witness and helps to recover the money. It turns out that the Lord came in the form of Shanmugam and helped Kathirvelu.

'''Fourth story'''

Arumugam ([[Gemini Ganesan]]) and Valliyammal ([[K. R. Vijaya|K.R. Vijaya]]) are a merchant couple. Arumugam goes to join an investment scheme of his friend taking what is left of his family jewels which gets stolen by a gang. Arumugam disowns and just teases the God until his wife points out that his life was safe and the God saved his life. Unable to go to a wedding due to the abject and huge poverty they are now facing, neighbours give Valliyammal their jewels for safe keeping and approve using it for going to the wedding. The same gang of thieves attack Valliyammal but get caught by police this time due to a power cut, thanks to minor miracles performed by Lord and all the jewels are restored to the family. The friend who Arumugam was going to join turns out to be scammers who planned to dupe Arumugam. Thus, Muruga saved the family.

'''Fifth story'''

Mani ([[R. Muthuraman]]) and his best friend Kumaresan ([[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]) are polar opposites when it comes to faith in God. Senthamarai is a staunch devotee of Thiruparankundaram Murugan who visits the God's marriage every year, who tells him that background where he needed some money to save his wife's life. He found a cigarette pack with the exact amount he needs and that is how he became a devotee of the lord and visits every year on the marriage day of the lord. Circumstantially, Mani gets into a spot where he owes money failing which he would lose his respect which he values above his life. He prays to Muruga as a last resort. He too finds a cigarette pack but it is empty. He gives up saying though his prayer was sincere, his faith probably wasn't. A vehicle pushes him off-road and he falls down a slope. He scolds Muruga. At the same time, another vehicle in the accident scene drops off a suitcase due to the minor skirmish on the road. The suitcase contains Rs.25,000. He takes it to the police station to find the owner. The owner is there and thanks him profusely for returning such a huge amount. He offers him a reward but Mani insists on taking a loan of the required amount to save his respect and thanks the God understanding that only after being tested and put through trouble, both times at which he called the God even if it was for scolding/complaining, God gave him what he wanted.

'''Sixth story'''

Subramaniyam ([[Sivakumar]]) and Deivanai ([[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]]) are a couple who are devoted to the lord. At a visit to the temple, A rogue ([[S. A. Ashokan]]) first harasses Deivanai and tries to molest her after hurting Subramaniyam. However, Muruga comes in the form of his vahanas and saves them.

== Cast ==
'''Lead actors'''
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivakumar]] as Subramaniyam
* [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]] as Deivaanai, Subramaniyam's wife
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Arumugam
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Valliyammai, Arumugan's wife
* [[S. V. Ramadoss]] as Robber's head
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as a Rogue
* [[Major Sundararajan]] as Kanthappan, a thief
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Kanthappan's partner
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Kadhirvelu
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishan]] as Vadivelu
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Shanmugam
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Mani
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Kumaresan
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Swaminathan
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Velammai, Swaminathan's wife
* [[Nagesh]] as banana vendor

'''Special appearance '''(actors)
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as a businessman
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Valliyammai's neighbour
* [[K. Kannan]] as guest

'''Special appearances''' (singers)
* [[T. M. Soundararajan]] as a devotional singer
* [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] as a devotional singer
* [[S. Somasundaram|Madurai Somu]] as an opera singer
* [[Pithukuli Murugadas]] as a devotional singer
* [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] as an opera singer
* [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] as an opera singer
* [[M. R. Vijaya]] as an opera singer
* Bangalore A. R. Ramani Ammal as an opera singer
}}

== Production ==
K. R. Vijaya initially refused to act in the film since she did not want to continue her acting career after giving birth, but accepted after her husband advised her against quitting. The song "Thiruchendooril Poar Purindhu" was shot at Thiruchendur, in three hours time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 May 2020 |title=Landmark films, golden memories |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> The film was shot at the [[six Abodes of Murugan]] while also capturing different festivals celebrated at those abodes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 April 1979 |title=தெய்வம் தான் துணைவன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-04-29/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240406141804/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-04-29/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deivam (1972) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001563.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630230247/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001563.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=25 June 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Maruthamalai Maamaniye" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Darbari Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=8 June 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Dynamic Durbarikaanada |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228150931/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Songs !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Maruthamalai Maamaniye" || [[S. Somasundaram|Madurai Somu]] || 6:28
|-
| "Naadariyum 100 Malai Naan Ariven" || [[Pithukuli Murugadas]] || 4:12
|-
| "Varuvaandi Tharuvaandi Malayaandi" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] & [[M. R. Vijaya]] || 4:27
|-
| "Thiruchendoorin Kadalorathil Senthilnaathan" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 4:59
|-
| "Kundarathile Kumarakukku Kondattam" || Bangalore A. R. Ramani Ammal || 2:28
|-
| "Thiruchendooril Poar Purindhu" || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || 5:05
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Deivam'' was released on 4 November 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தெய்வம் / Dheivam (1972) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/dheivam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923091721/https://screen4screen.com/movies/dheivam |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=இன்பா |first=மு.ஞா.செ. |title=ஜெமினி மந்திர சொல் |publisher=Kathadi Publications |year=2020 |pages=259 |language=ta}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Thirumugam's direction and editing, along with Vaidyanathan's music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=26 November 1972 |title=தெய்வம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/nov/26-11-1972/p41.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=41 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726083948/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1972/nov/26-11-1972/p41.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{M. A. Thirumugam}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]

Punyasthree

2026-03-03T22:01:04Z

Anymore6055: creating new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punyasthree
| image = Punyasthree.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = [[Sainath Thotapalli]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Visu]]
| screenplay = Ravi Raja Pinisetty
| producer = K. Benarjee
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Bhavya]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Pramoda Art Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|03|28}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Punyasthree''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K |date=31 July 1986 |title=Radio advertisers and film producers hit the jackpot as listeners go ga ga |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19860731-radio-advertisers-and-film-producers-hit-the-jackpot-as-listeners-go-ga-ga-801085-1986-07-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223161857/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19860731-radio-advertisers-and-film-producers-hit-the-jackpot-as-listeners-go-ga-ga-801085-1986-07-30 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Bhavya]] and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=Ravi Raja Pinisetty : రీమేక్స్ తో ఇండస్ట్రీ హిట్స్ చూసిన రవిరాజా! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/ravi-raja-pinisetty-birthday-special-196184.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714022444/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/ravi-raja-pinisetty-birthday-special-196184.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film begins with a pure-hearted couple, Babu Rao and Parvati. Babu Rao works as a temple security guard. Though poor, they lead a delightful life with daughter Lakshmi and son Balu. Lakshmi is devout and aspires to leave before her husband after the nuptials.

Once, she had a bridal connection with Bhaskar, a well-paid engineer at a steel plant. Bhaskar resides with a Christian family, Peter, and Stella, childhood friends. Bhaskar lost his parents in childhood, and Peter's mother reared him. They live together without religious barriers.

They go to matchmaking when Parvati suspects Bhaskar's interest in Lakshmi. Whereat, Bhaskar divulges that he has already seen and endeared Lakshmi in a strange situation, which made him intentionally propose the match. The couple marry happily. The two families mingle as a single entity with frequent visits, and their joy is borderless when Lakshmi conceives.

Tragically, Bhaskar advances is diagnosed with brain cancer, at death's door. The doctor discloses the truth to Peter, who collapses and covertly starts giving Bhaskar medication. Spotting it, Bhaskar is devastated, slowly destroying the home's happiness. Bhaskar entrusts Lakshmi to Peter. Bhaskar captures his grief in a letter and asks Peter to hand it over to Lakshmi at his passing.

Babu Rao and Parvati conduct a baby shower for Lakshmi. By accident, Dr. Sriram Murthy learns that Dr. Ram Prasad has a treatment for Bhaskar's disease. Bhaskar loses his eyesight. Lakshmi came upon the letter and consumes poison, dying in Bhaskar's arms. Bhaskar then follows her. The movie ends by showing the couple as immortals.

==Cast==
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Bhaskar
*[[Bhavya]] as Lakshmi
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Peter
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Babu Rao
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as Dr. Sriram Murthy
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Balu
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Parvathi
*Samyutha as Stella

==Soundtrack==
Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Punyasthree (1986) |url=https://musicindia.fm/album/Punyasthree+%281986%29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230115194507/https://musicindia.fm/album/Punyasthree+(1986) |archive-date=15 January 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=musicindia.fm}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Mounama Kopama"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|3:48
|-
|"Munjethiki"
|[[S. Janaki]]
|2:10
|-
|"Gadapu Sari Garapu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|4:21
|-
|"Puvvulalo"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|2:55
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8816714}}

{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Aval Viswasthayayirunnu

2026-03-03T21:02:59Z

Anymore6055: corrected information for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|1970 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aval Viswasthayayirunnu
| image = Aval Viswasthayayirunnu.png
| caption = Promotional poster designed by Kitho
| director = [[Jeassy]]
| producer = J. J. Kuttikkattu
| writer = [[Kanam E. J.]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[M. G. Soman]]
* [[Jayabharathi]]
* [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
}}
| music = [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| cinematography = [[Vipindas]]
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = J. J. Productions
| distributor = Angel
| released = {{Film date|1978|03|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = Malayalam
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Aval Viswasthayayirunnu''''' ({{Translation|She was trustworthy}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Jeassy]], starring [[M. G. Soman]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] and [[Jayabharathi]]. The film also has [[Kamal Haasan]] in a guest appearance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Film Aval Viswasthayayirunnu LP Records|url=http://musicalaya.net/imgviewer.php?mod=lpcovers/320/4/1/1|publisher=musicalaya|accessdate=2014-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109190152/http://musicalaya.net/imgviewer.php?mod=lpcovers%2F320%2F4%2F1%2F1|archive-date=9 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aval Viswasthayayirunnu Malayalam Full Movie(1978)| date=23 September 2012 |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyJJ874zEyg|publisher=You Tube|accessdate=2014-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Film Aval Viswasthayayirunnu|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=831|publisher=malayalachalachithram|accessdate=2014-01-10}}</ref>

==Plot==
James, prefers to travel for work because it helps him cope with a heart break. His love Padmini had married someone else. James is transferred to a new place and he accidentally meets Johnny, his college mate. Johnny insists that James stay in his house where James meets Padmini, who is now the wife of Johnny. James accepts Johnny invite to stay at his house but he is not comfortable meeting and interacting with Padmini. He is also unable to leave the house due to Johnny's hospitality and affection.

Johnny's mother learns that Padmini was James's love, but she is doesn't blame Padmini for her past. Life becomes hell for James as well as Padmini as Johnny doesn't allow James to leave the house. But one day, Johnny learns of Padmini's past life. Keep watching to see if Johnny is able to accept James and Padmini's past.

==Cast==
*[[M. G. Soman]] as James
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Johnny
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Padmini
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Doctor
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[Unnimary]]
*[[Sankaradi]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as James' father
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]]
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Johnny's house maid
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Johnny's mother
*[[Manavalan Joseph]]
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as College student (guest appearance)

== Production ==
''Aval Viswasthayayirunnu'' film produced by J. J. Kuttikkattu under production banner J. J. Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2016 |title=Amazing stunt scene in a flop film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Amazing-stunt-scene-in-a-flop-film/article14417899.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gazette">{{Cite web |date=23 September 1978 |title=Gazette of India, 1978, No. 439 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1978.439/page/n52/mode/2up?q=Aval |access-date=7 July 2021 |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=1601}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] plays a three-minute guest role as a college student who unsuccessfully tries to win over his lady love [[Unnimary]]. This film was shot in black-and-white. It was given an "U" (Unrestricted) certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. The final length of the film was {{Convert|3572.24|metres|feet}}.<ref name=Gazette />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aval Viswasthayayirunnu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 8:48
| label =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kanam E. J.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aval Viswathayayirunnu Malayalam Film EP Vinyl Record by M.K.Arjunan |work=mossymart.com |url=https://mossymart.com/product/aval-viswathayayirunnu-malayalam-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-k-arjunan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707122405/https://mossymart.com/product/aval-viswathayayirunnu-malayalam-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-k-arjunan/ |archive-date=7 July 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chakravaalam Chaamaram" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kanam E. J.]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Pandu Pandoru Kurukkan" || [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]] || Kanam E. J. ||
|-
| 3 || "Thirayum Theeravum" || [[Vani Jairam]] || Kanam E. J. ||
|-
| 4 || "Thirayum Theeravum" || K. J. Yesudas || Kanam E. J. ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0271977|Aval Viswasthayayirunnu}}
* {{YouTube|yyJJ874zEyg|Aval Viswasthayayirunnu Movie}}

{{Jeassy}}

[[Category:Films directed by Jeassy]]
[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Malayalam novels]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Śānkarasmṛti (Laghudharmaprakrāśikā)

2026-03-01T17:34:11Z

Anymore6055: Added A Stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=September 2024}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{italics title}}
'''''Śānkarasmṛti''''' ('''''Laghudharmaprakrāśikā''''') is treatise in [[Sanskrit]] dealing with the customs and traditions of the people of medieval Kerala. The work calls itself ''Laghudharmaprakrāśikā'' and the term ''Śānkarasmṛti'' is not mentioned anywhere in the work. However at the end of every chapter there is a colophon which begins with the words ''sāṅkare dharmaśāstre'' which probably gave rise to the tradition of referring to the work as ''Śānkarasmṛti''.
The work is originally supposed to contain thirty-six chapters, but only the first twelve chapters have been unearthed. Thus in that sense, the currently available manuscripts of the work are incomplete. The work is about the traditions and customs of Kerala at the time the work was composed. Many of these customs called ''Keraḷācāra''-s are peculiar to Kerala and are not seen among people in other parts of India. At several places in the text, the author of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' invokes a certain work titled ''Bhārgavasmṛiti'' as the authority for his pronouncements. But unfortunately the work ''Bhārgavasmṛiti'' has not so far seen the light of the day, and moreover, in the whole corpus Sanskrit literature, except in ''Śānkarasmṛti'', there is no mention of a work titled ''Bhārgavasmṛiti''. It is believed that ''Bhārgavasmṛiti'' must have been a fictitious invention of the author of ''Śānkarasmṛti''.{{ref|B|a}}

==Authorship==

Traditional scholarship assigns the authorship of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' to [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankaracharya]], the great philosopher and the most renowned exponent of [[Advaita Vedanta]], who hailed from Kerala. The source of this attribution is a statement in the opening stanza of the text which reads ''śāṅkareṇa yatātmanā'' (meaning "Śaṅkara of ascetic disposition"). T. C. Parameswaran Mussatu (who published ''Śānkarasmṛti'' with a Malayalam commentary in 1926<ref name="Mussat">{{cite book |last1=T. C. Paramevaran Mussat |title=Sankarasmrti (Laghudharmaprakasika) |date=1906 |publisher=Bharathavilasam Press |location=Thrissur |url=https://archive.org/details/Sankarasmriti_Laghudharmaprakasika_with_Malayalam_Commentary/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>), [[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran|Kodungallur Kuññikuṭṭan Tampurān]]<ref name=Mussat/> and [[Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad]] are a few of the prominent traditionalists. The modern view which rejected the traditional view was strongly articulated by [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]], the author of a multi-volume work on the history of Kerala literature. Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer gave a host of reasons why Adi Shankaracharya could not be the author of ''Śānkarasmṛti''. These include the fact that Adi Shankaracharya's disciples has not mentioned this work in any of their writings, an ascetic of the stature of Adi Shankaracharya is unlikely to dwell upon such mundane matters and the use of the anachronistic term ''janmi'' to denote a landlord. Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer suggests that the author of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' should be one Payyūr Śānkaran Nampūtiri who flourished during the 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ulloor S. Paramesvara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahithya Charitram Vol. I |date=1953 |publisher=Travancore University |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=104–105 |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku/page/104/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> [[Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja|Vaṭakkuṃkūr Rājarājavarma Rāja]], K. Kujunni Raja, P. Govinda Pillai, R. Narayana Panikker and S. Venkita Subramnia Iyer are some other scholars who have rejected the traditional view. The modern consensus view can be summarized thus: The author of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' is one Śānkaran Nampūtiri hailing from north Kerala who flourished during the 14th-15th century CE.<ref name="Unni">{{cite book |last1=N. P. Unni |title=Sankarasmrti (Laghudharmaprakasika) |date=2003 |publisher=Como]itato Promotore per la Publicazione del Corpus Iuris Sanscriticum |location=Torino, Italy |url=https://archive.org/details/shankarasmritilaghudharmaprakashikaofkeralaunnin.p._202003_573_l/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>

==Contents==

The text of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' is divided into twelve chapters and each chapter is divided into four parts, called ''pāda''-s. Thus there are a total of 48 ''pāda''-s in the book. The chapters are of varying sizes the shortest one having 87 verses and the longest 158½ verses. There are a total of 1376½ verses. The text does not provide any titles for the chapters, but every ''pāda'' is given a title. The work begins by describing the origin of the four ''varṇa''-s and a brief exposition of the duties of the members of the various ''varṇa''-s. These include duties such as "''Kṣatriya''-s and ''Vaiśya''-s should get up and show obeisance by standing and saluting when a ''Brahmin'' approaches, even if the latter is a young boy" and "''Śūdra''-s generally do not prostrate before of others, but they only stand aside in obeisance with folded hands, as ordained by the rules of ''Bhārgava''".{{ref|C|b}}. The book concludes with a list of sixty-four injunctions (called ''anācāra''-s, meaning "deviations from accepted customs and practices") that should be followed by the people of Kerala. This list of ''anācāra''-s begins with the instruction "One should not cleanse the teeth with sticks" and ends with "She should not die along with her husband (as in ''sati'')".{{ref|A|c}}

The following list of some of the important topics discussed in ''Śānkarasmṛti'' is indicative of the nature of contents in the work.

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|style=width: 600px;|
# Origin and duties of Brāhmins
# ''Sapiṇḍa'' relationship
# Different types of marriage
# Marriage procedure
# Rules for daily bath
# Duties of husband and wife
# Sixteen customary rites
# Adoption
# Protection of property
# Protection of fire
# ''Smārttavicāra''
# Rules regarding ''vānaprastha''
# Rules regarding ascetic life
# Duties of ''vaiśya''-s, ''śūdra''-s
# Duties of women in mensruation
# The sixty-four ''anācāra''-s
}}

==Full texts==

*The full text of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' with a commentary in Malayalam by T. C. Paramesvaran Moossad is available in the Internet Archive at the link [https://archive.org/details/Sankarasmriti_Laghudharmaprakasika_with_Malayalam_Commentary/mode/2up?view=theater HERE].
*The full text of ''Śānkarasmṛti'' with English translation by N. P. Unni is available in the Internet Archive [https://archive.org/details/shankarasmritilaghudharmaprakashikaofkeralaunnin.p._202003_573_l/mode/2up HERE].

==Notes==

#{{note|B|a}}See N. P. Unni, pp. 6-8.
#{{note|C|b}}See N. P. Unni, pp. 173.
#{{note|A|c}}See N. P. Unni, pp. 303-306.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}

[[Category:Medieval Kerala]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Customary legal systems]]

Permanent Roommates

2026-02-28T04:11:56Z

Anymore6055:

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Permanent Roommates - Poster.jpg
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| creator = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Biswapati Sarkar]] [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]]
| writer = [[Biswapati Sarkar]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]] Deepak Kumar Mishra
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]
* [[Nidhi Singh]]
* Deepak Kumar Mishra
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Vaibhav Bundhoo
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 17
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Arun Kumar
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography = Vaibhav Bundhoo
| editor = Ashutosh Matela Prashant Panda
| camera =
| runtime = 30-60 minutes
| company = [[The Viral Fever]]
| budget =
| network = [[TVF (The Viral Fever)|TVF Play]] [[YouTube]] [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|10|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Permanent Roommates''''' is an Indian [[romantic comedy]] [[web series]] produced by [[The Viral Fever]] Media Labs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=There was contempt for web when I started out: 'Permanent Roommates' actress Nidhi Singh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/16/there-was-contempt-for-web-when-i-started-out-permanent-roommates-actressnidhi-singh-2197649.html|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 October 2020|title=Sumeet Vyas: OTT changed the game for me. Today, web shows are on everyone's list|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sumeet-vyas-ott-changed-the-game-for-me-today-web-shows-are-on-everyone-s-list/story-y8RCQeXLyB17IZpe9MljrK.html}}</ref> It was created by [[Arunabh Kumar]], the founder of TVF, who also worked as the executive producer of the series. Written and developed by [[Biswapati Sarkar]] along with [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]], the series is directed by Saxena and Deepak Kumar Mishra. Starring [[Sumeet Vyas]] and [[Nidhi Singh]], this series revolves around a young couple, Tanya and Mikesh, who after being in a long distance relationship for three years, face the prospect of marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The 'Permanent Roommates' Team On The Challenges Of Doing Season 2|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/02/16/permanent-roommates-inter_n_9242304.html|website = Huffington Post| date=17 February 2016 |access-date = 2016-05-01}}</ref>

''Permanent Roommates'' marked India's first web series to be released. The first season consisting of five episodes, had its premiere on [[YouTube]] on 31 October 2014 and ended on 12 December 2014.<ref name="PR1" /> The makers renewed the series for a second season, which eventually was broadcast on The Viral Fever's premium online video streaming medium, TVF Play, from 14 February 2016 to 24 June 2016.<ref name="PR2" /> A third season was released on 18 October 2023, on [[Amazon Prime Video]].{{fact|date=December 2024}}

[[The Viral Fever]] (TVF) and [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] jointly produced the remake version of ''Permanent Roommates'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[CommitMental]]''.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

==Plot==

''Permanent Roommates'' follows the story of commitment-wary Tanya, and Mikesh, her overeager long-distance boyfriend who returns to India from the US to surprise Tanya and to ask her to marry him. Acting upon the advice of her roommate and her own reluctance to marry someone who barely knows her, Tanya refuses, but gives in to Mikesh's persistence. The two eventually strike a compromise, opting to move in together first. The subsequent events- a fallout, followed by a conciliation, and Tanya's premarital pregnancy end in the two of them planning their wedding, with unforeseen consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-12|title=Streaming Guide: Sumeet Vyas' web series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/streaming-guide-sumeet-vyas-web-series-6590934/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==

===Main cast===

* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as Mikesh Chaudhary aka Miku / Mickey
* [[Nidhi Singh]] as Tanya Nagpal aka Tanu
* Rohit Sukhwani as Rohit
* Deepak Kumar Mishra as Purushottam
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Brijmohan Nagpal, Tanya's father
* [[Asrani]] as Subhash Chaudhary, paternal grandfather of Mikesh
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Lata Chaudhary, Mikesh's mother
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Mohanlal Chaudhary, Mikesh's father
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Ila, Tanya's maternal aunt
* [[Manu Rishi]] as twin Dr. Mudhit, brother of Mikesh's mother
* Anandeshwar Dwivedi as Laxman aka LLeo

===Guests===
====Introduced in Season 1====

* [[Jitendra Kumar]] as Pathik, childhood friend of Mikesh.
* Akanksha Thakur as Rashmi, fiancé of Pathik.
* [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]] as Bansal, landlord of Ritu and Tanya's house.
* [[Nidhi Bisht]] as Ritu
* Sudhir Chobeesy as Atul Choubey, the registrar

====Introduced in Season 2====

* [[Divyendu Sharma]] as Agnivesh Chhabra
* Ratnabali Bhattacharjee as Seema Khatri
* [[Maanvi Gagroo]] as Shivani Chhabra
* [[Pradhuman Singh]] as Hemant
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Avantika
* Anant Singh as Bulla

====Introduced in Season 3====

* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] as Venkat Uncle

==Episodes==

===Season 1 (2014)===

{{Episode table |background=#B11618|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Proposal
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|10|31|df=yes}} <ref name="PR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LedYr5tQUs |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates - S01E01 - The Proposal |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Mikesh returns to India from United States of America and puts across a marriage proposal towards Tanya, with whom he's had a long distance relationship for the last three years, but Tanya is still in two minds about accepting or rejecting his proposal.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Father-in-Law
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|05|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GWeR-B0l-Y |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates - S01E02 - The Father-In-Law |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Mikesh wants to marry Tanya, but Tanya believes he is rushing things. So both of them try to reach a conclusion by having a discussion with Brijmohan, Tanya's father.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Bachelor Pad
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|19|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9AAlpH3ziM |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates - S01E03 - The Bachelor Pad |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Ritu and Tanya's landlord doesn't approve of boys visiting and staying in their flat, so Laxman takes Mikesh to a new place to live, a house which is already being shared by eight men.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = The Bridegroom
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|11|26|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMifa9zkezY |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates - S01E04 - The Bridegroom |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = While house-hunting Mikesh and Tanya come across Pathik who turns out to be Mikesh's childhood friend. Pathik is marrying his girlfriend Rashmi but both of them are developing cold feet as the marriage approaches. Mikesh and Tanya try to resolve the conflict between Pathik and Rashmi but end up creating a conflict in their mind about the future of their own relationship.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = The Agreement
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|12|12|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zINcs5IH5PY |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates - S01E05 - The Agreement |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Tanya comes to the conclusion that since Mikesh and herself are never on the same page, it's better to move away from each other than leading a life filled with arguments and suffering.
| LineColor = #B11618
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2016)===

{{Episode table |background=3251AE |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Parents
| DirectedBy = Deepak Kumar Mishra & Biswapati Sarkar
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|02|14|df=yes}} <ref name="PR2">{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/714 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E01 - The Parents |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206211126/https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/714 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Tanya is apprehensive about meeting the parents of Mikesh, but before that happens Tanya receives a surprising news that ends up adding to her anxiousness.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = The Man
| DirectedBy = Deepak Kumar Mishra & Biswapati Sarkar
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|02|28|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/716 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E02 - The Man |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203446/https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/716 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Mikesh's parents want Tanya and Mikesh to marry as early as possible but Mikesh refuses to do so. What follows is a night of confusion and confessions where more secrets are revealed.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Event
| DirectedBy = Deepak Kumar Mishra & Biswapati Sarkar
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar & Nidhi Bisht
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|03|13|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/722 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E03 - The Event - Part 1 |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206202411/https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/722 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = After returning from a business trip Tanya learns that Mikesh is planning an extremely expensive wedding for the two of them. Tanya refuses to wed in such a lavish manner but finds herself dumbstruck when she comes across Seema Khatri, the event manager of the wedding ceremony. While Tanya and Mikesh attempt to stop the marriage that has turned into a huge event, their parents end up creating a new problem for them to deal with.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = The Dinner
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|04|08|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/783 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E04 - The Dinner |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=2017-12-06 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103352/http://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/783 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Dr. Mudhit invites Tanya and Mikesh along with two other couples to his house for dinner and puts across a puzzle for them to solve.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = The Memories
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|05|22|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/796 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates - S02E05 - The Memories |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206201739/https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/796 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = While returning home from the hospital Tanya and Mikesh end up losing their bag which contained the first ultrasound image of their unborn child. Tanya, Mikesh and their driver Purshottam narrate the entire incident from their own point of view to Dr. Mudhit, so as to solve the mystery of the missing bag.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = The Gift
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|06|07|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/802 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E06 - The Gift |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206211546/https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/802 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When the entire family is busy preparing for the wedding, Mikesh and Tanya get a first hand experience of parenting as Purshottam leaves his younger brothers, who are twins, at their house for a few hours.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = The Attempt
| DirectedBy = Sameer Saxena
| WrittenBy = Biswapati Sarkar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|06|24|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/805 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E06 - The Attempt |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206211548/https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/805 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ShortSummary = In order to come out of the sad phase that has engulfed their life, Mikesh and Tanya decide to revisit their happy memories and search for answers about their future.
| LineColor = 3251AE
}}
}}

===Season 3 (2023)===

{{Episode table |background=#006602|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Never Say No
| DirectedBy = Shreyansh Pandey
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Biswapati Sarkar, Shreya Srivastava & Vaibhav Suman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|18|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29384227 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S03E01 - Never Say No |publisher=TVF}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When all of Mikesh's antics on their anniversary fail to cheer her up, Tanya decides on a life-changing career move. Mikesh, in his usual style, learns how to be "The Man".
| LineColor = 006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Paperwork
| DirectedBy = Shreyansh Pandey
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Biswapati Sarkar, Shreya Srivastava & Vaibhav Suman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|18|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29384231 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S03E02 - Paperwork |publisher=TVF}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Having given Tanya the go-ahead for her idea of them moving abroad, Mikesh will now do anything to get her mind off it.
| LineColor = 006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = All Is Bad That Ends Bad
| DirectedBy = Shreyansh Pandey
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Biswapati Sarkar, Shreya Srivastava & Vaibhav Suman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|18|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29384232 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S03E03 - All Is Bad That Ends Bad |publisher=TVF}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Tanya realises Mikesh is going to be of no help in their plans to move abroad, she takes matters into her own hands, leaving Mikesh very little to do.
| LineColor = 006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Catharsis
| DirectedBy = Shreyansh Pandey
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Biswapati Sarkar, Shreya Srivastava & Vaibhav Suman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|18|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29384233 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S03E04 - Catharsis |publisher=TVF}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = From the multiple reasons cited by Mikesh not to move abroad, Lata wants to know the real reason.
| LineColor = 006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Goodbyes
| DirectedBy = Shreyansh Pandey
| WrittenBy = Arunabh Kumar, Biswapati Sarkar, Shreya Srivastava & Vaibhav Suman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|18|df=yes}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29384234 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S03E05 - Goodbyes |publisher=TVF}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = Lata leaves telling Mikesh and Tanya to confront what ails them. Mikesh rights all his wrongs till there is one last wrong to be righted.
| LineColor = 006602
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The series' original soundtrack album is composed, written and performed by Vaibhav Bundhoo, which marked their first collaboration with [[The Viral Fever]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Music from Permanent Roommates| date=18 December 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLIkr71Eih8|language=en|access-date=2021-02-20}}</ref> Followed by the success of the ''Permanent Roommates'', Bundhoo who worked as the composer and cinematographer of the series was also hired for other projects of TVF,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Akhil|title=After scoring several popular web series, Vaibhav Bundhoo is taking his music to live gigs|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/893850/despite-his-twangy-voice-this-indian-musicians-videos-are-racking-up-the-hits-on-youtube|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Scroll.in|date=19 September 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as the second season of the series.<ref>{{Citation|title=Permanent Roommates : Season 2 (Music from TVF Original Web Series) - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|date=21 February 2017 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/permanent-roommates-:-season-2-music-from-tvf-original-web-series/9ESAI4MDaDk_|language=en-US|access-date=2021-02-20}}</ref>

=== Season 1 ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Permanent Roommates (Season 1)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vaibhav Bundhoo
| released = {{Start date|2014|12|17|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2014
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:57
| label = [[The Viral Fever]]
| producer = Vaibhav Bundhoo
}}
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Vaibhav Bundhoo
| title1 = Hi Tanu
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Permanent Roommates Theme
| note2 = Background Score
| length2 = 0:55
| title3 = Brijmohan's Advice
| length3 = 1:51
| title4 = Lleo's Theme
| length4 = 2:12
| title5 = Jaane Do
| length5 = 3:55
| title6 = Chahe Kya Mann Mera
| length6 = 3:50
| title7 = Chamdi
| length7 = 3:24
| note3 = Background Score
| note4 = Background Score
| headline =
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Permanent Roommates (Season 2)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vaibhav Bundhoo
| released = {{Start date|2016|07|01|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2016
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 28:15
| label = [[The Viral Fever]]
| producer = Vaibhav Bundhoo
}}
{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Vaibhav Bundhoo
| title1 = Pick Me Up
| length1 = 1:05
| title2 = Tere Pyar Mein Paagal
| length2 = 2:32
| title3 = Yeh Kya Hua Humein
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Phir Bhi
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Khatri End Monologue
| length5 = 4:28
| title6 = Ishq Bin Kathin
| length6 = 4:13
| title7 = Lleo 2.0
| length7 = 2:01
| headline =
| title8 = Tere Bina
| length9 = 3:20
| length8 = 2:56
| title9 = Pick Me Up
| note1 = Theme
| note9 = PR Theme
}}

=== Season 3 ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bataa
| lyrics1 = -
| extra1 = Osho Jain, Avinash Chouhan
| length1 = 3:37

| title2 = Kahani Shuru
| lyrics2 = -
| extra2 = Neeti Mohan, Rohan Rohan, Avinash Chouhan
| length2 = 3:26

| title3 = Tere Pyaar Mein Ye Kho Gaya
| lyrics3 = -
| extra3 = Vivek Hariharan, Rohan Rohan, Avinash Chouhan
| length3 = 2:31

| title4 = Zaroori Hai
| lyrics4 = -
| extra4 = Osho Jain, Vidhya Gopal
| length4 = 3:17

| title5 = Saiyaanji Humri Baat Na Maane
| lyrics5 = -
| extra5 = Rohan Rohan, Bhumi Pradhan
| length5 = 2:11

| total_length = 15:02}}

== Release and reception ==
''Permanent Roommates'' has been well received by the audience. The first episode, which premiered on 31 October 2014, has more than 4.5 million views.<ref name="PR1" /> The series hosted on TVF's official [[YouTube]] channel, has since gathered over 1 million views for each episode.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} After the reception of the series, the makers unveiled the second season of the series through TVF's newly launched online platform TVF Play on 14 February 2016, which ended on 24 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chawla|first=Ankita|title='Permanent Roommates' is a drama so good, you won't find it on Indian TV|url=https://scroll.in/reel/802380/permanent-roommates-is-a-drama-so-good-you-wont-find-it-on-indian-tv|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Scroll.in|date=24 January 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 October 2017, the series' dubbed Tamil version was released through TVF Machi, the media's first regional platform, with the first season being released.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-05|title=TVF launches Tamil channel Machi|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tvf-launches-tamil-channel-machi/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Firstpost|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Spin-offs ==
=== ''Permanent Roommates: He Said, She Said'' ===
In March 2020, a 20-episode audio-book series titled ''Permanent Roommates: He Said, She Said'' was made available on ''Audible Suno'' (Indian version of the Amazon-owned ''[[Audible (service)|Audible]]''), with the original lead cast Sumeet Vyas and Nidhi Singh returning to voice their characters.<ref name="Permanent Roommates: He Said, She Said">{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=11 March 2020 |title=Sumeet Vyas on audio show Permanent Roommates He Said, She Said: It'll appeal to a larger audience|work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sumeet-vyas-permanent-roommates-he-said-she-said-audio-show-mikesh-6309403/|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> The episodes bridge the story between the two seasons focusing on the lives of Mikesh and Tanya when they moved in together.<ref name="Permanent Roommates: He Said, She Said"/>

A second season was released on ''Audible'' (moved from ''Audible Suno'') in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=14 October 2021 |website=audible.in |title= Permanent Roommates: He Said, She Said, Season 2|url=https://www.audible.in/pd/Permanent-Roommates-He-Said-She-Said-Season-2-Podcast/B09HJQNSJL}}</ref> followed by a third season in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite AV media|date=11 February 2022 |website=audible.in |title=Permanent Roommates: He Said, She Said, Season 3|url=https://www.audible.in/pd/Permanent-Roommates-He-Said-She-Said-Season-3-Podcast/B09RRV6BK6}}</ref>

=== ''Tankesh Diaries'' ===
In March 2023, a 3-episode mini-series titled ''Tankesh Diaries'' was released on TVF's YouTube channel,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0An_bruMQvo|title=Tankesh Diaries EP1 - Mikesh Ka Birthday Ft. Sumeet Vyas, Nidhi Singh|language=hi|publisher=The Viral Fever|date=1 April 2024|website=youtube.com}}</ref> with Sumeet Vyas and Nidhi Singh reprising their roles as Mikesh and Tanya from the original series.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Remake ==
In 2019, [[The Viral Fever]] (TVF) announced their foray into Telugu market, with the remake of this series in the language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TeamBinged|date=2019-09-26|title=TVF to Enter Telugu Market with Permanent Roommates Remake?|url=https://www.binged.com/news/tvf-to-enter-telugu-market-with-permanent-roommates-remake/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Binged|language=en-US}}</ref> It further announced that they will produce the remake along with [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] by naming the web series as ''[[CommitMental]].'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aha video is remaking the TVF's webseries 'Permanent Roommates' – Telugu Movie News|url=https://www.xappie.com/entertainment-view/aha-video-is-remaking-the-tvfs-webseries-permanent-roommates-36895|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Xappie.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aha! to produce Telugu remake of TVF Permanent Roommates|url=https://www.letsott.com/aha-to-produce-telugu-remake-of-tvf-permanent-roommates|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Aha! to produce Telugu remake of TVF Permanent Roommates|language=en-US|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030211331/https://www.letsott.com/aha-to-produce-telugu-remake-of-tvf-permanent-roommates|url-status=dead}}</ref> Popular [[YouTuber]] Udhbav Raghunanda and film actress [[Punarnavi Bhupalam]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|date=2020-08-17 |title=Punarnavi To Do The Telugu Remake Of A Hindi Web-series|url=https://telugustop.com/punarnavi-to-do-the-telugu-remake-of-a-hindi-web-series/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=TeluguStop.com|language=en}}</ref> were taken as lead actors and the series is directed by Sadineni Pavan. It was released on 13 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=Punarnavi's web series titled Commit Mental|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/punarnavis-web-series-titled-commit-mental|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Telugu Cinema|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of productions by The Viral Fever]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4156586}}

[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:YouTube original programming]]
[[Category:2014 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:TVF Play Shows]]
[[Category:2010s YouTube series]]

Kulachandra Singh

2026-02-26T18:12:27Z

Anymore6055: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Maharaja of Manipur kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Kulachandra Singh
| title = [[Ningthou]] & [[Maharaja]]
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Kulachandra Singh.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Kulachandra Singh]]
| succession =
| moretext =
| reign = 1890–1891
| reign-type =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| investiture =
| predecessor = [[Surachandra Singh]]
| pre-type =
| successor = [[Churachand Singh]]
| suc-type =
| regent =
| reg-type =

| succession1 =
| moretext1 =
| reign1 =
| reign-type1 =
| coronation1 =
| cor-type1 =
| predecessor1 =
| pre-type1 =
| successor1 =
| suc-type1 =
| regent1 =
| reg-type1 =

| succession2 =
| moretext2 =
| reign2 =
| reign-type2 =
| coronation2 =
| cor-type2 =
| predecessor2 =
| pre-type2 =
| successor2 =
| suc-type2 =
| regent2 =
| reg-type2 =

| succession3 = 
| moretext3 =
| reign3 =
| reign-type3 =
| coronation3 =
| cor-type3 =
| predecessor3 =
| pre-type3 =
| successor3 =
| suc-type3 =
| regent3 =
| reg-type3 =

| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Manipur Kingdom]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| queen =
| spouse = 
| spouse-type = 
| consort = 
| issue = 
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| full name =
| era name =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| temple name =
| native_lang1 = 
| native_lang1_name1 = 
| house = [[House of Karta]]
| house-type =
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
| father =
| mother =
| religion =
| occupation = monarch
| signature_type =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Kulachandra Singh''' was a [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei monarch]] and the Maharaja of [[Manipur kingdom]]. He was a son of [[Maharaja Chandrakriti]].<ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_192.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 186.]</ref>

== Exile to the Cellular Jail ==
At the end of the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] in the year 1891, which resulted in the British victory, Kulachandra Singh and other 22 [[Manipuris|Manipuri]] freedom fighters were exiled to the then British penal colony in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. At the time of their exile, the [[Cellular Jail]] ([[Cellular Jail|Kalapani]]) was about to be built in the island. So, Kulachandra Singh and the other 22 men were imprisoned on the [[Mount Manipur]] ([[Mount Harriet, India|Mount Harriet]]), in the present day [[South Andaman]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2021 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
=== Re-christening of a mountain peak ===
Paying tribute to Kulachandra Singh's sacrifice for his motherland [[Manipur]] and spending the rest of his life in the [[Andaman Islands]], the [[Union Government of India]] officially renamed the [[Mount Harriet, India|Mount Harriet]] into [[Mount Manipur]] and the [[Mount Harriet National Park]] into [[Mount Harriet National Park|Mount Manipur National Park]]. During October 2021, [[Amit Shah]], a [[Union Home Minister]] of the [[Republic of India]], initially announced the re-christening of the mountain and the national park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=17 October 2021 |title=Manipur residents celebrate renaming of Mount Harriet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-residents-celebrate-renaming-of-mount-harriet/article37046069.ece |access-date=13 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Manipur alias Mt Harriet in Andamans |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/24/S-BalakrishnanMount-Manipur-is-the-new-name-for-Mt-Harriet-in-Andamans-This-was-recently-announc.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Mount Manipur Memorial ===
[[Mount Manipur Memorial]] is a [[memorial]] site, that commemorates and pays tributes to Meitei King Kulachandra Singh and the other exiled freedom fighters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=4 September 2022 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Signpost News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2022 |title=Manipur based design studio bags International Muse Design Award 2022 for its 'Mount Manipur' project |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-international-muse-design-award-2022-its-mount-manipur-project-443339-2022-09-04 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The site is being built in the [[Mount Manipur]] ([[Mount Harriet, India|Mount Harriet]]) by the [[Government of Manipur]], through an agreement with the authorities of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], assisted by the [[Union Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Northeast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Manipuri kings]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0799/f1507991.html Bir Tikendrajit – The Hero of Manipur] in Press Information Bureau, Government of India website.

== External links ==
* [http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm#JUBARAJ%20TIKENDRAJIT Manipur State Archives – Tikendrajit]
{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before= ''[[Surachandra Singh]]''|
title=[[Monarch|King]] of [[Manipur]] |
years=1890–1891 |
after=[[Meidingngu Churachand|Churachandra]]
}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

Nriputungavarman

2026-02-23T01:47:24Z

Anymore6055:

{{short description|Pallava King}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava King]]
| reign = {{circa|869|880 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Nandivarman III]]
| successor = [[Aparajitavarman]]
| spouse = Viramahadevi Kadavanmadevi
| dynasty = [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]
| father = [[Nandivarman III]]
| mother = Shankha
}}
{{Pallava}}
'''Nriputungavarman'''<ref>{{cite web |title=History Of Kongu |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119817|year=1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://puratattva.in/2011/07/20/the-pallavas-part-3-493|title=The Pallavas – Part 3 – Indian History and Architecture}}</ref> ({{floruit|{{circa|869–880 CE}}}}) was a king of the [[Pallava dynasty]]. Nriputungavarman was the younger son of [[Nandivarman III]] and his wife, the [[Rashtrakuta]] princess Shankha.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor = 25189883|title = Velurpalaiyam Plates of Nandivarman III|journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|pages = 521–524|last1 = Venkayya|first1 = V.|year = 1911|doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00041617}}</ref> Nrpatungavarman<ref>{{cite book |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008 |publisher=D Dennis Hudson |isbn=9780195369229 |edition=Oxford University Press, USA}}</ref> had at least two queens, Viramahadevi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anjali Verma |title=Women and society in early medieval India : re-interpreting epigraphs |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-0429448010}}</ref> and Kadavanmadevi, as both appear in his inscriptions as donors. Under his reign, a Vishnu temple in [[Ukkal]] was commissioned for his queen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Copper Plates |url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:A_hand_book_of_Tamil_Nadu.pdf/118}}</ref>

A [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plate inscription]] dating to the eighth year of the reign of Nriputunga Varman was unearthed in [[Bahour]] in 1879. The inscription in both [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] describes a grant of income from three villages to a seat of learning at Bahour.<ref>{{cite news |author=Chithra Madhavan |title=Bahur, seat of learning |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/bahur-seat-of-learning/article5809690.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 May 2016 |access-date=2020-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol4/page/n227 |title=Two Tamil Inscriptions at Ambur | last =Hultzsch | first =E. |author-link=E. Hultzsch | journal =[[Epigraphia Indica]] | volume =IV | issue =23 | pages =180–183 |year =1896 |access-date=2020-01-14 }}</ref>

Other than his inscriptions, Nriputungavarman is also known for his military successes against the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]]. Notably, he defeated Pandya king [[Srimara Srivallabha]] at the Battle of Arichil,<ref> Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 88–89. </ref> completing his father, [[Nandivarman III|Nandivarman III's]] goal of recapturing southern [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] territories that had been lost during the reign of [[Dantivarman]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Pallava dynasty]]}}
{{S-bef| before=[[Nandivarman III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Pallava dynasty]] | years=846–869}}
{{S-aft| after=[[Aparajitavarman]]}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pallava kings]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]

2008 in film

2026-02-23T01:38:43Z

Anymore6055: minor added layout after review further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Year nav topic5|2008|film|radio|television|music}}
{{Yearsinfilm}}
The year 2008 involved many major film events. ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' was the year's highest-grossing film, while ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] (out of [[81st Academy Awards|eight Academy Awards]]).

==Evaluation of the year==
2008 has been widely considered to be a very significant year for cinema.

The entertainment agency website [[IGN]] described 2008 as "one of the biggest years ever for movies." It stated, "2008 was the year when the comic book movie genre not only hits its zenith, but also gained critical respectability thanks to ''[[The Dark Knight]]''. Animated films also proved a huge draw for filmgoers, with Pixar's ''[[WALL-E]]'' becoming not only the highest grossing toon but also the most lauded. Things got off on the right foot with the monster movie madness of ''[[Cloverfield (2008 film)|Cloverfield]]''. Marvel got down to business laying the groundwork for their superhero team-up ''The Avengers'' with the blockbuster hit ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' and their respectable attempt at rebooting ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]''. The games-to-film genre took a hit this year, with only [[Max Payne (film)|Max Payne]] proving to be a worthy adaptation of the source material. We also saw the highly anticipated big-screen returns of iconic characters like ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[James Bond (character)|James Bond]]'', and ''[[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]]'' – some were more successful than others."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movies 2008 Year in Review |date=2008-12-17 |website=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417132016/https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/17/movies-2008-year-in-review |archive-date=2023-04-17 |url-status=live |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/12/17/movies-2008-year-in-review}}</ref>

The film industry and review website [[IndieWire]] described 2008 as "a stellar year for movies" that "gave us tons of unforgettable classics" such as ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'', ''[[4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days]]'' and ''[[Che (2008 film)|Che]]''.<ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/2015/01/the-10-best-films-of-2008-267670/ 10 Best Films of 2008]</ref>

==Highest-grossing films==
{{see also|Lists of box office number-one films#2008}}
The top 10 films released in 2008 by worldwide gross are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2008/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1|title=2008 Worldwide Box Office |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=March 7, 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+ Highest-grossing films of 2008
|-
! Rank!! Title !! Distributor !! Worldwide gross
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 1
| ''[[The Dark Knight]]''
| [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]
| $997,000,000<ref name=warner2009/>{{refn|group=nb|name=reissue|Excludes grosses from subsequent re-releases.}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 2
| ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]
| $786,636,033
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 3
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]''
| $631,744,560
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 4
| ''[[Hancock (film)|Hancock]]''
| [[Sony Pictures|Sony]]
| $629,443,428
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 5
| ''[[Mamma Mia! (film)|Mamma Mia!]]''
| [[Universal Pictures|Universal]]
| $609,841,637
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 6
| ''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]]''
| [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]
| $603,900,354
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 7
| ''[[Quantum of Solace]]''
| [[Sony Pictures|Sony]]
| $589,580,482
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 8
| ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]''
| [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]
| $585,796,247
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 9
| ''[[WALL-E]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Disney]]
| $521,311,860
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 10
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]''
| $419,665,568
|}

{{reflist|group=nb}}For 2008, the top ten films consisted of three [[superhero film]]s, three [[computer animation|animated]] films, three [[action film]]s and one [[musical film]].

=== Box office records ===

* In the domestic box office, 2008 came very close in passing 2007 as the highest-grossing year, falling short by just $30 million.
* On August 4, ''The Dark Knight'' reached a $400 million domestic gross in a record time of 18 days. The previous record was held by ''[[Shrek 2]]'', which reached it in 43 days.<ref name="tdk">{{cite news |title=''The Dark Knight'' Breaks $400 Million in Record Time |url=http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=9658&count=0 |date=2008-08-05 |access-date=2008-08-06 |archive-date=2008-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825012559/http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=9658&count=0 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> On August 31, after 45 days in release, ''The Dark Knight'' reached $500 million domestically, becoming only the second film in history after ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' to cross the half-billion-dollar domestic milestone, as well as the first film of the 2000s decade to cross that milestone. Worldwide, it grossed $997 million on its initial release,<ref name="warner2009">{{cite press release |title=Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record-Breaking Year |date=January 8, 2009|publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]|url=https://warnerbros.com/studio/news/warner-bros-entertainment-wraps-record-breaking-year|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823063952/https://warnerbros.com/studio/news/warner-bros-entertainment-wraps-record-breaking-year|archive-date=August 23, 2016}}</ref> and an [[IMAX]] reissue<ref name="IMAX">{{cite web|title=The Dark Knight Re-Release IMAX Locations|work=ComingSoon.net|date=January 22, 2009|publisher=[[CraveOnline]]|url=https://comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=52148|access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> in 2009 saw it become the fourth film to gross $1 billion at the global box office.<ref>{{cite web |first=Brandon |last=Gray |title=Billion Dollar Batman|work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |date=February 20, 2009|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2551|access-date=June 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All Time Worldwide Box Office |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228223109/https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> It also surpassed [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'']] as the highest-grossing film ever distributed by Warner Bros. until it was surpassed by ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' in 2011.
* ''[[Mamma Mia! (film)|Mamma Mia!]]'' became the highest-grossing film in UK history until it was surpassed by ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' in 2010.
* ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' set several records. At the worldwide box office, it became the most successful British [[independent film]] of all time.<ref name=":1" /> At the UK box office, it became the highest-grossing British independent film (surpassing ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]''),<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2010 |title=Statistical Yearbook 10 |pages=6, 16–9, 24–6, 32–7, 46–7, 83–9, 112–8 |publisher=[[UK Film Council]] |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/uk-film-council-statistical-yearbook-2010.pdf |access-date=21 April 2022 |via=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2011 |title=Statistical Yearbook 11 |pages=25–6, 109 |publisher=[[UK Film Council]] |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-statistical-yearbook-2011.pdf |access-date=21 April 2022 |via=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> the highest-grossing British film without US studio investment,<ref name=":0" /> and the biggest ever weekly "increase for a UK saturation release" (surpassing ''[[Billy Elliot]]'')''.''<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2009 |title=Slumdog Mauls Box Office Record |url=https://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/British-Film-Slumdog-Millionaire-Breaks-UK-Box-Office-Record-For-Ticket-Sales/Article/200901315206917 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123025829/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/British-Film-Slumdog-Millionaire-Breaks-UK-Box-Office-Record-For-Ticket-Sales/Article/200901315206917 |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=23 January 2009 |publisher=[[Sky News]]}}</ref>

==Events==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0"
|- style="background:#dae3e7; text-align:center;"
| style="width:12%;"| '''Month''' || style="width:10%;"| '''Day''' || '''Event'''
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| '''January'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''7'' || Due to the [[2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike|2007–2008 Writers Guild of America Strike]], [[NBC]] and the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] scrap plans to hold its 65th '''Golden Globe Awards''' ceremony and instead hold a press conference announcing the winners
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''13'' || The [[65th Golden Globe Awards]] winners were announced.
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''16'' || The 61st '''BAFTA Awards''' nominations were announced with ''[[Atonement (2007 film)|Atonement]]'' the leading film with 14 nominations closely followed by ''[[No Country for Old Men (film)|No Country for Old Men]]'' and ''[[There Will Be Blood]]'', both with 7 nominations
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''17 – 27'' || The [[2008 Sundance Film Festival|26th Sundance Film Festival]] is opened with the world [[premiere]] of [[Martin McDonagh]]'s ''[[In Bruges]]'' and screens over 120 films. The '''Grand Jury''' and '''Audience Award''' prizes are awarded to ''[[Frozen River]]'' and ''[[The Wackness]]'', respectively. The festival is closed by the world premiere of [[Neil Young|Bernard Shakey]]'s ''[[CSNY/Déjà Vu]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''22'' || The [[80th Academy Awards|80th '''Academy Awards''']] nominations were announced with ''[[No Country for Old Men (film)|No Country for Old Men]]'' and ''[[There Will Be Blood]]'' the leading films with 8 nominations each, closely followed by ''[[Atonement (2007 film)|Atonement]]'' and ''[[Michael Clayton (film)|Michael Clayton]]'', both with 7
|-
| The Oscar-nominated actor [[Heath Ledger]], 28, is found dead at his home in Manhattan, New York City, from an accidental prescription pills overdose.
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''23 – 3'' || The 37th [[Rotterdam International Film Festival]] is opened with the world premiere of Lucía Cedrón's narrative feature-film debut [[Lamb of God (film)|''Lamb of God'' (''Cordero de Dios'')]].
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''26'' || The 60th [[Directors Guild of America Award]] dinner is held in the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza, Los Angeles. The '''Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film''' prize is awarded to [[Coen Brothers|Joel and Ethan Coen]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''27'' || The 14th [[Screen Actors Guild]] Awards ceremony is held in the Shrine Exposition Center, Los Angeles.
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| '''February'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''7 – 17'' || The 58th [[Berlin International Film Festival]] is opened with the world premiere of [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Shine a Light (film)|Shine a Light]]'' and screens over 350 films. The '''Golden Bear''' prize is awarded to ''[[Elite Squad]]''. The '''Silver Bear''' prizes are awarded to [[Paul Thomas Anderson]], ''Best Director'', [[Reza Naji]], ''Best Actor'' and [[Sally Hawkins]], ''Best Actress''. The festival is closed by the international premiere of [[Michel Gondry]]'s ''[[Be Kind Rewind]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''8'' || The [[35th Annie Awards]] ceremony is held in the UCLA's Royce Hall, Los Angeles. The '''Best Animated Feature''' prize is awarded to ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''9'' || The 60th [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2007|Writers Guild of America Awards]] are announced in a brief statement. The '''Best Adapted Screenplay''' and '''Best Original Screenplay''' prizes are awarded to [[Coen Brothers|Joel and Ethan Coen]] (''[[No Country for Old Men (film)|No Country for Old Men]]'') and [[Diablo Cody]] (''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]''), respectively
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''10'' || The [[61st British Academy Film Awards|61st BAFTA Awards]] ceremony is held in the Royal Opera House, London. [[Anthony Hopkins]] is honoured with the '''Academy Fellowship'''.
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''12'' || The members of the [[Writers Guild of America|WGA]] agree a three-year deal with the [[AMPTP]] and vote to end the 3-month [[2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike|2007–2008 Writers Guild of America Strike]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''23'' || The [[28th Golden Raspberry Awards]] ceremony is held in Santa Monica, California.
|-
| The 23rd [[Independent Spirit Awards 2007|Independent Spirit Awards]] ceremony is broadcast. The '''Best Film''' award is given to ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]''. The '''Best Actor''' and '''Best Actress''' awards are given to [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]] and [[Elliot Page]] respectively
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''24'' || The [[80th Academy Awards]] ceremony is held in the Kodak Theatre, Hollywood.
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''March'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''3'' || The [[28th Genie Awards]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''9'' || The [[13th Empire Awards]] is held in the [[Grosvenor House Hotel]] in London, England.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13 – 21'' || 7th Tiburon International Film Festival
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''April'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4 – 13'' || 10th [[Sarasota Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23 – 4'' || 7th [[Tribeca Film Festival]]
* 2008 Best Narrative Feature – [[Let the Right One In (film)|''Let the Right One In'']]
* 2008 Best Documentary – ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]''

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24 – 8'' || 51st [[San Francisco International Film Festival]]
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''May'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14 – 25'' || ''[[Entre les murs]]'' wins the [[Palme d'Or]] while ''[[Gomorrah (film)|Gomorrah]]'' receives the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]] at the [[2008 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22 – 15'' || 34th [[Seattle International Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''26'' || ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' earns $126 million in the United States and Canada, becoming the highest-grossing debut of 2008 and the second-highest-grossing for a Memorial Day weekend debut behind ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]''.
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| '''June'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || The [[2008 MTV Movie Awards]] winners were announced
|-
| A [[Universal Studios Hollywood#Backlot fires|massive fire]] destroys portions of facilities at [[Universal Studios Lot|Universal Studios]] in [[Universal City, California|Universal City]] near Los Angeles.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14 – 22'' || 11th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' becomes the first movie of 2008 to earn $300 million in the United States and Canada.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18 – 29'' || 62nd [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]]. The festival launches a new sidebar celebrating the spirit of discovery, including selections ''[[Bigga than Ben]]'', ''[[Blood Car]]'', ''Crack Willow'', ''[[Spike (2008 film)|Spike]]'', ''Strange Girls'', and ''The Third Pint''.<ref>{{cite news | author = Adam Dawtrey | url = https://variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117984738&starting=21 | title = Edinburgh Launches Cult Film Sidebar | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 2008-04-28 | access-date = 2010-04-14}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center;"| '''July'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17 – 26'' || 8th Era [[New Horizons Film Festival]]
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''August'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4'' || ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' reached $400 million in record time at 18 days. The previous record was held by ''[[Shrek 2]]'', which reached it in 43 days.<ref name="tdk"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''6 – 16'' || 61st [[Locarno International Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''21 – 1'' || 32nd [[Montreal World Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''27 – 6'' || 65th [[Venice Film Festival|Venice International Film Festival]]
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| '''September'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4 – 13'' || 33rd [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto International Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15 – 20 '' || 33rd Polish Film Festival in [[Gdynia]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18 – 27'' || 56th [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23 – 30 '' || 6th [[Bangkok International Film Festival]]
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''October'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1 – 12'' || 16th [[Raindance Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15 – 30'' || 52nd [[London Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18 – 26'' || 21st [[Tokyo International Film Festival]]
|- valign="top"
| style="text-align:center;"| '''November'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18 – 28'' || 32nd [[Cairo International Film Festival]]
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''December'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5 – 14'' || 10th [[Jakarta International Film Festival]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4 – 14'' || 23rd [[Mar del Plata International Film Festival]]
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:20px;"| Category/Organization !! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| [[14th Critics' Choice Awards]] January 8, 2009 !! colspan="2" style="width:250px;"| [[66th Golden Globe Awards]] January 11, 2009 !! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| [[Producers Guild of America Awards 2008|Producers]], [[61st Directors Guild of America Awards|Directors]], [[15th Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors]], and [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2008|Writers Guild Awards]] !! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|62nd BAFTA Awards]] February 8, 2009 !! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"| [[81st Academy Awards]] February 22, 2009
|-
! width=200| Drama !! style="width:200px;"| Musical or Comedy
|-
| Best Film || colspan="2"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' || ''[[Vicky Cristina Barcelona]]'' ||colspan="3"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
| Best Director || colspan="6"| [[Danny Boyle]] ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
| Best Actor || [[Sean Penn]] ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' || [[Mickey Rourke]] ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' || [[Colin Farrell]] ''[[In Bruges]]'' || [[Sean Penn]] ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]'' || [[Mickey Rourke]] ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' || [[Sean Penn]] ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Anne Hathaway]] ''[[Rachel Getting Married]]'' [[Meryl Streep]] ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]'' || [[Kate Winslet]] ''[[Revolutionary Road (film)|Revolutionary Road]]'' || [[Sally Hawkins]] ''[[Happy-Go-Lucky (2008 film)|Happy-Go-Lucky]]'' || [[Meryl Streep]] ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]'' || colspan="2"| [[Kate Winslet]] ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]''
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || colspan="6"| [[Heath Ledger]] ''[[The Dark Knight]]''
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || colspan="4"| [[Kate Winslet]] ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]'' || colspan="2"| [[Penélope Cruz]] ''[[Vicky Cristina Barcelona]]''
|-
| Best Screenplay, Adapted || rowspan="2" colspan="3"|[[Simon Beaufoy]] ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' || colspan="3"| [[Simon Beaufoy]] ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
| Best Screenplay, Original || colspan="2"|[[Martin McDonagh]] ''[[In Bruges]]'' || [[Dustin Lance Black]] ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''
|-
| Best Animated Film || colspan="6"| ''[[WALL-E]]''
|-
| Best Original Score || colspan="2"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' [[A. R. Rahman]] ||rowspan=3 {{n/a}}|| colspan="3"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| Best Original Song ||colspan="3"| "[[The Wrestler (song)|The Wrestler]]" ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' ||colspan="2" {{n/a}}|| "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|-
| Best Foreign Language Film ||colspan="3"| ''[[Waltz with Bashir]]'' ||{{n/a}}|| ''[[I've Loved You So Long]]'' || ''[[Departures (2008 film)|Departures]]''
|-
| Best Documentary || ''[[Man on Wire]]'' ''[[Stealing America: Vote by Vote]]'' (tie) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || ''[[Man on Wire]]'' || {{n/a}} || ''[[Man on Wire]]''
|}

'''[[Palme d'Or]] ([[61st Cannes Film Festival]]):'''
:'''''[[The Class (2008 film)|The Class]]''''' (''Entre les murs''), directed by [[Laurent Cantet]], France

'''[[Golden Lion]] ([[65th Venice International Film Festival]]):'''
:'''''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]''''', directed by [[Darren Aronofsky]], United States

'''[[Berlin Film Festival|Golden Bear]] ([[58th Berlin International Film Festival]]):'''
:'''''[[Elite Squad]]''''' (''Tropa de Elite''), directed by [[José Padilha]], Brazil

'''[[Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award|People's Choice Award]] ([[2008 Toronto International Film Festival|33rd Toronto International Film Festival]]):'''
:'''''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''''', directed by [[Danny Boyle]], United Kingdom

== 2008 films ==
=== By country/region ===
* [[List of American films of 2008]]
* [[List of Argentine films of 2008]]
* [[List of Australian films of 2008]]
* [[List of Bangladeshi films of 2008]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2008|List of Bengali films of 2008]]
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2008]]
* [[List of Brazilian films of 2008]]
* [[List of British films of 2008]]
* [[List of Canadian films of 2008]]
* [[List of Chinese films of 2008]]
* [[List of French films of 2008]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 2008]]
* [[List of Hong Kong films of 2008]]
* [[List of Italian films of 2008]]
* [[List of Japanese films of 2008]]
* [[List of Mexican films of the 2000s]]
* [[List of Pakistani films of 2008]]
* [[List of Russian films of 2008]]
* [[List of South Korean films of 2008]]
* [[List of Spanish films of 2008]]
* [[List of Kannada films of 2008]]
* [[List of Malayalam films of 2008]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2008]]
* [[List of Telugu films of 2008]]
* [[List of Turkish films of 2008]]

=== By genre/medium ===
* [[List of action films of the 2000s#2008|List of action films of 2008]]
* [[List of animated feature films of 2008]]
* [[List of avant-garde films of the 2000s|List of avant-garde films of 2008]]
* [[List of crime films of 2008]]
* [[List of comedy films of the 2000s#2008|List of comedy films of 2008]]
* [[List of drama films of the 2000s#2008|List of drama films of 2008]]
* [[List of horror films of 2008]]
* [[List of science fiction films of the 2000s#2008fc|List of science fiction films of 2008]]
* [[List of thriller films of the 2000s#2008|List of thriller films of 2008]]
* [[List of Western films of the 2000s|List of western films of 2008]]

==Births==
*January 3 – [[Raegan Revord]], American actress
*January 24 – [[Chlaui Malayao]], Filipina child actress
*March 12 – [[Cameron Crovetti]], American actor
*March 14 – [[Abby Ryder Fortson]], American actress
*June 3 – [[Harshaali Malhotra]], Indian actress
*June 10 – [[Helena Zengel]], German actress
*June 14 – [[Giulia Benite]], Brazilian actress
*July 15 – [[Iain Armitage]], American actor
*July 17 – [[Jensen Gering]], American actor
*July 19 – [[Beau Gadsdon]], British actress
*July 31 – Banks Repeta, American actor
*August 1 – [[Emma Berman]], American actress
*August 5
**[[Izzy G.]], American actress
**[[Hudson Meek]], American actor (died [[2024 in film|2024]])
*August 31 – [[Milo Machado-Graner]], French actor
*September 18 – [[Jackson Robert Scott]], American actor
*October 15 - [[Colin O'Brien (actor)|Colin O'Brien]], American actor
*November 2 - [[Sunny Sandler]], American actress
*November 23
**[[Asher Blinkoff]], American actor
**[[Chloe Coleman]], American actress
*December 22 – [[Madeleine McGraw]], American actress
**December 31 - [[Evie Templeton]], British actress

==Deaths==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|- style="background:#dae3e7; text-align:center;"
! Month !! Date !! Name !! Age !! Country !! Profession !! Notable films
|-
| rowspan=14 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in January 2008|January]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Peter Caffrey]] || style="text-align:center;"| 58 || style="text-align:center;"| Ireland || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[I Went Down]]''| ''[[Taffin]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[George MacDonald Fraser]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Three Musketeers (1973 live-action film)|The Three Musketeers]]''| ''[[Red Sonja (1985 film)|Red Sonja]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Brice Mack]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Background Artist || {{hlist|''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]''| ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Edward Kłosiński]] || style="text-align:center;"| 65 || style="text-align:center;"| Poland || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || {{hlist|''[[Three Colours: White]]''| ''[[Europa (1991 film)|Europa]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''10'' || [[Maila Nurmi|Maila "Vampira" Nurmi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Plan 9 from Outer Space]]''| ''[[Sex Kittens Go to College]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Brad Renfro]] || style="text-align:center;"| 25 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Client (1994 film)|The Client]]''| ''[[Ghost World (film)|Ghost World]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Lois Nettleton]] || style="text-align:center;"| 80 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Period of Adjustment (film)|Period of Adjustment]]''| ''[[Butterfly (1982 film)|Butterfly]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[Suzanne Pleshette]] || style="text-align:center;"| 70 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]''|''[[Support Your Local Gunfighter]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''21'' || [[Russell Lloyd (film editor)|Russell Lloyd]] || style="text-align:center;"| 92 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Film Editor || {{hlist|''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]''| ''[[Moby Dick (1956 film)|Moby Dick]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Kenneth Higgins]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || {{hlist|''[[Georgy Girl]]''| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Heath Ledger]] || style="text-align:center;"| 28 || style="text-align:center;"| Australia || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Dark Knight]]''| ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Kevin Stoney]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor|| {{hlist|''[[Strongroom (film)|Strongroom]]''| ''[[The Blood Beast Terror]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Christopher Allport]] || style="text-align:center;"| 60 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[To Live and Die in L.A. (film)|To Live and Die in L.A.]]''| ''[[The Lincoln Conspiracy (film)|The Lincoln Conspiracy]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Louisa Horton]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[All My Sons (film)|All My Sons]]''| ''[[Swashbuckler (film)|Swashbuckler]]''}}
|-
| rowspan="24" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;" | '''[[Deaths in February 2008|February]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Barry Morse]] || style="text-align:center;"| 89 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Kings of the Sun]]''| ''[[The Changeling (1980 film)|The Changeling]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''3'' || [[Charles Fernley Fawcett|Charles Fawcett]] || style="text-align:center;"| 92 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[War and Peace (1956 film)|War and Peace]]''| ''[[The 300 Spartans]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4'' || [[Augusta Dabney]] || style="text-align:center;"| 89 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[That Night!]]'' | ''[[The Paper (film)|The Paper]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''6'' || [[John Alvin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 59 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Poster Artist || {{hlist|''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''|''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[Tamara Desni]] || style="text-align:center;"| 94 || style="text-align:center;"| Germany || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Fire Over England]]''| ''[[Blue Smoke (1935 film)|Blue Smoke]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Eva Dahlbeck]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| Sweden || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Secrets of Women (film)|Secrets of Women]]''| ''[[A Lesson in Love (1954 film)|A Lesson in Love]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''9'' || [[Robert DoQui]] || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[RoboCop (1987 film)|RoboCop]]''| ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''10'' || [[Roy Scheider]] || style="text-align:center;"| 75 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]''|''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[James Quinn (film administrator)|James Quinn]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[Herostratus (film)|Herostratus]]''| ''[[Overlord (1975 film)|Overlord]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''12'' || [[Oscar Brodney]] || style="text-align:center;"| 100 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Harvey (1950 film)|Harvey]]''| ''[[The Glenn Miller Story]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''12'' || [[David Groh]] || style="text-align:center;"| 68 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Two-Minute Warning]]''| ''[[The Return of Superfly]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || [[Kon Ichikawa]] || style="text-align:center;"| 92 || style="text-align:center;"| Japan || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[The Burmese Harp (1956 film)|The Burmese Harp]]''| ''[[Tokyo Olympiad]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || [[Lionel Mark Smith]] || style="text-align:center;"| 62 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]''| ''[[Spartan (2004 film)|Spartan]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14'' || [[Perry Lopez]] || style="text-align:center;"| 76 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Chinatown (1974 film)|Chinatown]]''| ''[[Kelly's Heroes]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14'' || [[Trevor Williams (designer)|Trevor Williams]] || style="text-align:center;"| 76 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Production Designer || {{hlist|''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''| ''[[The Changeling (film)|The Changeling]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| France || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter, Director || {{hlist|''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]''| ''[[L'Immortelle]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[Mary Barclay]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[A Touch of Class (film)|A Touch of Class]]''| ''[[Rasputin the Mad Monk]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[David Hildyard (sound engineer)|David Hildyard]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Sound Engineer || {{hlist|''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''| ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[David Watkin (cinematographer)|David Watkin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || {{hlist|''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]''| ''[[Chariots of Fire]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Dennis Letts]] || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Cast Away]]''| ''[[A Perfect World]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23'' || Carl Pingitore || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Film Editor || {{hlist|''[[Dirty Harry]]''| ''[[Play Misty for Me]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Sidney Beckerman (film producer)|Sidney Beckerman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]''| ''[[Red Dawn]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''28'' || [[John Bliss]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Intolerable Cruelty]]''| ''[[Art School Confidential (film)|Art School Confidential]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''29'' || [[Gayne Rescher]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || {{hlist|''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]''| ''[[A Face in the Crowd (film)|A Face in the Crowd]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=15 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in March 2008|March]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4'' || [[Leonard Rosenman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Composer || {{hlist|''[[Barry Lyndon]]''|''[[Bound for Glory (1976 film)|Bound for Glory]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Ronald Pierce (sound engineer)|Ronald Pierce]] || style="text-align:center;"| 98 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Sound Engineer || {{hlist|''[[The Sting]]''| ''[[Earthquake (1974 film)|Earthquake]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''6'' || [[Alex Sharp (American actor)|Alex Sharp]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Stuntman, Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Goonies]]''| ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''6'' || [[Malvin Wald]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Naked City]]''| ''[[Al Capone (film)|Al Capone]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[Kay Callard]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| Canada || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[West of Suez]]''| ''[[The Flying Scot (film)|The Flying Scot]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[George Tyne]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[A Walk in the Sun (1945 film)|A Walk in the Sun]]''| ''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''16'' || [[Ivan Dixon]] || style="text-align:center;"| 76 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Director || {{hlist|''[[A Patch of Blue]]''| ''[[A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)|A Raisin in the Sun]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Anthony Minghella]] || style="text-align:center;"| 54 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Screenwriter, Producer || {{hlist|''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]''| ''[[Cold Mountain (film)|Cold Mountain]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[Arthur C. Clarke]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[Paul Scofield]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]''| ''[[Quiz Show (film)|Quiz Show]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Rafael Azcona]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| Spain || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Belle Époque (film)|Belle Époque]]''| ''[[La Grande Bouffe]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Richard Widmark]] || style="text-align:center;"| 93 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Kiss of Death (1947 film)|Kiss of Death]]''| ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Art Aragon]] || style="text-align:center;"| 80 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Fat City (film)|Fat City]]''| ''[[To Hell and Back (film)|To Hell and Back]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Abby Mann]] || style="text-align:center;"| 80 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''| ''[[A Child Is Waiting]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[Jules Dassin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 96 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[The Naked City]]''| ''[[Never on Sunday]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=16 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in April 2008|April]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Mosko Alkalai]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| Israel || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Blaumilch Canal]]''| ''[[The Fox in the Chicken Coop]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Floyd Simmons]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Written on the Wind]]''| ''[[South Pacific (1958 film)|South Pacific]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Maury Winetrobe]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Film Editor || {{hlist|''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]''| ''[[Ice Castles]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Guy McElwaine]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Producer, Executive || {{hlist|''[[Exorcist: The Beginning]]''| ''[[The Good Shepherd (film)|The Good Shepherd]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Charlton Heston]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''|''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Stanley Kamel]] || style="text-align:center;"| 65 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Domino (2005 film)|Domino]]''| ''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Willoughby Goddard]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]''| ''[[Jabberwocky (1977 film)|Jabberwocky]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14'' || [[Ollie Johnston]] || style="text-align:center;"| 95 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Animator || {{hlist|''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]''| ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14'' || [[June Travis]] || style="text-align:center;"| 93 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Ceiling Zero]]''| ''[[The Case of the Black Cat]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Hazel Court]] || style="text-align:center;"| 93 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Raven (1963 film)|The Raven]]''| ''[[The Curse of Frankenstein]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Kay Linaker]] || style="text-align:center;"| 94 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress, Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Murder of Dr. Harrigan]]'' | ''[[Charlie Chan in Rio]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Joy Page]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''| ''[[The Bullfighter and the Lady]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23'' || [[Dave Atkins (actor)|Dave Atkins]] || style="text-align:center;"| 67 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Hellraiser]]''| ''[[Plunkett & Macleane]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Tristram Cary]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Composer || {{hlist|''[[The Ladykillers (1955 film)|The Ladykillers]]''| ''[[Quatermass and the Pit (film)|Quatermass and the Pit]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''28'' || [[Alan Jaggs]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Film Editor || {{hlist|''[[Treasure Island (1950 film)|Treasure Island]]''| ''[[Conquest of the Planet of the Apes]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''29'' || [[Julie Ege]] || style="text-align:center;"| 64 || style="text-align:center;"| Norway || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''| ''[[Up Pompeii (film)|Up Pompeii]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=19 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in May 2008|May]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Bernard Archard]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Day of the Jackal (film)|The Day of the Jackal]]''| ''[[Krull (film)|Krull]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Terry Duggan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 76 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''| ''[[Beautiful Thing (film)|Beautiful Thing]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Beverlee McKinsey]] || style="text-align:center;"| 72 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film)|They Shoot Horses, Don't They?]]''| ''[[Bronco Billy]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4'' || [[Fred Haines]] || style="text-align:center;"| 72 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter, Director || {{hlist|''[[Ulysses (1967 film)|Ulysses]]''| ''[[Steppenwolf (film)|Steppenwolf]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Dorothy Green (actress)|Dorothy Green]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Big Heat]]''| ''[[Palm Springs Weekend]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''12'' || [[Robert Russell (actor)|Robert Russell]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Bedazzled (1967 film)|Bedazzled]]''| ''[[Witchfinder General (film)|Witchfinder General]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''12'' || [[Robert Hundar|Claudio Undari]] || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Sabata (film)|Sabata]]''| ''[[Everything Happens to Me (1980 film)|Everything Happens to Me]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || [[Jill Adams]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Green Man (film)|The Green Man]]''| ''[[Private's Progress]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || [[John Phillip Law]] || style="text-align:center;"| 70 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Barbarella (film)|Barbarella]]''| ''[[Danger: Diabolik]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14'' || [[John Forbes-Robertson (actor)|John Forbes-Robertson]] || style="text-align:center;"| 80 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Vampire Lovers]]''| ''[[The Vault of Horror (film)|The Vault of Horror]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Alexander Courage]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Orchestrator, Composer || {{hlist|''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''| ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Hanna Hertelendy]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| Hungary || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]''| ''[[In Like Flint]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''16'' || [[Sandy Howard]] || style="text-align:center;"| 80 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Producer || {{hlist|''[[Meteor (film)|Meteor]]''| ''[[A Man Called Horse (film)|A Man Called Horse]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Joseph Pevney]] || style="text-align:center;"| 96 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[Female on the Beach]]''| ''[[Tammy and the Bachelor]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Harry Lange]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| Germany || style="text-align:center;"| Production Designer || {{hlist|''[[Return of the Jedi]]''| ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Dick Martin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Glass Bottom Boat]]''| ''[[Air Bud: Golden Receiver]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''26'' || [[Sydney Pollack]] || style="text-align:center;"| 73 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Producer, Actor || {{hlist|''[[Out of Africa (film)|Out of Africa]]''| ''[[Tootsie]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''28'' || [[Earle Hagen]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Composer, Orchestrator || {{hlist|''[[Call Me Madam (film)|Call Me Madam]]''| ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''29'' || [[Harvey Korman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Blazing Saddles]]''| ''[[Dracula: Dead and Loving It]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=15 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in June 2008|June]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Bo Diddley]] || style="text-align:center;"| 79 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Musician || {{hlist|''[[Trading Places]]''| ''[[Blues Brothers 2000]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Mel Ferrer]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Director || {{hlist|''[[Scaramouche (1952 film)|Scaramouche]]''| ''[[Lili (1953 film)|Lili]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[Dino Risi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Easy Life]]''| ''[[Torture Me But Kill Me with Kisses]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Jean Desailly]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| France || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Soft Skin (film)|La Peau Douce]]''| ''[[Le Professionnel]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || Sydney J. Bartholomew Jr. || style="text-align:center;"| 54 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Production Designer || {{hlist|''[[Dumb and Dumber]]''|''[[Me, Myself & Irene]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Stan Winston]] || style="text-align:center;"| 62 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Makeup Artist || {{hlist|''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''|''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || [[Henry Beckman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| Canada || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]''| ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || [[Cyd Charisse]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress, Dancer || {{hlist|''[[The Band Wagon]]''| ''[[Silk Stockings (1957 film)|Silk Stockings]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Jean Delannoy]] || style="text-align:center;"| 100 || style="text-align:center;"| France || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[La Symphonie Pastorale (film)|La Symphonie Pastorale]]''| ''[[Les amitiés particulières (film)|Les amitiés particulières]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[George Carlin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Comedian || {{hlist|''[[Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure]]''| ''[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Dody Goodman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 93 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''| ''[[Splash (film)|Splash]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23'' || [[John Furlong (actor)|John Furlong]] || style="text-align:center;"| 75 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Blazing Saddles]]''| ''[[All the President's Men (film)|All the President's Men]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[William Vince]] || style="text-align:center;"| 45 || style="text-align:center;"| Canada || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[Capote (film)|Capote]]''|''[[Crash (1996 film)|Crash]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''26'' || [[Lilyan Chauvin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| France || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Lost, Lonely and Vicious]]''| ''[[Silent Night, Deadly Night]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''29'' || [[Don S. Davis]] || style="text-align:center;"| 67 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Con Air]]''|''[[Cliffhanger (1993 film)|Cliffhanger]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=14 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in July 2008|July]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Adele Palmer]] || style="text-align:center;"| 92 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Costume Designer || {{hlist|''[[The Best of Everything (film)|The Best of Everything]]''| ''[[The Quiet Man]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Elizabeth Spriggs]] || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Sense and Sensibility (1995 film)|Sense and Sensibility]]''| ''[[Paradise Road (1997 film)|Paradise Road]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''4'' || [[Evelyn Keyes]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''| ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''6'' || [[Nonna Mordyukova]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| Russia || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Commissar (film)|Commissar]]''| ''[[The Diamond Arm]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[Bruce Conner]] || style="text-align:center;"| 74 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[A Movie]]''| ''[[Marilyn Times Five]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Harry Spalding]] || style="text-align:center;"| 95 || style="text-align:center;"| Canada || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Watcher in the Woods (1980 film)|The Watcher in the Woods]]''| ''[[Chosen Survivors]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''9'' || [[Charles H. Joffe]] || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[Annie Hall]]''| ''[[Manhattan (1979 film)|Manhattan]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || [[Larry Haines]] || style="text-align:center;"| 89 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Odd Couple (film)|The Odd Couple]]''| ''[[The Seven-Ups]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Greg Burson]] || style="text-align:center;"| 59 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Voice Actor || {{hlist|''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''| ''[[Mr. Magoo (film)|Mr. Magoo]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Patrick Connor (actor)|Patrick Connor]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]''| ''[[Lifeforce (film)|Lifeforce]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''22'' || [[Estelle Getty]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Mannequin (1987 film)|Mannequin]]''| ''[[Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''27'' || [[Youssef Chahine]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| Egypt || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[Sira` Fi al-Wadi]]''| ''[[Le Chaos]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''27'' || [[Marisa Merlini]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Pane, Amore e Fantasia]]''| ''[[The Traffic Policeman]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''29'' || [[Luther Davis]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Kismet (1955 film)|Kismet]]''| ''[[Lady in a Cage]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=16 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in August 2008|August]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Gertan Klauber]] || style="text-align:center;"| 76 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]]''| ''[[Octopussy]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[Bernie Brillstein]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[The Blues Brothers (film)|The Blues Brothers]]''| ''[[Ghostbusters]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''9'' || [[Bernie Mac]] || style="text-align:center;"| 50 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Comedian || {{hlist|''[[Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)|Ocean's Eleven]]''|''[[Guess Who (film)|Guess Who]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''10'' || [[Isaac Hayes]] || style="text-align:center;"| 65 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Singer, Songwriter || {{hlist|''[[Shaft (1971 film)|Shaft]]''|''[[Escape from New York]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[George Furth]] || style="text-align:center;"| 75 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Cannonball Run]]''| ''[[Blazing Saddles]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Terence Rigby]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Get Carter]]''| ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''14'' || Robert Jessup || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer || {{hlist|''[[Race with the Devil]]''| ''[[Silent Rage]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Molly McClure]] || style="text-align:center;"| 89 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]''| ''[[City Slickers]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''16'' || [[Roberta Collins]] || style="text-align:center;"| 63 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Death Race 2000]]''| ''[[Caged Heat]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[Julius Carry]] || style="text-align:center;"| 56 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Last Dragon]]''| ''[[The New Guy]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Morris Sullivan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[All Dogs Go to Heaven]]''| ''[[Rock-a-Doodle]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Peter Sutton (sound engineer)|Peter Sutton]] || style="text-align:center;"| 65 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Sound Engineer || {{hlist|''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]''| ''[[Labyrinth (1986 film)|Labyrinth]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Marpessa Dawn]] || style="text-align:center;"| 74 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Black Orpheus]]''| ''[[Le Bal du Comte d'Orgel (film)|Le Bal du Comte d'Orgel]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Rita Quigley]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Whispering Footsteps]]''| ''[[The Howards of Virginia]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[Ken Campbell]] || style="text-align:center;"| 66 || style="text-align:center;"| UK|| style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]''| ''[[Creep (2004 film)|Creep]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[Jerry Reed]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Singer || {{hlist|''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]''| ''[[The Waterboy]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=10 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in September 2008|September]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Michael Pate]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| Australia || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Director || {{hlist|''[[Thunder on the Hill]]''| ''[[The Court Jester]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || [[Bill Melendez]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| Mexico || style="text-align:center;"| Animator, Director, Producer || {{hlist|''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]''| ''[[A Boy Named Charlie Brown]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''6'' || [[Anita Page]] || style="text-align:center;"| 98 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Our Dancing Daughters]]''| ''[[The Broadway Melody]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Celia Gregory]] || style="text-align:center;"| 58 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Baby of Mâcon]]''| ''[[Agatha (film)|Agatha]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Florestano Vancini]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Assassination of Matteotti]]''| ''[[Blow Hot, Blow Cold]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[David Jones (director)|David Jones]] || style="text-align:center;"| 74 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[Betrayal (1983 film)|Betrayal]]''| ''[[84 Charing Cross Road (film)|84 Charing Cross Road]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''20'' || [[William Fox (actor)|William Fox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 97 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Omen III: The Final Conflict]]''| ''[[The Lavender Hill Mob]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Irene Dailey]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Five Easy Pieces]]''| ''[[The Amityville Horror (1979 film)|The Amityville Horror]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''26'' || [[Paul Newman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor, Director || {{hlist|''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (film)|Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]''|''[[The Color of Money]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''29'' || [[Louis Guss]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Godfather]]''| ''[[Moonstruck]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=20 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in October 2008|October]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Robert Arthur (actor)|Robert Arthur]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Ace in the Hole (1951 film)|Ace in the Hole]]''| ''[[Yellow Sky]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Kim Chan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| China || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Fifth Element]]''| ''[[Lethal Weapon 4]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Ken Ogata]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| Japan || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Pillow Book (film)|The Pillow Book]]''| ''[[Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''7'' || [[Peter Copley]] || style="text-align:center;"| 93 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Sword and the Rose]]''| ''[[The Elusive Pimpernel (1950 film)|The Elusive Pimpernel]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Eileen Herlie]] || style="text-align:center;"| 90 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan]]''| ''[[Hamlet (1948 film)|Hamlet]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Vija Artmane]] || style="text-align:center;"| 79 || style="text-align:center;"| Latvia || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Andromeda Nebula]]''| ''[[The Arrows of Robin Hood]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Neal Hefti]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Composer || {{hlist|''[[Batman (1966 film)|Batman]]''| ''[[The Odd Couple (film)|The Odd Couple]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Mark Shivas]] || style="text-align:center;"| 70 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[The Witches (1990 film)|The Witches]]''| ''[[Jude (film)|Jude]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[Gil Stratton]] || style="text-align:center;"| 86 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Stalag 17]]''| ''[[Girl Crazy (1943 film)|Girl Crazy]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || [[Guillaume Depardieu]] || style="text-align:center;"| 37 || style="text-align:center;"| France || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Tous les matins du monde (film)|Tous les matins du monde]]''| ''[[Pola X]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Edie Adams]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[The Apartment]]''| ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || [[Nathan Davis (actor)|Nathan Davis]] || style="text-align:center;"| 91 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Thief (film)|Thief]]''| ''[[Risky Business]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''15'' || Vicki Graef || style="text-align:center;"| 58 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Costume Designer || {{hlist|''[[Half Baked]]''| ''[[Assault on Precinct 13 (2005 film)|Assault on Precinct 13]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Xie Jin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| China || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[Hibiscus Town]]''| ''[[Legend of Tianyun Mountain]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[Rudy Ray Moore]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Dolemite]]''| ''[[The Human Tornado]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''23'' || [[Gianluigi Braschi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 45 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[Life Is Beautiful]]''| ''[[The Monster (1994 film)|The Monster]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Milton Katselas]] || style="text-align:center;"| 75 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[Butterflies Are Free]]''| ''[[40 Carats (film)|40 Carats]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''27'' || [[Roy Stewart]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| Jamaica || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''| ''[[Twins of Evil]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[Jonathan Bates]] || style="text-align:center;"| 68 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Sound Engineer || {{hlist|''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''| ''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[John Daly (producer)|John Daly]] || style="text-align:center;"| 71 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Producer || {{hlist|''[[The Terminator]]''| ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=11 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in November 2008|November]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Yma Sumac]] || style="text-align:center;"| 85 || style="text-align:center;"| Peru || style="text-align:center;"| Singer, Actress || {{hlist|''[[Secret of the Incas]]''| ''[[Omar Khayyam (1957 film)|Omar Khayyam]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[B. R. Chopra]] || style="text-align:center;"| 94 || style="text-align:center;"| India || style="text-align:center;"| Director, Producer || {{hlist|''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]''| ''[[Kanoon]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Michael Crichton]] || style="text-align:center;"| 66 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter, Director || {{hlist|''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''| ''[[Twister (1996 film)|Twister]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Michael Higgins (actor)|Michael Higgins]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Death Becomes Her]]''| ''[[The Conversation]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Arthur A. Ross]] || style="text-align:center;"| 88 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Brubaker]]''| ''[[The Great Race]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''11'' || [[María Elena Marqués]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| Mexico || style="text-align:center;"| Actress, Singer || {{hlist|''[[The Pearl (film)|The Pearl]]''|''[[Romeo and Juliet (1943 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || [[Irving Brecher]] || style="text-align:center;"| 94 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter, Director || {{hlist|''[[Meet Me in St. Louis]]''| ''[[Bye Bye Birdie (1963 film)|Bye Bye Birdie]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || [[Ennio De Concini]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Divorce Italian Style]]''| ''[[Black Sunday (1960 film)|Black Sunday]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''19'' || [[John Michael Hayes]] || style="text-align:center;"| 89 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Rear Window]]''| ''[[To Catch a Thief (film)|To Catch a Thief]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''20'' || [[June Vincent]] || style="text-align:center;"| 89 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Black Angel (1946 film)|Black Angel]]''|''[[Shed No Tears (1948 film)|Shed No Tears]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''26'' || [[De'Angelo Wilson]] || style="text-align:center;"| 29 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[8 Mile (film)|8 Mile]]''| ''[[Antwone Fisher (film)|Antwone Fisher]]''}}
|-
| rowspan=21 style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in December 2008|December]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''1'' || [[Paul Benedict]] || style="text-align:center;"| 70 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]''| ''[[The Freshman (1990 film)|The Freshman]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''2'' || Malcolm Cooke || style="text-align:center;"| 79 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Film Editor || {{hlist|''[[Flash Gordon (film)|Flash Gordon]]''| ''[[Death on the Nile (1978 film)|Death on the Nile]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Nina Foch]] || style="text-align:center;"| 84 || style="text-align:center;"| Netherlands || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[An American in Paris (film)|An American in Paris]]''| ''[[Scaramouche (1952 film)|Scaramouche]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''5'' || [[Beverly Garland]] || style="text-align:center;"| 82 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[D.O.A. (1950 film)|D.O.A.]]''| ''[[Gunslinger (1956 film)|Gunslinger]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Robert Prosky]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Thief (film)|Thief]]''| ''[[Dead Man Walking (film)|Dead Man Walking]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''8'' || [[Bob Spiers]] || style="text-align:center;"| 63 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[Spice World (film)|Spice World]]''| ''[[That Darn Cat (1997 film)|That Darn Cat]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''12'' || [[Van Johnson]] || style="text-align:center;"| 92 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Caine Mutiny (1954 film)|The Caine Mutiny]]''| ''[[A Guy Named Joe]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''13'' || [[Christine Carère]] || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| France || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Don Juan (1956 film)|Don Juan]]''| ''[[A Certain Smile (film)|A Certain Smile]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''16'' || [[Sam Bottoms]] || style="text-align:center;"| 53 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Apocalypse Now]]''| ''[[The Outlaw Josey Wales]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''16'' || [[Richard Coleman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''| ''[[The Dam Busters (film)|The Dam Busters]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''17'' || [[Paul Greco]] || style="text-align:center;"| 53 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Warriors (film)|The Warriors]]''| ''[[Next of Kin (1989 film)|Next of Kin]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[John Costelloe (actor)|John Costelloe]] || style="text-align:center;"| 47 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Die Hard 2]]''| ''[[Doubt (2008 film)|Doubt]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''18'' || [[Jack Douglas (actor)|Jack Douglas]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]]''| ''[[The Boys in Blue]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''20'' || [[Robert Mulligan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 83 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Director || {{hlist|''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]''| ''[[Summer of '42]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''21'' || [[Dale Wasserman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 94 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[Man of La Mancha (film)|Man of La Mancha]]''| ''[[Mister Buddwing]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''24'' || [[Harold Pinter]] || style="text-align:center;"| 78 || style="text-align:center;"| UK || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter, Actor, Director || {{hlist|''[[Sleuth (2007 film)|Sleuth]]''| ''[[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)|The French Lieutenant's Woman]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Eartha Kitt]] || style="text-align:center;"| 81 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress, Singer || {{hlist|''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]''|''[[Holes (film)|Holes]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''25'' || [[Ann Savage]] || style="text-align:center;"| 87 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actress || {{hlist|''[[Detour (1945 film)|Detour]]''| ''[[Apology for Murder]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''30'' || [[Bernie Hamilton]] || style="text-align:center;"| 80 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Swimmer (1968 film)|The Swimmer]]''| ''[[Carmen Jones (film)|Carmen Jones]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[Brad Sullivan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 77 || style="text-align:center;"| US || style="text-align:center;"| Actor || {{hlist|''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]''| ''[[The Sting]]''}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''31'' || [[Donald E. Westlake]] || style="text-align:center;"| 75 || style="text-align:center;"| Mexico || style="text-align:center;"| Screenwriter || {{hlist|''[[The Stepfather (1987 film)|The Stepfather]]''| ''[[The Grifters (film)|The Grifters]]''}}
|-
|}

==Film debuts==
*[[Caroline Amiguet]] – ''[[2012: Doomsday]]''
*[[Chadwick Boseman]] – ''[[The Express: The Ernie Davis Story]]''
*[[Nerea Camacho]] – ''[[Camino (2008 film)|Camino]]''
*[[Jessica Chastain]] – ''[[Jolene (film)|Jolene]]''
*[[Jay Hayden]]- Spring Break Massacre
*[[Boyd Holbrook]] – ''[[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]]''
*[[Felicity Jones]] – ''[[Flashbacks of a Fool]]''
*[[Joey King]] – ''[[Horton Hears a Who! (film)|Horton Hears a Who!]]''
*[[Nick Kroll]] – ''[[Adventures of Power]]''
*[[Jennifer Lawrence]] – ''[[Garden Party (2008 film)|Garden Party]]''
*[[Thom Michael Mulligan]] – ''A Gothic Tale''
*[[Javier Rey]] – ''[[8 Dates]]''
*[[Martiño Rivas]] – ''[[The Blind Sunflowers (film)|The Blind Sunflowers]]''
*[[Margot Robbie]] – ''Vigilante''
*[[Gina Rodriguez]] – ''Calling It Quits''
*[[Blanca Suárez]] – ''[[Eskalofrío|Shiver]]''
*[[Jeremy Strong (actor)|Jeremy Strong]] – ''[[Humboldt County (film)|Humboldt County]]''
*[[Sai Tamhankar]] – [[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|''Black & White'']]
*[[Whitney Wegman-Wood]] – ''Nobody Gets Out Alive''

==See also==
*[[2008]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature,short&release_date=2008-01-01,2008-12-31&adult=include&sort=num_votes,desc List of 2008 films] at [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/2008/?grossesOption=calendarGrosses 2008 Domestic Grosses] at [[Box Office Mojo]]
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/name/?death_date=2008-01-01,2008-12-31&adult=include List of 2008 deaths] at [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/name/?birth_date=2008-01-01,2008-12-31&adult=include List of 2008 births] at [[IMDb]]

{{2008 films}}

{{Portal bar|Film}}

[[Category:2008 in film| ]]
[[Category:Film by year]]

Joyanti Chutia

2026-02-21T07:58:37Z

Anymore6055: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Joyanti Chutia

| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = [[Sivasagar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| citizenship = India
| fields = Physicist
| workplaces = Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University]] (BSc)
[[Dibrugarh University]] (MSc, PhD)
[[University of Pune]] 
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| website = 
}}
'''Joyanti Chutia''' is an Indian [[physicist]] who specializes in [[solid-state physics]] and [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]]. She was among the first women who have headed scientific institutions in India when she became the director of the [[Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology]] in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], which is the first major research institution in North East India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/sci-tech/indian-scientists-unearth-assams-muga-silks-wound-healing-powers_1519193.html | title=Indian scientists unearth Assam's Muga silk's wound-healing powers | publisher=[[Zee News]] | date=23 December 2014 | accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/indian-scientists-unearth-wound-healing-powers-of-assam-s-muga-silk-1.1430826 | title=Indian scientists unearth wound-healing powers of Assam's Muga silk | publisher=[[Gulf News]]| date=23 December 2014 | accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> She is a fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]]. She is an emeritus scientist at the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science & Technology]] in the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=16607 | title=Science weds art | publisher=Harmony India | accessdate=26 April 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091633/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=16607 | archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ZONE%20-2015.pdf | title=Zone wise list of Fellows & Honorary Fellows (2015 ) | publisher=National Academy of Sciences | accessdate=18 November 2015 | archive-date=29 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929211457/http://www.nasi.org.in/ZONE%20-2015.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=204625&dtP=2014-09-30&ppr=1 | title=Women scientists continue to face discrimination' | publisher=The Sentinel | accessdate=18 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031711/http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=204625&dtP=2014-09-30&ppr=1 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indian-scientists-unearth-muga-silks-wound-healing-powers/ | title=Indian scientists unearth Muga silks wound-healing powers | newspaper=[[Free Press Journal]] | date=21 October 2014 | accessdate=18 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119183609/http://www.freepressjournal.in/indian-scientists-unearth-muga-silks-wound-healing-powers/ | archivedate=19 November 2015 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chutia was one of the first girls to take Mathematics as a main subject in her school.<ref name=":0" /> She later studied physics at [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton University]], Assam where she obtained a BSc in 1967.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The girl's guide to a life in science|date=2011|publisher=Young Zubaan|others=Ramaswamy, Ram., Godbole, Rohini M., Dubey, Mandakini.|isbn=9789381017111|location=New Delhi|oclc=774206856|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/girl-s-guide-to-life-in-science-NAF416/}}</ref> She continued teaching at Cotton College before obtaining an MSc in physics at [[Dibrugarh University]] in 1969. Following this, Chutia taught for some time as a lecturer, eventually deciding to continue with research by pursuing a PhD at Dibrugarh University on a fellowship in 1976. Her research focused on the [[Conductive polymer|conduction mechanism]] of thin [[polymer]] films and she was awarded her degree in 1981.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

After her PhD, Chutia continued her research at Dibrugarh University for another year as a CSIR-postdoctoral fellow.
She entered the field of [[Plasma (physics)|plasma physics]] at the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] in [[Ahmedabad]] and then joined the [[Institute for Plasma Research]] in [[Gandhinagar]].<ref name=":0" />
She then returned to the [[Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology]] as a faculty member and set up the Plasma Physics Laboratory.

After finishing a fellowship awarded by the Japanese government in 1988 to work at the Plasma Laboratory of the [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]], Tokyo, in 2005 she became the director of the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/joyantichutia.pdf | title=My experience with research | publisher=www.ias.ac.in | accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ewwomen.in/jchutia/ | title=Prof. Joyanti Chutia | publisher=www.ewwomen.in | accessdate=18 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119060112/http://www.ewwomen.in/jchutia/ | archivedate=19 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = INDIA-AUSTRALIA WORKSHOP ON BIOTECHNOLOGY ORGANISED| work =Report from the [[Assam Tribune]] brought to you by HT Syndication [[Hindustan Times]]| date = 22 October 2008| accessdate = 18 November 2015| url = https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1581293231.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160220221442/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1581293231.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KAMAL KUMARI NATIONAL AWARDS PRESENTED|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1014170351.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102083112/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1014170351.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=18 November 2015|date=2 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IASST CELEBRATES FOUNDATION DAY|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1158910171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220221235/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1158910171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2016|publisher=Report from the [[Assam Tribune]] brought to you by HT Syndication [[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=18 November 2015|date=8 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WORKSHOP ON PLANT DIVERSITY HELD|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1600605301.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220221445/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1600605301.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2016|publisher=Report from the [[Assam Tribune]] brought to you by HT Syndication [[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=18 November 2015|date=23 November 2008}}</ref>

== Research ==
Chutia's research focuses on [[biomedicine]], [[Materials science|material science]] and [[biotechnology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joyanti_Chutia|title=Joyanti Chutia {{!}} PhD {{!}} Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati {{!}} IASST {{!}} Division Physical Sciences|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> Her research has led to the development of a highly durable and degradable wound [[suturing]] material from [[Muga silk|Muga Silk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2014/12/24/scientists-unearth-assams-muga-silks-wound-healing-powers/|title=Scientists unearth Assam's Muga silk's wound-healing powers|website=The Shillong Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://advancedtissue.com/2015/01/can-indian-silk-promote-wound-healing/|title=Can Indian Silk Promote Wound Healing?|date=2015-01-23|website=Advanced Tissue|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216153618/https://advancedtissue.com/2015/01/can-indian-silk-promote-wound-healing/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Scholar id|id=YuFW5LMAAAAJ|name=Joyanti Chutia}}
* {{YouTube|id=DR9uO8RWYYc|title=Dr Joyanti Chutia Interview}}
* {{YouTube|id=BeteBmcDxrA|title=Lecture by Dr J Chutia at UDVAWANA 2019}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chutia, Joyanti}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:People from Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Assam]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Assam]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]

Jilasu

2026-02-19T22:17:36Z

Anymore6055: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Chamoli district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

St. Kabir Institute

2026-02-14T17:55:23Z

Anymore6055: Added Post

{{Short description|Business school in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox institute
|name = St. Kabir Institute of Professional Studies
|image = Skips_Business_School_logo.jpg
|image_upright = 1
|caption =
|established = 2008<ref name="SKIPS Institute">{{cite web | title = SKIPS Institute|publisher=SKIPS Institute | url = http://www.skips.in/about-st-kabir/ | accessdate = 2015-10-15 }}</ref>
|faculty = 15
|city = [[Ahmedabad]]
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|country = [[India]]
|address = Nr SAL Hospital, Off Drive-in Road, Ahmedabad 380 054
|website = {{URL|http://www.skips.in/|skips.in}}
}}

The '''St. Kabir Institute of Professional Studies''' is a business school located in [[Ahmedabad]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It offers a two-year full-time post-graduate diploma in management. The institute has held [[All India Council for Technical Education]] accreditation since 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title = Status of AICTE Approved PGDM|publisher=All India Council for Technical Education | url = http://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/listallcentralpgdm.pdf | accessdate = 2014-10-15 }}</ref>

==History==
The institute was established in 2008 with an enrollment of 60 students. In 2015, the intake was 120.

==Academic==
The institute's Post-Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) is a full-time, two-year academic programme that starts in June and runs until April of the second year. The program includes courses in accounting, finance, economics, human resource management, marketing, business operations, public policy, strategy and general management.

==Rankings==
The institute has received an "A" grade rating at State Level and B** at National Level by CARE Ratings. (CREDIT ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH LIMITED).
SKIPS is Ranked in Top 20 B-Schools for Excellent Faculty 2015 by Higher Education Review
Appealing to the EW-IMRB International Survey St. Kabir School got ranked First<ref>{{cite web | title = India's most respected schools|publisher=EducationWorld-IMRB International Survey | url = http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-934 | accessdate = 2014-10-15 }}</ref> in Western Region and Fifth in India among the Schools in India.

==Sports and athletics==
The institute regularly observes sports days which fall normally in October–December involving both indoor and outdoor sports. Indoor sports include activities like arm wrestling, treasure hunts, indoor cricket, table tennis, chess, carrom and maldaddi. Outdoor sports include kho kho, cricket, track and field events, volleyball, basketball and tug-of-war.

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.skips.in/}}

{{coord|23.051927|72.524877}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Kabir Institute}}
[[Category:Business schools in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]

Mangalam Dangalam

2026-02-13T18:47:56Z

Anymore6055: adjusted citations per sources and improved wording

{{short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = 
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 99
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = 
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi camera 
| runtime = 22 minutes 
| company = ''Vineyard Films''
| budget =
| network = [[SAB TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|11|13|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|3|29|df=y}}
| related = 
}}{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
'''''Mangalam Dangalam''''' ({{Translation|''Welfare and hardship''}}) is an Indian Hindi serial based on the quarrels between a man and his father-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=SAB TV's ‘Mangalam Dangalam’ will showcase a love-hate relationship between a Father and Son-in-Law |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/sab-tv-mangalam-dangalam-will-showcase-a-love-hate-relationship-between-a-father-and-son-in-law-29598 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref> Its broadcast began on 13 November 2018 on [[Sony SAB|SAB TV]]. [[Karanvir Sharma]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] and [[Manisha Saxena]] played the main characters in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Urmila|url=https://www.femina.in/hindi/entertainment/tv/review-mangalam-dangalam-2696.html|title=रिव्यू: मंगलम दंगलम|trans-title=Review:Mangalam Dangalam|website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]|date=11 January 2019|language=hi|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117051328/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.d37472b4a6622d0b1fff46ad904f6896.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.femina.in|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
This story is about the love and struggling, comical relationship of a father-in-law and his son-in-law, resulting from an intercaste marriage. A rich businessman hailing from Indore, Sanjeev Sanklecha’s daughter, Rumi and Arjun, a Malayali lawyer, fall in love with each other. When Rumi and Arjun reveal about their love to their families, all are happy except for Rumi's father and Arjun's mother, Charulata. However, after a lot of difficulties and challenges, the couple gets their respective families to agree to the marriage and Sanjeev reluctantly says yes to the proposal, although he is overprotective and still has doubts in his mind regarding Arjun’s capabilities to keep Rumi happy, secretly planning to stop the marriage.

Charulata also dislikes the Sanklechas and plans to ruin the wedding and break the couple. She calls Arjun’s obsessed and vengeful ex-girlfriend Lavanya, who tries to create misunderstandings between the families but her plots fail and Charulata realises she is not the right girl for Arjun and accepts Rumi as her daughter-in-law. Lavanya ends up kidnapping Arjun on the wedding day to marry him herself but the families come together and find him in time, while Lavanya is arrested.

After all the drama, both of them get married, but Sanjeev plays a heart attack drama to stop Rumi from leaving his house. Charulata learns about Sanjeev's conspiracy, takes a drastic step and comes to live in Sanjeev's house with her family. In the end, everything sorts out well between Sanjeev and Arjun eventually, after Arjun saves the Sanklecha family from a financial issue. The whole family decides to get Arjun and Rumi remarried and for Rumi to finally move into her sasural with her father’s blessing and acceptance. It is revealed that Lalitha (Arjun’s sister) and Sahil (Rumi’s brother) have also developed feelings for each other. Everything ends well.

== Characters ==
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] - Sanjeev Sanklecha: Mrs Sanklecha's son; Sangeeta's husband; Rumi and Sahil's father
* [[Karanvir Sharma]] - Nagarjuna "Arjun" Kutty: Venkatesh and Charulata's son; Lalita's brother;Rumi's husband
* Manisha Rawat - Rumi Sanklecha Kutty: Sanjeev and Sangeeta's daughter; Mrs Sanklecha's granddaughter; Arjun's wife, Sahil's sister<ref>{{cite news |title=दामाद-ससुर के बीच प्यार-नफरत की कहानी मंगलम दंगलम|trans-title=Mangalam Dangalan, story of love-hate between son-in-law and father-in-law|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/soni-tv-launch-new-show-mangalam-dangalam |accessdate=12 March 2019 |publisher=अमर उजाला |date=25 October 2018 |language=hi |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026093023/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/soni-tv-launch-new-show-mangalam-dangalam |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Anjali Gupta - Sangeeta Sanklecha: Sanjeev's wife;Rumi and Sahil's mother
* Anita Kulkarni - Charulata Kutty: Venkatesh's wife; Arjun and Lalita's mother
* Abhay Kulkarni - Venkatesh Kutty: Charulata's husband; Arjun and Lalita's father
* [[Shubha Khote]] - Mrs Sanklecha: Sanjeev's mother; Rumi and Sahil's grandmother
* Kritika Sharma/ Aparna Mishra - Lalita Kutty: Venkatesh and Charulata's daughter; Arjun's sister, Sahil's Love Interest
* [[Pravisht Mishra]] - Sahil Sanklecha: Sanjeev and Sangeeta's son; Mrs Sanklecha's grandson; Rumi's brother, Lalita's Love Interest

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt9110172|Mangalam Dangalam}}

[[Category:Hindi language television sitcoms]]

Sameer Kulavoor

2026-02-11T06:54:02Z

Anymore6055: Added Entry

{{Short description|Indian contemporary artist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameer Kulavoor
| image = Sameer Kulavoor.jpg
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]]; [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art]]
| known_for = Contemporary art
| notable_works = Ghoda-Cycle Project, Blued Book, Please Have a Seat, A Man of the Crowd, You are All Caught Up
| relatives = Zeenat Kulavoor (sister)
| website = [https://www.sameerkulavoor.com]
}}

'''Sameer Kulavoor''' (born 1983)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameer Kulavoor - Bio, Artworks, Exhibitions and more - Artland |url=https://www.artland.com/artists/sameer-kulavoor}}</ref> is an Indian contemporary artist and founder of one of the earliest specialised design studios in India, Bombay Duck Designs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the studio of Bombay Duck Designs|url=https://www.beautifulhomes.com/living/studios/in-the-studio-of-bombay-duck-designs.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=beautifulhomes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-01|title=The Realities of Running a Design Studio in Mumbai|url=https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/the-realities-of-running-a-design-studio-in-mumbai/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Eye on Design|language=en-US}}</ref>

His works include art, graphic design and contemporary illustration. They have taken the form of paintings, murals, books, zines, prints and objects.

Kulavoor was profiled in the third season of the [[Netflix]] docu-series, ''Creative Indians'', featuring alongside [[A. R. Rahman|A R Rahman]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Anita Dongre]] and [[Piyush Pandey]], amongst others. He was included as one of '50 Most Influential Young Indians' twice by [[GQ India]] in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|author=G. Q. Staff|title=The 50 most influential young Indians|url=https://www.gqindia.com/galleries/The-50-most-influential-young-Indians|access-date=2021-06-21|website=GQ India|language=en-IN}}</ref> and 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|author=G. Q. Staff|title=50 Most Influential Young Indians 2016: Next Gen|url=https://www.gqindia.com/galleries/50-most-influential-young-indians-mavericks?image=5cdc255578abdc00e25c0085|access-date=2021-06-20|website=GQ India|date=July 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> Elle Decor named him as part of their 15 Young Artists to follow in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15 young Indian artists to follow right now|url=https://elledecor.in/article/15-young-indian-artists-to-follow-right-now/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=ELLE DECOR|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kulavoor was born and brought up in the suburbs of Mumbai. He finished junior college from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]] and graduated with a Bachelors in Fine Art (Applied Art) from [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art|Sir J J Institute of Applied Arts]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Relative value: Family sketch|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/relative-value-family-sketch/articleshow/63660336.cms}}</ref>

== Work ==

=== Early years ===
Kulavoor began his design career while still a student, working on freelance design and illustration projects between the years 2001 to 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Anuka Roy|date=Apr 8, 2018 |title=Relative value: Family sketch |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/relative-value-family-sketch/articleshow/63660336.cms |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-03|title=Sameer Kulavoor|url=https://www.joinpaperplanes.com/blogs/magazine-folk-sameer-kulavoor/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Paper Planes|language=en-US}}</ref> During this time, he made a music video for the song 'Disconnected' for [[Vishal Dadlani]]'s independent band [[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]]. He made another music video for their song 'Love Drug Climb Down' later in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-10|title=Pentagram releases music video -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/pentagram-releases-music-video/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=My Site|language=en-US}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2007, he worked on numerous motion graphics and illustration projects as a freelancer, including for the Indian music channels [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] and [[Channel V]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-16|title=Music and Visual Arts|url=https://thefloatingmagazine.com/cover-feature-music-visual-arts/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Floating Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=AnimationXpress|date=2012-06-18|title=In Talks with Design maestro, Sameer Kulavoor|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/interviews/in-talks-with-design-maestro-sameer-kulavoor/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Design and self-publishing ===
In 2008, Kulavoor founded the design studio Bombay Duck Designs in Mazgaon, Mumbai.<ref name=":0" /> Around this time Kulavoor self-published zines and art books, like the ''Ghoda-Cycle Project'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sameer Kulavoor: Artist we love|url=https://elledecor.in/article/sameer-kulavoor-artist-we-love/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=ELLE DECOR|language=en-US}}</ref> the ''Blued Book'', ''Zeroxwala Zine'', ''100% Zine'', ''Kalaghoda Musings''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Limited-edition Kala Ghoda artwork you'll want to get your hands on|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/limited-edition-kala-ghoda-artwork-you-ll-want-to-get-your-hands-on/story-gN3uQOKTYoHNp63gZvAxfL.html}}</ref> and a series of flip-books. The ''Blued Book'' is an illustrated documentation of the use of '<nowiki/>''Taad-Patri''' or blue tarpaulin used widely and innovatively in different parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Illustration: Sameer Kulavoor paints a beautiful portrait of metropolitan India|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/blued|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.itsnicethat.com|language=en}}</ref>

Between 2011 and 2017, Bombay Duck Designs developed and designed the illustrative visual language for the Indian music festival, [[NH7 Weekender]] by [[Only Much Louder|OML]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NH7 Weekender wraps up in Bengaluru|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/NH7-Weekender-wraps-up-in-Bengaluru/10-11-2014-102489|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Everything Experiential|language=en}}</ref>

In 2012, Kulavoor collaborated with the UK design house [[Paul Smith (fashion designer)|Paul Smith]] for a line of t-shirts with artworks based on the Indian bicycle culture.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pal|first=Chandrima|title=Sameer Kulavoor receives a warm note of acknowledgement from Paul Smith|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sameer-kulavoor-receives-a-warm-note-of-acknowledgement-from-paul-smith/articleshow/38542812.cms|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Volpe|first=Heidi|title=All the stories behind Sameer Kulavoor's Man in the Crowd|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/stories-behind-sameer-kulavoors-man-crowd|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vogue India|date=11 April 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Art practice ===
An exhibition of his series of art prints 'Please Have a Seat' was held at the Artisans' Center, Kala Ghoda, Mumbai in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Homegrown|title=Sameer Kulavoor Explores The Forgotten Magic Of Everyday Life In 'Please Have A Seat'|url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/52336/sameer-kulavoor-explores-the-forgotten-magic-of-everyday-life-in-please-have-a-seat|access-date=2021-06-21|website=homegrown.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Since late 2017, Kulavoor has been represented by the Mumbai-based art gallery Tarq in India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=studioELL Sameer Kulavoor|url=https://www.studioell.org/studiovisit/sameer-kulavoor/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=studioELL|language=en-US}}</ref>

His first solo show of paintings and sculptures called 'A Man of the Crowd' was held in Mumbai at the Tarq Gallery in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Saritha|title=Mumbai's Tarq Gallery hosts Sameer Kulavoor's latest exhibition|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/tarq-mumbai-hosts-sameer-kulavoor-exhibition|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Architectural Digest India|date=14 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rayachoti|first=Saritha Rao|date=2018-04-28|title=A metropolis of many narratives|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/a-metropolis-of-many-narratives/article23686250.ece|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2019, a suite of his drawings was exhibited alongside works by writer and journalist Rachel Lopez, photographer, journalist Ritesh Uttamchandani, artist [[Sudhir Patwardhan]], photographers Pallon Daruwala and Peter Bialobrzesk as part of the show 'The Shifting City', an exhibition curated by Kaiwan Mehta, in collaboration with the Architecture Foundation India, and [[Rahul Mehrotra]] as project advisor.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Behrawala|first=Krutika|date=2019-04-04|title=Mumbai: A metropolis in transition|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/mumbai-a-metropolis-in-transition/article26737269.ece|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=An exhibition in Mumbai highlights how a city becomes home to strangers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/any-dream-will-do-sameer-kulavoor-sudhir-patwardhan-ritesh-uttamchandani-5757314/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

'This is Not A Still Life', a series of eight works was exhibited at the India Art Fair, 2020 and a printed version of the same works were used for the facade design of the fair.

In December 2020, Kulavoor's second solo 'You Are All Caught Up' was exhibited at the Tarq Gallery in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Free virtual workshops for artists|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/science-tech/free-virtual-workshops-for-artists/cid/1808269|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The show consisted of works made between 2018 and 2020 and included drawings and paintings and explored "personal and political ideas through the lens of social media".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Deepali|title=Mumbai: This show explores political ideas through the lens of social media|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-exhibition-at-tarq-explores-personal-and-political-ideas-through-the-lens-of-social-media|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Architectural Digest India|date=3 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Sameer Kulavoor's new show investigates the way we view the world through a screen|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/sameer-kulavoor-s-new-show-investigates-the-way-we-view-the-world-through-a-screen-111606901504160.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref> Covering the show, the website ''It's Nice That'' wrote that "[Kulavoor's] most recent body of work continues this study into the metropolis and analyses the “personal, political and the pandemic”, all the while characteristically placing the city as the backdrop. Very much a reflection of the current global situation, The Migrants Have Left, for example, turns his previously people-focused drawings on its head as it illustrates a life in lockdown".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Sameer Kulavoor's paintings depict large-scale, bustling metropolises|url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/sameer-kulavoor-art-190121|access-date=2021-06-20|website=www.itsnicethat.com|language=en}}</ref>

Kulavoor created a limited edition zine 'Smart City' which was published by the Zurich based independent publishing house Nieves in 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nieves · Sameer Kulavoor |url=https://www.nieves.ch/4317/smart_city |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.nieves.ch}}</ref> and self-published another limited edition zine 'City as Collage' in 2025 as part of the exhibition 'Artist as..' at the Tarq Gallery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameer Kulavoor, City as Collage , 2025 |url=https://www.tarq.in/artworks/71860-sameer-kulavoor-city-as-collage-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=TARQ |language=en}}</ref>

Kulavoor's third solo 'Edifice Complex' was exhibited at Tarq Gallery in 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=This exhibition explores the ever-evolving nature of cityscapes {{!}} Goodhomes.co.in |url=https://www.goodhomes.co.in/home-and-design-trends/trending/this-exhibition-explores-the-ever-evolving-nature-of-cityscapes-8689.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.goodhomes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> borrowing its title "from a phrase coined by Behn Cervantes, a Filipino activist writing in the time of the autocrat [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. It references the phenomenon where individuals, organisations, or governments become obsessed with building grandiose structures to give an impression of power, status or progress, often at the expense of more pressing needs".<ref>{{Cite web |last=world |first=STIR |title='Edifice Complex': Drawings of architecture that reveal socio-economic reality |url=https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-edifice-complex-drawings-of-architecture-that-reveal-socio-economic-reality |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.stirworld.com |language=English}}</ref> Some of his recent bodies of work were on display at the Tarq booths at Art Basel, Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=HIGHLIGHTS FROM ART BASEL IN HONG KONG 2024 – MASH India |url=https://www.mashindia.com/highlights-from-art-basel-in-hong-kong-2024/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> - cited as one of the emerging artists to look out for at the fair by [[Tatler]] Asia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhargava |first=Aaina |title=8 emerging Asian artists to look out for at Art Basel Hong Kong 2024 |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/arts/art-basel-hong-kong-emerging-asian-artists-2024 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Tatler Asia |language=en}}</ref> - and Art Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameer Kulavoor - Biography |url=https://www.tarq.in/artists/43-sameer-kulavoor/biography/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=TARQ |language=en}}</ref> both in 2024.

In November 2025, Kulavoor opened his first museum solo titled 'Limits of the Town' at the [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum|Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum]] in Mumbai curated by Tasneem Zakaria Mehta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Sameer Kulavoor's new exhibition traces the myths, ambitions, and designs behind the making of Mumbai |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/sameer-kulavoors-new-exhibition-traces-the-myths-ambitions-and-designs-behind-the-making-of-mumbai-23602910 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

=== Public art ===
Kulavoor played an active role in the revived public art movement in India during the 2010s.<ref name=":4"/> In 2017, he painted a mural in the popular art neighbourhood of [[Kala Ghoda]] in [[South Mumbai]] on display on the exterior walls of Artisans' Center.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-04|title=Stop and Stare: Sameer Kulavoor's Mural at Artisans' {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/stop-and-stare-sameer-kulavoors-mural-at-artisans|access-date=2021-06-21|website=[[Verve (Indian magazine)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> At the St+Art India exhibition 'Sasson Dock Art Project', he created ''Parfum Sassoon'', a mural and installation representing an imaginary larger-than-life premium perfume brand at the Sassoon Dock area of South Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'mello|first=Rosalyn|date=2018-02-02|title=Taking art to the streets|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/21GicoCJXu5RdlMMjZypIL/Taking-art-to-the-streets.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-02|title=Street art comes to Sassoon Docks: Mumbai's historic fishing district gets a makeover with the St+Art project|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/street-art-comes-to-sassoon-docks-mumbais-historic-fishing-district-gets-a-makeover-with-the-start-project-4227395.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Firstpost}}</ref> His 2019 mural ' Social Media Friendly Plants' for St+Art India, is currently visible at the Lodhi Colony, art district in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lodhi Art District – St+art India|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/lodhi-art-district/NQKi787tb1GHJA|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> He also painted the 2020 CEAT House (RPG Building) mural at Worli, in honor of the COVID-19 warriors and frontline workers<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Saritha|title=A visual tribute comes to life in Mumbai, saluting the COVID-19 warriors|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/visual-tribute-comes-life-facade-rpg-house-mumbai-saluting-citys-covid-19-warriors|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Architectural Digest India|date=26 May 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wall Of Gratitude: This Mural Is A Tribute To Covid-19 Frontline Workers|url=https://www.grazia.co.in/lifestyle/wallofgratitude-this-mural-is-a-tribute-to-covid-19-frontline-workers-4999.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=grazia.co.in|language=en}}</ref> and the 2021 mural Lokame Tharavadu exhibition for the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]] at the [[Alappuzha|Alleppey]] beach in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Nidhi|title=In Kerala, Bose Krishnamachari unveils "Lokame Tharavadu" with 267 artists and one timely message|url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/in-kerala-bose-krishnamachari-unveils-lokame-tharavadu-with-267-artists|access-date=2021-06-21|website=GQ India|date=20 April 2021|language=en-IN}}</ref> A mural of his architecture based drawings is up on the exterior of the [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe-Institut / Max Mueller Bhavan]] at Kala Ghoda, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goethe-Institut / Max Mueller Bhavan Mumbai |url=https://sameerkulavoor.com/portfolio/goethe-institut-gallery-mmb/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Sameer Kulavoor |language=en-US}}</ref> His latest public art installation titled 'Metromorphosis', was made in collaboration with artist and production designer Sandeep Meher, as part of St+Art India's 'Mumbai Urban Art Project' consisting of multiple sculptures, each a unique composition of miniature, stacked urban architectural structures in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Mumbai Urban Art Festival at Sassoon Dock is preoccupied with the water-based transformations humans have wrought |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/mumbai-urban-art-festival-at-sassoon-dock-is-preoccupied-with-the-water-based-transformations-humans-have-wrought |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Academic ===
Kulavoor together with architect Rahul Malandkar conducted a studio course titled 'What's Architecture Got to Do With It?' at [[CEPT University]], Ahmedabad in the spring semester of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cept University, Ahmedabad |url=https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2024/M/fa/what-s-architecture-got-to-do-with-it-ar2052-spring-2024}}</ref> In 2023, Kulavoor gave a talk at [[Central Saint Martins|Central Saint Martins, University of Arts, London]] as part of their 'Practice is Critical' series<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Central Saint |date=2024-05-01 |title=CSMplayer |url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/central-saint-martins/student-life-at-csm/csmplayer |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Central Saint Martins |language=en}}</ref> and a lecture for the students of the Architecture Faculty, [[University of Hong Kong|Hong Kong University]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameer Kulavoor |url=https://www.arch.hku.hk/event_/sameer-kulavoor/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.arch.hku.hk |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulavoor, Sameer}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Agniva Lahiri

2026-02-10T13:16:41Z

Anymore6055: starting

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Agniva Lahiri
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1979|8|22}}
| birth_place = Kolkata
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|9|20|1979|8|22}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[LGBTQ]] [[Social activist]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://www.pluskolkata.org/|People Like Us (PLUS) Kolkata}}
| awards =
}}
{{LGBTQ sidebar}}
'''Agniva Lahiri''' (22 August 1979 – 20 September 2016)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.allianceindia.org/tribute-agniva-lahiri-life-inspired/|title=A Tribute to Agniva Lahiri: A Life That Inspired - India HIV/AIDS Alliance|date=2016-09-20|work=India HIV/AIDS Alliance|access-date=2018-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> was an Indian [[LGBTQ]] [[social activist]] from [[Kolkata]], who was active in promoting the causes of the [[transgender]] members of the community. Lahiri founded ''People Like Us (PLUS) Kolkata'', a [[Non Governmental Organization]], in 2001 and served as its executive director.<ref name="Interview" /> Lahiri was also associated with ''Network of Asia Pacific Youth'' as a coordinator for policy research and international advocacy.<ref name="Youth">{{cite web | url=http://www.youthcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/spring_2005.pdf | title=Youth | date=2014 | accessdate=16 July 2014 | archive-date=26 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726232414/http://www.youthcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/spring_2005.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NAPY 1">{{cite web | url=http://profiles.tigweb.org/agnivalahiri | title=NAPY 1 | date=2014 | accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Agniva Lahiri was born on 22 August 1979,<ref name="A Tribute to Agniva Lahiri: A Life That Inspired">{{cite web | url=http://www.allianceindia.org/tribute-agniva-lahiri-life-inspired/ | title=A Tribute to Agniva Lahiri: A Life That Inspired | publisher=Alliance India | date=20 September 2016 | accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref> biologically a male, to a government servant and an economics school teacher, as the youngest of their three children, in Kolkata, India. Lahiri's early schooling was in Ramakrishna Mission Residential School and graduate studies at [[Asutosh College]], Kolkata. Subsequently, Lahiri took master's degree in [[Bengali Literature]] from [[University of Calcutta]] and another master's degree in [[Sociology]] from Nagarjuna University, Kolkata<ref name="Interview">{{cite interview | url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue22/chandra_interview.htm | title=Interview | date=2014 | accessdate=16 July 2014 | last=Lahiri | first=Agniva | subject-link=Interview with Agniva Lahiri - An Activist Transgender located in Kolkata | interviewer=Subhash Chandra | location=Kolkata}}</ref> and is pursuing higher studies at University of Melbourne.<ref name="Youth" />

The realization that feminine emotions ruled within a biologically male body came to Lahiri at a very early age. This drew a lot of criticism from Lahiri's teachers and fellow students. But the discriminatory treatments did not stop Lahiri from making the decision to accept oneself as the [[other gender]].<ref name="Interview" />

Lahiri died on 20 September 2016, reportedly due to liver failure.<ref name=":0" />

==Social activism==
Agniva Lahiri's social career started with joining a forum called ''Pratyay'', a division of ''Praajak'', a [[Gay community|gay]] support forum started in 1992 on Kolkata.<ref name="Praajak">{{cite web | url=https://www.praajak.org/ | title=Praajak | accessdate=17 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218002138/http://praajak.org/ | archivedate=18 December 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Lahiri also started a newsletter called ''Pratyay Arshi Nagar'',<ref name="Newsletter">{{cite web | url=http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/reader-list_mail.sarai.net/2004-April/003597.html | title=Newsletter | accessdate=17 July 2014 | archive-date=24 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724183852/http://mail.sarai.net/pipermail/reader-list_mail.sarai.net/2004-April/003597.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> with contributions even from the college faculty. The newsletter later grew to be a newspaper by name, Manashi.<ref name="Interview" />

Lahiri's social activism was kickstarted by an incident on 7 December 2003, with the assault by a group of people. Lahiri filed a complaint with the local police who declined to register a formal case against the perpetrators. Lahiri and colleagues persisted and were successful in getting a [[First Information Report]] filed.<ref name="Interview" />

Lahiri has been involved with the ''Network of Asia Pacific Youth''<ref name="NAPY blog">{{cite web | url=https://networkofasiapacificyouth.blogspot.ae/ | title=NAPY blog | accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> as a coordinator in the research on ''sexual culture and its relevance in the area of HIV intervention and prevention program''.<ref name="Youth" /> Lahiri's past associations are with [[UNICEF]] ROSA<ref name="Rosa">{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/rosa/ | title=Rosa | accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> in 2002 on [[Child welfare]], with ''Gender and AIDS Training Institute'' (GATI).<ref name="Youth" /> and with UNFPA as a young researcher.<ref name="Interview" />

Lahiri is presently the Executive Director of ''People Like Us (PLUS) Kolkata''<ref name="Plus">{{cite web|url=http://www.hivapcop.org/community-feature/people-us-plus |title=Plus |accessdate=17 July 2014 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808063140/http://www.hivapcop.org/community-feature/people-us-plus |archivedate=8 August 2014 }}</ref> which runs a destitute home in Kolkata called '''Prothoma''', offering shelter for the victims of [[human trafficking]] and unsafe migration and standing up against the violence meted out to them.<ref name="Interview" /> The activities have attracted public attention and [[UNAIDS]] (United Nations AIDS Program) released a small grant of {{INR}} 400,000 with which Lahiri organised a forum for [[transgender]] people by name, the ''Indian Network of Male Sex Workers''. The forum now has 22 branches in 14 states of India.<ref name="Interview" />

==People Like Us (PLUS) Kolkata==
Agniva Lahiri started the establishment of an organization for transgender people and gender variant men in 2000 and informally started the organization, '''People Like Us (PLUS) Kolkata''' in 2001. The organization was registered as an NGO in March 2003.<ref name="Interview" /><ref name="Plus" /> The organization is working as a social forum for the rights of gender variant men and is involved in the HIV and AIDS related activities such as:
* prevention
* counselling, training and rehabilitation
* research
* intervention in issues like human trafficking

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBTQ}}
* [[Gender neutrality]]
* [[LGBT community]]
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory]]
* [[LGBT social movements]]
* [[List of LGBT-related organizations]]
* [[List of transgender-related topics]]
* [[PLUS Kolkata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140725224214/http://www.allianceindia.org/publications/76497-Curriculum%20Guide.pdf Pehchan Training Curriculum]
* [http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/msm_publications.pdf UNDP leaflet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725191902/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/msm_publications.pdf |date=25 July 2014 }}
* [http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue22/chandra_interview.htm Interview abstract]
* [http://www.lgbt-education.info/en/members/member?id=109 Profile on LGBT Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726022038/http://www.lgbt-education.info/en/members/member?id=109 |date=26 July 2014 }}
* [http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2008/08/06/aids-conference-take-2-introduction-to-hijra LA Weekly]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140711130114/http://www.tarshi.net/asiasrc/asprg/as_programme.asp Asia SRC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140725221921/http://www.tgeu.org/TvT_global_panel-discussion_Trans-Rights_Are_Human-Rights Global Panel]
* [http://profiles.tigweb.org/agnivalahiri Profile on Taking it Global]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKl9DXe5E8c Interview on YouTube]
{{LGBT |main=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahiri, Agniva}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]

Odakalu Bimba

2026-02-04T21:17:31Z

Anymore6055: creating new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox play
|name = Odakalu Bimba
|altname = Bikhre Bimb
|writer = [[Girish Karnad]]
|Director = [[Girish Karnad]] and [[KM Chaitanya]]
|setting = Bangalore
|place= Rangashankara, Bangalore
|orig_lang = [[Kannada]]
|premiere = 2005
|characters = Manjula Nayak (Kannada and Hindi), Manjula Sharma (Shabana Azmi version)
}}

'''''Odakalu Bimba''''' is a [[Kannada]] [[monodrama]] by Indian playwright and author [[Girish Karnad]]. It was written in 2005 and marked Karnad's return to direction after a period of thirty years. He directed the play with [[KM Chaitanya]]<ref name="actorvsactor">{{cite news |title=Actor vs. actor |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031903570100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523114013/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031903570100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2005 |first=Hemangini |last=Gupta |date=19 March 2005 |location=Bangalore |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref name="metaphor">{{cite news |title=Metaphor for a new age |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051204/spectrum/main3.htm |date=4 December 2005 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |accessdate=2013-08-19}}</ref>

It was translated and titled ''Bikhre Bimb'' in [[Hindi]] and ''A Heap of Broken Images'' in English. It starred [[Arundhati Nag]] as ''Manjula Nayak'' and her [[doppelgänger]] in the Kannada and Hindi versions while Arundhati Raja played the same role in the English version.<ref name="actorvsactor" /><ref name="stageisworld">{{cite news |title=The stage is her world |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/the-stage-is-her-world/article257089.ece |first=Liza |last=George |date=18 March 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] Friday Review |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref>

The plot revolves around the protagonist ''Manjula Nayak'' who is an unsuccessful writer in Kannada and finds success with her novel written in English. Her doppelgänger later questions her about her choice to write in English rather than in her own language and the betrayal of her own language.<ref name="questionidentity">{{cite news |title=Exploring questions of linguistic identity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/exploring-questions-of-linguistic-identity/article3010930.ece |date=19 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Bangalore |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref name="karnadstoday">{{cite news |title= Karnad's 'Bikhre Bimb' today |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article258338.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220306/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article258338.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |date=13 March 2010 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref>

The play earned itself positive reviews which subsequently resulted in a new production of it in English which was directed by [[Alyque Padamsee]] and featured [[Shabana Azmi]] playing the lead role of ''Manjula Sharma'', a Hindi writer who is unsuccessful.<ref name="politics">{{cite news |title=Showcase: Politics of language |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/showcase-politics-of-language/article3639362.ece |first=Jessu |last=John |date=14 July 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] Friday Review |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref name="price">{{cite news |title=Theatre at a price? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-12/hyderabad/28131678_1_ticket-prices-theatre-bikhre-bimb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130818120953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-12/hyderabad/28131678_1_ticket-prices-theatre-bikhre-bimb |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2013 |first=Swati |last=Sucharita |date=12 February 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Hyderabad |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite news |title=Theatre Review: Broken Images |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/news-interviews/33818626_1_broken-images-digital-technology-kaifi-aur-main |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130818135327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/news-interviews/33818626_1_broken-images-digital-technology-kaifi-aur-main |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2013 |first=Purvaja |last=Sawant |date=14 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref>

The play won the awards for ''Best Playwright'' and ''Best Director'' while Nag won the ''Best Actress'' award for her role at the ''Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards'' in 2008.<ref name="fifty">{{cite news |title='Bikhre Bimb' turns 50 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/63801/bikhre-bimb-turns-50.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=14 April 2010 |accessdate=5 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="walksaway">{{cite news |title=Girish Karnad's 'Bikhre Bimb' walks away with top META awards |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/07/girish-karnads-bikhre-bimb-walks-away-with-top-meta-awards-1204957558.html |date=8 March 2008 |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=2013-08-18}}</ref>

Karnad got the idea to write the play when he attended a talk in Bangalore by [[Shashi Deshpande]], daughter of Kannada writer [[Shriranga]], on Indian writers who wrote in English not being treated on par with English writers of foreign origin.<ref name="politics" /><ref name="playof">{{cite news |title=The play of languages |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/dfNUymekYGeWS0uvw8GMDJ/The-play-of-languages.html |first=Himanshu |last=Bhagat |date=23 April 2010 |publisher=[[Livemint]] |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref>

The play was originally performed at [[Bangalore]]. The Kannada version of the play were performed all across [[Karnataka]], while the Hindi version was performed across different cities in India including [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="fifty" /><ref name="genius">{{cite news |title=Multilingual genius |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Multilingual-genius/SP-Article1-935272.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926082035/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Multilingual-genius/SP-Article1-935272.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2012 |first=SD |last=Sharma |date=25 September 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Chandigarh |accessdate=2013-08-19}}</ref> The English version featuring Azmi was performed in the United States where it was received positively.<ref name="joinUS">{{cite news |title=Shabana Azmi joins US theatrical tour of Karnad's 'Broken Images' |url=http://www.indiatribune.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4011:shabana-azmi-joins-us-theatrical-tour-of-karnads-broken-images |work=Indian Tribune |location=Chicago |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref name="USapplause">{{cite news |title=Shabana Azmi's 'Broken Images' wins applause in US |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shabana-azmis-broken-images-wins-applause-in-us/699120/ |date=18 October 2010 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Chicago |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref name="enthrall">{{cite news|title=The play Broken Images, written by Girish Karnad, directed by Alyque Padamsee and starring Shabana Azmi is going all the way to New York to enthral the audience there on October 8.|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/The-play-Broken-Images-written-by-Girish-Karnad-directed-by-Alyque-Padamsee-and-starring-Shabana-Azmi-is-going-all-the-way-to-New-York-to-enthral-the-audience-there-on-October-8-/articleshow/6599522.cms|first=Anusha|last=Vincent|date=21 September 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2013-08-19}}</ref>

The play was produced by and originally performed at [[Ranga Shankara]], Bangalore which was built in honour of Nag's late husband [[Shankar Nag]].<ref name="shortlist">{{cite news |title=Three names shortlisted for National School of Drama director post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/national-school-of-drama-director-post-three-names-shortlisted-122367-2012-11-22 |first=Sheokesh |last=Mishra |date=23 November 2012 |work=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=2013-08-19}}</ref><ref name="stage">{{cite news |title=All the World's a Stage |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/all-the-world-s-a-stage/1012071/0 |author=Parul |date=5 October 2012 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=2013-08-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rangashankara.org/home/rangatest/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&favm=13 Girish Karnad's Broken Images - Rangashankara]
* [http://metawards.com/bikhre-bimb/ Bikhre Bimb - META awards]

[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:2005 plays]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]

BharatMatrimony

2026-02-04T20:50:14Z

Anymore6055: done!

{{Short description|Indian matchmaking service}}
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = Bharat-matrimony-logo.gif
| caption =
| type =
| traded_as =
| foundation = 
| founder = [[Murugavel Janakiraman]]
| location_city =
| location_country =
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry =
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Matrimony.com]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.bharatmatrimony.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''BharatMatrimony''' is an [[Matrimonial website|online matrimonial service]]<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news |last=Business Standard |title=Booming biz of online marriages |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=22 December 2011 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/booming-bizonline-marriages-/459346/ |publisher=Business Standard Online |accessdate=9 January 2012 |archive-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131011903/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/booming-bizonline-marriages-/459346/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a part of [[Matrimony.com]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Consim Info is now Matrimony.com|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/consim-info-is-now-matrimony-com-113061001063_1.html|accessdate=11 June 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=11 June 2013|archive-date=5 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122522/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/consim-info-is-now-matrimony-com-113061001063_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was founded in 2000 by [[Murugavel Janakiraman]], who later met his wife through his own matrimonial site.<ref name="World Record"/><ref name="Business Week">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-04/on-matrimony-dot-com-indias-arranged-marriages-hit-the-web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406045549/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-04/on-matrimony-dot-com-indias-arranged-marriages-hit-the-web|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 6, 2013|title=On Matrimony.com, India's Arranged Marriages|last=Business Week|date=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> The company has 130 offices in India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Boy meets girl, online|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?contentId=10641049&programId=1073755753&tabId=5&BV_ID=@@@&categoryId=-168921/|publisher=The Week|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120116/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?contentId=10641049&programId=1073755753&tabId=5&BV_ID=%40%40%40&categoryId=-168921%2F|archive-date=May 17, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> with offices in [[Dubai]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[United States]] and [[Malaysia]] to cater to customers beyond [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Venkat|first=Archana|title=BharatMatrimony going global|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701581000.htm|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-date=May 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120028/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701581000.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[Murugavel Janakiraman]] started the BharatMatrimony website in 2000<ref>{{cite news|last=Reddy|first=T. Krithika|title=Match Point|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/match-point/article2795884.ece|work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122111/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/match-point/article2795884.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> while working as a software consultant for [[Lucent Technologies]] in Edison, N.J. In the late 1990s he set up a Tamil community web portal, which included matrimonial ads. He started BharatMatrimony after noticing the matrimonial ads generated most of his [[web traffic]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's BharatMatrimony ushers in new era of arranged marriages|date=4 May 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13144028|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003200505/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13144028|url-status=live}}</ref> He returned to India in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=PR Log|url=http://www.watblog.com/2012/01/21/and-the-winners-of-wat-awards-2012-are%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6congratulations-to-all/|accessdate=27 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125214601/http://www.watblog.com/2012/01/21/and-the-winners-of-wat-awards-2012-are%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6congratulations-to-all/|archive-date=25 January 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The company introduced features on their website like Matchboard, SoulMate Search, AstroMatch, and Express Interest to help customers make the right matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2011/07/223-bharatmatrimony-launches-soulmate-search/|title=SoulMate Search|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2014-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007205347/http://www.medianama.com/2011/07/223-bharatmatrimony-launches-soulmate-search/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, the website earned into the [[Limca Book of World Records]] for having facilitated the highest number of documented marriages online in India,<ref name="World Record">{{cite web |last=World Record |title=Limca Book of World Record |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1061747/report-bharatmatrimony-enters-limca-book-of-records |accessdate=2 November 2006}}</ref> a number that has since reached one million marriages.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Meenakshi|title=The Way I Work Murugavel J., BharatMatrimony.com|url=http://www.growthinstitute.in/emagazine/jul12/last-story.html|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820082822/http://www.growthinstitute.in/emagazine/jul12/last-story.html|archive-date=August 20, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, BharatMatrimony launched more than 200 community portals, aimed at specific language groups and communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=BharatMatrimony launches 250 community-based portals|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2009/09/11/stories/2009091152091900.htm|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103035339/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2009/09/11/stories/2009091152091900.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The company launched more portals in 2010 aimed at Malaysian and Singaporean Tamils. BharatMatrimony operated in more than 14 regional languages.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaur|first=Gagandeep|title=Marriages are now a mega market|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Marriages-are-now-a-mega-market/articleshow/11007826.cms?referral=PM|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103235712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Marriages-are-now-a-mega-market/articleshow/11007826.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> Another portal was aimed at defence personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Matrimonial website for defence personnel|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/matrimonial-website-for-defence-personnel-49099|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=May 16, 2014|archive-date=May 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517124233/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/matrimonial-website-for-defence-personnel-49099|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, BharatMatrimony entered into talks with several telecom companies in order to launch its Interactive Voice Response (IVR) matrimonial service. BharatMatrimony users would use the IVR service to send and receive voice messages from prospective matches on their mobile devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharatmatrimony to tie-up with telecom ops|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=June 2007|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/bharatmatrimony-to-tie-up-with-telecom-ops-107060101072_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=May 16, 2014|last1=Umarji|first1=Vinay|archive-date=May 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115706/http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/bharatmatrimony-to-tie-up-with-telecom-ops-107060101072_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Assisted Matrimony ===
Assisted Matrimony is a personalized matchmaking service from BharatMatrimony, offered for busy Indian professionals who need assistance in finding a match.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |last=NDTV |title=Matrimony sites that focus on small groups reap big benefits |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/beyond-the-norm-matrimony-sites-that-focus-on-small-groups-reap-big-benefits-500579 |publisher=NDTV |accessdate=27 March 2014 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330230244/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/beyond-the-norm-matrimony-sites-that-focus-on-small-groups-reap-big-benefits-500579 |url-status=live }}</ref> BharatMatrimony started the personal assisted service in 2008 with the launch of BM Privilege.<ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web |last=oneindia |title=BharatMatrimony launches new personalised service |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/10/15/bharatmatrimony-launches-new-personalised-service-1224075861.html |work=oneindia |access-date=18 October 2008 |archive-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730024307/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/10/15/bharatmatrimony-launches-new-personalised-service-1224075861.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was then renamed Privilege Matrimony in 2009.<ref name="AFAQS">{{cite web |last=afaqs |title=Privilege Matrimony: The invisible matchmaker |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/27785_Privilege-Matrimony:-The-invisible-matchmaker |publisher=afaqs |accessdate=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726040739/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/27785_Privilege-Matrimony:-The-invisible-matchmaker |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="indiadigitalreview">{{cite web |last=indiadigitalreview |title=Consim Info launches assisted matchmaking service PrivilegeMatrimony.com |url=http://www.indiadigitalreview.com/news/consim-info-launches-assisted-matchmaking-service-privilegematrimonycom |publisher=indiadigitalreview |accessdate=26 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728163128/http://www.indiadigitalreview.com/news/consim-info-launches-assisted-matchmaking-service-privilegematrimonycom |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/beyond-the-norm-matrimony-sites-that-focus-on-small-groups-reap-big-benefits-500579|title=Beyond the norm: Matrimony sites that focus on small groups reap big benefits|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=NDTV|access-date=|archive-date=2014-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330230244/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/beyond-the-norm-matrimony-sites-that-focus-on-small-groups-reap-big-benefits-500579|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Matrimony.com]]
* [[Elite Matrimony]]
* [[Jeevansathi.com]]
* [[Shaadi.com]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Indian matrimonial websites]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]

Ekdil

2026-02-04T09:01:41Z

Anymore6055: corrected page after review and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Village in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ekdil
| native_name = Sarai Ekdil
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| translit_lang1_info =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = Etawah Uttar Pradesh India
| pushpin_map_alt = Etawah
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|45|05|N|79|05|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = Nagar panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11310
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 206126
| registration_plate = up75
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ekdil'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Etawah News: इकदिल में बदलेगा दौर, पहली बार महिला चेयरमैन के हाथ रहेगी डोर|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah/first-time-women-president-in-ekdil-nagar-panchayat-etawha-news-c-12-1-182239-2023-04-16|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=2026-02-02|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagar Panchayat Ekdil {{!}} District Etawah {{!}} India|url=https://etawah.nic.in/public-utility/nagar-panchayat-ekdil/|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=इकदिल नगर पंचायत चेयरमैन पद पर उपचुनाव की मतगणना: दूसरे राउंड में साधना दोहरे 603 वोटों से आगे, कुल 54.59 फीसदी मतदान हुआ था - Etawah News|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/etawah/news/counting-of-votes-for-by-election-to-the-post-of-ikdil-nagar-panchayat-chairman-134968409.html|work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=2025-05-05|access-date=2026-02-02|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250506121857/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/etawah/news/counting-of-votes-for-by-election-to-the-post-of-ikdil-nagar-panchayat-chairman-134968409.html|archive-date=2025-05-06|language=hi}}</ref> in [[Etawah district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== History ==
Ekdil was established by the Ekdil Khan. It was earlier known as Sarai Rupa. In the 17th century, a [[eunuch]] named Ekdil Khan came there, and built a new ''sarai'', which he named Ekdil. At the time of [[Mahabharata]], Ekdil was part of Ishtikapuri.

== Geography ==
It lies between Yamuna At its south around 10km and Ganga river at its North around 50km. Nearby places:
*Bakewar, 12 km
* Bharthana, 14 km
* Etawah, 9 km
* Jaswantnagar, 28 km
* Lakhna, 16 km
* Saifai, 32 km

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Ekdil had a population of 11310.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ekdil has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 63%, and female literacy is 46%. In Ekdil, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

It has majority population of 79% of Hindus and compromise approx 21% of Muslims.

== Transport ==

=== Road ===
Ekdil is connected by road via NH 2. It lies on the northern side of [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH]] 2. Kanpur, Agra, Delhi, Lucknow are via daily UPSRTC Buses.

=== Rail ===

* [[Ekdil railway station]]

=== Airports ===
* Gwalior Airport (99.8 kilometers)
* Kanpur Airport (131.0 kilometers)
* Lucknow Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport (178.5 kilometers)
* Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (282.2 kilometers)
* Agra Airport (approximately 120 km)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Etawah district}}2.[https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah/ekdil-beat-9-states-panchayat-in-swachta-surwey-etawah-news-knp7213643142 Ekdil gets first rank in Swachh Sarvekshan 2022 among 437 district of North India]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Etawah district]]
{{Etawah-geo-stub}}

Chambeli

2026-02-03T04:18:55Z

Anymore6055: made new info!

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chambeli
| official_name = ਚੰਬੇਲੀ
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.670673|N|74.848709|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| population_total = 1052
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 151203
| area_code = +91-
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearby cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}

'''Chambeli''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਚੰਬੇਲੀ) is a village located in Faridkot tehsil of [[Faridkot district]] of Punjab, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chambeli · Punjab, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chambeli,+Punjab/@30.6709965,74.8437954,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x391756ece6d0428d:0x1db1860dd5c0eb31!8m2!3d30.6702193!4d74.849251!16s/g/11_tgz40f!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUyMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Chambeli · Punjab, India |language=en}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the population of this village is 1052, out of which 549 are males and 503 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chambeli Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35576-chambeli-punjab.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census tables {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=censusindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PUNJAB |first=Census of India |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Faridkot Pin Code - 151203, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search faridkot Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-pincode-151203.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> The nearest city is [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]].

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Naval Godrej

2026-01-25T12:13:07Z

Anymore6055: fixed issues

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1916–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naval Pirojsha Godrej
| image =
| birth_name = Naval Pirojsha Godrej
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|12|3|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|8|1916|12|3|df=y}}
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| parents = [[Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej|Pirojsha Godrej]]
| spouse = Soonuben Godrej
| children = [[Jamshyd Godrej|Jamshyd]] and Smita Crishna-Godrej
| relatives = [[Ardeshir Godrej]]
}}

'''Naval Pirojsha Godrej''' (3 December 1916 – 8 August 1990), also known as '''Naoroji''', was born on 3 December 1916. The father of [[Jamshyd Godrej]], the managing director and chairman of [[Godrej & Boyce]], Naval was the youngest son of [[Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej]] - an Indian industrialist who was the younger brother of [[Ardeshir Godrej]], the founder of the [[Godrej Group]].

== Early life ==
Naval was three years old when his mother died.

When their mother died, the children were sent to [[Karachi]] to be looked after by their grandmother. Naval studied at St. Patrick’s School in Karachi, followed by St. Mary’s High School - once they moved back to [[Mumbai]] (then [[Bombay]]). Naval had an extremely curious mind and few things thrilled him more than taking apart a watch and putting it together again. Pirojsha noticed this mechanical aptitude and asked Naval to come and see the factory during his holidays, after his matriculation.

Naval joined the business straight out of high school.

== Career ==
Naval's interest in machines led him to develop the Godrej Tool Room, and to initiate the typewriter and refrigeration lines of business. He guided the Machine Tool Association through its formative years and was its President from 1971-73. He also established the pioneering international exhibition, IMTEX where the Machine Tool industry showcases products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imtex.in/#|title=:: IMTEX - Indian Metal-Cutting Machine Tool Exhibition|last=Mindworks|website=www.imtex.in|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref>

He was involved with the construction of the Godrej Industrial garden township in Vikhroli.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://archives.godrej.com/naval_godrej.html|title=Godrej Archives|website=archives.godrej.com|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Naval had two children, [[Jamshyd Godrej|Jamshyd]] and Smita Crishna-Godrej.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/smita-crishna-godrej/|title=Smita Crishna-Godrej|website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> He died on 8 August 1990 at his residence in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), aged 73.<ref>{{cite web|title=Obituary: N.P. Godrej|work=Press Trust of India|publisher=The Indian Express|page=9|date=9 August 1990}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He received the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–79)|1976]], in the field of Trade & Industry.<ref name=":0" />

== Professional Achievements ==

=== The Tool Room and Machine Tools ===
Much importance has been given to the country’s industrialisation even before freedom was won (1947), but credit must be given to Naval for taking the initiative in manufacturing machine tools nearly a decade earlier. The opportunity came during the war years when the machines required by Godrej could no longer be imported. Naval rose to the challenge and in the 1940s, he created a path-breaking line of machines including the first 35 tonne power press. He also pioneered the indigenous manufacture of machine tools & metal forming and machine cutting machines.

=== The First All-Indian Typewriter ===
Before Naval’s efforts, typewriters had never been made anywhere in Asia. Typewriter manufacturing required highly specialised machinery and deft workmanship. Even though Naval conceived the idea of typewriter manufacture as early as 1946, production started only in the early 1950s due to raw material restrictions and wartime considerations. The first all-Indian typewriter was introduced in 1955. However, mastering the manufacture of typewriters was no easy task. It took several models before Naval was satisfied with the soft touch of the keys – a feature that made the typist’s job easier. In so much, the success of Godrej typewriters led to foreign competition downing their shutters in Indi'''(c)'''

=== The Refrigerator Manufacture ===
Having been the first to make typewriters, Naval was keen to help Indian households access other modern conveniences. After overcoming many teething problems, Godrej was successful in producing the first 230 Volt Model 9 refrigerator, having a capacity of 7.3 cubic feet, in 1958. For more than a decade, several different models were introduced. In 1962, Godrej, which had been using the imported GEC compressor unit, began manufacturing hermetically sealed compressors in India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–1979}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godrej, Naval}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Godrej family]]

Murder of Praveen and Suicide of Sharmila

2026-01-10T13:00:43Z

Anymore6055:

{{Short description|2024 honor killing and suicide}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox event
|date=February 24, 2024|time=|Location=[[Pallikaranai]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]|type=[[Murder]], [[Honor killing]]|cause=[[Inter-caste marriages in India|Inter-caste marriage]]|title=Murder of Praveen|convicted=|convictions=|sentence=}}

The '''murder of Praveen''' took place in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Praveen was murdered in an honor killing as he, a [[Dalit]] (an untouchable), had married Sharmila, an upper caste girl. The killing was done by Sharmila's brother Dinesh and his four friends. Sharmila committed suicide.<ref name="Chandrababu 2024 k001">{{cite web | last=Chandrababu | first=Divya | title=Chennai woman, 21, dies by suicide after her kin kill her husband in hate crime | website=Hindustan Times | date=24 April 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chennai-woman-21-dies-by-suicide-after-her-kin-kill-her-husband-in-hate-crime-101713957368805.html | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Bureau 2024 g300">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Woman ends life, months after her husband was murdered in Pallikaranai | website=The Hindu | date=23 April 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/woman-ends-life-months-after-her-husband-was-murdered-in-pallikaranai/article68097634.ece | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sriram 2024 x149">{{cite web | last=Sriram | first=Varsha | title=Chennai Caste Killing: Two Months After Dalit Man's Murder, Wife Dies by Suicide | website=TheQuint | date=23 April 2024 | url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/chennai-caste-killing-pallikaranai-victim-wife-dies-by-suicide | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sriram 2024 f015">{{cite web | last=Sriram | first=Varsha | title=Dalit Man Hacked to Death in Chennai Over Inter-Caste Marriage: 'Is Caste Pride Worth Taking Someone's Life?' Ask Wife, Mother | website=TheQuint | date=27 February 2024 | url=https://www.thequint.com/south-india/chennai-caste-dalit-man-killed-intercaste-tamil-nadu-wife-mother-speak | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nidharshana Raju 2024 c745">{{cite web | last=Nidharshana Raju | first=Korah Abraham | title=Chennai Caste killing: After husband's murder, wife dies by suicide | website=The News Minute | date=23 April 2024 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-caste-killing-after-husbands-murder-wife-dies-by-suicide | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nidharshana Raju 2024 h034">{{cite web | last=Nidharshana Raju | first=Ragamalika Karthikeyan | title=Praveen-Sharmila's Chennai intercaste love story that ended in his gory murder | website=The News Minute | date=1 March 2024 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/praveen-sharmilas-chennai-intercaste-love-story-that-ended-in-his-gory-murder | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

==Background==
Sharmila, a final year college student,
lived in [[Jalladiampet]] near [[Pallikaranai]]. Praveen waa a mechanic in his father's two-wheeler shop in Pallikaranai and lived on Ambedkar street in Pallikaranai.

Sharmila fell in love with Praveen and married him in October 2023 without the knowledge and consent of her parents. This angered her parents and brother.

==Murder==
Dinesh, along with friends Stephen, Vishnuraj, Sriram, and Jothilingam hacked Praveen to death and fled. Police soon arrested all five of them.

==Suicide==
Sharmila attempted suicide on April 14, 2024, and was admitted to [[Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital]]. She died on April 22, 2024. In her suicide note she wrote, "Wherever RC (Praveen) goes, I go. I don't want this life without him."<ref name="The Hindu Bureau 2024 h050">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=Five men arrested for the murder of Dalit youth in Pallikaranai | website=The Hindu | date=25 February 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mechanic-murdered-by-five-persons-in-pallikaranai/article67884472.ece | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="The New Indian Express 2024 a743">{{cite web | title=Wife of Dalit youth, murdered in a case of honour killing, dies by suicide in Chennai | website=The New Indian Express | date=23 April 2024 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Apr/23/wife-of-dalit-youth-murdered-in-a-case-of-honour-killing-dies-by-suicide-in-chennai | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="BBC News தமிழ் 2024 a090">{{cite web | title=சென்னை பள்ளிக்கரணை: சுயமரியாதை திருமணம் செய்த நான்கு மாதத்தில் பட்டியல் சாதி இளைஞர் ஆணவக் கொலை, ஐவர் கைது | website=BBC News தமிழ் | date=25 February 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/c9e8z7y12pzo | language=ta | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Honor killing victims]]
[[Category:2024 murders in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]

Marianne Young

2026-01-05T16:42:47Z

Anymore6055: started a post

{{short description|English travel writer and illustrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Marianne Young
| image = Persecution in Tuscany by Marianne Young became Postans.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 4 January 1811
| birth_place = [[Pimlico]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1897|10|06|1811|01|04|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Wrington]], England
| occupation =
| period =
| genre = travel
| subject = [[British India]]
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Marianne Ridgway''' became '''Mrs. Thomas Postans''' and '''Marianne Young''' (4 January 1811 – 6 October 1897) was an English travel writer and illustrator.

==Life==
She was born in 1811 in [[Pimlico]] as Marianne Ridgway, her parents being Elizabeth Wells ''née'' Fortescue and Richard Bowling Hunter Ridgway. Her father dealt in wine and was held in the Fleet Prison for debt in 1822.<ref name=yorb>{{Cite ODNB |last=Raza |first=Rosemary Cargill |title=Young [née Ridgway; other married name Postans], Marianne (1811–1897), writer |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-48646 |access-date=2023-05-31 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/48646 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}</ref>
[[File:Durbar Horseman employed by the Rao of Cutch.jpg 09.jpg|thumb|left|"Durbar Horseman" employed by the Rao of Cutch - from her 1839 book]]
In 1839 she published her first book, ""Cutch; or, random sketches" which she created while living in that area of western India with her husband, Thomas Postans. She wrote in a light style but her research was intense. She became fluent in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and she would support her text with her own illustrations. She had been living in the area for five years and her illustrated book included stories of the area's legends and its traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cutch; or, random sketches, taken during a residence in one of the northern provinces of Western India; interspersed with legends and traditions / By Mrs. Postans. |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/cpsb3swk |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Wellcome Collection |language=en}}</ref> In the same year she published a two volume work, ''Western India in 1838'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postans |first=Marianna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILIWAAAAQAAJ&q=western+india+postans |title=Western India in 1838 |date=1839 |publisher=Saunders and Otley |language=en}}</ref> which expanded in the work on ''Cutch'' to include a wider area including the city of [[Mumbai]] which was then known as Bombay. These books were published in the year that her husband, now a Lieutenant, was posted to [[Sindh|Sind]] in what is now Pakistan.<ref name=yorb/>

Her work mirrored that of her husband as he has creating reports for the British government and she was reporting similar subjects for a popular audience.<ref name=yorb/>
at Varna
After five years in Sindh she published ''Facts and Fictions'' which went to three volumes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postans |first=Mrs Marianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMz86tKrPdQC |title=Facts and fictions, illustrative of oriental character |date=1844 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year her husband died and she returned to Britain where she married again in 1848 to William Henry Young, a widower.

In 1853 she published ''Persecution in Tuscany: a call for the protection of religious liberty throughout the world ...'' which was addressed to [[William Gladstone]].<ref name=tusc>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Marianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpsBAAAAQAAJ&q=%22persecution+in+tuscany |title=Persecution in Tuscany: a call for the protection of religious liberty throughout the world ... |date=1853 |language=en}}</ref> In 1854 she published ''Our Camp in Turkey and the Way to it'' describing travels including a visit to the English camp at Varna during the Crimean conflict. [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Our_Camp_in_Turkey_and_the_way_to_it/9i1YAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1]. Her final book, ''Aldershot, And All About It - With Gossip, Literary, Military, and Pictorial'' was published in 1857.

Young died in 1897 in [[Wrington]].<ref name=yorb/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Marianne}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pimlico]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:English women illustrators]]
[[Category:19th-century English illustrators]]

Anara Begum

2025-12-26T04:47:07Z

Anymore6055: stub!

{{Short description|Concubine of Gaj Singh I of Marwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Anara Begum
| title =
| image =
| spouse = [[Gaj Singh I]]
| spouse-type = Consort of
| issue = Sugdha (daughter)
| house = [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] (by service)
| religion = [[Islam]]<ref name=":0" />
|death_date =
}}

'''Anara Begum''' ({{Langx|mwr|अनारा बेगम}}) was the concubine of [[Gaj Singh I]], the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] ruler of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] from 1619 until his death in 1638. Described as the "red hot favourite concubine of Gaj Singh", she played an instrumental role in the selection of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] as heir over his elder brother [[Amar Singh Rathore]].<ref name="rajvi" />

== Biography ==
According to ''Jodhpur-ri-khyat'', a [[Khyat|historical chronicle]] of [[Marwar]] region, Anara Begum was originally the wife of a [[Muslim]] [[Nawab]] of [[Delhi]], who was subsequently abducted by Gaj Singh and taken into his household as a ''[[Concubinage#India|khawas]]'' (concubine).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raghuveer |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446006/page/75 |title=Jodhpur Rajya Ki Khyat |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |year=1988 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=182–188 |language=mwr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yaqub Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24YvEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|title=Regional History of Medieval India: Society, Culture and Economy |date=2024-11-12 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-83765-136-8 |pages=86 |language=en}} "...Begum Anara, who was abducted by Maharajah Gajsingh and later on became his concubine."</ref> She is mentioned to be of Turkish descent.<ref name="singh">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raghuveer |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446006/page/75 |title=Jodhpur Rajya Ki Khyat |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |year=1988 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |pages=201 |language=mwr}}</ref> The identity of her husband remains uncertain.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_xKAAAAIAAJ|title=Jodhapura Rājya kī khyāta |date=1988 |publisher=Bhāratīya Itihāsa Anusandhāna Parishad, evaṃ Pañcaśīla Prakāśana, Jayapura |page=19 |language=hi}} "From all accounts it is certain that Anara, khawas of Maharaja Gaj Singh, was by no means a fictitious character, but it is impossible to identify in any way her spouse, referred to as 'Nawab' in the Khyat."</ref> Alternative narratives suggest Anara herself had requested Gaj Singh to orchestrate her abduction following their meeting at the Mughal court. The Nawab came to accept his wife's "elopement on the pretext of the love the Maharaja and his concubine exhibited".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Khanna |first=Priyanka |date=2011 |title=Embodying Royal Concubinage: Some Aspects of Concubinage in Royal Rajput Household of Marwar, (western Rajasthan) C. 16 Th -18 Th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146726 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=72 |pages=337–345 |jstor=44146726 |issn=2249-1937}} "Anara, the Muslim concubine of Maharaja Gaj Singh (1619-1638 A.D.) was one such concubine. Anara was the wife of a Nawab who appeared extremely attractive to Gaj Singh once he saw her. The attraction was mutual here as the sources attest that it was Anara who persuaded Gaj Singh to abduct her despite knowing that her status would transform from the wife of a Nawab to the concubine of this Rajput chieftain. The source emphasises that the Nawab accepted his wife's elopement on the pretext of the love that the Maharaja and the concubine exhibited. However, Anara was confined to a mahal in Chandpol (Jaipur) due to the resistance against her by the wives in the Rajput ''zenana''."</ref>

Despite her status as a ''khawas'', Anara gradually assumed a significant role in the royal household.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devaṛā |first=Śarada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WIdAAAAMAAJ |title=Marudhar Mahima |date=1971 |publisher=Aṇimā Prakāśana |pages=337–338 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Ratanlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raZjAAAAMAAJ|title=राजा-महाराजा और उनकी पासवानें |date=2007 |publisher=Anu Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-88099-76-4 |pages=27–28 |language=hi}}</ref> However, her presence in the ''ranivas'' was unwelcome among the [[Rajput]] wives of Gaj Singh. Tensions emerged between Anara and Gaj's elder son [[Amar Singh Rathore]], as well as his mother, Mansukh Chauhanji Deiji,<ref name="rajvi">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=1380 |language=en}} "Prior to this, the relations of Mansukh De Songiri, the mother of Amar Singh, with Anara, the red hot favourite concubine of Gaj Singh, were strained. Besides, Amar Singh also used to rebuke Anara."</ref> leading to Anara's eventual confinement in a [[Jaipur]] palace.<ref name=":1" />

Anara had a daughter named Sugdha with Gaj Singh.<ref name="singh" /> A pair of pearl-encrusted shoes, believed to have belonged to Anara Begum, are preserved in the Rang Mahal of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guides |first=Insight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7StHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT452|title=Insight Guides Rajasthan (Travel Guide eBook) |date=2017-06-01 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-78671-713-9 |pages=452 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhati |first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r98tAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Marwar History |date=1979 |publisher=Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref>

== Role in Jaswant Singh's succession ==
Following the death of Gaj Singh in 1638, Anara played a pivotal role in the selection of second-born [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] as heir over Gaj Singh's elder son, Amar Singh Rathore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=589 |language=en}} "In keeping with the declared wishes of Gaj Singh, which are said to have been influenced by his concubine, Anara Begum, after his death the succession of Marwar passed over his elder son, Prince Amar Singh, in favour of Gaj Singh's younger son, Jaswant Singh."</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sabita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 |title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan |date=2019-05-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909828-6 |pages=155 |language=en}} "Another example is that of Anara Begum, a Muslim lady who was the ''khawas'' of Gaj Singh. It was because of her intervention that Gaj Singh nominated his younger son as successor ignoring the elder son, Amar Singh."</ref> Amar Singh was granted the territory of [[Nagore]] as a form of compensation. This succession arrangement received the approval of the contemporary [[Mughal Empire]], which favored weakened Rajput unity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Yādavendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=febHgZqp3g4C&pg=PA53 |title=Maru-Kesari |date=1998 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7055-607-7 |pages=52–53 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Varsha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Polygamy and Purdah: Women and Society Among Rajputs |date=1995 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-275-6 |pages=70 |language=en}} "Maharana Gaj Singh, under influence of Anara Begum, one of his concubines, appointed Jaswant Singh as the successor and gave Nagore in jagir to his eldest son Amar Singh. In both these cases, because of the support of the Mughal emperors, the succession was not contested."</ref>

A 19th-century British account by [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas]] suggests that Amar Singh resented Anara due to her lower status, whereas Jaswant Singh showed her respect.<ref name="rajvi" /> This influenced Anara to advocate for Jaswant's nomination as successor. She also justified the decision by suggesting that Amar Singh, being young, could establish his own domain independently in Nagore. Anara maintained her position within the courts of both Gaj Singh and Jaswant Singh, and either of the two is credited with excavating a locally famous [[stepwell|''baori'']] in [[Jodhpur]] in her honor.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Indrani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA146 |title=Slavery and South Asian History |last2=Eaton |first2=Richard M. |date=2006-10-12 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11671-0 |pages=145–146 |language=en}} "According to [Kaviraj] Shyamaldas's later reconstruction, the Jodhpur chronicles are said to have ascribed the passing over of the elder son Amar Singh to the influence of the ''patar'' Anara, Gaj Singh's concubine (''khavas''). Amar Singh is said to have hated her (''nafrat'') for her inferior status (''kam darja''). So once, when Jaswant Singh placed her slippers before her, she praised him before the king, and on her urging, Gaj Singh nominated his younger son as his heir. [...] Independent testimony of Anara's influence is provided by the Anasagar lake in the environs of Jodhpur, believed to have been excavated by a grateful Gaj Singh or Jaswant Singh."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathore |first=L. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUxuAAAAMAAJ |title=A New History of Ballu Chanpawat Rathore of Harsolaw-Marwar (A.D. 1591-1644) |date=2006 |publisher=Books Treasure |pages=91–93 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
In the Jodhpur ''khyat'', Anara is mentioned to have been killed along with her daughter during a battle between Rajputs and Mughals.<ref name="singh" />

== In literature ==
*Anara is a character in Bholashankar Vyas' historical fiction novel ''Samudra Sangam'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyas |first=Bholashankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrXPeU-WZjsC&pg=PA69 |title=Samudra saṅgama |date=2004 |publisher=Bhāratīya Jñanapīṭha |isbn=978-81-263-1084-5 |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ruhani Bai Begum]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Begum, Anara}}
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]
[[Category:17th-century slaves]]
[[Category:Indian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Asian people of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Asian descent]]

Yokau

2025-12-21T04:45:48Z

Anymore6055: Added A Pg

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]]
| population = 1083 (2011), Nagaland<ref>{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF ST |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html |website=CENSUS INDIA |publisher=MHA GOI}}</ref>
| image =
| image_caption =
| languages =[[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| religions = Christianity
| related = [[Patsho|Patsho people]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yokau
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kix
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.160434|94.905850|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1083
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Yokau''' village also written as [[Yokao]] and [[Yakhao]] is located in [[Patsho|Panso]] circle of [[Noklak district]] in Nagaland, India.<ref name="noklak">{{cite web|url=https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Village Panchayat-Noklak Gov website|date=16 March 2024|website=noklak.nic.in|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210072819/https://noklak.nic.in/village-panchayats/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is situated 13 km away from sub-district headquarter [[Patsho|Panso]] and 56 km away from [[Tuensang]].<ref>[https://villageinfo site|INDIAN VILLAGE DIRECTORY-Yokau, Yokao, Yakhao]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The language most widely spoken is [[Patsho Khiamniungan]], that of the [[Patsho|Patsho people]] there.<ref name="glocalsoasacuk">{{cite web|url=https://glocal.soas.ac.uk/cala2019-353/|title=From oral tradition to written language-The Patsho Khiamniungan and Mongsen Ao dictionary projects|date=17 Dec 2023|website=glocal.soas.ac.uk}}</ref>

== Origin ==
Following an unremitting period of torrential rain that endured for forty days and nights, the remaining survivors were forced to move toward elevated terrain. Among them was a sow whose back gradually assumed a noticeably downward curve during the ascent to the peak. This unusual curvature of the spine became the basis for the term Yokau, a compound formed from yohnyu (meaning “sow”) and kau (meaning “to bend downward”).

== Population ==
1083 People are living in this Village according to 2011 census, out of these 548 are males and 535 are females. Population of Yokao is 2023 was 1,321 and 1,213 inhabitants in 2022.<ref name="indiagrowing">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Tuensang/Panso/Yokao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319151639/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Tuensang/Panso/Yokao|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 March 2024|title=Yokao Nokeng Population 2024-India Growing|date=15 March 2024|website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>

== Literacy ==
Literate people are 401 out of 227 are male and 174 are female.<ref name="indiagrowing"/>

== Agriculture ==
Paddy, Maize and Beans are agriculture commodities grown in this village. Traditional Shawls, Bamboo Baskets and Wood Craft are some of the HandiCraft items produced in this village.<ref>[onefivenine.website: Yokao village details] {{unreliable source?|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref name="mo">{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/lrd-officials-visit-pmksy-projects-tuensang/|title=LRD officials visit PMKSY projects in Tuensang - The Morung Express|date=23 March 2024|website=morungexpress.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Patsho}}

Kanakana kindi

2025-12-15T02:08:08Z

Anymore6055: fixed page further and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha#Kanakana Kindi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from merge}}
}}

Mahasamund Assembly constituency

2025-12-09T11:28:52Z

Anymore6055: started details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mahasamund
| mla = [[Yogeshwar Raju Sinha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:208801}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| map_image= Mahasamund Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Mahasamund''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]] district and is a part of [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/mahasamund.html Elections In]</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

Previously, [[Mahasamund]] was part of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], until the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was created in 2000.

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ajodhya Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Miri Bajirao
|-
|[[Nemichand|Nemichand Jain]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Paran
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Nemichand|Nemichand Jain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Purushottamlal K. Dhaluram
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Muhammad Yaqub
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Maksudan Lal Chandrakar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Santosh Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Agni Chandrakar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Poonam Chandrakar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Agni Chandrakar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Vimal Chopra
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| [[Vinod Sevan Lal Chandrakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Yogeshwar Raju Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Mahasamund<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Yogeshwar Raju Sinha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 84,594
|percentage = 51.41
|change = +34.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rashmi Chandrakar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=68,442|percentage=41.60|change=+9.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashwant Tusshar Sahu|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=1,735|percentage=1.05|change=-15.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=391|percentage=0.24|change=-1.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=36,793|percentage=19.53|change=+4.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=164,542|percentage=78.80|change=-2.17}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Mahasamund<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vinod Sevan Lal Chandrakar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49,356
|percentage = 31.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Poonam Chandrakar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 26,290
|percentage = 17.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tribhuvan Mahilang
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 24,839
|percentage = 16.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manoj Kant Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 21,911
|percentage = 14.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vimal Chopra
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 21,160
|percentage = 13.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = T. K. Dadsena
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,552
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pankaj Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,445
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,085
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,066
|percentage = 14.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 154,679
|percentage = 80.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mahasamund district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Mahasamund district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
{{coord|21.11|82.09|display=title}}

Mysore–Bangalore line

2025-12-08T01:09:17Z

Anymore6055: Done - done

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Mysore–Bangalore line
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Mysore Rly Station Panorama Karnataka Apr22 A7C 01908-10.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Mysore Junction
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Karnataka]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} '''(MYS)'''
| end = {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}} ('''SBC''')
| stations = 24
| routes = 1
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|df=yes|1882|2|25}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot = {{abbrlink|Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram railway station}}
| stock = {{hlist|[[WDM-2]]|[[WDM-3A]]|[[WDP-4D]]|[[WDP-4]]|[[WDG-3A]]|[[WDG-4]]|[[WDM-3D]]|[[WAP-7]]|[[WAP-4]]|[[WAG-7]]|[[WAP-1]]}}
| linelength = {{convert|138.25|km}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| old_gauge = {{track gauge|1000mm}}
| load_gauge = {{convert|4725|x|3660|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} (BG)<ref name=gauge>{{cite book|title=Railway Track Engineering|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-07-068012-8|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XrJJIxQTEC&q=loading+gauge+india&pg=PA7|author=J S Mundrey|edition=Fourth|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref>
| routenumber = 74<ref name="time">{{cite web|title=Public Time Table|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-l8jSp_Iw8BeXRNX1RPWFZWWXBwaEJIOHAwWGstVkdydl9Z/view?usp=sharing|website=[[South Western Railway zone]]|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=4 October 2016|format=[[PDF]]|date=246}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
| electrification = Completed in December 2017
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = {{URL|www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in}}
| map = {{Mysore–Bangalore line}}
| map_state = show
}}
'''Mysore–Bangalore line''' (officially '''Mysuru–Bengaluru line''') is a fully electrified double line from {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}}.

== Background ==
The line extends from {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}} falling mostly under [[Bangalore railway division]] and a few stretches under [[Mysore railway division]] within the limits of [[South Western Railway zone]] at {{stnlnk|Bangalore City}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=4 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title = South Western Railway zone|access-date = 4 October 2016 |website = [[Railway Board]]|publisher = [[South Western Railway zone]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Bangalore Today">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloretoday.in/mysore-to-bangalore-train-timings/ |title= Mysore to Bangalore Train Service – If you know that from Mysore Railway Junction to Bangalore City Junction there survival more than 27 trains daily, and related to South Western Railway Zone Bangalore Today(Bengaluru) |publisher=Bangalore Today |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

== Construction ==
Since the rail network in [[British India]] was entirely private affairs. The erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore]] established [[Mysore State Railway]] for improving rail connectivity, right after the commissioning of [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Madras Royapuram–Bangalore City railway line]] in 1879.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Saritha |first=S R |date=6 November 2013 |title= Colonialism and modernisation; history and development of southern railway a case study|type= Ph.D.|chapter=2 |institution= [[University of Kerala]]|hdl=10603/12705|chapter-url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12705/10/10_chapter%202.pdf|access-date=5 October 2016|pages=64–65|orig-year=Completed 2012}}</ref> Though managing [[Mysore State Railway]] was an expensive affair, [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] decided to lay a new rail from [[Bangalore]] to [[Mysore]] in 1870, and shelved the project soon.<ref name="rail">{{cite news|title=A rail link to Mysore's history|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/A-rail-link-to-Mysores-history/articleshow/11946538.cms|access-date=5 October 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2012|location=[[Mysore]]}}</ref> Again he dusted the project and initiated the construction in 1877–1878. The {{convert|56|km}} stretch between Bangalore–Channapatna was completed on 1 February 1881, the {{convert|37|km}} Channapatna–Mandya stretch on 20 March 1881 and the final {{convert|45|km}} Mandya–Mysore stretch was completed and the entire stretch thrown open to traffic on 25 February 1882.<ref name="channa">{{cite book|last1=Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil|first1=S. H. Patil; foreword by M .M. Kalburgi|title=Community dominance and political modernisation|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=9788170998679|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&q=mysore+state+railway&pg=PA61|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="stret">{{cite news|last1=R. Krishna|first1=Kumar|title=History unfolds|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/history-unfolds/article4658639.ece|access-date=5 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 April 2013}}</ref> The line currently has a maximum operating speed of {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways Map - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/atlas |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Talks are going on to increase the speed from {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}} in order to facilitate semi high speed trains like Vande Bharat express which will reduce the time taken between the 2 cities to less than 100 minutes, but with high amount of gradients and high degree curve the construction of new railway line is a possibility.

The project to convert the Bangalore–Mysore metre gauge to broad gauge is approved in 1979–80.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3436/1/lsd_07_02_13-03-1980.pdf Page 96</ref>

==Development==
Sanctioned in 2009–2010, the railways took up the [[Karnataka|state's]] demand for [[Double line|doubling]] as well [[Rail electrification|electrification]] at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|505|c}} which was later revised to {{INRConvert|526.31|c}} and finally escalated to {{INRConvert|874.75|c}}. Land acquisition of about {{convert|160|acre}}, especially {{convert|25|acre}} near Mandya alone have been done as part of [[double line]] and improving stations between Ramanagaram and {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}}.<ref name="double">{{cite news|last1=Asha|first1=Krishnaswamy|title=Railway double line to Mysuru almost ready|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/483550/railway-double-line-mysuru-almost.html|access-date=5 October 2016|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

The electrification of the line had been completed and was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 20 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/pm-modi-flags-off-new-mysuru-udaipur-train/articleshow/62992142.cms|title=PM Modi flags off new Mysuru-Udaipur train|date=20 February 2018|access-date=21 February 2018|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore - Bangalore line}}
[[Category:Mysore railway division]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1882]]
[[Category:Bengaluru railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]

Dadua

2025-10-22T09:48:41Z

Anymore6055: made new info

{{Short description|Indian criminal (died 2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiv Kumar Patel
| native_name = Dadua (ददुआ)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Devkali village, [[Chitrakoot district]], Uttar Pradesh
| death_date = 22 July 2007
| death_place = Ailaha village, Chitrakoot district, Uttar Pradesh
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| father = Ram Pyare Patel
| mother = Krishnawati Patel
| relations = [[Bal Kumar Patel]] (brother) [[Ram Singh Patel]] (nephew)
| spouse =
| children = [[Veer Singh Patel]] (son)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Dacoit]]
}}

'''Shiv Kumar Patel''' or '''Dadua''' (died 22 July 2007) was a criminal and [[dacoit]] who operated in ravines and forests on the borders between the Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dadua’s gang possessed sophisticated weaponry, including automatic rifles.

== Biography ==
Shiv Kumar Patel or Dadua was born in [[Devkali]] village of [[Chitrakoot district]] to Ram Pyare Patel and Krishnawati Patel.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} His first recorded instance of crime was the murder of Jagannath on 16 May 1978, for which he was arrested. He was called a revolutionary by some people. He was a member of the Seetharam gang since 1975.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Profile-of-the-dreaded-dacoit-Dadua/Article1-238069.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024204710/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Profile-of-the-dreaded-dacoit-Dadua/Article1-238069.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 24 October 2012 |title=Profile of the dreaded dacoit Dadua – Jul 22, 2007 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date= 22 July 2007|accessdate=21 February 2012}}</ref>

After his release, Dadua joined the ranks of Raja Ragoli, where he learned the trade from Gaya Kurmi, the gang's co-leader, who is regarded as a major factor behind Dadua's rise.<ref name=HT/>

In 1983, Raja was killed and Gaya Kurmi surrendered, leaving the gang jointly headed by Suraj Bhan and Dadua. Suraj Bhan was arrested a year later and Dadua formed his own gang at the insistence of Gaya Kurmi.<ref name=HT/>

Dadua led the massacre in Ramu ka Purwa where he executed nine people on 20 June 1986; he suspected one of the victims to be a police informer.<ref name=HT/>

He came to be known as "[[Veerappan]] of [[Bundelkhand]]" and terrorized the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=UP: 'बुंदेलखंड के वीरप्पन' के बेटे-भतीजे को सपा ने मैदान में उतारा, जानें- ददुआ की सियासी ताकत |trans-title=UP: SP fielded son-nephew of 'Veerappan of Bundelkhand', know - political power of Dadua |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/akhilesh-yadav-ticket-dacoit-dadua-son-veerappan-of-bundelkhand-veer-singh-patel-ram-singh-patel-sp-candidate-ntc-1404669-2022-02-03 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=hi |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110064747/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/akhilesh-yadav-ticket-dacoit-dadua-son-veerappan-of-bundelkhand-veer-singh-patel-ram-singh-patel-sp-candidate-ntc-1404669-2022-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Death ==
Dadua was shot along with several gang members in a fight with Special Task Force (STF) of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] in Ailaha village near [[Manikpur, Chitrakoot|Manikpur]] (Chitrakoot district) on 22 July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Dreaded-dacoit-Dadua-killed-in-UP/articleshow/2225538.cms|title=Dreaded dacoit Dadua killed in UP|date=23 July 2007|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030083253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dreaded-dacoit-dadua-killed-in-up/articleshow/2225538.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911252.stm|title=Notorious Indian bandit 'killed'|date=23 July 2007|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=23 July 2007|archive-date=20 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720102457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911252.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Family and legacy ==
At the time of his death, his son [[Veer Singh Patel]] was the chairman of the [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Karwi panchayat]] and later became member (MLA) of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha from [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]] (2012-2017). His daughter Chirunji Devi Patel (Block pramukh Dhata, Fatehpur district).{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Dadua's brother [[Bal Kumar Patel]] has served as Lok Sabha MP of [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]] (2009-2014). His nephew [[Ram Singh Patel]] is member (MLA) of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha from [[Patti, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Patti]] (2022–Present).<ref name=HT />

A temple was built for him in 2016 at Dhata town, [[Fatehpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/040818/mission-2019-dacoit-being-promoted-as-kurmi-leader.html|title=Mission 2019: Dacoit being promoted as Kurmi leader|last=Verma|first=Amita|date=2018-08-04|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2018-12-17|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218011036/http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/040818/mission-2019-dacoit-being-promoted-as-kurmi-leader.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, web series ''Beehad Ka Baghi'' was released. It was inspired by the life of Dadua.<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Swati | title=‘बीहड़ का बागी’ क्या कुख्यात डकैत ददुआ की कहानी दोहराती है? | website=NDTV India | date=2020-12-04 | url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/hindi-web-series-beehad-ka-baghi-cast-includes-dilip-arya-in-the-lead-role-2334257 | language=hi | access-date=2025-10-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Shiv Kumar}}
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]