Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Australia

2023-10-14T01:51:33Z

Anuz: /* Indigenous peoples */ "generally understood as" is a MOS:WEASEL phrase. Use "broad groups" instead

{{Short description|Country in Oceania}}
{{About|the country|the continent|Australia (continent)|continental mainland|mainland Australia|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Australasia|Austria}}

{{Featured article}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Commonwealth of Australia
| common_name = Australia
| image_flag = Flag of Australia (converted).svg
| alt_flag = A blue field with the Union Flag in the upper hoist quarter, a large white seven-pointed star in the lower hoist quarter, and constellation of five white stars in the fly – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars.
| image_coat = Coat of Arms of Australia.svg
| alt_coat = 
| national_anthem = "[[Advance Australia Fair]]"{{Lower|0.2em|{{Refn|Australia's [[Honors music|royal anthem]] is "[[God Save the King]]", played in the presence of members of the [[House of Windsor|royal family]] when they are in Australia. In other contexts, the [[national anthem]] of Australia, "[[Advance Australia Fair]]", is played.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm |title=Australian National Anthem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701124616/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/anthem.cfm |archive-date=1 July 2007 }} {{Cite web |url=http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/Pages/16-other-matters.aspx#163 |title=16. Other matters – 16.3 Australian National Anthem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173124/http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/corporate/protocol-guidelines/Pages/16-other-matters.aspx |archive-date=23 September 2015 }} {{Cite book |title=Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia |edition=29th |orig-year=2002 |year=2005 |chapter=National Symbols |chapter-url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf |access-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611101901/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/40thparl/national+symbols.pdf }}</ref>|name="anthem explanation"|group="N"}}}} <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{Center|[[File:U.S. Navy Band, Advance Australia Fair (instrumental).ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = Australia with AAT (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = {{Legend|#316831|Commonwealth of Australia}}
{{Legend|#8DC78C|[[Australian Antarctic Territory|Australian territorial claim in Antarctica]]}}
| alt_map = A map of the eastern hemisphere centred on Australia, using an orthographic projection.
| capital = [[Canberra]]
| coordinates = {{Nowrap|{{Coord|35|18|29|S|149|07|28|E|type:city_region:AU}}}}
| largest_city = [[Sydney]] (metropolitan) [[Melbourne]] (urban){{efn|Sydney is the largest city based on Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs). These represent labour markets and the functional area of Australian capital cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional population |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2021-22 |website=abs.gov.au |date=20 April 2023 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> Melbourne is larger based on ABS Significant Urban Areas (SUAs). These represent Urban Centres, or groups of contiguous Urban Centres, that contain a population of 10,000 persons or more.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |title=Melbourne overtakes Sydney as Australia's biggest city |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-65261720 |access-date=27 May 2023 |work=BBC News |date=17 April 2023}}</ref>}}
| official_languages = None at the [[Australian Government|federal level]]
| languages_type = [[National language]]
| languages = [[Australian English|English]]{{Refn|English does not have ''[[de jure]]'' status.<ref name=language>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |title=Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies? |work=1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney |publisher=[[Department of Immigration and Citizenship]] |access-date=11 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220020910/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |archive-date=20 December 2008 |url-status=dead}} "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language."</ref>|name="languages"|group="N"}}
| languages2_type =
| languages2 =
| demonym = {{Hlist|[[Australians|Australian]] [[Aussie]] (colloquial)<ref>See entry in the ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Collins English Dictionary |year=2009 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=Bishopbriggs, Glasgow |isbn=978-0-0078-6171-2 |page=18 |title-link=Collins English Dictionary }}</ref>}}
| religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|title = [[Religion in Australia|Various]]
|43.9% [[Christianity in Australia|Christianity]]
|38.9% [[Irreligion in Australia|no religion]]
|3.2% [[Islam in Australia|Islam]]
|2.7% [[Hinduism in Australia|Hinduism]]
|2.4% [[Buddhism in Australia|Buddhism]]
|1.7% [[Religion in Australia#Other religions|other]]
|7.2% unanswered{{Refn|The religion question is optional in the Australian Census.}}
}}
| religion_year = 2021
| religion_ref = <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx|title=2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Federal state|Federal]] [[parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Australia|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Charles III]]
| leader_title2 = {{Nowrap|[[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]]}}
| leader_name2 = [[David Hurley]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Anthony Albanese]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Australian Senate|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Federation of Australia|Federation]] and [[Constitution of Australia|Constitution]]
| established_date1 = 1 January 1901
| established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|Statute of Westminster Adoption Act]]
| established_date2 = {{Nowrap|9 October 1942 (with effect from 3 September 1939)}}
| established_event3 = [[Australia Act 1986|Australia Act]]
| established_date3 = 3 March 1986
| area_km2 = 7,692,024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/australias-size-compared|title=Australia's size compared|first=Geoscience|last=Australia|date=27 June 2014|website=Geoscience Australia}}</ref>
| area_rank = 6th
| percent_water = 1.79 (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER}}</ref>
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} {{Data Australia|poptoday|formatnum}}<ref name="popclock">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument |title=Population clock|work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] website|date=31 August 2022|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=31 August 2022}} The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.</ref>
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 25,890,773<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/mar-2022 |title= National, state and territory population|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}}
| population_estimate_rank = 53rd
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr:{{Data Australia|poptoday}} / 7692024 round 1}}
| population_density_rank = 192nd
| GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.719 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.AU">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=193,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Australia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 19th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $64,673<ref name="IMFWEO.AU" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22nd
| GDP_nominal = {{Decrease}} $1.687 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.AU" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 13th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Decrease}} $63,487<ref name="IMFWEO.AU" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 10th
| Gini = 32.5
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IDD|title = Income Distribution Database|website=stats.oecd.org|type=Database|publisher = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |publication-date=16 December 2020|access-date = 9 May 2021}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.951
| HDI_year = 2021
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 5th
| currency = [[Australian dollar]] ($)
| currency_code = AUD
| time_zone = [[Time in Australia|various]]<ref name="time" group="N">There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see [[Time in Australia]].</ref>
| utc_offset = +8; +9.5; +10
| utc_offset_DST = +8; +9.5; +10; +10.5; +11
| time_zone_DST = [[Time in Australia|various]]<ref name="time" group="N"/>
| date_format = {{Abbr|dd|day}}/{{Abbr|mm|month}}/{{Abbr|yyyy|year}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australian Government |date=March 2023 |title=Dates and time |url=https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/numbers-and-measurements/dates-and-time |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Style Manual}}</ref>
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Australia|+61]]
| cctld = [[.au]]
}}


'''Australia''', officially the '''Commonwealth of Australia''',<ref>[https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-australia About Australia]</ref> is a [[sovereign state|sovereign country]] comprising the [[mainland Australia|mainland]] of the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]], the island of [[Tasmania]], and numerous [[list of islands of Australia|smaller islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2005Q00193/0332ed71-e2d9-4451-b6d1-33ec4b570e9f |title=Constitution of Australia |publisher=[[Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)#Federal Register of Legislation|ComLaw]] |date=9 July 1900 |access-date=5 August 2011 |quote=3. It shall be lawful for the Queen, with the advice of the Privy Council, to declare by proclamation that, on and after a day therein appointed, not being later than one year after the passing of this Act, the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, and also, if Her Majesty is satisfied that the people of Western Australia have agreed thereto, of Western Australia, shall be united in a Federal Commonwealth under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia.}}</ref> Australia is the largest country by area in [[Oceania]] and the world's [[list of countries and dependencies by area|sixth-largest country]]. Australia is the oldest,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Korsch RJ. |display-authors=et al |year=2011 |title=Australian island arcs through time: Geodynamic implications for the Archean and Proterozoic |journal=Gondwana Research|volume=19|issue=3|pages=716–734|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.018|bibcode=2011GondR..19..716K }}</ref> flattest,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Map-from-above-shows-Australia-is-a-very-flat-place/2005/01/21/1106110947946.html |title=Map from above shows Australia is a very flat place |date=21 January 2005 |last=Macey |first=Richard |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=5 April 2010|issn=0312-6315|oclc=226369741}}</ref> and driest inhabited continent,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/the-australian-continent |title=The Australian continent |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/landforms/deserts |title=Deserts |work=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=13 August 2018 |date=15 May 2014}}</ref> with the least fertile [[soil]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm |title=A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control |last=Kelly |first=Karina |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=13 September 1995 |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm |archive-date=13 January 2010}} "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damaged Dirt |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |last=Grant |first=Cameron |url=http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100423/http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |date=August 2007 |access-date=23 April 2010 |quote=Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet.}}</ref> It is a [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]], and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with [[deserts of Australia|deserts]] in the centre, [[forests of Australia|tropical rainforests]] in the north-east, [[tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savannas]] in the north, and [[list of mountains in Australia|mountain ranges]] in the south-east.

The ancestors of [[Aboriginal Australians]] began arriving from south-east Asia approximately [[Early human migrations#Nearby Oceania|65,000 years]] ago, during the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]].<ref name="ReferenceB">[The Story of Australia's People, Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2015 {{ISBN|978-0-6700-7871-4}}</ref><ref name="ClarksonJacobs2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Clarkson|first1=Chris|last2=Jacobs|first2=Zenobia|last3=Marwick|first3=Ben|last4=Fullagar|first4=Richard|last5=Wallis|first5=Lynley|last6=Smith|first6=Mike|last7=Roberts|first7=Richard G.|last8=Hayes|first8=Elspeth|last9=Lowe|first9=Kelsey|last10=Carah|first10=Xavier|last11=Florin|first11=S. Anna|last12=McNeil|first12=Jessica|last13=Cox|first13=Delyth|last14=Arnold|first14=Lee J.|last15=Hua|first15=Quan|last16=Huntley|first16=Jillian|last17=Brand|first17=Helen E. A.|last18=Manne|first18=Tiina|last19=Fairbairn|first19=Andrew|last20=Shulmeister|first20=James|last21=Lyle|first21=Lindsey|last22=Salinas|first22=Makiah|last23=Page|first23=Mara|last24=Connell|first24=Kate|last25=Park|first25=Gayoung|last26=Norman|first26=Kasih|last27=Murphy|first27=Tessa|last28=Pardoe|first28=Colin |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago|journal=Nature|volume=547|issue=7663|year=2017|pages=306–310|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature22968|pmid=28726833|bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C|hdl=2440/107043|s2cid=205257212|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing [[Aboriginal Art|artistic]] and [[The Dreaming|religious traditions]] in the world.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Australia's [[history of Australia|written history]] commenced with the [[European maritime exploration of Australia]]. The Dutch navigator [[Willem Janszoon]] was the first known European to reach Australia, in 1606. In 1770, the British explorer [[James Cook]] mapped and claimed the east coast of Australia for [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], and the [[First Fleet]] of British ships arrived at Sydney in 1788 to establish the penal colony of [[New South Wales]]. The European population grew in subsequent decades, and by the end of the 1850s [[Australian gold rushes|gold rush]], most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and an additional five self-governing [[Crown colony|British colonies]] established. Democratic parliaments were gradually established through the 19th century, culminating with a vote for the [[Federation of Australia|federation of the six colonies]] and foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901.<ref name="Contiades Fotiadou 2020 p. 389"/> This began a process of increasing autonomy from the [[United Kingdom]], highlighted by the ''[[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942]]'', and culminating in the ''[[Australia Act 1986]]''.<ref name="Contiades Fotiadou 2020 p. 389">{{Cite book | last1=Contiades | first1=X. | last2=Fotiadou | first2=A. | title=Routledge Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Change | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-3510-2097-8 | url={{GBurl|id=GmoPEAAAQBAJ|p=389}} | page=389}}</ref>

Australia is a [[Federalism in Australia|federal]] parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]], comprising [[States and territories of Australia|six states and ten territories]]. Australia's population of nearly {{#expr:{{Data Australia|poptoday}} / 1000000 round 0}} million<ref name="popclock"/> is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Geographic%20distribution%20of%20the%20population~49 |title= Geographic Distribution of the Population |access-date= 1 December 2012 |date=24 May 2012}}</ref> [[Canberra]] is the nation's capital, while its most populous city and financial centre is [[Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Regional population |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> The next four [[List of cities in Australia by population|largest cities]] are [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth]], and [[Adelaide]]. It is ethnically diverse and [[Multiculturalism in Australia|multicultural]], the product of [[Immigration history of Australia|large-scale immigration]], with almost half of the population having at least one parent born overseas.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS | title=2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats {{pipe}} Australian Bureau of Statistics }}</ref> Australia's abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy, which generates its income from various sources including services, [[Mining in Australia|mining exports]], [[Banking in Australia|banking]], [[Manufacturing in Australia|manufacturing]], agriculture and [[International students in Australia|international education]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassen |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Cassen |title=Rich Country Interests and Third World Development |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1982 |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-7099-1930-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://finance.ninemsn.com.au/newsbusiness/8362821/australia-wealthiest-nation-in-world-report |title=Australia, wealthiest nation in the world |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721013637/http://finance.ninemsn.com.au/newsbusiness/8362821/australia-wealthiest-nation-in-world-report |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/luxury/australians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html |title=Australians the world's wealthiest |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=24 July 2012 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Australia [[International rankings of Australia|ranks highly]] for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.<ref name="Global Australia 2021">{{Cite web | title=Statistics and rankings | website=Global Australia | date=18 May 2021 | url=https://www.globalaustralia.gov.au/why-australia/statistics-and-rankings | access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

Australia has a [[Developed Countries|highly developed]] market economy and [[List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita|one of the highest per capita incomes]] globally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=6&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,624,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,135,321,716,243,456,248,722,469,942,253,718,642,724,643,576,939,936,644,961,819,813,172,199,132,733,646,184,648,524,915,361,134,362,652,364,174,732,328,366,258,734,656,144,654,146,336,463,263,528,268,923,532,738,944,578,176,537,534,742,536,866,429,369,433,744,178,186,436,925,136,869,343,746,158,926,439,466,916,112,664,111,826,298,542,927,967,846,443,299,917,582,544,474,941,754,446,698,666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=6 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906100138/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=6&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,624,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,135,321,716,243,456,248,722,469,942,253,718,642,724,643,576,939,936,644,961,819,813,172,199,132,733,646,184,648,524,915,361,134,362,652,364,174,732,328,366,258,734,656,144,654,146,336,463,263,528,268,923,532,738,944,578,176,537,534,742,536,866,429,369,433,744,178,186,436,925,136,869,343,746,158,926,439,466,916,112,664,111,826,298,542,927,967,846,443,299,917,582,544,474,941,754,446,698,666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021-22 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Australia is a regional power, and has the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|thirteenth-highest military expenditure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2017 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf |website=www.sipri.org}}</ref> It is a member of international groupings including the [[United Nations]]; the [[G20]]; the [[OECD]]; the [[World Trade Organization]]; [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]; the [[Pacific Islands Forum]]; the [[Pacific Community]]; the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]; and the defence/security organisations [[ANZUS]], [[AUKUS]], and the [[Five Eyes]]. It is a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the [[United States]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Rachman |first=Gideon |date=13 March 2023 |title=Aukus, the Anglosphere and the return of great power rivalry |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e4abd866-54cb-4923-9a66-ebb5b5ed67bf |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Name of Australia}}
{{Anchor|Etymology}}

The name ''Australia'' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|t|r|eɪ|l|i|ə}} in [[Australian English]]<ref>Australian pronunciations: ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]], Fourth Edition'' (2005) Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|1-8764-2914-3}}</ref>) is derived from the Latin {{Lang|la|[[Terra Australis]]}} ("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=australia {{pipe}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name australia by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/australia |access-date=15 January 2022|website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Several sixteenth century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Clarke |first2=Philip |date=10 August 2014 |title=Putting 'Australia' on the map |url=http://theconversation.com/putting-australia-on-the-map-29816 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name {{Lang|la|Terra Australis}} was naturally applied to the new territories.{{Refn|The earliest recorded use of the word ''Australia'' in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir [[Richard Hakluyt]]", published by [[Samuel Purchas]] in ''Hakluytus Posthumus'', a corruption of the original Spanish name "Austrialia del Espíritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)<ref>[http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/queiros/index.html "He named it Austrialia del Espiritu Santo and claimed it for Spain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817051612/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/queiros/index.html |date=17 August 2013}} ''The Spanish quest for Terra Australis|State Library of New South Wales Page 1''</ref><ref>[http://rupertgerritsen.tripod.com/pdf/published/Austrialia_Globe_72_2013_pp23-30.pdf "A note on 'Austrialia' or 'Australia' Rupert Gerritsen – Journal of The Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc. The Globe Number 72, 2013] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612021158/http://rupertgerritsen.tripod.com/pdf/published/Austrialia_Globe_72_2013_pp23-30.pdf|date=12 June 2016}} ''Posesion en nombre de Su Magestad (Archivo del Museo Naval, Madrid, MS 951) p. 3''.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63620938 |title=The Illustrated Sydney News|newspaper=Illustrated Sydney News|date=26 January 1888 |access-date=29 January 2012|page=2|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> for an island in [[Vanuatu]].<ref>Purchas, vol. iv, pp. 1422–1432, 1625</ref> The Dutch adjectival form ''australische'' was used in a Dutch book in [[History of Jakarta|Batavia]] ([[Jakarta]]) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{GBurl|id=DDNEle_1NzkC|p=299}}|page=299 |last=Scott|first=Ernest|orig-year=1914 |title=The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders|isbn=978-1-4191-6948-9|year=2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing}}</ref>|group="N"}}

Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as ''[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]'', a name first applied by the Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]] in 1644 (as {{Lang|nl|Nieuw-Holland}}) and subsequently anglicised. {{Lang|la|Terra Australis}} still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.{{Refn|For instance, the 1814 work ''[[A Voyage to Terra Australis]]''|group="N"}} The name ''Australia'' was popularised by the explorer [[Matthew Flinders]], who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the Earth".<ref>Flinders, Matthew (1814) ''[[A Voyage to Terra Australis]]'' G. and W. Nicol</ref> The first time that ''Australia'' appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from [[Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58549315 |title=Who Named Australia?|newspaper=The Mail (Adelaide, South Australia)|location=Adelaide|date=11 February 1928 |access-date=14 February 2012|page=16|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the [[Colonial Office]] that it be formally adopted.<ref>Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16</ref> In 1824, the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Department of Immigration and Citizenship |title=Life in Australia|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|year=2007|page=11|isbn=978-1-9214-4630-6|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/values/book/english/lia_english_part1.pdf |access-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017070336/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/values/book/english/lia_english_part1.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2009}}</ref> The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of ''The Australia Directory'' by the [[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office|Hydrographic Office]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coman|first=Brian J.|url={{GBurl|id=P5m4zNxaaSUC|p=40}} |title=A Loose Canon: Essays on History, Modernity and Tradition|date=2007|publisher=Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd|isbn=978-0-9802-9362-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Colloquial names for Australia include "[[Name of Australia#Oz|Oz]]" and "the Land Down Under" (usually shortened to just "[[Down Under]]"). Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "[[the Lucky Country]]", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from [[Dorothea Mackellar]]'s 1908 poem "[[My Country]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=School|first1=Head of|last2=admin.hal@anu.edu.au |title=Australian National Dictionary Centre|url=https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc |access-date=15 January 2022|website=ANU School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Australia}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Australian history}}

=== Indigenous peoples ===
{{Main|Prehistory of Australia|Indigenous Australians}}
[[File:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Aboriginal rock art]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of Western Australia]]

[[Indigenous Australians]] comprise two broad groups: the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal peoples]] of the Australian mainland (and surrounding islands including Tasmania), and the [[Torres Strait Islanders]], who are a distinct [[Melanesia]]n people. Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago,<ref name="ClarksonJacobs2017"/><ref name="Nunn2018">{{Cite book|first=Patrick|last=Nunn |title=The Edge of Memory: Ancient Stories, Oral Tradition and the Post-Glacial World|url={{GBurl|id=Z4xaDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT16}}|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4729-4327-9|page=16}}</ref><ref name="FaganDurrani2018">{{Cite book |first1=Brian M.|last1=Fagan|first2=Nadia|last2=Durrani |title=People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory|url={{GBurl|id=W0NvDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT250}}|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-3517-5764-5|pages=250–253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Veth |first1=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_m8y7 |title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia |last2=O'Connor |first2=Sue |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-1070-1153-3 |editor-last=Bashford |editor-first=Alison |location=Cambridge |pages=19 |chapter=The past 50,000 years: an archaeological view |editor-last2=MacIntyre |editor-first2=Stuart |url-access=registration}}</ref> with the migration of people by [[land bridge]]s and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.<ref name="Oppenheimer2013">{{Cite book |url={{GBurl|id=VQQvDwAAQBAJ|pg=PP111}} |title=Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World|first=Stephen|last=Oppenheimer|date=2013|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-7803-3753-1 |pages=111–}}</ref> It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians.<ref>Malaspinas, A. S., Westaway, M. C., Muller, C., Sousa, V. C., Lao, O., Alves, I., Bergström, A., Athanasiadis, G., Cheng, J. Y., Crawford, J. E., Heupink, T. H., Macholdt, E., Peischl, S., Rasmussen, S., Schiffels, S., Subramanian, S., Wright, J. L., Albrechtsen, A., Barbieri, C., Dupanloup, I., et al., Willerslev, E. (2016). A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia. Nature, 538(7624), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18299 [https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/unprecedented-study-of-aboriginal-australians-points-to-one-shared-out-of-africa-migration-for press release]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorey |first=Fran |title=When did modern humans get to Australia? |url=https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-spread-of-people-to-australia |publisher=Australian Museum}}</ref> The [[Madjedbebe]] rock shelter in [[Arnhem Land]] is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.<ref name="Gilligan2018">{{Cite book|first=Ian|last=Gilligan |title=Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects|url={{GBurl|id=Ux50DwAAQBAJ|p=237}}|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1084-7008-7|page=237}}</ref> The oldest human remains found are the [[Lake Mungo remains]], which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago.<ref name="TunizGillespie2016">{{Cite book |first1=Claudio|last1=Tuniz|first2=Richard|last2=Gillespie|first3=Cheryl|last3=Jones |title=The Bone Readers: Science and Politics in Human Origins Research|url={{GBurl|id=WrJmDAAAQBAJ|p=43}}|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-3154-1888-9|page=43}}</ref><ref name="Castillo2015">{{Cite book|first=Alicia|last=Castillo |title=Archaeological Dimension of World Heritage: From Prevention to Social Implications|url={{GBurl|id=jV64BAAAQBAJ|p=41}}|date=2015|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-1-4939-0283-5|page=41}}</ref>

Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2013 |title=Aboriginal Australians the oldest culture on Earth |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au:80/journal/Aboriginal-Australians-the-oldest-culture-on-Earth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518061422/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/Aboriginal-Australians-the-oldest-culture-on-Earth.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 December 2018 |publisher=Australian Geographic}}</ref> At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians were complex [[hunter-gatherer]]s with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia |journal=Antiquity|volume=61|issue=232|pages=310–321|first=Elizabeth|last=Williams|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00052182|s2cid=162146349}}</ref><ref name="SáenzEmbrick2015">{{Cite book |first1=Rogelio|last1=Sáenz|first2=David G.|last2=Embrick|first3=Néstor P.|last3=Rodríguez |title=The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity|url={{GBurl|id=v_bLCQAAQBAJ|p=602}}|date=3 June 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9-0481-8891-8|pages=602–}}</ref> Recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 750,000 could have been sustained.<ref name="pop_abs">{{Cite web| author=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=25 January 2002 |title=Chapter – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bfc28642d31c215cca256b350010b3f4!OpenDocument |access-date=15 January 2022|website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>also see other historians including Noel Butlin (1983) ''Our Original Aggression'' George Allen and Unwin, Sydney {{ISBN|0-8686-1223-5}}</ref> Aboriginal Australians have an oral culture with spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the [[Dreamtime]].<ref name="Galván2014">{{Cite book|first=Javier A.|last=Galván |title=They Do What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World|url={{GBurl|id=e2RyBAAAQBAJ|p=83}}|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-6106-9342-4|page=83}}</ref>

The Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands around 4000 years ago.<ref>The Story of Australia's People, Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2015 {{ISBN|978-0-6700-7871-4}}, p.87</ref> Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Aussie Tattoos Match Rock Art |last=Viegas|first=Jennifer|publisher=Discovery News|date=3 July 2008 |access-date=30 March 2010|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/07/03/australia-tattoos-art.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710014604/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/07/03/australia-tattoos-art.html |archive-date=10 July 2008}}</ref>

=== European exploration and colonisation ===
{{Main|European maritime exploration of Australia|European land exploration of Australia|History of Australia (1788–1850)}}
[[File:Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770 (painting by E Phillips Fox).jpg|alt=Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770|left|thumb|Landing of [[James Cook]] at [[Botany Bay]] on 29 April 1770 to claim Australia's east coast for [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]]]
The northern coasts and waters of Australia were [[Makassan contact with Australia|visited sporadically]] for trade by [[Makassar people|Makassan]] fishermen from what is now Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKnight |first=CC |title=The Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=1976}}</ref> The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch.<ref name="BarberBarnes2013">{{Cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Barber|first2=Katherine|last2=Barnes|author3=Nigel Erskine |title=Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita To Australia|url={{GBurl|id=uZ_sAQAAQBAJ|p=99}} |year=2013|publisher=National Library of Australia|isbn=978-0-6422-7809-8|page=99}}</ref> The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the ''[[Duyfken]]'' captained by Dutch navigator, [[Willem Janszoon]].<ref name="SmithBurke2007">{{Cite book|first1=Claire|last1=Smith|first2=Heather|last2=Burke |title=Digging It Up Down Under: A Practical Guide to Doing Archaeology in Australia|url={{GBurl|id=0HsRb_AY9jQC|p=47}}|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-0-3873-5263-3|page=47}}</ref> He sighted the coast of [[Cape York Peninsula]] in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the [[Pennefather River]] near the modern town of [[Weipa, Queensland|Weipa]] on Cape York.<ref name=dhm233>{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=233}}</ref> Later that year, Spanish explorer [[Luís Vaz de Torres]] sailed through and navigated the [[Torres Strait Islands]].<ref>Brett Hilder (1980) ''The Voyage of Torres'' University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland {{ISBN|0--7022-1275-X}}</ref> The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made,<ref name=dhm233/> [[Shipwrecks of Western Australia#Notable wrecks|a number of shipwrecks]] left men either stranded or, as in the case of the ''[[Batavia (1628 ship)|Batavia]]'' in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent.<ref>Davis, Russell Earls (2019) ''A Concise History of Western Australia'' Woodslane Press {{ISBN|978-1-9258-6822-7}} pp. 3–6</ref> In 1770, Captain [[James Cook]] sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "New South Wales" and claimed for Great Britain.<ref name="GoucherWalton2013">{{Cite book|first1=Candice|last1=Goucher|first2=Linda|last2=Walton |title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url={{GBurl|id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ|p=427}} |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-1350-8829-3|pages=427–428}}</ref>

Following the loss of its [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the [[First Fleet]], under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], to establish a new [[penal colony]] in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the [[Union Flag]] raised at [[Sydney Cove]], [[Port Jackson]], on 26 January 1788,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation |title=European discovery and the colonisation of Australia|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia|quote=[The British] moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia. The First Fleet was underprepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Cove was poor.|date=11 January 2008 |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213231728/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Egan2003">{{Cite book|first=Ted|last=Egan |title=The Land Downunder |url={{GBurl|id=ND3OqVdOwqoC|p=25}}|year=2003|publisher=Grice Chapman Publishing|isbn=978-0-9545-7260-0|pages=25–26}}</ref> a date which later became [[Australia Day|Australia's national day]]. Most early [[convicts in Australia|convicts]] were [[penal transportation|transported]] for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (non-convict immigrants). While the majority of convicts settled into colonial society once [[emancipist|emancipated]], convict rebellions and uprisings were also staged, but invariably suppressed under martial law. The 1808 [[Rum Rebellion]], the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia, instigated a two-year period of military rule.<ref>Matsuda, Matt K. (2012) ''Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures'' Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-5218-8763-2}} pp. 165–167</ref> The following decade, social and economic reforms initiated by Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] saw New South Wales transition from a penal colony to a civil society.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Ward|first=Russel| title=Australia: a short history |year=1975 |publisher=Ure Smith| edition=rev| isbn=978-0-7254-0164-1| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9442954| pages=37–38 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Molony |first = John Neylon | title=The Penguin History of Australia |year=1987 |publisher=Penguin| location=Ringwood, Vic |isbn=978-0-1400-9739-9| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18412463 |pages=47}}</ref>

The indigenous population declined for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Smallpox Through History |url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618142015/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html |archive-date=18 June 2004 |work= |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thousands more died as a result of [[Australian frontier wars|frontier conflict]] with settlers.<ref>Attwood, Bain; Foster, Stephen Glynn (2003) ''Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience'' National Museum of Australia {{ISBN|978-1-8769-4411-7}} p. 89</ref>

=== Colonial expansion ===
{{Main|History of Australia (1788–1850)|History of Australia (1851–1900)}}
[[File:PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|alt=A calm body of water is in the foreground. The shoreline is about 200 metres away. To the left, close to the shore, are three tall [[Eucalyptus|gum trees]]; behind them on an incline are ruins, including walls and watchtowers of light-coloured stone and brick, what appear to be the foundations of walls, and grassed areas. To the right lie the outer walls of a large rectangular four-storey building dotted with regularly spaced windows. Forested land rises gently to a peak several kilometres back from the shore.|Tasmania's [[Port Arthur, Tasmania|Port Arthur]] penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed [[Australian Convict Sites]].]]
The British continued to push into other areas of the continent in the early 19th century, initially along the coast. In 1803, a settlement was established in [[Van Diemen's Land]] (present-day [[Tasmania]]),<ref name="Davison pp464-5">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=464–465, 628–629}}</ref> and in 1813, [[Gregory Blaxland]], [[William Lawson (explorer)|William Lawson]] and [[William Wentworth]] crossed the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway |first=Jill |title=Biography – Gregory Blaxland – Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |chapter=Blaxland, Gregory (1778–1853) |access-date=14 July 2011 |chapter-url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010109b.htm?hilite=blaxland}}</ref> The British claim extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major [[Edmund Lockyer]] established a settlement on [[King George Sound]] (modern-day [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grey|first=Jeffrey |title=A Military History of Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistorya00grey_277|url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Port Melbourne|year=2008|edition=Third|isbn=978-0-5216-9791-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistorya00grey_277/page/n43 28]–40}}</ref> The [[Swan River Colony]] (present-day [[Perth]]) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, [[Western Australia]].<ref name="Davison p678">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=678}}</ref> In accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, [[South Australia]] in 1836, [[New Zealand]] in 1841, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in 1851, and [[Queensland]] in 1859.<ref name="Davison p464">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=464}}</ref> South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony.<ref name="Davison p598">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=598}}</ref> Western Australia was also founded "free" but later accepted [[Convict era of Western Australia|transported convicts]], the last of which arrived in 1868, decades after transportation had ceased to the other colonies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2005 |title=Public Record Office Victoria online catalogue |url=http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/PROVguides/PROVguide057/PROVguide057.jsp |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225154618/http://www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/PROVguides/PROVguide057/PROVguide057.jsp |archive-date=25 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1823, a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales was established, together with a new Supreme Court, thus limiting the powers of colonial governors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kemp |first=David |title=The Land of Dreams: How Australians Won Their Freedom, 1788–1860 |url={{GBurl|id=LUVvDwAAQBAJ}} |year=2018 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=978-0-5228-7334-4 |oclc=1088319758 |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained [[responsible government]], thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Davison p556">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=556}}</ref> The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs<ref name="Davison p138-9679">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=138–39}}</ref> and defence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colonial Defence and Imperial Repudiation|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=DSC18601113.2.12&l=mi&e=-------10--1----0-all|date=13 November 1860|issue=vol XVII, issue 1349|newspaper=Daily Southern Cross |access-date=4 April 2010}}</ref>

In the mid-19th century, explorers such as [[Burke and Wills expedition|Burke and Wills]] went further inland to determine its agricultural potential and answer scientific questions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/explorers |title=Early explorers|publisher=Australia's Culture Portal |access-date=6 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408183209/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/explorers/ |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> A [[Australian gold rushes|series of gold rushes]] beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from [[Chinese Australians|China]], North America and continental Europe,<ref name="JuppJupp2001">{{Harvnb|Jupp2|pp=35–36}}</ref> as well as outbreaks of [[bushranger|bushranging]] and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when [[Ballarat]] miners launched the [[Eureka Rebellion]] against gold license fees.<ref name="Davison pp227-9">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998 |pages=227–29}}</ref>

From 1886, Australian colonial governments began introducing policies resulting in the removal of many Aboriginal children from their families and communities (referred to as the [[Stolen Generations]]).<ref>Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". ''The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I''. p. 355–58, 363–64</ref>

=== Federation to the World Wars ===
{{Main|History of Australia (1901–1945)}}
{{See also|Federation of Australia|Military history of Australia during World War I|Military history of Australia during World War II}}
[[File:Opening of the first parliament.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Big Picture (painting)|The Big Picture]]'', a painting by [[Tom Roberts]], depicts the opening of the first Australian Parliament in 1901.]]
On 1 January 1901, [[Federation of Australia|federation of the colonies]] was achieved after a decade of planning, [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|constitutional conventions]] and [[1898–1900 Australian constitutional referendums|referendums]], resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation and the entering into force of the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]].<ref name="Davison pp243-4">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998 |pages=243–44}}</ref>

After the [[1907 Imperial Conference]], Australia and several other self-governing British [[settler colonialism|settler colonies]] were given the status of self-governing "[[dominion]]s" within the British Empire.<ref name="dominionstatus">{{Cite web |title=History of the Commonwealth|url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/commonwealth/history/|website=Commonwealth Network|publisher=Commonwealth of Nations |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=- ConstitutionTitle|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Browse/ByTitle/Constitution/InForce#top |access-date=15 January 2022|website=www.legislation.gov.au}}</ref> Australia was one of the founding members of the [[League of Nations]] in 1920,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=First Ordinary Session of the Assembly |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406025135/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and subsequently of the [[Member states of the United Nations|United Nations]] in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml |archive-date=21 November 2009 |title=Founding Member States|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Britain's [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom. Australia [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|adopted it]] in 1942,<ref name="Davison p609">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=609}}</ref> but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-25.html |title=Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (Cth)|publisher=National Archives of Australia |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/AEA1CBA4FD61CFCFCA256F71005017A1/$file/StatuteWestminAdopt1942.pdf |title=Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|publisher=ComLaw |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref>

The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the [[Australian Capital Territory]]) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/news/4332 |title=When Melbourne was Australia's capital city|last=Otto|first=Kristin|date=25 June – 9 July 2007|publisher=University of Melbourne |access-date=29 March 2010|location=Melbourne, Victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402083202/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/news/4332/ |archive-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.<ref name="Souter2012">{{Cite book|first=Gavin|last=Souter |title=Lion & Kangaroo: The Initiation of Australia|url={{GBurl|id=oQIBMD23lL0C|pg=PT141}}|year=2012|publisher=Xoum Publishing|isbn=978-1-9220-5700-6|page=141}}</ref> Australia became the colonial ruler of the [[Territory of Papua]] (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15090855.pdf |title=QUEENSLAND'S ANNEXATION OF PAPUA: A BACKGROUND TO ANGLO-GERMAN FRICTION|last=Overlack|first=Peter|date=26 October 1978|publisher=CORE}}</ref> in 1902 and of the [[Territory of New Guinea]] (formerly [[German New Guinea]]) in 1920. The two were unified as the [[Territory of Papua and New Guinea]] in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unimelb.libguides.com/png |title=Papua New Guinea Legal Research Guide|publisher=University of Melbourne |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1920A00025/Download |title=New Guinea Act 1920|publisher=Australian Government |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1949A00009 |title=Papua and New Guinea Act 1949|publisher=Australian Government |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Darwin 42.jpg|thumb|The 1942 [[Bombing of Darwin]], the first of over 100 [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–1943|Japanese air raids on Australia]] during [[World War II]]]]
In 1914, Australia joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in fighting the First World War, and took part in many of the major battles fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww1.htm |title=First World War 1914–1918|publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=5 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207011059/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww1.htm |archive-date=7 December 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer |title=Encyclopedia of World War I|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|year=2005|page=273|isbn=978-1-8510-9420-2|url={{GBurl|id=2YqjfHLyyj8C|p=273}}}}</ref> Many Australians regard the defeat of the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZACs) at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] in 1915 as the nation's "baptism of fire"—its first major military action,<ref>Macintyre, Stuart (2000) ''A Concise History of Australia'' Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], pp. 151–53, {{ISBN|0-5216-2359-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Reed|first=Liz |title=Bigger than Gallipoli: war, history, and memory in Australia|year=2004|page=5|location=Crawley, Western Australia|publisher=University of Western Australia|isbn=978-1-9206-9419-7}}</ref> with the anniversary of the [[landing at Anzac Cove]] commemorated each year on [[Anzac Day]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History |last1=Dennis |first1=Peter |last2=Grey |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Morris |first3=Ewan |last4=Prior |first4=Robin |last5=Bou |first5=Jean|author2-link=Jeffrey Grey |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne |year=2008 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-1955-1784-2 |pages=32, 38}}</ref>

From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in fighting the Second World War. Australia's [[Australian Defence Force|armed forces]] fought in the [[Pacific War|Pacific]], [[European Theatre of World War II|European]] and [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean and Middle East]] [[List of theaters and campaigns of World War II|theatres]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beaumont |first=Joan |editor=Beaumont, Joan|author-link=Joan Beaumont |title=Australia's War, 1939–1945 |year=1996 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Sydney |isbn=1-8644-8039-4 |chapter=Australia's war: Europe and the Middle East}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beaumont |first=Joan |editor=Beaumont, Joan |title=Australia's War, 1939–1945 |year=1996a |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Sydney |isbn=1-8644-8039-4 |chapter=Australia's war: Asia and the Pacific}}</ref> The shock of Britain's [[Battle of Singapore|defeat in Asia]] in 1942, followed soon after by the [[bombing of Darwin]] and [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–43|other Japanese attacks on Australian soil]], led to a widespread belief in Australia that [[Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II|a Japanese invasion was imminent]], and a shift from the United Kingdom to the [[Australia–United States relations|United States]] as Australia's principal ally and security partner.<ref name="Davison pp22-3">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=22–23}}</ref> Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the United States, under the [[ANZUS]] treaty.<ref name="Davison p30">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=30}}</ref>

=== Post-war and contemporary eras ===
{{Main|History of Australia (1945–present)}}
[[File:Dutch Migrant 1954 MariaScholte=50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Post-war immigration to Australia|Postwar migrants]] from Europe arriving in Australia in 1954]]
In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development.<ref name="Susan_Something">{{Cite book|editor-first=Susan|editor-last=Hosking|display-editors=etal |title=Something Rich and Strange: Sea Changes, Beaches and the Littoral in the Antipodes|url={{GBurl|id=6mQ_-ZD5xBUC|p=6}}|year=2009|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-8625-4870-1|pages=6–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first1=Brian|last1=Hodge|first2=Allen|last2=Whitehurst |title=Nation and People: An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World|url={{GBurl|id=qE0OAAAAQAAJ|p=184}}|year=1967|publisher=Hicks, Smith|pages=184–}}</ref> Using the slogan "populate or perish", the nation encouraged a [[Post-war immigration to Australia|large wave of immigration from across Europe]], with such immigrants referred to as "[[New Australians]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf |title=Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century – Historical Impacts on Immigration Intake, Population Size and Population Composition – A Timeline |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080801014246/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2008 |publisher=Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia) |year=2001| access-date=18 July 2008}}</ref>

A member of the [[Western Bloc]] during the [[Cold War]], Australia participated in the [[Australia in the Korean War|Korean War]] and the [[Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency|Malayan Emergency]] during the 1950s and the [[Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1962 to 1972.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coulthard-Clark |first=Chris |year=1998 |title=Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles|edition=First |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St Leonards |isbn=1-8644-8611-2 |oclc=39097011}}</ref> During this time, tensions over communist influence in society led to [[1951 Australian Communist Party ban referendum|unsuccessful attempts]] by the [[Menzies Government (1949–1966)|Menzies Government]] to ban the [[Communist Party of Australia]],<ref>Frank Crowley (1973) ''Modern Australia in Documents, 1939–1970''. pp. 222–26. Wren Publishing, Melbourne. {{ISBN|978-0-1700-5300-6}}</ref> and a [[Australian Labor Party split of 1955|bitter splitting]] of the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] in 1955.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Calwell|first=Arthur Augustus |title=Be just and fear not|url=https://archive.org/details/bejustfearnot0000calw|url-access=registration|publisher=Lloyd O'Neil Pty Ltd.|location=[[Hawthorn, Victoria|Hawthorn]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]|year=1972|isbn=978-0-8555-0352-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bejustfearnot0000calw/page/188 188]}}</ref>

As a result of a [[Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)|1967 referendum]], the Federal Government received a mandate to implement policies to benefit Aboriginal people, and all Indigenous Australians were included in the [[Census in Australia|Census]].<ref name="Edwards2004">{{Cite book|first=William Howell|last=Edwards |title=An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies|url={{GBurl|id=kF-_Pe5WX6UC|p=132}}|year=2004 |publisher=Cengage Learning Australia|isbn=978-1-8766-3389-9|pages=25–26, 30, 132–133}}</ref> Traditional ownership of land ("[[Native title in Australia|native title]]") was recognised in law for the first time when the [[High Court of Australia]] held in ''[[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)]]'' that the legal doctrine of ''[[terra nullius]]'' ("land belonging to no one") did not apply to Australia at the time of European settlement.<ref name="Davison pp. 5-7, 402">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=5–7, 402}}</ref>

Following the final abolition of the [[White Australia policy]] in 1973,<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition |title= Fact Sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy|location= Commonwealth of Australia|publisher= National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Citizenship|work= Australian Immigration |access-date= 27 March 2013 |archive-date= 19 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131355/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition |url-status= dead}}</ref> Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia.<ref name="Davison pp338-6, 681-2">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=338–39, 442–43, 681–82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sawer |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigines |journal=Federal Law Review |date=1966 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=17–36 |publisher=Australian National University |location=Canberra |doi=10.1177/0067205X6600200102 |s2cid=159414135 |issn=1444-6928|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLawRw/1967/2.pdf |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other [[Pacific Rim]] nations.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Pacific Basin since 1945: A history of the foreign relations of the Asian, Australasian, and American rim states and the Pacific islands|last=Thompson|first=Roger C. |isbn=978-0-5820-2127-3|publisher=Longman|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/pacificbasinsinc0000thom}}</ref> While the ''[[Australia Act 1986]]'' severed the remaining vestigial constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-32.html |title=Australia Act 1986 (Cth) |access-date=25 July 2020|work=Documenting a Democracy|publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House}}</ref> a [[1999 Australian republic referendum|1999 referendum]] resulted in 55% of voters rejecting a proposal to abolish the [[Monarchy of Australia]] and become a republic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22handbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2014-10-31%2F0049%22 |title=Part 5 – Referendums and Plebiscites – Referendum results |publisher=[[Parliamentary Library of Australia]] }}</ref>

Following the [[September 11 attacks]] on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the [[Military history of Australia during the War in Afghanistan|Afghanistan War]] from 2001 to 2021 and the [[Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq War]] from 2003 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neville |first=Leigh |year=2019 |title=The Australian Army at War 1976–2016|edition=First |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=978-1-4728-2631-2}}</ref> The nation's trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation's [[List of the largest trading partners of Australia|largest trading partner]] by a large margin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/fifty-years-of-Australias-trade.pdf |title=Fifty years of Australia's trade |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|COVID-19 pandemic]] which commenced in Australia in 2020, several of Australia's largest cities were [[COVID-19 lockdowns|locked down]] for extended periods of time, and free movement across state borders was restricted in an attempt to slow the spread of the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2 virus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawson |first=Emma |year=2020 |title=What Happens Next? Reconstructing Australia After COVID-19| publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-0-5228-7721-2}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Australia|Environment of Australia}}
{{See also|Environmental issues in Australia}}

=== General characteristics ===
[[File:Reliefmap of Australia.png|thumb|upright=1.3|right|alt=Map showing the topography of Australia, showing some elevation in the west and very high elevation in mountains in the southeast|Topographic map of Australia. Dark green represents the lowest elevation and dark brown the highest.]]

Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,{{Refn|Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the [[Southern Ocean]], rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between [[Antarctica]] and [[60th parallel south|60° south]] latitude.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/fifthocean.htm|last=Rosenberg|first=Matt |title=The New Fifth Ocean – The World's Newest Ocean – The Southern Ocean|publisher=About.com: Geography|date=20 August 2009 |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126025233/http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/fifthocean.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>|name="Southern Ocean"|group="N"}} Australia is separated from Asia by the [[Arafura Sea|Arafura]] and [[Timor Sea|Timor]] seas, with the [[Coral Sea]] lying off the Queensland coast, and the [[Tasman Sea]] lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's smallest continent<ref name="NatlGeo">{{Cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/index.html |title=Continents: What is a Continent?|publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=22 August 2009}} "Most people recognize seven continents — [[Asia]], [[Africa]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Antarctica]], [[Europe]], and Australia, from largest to smallest — although sometimes Europe and Asia are considered a single continent, [[Eurasia]]".</ref> and [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|sixth largest country by total area]],<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43654/Australia |title=Australia|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 August 2009}} "Smallest continent and sixth largest country (in area) on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans".</ref> Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent"<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423151730/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/islands.jsp|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/islands.jsp |publisher=Geoscience Australia |title=Islands |archive-date=23 April 2010}} "Being surrounded by ocean, Australia often is referred to as an island continent. As a continental landmass it is significantly larger than the many thousands of fringing islands{{Nbsp}}..."</ref> and is sometimes considered the [[List of islands by area|world's largest island]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/island_continent.html |title=Australia in Brief: The island continent|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604082917/http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/island_continent.html |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}} "Mainland Australia, with an area of 7.69 million square kilometres, is the Earth's largest island but smallest continent".</ref> Australia has {{Cvt|34218|km}} of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),<ref name="Coast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/142/index.html |title=State of the Environment 2006|publisher=Department of the Environment and Water Resources |access-date=19 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710224519/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/142/index.html |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> and claims an extensive [[Exclusive economic zone|Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{Convert|8148250|km2|sqmi}}. This exclusive economic zone does not include the [[Australian Antarctic Territory]].<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620022412/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/oceans-seas.jsp|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/oceans-seas.jsp |publisher=Geoscience Australia |title=Oceans and Seas – Geoscience Australia |archive-date=20 June 2009}}</ref>

Mainland Australia lies between latitudes [[9th parallel south|9°]] and [[44th parallel south|44° South]], and longitudes [[112th meridian east|112°]] and [[154th meridian east|154° East]].<ref name=lat>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/continental-extremities |title=Continental extremities|date=15 May 2014|publisher=Geoscience Australia |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/national-landscapes/index.html |title=Parks and Reserves—Australia's National Landscapes|website=environment.gov.au|date=23 November 2011 |access-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104114011/http://environment.gov.au/parks/national-landscapes/index.html |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the [[outback]] makes up by far the largest portion of land.<ref name="portrait">{{Cite book |title=Australia: Portrait of a continent|last1=Loffler|first1=Ernst|first2=Anneliese|last2=Loffler |author3=A. J. Rose|first4=Denis|last4=Warner|year=1983|publisher=Hutchinson Group (Australia)|location=Richmond, Victoria|isbn=978-0-0913-0460-7|pages=37–39}}</ref> Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.<ref name=bomclim/> The [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|population density]] is 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3218.0Main%20Features702016-17?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2016-17&num=&view=|title=Population Density|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=26 March 2019 |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Fitzroy Island.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|[[Fitzroy Island (Queensland)|Fitzroy Island]], one of the 600 islands within the main archipelago of the Great Barrier Reef]]

The [[Great Barrier Reef]], the world's largest coral reef,<ref name=UNEP>{{Cite web|author=UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre|year=1980 |title=Protected Areas and World Heritage – Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area|url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/gbrmp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528210526/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/gbrmp.html |archive-date=28 May 2007 |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |access-date=19 May 2007}}</ref> lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over {{Cvt|2000|km}}. [[Mount Augustus (Western Australia)|Mount Augustus]], claimed to be the world's largest monolith,<ref name="Monolith">{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/Western-Australia/Mount-Augustus/2005/02/17/1108500208314.html |title=Mount Augustus|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=17 February 2005 |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> is located in Western Australia. At {{Cvt|2228|m}}, [[Mount Kosciuszko]] is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are [[Mawson Peak]] (at {{Cvt|2745|m}}), on the remote Australian [[States and territories of Australia|external territory]] of [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard Island]], and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, [[Mount McClintock]] and [[Mount Menzies]], at {{Cvt|3492|m}} and {{Cvt|3355|m}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/highest-mountains.html|publisher=Geoscience Australia |title=Highest Mountains |access-date=2 February 2012|date=15 May 2014}}</ref>

Eastern Australia is marked by the [[Great Dividing Range]], which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than {{Cvt|1600|m}} in height.<ref name="Johnson2009p202">{{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=David|year=2009
|title=The Geology of Australia|edition=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5217-6741-5|page=202}}</ref> The [[Eastern Australian temperate forests|coastal uplands]] and a [[Brigalow Belt|belt of Brigalow grasslands]] lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland.<ref name="Johnson2009p202"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seabrooka
|first1=Leonie|last2=McAlpinea|first2=Clive|last3=Fenshamb|first3=Rod|year=2006 |title=Cattle, crops and clearing: Regional drivers of landscape change in the Brigalow Belt, Queensland, Australia, 1840–2004
|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning|volume=78|issue=4|pages=375–376|doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.007}}</ref> These include the [[Southeast Australia temperate savanna|western plains]] of New South Wales, and the [[Mitchell Grass Downs]] and [[Mulga Lands]] of inland Queensland.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Einasleigh Uplands savanna|id=aa0705|access-date =16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Mitchell grass downs|id=aa0707 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eastern Australia mulga shrublands|id=aa0802 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Southeast Australia temperate savanna|id=aa0803 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref> The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical [[Cape York Peninsula]].<ref name=lat/>

[[File:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Uluru]] in the semi-arid region of Central Australia]]

The landscapes of the [[Top End]] and the [[Gulf Country]]—with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland, wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Arnhem Land tropical savanna|id=aa0701 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 June 2009 |title=Rangelands – Overview|work=Australian Natural Resources Atlas|publisher=Australian Government |url=http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/rangelands/overview/qld/ibra-gup.html|access-date =16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100313224717/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/rangelands/overview/qld/ibra-gup.html |archive-date=13 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Cape York Peninsula tropical savanna|id=aa0703 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref> At the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|The Kimberley]], and below that the [[Pilbara]]. The [[Victoria Plains tropical savanna]] lies south of the [[Kimberley tropical savanna|Kimberley]] and [[Arnhem Land tropical savanna|Arnhem Land]] savannas, forming a transition between the coastal savannas and the interior deserts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Van Driesum|first=Rob|year=2002 |title=Outback Australia|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-8645-0187-2|page=306}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion |name=Victoria Plains tropical savanna|id=aa0709|access-date =16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Western Australian Mulga shrublands|id=aa1310 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref> At the heart of the country are the [[Central Ranges xeric scrub|uplands of central Australia]]. Prominent features of the centre and south include [[Uluru]] (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland [[Simpson Desert|Simpson]], [[Tirari-Sturt stony desert|Tirari and Sturt Stony]], [[Gibson Desert|Gibson]], [[Great Sandy-Tanami desert|Great Sandy, Tanami]], and [[Great Victoria Desert|Great Victoria]] deserts, with the famous [[Nullarbor Plain]] on the southern coast.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Central Ranges xeric scrub|id=aa1302 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Banting|first=Erinn
|year=2003 |title=Australia: The land|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7787-9343-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/australia00bant_2/page/10 10]
|url=https://archive.org/details/australia00bant_2/page/10}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{WWF ecoregion|name=Tirari-Sturt stony desert|id=aa1309 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Great Sandy-Tanami desert|id=aa1304 |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Western Australian mulga shrublands]] lie between the interior deserts and Mediterranean-climate [[Southwest Australia]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Western Australian mulga shrublands|id=aa1301 |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Australia}}
[[File:Ausgeolbasic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Basic geological regions of Australia, by age]]

Lying on the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history.<ref>Pirajno, F., Occhipinti, S.A. and Swager, C.P., 1998. ''Geology and tectonic evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic Bryah, Padbury and Yerrida basins, Western Australia: implications for the history of the south-central Capricorn orogen'' Precambrian Research, 90: 119–40</ref><ref>Pain, C.F., Villans, B.J., Roach, I.C., Worrall, L. & Wilford, J.R. (2012) "Old, flat and red – Australia's distinctive landscape" In: ''Shaping a Nation: A Geology of Australia'' Blewitt, R.S. (Ed.) Geoscience Australia and ANU E Press, Canberra. pp. 227–75 {{ISBN|978-1-9221-0343-7}}</ref> The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning over 3.8 billion years of the Earth's history. The [[Pilbara Craton]] is one of only two pristine [[Archean|Archaean]] 3.6–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=DR|last2=Foster|first2=DA|year=2004 |title=Tectonic review of the Lachlan Orogen: historical review, data synthesis and modern perspectives|journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences|volume=51|issue=6|pages=773–817|doi=10.1111/j.1400-0952.2004.01092.x|s2cid=128901742}}</ref>

Having been part of all major [[supercontinent]]s, the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] began to form after the breakup of [[Gondwana]] in the [[Permian]], with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent and Indian subcontinent. It separated from Antarctica over a prolonged period beginning in the [[Permian]] and continuing through to the [[Cretaceous]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hawkesworth|first1=CJ|display-authors=et al.|year=2010 |title=The generation and evolution of the continental crust|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|volume=167|issue=2|pages=229–248 |doi=10.1144/0016-76492009-072|bibcode=2010JGSoc.167..229H|s2cid=131052922}}</ref> When the [[last glacial period]] ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed [[Bass Strait]], separating [[Tasmania]] from the mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the [[Aru Islands]], and the mainland of Australia.<ref>Hillis RR & Muller RD. (eds) 2003 ''Evolution and dynamics of the Australian Plate'' Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 22: 432 p.</ref> The Australian continent is moving toward [[Eurasia]] at the rate of 6 to 7 centimetres a year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cawood|first1=PA|year=2005 |title=Terra Australis Orogen: ''Rodinia breakup and development of the Pacific and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic''|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=69|issue=3–4|pages=249–279|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.09.001|bibcode=2005ESRv...69..249C}}</ref>

The Australian mainland's [[continental crust]], excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38{{Nbsp}}km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km.<ref>McKenzie et al. (ed) 2004 Australian Soils and Landscapes: an illustrated compendium [[CSIRO]] Publishing: 395 p.</ref> Australia's geology can be divided into several main sections, showcasing that the continent grew from west to east: the Archaean [[craton]]ic shields found mostly in the west, [[Proterozoic]] [[orogeny|fold belts]] in the centre and [[Phanerozoic]] [[sedimentary basins]], metamorphic and [[igneous rocks]] in the east.<ref>Bishop P & Pillans B. (eds) 2010, Australian Landscapes Geological Society of London Special Publication 346</ref>

The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the [[tectonic plate]] and have no active volcanoes,<ref name="ag">{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/land-of-earthquakes-and-volcanoes.htm |title=Land of earthquakes and volcanoes?|first=Kevin|last=Mccue |access-date=25 April 2010|date=26 February 2010|publisher=Australian Geographic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306150520/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/land-of-earthquakes-and-volcanoes.htm |archive-date=6 March 2010}}</ref> but due to passing over the [[East Australia hotspot]], recent volcanism has occurred during the [[Holocene]], in the [[Newer Volcanics Province]] of western Victoria and southeastern South Australia. Volcanism also occurs in the island of New Guinea (considered geologically as part of the Australian continent), and in the Australian external territory of [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]].<ref>Van Ufford AQ & Cloos M. 2005 ''Cenozoic tectonics of New Guinea'' AAPG Bulletin 89: 119–140</ref> [[List of earthquakes in Australia|Seismic activity]] in the Australian mainland and Tasmania is also low, with the greatest number of fatalities having occurred in the [[1989 Newcastle earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/urban/factsheets/earthquakes_newcastle.jsp |title=Earthquake History, Regional Seismicity And The 1989 Newcastle Earthquake |publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=22 June 2004 |access-date=27 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826220212/http://www.ga.gov.au/urban/factsheets/earthquakes_newcastle.jsp |archive-date=26 August 2004}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Australia}}
[[File:Australia Köppen.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Australia<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beck|first1=Hylke E.|last2=Zimmermann|first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar|first3=Tim R.|last4=Vergopolan|first4=Noemi|last5=Berg|first5=Alexis|last6=Wood|first6=Eric F.|title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data|date=30 October 2018|volume=5|issue=1|page=180214|doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214|pmid=30375988|pmc=6207062|bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B}}</ref>]]

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the [[Indian Ocean Dipole]] and the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], which is correlated with periodic [[Drought in Australia|drought]], and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/climate-watch/no-more-drought-its-a-permanent-dry/2007/09/06/1188783415754.html |title=No more drought: it's a 'permanent dry'|last=Kleinman|first=Rachel|date=6 September 2007 |access-date=30 March 2010|publisher=The Age|location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article2465960.ece |title=Australia's epic drought: The situation is grim|last=Marks|first=Kathy|newspaper=The Independent|date=20 April 2007 |access-date=30 March 2010|location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422065131/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article2465960.ece |archive-date=22 April 2007}}</ref> These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall ([[monsoon]]).<ref name=bomclim>{{Cite web |title=Australia – Climate of Our Continent|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.htm |access-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/zones.html |archive-date=17 March 2009}}{{Cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The south-west corner of the country has a [[Mediterranean climate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate of Western Australia|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.htm |access-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.html |archive-date=17 March 2009}}{{Cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The south-east ranges from [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to [[humid subtropical]] (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring [[alpine climate|alpine]] and [[subpolar oceanic climate]]s. The interior is [[arid]] to [[semi-arid]].<ref name=bomclim/>

Driven by climate change, average temperatures have risen [[Climate change in Australia|more than 1°C since 1960]]. Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfires]]. 2019 was Australia's warmest recorded year,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/documents/State-of-the-Climate-2020.pdf |title=State of the Climate 2020|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|date=November 2020 |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> and the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|2019–2020 bushfire season]] was the country's worst [[List of Australian bushfire seasons|on record]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Australia fires: Life during and after the worst bushfires in history|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52410744|publisher=BBC News|date=28 April 2020}}</ref> [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia|Australia's greenhouse gas emissions]] per capita are among the highest in the world.<ref>{{Cite report|date=9 March 2020 |title=Environment at a Glance Indicators: Climate change|url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/environment-at-a-glance/Climate-Change-Archive-February-2020.pdf |publisher=OECD|page=6}}</ref>

[[Water restrictions in Australia|Water restrictions]] are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Heggie|first1=Jon |title=Making Every Drop Count: How Australia is Securing its Water Future|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/partner-content-how-australia-is-securing-its-water-future/|publisher=National Geographic|date=August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nwc.gov.au/urban/more/national-review-of-water-restrictions-in-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227083656/http://www.nwc.gov.au/urban/more/national-review-of-water-restrictions-in-australia |archive-date=27 February 2012 |title=National review of water restrictions in Australia|publisher=Australian Government National Water Commission|date=15 January 2010 |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> Throughout much of the continent, [[Floods in Australia|major flooding]] regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the [[2000s Australian drought]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/yes-australia-is-a-land-of-flooding-rains-but-climate-change-could-be-making-it-worse-157586|last=Gergis|first=Joelle |title=Yes, Australia is a land of flooding rains. But climate change could be making it worse|date=23 March 2021|website=The Conversation}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{See also|Fauna of Australia|Flora of Australia|Fungi of Australia}}
[[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|alt=A koala holding onto a eucalyptus tree with its head turned so both eyes are visible|The [[koala]] and the ''[[eucalyptus]]'' form an iconic Australian pair.]]

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from [[alpine climate|alpine]] heaths to [[tropical rainforest]]s. Fungi typify that diversity—an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia.<ref>Pascoe, I. G.; (1991) History of systematic mycology in Australia ''History of Systematic Botany in Australasia'' Ed. by: P. Short Australian Systematic Botany Society Inc. pp. 259–264</ref> Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's [[biota (ecology)|biota]] is unique. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of [[List of birds of Australia|birds]], and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are [[endemism|endemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html |title=About Biodiversity |access-date=18 September 2007|publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205015628/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html |archive-date=5 February 2007}}</ref> Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lambertini|first=Marco |title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics|year=2000|isbn=978-0-2264-6828-0|publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/468283.html|format=excerpt |access-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species. Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-13/greg-hunt-feral-cat-native-animals-fact-check/5858282 |title=Fact check: Are feral cats killing over 20 billion native animals a year?|date=20 November 2014|work=ABC News |access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Seafaring immigrants from Asia are believed to have brought the [[dingo]] to Australia sometime after the end of the last ice age{{Mdash}}perhaps 4000 years ago{{Mdash}}and Aboriginal people helped disperse them across the continent as pets, contributing to the demise of [[thylacines]] on the mainland.<ref>The Story of Australia's People, Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic., 2015 {{ISBN|978-0-6700-7871-4}}</ref> Australia is also one of 17 megadiverse countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Megan C. |last2=Watson |first2=James E. M. |last3=Fuller |first3=Richard A. |last4=Venter |first4=Oscar |last5=Bennett |first5=Simon C. |last6=Marsack |first6=Peter R. |last7=Possingham |first7=Hugh P. |title=The Spatial Distribution of Threats to Species in Australia |journal=BioScience |date=April 2011 |volume=61 |issue=4 |page=282 |doi=10.1525/bio.2011.61.4.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Forests of Australia|Australian forests]] are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly [[eucalyptus]] trees in the less arid regions; [[Acacia|wattles]] replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.<ref name=dfat>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/flora_and_fauna.html |title=About Australia: Flora and fauna |access-date=15 May 2010|date=May 2008|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211203954/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/flora_and_fauna.html |archive-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> Among well-known [[fauna of Australia|Australian animals]] are the [[monotreme]]s (the [[platypus]] and [[echidna]]); a host of [[marsupial]]s, including the [[kangaroo]], koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.<ref name=dfat/> Australia is home to [[Animal attacks in Australia|many dangerous animals]] including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=Snake bite – The Australian Venom Compendium Concept |url=http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000084b.htm |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115112947/http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000084b.htm |archive-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[dingo]] was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name="savolainen2004">{{Cite journal|last1=Savolainen|first1=P.|last2=Leitner|first2=T.|last3=Wilton|first3=A.N.|last4=Matisoo-Smith|first4=E.
|last5=Lundeberg|first5=J.|title=A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA|doi=10.1073/pnas.0401814101|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=101|issue=33|pages=12387–12390|year=2004|pmid=15299143|pmc=514485|bibcode=2004PNAS..10112387S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=170 |title=Humans to blame for extinction of Australia's megafauna|publisher=University of Melbourne|date=8 June 2001 |access-date=30 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402065113/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=170 |archive-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> including the [[Australian megafauna]]; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.<ref name="NW">{{Cite web |url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/index.htm |title=The Thylacine Museum – A Natural History of the Tasmanian Tiger|publisher=The Thylacine Museum |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ts-day/index.html |title=National Threatened Species Day |publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government|year=2006 |access-date=21 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209084616/http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/ts-day/index.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and [[Invasive species in Australia|introduced]] animal, [[chromista]]n, fungal and plant species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/index.html |title=Invasive species|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts|date=17 March 2010 |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629001302/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2012/10/australias-most-endangered-species |title=Australia's most endangered species|publisher=Australian Geographic |access-date=16 June 2014|date=2 October 2012}}</ref> The federal ''Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999'' is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/about/index.html |title=About the EPBC Act|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531084042/http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/about/index.html |archive-date=31 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Numerous [[Protected areas of Australia|protected areas]] have been created under the [[Biodiversity action plan|National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity]] to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312021249/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/index.html |archive-date=12 March 2011 |title=National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts|date=21 January 2010 |access-date=14 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/chap1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313222100/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy/chap1.html |archive-date=13 March 2011 |title=Conservation of biological diversity across Australia |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts|date=19 January 2009 |access-date=14 June 2010}}</ref> 65 [[wetland]]s are [[List of Ramsar sites in Australia|listed]] under the [[Ramsar Convention]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance|publisher=Ramsar Convention|pages=6–7|date=22 May 2010 |access-date=14 June 2010}}</ref> and 16 natural [[World Heritage Site]]s have been established.<ref name="WHC">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/au |title=Australia|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 [[Environmental Performance Index]].<ref>{{Citation |title=2018 EPI Results|url=https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-topline|work=Environmental Performance Index|publisher=Yale Center for International Earth Science Information Network |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723205354/https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-topline |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-24/australias-long-list-of-threatened-species/11234090 |title='Haunting': What it's like watching the last of a species die|last=March|first=Stephanie|date=24 June 2019|work=ABC News |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

[[Paleontologists]] discovered a [[fossil]] site of a [[prehistoric]] [[rainforest]] in [[McGraths Flat]], in South Australia, that presents evidence that this now arid [[desert]] and dry [[shrubland]]/[[grassland]] was once home to an abundance of life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mind-Blowing New Fossil Site Found in The 'Dead' Heart of Australia |author=Michelle Starr |date=7 January 2022 |website=Science Alert |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/incredible-new-fossil-site-found-in-the-dead-heart-of-australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=See the spectacular fossils from a newly discovered prehistoric rainforest |date=7 January 2022 |author=Michael Greshko |website=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/see-the-spectacular-fossils-from-a-newly-discovered-prehistoric-rainforest}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Australia|Politics of Australia}}
{{Multiple image
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| total_width = 340
| image1 = King Charles III (July 2023).jpg
| caption1 = [[Charles III]], [[Monarchy of Australia|King of Australia]]
| image2 = David Hurley official photo (cropped, high resolution).jpg
| caption2 = [[David Hurley]], [[Governor-General of Australia]]
| image3 = Anthony Albanese portrait (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Anthony Albanese]], [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
}}

Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/features/2010/08/how-australias-parliament-works |title=How Australia's Parliament works|publisher=Australian Geographic |access-date=16 June 2014|date=11 August 2010}}</ref> The country has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system under its [[Constitution of Australia|constitution]], which is [[List of national constitutions|one of the world's oldest]], since [[Federation of Australia|Federation]] in 1901. It is also one of the world's oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and [[States and territories of Australia|state and territorial]] governments. The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a [[Fusion of powers|fused executive]], constitutional monarchy and strong party discipline) and the United States ([[federalism]], a [[written constitution]] and [[bicameralism|strong bicameralism]] with an elected upper house), along with distinctive indigenous features.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Elaine |title=The "Washminster" Mutation|journal=Australian Journal of Political Science|year=1980|volume=15|issue=2|page=32 |doi=10.1080/00323268008401755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Systems of government in Australia, Britain and United States – Get Parliament|url=https://getparliament.peo.gov.au/the-australian-constitution/systems-of-government-in-australia-britain-and-united-states|website=getparliament.peo.gov.au |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

The [[Separation of powers in Australia|federal government is separated]] into three branches:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Work_of_the_Parliament/Forming_and_Governing_a_Nation/parl|publisher=Parliament of Australia|title=parliament and Government|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328003357/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Work_of_the_Parliament/Forming_and_Governing_a_Nation/parl|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Legislature: the bicameral [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]], comprising the [[Monarchy of Australia|monarch]] (represented by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]]), the [[Australian Senate|Senate]], and the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]];
* Executive: the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]], which in practice gives legal effect to the decisions of the [[Cabinet of Australia|cabinet]], comprising the [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] and other ministers of state appointed by the governor-general on the advice of Parliament;<ref name="CIAfactbook">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |title=The World Factbook 2009|year=2009|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=29 March 2010|location=Washington, D.C.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324151921/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |archive-date=24 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other [[Australian court hierarchy|federal courts]], whose judges are appointed by the governor-general on advice of Parliament

[[Charles III]] reigns as [[King of Australia]] and is represented in Australia by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] at the federal level and by the [[Governors of the Australian states|governors]] at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of his ministers.<ref name="Davison pp287–8">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=287–88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/category.php?id=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804130529/http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/category.php?id=2 |archive-date=4 August 2008 |title=Governor-General's Role|publisher=Governor-General of Australia |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the [[Prime Minister of Australia|prime minister]] and the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]]. The governor-general, however, does have [[reserve power]]s which, in some situations, may be exercised outside the prime minister's request. These powers are held by convention and their scope is unclear. The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis of 1975]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Parliament of Australia|date=23 January 1998 |access-date=18 June 2010|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm |title=The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General|author=Downing, Susan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726170040/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Parliament House at dusk, Canberra ACT.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|alt=A large white and cream coloured building with grass on its roof. The building is topped with a large flagpole.|[[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]], [[Canberra]]]]

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).<ref name=sen>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/senatecomposition.htm |title=Senate Summary|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506235552/http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/senatecomposition.htm |archive-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|electoral divisions]], commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/Voting/How_to_vote/Voting_HOR.htm |title=Voting HOR|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|date=31 July 2007 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525053550/http://www.aec.gov.au/Voting/How_to_vote/Voting_HOR.htm |archive-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/state_tas.htm |title=Election Summary: Tasmania|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503053159/http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/state_tas.htm |archive-date=3 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a [[double dissolution]].<ref name=sen/>

Australia's [[electoral system of Australia|electoral system]] uses [[Instant-runoff voting|preferential voting]] for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with [[proportional representation]] in a system known as the [[single transferable vote]]. [[Compulsory voting|Voting is compulsory]] for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/voting/compulsory_voting.pdf |title=Compulsory Voting in Australia|last=Evans|first=Tim|year=2006|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|page=4 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611200653/http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/voting/compulsory_voting.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> as is enrolment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aec.gov.au/FAQs/Enrolment.htm#compulsory |title=Is it compulsory to enrol, regardless of age or disability?|work=Enrolment – Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524015925/https://aec.gov.au/FAQs/Enrolment.htm |archive-date=24 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/content.php/page/id/3/title/governor-generals-role |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014171300/http://www.gg.gov.au/content.php/page/id/3/title/governor-generals-role |archive-date=14 October 2012 |title=Governor-General's Role|publisher=Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a [[Westminster system|Westminster]] parliamentary democracy with an elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a "Washminster mutation",<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Elaine | journal = Politics |title=The 'Washminster' mutation |date=1980 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.1080/00323268008401755}}</ref> or as a [[semi-parliamentary system]].<ref name=Ganghof>{{Cite journal |last1=Ganghof |first1=S |title=A new political system model: Semi-parliamentary government |journal=European Journal of Political Research |date=May 2018 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=261–281 |doi=10.1111/1475-6765.12224 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the [[Australian Labor Party]] and the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]], which is a formal grouping of the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its minor partner, the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/guide/glossary.htm#coalition |title=Glossary of Election Terms|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/results/sop.htm |title=State of the Parties|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418163914/http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2007/results/sop.htm |archive-date= 18 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal National Party]] and the [[Country Liberal Party]] are merged state branches in Queensland and the Northern Territory that function as separate parties at a federal level.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2008 |title=The Liberal-National Party – a new model party? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-30/the-liberal-national-party---a-new-model-party/457812 |access-date=8 September 2021|website=www.abc.net.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered [[centre-right]] and the Labor Party is considered [[centre-left]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fenna|first1=Alan|last2=Robbins|first2=Jane|last3=Summers|first3=John |title=Government Politics in Australia|publisher=Pearson Higher Education AU|location=London|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4860-0138-5|page=139}}</ref> Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. The [[Australian Greens]] are often considered the "third force" in politics, being the third largest party by both vote and membership.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/old-greens-wounds-reopen-as-members-vote-on-directly-electing-leader-20200422-p54m5r.html |title=Old Greens wounds reopen as members vote on directly electing leader|last=Harris|first=Rob|date=22 April 2020|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Stewart |title=The Australian Greens : from activism to Australia's third party |date=2016 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=978-0-5228-6794-7}}</ref>

The [[2022 Australian federal election|most recent federal election]] was held on 21 May 2022 and resulted in the Australian Labor Party, led by [[Anthony Albanese]], being elected to [[Government of Australia|government]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2022 |title=Anthony Albanese sworn in as Prime Minister |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-23/anthony-albanese-to-be-sworn-in-prime-minister/101089902 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

=== States and territories ===
{{Main|States and territories of Australia}}
[[File:Australia states and territories labelled.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|right|A map of Australia's states and territories]]

Australia has six states—New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld), South Australia (SA), Tasmania (Tas), Victoria (Vic) and Western Australia (WA)—and three mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Northern Territory (NT), and the Jervis Bay Territory (JBT). The ACT and NT are mostly self-governing, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s122.html |title=Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act – Sect 122 Government of territories|publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute}}</ref>

Under the constitution, the states essentially have [[Plenary power|plenary legislative power]] to legislate on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament may legislate only within the subject areas enumerated under [[Section 51 of the Australian Constitution|section 51]]. For example, state parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-government/state-and-territory-government |title=State and Territory Government|publisher=Government of Australia |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112011823/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-government/state-and-territory-government |archive-date=12 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, Commonwealth laws prevail over state laws to the extent of the inconsistency.<ref>[[Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution, section 109]]</ref>

Each state and major mainland territory has its own [[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories|parliament]]—[[unicameralism|unicameral]] in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The states are sovereign entities, although subject to certain powers of the Commonwealth as defined by the Constitution. The lower houses are known as the [[Legislative Assembly]] (the [[House of Assembly]] in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the [[Legislative council|Legislative Council]]. The [[head of government|head of the government]] in each state is the [[Premiers of the Australian states|Premier]] and in each territory the [[Chief Minister]]. The King is represented in each state by a [[Governors of the Australian states|governor]]. In the Commonwealth, the King's representative is the governor-general.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/category.php?id=2|publisher=Governor–General of the Commonwealth of Australia |title=Governor-General's Role |access-date=30 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804130529/http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/category.php?id=2 |archive-date=4 August 2008}}</ref>

The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the external territories of [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]], [[Christmas Island]], the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], the [[Coral Sea Islands]], [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]], and the [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed region]] of [[Australian Antarctic Territory]], as well as the internal [[Jervis Bay Territory]], a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales.<ref name="CIAfactbook"/> The external territory of [[Norfolk Island]] previously exercised considerable autonomy under the ''Norfolk Island Act 1979'' through its own legislative assembly and an [[List of administrative heads of Norfolk Island|Administrator]] to represent the monarch.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806021653/http://ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Territories_of_AustraliaNorfolk_IslandAdministrator_of_Norfolk_Island|url=http://ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Territories_of_AustraliaNorfolk_Island|publisher=Australian Government Attorney-General's Department |title=Administrator of Norfolk Island |archive-date=6 August 2008}}</ref> In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/may/12/norfolk-island-loses-its-parliament-as-canberra-takes-control |title=Norfolk Island loses its parliament as Canberra takes control|first1=Monica|last1=Tan|author2=Australian Associated Press |date=12 May 2015|newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> [[Macquarie Island]] is part of Tasmania,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Macquarie Island research station to be closed in 2017 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-13/macquarie-island-research-station-to-be-closed-in-2017/7839640|work=ABC News|date=13 September 2016 |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> and [[Lord Howe Island]] of New South Wales.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nomination of The Lord Howe Island Group by the Commonwealth of Australia For inclusion in the World Heritage List |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/a7088999-c54e-4e80-9891-fba5de5acd77/files/lord-howe-1981-nomination.pdf|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=December 1981|pages=1–2|isbn=0-6428-7819-6}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Australia}}
[[File:Diplomatic missions of Australia.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[List of diplomatic missions of Australia|Diplomatic missions of Australia]]]]
Over recent decades, Australia's foreign relations have been driven by a focus on relationships within the [[Asia-Pacific]] region and a continued close association with the United States through the [[ANZUS]] pact and its status as a [[major non-NATO ally]] of that country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 February 1987 |title=U.S. Is Granting Israel Non-NATO Ally Status : Move Should Bring Strategic and Economic Gains, Shamir Says; Egypt Gets Same Rating |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-16-mn-2391-story.html |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A regional power, Australia is a member of regional and cultural groupings including the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], the [[Pacific Community]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and is a participant in the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations#ASEAN Plus Three and ASEAN Plus Six|ASEAN+6 mechanism]] and the [[East Asia Summit]].

Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the [[AUKUS]] security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] with the United States, India and Japan; the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the [[Reciprocal Access Agreement|Reciprocal Access]] defence and security agreement with Japan.
[[File:P20220524AS-1533_(52245766080).jpg|thumb|Australian Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]] with American President [[Joe Biden]] in Kantei, Tokyo, 2022]]
Australia has pursued the cause of international [[trade liberalisation]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Capling|first=Ann |title=Australia and the Global Trade System: From Havana to Seattle|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-5217-8525-9|page=116}}</ref> It led the formation of the [[Cairns Group]] and [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gallagher, P. W.|title=Setting the agenda for trade negotiations: Australia and the Cairns group|journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs|volume=42|issue=1 April 1988|pages=3–8|doi=10.1080/10357718808444955|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apec2007.org/aa.htm|title=APEC and Australia|publisher=APEC 2007|date=1 June 2007|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421170701/http://www.apec2007.org/aa.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is a member of the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) and the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/about/0,3347,en_33873108_33873229_1_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=Australia:About|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420083545/http://www.oecd.org/about/0%2C3347%2Cen_33873108_33873229_1_1_1_1_1%2C00.html |archive-date=20 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/australia_e.htm |title=Australia – Member information|publisher=World Trade Organization |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525011833/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/australia_e.htm |archive-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In recent decades, Australia has entered into the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] multilateral [[free trade agreement]]s as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the [[Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement|United States]], [[China–Australia Free Trade Agreement|China]], [[Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement|Japan]], [[Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement|South Korea]], [[Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement|Indonesia]], the [[Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement|United Kingdom]] and [[Closer Economic Relations|New Zealand]].<ref name="CERdfat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/anz_cer/anz_cer.html |title=Closer Economic Relations|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=30 March 2010 |location=Canberra, ACT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008192957/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/anz_cer/anz_cer.html |archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>

Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]] and free trade under the Closer Economic Relations agreement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/12/04/1165080875361.html |title=NZ, Australia 'should consider merger'|date=4 December 2006|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=20 March 2008|quote=The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs [found] "While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations, it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries – the economic, cultural, migration, defence, governmental and people-to-people linkages – suggest that an even closer relationship, including the possibility of union, is both desirable and realistic ..."}}</ref> The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://poll.lowyinstitute.org/files/lowyinsitutepoll-2021.pdf |title=2021 Lowy Institute Poll|last=Kassam|first=Natasha|date=2021|publisher=Lowy Institute}}</ref> A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to [[multilateralism]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cpd.org.au/article/in-defence-multilateralism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917192642/http://cpd.org.au/article/in-defence-multilateralism |archive-date=17 September 2009 |title=In Defence of Multilateralism|author1=Arvanitakis, James|author2=Tyler, Amy|date=3 June 2008|publisher=Centre for Policy Development}}</ref> and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance.<ref name="budget">{{Cite web|last=Treasury|first=scheme=AGLSTERMS AglsAgent; corporateName=Department of the|date=11 May 2021 |title=2021–22 Budget|url=https://budget.gov.au/ |access-date=15 January 2022|website=budget.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Australia ranked fourth in the [[Center for Global Development]]'s 2021 [[Commitment to Development Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cgdev.org/publication/commitment-development-index-2021 |title=The Commitment to Development Index 2021|last1=Mitchell|first1=Ian|last2=Robinson|first2=Lee|last3=Cichocka|first3=Beata|last4=Ritchie|first4=Euan|date=13 September 2021 |access-date=17 August 2022|publisher=[[Center for Global Development]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Australian Defence Force|Royal Australian Navy|Australian Army|Royal Australian Air Force}}
[[File:HMAS Arunta and Canberra sailing in formation with other warships.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[HMAS Canberra]], a [[Canberra-class landing helicopter dock|Canberra class]] [[landing helicopter dock]], and [[HMAS Arunta]], an [[Anzac-class frigate|Anzac-class]] [[frigate]], sailing in formation]]

Australia's armed forces—the Australian Defence Force (ADF)—comprise the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), in total numbering 81,214 personnel (including 57,982 regulars and 23,232 reservists) {{As of|2015|November|lc=y}}. The titular role of [[Commander-in-Chief]] is vested in the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], who appoints a [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]] from one of the armed services on the advice of the government.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Australian Defence Almanac 2004–2005 |last=Khosa|first=Raspal|year=2004|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|location=Canberra|page=4}}</ref> In a [[diarchy]], the Chief of the Defence Force serves as co-chairman of the [[Defence Committee (Australia)|Defence Committee]], conjointly with the [[Department of Defence (Australia)#Secretary of Defence|Secretary of Defence]], in the command and control of the [[Australian Defence Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/CDF/Diarchy.asp |title=The Secretary and Chief of the Defence Force – "the Diarchy" |publisher=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] |access-date=8 January 2016 }}</ref>

In the 2016–2017 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|12th largest defence budget]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016|publisher=SIPRI|last1=Tian|first1=Nan|last2=Fleurant|first2=Aude |last3=Wezeman|first3=Pieter D.|last4=Wezeman|first4=Siemon T.|date=April 2017}}</ref> Australia has been involved in United Nations and regional peacekeeping, disaster relief, as well as armed conflicts from the [[First World War]] onwards.

=== Human rights ===
{{See also|Human rights in Australia|LGBT rights in Australia}}
Legal and social rights in Australia are regarded as among the most developed in the world.<ref name="Global Australia 2021" /> Attitudes towards LGBT people are generally positive within Australia, and [[Same-sex marriage in Australia|same-sex marriage]] has been legal in the nation since 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 20 most and least gay-friendly countries in the world|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-06-26/20-most-and-least-gay-friendly-countries-world|access-date=31 December 2017|date=26 June 2013|work=Public Radio International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Same-Sex Marriage Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> Australia has had anti-discrimination laws regarding disability since 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal - Legislation |url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/legal/legislation |website=Australian Human Rights Commission |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Australia}}
{{Further|Economic history of Australia|Tourism in Australia}}
[[File:Sydney central business district skyline, August 2021.jpg|thumb|The [[Sydney central business district|central business district]] of [[Sydney]] is the [[financial centre]] of Australia.]]
Australia's [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]] [[mixed economy|mixed-market economy]] is rich in [[Mining in Australia|natural resources]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Clyde|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-column-russell-commodities-australia-idUKKBN2BM0WC |title=Column: Resource-rich Australia shows vagaries of any commodity supercycle|date=30 March 2021|work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> It is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|thirteenth-largest]] by nominal terms, and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|18th-largest]] by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]]. {{As of|2021}}, it has the [[List of countries by wealth per adult|second-highest amount]] of wealth per adult, after [[Luxembourg]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Wealth Databook 2021|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf |access-date=14 August 2022|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]]}}</ref> and has the [[List of countries by financial assets per capita|thirteenth-highest]] financial assets per capita.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Carrera|first1=Jordi Bosco|last2=Grimm|first2=Michaela|last3=Halzhausen|first3=Arne|last4=Pelaya|first4=Patricia|url=https://www.allianz.com/content/dam/onemarketing/azcom/Allianz_com/economic-research/publications/specials/en/2021/october/2021_10_07_Global-Wealth-Report.pdf |title=ALLIANZ GLOBAL WEALTH REPORT 2021|date=7 October 2021|publisher=[[Allianz]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> Australia has a labour force of some 13.5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3.5% as of June 2022.<ref name="ABSLabourForce">{{Cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia/latest-release |title=Labour Force, Australia|date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> According to the [[Australian Council of Social Service]], the [[Poverty in Australia|poverty rate of Australia]] exceeds 13.6% of the population, encompassing 3.2 million. It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17.7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au/poverty|title=Poverty – Poverty and Inequality}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acoss.org.au/media_release/report-shows-three-million-people-in-poverty-in-australia-and-why-we-must-act-to-support-each-other|title=Report shows three million people in poverty in Australia and why we must act to support each other - ACOSS}}</ref> The [[Australian dollar]] is the national currency, which is also shared with three Island states in the Pacific: [[Kiribati]], [[Nauru]], and [[Tuvalu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30205/ado2013-small-island-economies.pdf |title=Small island economies|year=2013|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |access-date=14 August 2022|quote=All three countries use the Australian dollar as legal tender.}}</ref>

[[Australian government debt]], about $963 billion, exceeds 45.1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's [[List of countries by government debt|eighth-highest]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dossor|first=Rob|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview202122/CommonwealthDebt |title=Commonwealth debt|publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> Australia had the [[List of countries by household debt|second-highest level]] of [[household debt]] in the world in 2020, after Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/HH_LS@GDD/AUS/CHE |title=Household debt, loans and debt securities|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> [[Australian property market|Its house prices]] are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neubauer|first=Ian|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/4/6/australians-home-ownership-dream-turns-soar-as-prices-soar |title='Ridiculous prices': Australians' home ownership dreams turn sour|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=6 April 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> The large service sector accounts for about 71.2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25.3%), while the [[Agriculture in Australia|agriculture sector]] is by far the smallest, making up only 3.6% of total GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/australia |title=Australia. CIA – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref> Australia is the world's [[List of countries by exports|21st-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|24th-largest importer]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c036%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 |title=List of importing markets for the product exported by Austral1ia in 2021|publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c036%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 |title=List of supplying markets for the product imported by Australia in 2021|publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref> China is Australia's [[List of the largest trading partners of Australia|largest trading partner]] by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17.6% of its imports.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/29/trade-war-with-china-australias-economy-after-covid-19-pandemic.html |title=Australia's growth may 'never return' to its pre-virus path after trade trouble with China, says economist|last=Tan|first=Weizhen|date=29 December 2020|publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade-and-investment/trade-and-investment-glance-2020 |title=Trade and investment at a glance 2020|publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>

Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and was ranked fifth in the [[Human Development Index]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Development Programme |date=September 2022 |title=United Nations Development Programme, The 2021/2022 Human Development Report: Uncertain times, unsettled lives, Shaping our future in a transforming world (p 272) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=United Nations}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, it is ranked twelfth in the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] and nineteenth in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Rankings|url=https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2022.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|last=Schwab|first=Klaus|author-link=Klaus Schwab|year=2022}}</ref> It attracted 9.5 million international tourists in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://statistics.jnto.go.jp/en/graph/#graph--inbound--travelers--transition |title=Trends in the Visitor Arrivals to Japan by Year|publisher=JNTO |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> and was [[World Tourism rankings|ranked thirteenth]] among the countries of [[Asia-Pacific]] in 2019 for inbound tourism.<ref name="WTOB">{{Cite journal|date=August–September 2020|publisher=UNWTO |title=Statistical Annex|journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer|volume=18|issue=5|page=18|doi=10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.5|doi-access=free}}</ref> The 2021 ''[[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]]'' ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021 |date=May 2022|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Travel_Tourism_Development_2021.pdf |access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45.7 billion.<ref name="WTOB"/>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy policy of Australia|Renewable energy in Australia}}
In 2003, Australia's energy sources were coal (58.4%), hydropower (19.1%), natural gas (13.5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5.4%), oil (2.9%), and other renewable resources like wind power, solar energy, and bioenergy (0.7%).<ref>OECD/IEA, p. 96</ref> During the 21st century, Australia has been trending to generate more energy using renewable resources and less energy using fossil fuels. In 2020, Australia used coal for 62% of all energy (3.6% increase compared to 2013), wind power for 9.9% (9.5% increase), natural gas for 9.9% (3.6% decrease), solar power for 9.9% (9.8% increase), hydropower for 6.4% (12.7% decrease), bioenergy for 1.4% (1.2% increase), and other sources like oil and waste coal mine gas for 0.5%.<ref name="energy">{{Cite web |last1=Clean Energy Council Australia |title=Clean Energy Australia Report 2021 |url=https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/resources/reports/clean-energy-australia/clean-energy-australia-report-2021.pdf |website=Clean Energy Australia |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resources/resources-hub/clean-energy-australia-report|publisher=Clean Energy Council – Australia |title=CLEAN ENERGY AUSTRALIA REPORT|date=31 March 2021 |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>

In August 2009, Australia's government set a goal to achieve 20% of all energy in the country from renewable sources by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.climatechange.gov.au/renewabletarget/pubs/RET-scheme-design.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Target Scheme Design |access-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515035607/http://www.climatechange.gov.au/renewabletarget/pubs/RET-scheme-design.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2009 }}</ref> They achieved this goal, as renewable resources accounted for 27.7% of Australia's energy in 2020.<ref name="energy"/>

=== Science and technology ===
In 2019, Australia spent A$35.6 billion on [[research and development]], allocating about 1.79% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=Research and Experimental Development, Businesses, Australia, 2019–20 financial year {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-businesses-australia/latest-release |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> A recent study by [[Accenture]] for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Australia wants a place in ranks of global tech nations |url=https://www.afr.com/technology/australia-wants-a-place-in-ranks-of-global-tech-nations-20220328-p5a8kh |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref> The country's most recognized and important sector of this type is mining,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Casey |first1=J.P. |date=15 March 2021 |title=In numbers: how mining came to be Australia's most profitable sector |work=Mining Technology |location=London |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/features/in-numbers-how-mining-came-to-be-australias-most-profitable-sector |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> where Australia continues to have the highest penetration of technologies, especially drones, autonomous and remote-controlled vehicles and mine management software.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Australia continues to lead the way in mining technology adoption |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/comment/australia-lead-mining-technology-adoption |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Mining Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, recent [[startup ecosystem]]s in Sydney and Melbourne are already valued at $34 billion combined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2021 |title=Sydney's startup ecosystem is worth $24 billion, Melbourne's $10.5bn |url=https://www.startupdaily.net/2021/09/sydneys-startup-ecosystem-is-worth-24-billion-melbournes-10-5bn |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Startup Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Australia consistently has ranked high in the [[Global Innovation Index]] (GII). In 2022, Australia ranked 25th out of the 132 economies featured in the GII 2022, down from being 22nd in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-9-2805-3432-0 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/au.pdf |title=Australia|work=[[Global Innovation Index]]|publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

With only 0.3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4.1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Output {{!}} Australian Innovation System Monitor |url=https://publications.industry.gov.au/publications/australianinnovationsystemmonitor/science-and-research/research-output/index.html |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=publications.industry.gov.au}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Berthold |first=Emma |date=17 May 2021 |title=Science in Australia |url=https://www.science.org.au/curious/policy-features/science-australia |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=Curious |language=en}}</ref> [[CSIRO]], Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities.<ref name=":1"/> Its most notable contributions include the invention of [[atomic absorption spectroscopy]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hannaford |first=Peter |title=Alan Walsh 1916–1998 |url=http://www.science.org.au/academy/memoirs/walsh2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224214248/http://www.science.org.au/academy/memoirs/walsh2.htm |archive-date=24 February 2007 |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=AAS Biographical Memoirs |publisher=[[Australian Academy of Science]]}}</ref> the essential components of [[Wi-Fi]] technology,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Australia – Wi-fi |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/wi-fi |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=www.nma.gov.au |publisher= |language=en}}</ref> and the development of the first commercially successful [[polymer banknote]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CSIRO |date=25 November 2014 |title=Proceeds of crime: how polymer banknotes were invented |url=https://blog.csiro.au/proceeds-of-crime-how-polymer-banknotes-were-invented |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=CSIROscope |language=en-AU}}</ref>

Australia is a key player in supporting [[space exploration]]. Facilities such as the [[Square Kilometre Array]] and [[Australia Telescope Compact Array]] radio telescopes, telescopes such as the [[Siding Spring Observatory]], and ground stations such as the [[Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex]] are of great assistance in deep space exploration missions, primarily by [[NASA]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Dave |title=Australia's part in 50 years of space exploration with NASA |url=http://theconversation.com/australias-part-in-50-years-of-space-exploration-with-nasa-24530 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=The Conversation |date=19 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Australia}}
{{Main list|List of cities in Australia by population}}
Australia has an average [[population density]] of {{#expr:{{Data Australia|poptoday}} / 7682300 round 1}} persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the [[List of countries by population density|most sparsely populated countries in the world]]. The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between [[South East Queensland]] to the north-east and [[Adelaide]] to the south-west.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main+Features652017-18?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2017-18&num=&view=|title=Main Features – Centre of Population |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |agency=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=27 March 2019|work=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18}}</ref>

Australia is highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3218.0 |title=Main Features – Main Features |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |agency=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=27 March 2019|work=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18}}</ref> Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth]] and [[Adelaide]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |title=Regional population|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2018 the [[median age|average age]] of the Australian population was 38.8 years.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/australia |title=World Factbook Oceania : Australia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=12 July 2018}}</ref> In 2015, 2.15% of the Australian population [[Australian diaspora|lived overseas]], one of the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population#UN 2015 report: emigrant population|lowest proportions]] worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml |title=United Nations Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>
{{Largest cities of Australia}}

=== Ancestry and immigration ===
{{Main|Immigration to Australia}}
[[File:Australian Residents by Country of Birth 2021 Census.svg|thumb|upright=1.2| Australian residents by country of birth, 2021 census]]
Between 1788 and the [[Second World War]], the vast majority of [[settlers]] and [[immigrants]] came from the [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|British Isles]] (principally [[English Australians|England]], [[Irish Australians|Ireland]] and [[Scottish Australians|Scotland]]), although there was significant immigration from [[Chinese Australians|China]] and [[German Australians|Germany]] during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a [[Post-war immigration to Australia|large wave of immigration]] from across [[European Australians|Europe]], with many more immigrants arriving from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] than in previous decades. Since the end of the [[White Australia policy]] in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of [[multiculturalism]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/06evolution.htm |title=The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy |access-date=18 September 2007|year=2005|publisher=Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219130703/http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/06evolution.htm |archive-date=19 February 2006}}</ref> and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with [[Asian Australians|Asia]] being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.<ref name="homeaffairs.gov.au">{{Cite web |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2018-19.pdf |title=2018–19 Migration Program Report|website=Australian Government Department of Home Affairs|date=30 June 2019}}</ref>

Today, Australia has the world's [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|eighth-largest]] immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|highest proportion]] among major [[Western world|Western]] nations.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/migration-australia/2019-20#australia-s-population-by-country-of-birth |title=Main Features – Australia's Population by Country of Birth|publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |agency=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=23 April 2021 |work=3412.0 – Migration, Australia, 2019–20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimatesmaps.shtml?1t1 |access-date=15 January 2022|website=www.un.org}}</ref> 160,323 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2018–2019 (excluding [[refugee]]s),<ref name="homeaffairs.gov.au"/> whilst there was a net population gain of 239,600 people from all permanent and temporary immigration in that year.<ref name="immig">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3412.0Main%20Features52018-19?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3412.0&issue=2018-19&num=&view=|title=Net Overseas Migration |access-date=4 May 2020|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> The majority of immigrants are skilled,<ref name="homeaffairs.gov.au"/> but the immigration program includes categories for family members and [[refugee]]s.<ref name="immig"/> In 2020, the largest foreign-born populations were those born in [[England]] (3.8%), [[India]] (2.8%), [[Mainland China]] (2.5%), New Zealand (2.2%), the [[Philippines]] (1.2%) and [[Vietnam]] (1.1%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/migration-australia/2019-20 |title=Migration, Australia 2019–20|date=17 June 2021|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] does not collect data on [[race (human categorization)|race]], but asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two [[ancestry|ancestries]] each [[Census in Australia|census]].<ref name="Understanding and using Ancestry da">{{Cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/detailed-methodology-information/information-papers/understanding-and-using-ancestry-data | title=Understanding and using Ancestry data {{pipe}} Australian Bureau of Statistics | date=28 June 2022 }}</ref> These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/classifications/australian-standard-classification-cultural-and-ethnic-groups-ascceg/latest-release | title=Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG), 2019 {{pipe}} Australian Bureau of Statistics | date=18 December 2019 }}</ref> At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses within each standardised group as a proportion of the total population was as follows:<ref name="abs.gov.au">[https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx Cultural diversity data summary]. 2021. Australian Bureau of Statistics.</ref> 57.2% [[European Australians|European]] (including 46% [[Northwestern Europe#Ethnographic definitions|North-West European]] and 11.2% [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]]an), 33.8% [[Demographics of Oceania|Oceanian]],{{Refn|group="N"|Includes those who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] [[European Australian|European]] ancestry.<ref name="Commonwealth of Australia">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]] |agency=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |work=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995}}</ref>}} 17.4% [[Asian Australians|Asian]] (including 6.5% [[South Asia|Southern]] and [[Central Asia#Demographics|Central Asian]], 6.4% [[East Asia|North-East Asian]], and 4.5% [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asian]]), 3.2% [[Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa|North African and Middle Eastern]], 1.4% [[Americas#Demography|Peoples of the Americas]], and 1.3% [[Sub-Saharan Africa#Demographics|Sub-Saharan African]]. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:<ref name=":02"/> 
{{Columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[English Australian|English]] (33%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (29.9%){{Refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] [[European Australian|European]] ancestry.<ref name="Commonwealth of Australia"/>}}
* [[Irish Australian|Irish]] (9.5%)
* [[Scottish Australian|Scottish]] (8.6%)
* [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]] (5.5%)
* [[Italian Australian|Italian]] (4.4%)
* [[German Australian|German]] (4%)
* [[Indian Australian|Indian]] (3.1%)
* [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] (2.9%){{Refn|group="N"|Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.}}
* [[Greek Australian|Greek]] (1.7%)
* [[Filipino Australian|Filipino]] (1.6%)
* [[Dutch Australian|Dutch]] (1.5%)
* [[Vietnamese Australian|Vietnamese]] (1.3%)
* [[Lebanese Australian|Lebanese]] (1%)
}}

At the 2021 census, 3.8% of the Australian population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]]—[[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{Refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto2"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001|title=Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians|work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=June 2023}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of Australia}}
Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the ''[[de facto]]'' official and national language.<ref name="language2">{{Cite web |title=Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies? |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220020910/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm |archive-date=20 December 2008 |access-date=11 January 2009 |work=1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney |publisher=[[Department of Immigration and Citizenship]]}} "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Rowena |date=2019 |title='National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=83–4 |doi=10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 | doi-access=free |quote=The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official language.}}</ref> [[Australian English]] is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Bruce |title=The Vocabulary Of Australian English |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/libraries/attachments/exhibitions/vocabulary_of_australian_english/files/5471/Vocabulary%20of%20Australian%20English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320004658/http://www.nma.gov.au/libraries/attachments/exhibitions/vocabulary_of_australian_english/files/5471/Vocabulary%20of%20Australian%20English.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2011 |access-date=5 April 2010 |publisher=National Museum of Australia}}</ref> and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.<ref name="Fourth Edition 20052">"The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005.</ref> [[General Australian]] serves as the standard dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalande |first=Line |date=4 May 2020 |title=Australian English in a nutshell |url=https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/en/blogue-blog/australian-english-eng |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>

At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home were [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (2.7%), [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (1.4%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.3%), [[Cantonese]] (1.2%) and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (0.9%).<ref name="auto22">{{Cite web |title=2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats {{pipe}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref>

Over 250 [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.arts.gov.au/what-we-do/indigenous-arts-and-languages/indigenous-languages-and-arts-program/national-indigenous-languages-report |title=National Indigenous Languages Report |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |year=2020 |location=Canberra |pages=13}}</ref> The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered.<ref>National Indigenous Language Report (2020). pp. 42, 65</ref> The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people-census/2021 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages.<ref>National Indigenous Languages Report (2020). p. 46</ref>

The Australian sign language known as [[Auslan]] was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing: Cultural diversity data summary, 2021, TABLE 5. LANGUAGE USED AT HOME BY STATE AND TERRITORY |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021#data-downloads |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Australia}}
[[File:St Mary's Cathedral as viewed from Hyde Park, Sydney.jpg|thumb|Australia is secular and hosts a diversity of religions. [[St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney|St Mary's Cathedral]] in Sydney belongs to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], Australia's largest religious denomination.]]
Australia has no [[state religion]]; Section 116 of the [[Australian Constitution]] prohibits the [[Federal Government of Australia|federal government]] from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Australia: Religious Freedom |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/religion.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806061716/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/religion.html |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |publisher=Dfat.gov.au}}</ref> As of 2023, a plurality of Australians are [[Irreligion|irreligious]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Two global religious divides: geographic and generational |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en/two-global-religious-divides-geographic-and-generational |access-date=September 8, 2023 |website=[[Ipsos]]}}</ref>

At the 2021 Census, 38.9% of the population identified as having [[Irreligion in Australia|"no religion"]],<ref name=":02"/> up from 15.5% in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2001/0 | title=2001 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats {{pipe}} Australian Bureau of Statistics }}</ref> The largest religion is [[Christianity]] (43.9% of the population).<ref name=":02"/> The largest Christian denominations are the [[Catholic Church in Australia|Roman Catholic Church]] (20% of the population) and the [[Anglican Church of Australia]] (9.8%). Multicultural immigration since the [[Second World War]] has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are [[Islam]] (3.2%), [[Hinduism]] (2.7%), [[Buddhism]] (2.4%), [[Sikhism]] (0.8%), and [[Judaism]] (0.4%).<ref name=":02"/>

In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.<ref name=":02"/> In [[Australian Aboriginal mythology]] and the [[animist]] framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the [[Dreaming (spirituality)|Dreaming]] is a [[sacred]] era in which ancestral [[totem]]ic spirit beings formed [[Creation myth|The Creation]]. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.<ref>Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 163–69</ref>

=== Health ===
{{See also|Health care in Australia}}
Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=AU |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Australia|publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> is the [[List of countries by life expectancy|fifth-highest in the world]]. It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/skincancer/publishing.nsf/Content/fact-2 |title=Skin cancer – key statistics|year=2008|publisher=[[Department of Health and Ageing]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208171642/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/skincancer/publishing.nsf/Content/fact-2 |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> while [[Tobacco smoking|cigarette smoking]] is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is [[hypertension]] at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/hwe/bodaiia03/bodaiia03-c05.pdf |title=Risks to health in Australia|website=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226105813/http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/hwe/bodaiia03/bodaiia03-c05.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2011 |title=quitnow – Smoking – A Leading Cause of Death |url=http://quitnow.info.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/warnings-graph |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219073743/http://quitnow.info.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/warnings-graph |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women<ref>{{Cite web |title= Global prevalence of adult obesity | date=January 2012 |url=http://www.iaso.org/site_media/uploads/Global_prevalence_of_adult_obesity_Ranking_by_country_2012.pdf |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829014750/http://www.iaso.org/site_media/uploads/Global_prevalence_of_adult_obesity_Ranking_by_country_2012.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and near the top of [[Developed country|developed nations]] for its proportion of [[Obesity in Australia|obese]] adults;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-hlthwt-obesity.htm |title=About Overweight and Obesity|publisher=Department of Health and Ageing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507033011/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-hlthwt-obesity.htm |archive-date=7 May 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese.<ref name="aihw">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aihw.gov.au/overweight-and-obesity |title=Overweight and obesity|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare}}</ref>

Australia spent around 9.91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=AU |title=Current healthcare expenditure (% of GDP) – Australia|publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> It introduced [[universal health care]] in 1975.<ref name="medicbrief">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/SP/medicare.htm |title=Medicare – Background Brief|last=Biggs|first=Amanda|date=29 October 2004|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia|location=Canberra, ACT|work=Parliament of Australia: Parliamentary Library |access-date=16 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414012007/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/SP/medicare.htm |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Known as [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]], it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the [[Medicare levy]], currently at 2%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Medicare-levy |title=Medicare levy|publisher=Australian Taxation Office|date=18 October 2017 |access-date=9 April 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629085049/http://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Medicare-levy/ |archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the [[Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme]] (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice.<ref name="medicbrief"/>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] Australia had one of the most restrictive quarantine policies, resulting in one of the lowest death rates worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimation of total and excess mortality due to COVID-19 |date=22 April 2021 |url=http://www.healthdata.org/special-analysis/estimation-excess-mortality-due-covid-19-and-scalars-reported-covid-19-deaths |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Australia}}
[[File:JCMSR.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Five Australian universities rank in the top 50 of the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', including the [[Australian National University]] (19th).<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2015/16|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2015 |access-date=15 January 2022|website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>]]

School attendance, or registration for [[Homeschooling in Australia|home schooling]],<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Townsend|first1=Ian |title=Thousands of parents illegally home schooling|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-28/thousands-of-parents-illegally-home-schooling/3798008 |access-date=2 December 2015|work=ABC News|date=30 January 2012}}</ref> is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is the responsibility of the individual states and territories<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/Pages/overview.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328132033/http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/Pages/overview.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2011 |title=Schooling Overview|publisher=Australian Government, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations}}</ref> so the rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education |title=Education|publisher=Department of Immigration and Citizenship |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218220904/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/everyday-life/education |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/education_in_australia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101140/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/education_in_australia.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |title=Our system of education|publisher=Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an [[apprenticeship]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://det.wa.edu.au/schoolsandyou/detcms/navigation/parents-and-community/schooling/?oid=Category-id-3869597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321204923/http://det.wa.edu.au/schoolsandyou/detcms/navigation/parents-and-community/schooling/?oid=Category-id-3869597 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |title=The Department of Education – Schools and You – Schooling|website=det.wa.edu.au |access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Act (NT) – Section 20 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/ea104/s20.html|website=austlii.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Act 1990 (NSW) – Section 21 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ea1990104/s21b.html|work=austlii.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum school leaving age jumps to 17|url=http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-national/minimum-school-leaving-age-jumps-to-17-20090128-7r4d.html|publisher=The Age |access-date=30 May 2013|date=28 January 2009}}</ref>

Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.<ref name=cialittab>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136 |title=Literacy|work=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 October 2013 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#136 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of only 50%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/2013-09-22/4962902 |title=A literacy deficit|website=abc.net.au|date=22 September 2013 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ausitaleem.com.pk/australian-education-system.shtml |title=Australian Education {{pipe}} Australian Education System {{pipe}} Education {{pipe}} Study in Australia|publisher=Ausitaleem.com.pk |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119063252/http://www.ausitaleem.com.pk/australian-education-system.shtml |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/35/37376068.pdf Education at a Glance 2006] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102101942/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/35/37376068.pdf|date=2 January 2016}} Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</ref> There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as [[Technical and further education|TAFE]], and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australianapprenticeships.gov.au/about/default.asp |title=About Australian Apprenticeships|publisher=Australian Government |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111234035/http://www.australianapprenticeships.gov.au/about/default.asp |archive-date=11 November 2009}}</ref> About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications<ref>{{Cite web|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument |title=Year Book Australia 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409132916/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9%21OpenDocument |archive-date=9 April 2016 |date=21 January 2005 }}</ref> and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. 30.9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1 |title=The Most Educated Countries in the World – Yahoo Finance|last=Sauter|first=Michael B.|publisher=Finance.yahoo.com|date=24 September 2012 |access-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204213400/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html%3B_ylt%3DAlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG%3B_ylu%3DX3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--%3B_ylg%3DX3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--%3B_ylv%3D3?page=1 |archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is |title=And the World's Most Educated Country Is ...|magazine=Time|first=Samantha |last=Grossman|date=27 September 2012 |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/036 |title=2016 Census QuickStats: Australia|website=censusdata.abs.gov.au |access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>

Australia has the highest ratio of [[International students in Australia|international students]] per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fproperty%2Fbooming-student-market-a-valuable-property%2Fnews-story%2F6bb3823260aa3443f0c26909406d089b&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=5cfb870de12779cf853780286e352a51-1587312248 |title=Subscribe to The Australian {{pipe}} Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps|website=theaustralian.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2019/11/australian-universities-double-down-on-international-students |title=Australian universities double down on international students|first1=Leith van OnselenLeith van Onselen is Chief Economist at the MB|last1=Fund|first2=MB Super Leith has previously worked at the Australian|last2=Treasury|first3=Victorian |last3=Treasury|first4=Goldman|last4=Sachs|date=31 October 2019|website=MacroBusiness}}</ref> Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-27/temporary-graduate-visa-485-boom/10035390 |title=Record number of international students sticking around on work visas|first=political reporter Jackson|last=Gothe-Snape|date=27 July 2018|newspaper=ABC News}}</ref> Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed over $28 billion to the economy in 2016–17.<ref name=":1"/>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Australia}}
[[File:Royal exhibition building tulips straight.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ornate white building with an elevated dome in the middle, fronted by a golden fountain and orange flowers|The [[Royal Exhibition Building]] in Melbourne was the first building in Australia to be listed as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/world_heritage.html |title=About Australia: World Heritage properties|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=14 June 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725033040/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/world_heritage.html| archive-date= 25 July 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The country is home to [[multiculturalism in Australia|a diversity of cultures]], a result of its [[Immigration history of Australia|history of immigration]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Face the Facts: Cultural Diversity|url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/education/face-facts-cultural-diversity#:~:text=Australia%20is%20a%20vibrant%2C%20multicultural,one%20of%20our%20greatest%20strengths. |access-date=21 January 2022|website=Australian Human Rights Commission}}</ref> Prior to 1850, Australia was dominated by Indigenous cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Stuart |title=A Concise History of Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-1087-2848-5 |edition=5th |location=Port Melbourne |pages=15–20, 83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Broome |first=Richard |title=Aboriginal Australians |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-7605-2821-8 |edition=5th |location=Crows Nest, NSW |pages=5–14, 57–80}}</ref> Since then, Australian culture has primarily been a [[Western culture]], strongly influenced by [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]] settlers.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jupp1|pp=796–802}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Teo|White|2003|pp=118–20}}</ref> Other influences include [[Australian Aboriginal culture]], the traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world,<ref>{{Harvnb|Jupp1|pp=808–12, 74–77}}</ref> and the [[culture of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=Richard |date=1 January 1983 |title=A Backwater Awash: The Australian Experience of Americanisation |journal=Theory, Culture and Society |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=108–122|doi=10.1177/026327648300100309 |s2cid=144339300 }}</ref> The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture.<ref name="Davison pp98–9">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Teo|White|2003|pp=125–27}}</ref>

=== Arts ===
{{Main|Australian art|Australian literature|Theatre of Australia|Dance in Australia}}
[[File:Sidney Nolan Snake.jpg|thumb|[[Sidney Nolan]]'s ''[[Snake (Nolan)|Snake]]'' mural (1970), held at the [[Museum of Old and New Art]] in Hobart, Tasmania, is inspired by the Aboriginal creation myth of the [[Rainbow Serpent]], as well as desert flowers in bloom after a drought.<ref>"Sidney Nolan's Rainbow Serpent is larger than life" (16 June 2012), ''The Australasian''.</ref>]]
Australia has over 100,000 [[Indigenous Australian art#Rock painting|Aboriginal rock art]] sites,<ref>Tacon, Paul S. C.; Ouzman, Sven (2004). "Worlds within stone: the inner and outer rock-art landscapes of northern Australia and southern Africa". In Nash, George; Chippindale, Christopher (ed.). ''The Figured Landscapes of Rock-Art: Looking at Pictures in Place''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–68. 9780521524247.</ref> and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse [[contemporary Indigenous Australian art]], "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]];<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/06/arts/06iht-aborigine.html |title=Powerful growth of Aboriginal art |last=Henly |first=Susan Gough |date=6 November 2005 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> its exponents include [[Emily Kame Kngwarreye]].<ref>Smith, Terry (1996). "Kngwarreye Woman, Abstract Painter", p. 24 in ''Emily Kngwarreye – Paintings'', North Ryde NSW: Craftsman House / G + B Arts International. {{ISBN|9-0570-3681-9}}.</ref> Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.<ref name=art/> The [[impressionism|impressionistic]] works of [[Arthur Streeton]], [[Tom Roberts]] and other members of the 19th-century [[Heidelberg School]]—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation.<ref name=art>{{Cite web |title=Collection {{pipe}} Art Gallery of NSW|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/ |access-date=15 January 2022|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au}}</ref> While the school remained influential into the 1900s, [[modern art|modernists]] such as [[Margaret Preston]], and, later, [[Sidney Nolan]], explored new artistic trends.<ref name=art/> The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist [[Albert Namatjira]],<ref>Sayers, Andrew (2001). ''Australian Art''. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–88. {{ISBN|0-1928-4214-5}}.</ref> as well as [[Fred Williams (artist)|Fred Williams]], [[Brett Whiteley]] and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the [[figurative art|figurative]] and the [[abstract art|abstract]].<ref name=art/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brett Whiteley: nature :: Art Gallery NSW|url=https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/brett-whiteley-nature/ |access-date=15 January 2022|website=www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>

[[Australian literature]] grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous [[oral tradition]]s, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older.<ref>Sarwal, Amit; Sarwal, Reema (2009). ''Reading Down Under: Australian Literary Studies Reader''. SSS Publications. p. xii. {{ISBN|978-8-1902-2821-3}}.</ref> In the 19th-century, [[Henry Lawson]] and [[Banjo Paterson]] captured the experience of [[Australian bush|the bush]] using a distinctive Australian vocabulary.<ref>Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001). ''Ecological Pioneers: A Social History of Australian Ecological Thought and Action''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-5210-0956-0}}, p. 72.</ref> Their works are still popular; Paterson's [[bush poetry|bush poem]] "[[Waltzing Matilda]]" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.<ref>O'Keeffe, Dennis (2012). ''Waltzing Matilda: The Secret History of Australia's Favourite Song''. [[Allen & Unwin]]. p. back cover. {{ISBN|978-1-7423-7706-3}}.</ref> [[Miles Franklin]] is the namesake of Australia's [[Miles Franklin Award|most prestigious literary prize]], awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2012 |title=The Miles Franklin Literary Award – australia.gov.au |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/miles-franklin-literary-award |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227135804/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/miles-franklin-literary-award |archive-date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its first recipient, [[Patrick White]], went on to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1973.<ref>[http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australias-nobel-laureates Australia's Nobel Laureates and the Nobel Prize] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819205739/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australias-nobel-laureates |date=19 August 2016 }}, australia.gov.au. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</ref> Australian [[Booker Prize]] winners include [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], [[Thomas Keneally]] and [[Richard Flanagan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hughes-d'Aeth|first=Tony |title=Australia's Booker prize record suggests others will come in Flanagan's wake|url=http://theconversation.com/australias-booker-prize-record-suggests-others-will-come-in-flanagans-wake-33025 |access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Conversation |date=15 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist [[Germaine Greer]] and philosopher [[Peter Singer]].<ref>Williams, Robyn (12 November 2016). [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-12/three-books-australian-authors-changed-20th-century/8008380 "Three Australian books that changed history"], ABC Radio National. Retrieved 12 November 2016.</ref>

Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's [[Australia Council for the Arts|Australia Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/13753/Australia_Council_for_the_Arts_-_Funding_Guide_2010.pdf |year=2010 |title=Arts funding guide 2010 |publisher=[[Australia Council]] |access-date=14 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705002654/http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/13753/Australia_Council_for_the_Arts_-_Funding_Guide_2010.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a symphony orchestra in each state,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/50231/LECG_Orchestras_Review_evaluation_summary.pdf |title=Evaluation of the Orchestras Review 2005 funding package implementation |access-date=23 April 2010 |publisher=Australia Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314080534/http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/50231/LECG_Orchestras_Review_evaluation_summary.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2011 }}</ref> and a national opera company, [[Opera Australia]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/the_arts/artists_and_orgs/artists/opera_australia |title=Opera Australia |publisher=Australia Council |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723135113/http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/the_arts/artists_and_orgs/artists/opera_australia |archive-date=23 July 2008 }}</ref> well known for its famous [[soprano]] [[Joan Sutherland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/opera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406111552/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/music/opera |archive-date=6 April 2011 |title=Opera in Australia |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |date=5 March 2007}}</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, [[Nellie Melba]] was one of the world's leading opera singers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/encounters-shane-maloney-nellie-melba-enrico-caruso--160 |title=Nellie Melba & Enrico Caruso |work=[[The Monthly]]|author=Maloney, Shane |date= January 2006 |access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref> Ballet and dance are represented by [[The Australian Ballet]] and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minister.dbcde.gov.au/brandis/media/media_releases/2007/35_per_cent_increase_in_funding_for_australias_major_performing_arts_companies |title=35 per cent increase in funding for Australia's major performing arts companies |author=Brandis, George |publisher=Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts |date=8 May 2007 |access-date=23 April 2010 |author-link=George Brandis |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20071112025600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/36698/20071112-1356/www.minister.dcita.gov.au/brandis/media/media_releases/2007/35_per_cent_increase_in_funding_for_australias_major_performing_arts_companies.html |archive-date=12 November 2007}}{{Cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Cinema of Australia|Television in Australia|Media of Australia|Music of Australia}}
[[File:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1906.jpg|thumb|Actor playing the [[bushranger]] [[Ned Kelly]] in ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film]]
''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first [[feature film|feature-length]] narrative film, spurred a boom in [[cinema of Australia|Australian cinema]] during the [[silent film]] era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=37899&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Return of the Kelly Gang |work=[[UNESCO Courier]] |author=Chichester, Jo |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2007 |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204220758/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D37899%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date= 4 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After World War I, [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] monopolised the industry,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afc.gov.au/downloads/policies/early%20history_final1.pdf |title=The first wave of Australian feature film production |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706104843/http://www.afc.gov.au/downloads/policies/early%20history_final1.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2009}}</ref> and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Australian Government: Culture Portal |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327002350/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/film |archive-date=27 March 2011 |title=Culture.gov.au – "Film in Australia" |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia |date=22 November 2007}}</ref> With the benefit of government support, the [[Australian New Wave]] of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as ''[[Wake in Fright]]'' and ''[[Gallipoli (1981 film)|Gallipoli]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krausz |first=Peter |date=2002 |title=Australian Identity: A Cinematic Roll Call |url=http://students.adelaidehs.sa.edu.au/Subjects/Issues/australianidentity.pdf |journal=Australian Screen Education Online |issue=29 |pages=24–29 |issn=1443-1629 |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200657/http://students.adelaidehs.sa.edu.au/Subjects/Issues/australianidentity.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' and the [[Ozploitation]] movement's ''[[Mad Max (franchise)|Mad Max]]'' series became international blockbusters.<ref>Moran, Albert; Vieth, Errol (2009). ''The A to Z of Australian and New Zealand Cinema''. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6347-7}}, p. 35.</ref> In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7.7% share of the local box office in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Quinn|first=Karl|date=4 December 2015 |title=Australian film has had its biggest year at the box office ever. Why? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/australian-film-has-had-its-biggest-year-at-the-box-office-ever-why-20151204-glfut3.html |access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[AACTA Awards|AACTAs]] are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable [[List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees|Academy Award winners from Australia]] include [[Geoffrey Rush]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Cate Blanchett]] and [[Heath Ledger]].<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/awards/ten-great-australian-moments-at-the-oscars/story-e6frfpli-1226841441307 "Ten Great Australian Moments at the Oscars"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308090335/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/awards/ten-great-australian-moments-at-the-oscars/story-e6frfpli-1226841441307 |date=8 March 2014 }} (26 February 2014), news.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</ref>

Australia has two public broadcasters (the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] and the multicultural [[Special Broadcasting Service]]), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services,<ref name=bbc>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1250188.stm|work=BBC News |title=Country profile: Australia|date=13 October 2009 |access-date=7 April 2010}}</ref> and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper,<ref name=bbc/> and there are two national daily newspapers, ''[[The Australian]]'' and ''[[The Australian Financial Review]]''.<ref name=bbc/> In 2020, [[Reporters Without Borders]] placed Australia 25th on a list of 180 countries ranked by [[freedom of the press|press freedom]], behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (33rd) and United States (44th).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking_table |title=Press Freedom Index 2020 |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |year=2020 |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424043201/https://rsf.org/en/ranking_table |url-status=dead }}</ref> This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Ownership In Australia – 1999 {{pipe}} AustralianPolitics.com|url=https://australianpolitics.com/1999/12/01/media-ownership-in-australia.html |access-date=15 January 2022|website=australianpolitics.com}}</ref> most print media are under the control of [[News Corporation]] and [[Nine Entertainment Co.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/INTGUIDE/SP/Media_Regulation.htm |title=Media Ownership Regulation in Australia|publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |author1=Gardiner-Garden, John |author2=Chowns, Jonathan |name-list-style=amp |date=30 May 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328020533/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/SP/Media_Regulation.htm| archive-date= 28 March 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Australian cuisine}}
[[File:Pavlova garnished with cream and strawberries.jpg|thumb|right|The meringue-based [[pavlova (cake)|pavlova]] is generally eaten at Christmas time.]]
Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a simple [[hunter-gatherer]] diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called [[bush tucker]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/bushtucker |title=Bush Tucker Plants, or Bush Food |publisher=Teachers.ash.org.au |access-date=26 April 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094258/http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/bushtucker/| archive-date= 11 May 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> The first settlers introduced [[British cuisine|British]] and [[Irish cuisine]] to the continent.<ref name=food>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/foodanddrink/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326134155/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/foodanddrink/ |archive-date=26 March 2010 |title=Australian food and drink|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |date=23 September 2008}}</ref><ref name=f2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/food/cuisineindex/RecipeByCuisineMain/383 |title=Modern Australian recipes and Modern Australian cuisine|publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |access-date=23 April 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503111747/http://www.sbs.com.au/food/cuisineindex/RecipeByCuisineMain/383| archive-date= 3 May 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> This influence is seen in the enduring popularity of several British dishes such as [[fish and chips]], and in quintessential Australian dishes such as the [[Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)|Australian meat pie]], which is related to the British [[steak pie]]. Post-war immigration transformed Australian cuisine. For instance, Southern European migrants helped to build a thriving Australian [[coffee culture]] which gave rise to Australian coffee drinks such as the [[flat white]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/flat-white-coffee-culture-antipodean-mcdonalds-advert-starbucks-latte-a8246111.html |title=How the flat white conquered the coffee scene|work=[[The Independent]]|date=9 April 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> while East Asian migration led to dishes such as the [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]]-influenced [[dim sim]] and [[Chiko Roll]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jonsen|first=Helen |title=Kangaroo's Comments and Wallaby's Words: The Aussie Word Book|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7818-0737-1|page=23}}</ref> as well as a distinct [[Australian Chinese cuisine]]. [[Sausage sizzle]]s, [[pavlova (food)|pavlovas]], [[lamington]]s, [[meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)|meat pies]], [[Vegemite]] and [[Anzac biscuits]] are regarded as iconic Australian foods.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Santich|first=Barbara |title=Bold Palates: Australia's Gastronomic Heritage|publisher=Wakefield Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-7430-5094-1|page=290}}</ref>

Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of [[wine]].<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wineaustralia.com/report-downloads/08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4 |title=Australian wine: Production, sales and inventory report, 2018–19|date=12 February 2020|website=wineaustralia.com|publisher=Wine Australia |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411112731/https://www.wineaustralia.com/report-downloads/08d4027a-e89e-469d-bf9a-a5b548237ea4 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Australian wine]] is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cellarmasters.com.au/discover/wine-regions/australia|publisher=Cellarmasters|title=Wine Regions of Australia|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225154/https://www.cellarmasters.com.au/discover/wine-regions/australia|url-status=dead}}</ref> The nation also ranks highly in [[List of countries by beer consumption per capita|beer consumption]],<ref name="Kirin">[http://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/ir/news_release051215_4.html Per Capita Beer Consumption by Country (2004)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623213209/http://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/ir/news_release051215_4.html |date=23 June 2008 }}, Table 3, Kirin Research Institute of Drinking and Lifestyle – Report Vol. 29–15 December 2005, Kirin Holdings Company.</ref> with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries. Australia is also known for its [[Coffeehouse|cafe]] and [[coffee culture]] in [[Urban area|urban centres]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-11/australian-cafes-boom-new-york/7404352 |title=Avo smash and flat whites bringing the Aussie vibe to New York|date=11 May 2016|newspaper=ABC News |access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Sport and recreation ===
{{Main|Sport in Australia}}
[[File:2017 AFL Grand Final panorama during national anthem.jpg|thumb|The [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] is strongly associated with the history and development of [[cricket]] and [[Australian rules football]], Australia's two most popular spectator sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2009 |title=National Sports Museum – Heritage Listing |url=http://www.nsm.org.au/The%2520MCG/Heritage%2520Listing.aspx?p=1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website= }}{{Dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{Cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>]]
[[Cricket]] and [[football]] are the predominant sports in Australia during the summer and winter months, respectively. Australia is unique in that it has professional leagues for [[football in Australia|four football codes]]. Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, [[Australian rules football]] is the most popular code in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where [[rugby league]] holds sway, followed by [[rugby union]].<ref name="researchgate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273772263|date=21 December 2013 |title=The 'Barassi Line': Quantifying Australia's Great Sporting Divide |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> [[Association football|Soccer]], while ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Skinner |first1 = James |last2 = Zakus H. |first2 = Dwight | last3 = Edwards |first3 = Allan | editor-first= Brown|editor-last = Adam|title = Football and Community in the Global Context: Studies in Theory and Practice|publisher = Routledge|year = 2013|pages = 92–93|chapter = Coming in from the Margins: Ethnicity, Community Support and the Rebranding of Australian Soccer |isbn = 978-1-317-96905-1}}</ref> Cricket is popular across all borders and has been regarded by many Australians as the [[national sport]]. The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian national cricket team]] competed against [[England cricket team|England]] in the first [[Test cricket|Test]] match (1877) and the first [[One Day International]] (1971), and against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in the first [[Twenty20 International]] (2004), winning all three games. It has also participated in every edition of the [[Cricket World Cup]], winning the tournament a record five times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/32105654 |title=Cricket World Cup 2015: Australia crush New Zealand in final|date=29 March 2015|newspaper=BBC Sport}}</ref>

Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every [[Summer Olympics]] of the modern era,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oxlade|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Oxlade (writer)|author2=Ballheimer, David |title=Olympics|publisher=DK|series=DK Eyewitness|page=[https://archive.org/details/olympics0000oxla/page/61 61]|isbn=978-0-7566-1083-8|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/olympics0000oxla/page/61}}</ref> and has hosted the Games twice: [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]] in Melbourne and [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] in Sydney.<ref name="Davison pp479-80">{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|pages=479–80}}</ref> It is also set to host the [[2032 Summer Olympics|2032 Games]] in Brisbane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-21/brisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city/100311320 |title=Brisbane announced as 2032 Olympic Games host city at IOC meeting in Tokyo|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date=21 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> Australia has also participated in every [[Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/page/65/by-games |publisher=Australian Commonwealth Games Association |title=Flag Bearers |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726210627/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/page/65/by-games |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref> hosting the event in [[1938 British Empire Games|1938]], [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1962]], [[1982 Commonwealth Games|1982]], [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]] and [[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecgf.com/games/games_index.asp?linkresults=1|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation |title=Past Commonwealth Games |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315102922/http://www.thecgf.com/games/games_index.asp?linkresults=1 |archive-date=15 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As well as being a regular [[FIFA World Cup]] participant, [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] has won the [[OFC Nations Cup]] four times and the [[AFC Asian Cup]] once—the only country to have won championships in two different FIFA confederations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Linden|first=Julian |title=Factbox – Asian Cup champions Australia|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-soccer-asia-australia-factbox-idUKKBN0L40BQ20150131|work=Reuters|publisher=Thomson Reuters|date=31 January 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

Other major international events held in Australia include the [[Australian Open]] tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|grand slam]] tournament and the [[Australian Grand Prix|Australian Formula One Grand Prix]]. The annual [[Melbourne Cup]] horse race and the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race|Sydney to Hobart]] yacht race also attract intense interest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Campbell|first=Peter |title=Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race|url=http://www.cyca.com.au/racing/rolex-sydney-hobart-yacht-race/|work=cyca.com.au|publisher=[[Cruising Yacht Club of Australia]] |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref> Australia is also notable for water-based sports, such as swimming and [[surfing in Australia|surfing]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pike|first=Jeffrey |title=Australia|publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-9-8123-4799-2|page=103}}</ref> The [[surf lifesaving]] movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Booth|first=Douglas|author-link=Doug Booth |title=Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7146-8178-8|page=39}}</ref> [[Winter sport in Australia#Snow sport|Snow sports]] take place primarily in the [[Australian Alps]] and Tasmania.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Kiandra – Culture and History| work = The Sydney Morning Herald| url = https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/kiandra-20040208-gdkq3f.html| access-date = 4 May 2010| date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Outline of Australia]]
* [[Index of Australia-related articles]]{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="N"}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne|year=1998|isbn=978-0-1955-3597-6|last1=Davison|first1=Graeme|last2=Hirst|first2=John|author-link2=John Hirst (historian)|last3=Macintyre|first3=Stuart|author-link3=Stuart Macintyre}}
* {{Cite book|first=James|last=Jupp|year=2001 |title=The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5218-0789-0|ref=CITEREFJupp1}}
* {{Cite book|first1=James|last1=Jupp|author2=Director Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies James Jupp |title=The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins|url={{GBurl|id=wgoFxfSTfYAC|p=35}}|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5218-0789-0|ref=CITEREFJupp2}}
* {{Cite book |title=Australian painting 1788–1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne|year=1991|isbn=978-0-1955-4901-0|author1=Smith, Bernard|author2=Smith, Terry|ref=Smith|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6028116/}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Teo|first1=Hsu-Ming |last2=White|first2=Richard|year=2003 |title=Cultural history in Australia|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=978-0-8684-0589-6}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Further|Bibliography of Australian history}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). ''A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific''. Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|0-6311-7962-3}}.
* Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds.) (2011). ''The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture''. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-5218-8857-8}}.
* Hughes, Robert (1986). ''The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding''. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-3945-0668-5}}.
* Powell, J.M. (1988). ''An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-5212-5619-4}}
* Robinson, G.M., Loughran, R.J., and Tranter, P.J. (2000). ''Australia and New Zealand: Economy, Society and Environment''. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-3407-2033-6}} paperback, {{ISBN|0-3407-2032-8}} hardback.
* {{Cite book |first=Judith |last=Brett |title=From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting |publisher=Text Publishing Co |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-9256-0384-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* {{Wikiatlas|Australia}}
* {{Osmrelation-inline|80500}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141231054514/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] website
* [http://www.gov.au/ Governments of Australia website] (federal, states and territories)
* [http://www.australia.gov.au/ Australian Government website]
* [http://www.abs.gov.au/ Australian Bureau of Statistics]
* [http://www.australia.com/ Tourism Australia]
* {{Curlie|Regional/Oceania/Australia}}
{{Prone to spam|date=May 2021}}

{{Australia topics}}
{{Navboxes
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[[Category:Australia| ]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
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Blouse (short film)

2023-09-28T13:48:59Z

Anuz: -- Draft creation using the BP:Article wizard --

{{Short description|Indian short film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Blouse
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Vijayeta Kumar
| producer = [[Times Music]]

| writer = Sanjay Chandwara
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sumeet Vyas]]
| music =
| cinematography = Arjun Sorte
| editing = Pranav Mistry
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|05|07}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/sumit-vyas-famous-short-film-with-ten-international-nominations-called-blouse-is-releasing-after-six-years-tmov-1138282-2020-09-30 | title=6 साल बाद ऑनलाइन रिलीज हुई सुमित व्यास की चर्चित फिल्म ब्लाउज | date=30 September 2020 }}</ref>

| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Blouse''' is an Indian Hindi short film based on an submissive school teacher, Shyam, and directed by Vijayeta Kumar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/trailer/sumeet-vyas-short-film-blouse-full-movie/videoshow/78402389.cms | title=सुमित व्यास की शॉर्ट फिल्म 'ब्लाउज़' }}</ref> Shyam wants to give a special gift to his wife, Roopa, on the occasion of [[Karva Chauth|Karwa Chauth]], but he loses her blouse measurements.

In this film, Shyam's role is played by [[Sumeet Vyas]], Roopa is played by Preeti Hansraj Sharma, Kanta is played by [[Ronjini Chakraborty]], and Babu Tailor is played by Imran Rasheed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sumeet-vyas-short-film-blouse-with-10-national-and-international-nominations-is-out-now-on-youtube/articleshow/78401281.cms | title=Sumeet Vyas' short film 'Blouse' with 10 National and International nominations is OUT NOW on YouTube | newspaper=The Times of India | date=30 September 2020 }}</ref> In the [[New York Indian Film Festival]], it won the Best Short Film Award.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/article/blouse-a-sumeet-vyas-short-film-with-10-national-and-international-nominations-is-out-now-on-youtube/315025 | title=Blouse: सुमीत व्यास की शॉर्ट फिल्म अब यूट्यूब पर, कई फ‍िल्‍म समारोहों में हो चुकी है नोमिनेट | date=30 September 2020 }}</ref> It also won Best Script at the [[Jaipur International Film Festival]].<ref>https://www.koimoi.com/television/sumeet-vyas-on-short-film-blouse-simple-story-that-needs-special-skills-to-be-told/</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/sumit-vyas-famous-short-film-with-ten-international-nominations-called-blouse-is-releasing-after-six-years-tmov-1138282-2020-09-30 | title= ऑनलाइन रिलीज हुई सुमित व्यास की चर्चित फिल्म ब्लाउज | date=30 September 2020 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as Shyam
* Preeti Hansraj Sharma as Roopa
* [[Ronjini Chakraborty]] as Kanta
* Imran Rasheed as Babu Tailor

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{IMDb title|3012010}}

[[Category:Short films]]

Vaan Moondru

2023-09-16T11:36:20Z

Anuz: Just published an informative work.

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaan Moondru
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A. M. R. Murugesh
| writer =
| producer = Vinothkumar Senniappan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Leela Samson]]
*[[Vinoth Kishan]]
*[[Ammu Abhirami]]
*Adithya Bhaskar
*[[Abhirami Venkatachalam]]
}}
| cinematography = Charles Thomas
| editing = Ajay Manoj
| music = R2bros
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|08|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vaan Moondru''''' is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language film directed by A. M. R. Murugesh and starring [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Leela Samson]] and [[Vinoth Kishan]] in the lead roles. It was released on 11 August 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/04/the-trailer-of-vaan-moondru-is-here-46261.html | title=The trailer of Vaan Moondru is here | website=[[Cinema Express]] | access-date=15 September 2023 | archive-date=5 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805010948/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/04/the-trailer-of-vaan-moondru-is-here-46261.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Sivan
*[[Leela Samson]] as Chitra
*[[Vinoth Kishan]] as Joshua
*[[Ammu Abhirami]] as Swathi
*Adithya Bhaskar as Sujith
*[[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] as Jothi

==Production==
The makers initially contemplated an English title, before settling for ''Vaan Moondru''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vaan-moondru-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-feel-good-romantic-drama/c5558c71f0397 | title=Vaan Moondru OTT release date: When and where to watch this feel-good romantic drama | access-date=15 September 2023 | archive-date=27 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827030339/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vaan-moondru-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-feel-good-romantic-drama/c5558c71f0397 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 11 August 2023 via a streaming platform. A reviewer from the portal ''OTTPlay'' noted the film was "a harmless feel-good film that relies on sincere performances from lead actors".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaan-moondru-review-a-harmless-feel-good-film-that-relies-on-sincere-performances-from-lead-actors/c9d38c4c13977 | title=Vaan Moondru review: A decent feel-good film that relies on sincere performances | access-date=15 September 2023 | archive-date=16 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916113556/https://www.ottplay.com/review/vaan-moondru-review-a-harmless-feel-good-film-that-relies-on-sincere-performances-from-lead-actors/c9d38c4c13977 | url-status=live }}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "throughout the movie, the director tries to drive home the point that life can be started afresh even when the past has been very hard on you".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/120823/aha-original-vaan-moondru-movie-review.html|title=Hope And Life Triumph In Aha's Vaan Moondru|access-date=15 September 2023|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907090408/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/120823/aha-original-vaan-moondru-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subashree Dutta of the ''LeisureByte'' wrote "the movie relies more on your ability to perceive than on evoking emotions using the storyline. But thanks to the actors, the movie is convenient to watch".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/vaan-moondru-review-aadhitya-baaskar/ | title=Vaan Moondru Review: A One-Time Watch That Relies on Your Emotional Capacity | date=11 August 2023 | access-date=15 September 2023 | archive-date=16 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916113557/https://www.leisurebyte.com/vaan-moondru-review-aadhitya-baaskar/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Vikatan]]'' gave the film a middling review.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/streaming/vaan-moondru-aha-tamil-anthology-tamil-movie-review | title=Vaan Moondru Review: மூன்று தலைமுறைகளின் காதல் கதைகள்! ஆனால் அதில் ஒன்றாவது ஈர்க்கிறதா? | date=13 August 2023 | access-date=15 September 2023 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814231317/https://cinema.vikatan.com/streaming/vaan-moondru-aha-tamil-anthology-tamil-movie-review | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28564023}}

[[Category: 2023 films]]
[[Category: 2020s Tamil-language films]]

AJH (disambiguation)

2023-09-08T10:07:28Z

Anuz: Crafted a unique article.

#REDIRECT [[AJH]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R to disambiguation page}}
}}

Salt Lake Electronics Complex

2023-07-20T03:32:15Z

Anuz:

{{Short description|Technology Complex in Kolkata}}

'''Salt Lake Electronics Complex''' (or, ''Salt Lake Electronic City'') (abbr. '''SALTLEC''') is a technology hub in the [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]] of [[Bidhannagar]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. Spread over an area of 150 Acres,<ref name="auto1">https://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARSS-Vol.9-No.2-July-December-2020-pp.8-13.pdf</ref><ref name="auto">http://sisikolkata.gov.in/uploads/2021/03/districtprofiles/2018-19/DIPS-North%2024%20PGS-2018-19.pdf</ref> it consists various electronics and IT parks. It is India's first fully integrated Electronics Complex,<ref name="auto1"/> specialized for [[electronics industry|electronics]], [[Information technology|IT]] and BPO industry. The complex has 20 Acres of [[Special economic zone|SEZ]] land, alloted to [[Wipro]].

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salt Lake Electronics Complex
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Technology hub in [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
|image1 = Wipro Kolkata KDC Campus building 142809.jpg
|caption1 = [[Wipro]] [[Special economic zone|SEZ]] in SALTLEC
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..West Bengal Flag(INDIA).png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bidhannagar]] [[Salt Lake Sector-V|Sector V]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata metropolitan area]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1989
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_acre =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Founded by
| blank1_info_sec1 =[[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|Webel]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Industry
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Electronics]], [[Information Technology]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Area
| blank2_info_sec1 = 150 Acres (61 ha)
|blank4_name_sec1 = Nearest rapid transit
| blank4_info_sec1 ='''[[Kolkata Metro|Metro]]''': [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]]
|blank5_name_sec1 =Notable companies
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Wipro]]
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =

}}

==Formation==
Salt Lake electronics complex was formed by [[West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation|Webel]] in 1989 to promote electronic industry. 87.55 Acres of land in Sector V was earmarked for the complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/59a16b62ce686e4dfbee134d|title=West Bengal Electronic Industry Development Corporation Ltd v. Shanta Projects P Ltd & Ors, Calcutta High Court, Judgment, Law, casemine.com|website=https://www.casemine.com}}</ref> The complex was originally designed as an Electronics Industry Complex, which would house large, medium and small electronics firms. But afterwards due to close proximity to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata Airport]], the then [[Government of West Bengal]] decided to promote the complex as an IT-BPO hub.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/east/salt-lake-makes-futuristic-wave-boasts-of-mini-silicon-valley-at-sector-v/articleshow/13868821.cms?from=mdr|title=Salt Lake makes futuristic wave, boasts of mini Silicon Valley at Sector V|first=Tasmayee Laha|last=Roy|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref> It became India's first fully
integrated Electronics Complex,<ref>https://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARSS-Vol.9-No.2-July-December-2020-pp.8-13.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi8ps6KmZGAAxXnSGwGHf_7D6g4FBAWegQIDxAB&usg=AOvVaw27-L8bhf33PngMPYezsWWD</ref> and afterwards first software technology complex in [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Kolkata metropolitan]].

==IT Parks and companies==
In 1999, Salt Lake Electronic Complex housed 160 companies spread over an area of 135 acres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/webel-to-recast-loss-making-units/cid/919974|title=WEBEL TO RECAST LOSS-MAKING UNITS|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> In 2006, SALTLEC housed more than 170 IT/ITeS, biotech and pharma companies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/buddhas-dream-it-hub-in-salt-lake/articleshow/1888913.cms?from=mdr|title=Buddha's dream: IT hub in Salt Lake|first=Kalyan|last=Parbat|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref> As of 2019, the complex is spread on a land of 150 Acres which have 63 electronic units and more than 200 IT/ITeS firms along with many MSME companies.<ref name="auto"/><ref>https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/NORTH%2024-PARGANAS.pdf</ref>
Some of biggest tech parks in the hub are Wipro IT Park,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/infosys-wipro-to-set-up-units-in-kolkata/articleshow/7068704.cms?from=mdr|title=Infosys, Wipro to set up units in Kolkata|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref> Infinity Think Tank<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infinityitpark.com/contact|title=Infinity Group|website=www.infinityitpark.com}}</ref> etc.

==See also==
*[[List of tech parks in Kolkata]]
*[[New Town, Kolkata]]
*[[Salt Lake Sector-V]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized}}

2019 Indian general elections

2023-05-22T07:28:50Z

Anuz: Crafted a new article layout.

#REDIRECT [[2019 Indian general election]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from plural}}
{{R unprintworthy}}
}}

The New Yorker

2022-11-03T22:20:37Z

Anuz: Shared an inspiring article.

{{Short description|American weekly magazine since 1925}}
{{Other uses|New Yorker (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|New York (magazine)}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Use American English}}
{{Infobox magazine
|title = The New Yorker
|logo = The New Yorker Logo.svg
|image_file = Original New Yorker cover.png
|image_alt = Cover of The New Yorker's first issue in 1925 with illustration depicting iconic character Eustace Tilley
|image_caption = Cover of the first issue, with the figure of [[dandy]] [[#Eustace Tilley|Eustace Tilley]], created by [[Rea Irvin]]{{efn|name=tilly_muslimban|group=notes|The caricature, or a variation of it, appeared on the cover of every anniversary issue until 2017, when, in protest of [[Executive Order 13769]], Tilley was not depicted (although a variation appeared two issues later).<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The New Yorker February 13 & 20, 2017 Issue |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/13 |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310133300/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/13 |archive-date=March 10, 2018 |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The New Yorker March 6, 2017 Issue |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/06 |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310133236/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/06 |archive-date=March 10, 2018 |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref>}}
|company = [[Advance Publications]]
|publisher = [[Condé Nast]]
|frequency = 47 issues/year
|format = {{convert|7+7/8|x|10+3/4|in|mm|0}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New Yorker media kit |url=http://www.condenast.com/brands/new-yorker/media-kit/print/ad-specifications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021083432/http://www.condenast.com/brands/new-yorker/media-kit/print/ad-specifications |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |website=condenast.com}}</ref>
|paid_circulation =
|unpaid_circulation =
|total_circulation= 1,231,715<ref>{{Cite web |title=Circulation averages for the six months ended: 12/31/2019 |url=https://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731085419/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |publisher=[[Alliance for Audited Media]]}}</ref>
|circulation_year= December 2019
|category = {{hlist | [[Politics]] | [[social issues]] | [[art]] | [[humour|humor]] | [[culture]]}}
|editor = [[David Remnick]]
|firstdate = {{Start date and age|1925|2|21}}
|country = United States
|based = [[New York City]]
|website = {{URL|newyorker.com}}
|issn = 0028-792X
|oclc = 320541675
}}

'''''The New Yorker''''' is an American weekly magazine featuring [[journalism]], commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, [[satire]], cartoons, and poetry. Founded as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the [[Culture of New York City|cultural life of New York City]], ''The New Yorker'' has a wide audience outside New York and is read internationally.

It is well known for its illustrated and often topical covers,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Temple |first=Emily |title=20 Iconic New Yorker Covers from the Last 93 Years |url=https://lithub.com/20-iconic-new-yorker-covers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223110900/https://lithub.com/20-iconic-new-yorker-covers/ |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |access-date=February 23, 2018 |publisher=Literary Hub}}</ref> its commentaries on [[popular culture]] and eccentric [[American culture]], its attention to modern [[fiction]] by the inclusion of [[Short story|short stories]] and literary [[review]]s, its rigorous [[Fact-checking|fact checking]] and [[copy editing]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Norris |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Norris (copy editor) |title=How I proofread my way to Philip Roth's heart |language=en |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/10/between-you-and-me-confessions-of-a-comma-queen-mary-norris-extract |url-status=live |access-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221432/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/10/between-you-and-me-confessions-of-a-comma-queen-mary-norris-extract |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |quote=It has been more than 20 years since I became a page OK'er—a position that exists only at the ''New Yorker'', where you query-proofread pieces and manage them, with the editor, the author, a fact-checker, and a second proofreader, until they go to press.}}</ref><ref name="TED Talk">{{Cite web |title=Mary Norris: The nit-picking glory of the New Yorker's comma queen |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/mary_norris_the_nit_picking_glory_of_the_new_yorker_s_comma_queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728025944/https://www.ted.com/talks/mary_norris_the_nit_picking_glory_of_the_new_yorker_s_comma_queen |archive-date=July 28, 2018 |access-date=July 12, 2018 |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |quote=Copy editing for The New Yorker is like playing shortstop for a major league baseball team—every little movement gets picked over by the critics [...] [[E. B. White]] once wrote of commas in The New Yorker: 'They fall with the precision of knives outlining a body.'}}</ref> its [[journalism]] on politics and [[social issues]], and its single-panel [[cartoon]]s sprinkled throughout each issue.

== Overview and history ==
[[File:TheNewYorker30May1925.jpg|thumb|right|May 30, 1925 cover by [[Ilonka Karasz]], a regular cover artist for ''The New Yorker'']]
''The New Yorker'' was founded by [[Harold Ross]] (1892–1951) and his wife [[Jane Grant]] (1892–1972), a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' reporter, and debuted on February 21, 1925. Ross wanted to create a sophisticated humor magazine that would be different from perceivably "corny" humor publications such as ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'', where he had worked, or the old ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann (who founded the General Baking Company)<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/timeline "Timeline"], ''The New Yorker''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107183533/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/timeline }}.</ref> to establish the F-R Publishing Company. The magazine's first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in [[Manhattan]]. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951. During the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine: "It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Dirk |title=Dubuque Journal; The Slight That Years, All 75, Can't Erase |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E2D81730F936A3575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1}}</ref>

Although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a preeminent forum for serious [[fiction]], [[essays]] and journalism. Shortly after the end of [[World War II]], [[John Hersey]]'s essay ''[[Hiroshima (book)|Hiroshima]]'' filled an entire issue. The magazine has published short stories by many of the most respected writers of the 20th and 21st centuries, including [[Ann Beattie]], [[Sally Benson]], [[Maeve Brennan]], [[Truman Capote]], [[Rachel Carson]], [[John Cheever]], [[Roald Dahl]], [[Mavis Gallant]], [[Geoffrey T. Hellman|Geoffrey Hellman]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Stephen King]], [[Ruth McKenney]], [[John McNulty (journalist)|John McNulty]], [[Joseph Mitchell (writer)|Joseph Mitchell]], [[Alice Munro]], [[Haruki Murakami]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[John O'Hara]], [[Dorothy Parker]], [[S.J. Perelman]], [[Philip Roth]], [[George Saunders]], [[J. D. Salinger]], [[Irwin Shaw]], [[James Thurber]], [[John Updike]], [[Eudora Welty]], and [[E. B. White]]. Publication of [[Shirley Jackson]]'s "[[The Lottery]]" drew more mail than any other story in the magazine's history.<ref name="Lottery letters">{{Cite magazine |last=Franklin |first=Ruth |title='The Lottery' Letters |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-lottery-letters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-lottery-letters |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 11, 2018 |magazine=The New Yorker |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> In its early decades, the magazine sometimes published two or even three short stories in an issue, but in later years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue.

The nonfiction feature articles (usually the bulk of an issue) cover an eclectic array of topics. Subjects have included eccentric evangelist [[Creflo Dollar]], the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, and [[Münchausen syndrome by proxy]].

The magazine is known for its editorial traditions. Under the rubric ''Profiles'', it has published articles about prominent people such as [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Henry Luce|Henry R. Luce]] and [[Marlon Brando]], Hollywood restaurateur [[Michael Romanoff]], magician [[Ricky Jay]], and mathematicians [[Chudnovsky brothers|David and Gregory Chudnovsky]]. Other enduring features have been "Goings on About Town", a listing of cultural and entertainment events in New York, and "The Talk of the Town", a [[feuilleton]] or miscellany of brief pieces—frequently humorous, whimsical, or eccentric vignettes of life in New York—in a breezily light style, although latterly the section often begins with a serious commentary. For many years, newspaper snippets containing amusing errors, unintended meanings or badly mixed metaphors ("Block That Metaphor") have been used as filler items, accompanied by a witty retort. There is no masthead listing the editors and staff. Despite some changes, the magazine has kept much of its traditional appearance over the decades in typography, layout, covers and artwork. The magazine was acquired by [[Advance Publications]], the media company owned by [[Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr.|Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr]], in 1985,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Easley |first=Greg |title=The New Yorker: When a Magazine Wins Awards But Loses Money, the Only Success is the Editor's Private One |work=[[Spy (magazine)|Spy]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fM4yPDNHtHQC&q=1984+newhouse+the+new+yorker&pg=PA58}}</ref> for $200 million when it was earning less than $6 million a year.<ref name="mahon19890910">{{Cite news |last=Mahon |first=Gigi |title=S.I. Newhouse and Conde Nast; Taking Off The White Gloves |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/10/magazine/si-newhouse-and-conde-nast-taking-off-the-white-gloves.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |access-date=September 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026164340/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/10/magazine/si-newhouse-and-conde-nast-taking-off-the-white-gloves.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=October 26, 2017}}</ref>

Ross was succeeded as editor by [[William Shawn]] (1951–87), followed by [[Robert Gottlieb]] (1987–92) and [[Tina Brown]] (1992–98). The current editor of ''The New Yorker'' is [[David Remnick]], who succeeded Brown in July 1998.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harper |first=Jennifer |title=New Yorker Magazine Names New Editor |work=The Washington Times |agency=Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20900047.html |url-status=dead |access-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075840/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20900047.html |archive-date=October 10, 2017}}{{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref>

Among the important nonfiction authors who began writing for the magazine during Shawn's editorship were [[Dwight Macdonald]], [[Kenneth Tynan]], and [[Hannah Arendt]], whose ''Eichmann in Jerusalem'' reportage appeared in the magazine before it was published as a book.

Brown's tenure attracted more controversy than Gottlieb's or even Shawn's, thanks to her high profile (Shawn, by contrast, had been an extremely shy, introverted figure), and to the changes she made to a magazine with a similar look for the previous half-century. She introduced color to the editorial pages (several years before ''[[The New York Times]]'') and included photography, with less type on each page and a generally more modern layout. More substantively, she increased the coverage of current events and topics such as celebrities and business tycoons, and placed short pieces throughout "Goings on About Town", including a racy column about nightlife in Manhattan. A letters-to-the-editor page was introduced, and authors' bylines were added to their "Talk of the Town" pieces.

Since the late 1990s, ''The New Yorker'' has used the Internet to publish current and archived material, and maintains a website with some content from the current issue (plus exclusive web-only content). Subscribers have access to the full current issue online and a complete archive of back issues viewable as they were originally printed. In addition, ''The New Yorker''{{'}}s cartoons are available for purchase online. A digital archive of back issues from 1925 to April 2008 (representing more than 4,000 issues and half a million pages) was also issued on DVD-ROMs and on a small portable hard drive. More recently, an iPad version of the current issue has been released.

The magazine's editorial staff unionized in 2018 and [[The New Yorker Union]] signed its first [[collective bargaining agreement]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |title=New Yorker Union Reaches Deal With Condé Nast After Threatening to Strike |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/media/conde-nast-new-yorker-union-deal.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/business/media/conde-nast-new-yorker-union-deal.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Influence and significance ===
''The New Yorker'' influenced a number of similar magazines, including [[The Brooklynite (magazine)|''The Brooklynite'']] (1926 to 1930), ''[[The Chicagoan]]'' (1926 to 1935), and Paris's ''[[The Boulevardier]]'' (1927 to 1932).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Judith Yaross |url=https://archive.org/details/definingnewyorke00leej |title=Defining New Yorker Humor |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781578061983 |page=[https://archive.org/details/definingnewyorke00leej/page/12 12] |language=en |quote=brooklynite . |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Overbey |first=Erin |author-link=Erin Overbey |title=A New Yorker for Brooklynites |language=en |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/a-new-yorker-for-brooklynites |url-status=live |access-date=January 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914054336/http://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/a-new-yorker-for-brooklynites |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |issn=0028-792X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ERSKINE GWYNNE, 49, WROTE BOOK ON PARIS |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/05/06/85217909.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510200252/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/05/06/85217909.html |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |access-date=January 27, 2019 |website=timesmachine.nytimes.com |publisher=[[The New York Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

[[Kurt Vonnegut]] said that ''The New Yorker'' has been an effective instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. His 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of ''The New Yorker''{{'}}s influence:

{{blockquote|[T]he limiting factor [in literature] is the reader. No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the reader's being a good performer, and you may write music which he absolutely can't perform—in which case it's a bust. Those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. It's a learning process, and ''The New Yorker'' has been a very good institution of the sort needed. They have a captive audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance, and are able to perform that sort of thing in their heads and enjoy it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vonnegut |first=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLQeOR_m2YMC&pg=PA164 |title=Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=1988 |isbn=9780878053575 |editor-last=Allen |editor-first=William Rodney |location=Jackson, MS |pages=163–164}}</ref>}}

[[Tom Wolfe]] wrote of the magazine: "The ''New Yorker'' style was one of leisurely meandering understatement, droll when in the humorous mode, tautological and [[litotes|litotical]] when in the serious mode, constantly amplified, qualified, adumbrated upon, nuanced and renuanced, until the magazine's pale-gray pages became High Baroque triumphs of the relative clause and appository modifier".<ref>Wolfe, Tom, "Foreword: Murderous Gutter Journalism", in ''Hooking Up''. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2000.</ref>

Joseph Rosenblum, reviewing [[Ben Yagoda]]'s ''About Town'', a history of the magazine from 1925 to 1985, wrote, "''The New Yorker'' did create its own universe. As one longtime reader wrote to Yagoda, this was a place 'where [[Peter DeVries]] ...{{sic}} was forever lifting a glass of [[Piesporter]], where [[Niccolò Tucci]] (in a plum velvet dinner jacket) flirted in Italian with [[Muriel Spark]], where Nabokov sipped tawny [[Port wine|port]] from a prismatic goblet (while a [[Vanessa atalanta|Red Admirable]] perched on his pinky), and where John Updike tripped over the master's Swiss shoes, excusing himself charmingly{{' "}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenblum |first=Joseph |title=Magill's Literary Annual 2001: Essay-Reviews of 200 Outstanding Books Published in the United States During 2000 |publisher=Salem Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-89356-275-0 |editor-last=Wilson, John D. |location=Pasadena, Calif. |page=5 |chapter=About Town |editor-last2=[[Steven G. Kellman]]}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
''The New Yorker'' has been the source for motion pictures. Both fiction and nonfiction pieces have been adapted for the big screen, including the upcoming ''[[Coyote vs. Acme]]'', ''[[Spiderhead]]'' (2022), based on George Saunders's story ''Escape from Spiderhead'', ''[[Flash of Genius (film)|Flash of Genius]]'' (2008), based on a true account of the invention of the intermittent windshield wiper by [[John Seabrook]]; ''[[Away From Her]]'', adapted from Alice Munro's short story "The Bear Came over the Mountain", which debuted at the 2007 [[Sundance Film Festival]]; ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' (2007), similarly based on [[Jhumpa Lahiri]]'s novel, which originated as a short story in the magazine; ''[[The Bridge (2006 documentary film)|The Bridge]]'' (2006), based on [[Tad Friend]]'s 2003 nonfiction piece "Jumpers"; ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (2005), an adaptation of the short story by [[E. Annie Proulx|Annie Proulx]] that appeared in the October 13, 1997, issue; [[Jonathan Safran Foer]]'s 2001 debut in ''The New Yorker'', which later came to theaters in [[Liev Schreiber]]'s debut as both screenwriter and director, ''[[Everything Is Illuminated (film)|Everything Is Illuminated]]'' (2005); [[Michael Cunningham]]'s'' [[The Hours (film)|The Hours]]'', which appeared in ''The New Yorker'' before becoming the film that garnered the 2002 Best Actress Academy Award for [[Nicole Kidman]]; ''[[Adaptation (film)|Adaptation]]'' (2002), which [[Charlie Kaufman]] based on [[Susan Orlean]]'s ''The Orchid Thief'', written for ''The New Yorker''; Frank McCourt's ''[[Angela's Ashes]]'' (1999), which also appeared, in part, in ''The New Yorker'' before its film adaptation was released in 1999; ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (1991) and its sequel, ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' (1993), both inspired by the work of ''New Yorker'' cartoonist [[Charles Addams]]; [[Brian De Palma]]'s ''[[Casualties of War]]'' (1989), which began as a ''New Yorker'' article by Daniel Lang; ''[[Boys Don't Cry (1999 film)|Boys Don't Cry]]'' (1999), starring Hilary Swank, which began as an article in the magazine; ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'' (2001), about the life of Iris Murdoch and John Bayley, the article written by Bayley for ''The New Yorker'' before he completed his full memoir, the film starring Judi Dench and Jim Broadbent; ''[[The Swimmer (1968 film)|The Swimmer]]'' (1968), starring [[Burt Lancaster]], based on a John Cheever short story from ''The New Yorker''; ''[[In Cold Blood (film)|In Cold Blood]]'' (1967), the widely nominated adaptation of the 1965 nonfiction serial written for ''The New Yorker'' by [[Truman Capote]]; ''[[Pal Joey (film)|Pal Joey]]'' (1957), based on a series of stories by John O'Hara; ''[[Mister 880]]'' (1950), starring [[Edmund Gwenn]], based on a story by longtime editor [[St. Clair McKelway]]; ''[[The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)|The Secret Life of Walter Mitty]]'' (1947), which began as a story by longtime ''New Yorker'' contributor James Thurber; and ''[[Junior Miss]]'' (1941) and ''[[Meet Me in St. Louis (film)|Meet Me in St. Louis]]'' (1944), both adapted from [[Sally Benson]]'s short stories.{{citation needed}}

===United States presidential election endorsements===
In its November 1, 2004, issue, the magazine endorsed a presidential candidate for the first time, choosing [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee [[John Kerry]] over incumbent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Choice |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/11/01/the-choice-5 |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024210/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/11/01/the-choice-5 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |access-date=February 21, 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! colspan="2" | Endorsement
! Result
! class="unsortable" colspan="6" | Other major candidate(s)
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}" |
| data-sort-value="Kerry, John" | '''[[John Kerry]]'''
| Lost
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}" |
| colspan="5"| [[George W. Bush]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Choice |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/11/01/the-choice-5 |url-status=live |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024210/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/11/01/the-choice-5 |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}" |
| data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | '''[[Barack Obama]]'''
| Won
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}" |
| colspan="5" | [[John McCain]]
||<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Choice |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/13/the-choice-the-editors |url-status=live |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125211515/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/13/the-choice-the-editors |archive-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}" |
| data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | '''[[Barack Obama]]'''
| Won
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}" |
| colspan="5" | [[Mitt Romney]]
||<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Choice |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/29/the-choice-8 |url-status=live |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124033104/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/29/the-choice-8 |archive-date=January 24, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}" |
| data-sort-value="Clinton, Hillary" | '''[[Hillary Clinton]]'''
| Lost
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}" |
| colspan="5" | [[Donald Trump]]
||<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The New Yorker Endorses Hillary Clinton |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/31/the-new-yorker-endorses-hillary-clinton |url-status=live |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415052126/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/31/the-new-yorker-endorses-hillary-clinton |archive-date=April 15, 2020}}</ref>
|-
! [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}" |
| data-sort-value="Biden, Joe" | '''[[Joe Biden]]'''
| Won
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}" |
| colspan="5" | [[Donald Trump]]
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The New Yorker Endorses a Biden Presidency |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/10/05/the-new-yorker-endorses-a-biden-presidency |url-status=live |access-date=December 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005211447/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/10/05/the-new-yorker-endorses-a-biden-presidency |archive-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Cartoons ==
''The New Yorker'' has featured cartoons (usually [[gag cartoon]]s) since it began publication in 1925. For years, its cartoon editor was [[Lee Lorenz]], who first began cartooning in 1956 and became a ''New Yorker'' contract contributor in 1958.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Lee Lorenz |url=https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/lee-lorenz |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203023855/https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/lee-lorenz |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2015}}</ref> After serving as the magazine's art editor from 1973 to 1993 (when he was replaced by [[Françoise Mouly]]), he continued in the position of cartoon editor until 1998. His book ''The Art of the New Yorker: 1925–1995'' (Knopf, 1995) was the first comprehensive survey of all aspects of the magazine's graphics. In 1998, [[Robert Mankoff]] took over as cartoon editor and edited at least 14 collections of ''New Yorker'' cartoons. Mankoff also usually contributed a short article to each book, describing some aspect of the cartooning process or the methods used to select cartoons for the magazine. He left the magazine in 2017.<ref>Cavna, Michael. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2017/05/01/bob-mankoff-named-humor-editor-for-esquire-after-exiting-new-yorker-job/ "Bob Mankoff named humor editor for Esquire one day after exiting the New Yorker,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080600/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2017/05/01/bob-mankoff-named-humor-editor-for-esquire-after-exiting-new-yorker-job/ }} ''Washington Post'' (May 1, 2017).</ref>

''The New Yorker''{{'}}s stable of cartoonists has included many important talents in American humor, including [[Charles Addams]], [[Peter Arno]], [[Charles Barsotti]], [[George Booth (cartoonist)|George Booth]], [[Roz Chast]], [[Tom Cheney (cartoonist)|Tom Cheney]], [[Sam Cobean]], [[Leo Cullum]], [[Richard Decker]], [[Pia Guerra]], [[J. B. Handelsman]], [[Helen E. Hokinson]], [[Pete Holmes]], [[Ed Koren]], [[Reginald Marsh (artist)|Reginald Marsh]], [[Mary Petty]], [[George Price (New Yorker cartoonist)|George Price]], [[Charles Saxon]], [[Burr Shafer]], [[Otto Soglow]], [[William Steig]], [[Saul Steinberg]], [[James Stevenson (illustrator)|James Stevenson]], [[James Thurber]], and [[Gahan Wilson]].

Many early ''New Yorker'' cartoonists did not caption their cartoons. In his book ''The Years with Ross'', Thurber describes the newspaper's weekly art meeting, where cartoons submitted over the previous week were brought up from the mail room to be looked over by Ross, the editorial department, and a number of staff writers. Cartoons were often rejected or sent back to artists with requested amendments, while others were accepted and captions were written for them. Some artists hired their own writers; Helen Hokinson hired James Reid Parker in 1931. ([[Brendan Gill]] relates in his book ''Here at The New Yorker'' that at one point in the early 1940s, the quality of the artwork submitted to the magazine seemed to improve. It later was found out that the office boy (a teenaged [[Truman Capote]]) had been acting as a volunteer art editor, dropping pieces he did not like down the far end of his desk.)<ref>Gill, Brendan. ''Here at The New Yorker''. New York: Berkley Medallion Press, 1976. p. 341.</ref>

Several of the magazine's cartoons have reached a higher plateau of fame. One 1928 cartoon drawn by [[Carl Rose (cartoonist)|Carl Rose]] and captioned by [[E. B. White]] shows a mother telling her daughter, "It's broccoli, dear." The daughter responds, "I say it's spinach and I say the hell with it." The phrase "[[I say it's spinach]]" entered the vernacular (and three years later, the Broadway musical ''Face the Music'' included [[Irving Berlin]]'s song "[[I Say It's Spinach (And the Hell with It)]]").<ref>Gill (1976), p. 220.</ref> The [[catchphrase]] "[[wikt:back to the drawing board|back to the drawing board]]" originated with the 1941 Peter Arno cartoon showing an engineer walking away from a crashed plane, saying, "Well, back to the old drawing board."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Maslin – Finding Arno |url=http://michaelmaslin.com/index.php?page=finding-arno |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917221618/http://michaelmaslin.com/index.php?page=finding-arno |archive-date=September 17, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBR.com – The World's Top Destination For Comic, Movie & TV news |url=http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/arno11.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131235442/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/arno11.jpg |archive-date=January 31, 2011 |access-date=September 7, 2010}}</ref>

The most reprinted is [[Peter Steiner (cartoonist)|Peter Steiner]]'s 1993 drawing of two dogs at a computer, with one saying, "[[On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog]]". According to Mankoff, Steiner and the magazine have split more than $100,000 in fees paid for the licensing and reprinting of this single cartoon, with more than half going to Steiner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleishman |first=Glenn |title=Cartoon Captures Spirit of the Internet |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/14/technology/14DOGG.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=f0518aafeccf36fd&ex=1183089600 |access-date=October 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416205920/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/14/technology/14DOGG.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=f0518aafeccf36fd&ex=1183089600 |archive-date=April 16, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Steiner's "On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog." |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/jomc/academics/dri/idog.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029045942/http://www.unc.edu/depts/jomc/academics/dri/idog.html |archive-date=October 29, 2005 |access-date=July 24, 2007}}</ref>

Over seven decades, many hardcover compilations of ''New Yorker'' cartoons have been published, and in 2004, Mankoff edited ''The Complete Cartoons of The New Yorker'', a 656-page collection with 2,004 of the magazine's best cartoons published during 80 years, plus a double CD set with all 68,647 cartoons ever published in the magazine. This features a search function allowing readers to search for cartoons by cartoonist's name or year of publication. The newer group of cartoonists in recent years includes [[Pat Byrnes]], [[J. C. Duffy]], [[Liana Finck]], [[Emily Flake]], [[Robert Leighton (cartoonist)|Robert Leighton]], [[Michael Maslin]], [[Julia Suits]], and [[P. C. Vey]]. Will McPhail cited his beginnings as "just ripping off ''Calvin and Hobbes'', Bill Watterson, and doing little dot eyes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom and Space: In Conversation with New Yorker Cartoonist Will McPhail |url=https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/home/will-mcphail-in-a-graphic-novel-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207204215/https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/home/will-mcphail-in-a-graphic-novel-interview |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=Cleveland Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> The notion that some ''New Yorker'' cartoons have punchlines so oblique as to be impenetrable became a subplot in the ''[[Seinfeld]]'' episode "[[The Cartoon]]", as well as a playful jab in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[The Sweetest Apu]]".

In April 2005, the magazine began using the last page of each issue for "The New Yorker Cartoon [[Caption Contest]]". Captionless cartoons by ''The New Yorker''{{'}}s regular cartoonists are printed each week. Captions are submitted by readers, and three are chosen as finalists. Readers then vote on the winner. Anyone age 13 or older can enter or vote.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Caption Contest Rules |url=https://www.newyorker.com/about/caption-contest-rules |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712223454/https://www.newyorker.com/about/caption-contest-rules |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> Each contest winner receives a print of the cartoon (with the winning caption) signed by the artist who drew the cartoon.

=== Comics journalism ===
Since 1993, the magazine has published occasional stories of [[comics journalism]] (alternately called "sketchbook reports")<ref name=Conduit>McGee, Kathleen. [https://www.conduit.org/interview/5/spiegelman "SPIEGELMAN SPEAKS: Art Spiegelman is the author of Maus for which he won a special Pulitzer in 1992. Kathleen McGee interviewed him when he visited Minneapolis in 1998,"] ''Conduit'' (1998).</ref> by such cartoonists as [[Marisa Acocella Marchetto]], [[Barry Blitt]], [[Sue Coe]], [[Robert Crumb]] and [[Aline Kominsky-Crumb]], [[Jules Feiffer]], [[Ben Katchor]], [[Carol Lay]], [[Gary Panter]], [[Art Spiegelman]], [[Mark Alan Stamaty]], and [[Ronald Wimberly]].<ref>Williams, Kristian. "The Case for Comics Journalism," ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' Vol. 43, Iss. 6, (Mar/Apr 2005), pp. 51-55.</ref>

== Crosswords and puzzles ==
In April 2018, ''The New Yorker'' launched a crossword puzzle series with a weekday crossword published every Monday. Subsequently, it launched a second, weekend crossword that appears on Fridays and relaunched cryptic puzzles that were run in the magazine in the late 1990s. In June 2021, it began publishing new cryptics weekly.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Announcing an All-New Weekly Cryptic Crossword from The New Yorker |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/puzzles-and-games-dept/cryptic-crossword/announcing-an-all-new-weekly-cryptic-crossword-from-the-new-yorker}}</ref> In July 2021, ''The New Yorker'' introduced Name Drop, a trivia game, which is posted online weekdays.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Introducing Name Drop: a Daily Trivia Game from The New Yorker |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/puzzles-and-games-dept/introducing-name-drop-a-daily-trivia-game-from-the-new-yorker}}</ref> In March 2022, ''The New Yorker'' moved to publishing online crosswords every weekday, with decreasing difficulty Monday through Thursday and themed puzzles on Fridays.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=You Can Now Play The New Yorker Crossword Every Weekday |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/puzzles-and-games-dept/crossword/you-can-now-play-the-new-yorker-crossword-every-weekday}}</ref> The puzzles are written by a rotating stable of 13 constructors. They integrate cartoons into the solving experience. The Christmas 2019 issue featured a crossword puzzle by Patrick Berry that had cartoons as clues, with the answers being captions for the cartoons. In December 2019, Liz Maynes-Aminzade was named ''The New Yorker''<nowiki/>'s first puzzles and games editor.{{citation needed}}

== Eustace Tilley ==
[[File:Alfred D’Orsay.png|thumb|upright=0.7|right|Image of [[Alfred d'Orsay]] (1801–1852), published by [[James Baillie Fraser|James Fraser]] (1783–1856).]]

The magazine's first cover illustration, a [[dandy]] peering at a butterfly through a [[monocle]], was drawn by [[Rea Irvin]], the magazine's first art editor, based on an 1834 caricature of the then [[Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, Count d'Orsay|Count d'Orsay]] that appeared as an illustration in the 11th edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eustace Tilley |url=http://hoc.uspoc.us/2010/eustace-tilley/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817123844/http://hoc.uspoc.us/2010/eustace-tilley/ |archive-date=August 17, 2011 |access-date=March 29, 2010}}</ref> The gentleman on the original cover, now known as Eustace Tilley, is a character created for ''The New Yorker'' by [[Corey Ford]]. The hero of a series titled "The Making of a Magazine", which began on the inside front cover of the August 8 issue that first summer, Tilley was a younger man than the figure on the original cover. His [[top hat]] was of a newer style, without the curved brim. He wore a [[morning coat]] and striped [[formal trousers]]. Ford borrowed Eustace Tilley's last name from an aunt—he had always found it vaguely humorous. "Eustace" was selected by Ford for [[Phonaesthetics|euphony]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kunkel |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/geniusindisguise00kunk |title=Genius in Disguise |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |isbn=9780786703234 |page=512 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The character has become a kind of mascot for ''The New Yorker'', frequently appearing in its pages and on promotional materials. Traditionally, Irvin's original Tilley cover illustration is used every year on the issue closest to the anniversary date of February 21, though on several occasions a newly drawn variation has been substituted.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mouly |first=Françoise |title=Cover Story: Nine for Ninety |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cover-story-nine-ninety |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804074621/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cover-story-nine-ninety |archive-date=August 4, 2015 |access-date=July 31, 2015}}</ref>

== Covers ==
{{Overly detailed|section}}
The magazine is known for its illustrated and often topical covers.

=== "View of the World" cover ===
{{main|View of the World from 9th Avenue}}
Saul Steinberg created 85 covers and 642 internal drawings and illustrations for the magazine. His most famous work is probably its March 29, 1976, cover,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Yorker March 29, 1976 by Saul Steinberg |url=https://condenaststore.com/featured/new-yorker-march-29-1976-saul-steinberg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212518/https://condenaststore.com/featured/new-yorker-march-29-1976-saul-steinberg.html |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> an illustration most often called "View of the World from [[Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)|9th Avenue]]" and sometimes called "A Parochial New Yorker's View of the World" or "A New Yorker's View of the World", which depicts a map of the world as seen by self-absorbed New Yorkers.

The illustration is split in two, with the bottom half of the image showing Manhattan's 9th Avenue, 10th Avenue, and the [[Hudson River]] (appropriately labeled), and the top half depicting the rest of the world. The rest of the United States is the size of the three New York City blocks and is drawn as a square, with a thin brown strip along the Hudson representing [[New Jersey|"Jersey"]], the names of five cities ([[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]; [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]; and [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]) and three states ([[Texas]], [[Utah]], and [[Nebraska]]) scattered among a few rocks for the U.S. beyond New Jersey. The Pacific Ocean, perhaps half again as wide as the Hudson, separates the U.S. from three flattened land masses labeled China, Japan and Russia.

The illustration—humorously depicting New Yorkers' self-image of their place in the world, or perhaps outsiders' view of New Yorkers' self-image—inspired many similar works, including the poster for the 1984 film ''[[Moscow on the Hudson]]''; that movie poster led to a lawsuit, ''[[Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.]]'', 663 F. Supp. 706 ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]] 1987), which held that [[Columbia Pictures]] violated the [[copyright]] that Steinberg held on his work.

The cover was later satirized by [[Barry Blitt]] for the cover of ''The New Yorker'' on October 6, 2008. The cover featured [[Sarah Palin]] looking out of her window seeing only Alaska, with Russia in the far background.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Yorker Cover – 10/6/2008 at The New Yorker Store |url=http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/The-New-Yorker-Cover-October-6-2008-Prints_i8482999_.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118060355/http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/The-New-Yorker-Cover-October-6-2008-Prints_i8482999_.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=October 15, 2010 |publisher=Newyorkerstore.com}}</ref>

The March 21, 2009, cover of ''[[The Economist]]'', "How China sees the World", is also an homage to the original image, depicting the viewpoint from Beijing's [[Chang'an Avenue]] instead of Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Issue Cover for March 21, 2009 |publisher=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21521345 |url-status=live |access-date=August 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225030405/http://www.economist.com/node/21521345 |archive-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref>

=== 9/11 ===
Hired by Tina Brown in 1992, [[Art Spiegelman]] worked for ''The New Yorker'' for ten years but resigned a few months after the [[September 11 terrorist attacks]]. The cover created by Spiegelman and Françoise Mouly for the September 24, 2001, issue of ''The New Yorker'' received wide acclaim and was voted as being among the top ten magazine covers of the past 40 years by the American Society of Magazine Editors, which commented:

{{blockquote|''New Yorker'' Covers Editor Françoise Mouly repositioned Art Spiegelman's silhouettes, inspired by [[Ad Reinhardt]]'s black-on-black paintings, so that the North Tower's antenna breaks the "W" of the magazine's logo. Spiegelman wanted to see the emptiness, and find the awful/awe-filled image of all that disappeared on 9/11. The silhouetted Twin Towers were printed in a fifth, black ink, on a field of black made up of the standard four color printing inks. An overprinted clear varnish helps create the ghost images that linger, insisting on their presence through the blackness.}}

At first glance, the cover appears to be totally black, but upon close examination it reveals the silhouettes of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] towers in a slightly darker shade of black. In some situations, the ghost images become visible only when the magazine is tilted toward a light source.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASME's Top 40 Magazine Covers of the Last 40 Years – ASME |url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine-cover-contests/asmes-top-40-magazine-covers-last-40-years |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050040/http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine-cover-contests/asmes-top-40-magazine-covers-last-40-years |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |access-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> In September 2004, Spiegelman reprised the image on the cover of his book ''[[In the Shadow of No Towers]]'', in which he relates his experience of the Twin Towers attack and its psychological aftereffects.

=== "New Yorkistan" ===
{{Main|New Yorkistan}}

In the December 2001 issue, the magazine printed a cover by [[Maira Kalman]] and [[Rick Meyerowitz]] showing a map of New York in which various neighborhoods were labeled with humorous names reminiscent of Middle Eastern and Central Asian place names and referencing the neighborhood's real name or characteristics (e.g., "Fuhgeddabouditstan", "Botoxia"). The cover had some cultural resonance in the wake of September 11, and became a popular print and poster.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The New Yorker uncovers an unexpected profit center – Ancillary Profits – by licensing cover illustrations |work=Folio: The Magazine for Magazine Management |publisher=Highbeam.com |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83296829.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504224203/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-83296829.html |archive-date=2016-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Daniel Grand |title=A Print by Any Other Name... |work=OpinionJournal |url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110004685 |url-status=live |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202457/http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110004685 |archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref>

=== Controversial covers ===
==== Crown Heights in 1993 ====
For the 1993 [[Valentine's Day]] issue, the magazine cover by [[Art Spiegelman]] depicted a black woman and a [[Hasidic Jew]]ish man kissing, referencing the [[Crown Heights riot]] of 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=James |title=Drawing pains |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/aug/28/comics.politics |url-status=live |access-date=May 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828045435/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/aug/28/comics.politics |archive-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref><ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Chideya |first=Farai |title=Cartoonist Speaks His Mind on Obama Cover: News & Views |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/newsandviews/2008/07/cartoonist_speaks_mind_on_obam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413132622/http://www.npr.org/blogs/newsandviews/2008/07/cartoonist_speaks_mind_on_obam.html |archive-date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2010 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> The cover was criticized by both black and Jewish observers.<ref name="shapiro">{{Cite book |last=Shapiro |first=Edward S. |title=Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot |publisher=[[UPNE]] |year=2006 |page=211}}</ref> Jack Salzman and [[Cornel West]] called the reaction to the cover the magazine's "first national controversy".<ref name="salzman">{{Cite book |last1=Jack Salzman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2MJkRjpOHoC&q=Struggles+in+the+Promised+Land:+Towards+a+History+of+Black-Jewish+Relations+in+the+United+States |title=Struggles in the Promised Land: Towards a History of Black-Jewish Relations in the United States |last2=Cornel West |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-508828-1 |page=373}}</ref>

==== 2008 Obama cover satire and controversy ====
[[File:New Yorker magazine Politics of Fear.png|thumb|right|Barry Blitt's cover from the July 21, 2008, issue of ''The New Yorker'']]
"The Politics of Fear", a cartoon by [[Barry Blitt]] featured on the cover of the July 21, 2008, issue, depicts then presumptive [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[2008 United States presidential election|presidential]] nominee [[Barack Obama]] in the [[turban]] and [[shalwar kameez]] typical of many [[Muslim]]s, [[fist bump]]ing with his wife, [[Michelle Obama|Michelle]], portrayed with an [[Afro]] and wearing [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] trousers with an [[assault rifle]] slung over her back. They are standing in the [[Oval Office]], with a portrait of [[Osama bin Laden]] hanging on the wall and an [[American flag]] [[Flag desecration|burning]] in the fireplace in the background.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Associated Press |title=New Yorker cover stirs controversy |publisher=Canoe.ca |url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/MediaNews/2008/07/14/6151776-ap.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731163939/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/MediaNews/2008/07/14/6151776-ap.html |archive-date=July 31, 2008 |access-date=July 14, 2008 }}</ref>

Many ''New Yorker'' readers saw the image as a lampoon of "The Politics of Fear", as was its title. Some Obama supporters, as well as his presumptive Republican opponent, [[John McCain]], accused the magazine of publishing an incendiary cartoon whose irony could be lost on some readers. Editor David Remnick felt the image's obvious excesses rebuffed the concern that it could be misunderstood, even by those unfamiliar with the magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Was it satire? |url=http://www.thespec.com/opinion/article/143986--was-it-satire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717031905/http://www.thespec.com/opinion/article/143986--was-it-satire |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hamilton Spectator]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barack Obama New Yorker Cover Branded Tasteless |url=http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/world/266893/barack-obama-new-yorker-cover-branded-tasteless.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724122550/http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/world/266893/barack-obama-new-yorker-cover-branded-tasteless.html |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=[[Marie Claire]]}}</ref> "The intent of the cover", he said, "is to satirize the vicious and racist attacks and rumors and misconceptions about the Obamas that have been floating around in the [[blogosphere]] and are reflected in public opinion polls. What we set out to do was to throw all these images together, which are all over the top and to shine a kind of harsh light on them, to satirize them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tapper |first=Jake |author-link=Jake Tapper |title=New Yorker Editor David Remnick Talks to ABC News About Cover Controversy |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/07/new-yorker-edit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522022349/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/07/new-yorker-edit.html |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref>

In an interview on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' shortly after the magazine issue began circulating, Obama said, "Well, I know it was ''The New Yorker''{{'}}s attempt at satire... I don't think they were entirely successful with it". Obama also pointed to his own efforts to debunk the allegations the cover depicted through a website his campaign set up, saying that the allegations were "actually an insult against Muslim-Americans".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Democrats' bus heads South to sign up new voters |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/07/16/democrats_bus_heads_south_to_sign_up_new_voters/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113012428/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/07/16/democrats_bus_heads_south_to_sign_up_new_voters/ |archive-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tapper |first=Jake |title=Obama Camp Hammers New 'Ironic' New Yorker Cover Depicting Conspiracists' Nightmare of Real Obamas |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/07/new-ironic-new.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522022401/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/07/new-ironic-new.html |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=Political Punch |publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref>

Later that week, ''[[The Daily Show]]''{{'}}s [[Jon Stewart]] continued ''The New Yorker'' cover's argument about Obama stereotypes with a piece showcasing a montage of clips containing such stereotypes culled from various legitimate news sources.<ref>[http://www.cc.com/video-clips/twlbqc/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-obama-cartoon "Obama Cartoon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035441/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/twlbqc/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-obama-cartoon }}, ''The Daily Show'', July 15, 2008.</ref> Stewart and [[Stephen Colbert]] parodied ''The New Yorker''<nowiki/>'s Obama cover on the October 3, 2008, cover of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine, with Stewart as Obama and Colbert as Michelle, photographed for the magazine in New York City on September 18.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wolk |first=Josh |title=''Entertainment Weekly'' October 3, 2008, Issue #1014 cover |url=https://ew.com/ew/inside/issue/0,,ewTax:1014,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427075552/http://www.ew.com/ew/inside/issue/0%2C%2CewTax%3A1014%2C00.html |archive-date=April 27, 2009 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

''New Yorker'' covers are sometimes unrelated to the contents of the magazine or only tangentially related. The article about Obama in the July 21, 2008, issue did not discuss the attacks and rumors but rather Obama's political career. The magazine later endorsed Obama for president.

This parody was most likely inspired by [[Fox News]] host [[E. D. Hill]]'s paraphrasing of an anonymous internet comment in asking whether a gesture made by Obama and his wife Michelle was a "terrorist fist jab".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beam |first=Christopher |title=The 'Terrorist Fist Jab' and Me |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2195347/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227041719/http://www.slate.com/id/2195347 |archive-date=December 27, 2009 |access-date=January 23, 2010 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fox News anchor calls the Obamas' fist pound 'a terrorist fist jab' |url=http://thinkprogress.org/2008/06/09/fox-news-anchor-calls-the-obamas-fist-pound-a-terrorist-fist-jab/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610230043/http://thinkprogress.org/2008/06/09/fox-news-anchor-calls-the-obamas-fist-pound-a-terrorist-fist-jab/ |archive-date=June 10, 2008 |access-date=June 10, 2008 |website=[[Think Progress]]}}</ref> Later, Hill's contract was not renewed.<ref>[https://huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/10/fox-news-changes-terroris_n_106306.html "Fox News Changes: 'Terrorist Fist Jab' Anchor E.D. Hill Loses Her Show, Laura Ingraham In At 5PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723141246/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/10/fox-news-changes-terroris_n_106306.html }}, ''Huffington Post'', June 18, 2008.</ref>

==== 2013 Bert and Ernie cover ====
''The New Yorker'' chose an image of [[Bert and Ernie]] by artist Jack Hunter, titled "Moment of Joy", as the cover of the July 8, 2013, issue, which covered the Supreme Court decisions on the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] and [[California Proposition 8]].<ref name="New Yorker">{{Cite magazine |last1=Mouly |first1=Francoise |last2=Kaneko |first2=Mina |title=Cover Story: Bert and Ernie's 'Moment of Joy' |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/06/new-yorker-cover-bert-ernie-gay-marriage.html |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625163138/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/06/new-yorker-cover-bert-ernie-gay-marriage.html |archive-date=June 25, 2014 |access-date=February 17, 2015 |quote='It's amazing to witness how attitudes on gay rights have evolved in my lifetime,' said Jack Hunter, the artist behind next week's cover}}</ref> The ''[[Sesame Street]]'' characters have long been rumored in urban legend to be [[homosexual]] partners, though [[Sesame Workshop]] has repeatedly denied this, saying they are merely "puppets" and have no sexual orientation.<ref name="snopes">{{Cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara and David P. |author-link=Snopes.com |title=Open Sesame |url=http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/gaymuppet.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405142555/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/open-sesame/ |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2015 |website=Urban Legends Reference Pages |publisher=Barbara and David P. Mikkelson |quote=The Children's Television Workshop has steadfastly denied rumors about Bert and Ernie's sexual orientation...}}</ref> Reaction was mixed. Online magazine ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' criticized the cover, which shows Ernie leaning on Bert's shoulder as they watch a television with the Supreme Court justices on the screen, saying, "it's a terrible way to commemorate a major civil-rights victory for gay and lesbian couples." ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', meanwhile, said it was "one of [the magazine's] most awesome covers of all time".<ref name="ABC News">{{Cite web |last=Christina Ng |title=Bert and Ernie Cuddle Over Supreme Court Ruling |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/06/bert-and-ernie-cuddle-over-supreme-court-ruling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701045715/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/06/bert-and-ernie-cuddle-over-supreme-court-ruling/ |archive-date=July 1, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |publisher=[[ABC News]]}}</ref>

== Style ==
''The New Yorker''{{'}}s signature display typeface, used for its nameplate and headlines and the masthead above ''The Talk of the Town'' section, is Irvin, named after its creator, the designer-illustrator [[Rea Irvin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.skyhorsepublishing.com/allworth-press/ |website=Allworth Press |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908114825/http://www.allworth.com/book/?GCOI=58115100176530& |url-status=dead |archivedate=September 8, 2015}}</ref> The body text of all articles in ''The New Yorker'' is set in [[Caslon|Adobe Caslon]].<ref name="caslonref">{{Cite magazine |last=Gopnik |first=Adam |title=Postscript |magazine=The New Yorker |page=35}}</ref>

One uncommonly formal feature of the magazine's in-house [[style guide|style]] is the placement of [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis marks]] in words with repeating [[vowel]]s—such as ''reëlected'', ''preëminent'', and ''coöperate''—in which the two vowel letters indicate separate vowel sounds.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Norris |first=Mary |title=The Curse of the Diaeresis |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/04/the-curse-of-the-diaeresis.html |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701065556/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/04/the-curse-of-the-diaeresis.html |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> The magazine also continues to use a few spellings that are otherwise little used in American English, such as ''fuelled'', ''focussed'', ''venders'', ''teen-ager'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Stillman |first=Sarah |title=The Throwaways |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/03/120903fa_fact_stillman?currentPage=all |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312014547/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/03/120903fa_fact_stillman?currentPage=all |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> ''traveller'', ''marvellous'', ''carrousel'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Norris |first=Mary |title=The Double L |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-double-l |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030118/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-double-l |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref> and ''cannister''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Norris |first=Mary |title=In Defense of 'Nutty' Commas |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/in-defense-of-nutty-commas |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309023753/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/in-defense-of-nutty-commas |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref>

The magazine also spells out the names of numerical amounts, such as "two million three hundred thousand dollars" instead of "$2.3 million", even for very large figures.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Davidson |first=Amy |title=Hillary Clinton Says 'No' |url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2011/03/hillary-clinton-says-no.html |url-status=live |magazine=The New Yorker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025517/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2011/03/hillary-clinton-says-no.html |archive-date=April 19, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref>

== Fact-checking ==
In 1927, ''The New Yorker'' ran an article about [[Edna St. Vincent Millay]] that contained multiple factual errors, and her mother threatened to sue the publication for libel.<ref name="CJR Facts">{{Cite news |last=Dickey |first=Colin |title=The Rise and Fall of Facts |language=en |work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |url=https://www.cjr.org/special_report/rise-and-fall-of-fact-checking.php |url-status=dead |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195717/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/rise-and-fall-of-fact-checking.php |archive-date=December 7, 2019}}</ref> Consequently, the magazine developed extensive [[fact-checking]] procedures, which became integral to its reputation as early as the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yagoda |first=Ben |url=https://archive.org/details/abouttown00beny/page/202 |title=About Town: The New Yorker and the World It Made |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-306-81023-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/abouttown00beny/page/202 202–3] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Columbia Journalism Review]] said that "no publication has been more consistently identified with its rigorous fact-checking".<ref name = "CJR Facts"/> As of 2010, it employs 16 fact-checkers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |title=Inside the World's Largest Fact Checking Operation. A conversation with two staffers at Der Spiegel |url=https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/inside_the_worlds_largest_fact.php?page=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224020224/http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/inside_the_worlds_largest_fact.php?page=all |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |access-date=September 27, 2020 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref>

At least two defamation lawsuits have been filed over articles published in the magazine, though neither were won by the plaintiff. Two 1983 articles by [[Janet Malcolm]] about [[Sigmund Freud]]'s legacy led to a lawsuit from writer [[Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson]], who claimed that Malcolm had fabricated quotes attributed to him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carmody |first=Deirdre |title=Despite Malcolm Trial, Editors Elsewhere Vouch for Accuracy of Their Work |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D81030F933A05756C0A965958260 |url-status=live |access-date=February 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405142605/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/30/us/despite-malcolm-trial-editors-elsewhere-vouch-for-accuracy-of-their-work.html |archive-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref> After years of proceedings and appeals, a jury found in Malcolm's favor in 1994.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=20%2F |last=Boynton |first=Robert |title=Till Press Do Us Part: The Trial of Janet Malcolm and Jeffrey Masson. |newspaper=[[The Village Voice]] |access-date=May 3, 2023 |archive-date=January 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109060722/http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=20%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, [[David Grann]] wrote an article for the magazine about art expert Peter Paul Biro that scrutinized and expressed skepticism about Biro's stated methods to identify forgeries.<ref name="villagevoice.com">{{Cite news |last=Samaha |first=Albert |title=Art Authenticator Loses Defamation Suit Against the New Yorker |work=[[The Village Voice]] Blog |url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2013/08/peter_paul_biro_loses_suit_new_yorker.php |url-status=dead |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111175347/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2013/08/peter_paul_biro_loses_suit_new_yorker.php |archive-date=January 11, 2015}}</ref> Biro sued ''The New Yorker'' for defamation, alongside multiple other news outlets that reported on the article, but the case was summarily dismissed.<ref name="villagevoice.com"/><ref>Julia Filip, [http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/07/01/37847.htm "Art Analyst Sues ''The New Yorker''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712202854/http://www.courthousenews.com/2011/07/01/37847.htm }} [[Courthouse News Service]] (July 1, 2011).</ref><ref name="adweek.com">Dylan Byers, [http://www.adweek.com/news/press/forensic-art-expert-sues-new-yorker-author-133109 "Forensic Art Expert Sues ''New Yorker'' – Author Wants $2 million for defamation over David Grann piece"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815030944/http://www.adweek.com/news/press/forensic-art-expert-sues-new-yorker-author-133109 }}, ''[[Adweek]]'', June 30, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=312 11 Civ. 4442 (JPO) ''Peter Paul Biro v. ... David Grann ...''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203010028/http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=312 }}, United States District Court – Southern District of New York</ref>

== Readership ==
Despite its title, ''The New Yorker'' is read nationwide, with 53 percent of its circulation in the top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas. According to Mediamark Research Inc., the average age of ''The New Yorker'' readers in 2009 was 47 (compared to 43 in 1980 and 46 in 1990). The average household income of ''The New Yorker'' readers in 2009 was $109,877 (the average income in 1980 was $62,788 and the average income in 1990 was $70,233).<ref>[https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/income_wealth/012528.html Census.gov]. [[United States Census Bureau]].{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Failed verification}}

Politically, the magazine's readership holds generally [[modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] views. According to a 2014 [[Pew Research Center]] survey, 77% of ''The New Yorker''{{'}}s readers have left-of-center political values, and 52% of them hold "consistently liberal" political values.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Where New Yorker's Audience Fits on the Political Spectrum |language=en-US |work=Pew Research Center's Journalism Project |url=http://www.journalism.org/interactives/media-polarization/outlet/new-yorker/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604045409/http://www.journalism.org/interactives/media-polarization/outlet/new-yorker/ |archive-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

== List of books about ''The New Yorker'' ==
{{lacking ISBN|section}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|small=yes}}
* ''Ross and The New Yorker'' by Dale Kramer (1951)
* ''The Years with Ross'' by [[James Thurber]] (1959)
* ''Ross, The New Yorker and Me'' by [[Jane Grant]] (1968)
* ''[[Here at The New Yorker]]'' by [[Brendan Gill]] (1975)
* ''About the New Yorker and Me'' by [[Ely Jacques Kahn, Jr.|E.J. Kahn]] (1979)
* ''Onward and Upward: A Biography of Katharine S. White'' by Linda H. Davis (1987)
* ''At Seventy: More about The New Yorker and Me'' by [[Ely Jacques Kahn, Jr.|E. J. Kahn]] (1988)
* ''Katharine and E. B. White: An Affectionate Memoir'' by Isabel Russell (1988)
* ''The Last Days of The New Yorker'' by Gigi Mahon (1989)
* ''The Smart Magazines: Fifty Years of Literary Revelry and High Jinks at Vanity Fair, the New Yorker, Life, Esquire, and the Smart Set by George H. Douglas'' (1991)
* ''Genius in Disguise: Harold Ross of the New Yorker'' by Thomas Kunkel (1997)
* ''Here But Not Here: My Life with William Shawn and The New Yorker'' by [[Lillian Ross (journalist)|Lillian Ross]] (1998)
* ''Remembering Mr. Shawn's New Yorker: The Invisible Art of Editing'' by [[Ved Mehta]] (1998)
* ''Some Times in America: And a Life in a Year at The New Yorker'' by Alexander Chancellor (1999)
* ''The World Through a Monocle: The New Yorker at Midcentury'' by Mary F. Corey (1999)
* ''About Town: The New Yorker and the World It Made'' by [[Ben Yagoda]] (2000)
* ''Covering the New Yorker: Cutting-Edge Covers from a Literary Institution'' by [[Françoise Mouly]] (2000)
* ''Defining New Yorker Humor'' by Judith Yaross Lee (2000)
* ''Gone: The Last Days of The New Yorker'', by [[Renata Adler]] (2000)
* ''Letters from the Editor: The New Yorker's Harold Ross'' edited by Thomas Kunkel (2000; letters covering the years 1917 to 1951)
* ''New Yorker Profiles 1925–1992: A Bibliography'' compiled by Gail Shivel (2000)
* ''NoBrow: The Culture of Marketing – the Marketing of Culture'' by John Seabrook (2000)
* ''Fierce Pajamas: An Anthology of Humor Writing from The New Yorker'' by David Remnick and Henry Finder (2002)
* ''Christmas at The New Yorker: Stories, Poems, Humor, and Art'' (2003)
* ''A Life of Privilege, Mostly'' by Gardner Botsford (2003)
* ''Maeve Brennan: Homesick at The New Yorker'' by Angela Bourke (2004)
* ''Better than Sane'' by Alison Rose (2004)
* ''Let Me Finish'' by [[Roger Angell]] (Harcourt, 2006)
* ''The Receptionist: An Education at The New Yorker'' by Janet Groth (2012)
* ''My Mistake: A Memoir'' by [[Daniel Menaker]] (2013)
* ''Between You & Me: Confessions of a Comma Queen'' by [[Mary Norris (copy editor)|Mary Norris]] (2015)
* ''Cast of Characters: Wolcott Gibbs, E. B. White, James Thurber and the Golden Age of The New Yorker'' by [[Thomas Vinciguerra]] (2015)
* ''Peter Arno: The Mad, Mad World of The New Yorker's Greatest Cartoonist'' by [[Michael Maslin]] (2016)
{{Div col end}}

=={{anchor|Films}} Films about ''The New Yorker'' ==
In ''[[Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle]]'', a film about the [[Algonquin Round Table]] starring [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] as [[Dorothy Parker]], [[Sam Robards]] portrays founding editor Harold Ross trying to drum up support for his fledgling publication.

The magazine's former editor, [[William Shawn]], is portrayed in ''[[Capote (film)|Capote]]'' (2005), ''[[Infamous (2006 film)|Infamous]]'' (2006), and ''[[Hannah Arendt (film)|Hannah Arendt]]'' (2012).

The 2015 documentary ''Very Semi-Serious'', directed by Leah Wolchok and produced by Wolchok and Davina Pardo (Redora Films), presents a behind-the-scenes look at the cartoons of ''The New Yorker''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Jordan |title=Very Semi-Serious review – droll doc goes inside the New Yorker's cartoon shed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/19/very-semi-serious-review-new-yorker-cartoonist-documentary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501173407/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/19/very-semi-serious-review-new-yorker-cartoonist-documentary |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>


=== List of films about ''The New Yorker'' ===
* ''[[Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle]]'' (Fine Line Features, 1994, 126 minutes)
* ''[[Joe Gould's Secret (film)|Joe Gould's Secret]]'' (USA Films, 2000, 104 minutes)
* ''James Thurber: The Life and Hard Times'' (First Run Features, 2000, 57 minutes)
* ''Top Hat and Tales: Harold Ross and the Making of the New Yorker'' (Carousel Film and Video, 2001, 47 minutes)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Caryn James |title=Neighborhood Report: CRITIC'S VIEW; How The New Yorker Took Wing In Its Larval Years With Ross |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/nyregion/neighborhood-report-critic-s-view-new-yorker-took-wing-its-larval-years-with.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053537/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/nyregion/neighborhood-report-critic-s-view-new-yorker-took-wing-its-larval-years-with.html |archive-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>Quick Vids by Gary Handman, [[American Libraries]], May 2006.</ref>
* ''Very Semi-Serious'' (Redora Films, 2015, 83 minutes)
* ''[[The French Dispatch]]'' (Searchlight Pictures, 2021, 103 minutes)
* ''[[Spiderhead]]'' (Grand Electric, 2022, 107 minutes)

== See also ==
* [[List of The New Yorker contributors|List of ''The New Yorker'' contributors]]
* [[The New Yorker Festival]]
* ''[[The New Yorker Radio Hour]]'', a radio program carried by public radio stations

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.newyorker.com ''The New Yorker'' official website]
* [http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A21722915 A Guided Tour Through ''The New Yorker'']
* Boxer, Sarah. [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/14/arts/gaggle-cartoonists-but-it-s-not-all-smiles-new-yorker-exhibit-some-artists.html "A Gaggle of Cartoonists"], ''The New York Times'', February 14, 2000.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103081649/http://www.gagcartoons.com/blog/how-to-submit-cartoons-to-the-new-yorker/ "How to Submit Cartoons to ''The New Yorker''{{-"}}]
* [https://archive.org/details/newyorker195019500unse ''New Yorker'' 1950–1955 album]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Atcwu19PclZddGZKeUxKdUdQTXFkYVlMTUo0YjBZa3c&usp=sharing ''New Yorker'' Fiction Database 1925–2013]

{{Advance Publications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Yorker, The}}
[[Category:The New Yorker| ]]
[[Category:1925 comics debuts]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Comics magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Condé Nast magazines]]
[[Category:Culture of New York City]]
[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1925]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:News magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]]

Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India

2022-08-08T16:58:11Z

Anuz: Designed an original page.

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{See|Meitei scheduled language movement}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|image =
|imagesize = 150px
|imagealt =
|caption =
|long_title = An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.
|citation = [http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend71.htm 71st Amendment]
|territorial_extent = [[India]]
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|date_passed = 20 August 1992
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_passed2 = 20 August 1992
|date_assented = 31 August 1992
|date_commenced = 31 August 1992
|administered_by =
|bill = Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1992
|bill_citation =
|bill_date = 20 August 1992
|introduced_by = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|1st_reading =
|2nd_reading =
|3rd_reading =
|bill2 =
|bill_citation2 =
|bill_date2 =
|introduced_by2 =
|1st_reading2 =
|2nd_reading2 =
|3rd_reading2 =
|related_legislation = [[Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|21st]] and [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|92nd]] Amendments
|summary = Included [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]) and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] as [[Languages with official status in India|official languages]] by amending the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution
|keywords =
|status = in force
}}

The '''Seventy-first Amendment''' of the [[Constitution of India]], officially known as '''The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992''', amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]") and [[Nepali language|Nepali]] languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to eighteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the [[Government of India]] has the responsibility to develop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-07-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008041425/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of India (1949)|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|page=1189|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013102/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] was included by the [[Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|21st Amendment]], enacted in 1967. [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Santali language|Santhali]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] were included in the Eighth Schedule in 2004, through the [[Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|92nd Amendment]], raising the total number of languages to 22.{{cn}}

==Text==
{{blockquote|BE it enacted by Parliament in the Forty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:—
'''1. ''Short title''''' This Act may be called the Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992.

'''2. ''Amendment of Eighth Schedule''''' In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution—
:'''(a)''' existing entry 7 shall be re-numbered as entry 8, and before entry 8 as so re-numbered, the entry "7. Konkani." shall be inserted;
:'''(b)''' existing entry 8 shall be re-numbered as entry 10, and before entry 10 as so re-numbered, the entry "9. Manipuri." shall be inserted;
:'''(c)''' existing entries 9 to 15 shall be re-numbered as entries 12 to 18 respectively, and before entry 12 as so re-numbered, the entry "11. Nepali." shall be inserted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Texts of the Constitution Amendment Acts|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|pages=615–616|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013036/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/A.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend71.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992|accessdate=5 December 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>}}

==Proposal and enactment==
The ''Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992'', was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] on 20 August 1992, as the ''Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1992'' (Bill No. 142 of 1992). It was introduced by [[Shankarrao Chavan]], then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to include Konkani, Meitei and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.<ref name="Constitution Amendment in India">{{cite book|title=Constitution Amendment in India|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|pages=124;217;451–452|isbn=9788172110659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yp0yhzdKWIC|edition=Sixth|editor=R.C. Bhardwaj|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:

{{blockquote|There have been demands for inclusion of certain languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. It is proposed to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. The Bill seeks to give effect to this decision.

2. The Nepali language is also known in some areas as "Gorkha Bhasa". In the Census operations, other nomenclatures such as "Gorkhali", "Gorkdhi", "Gurkhiya", "Khaskura" or "Naipali" have also been used.
|S.B. Chavan|{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend71.htm |title=The Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1992}} {{PD-notice}}}}

The Bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992 and, as amended, passed on the same day. Clause 1 of the Bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha with a formal amendment replacing the word "Seventy-eighth" by the word "Seventy-first". The Bill, as passed by the Lok Sabha, was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 20 August 1992.<ref name="Constitution Amendment in India"/> The bill received assent from then President [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] on 31 August 1992, and came into force on the same date.<ref name="Constitution Amendment in India"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/amendment.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts |publisher=Constitution.org |accessdate=2013-12-05}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 1 September 1992.<ref name="Lok Sabha Secretariat">{{cite web|title=Constitution Amendment in India|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/2.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=5 December 2013|page=256|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013122/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/2.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}

==See also==
*[[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|71]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Rao administration]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Nepali language]]

Baljeet Singh Saini

2022-08-05T00:41:39Z

Anuz: another spelling

#REDIRECT [[Baljit Singh Saini]]