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Discus throw

2026-05-14T12:27:48Z

Anuj tripathi 111: put up basic info basic info

{{Short description|Event in track and field athletics}}
{{Redirect2|Discus thrower|Discus|the statue|Discobolus|other uses|Discus (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event = Discus throw
|image = Robert Harting (2008).jpg
|caption = German 2012 Olympic champion [[Robert Harting]]
|WRmen = {{flagathlete|[[Mykolas Alekna]]|LTU}} {{T&FcalcR|75.56}} (2025)
|ORmen = {{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Roje Stona]]|JAM}} {{T&FcalcR|70.00}} (2024)}}
|CRmen = {{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}} {{T&FcalcR|71.46}} (2023)}}
|WRwomen = {{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Gabriele Reinsch]]|GDR}} {{T&FcalcR|76.80}} (1988)}}
|ORwomen = {{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Martina Hellmann]]|GDR}} {{T&FcalcR|72.30}} (1988)}}
|CRwomen = {{nowrap|{{flagathlete|[[Martina Hellmann ]]|GDR}} {{T&FcalcR|71.62}} (1987)}}
}}

The '''discus throw''' ({{audio|En-us-discus.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}), also known as disc throw, is a [[track and field]] event in which the participant [[athlete]] [[throw]]s an [[oblate spheroid]] [[weight (object)|weight]]{{snd}} called a '''discus'''{{snd}} in an attempt to achieve a farther distance than other competitors. It is an [[classical antiquity|ancient]] sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC [[Myron]] statue ''[[Discobolus]]''. Although not part of the current [[pentathlon]], it was one of the events of the [[Ancient Olympic pentathlon|ancient Greek pentathlon]], which can be dated back to at least 708 BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/passion/collectors/object/gallery_uk.asp?ObjId=318|title=Sports – List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports|date=14 January 2018|website=olympic.org}}</ref> and it is part of the modern [[decathlon]].

==History==
{{See also|History of physical training and fitness}}
[[Image:Diskuskastare Gbg - Alkamenes.jpg|thumb|Modern copy of the ''Diskophoros'', attributed to [[Alkamenes]]]]
The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the [[Ancient Olympic Games|original Olympic Games]] of Ancient Greece.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/sports/sports/discus-throwing|title=Discus Throwing {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> The discus as a sport was resurrected in [[Magdeburg]], Germany, by gymnastics teacher [[Christian Georg Kohlrausch]] and his students in the 1870s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discusnada.org/history-of-discus/|title=History of Discus|website=www.discusnada.org|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Organized men's competition was resumed in the late 19th century, and has been a part of the modern [[Summer Olympic Games]] since the first modern competition, the [[1896 Summer Olympics]]. Images of discus throwers figured prominently in advertising for early modern Games, such as fundraising stamps for the 1896 Games, and the main posters for the [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920]] and [[1948 Summer Olympics]]. Today the sport of discus is a routine part of modern track-and-field meets at all levels, and retains a particularly iconic place in the Olympic Games.

[[File:1920 olympics poster.jpg|thumb|The main poster for the [[1920 Summer Olympics]]]]

The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was [[František Janda-Suk]] from [[Bohemia]] (the present [[Czech Republic]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discus Throw|url=https://site.dev.aws.worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/discus-throw|access-date=2020-10-26|website=site.dev.aws.worldathletics.org}}</ref> Janda-Suk invented this technique when studying the position of the statue of ''Discobolus''. After a year of developing the technique, he earned a silver medal in the 1900 Olympics.

Women's competition began in the first decades of the 20th century. Following competition at national and regional levels, it was added to the Olympic program for the [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 games]].

==Regulations==
The event consists of throwing a heavy disc, with the weight or size depending on the competitor. Men and women throw different sized discs, with varying sizes and weights depending on age. The weight of the discus is either governed by [[World Athletics]] for international or [[USA Track & Field]] for the United States.

In the United States, [[Henry Canine]] advocated for a lighter-weight discus in high school competition. His suggestion was adopted by the [[National Federation of State High School Associations|National High School Athletic Association]] in 1938.<ref name="Aledo">{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-times-henry-e-canine-resigns/90169040/|title=Henry E. Canine resigns as mentor at high school in Aledo|publisher=The Daily Times (Davenport, Iowa)|date=August 30, 1938|access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+US Weights<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/throwing-implement-weight-requirements|title=Track and Field Throwing Implement Weight Requirements Rules|website=www.everythingtrackandfield.com|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>
|-
!Age
!Men
!Women
|-
|High School
|1.6 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|Collegiate
|2 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|Professional
|2 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|Master's (35–59)
|1.5 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|Master's (60–74)
|1 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|Master's (75+)
|1 kg
|0.75 kg
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table"
|+ International Weights<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules|title=Book of Rules {{!}} Official Documents|website=www.worldathletics.org|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>
|-
!Age
!Men
!Women
|-
|-
|≤17
|1.5 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|18–19
|1.75 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|20–49
|2 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|50–59
|1.5 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|60–74
|1 kg
|1 kg
|-
|-
|75+
|1 kg
|0.75 kg
|-
|}

[[File:Sport discus for men (2 kg) IAAF certified.jpg|thumb|left|Discus (2 kg), [[World Athletics]] certified for competitions

]]
[[File:Sport discus for men (2 kg) IAAF certified, side view.jpg|thumb|left|Side view]]
[[File:Discus longitudinal section.svg|thumb|left|Longitudinal section (schematic)]]
The typical discus has sides made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber or metal with a metal rim and a metal core to attain the weight. The rim must be smooth, with no roughness or finger holds. A discus with more weight in the rim produces greater angular momentum for any given spin rate, and thus more stability, although it is more difficult to throw. However, a higher rim weight, if thrown correctly, can lead to a longer throw. In some competitions, a solid rubber discus is used (see [[#United States|in the United States]]).

To make a throw, the competitor starts in a circle of {{T&Fcalc|2.50}} diameter, which is recessed in a concrete pad by {{convert|20|mm|in}}. The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. They then spin anticlockwise (for right-handers) {{frac|1|1|2}} times while staying within the circle to build momentum before releasing the discus. The discus must land within a 34.92º [[circular sector]] that is centered on the throwing circle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportsaspire.com/discus-throw-rules|title=The Rules and Regulations Every Discus Thrower Should Be Aware Of|date=2009-11-04|website=Sports Aspire|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> The rules of competition for discus are virtually identical to those of [[shot put]], except that the circle is larger, a stop board is not used and there are no form rules concerning how the discus is to be thrown.

The basic motion is a fore-handed sidearm movement. The discus is spun off the index finger or the middle finger of the throwing hand. In flight the disc spins clockwise when viewed from above for a right-handed thrower, and anticlockwise for a left-handed thrower. As well as achieving maximum momentum in the discus on throwing, the discus' distance is also determined by the trajectory the thrower imparts, as well as the aerodynamic behavior of the discus. Generally, throws into a moderate headwind achieve the maximum distance. Also, a faster-spinning discus imparts greater gyroscopic stability. The technique of discus throwing is quite difficult to master and needs much experience to perfect; thus most top throwers are 30 years old or more.

The discus throw is sometimes contested indoors, but it is not included at the [[World Athletics Indoor Championships]]. [[World Athletics]] used to keep "world indoor best" discus records, but since 2023 they now combine both indoor and outdoor marks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanter throws 69.51m world indoor best in Växjö {{!}} NEWS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/kanter-throws-6951m-world-indoor-best-in-vaxj |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Indoor track to be renamed short track by World Athletics |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/olympics/news/indoor-track-and-field-short-track-world-athletics |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=NBC Sports |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Image:Discobolus Kleomelos Louvre G111.jpg|thumb|Discus-thrower, tondo of a [[kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]] by the Kleomelos Painter, [[Louvre Museum]]|alt=]]

[[Image:Discus Thrower Copenhagen.jpg|thumb|Modern copy of [[Myron]]'s ''[[Discobolus]]'' in [[University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden]], Denmark|alt=|none]]

==Phases==
The discus technique can be broken down into phases. The purpose is to transfer from the back to the front of the throwing circle while turning through one and a half circles. The speed of delivery is high, and speed is built up during the throw (slow to fast). Correct technique involves the buildup of torque so that maximum force can be applied to the discus on delivery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liveabout.com/step-by-step-discus-throw-technique-3258710|title=How to Throw a Discus Step-By-Step|last=Rosenbaum|first=Mike|date=2018-12-11|website=LiveAbout|access-date=2020-03-11|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530022526/https://www.liveabout.com/step-by-step-discus-throw-technique-3258710|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Image:DiscusRutgerSmith6551.jpg|thumb|[[Rutger Smith]] in phases of the discus throw]]

Initially, the thrower takes up their position in the throwing circle, distributing their body weight evenly over both feet, which are roughly shoulder width apart. They crouch in order to adopt a more efficient posture to start from whilst also [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|isometrically preloading]] their muscles; this will allow them to start faster and achieve a more powerful throw. They then begin the wind-up, which sets the tone for the entire throw; the rhythm of the wind-up and throw is very important.

Focusing on rhythm can bring about the consistency to get in the right positions that many throwers lack. Executing a sound discus throw with solid technique requires perfect balance. This is due to the throw being a linear movement combined with a one and a half rotation and an implement at the end of one arm. Thus, a good discus thrower needs to maintain balance within the circle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitaltrackandfield.com/shot-put-discus-technique/|title=Shot Put and Discus Technique and Training|last=Cappos|first=Scott|website=Digital Track and Field}}</ref>

For a right handed thrower, the next stage is to move the weight over the left foot. From this position the right foot is raised, and the athlete 'runs' across the circle. There are various techniques for this stage where the leg swings out to a small or great extent. Some athletes turn on their left heel (e.g. [[Ilke Wyludda]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vr-6mTLm30| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/7vr-6mTLm30| archive-date=2021-10-31 | url-status=live|title=wyludda discus throw 1996 olympics|last=throwhammer|date=13 September 2010|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>), but turning on the ball of the foot is far more common.

The aim is to land in the 'power position'; the right foot should be in the center and the heel should not touch the ground at any point. The left foot should land very quickly after the right. Weight should be mostly over the back foot with as much torque as possible in the body so the right arm is high and far back. This is very hard to achieve.<ref>[http://trackandfield.about.com/od/discus/ss/discustechnique_8.htm#step-heading Power position] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406011758/http://trackandfield.about.com/od/discus/ss/discustechnique_8.htm#step-heading |date=2015-04-06 }}, about.com</ref>

The critical stage is the delivery of the discus. From the 'power position' the hips drive through hard, and will be facing the direction of the throw on delivery. Athletes employ various techniques to control the end-point and recover from the throw, such as fixing feet (to pretty much stop dead<ref name="auto"/>), or an active reverse spinning onto the left foot (e.g. [[Virgilijus Alekna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhZwyyfBCBo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/YhZwyyfBCBo| archive-date=2021-10-31 | url-status=live|title=2005 World Championship Men's Discus - 1st Virgilijus Alekna|last=ntujavelin|date=26 December 2008|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>).

Sports scientist [[Richard Ganslen]] researched the ''Aerodynamics of the Discus'', reporting the discus will [[Stall (fluid dynamics)|stall]] at an angle of 29°.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.auvac.org/research/publications/files/2003/niewiadomska.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-03-02 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307060022/http://archive.auvac.org/research/publications/files/2003/niewiadomska.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
The discus throw has been the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies such as the ''[[Discobolus]]'' and ''[[Discophoros]]''. The discus throw also appears repeatedly in ancient [[Greek mythology]], featured as a means of [[manslaughter]] in the cases of [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinth]], [[Crocus (mythology)|Crocus]], [[Phocus#Phocus.2C son of Aeacus|Phocus]], and [[Acrisius]], and as a named event in the [[funeral games]] of [[Patroclus]].

Discus throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2003 coinage|Discus commemorative coin]], minted in 2003 to commemorate the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. On the obverse of the coin a modern athlete is seen in the foreground in a half-turned position, while in the background an ancient discus thrower has been captured in a lively bending motion, with the discus high above his head, creating a vivid representation of the sport.

==Area records==
*Updated 11 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/discus-throw/outdoor/men |title=Men's Discus Throw {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/discus-throw/outdoor/women |title=Women's Discus Throw {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=11 May 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|70.32}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Frantz Kruger]]|RSA}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|64.96}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Chioma Onyekwere]]|NGR}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|69.32}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ehsan Haddadi]]|IRI}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|71.68}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Xiao Yanling]]|CHN}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|75.56}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Mykolas Alekna]]|LTU}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|76.80}}''' '''{{AthAbbr|WR}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Gabriele Reinsch]]|GDR}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|72.45}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Sam Mattis]]|USA}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|73.52}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|74.78}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Matthew Denny]]|AUS}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|69.64}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Dani Stevens]]|AUS}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''{{T&FcalcR|70.29}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Mauricio Ortega (discus thrower)|Mauricio Ortega]]|COL}} || '''{{T&FcalcR|65.34}}''' || {{flagathlete|[[Andressa de Morais]]|BRA}}
|}

==All-time top 25==
{{See also|Men's discus throw world record progression|Women's discus throw world record progression}}
{| style="wikitable"
|Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 '''discus throw marks''' and the top 25 '''athletes''':
|-
| style="background: #f6F5CE" |''- denotes top performance for '''athletes''' in the top 25 '''discus throw marks'''''
|-
|''- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 '''discus throw marks''', by repeat athletes''
|-
| style="background: #CCFFCC" |''- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 '''athletes''' who fall outside the top 25 discus throw marks''
|}

===Men===
*Correct as of April 2026.<ref name="Top All-time Throws">[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/throws/discus-throw/outdoor/men/senior Discus Throw - men - senior - outdoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All-time men's best Discus Throw|url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/mdiscok.htm|publisher=alltime-athletics.com|date=21 July 2019|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col"| {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}}
!scope="col"| {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}}
!scope="col"| Mark
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Nation
!scope="col"| Date
!scope="col"| Place
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
| {{T&FcalcR|75.56}}
| [[Mykolas Alekna]]
| {{flagu|Lithuania}}
| 13 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name="Alekna2025Ramona">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Alekna shatters discus world record with 75.56m in Ramona | url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/mykolas-alekna-discus-world-record-7556m-ramona |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
|
| align="center" |2
| {{T&FcalcR|74.89}}
| ''M. Alekna #2''{{efn|Typically only one throw per competition would be included on this list, however due to this throw and the subsequent throw of {{T&FcalcR|75.56}} both breaking the world record they are given special status and both are included.}}
|
| 13 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name="Alekna2025Ramona" />
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |2
| align="center" |3
| {{T&FcalcR|74.78}}
| [[Matthew Denny]]
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 13 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name="Alekna2025Ramona" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| align="center" |4
| {{T&FcalcR|74.35}}
| ''M. Alekna #3''
| rowspan="2" |
| 14 April 2024
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=FLASH: Alekna breaks discus world record with 74.35m in Oklahoma {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/mykolas-alekna-discus-world-record-7435m-oklahoma |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |5
| {{T&FcalcR|74.25}}
| ''Denny #2''
| 10 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Denny threatens world discus record with 74.25m in Ramona | url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/matt-denny-discus-74-25-ramona |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 6
| {{T&FcalcR|74.08}}
| [[Jürgen Schult]]
| {{flagu|East Germany}}
| 6 June 1986
| [[Neubrandenburg]]
|
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" |7
|{{T&FcalcR|74.04}}
|''Denny #3''
|
|9 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2026 |title=Denny and Richter reach 74 metres in Ramona |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/denny-richter-discus-74-metres-ramona |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |4
| align="center" |8
|{{T&FcalcR|74.00}}
|[[Steven Richter]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|9 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 9
| {{T&FcalcR|73.88}}
| [[Virgilijus Alekna]]
| {{flagu|Lithuania}}
| 3 August 2000
| [[Kaunas]]
|
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" |10
|{{T&FcalcR|73.58}}
|''Denny #4''
|
|11 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Van Klinken and Okoye break national discus records in Ramona |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/home/news/van-klinken-and-okoye-break-national-discus-records-in-ramona |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 11
| {{T&FcalcR|73.38}}
| [[Gerd Kanter]]
| {{flagu|Estonia}}
| 4 September 2006
| [[Helsingborg]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |7
| align="center" |12
|{{T&FcalcR|72.61}}
|[[Kristjan Čeh]]
|{{flagu|Slovenia}}
|9 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" |13
|{{T&FcalcR|72.47}}
|''Richter #2''
|
|11 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |8
| align="center" |14
|{{T&FcalcR|72.45}}
|[[Sam Mattis]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|9 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center" |
| align="center" |15
| {{T&FcalcR|72.36}}
| ''Čeh #2''
| rowspan="8" |
| 31 May 2025
| [[Slovenska Bistrica]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Discus Throw Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7218994?eventId=10229620|website=World Athletics|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 16
| {{T&FcalcR|72.34}}
| ''Čeh #3''
| 24 May 2025
| [[Zagreb]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=75. Boris Hanžeković Memorial Men's Discus Throw results |url=https://online.atletika.cz/_dataPublic/pdf/resultlist_b8d43edc-b79c-499a-a6ae-14643d99ef02.pdf |website=atletika.cz |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |17
|{{T&FcalcR|72.26}}
|''Čeh #4''
|29 March 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2026 |title=Oklahoma Throws Series Millican Field at Throw Town, Ramona, OK (USA) |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7237065?eventId=10229620&gender=M |access-date=31 March 2026 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |18
|{{T&FcalcR|72.15}}
|''M. Alekna #4''
| 2 August 2025
|[[Palanga]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2 August 2025 |title=Karalis clears 6.08m in Volos as records fall around the world, athletes target Tokyo |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/national-championships-2025-cardoso-bonfim/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=worldathletics}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 19
| {{T&FcalcR|72.12}}
| ''M. Alekna #5''
| 30 May 2025
| [[College Station, Texas|College Station]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Discus Throw Results |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7222960?eventId=10229620&gender=M |website=World Athletics |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 20
| {{T&FcalcR|72.11}}
| ''Čeh #5''
| 25 May 2025
| [[Ptuj]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Discus Throw Results|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7218874?eventId=10229620&gender=M|website=World Athletics|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 21
| {{T&FcalcR|72.07}}
| ''Denny #5''
| 6 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| align="center" | 22
| {{T&FcalcR|72.02}}
| ''Kanter #2''
| 3 May 2007
| [[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |9
| align="center" |23
|{{T&FcalcR|72.01}}
|[[Ralford Mullings]]
|{{flagu|Jamaica}}
|16 August 2025
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Ralford Mullings shatters Jamaican men’s discus record|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2025/08/16/ralford-mullings-shatters-jamaican-mens-discus-record/|newspaper=[[Jamaica Observer]]|author=Paul Reid|date=16 August 2025|access-date=21 August 2025|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|
| align="center" | 24
| {{T&FcalcR|71.88}}
| ''Kanter #3''
|
| 8 May 2008
| [[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |10
| align="center" |24
|{{T&FcalcR|71.88}}
|[[Lawrence Okoye]]
|{{flagu|Great Britain}}
|11 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 11
| rowspan="15" align="center" |
| rowspan="2" | {{T&FcalcR|71.86}}
| [[Yuriy Dumchev]]
| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
| 29 May 1983
| [[Moscow]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| [[Daniel Ståhl]]
| {{flagu|Sweden}}
| 29 June 2019
| [[Bottnaryd]]
| <ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2019 |title=Stahl goes to equal fourth on the world all-time discus list with 71.86m |url=https://www.european-athletics.org/news/article=stahl-goes-equal-fourth-the-world-all-time-list-with-86m/index.html |access-date=20 July 2019 |publisher=European Athletics}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 13
| {{T&FcalcR|71.84}}
| [[Piotr Małachowski]]
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| 8 June 2013
| [[Hengelo]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 14
| {{T&FcalcR|71.70}}
| [[Róbert Fazekas]]
| {{flagu|Hungary}}
| 14 July 2002
| [[Szombathely]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 15
| {{T&FcalcR|71.50}}
| [[Lars Riedel]]
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| 3 May 1997
| [[Wiesbaden]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 16
| {{T&FcalcR|71.48}}
| [[Alex Rose (athlete)|Alex Rose]]
| {{flagu|Samoa}}
| 11 May 2024
| [[Allendale, Michigan|Allendale]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2024 |title=Ta Lou-Smith among athletes to shine at Jamaica Athletics Invitational |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-continental-tour/news/ta-lou-smith-jamaica-athletics-invitational-2024 |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 17
| {{T&FcalcR|71.32}}
| [[Ben Plucknett]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 4 June 1983
| [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ben Plucknett World Athletics Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/ben-plucknett-14353754 |website=World Athletics |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 18
| rowspan="3" | {{T&FcalcR|71.26}}
| [[John Powell (discus thrower)|John Powell]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 9 June 1984
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Ricky Bruch|Rickard Bruch]]
| {{flagu|Sweden}}
| 15 November 1984
| [[Malmö]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| [[Imrich Bugár]]
| {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}
| 25 May 1985
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center | 21
| {{T&FcalcR|71.18}}
| [[Art Burns]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 19 July 1983
| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center | 22
| {{T&FcalcR|71.16}}
| [[Wolfgang Schmidt (athlete)|Wolfgang Schmidt]]
| {{flagu|East Germany}}
| 9 August 1978
| [[Berlin]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center | 23
| {{T&FcalcR|71.14}}
| [[Anthony Washington (discus thrower)|Anthony Washington]]
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 22 May 1996
| [[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| align=center | 24
| {{T&FcalcR|71.06}}
| [[Luis Delís]]
| {{flagu|Cuba}}
| 21 May 1983
| [[Havana]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" | 25
| {{T&FcalcR|71.01}}
| [[Clemens Prüfer]]
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| 13 April 2025
| [[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
| <ref name="Alekna2025Ramona" />
|}
{{notelist}}

====Notable series====
*[[Matthew Denny]] had throws of 71.03, 73.46, 74.25, 72.93, 71.14 and 73.56 at the Oklahoma Throws Series in Ramona on 10 April 2025, becoming the second man to produce six throws above 70 meters in a single competition.<ref name=":1" /> He achieved a series average of 72.72 m, which is the best in history.<ref>{{cite web |title=10cm short of WR! Australian Matthew Denny achieves second-best throw in discus history |date=11 April 2025 |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/more-sports/10cm-short-of-wr-australian-matthew-denny-achieves-secondbest-throw-in-discus-history/news-story/32ab316b7b19ce6a814c4ec5a4e674fc |access-date=11 April 2025 |publisher=foxsports.com.au}}</ref>
*[[Mykolas Alekna]] had throws of 72.21, 70.32, 72.89, 70.51, 74.35 and 70.50 at the Oklahoma Throws Series in Ramona on 14 April 2024, becoming the first man to produce three throws above 72 meters (and six throws above 70 meters) in a single competition.<ref>{{cite news|title=FLASH: Alekna breaks discus world record with 74.35m in Oklahoma|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/mykolas-alekna-discus-world-record-7435m-oklahoma|date=15 April 2024|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[Kristjan Čeh]] had throws of 71.86, 71.70 and 71.19 in Jõhvi on 16 June 2023 becoming the first man to have three throws above 71 metres in a single competition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2023 |title=Ceh and Stahl throw beyond 71 metres in Jöhvi |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/ceh-johvi-discus-stahl-71-metres |access-date=19 June 2023 |publisher=World Athletics}}</ref>
*At the 2019 Diamond League Meeting in Doha, Qatar, [[Daniel Ståhl]] became the first man to produce six throws beyond 69.50 in a single competition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stahl sends discus beyond 70 metres in Doha – IAAF Diamond League|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/doha-diamond-league-2019-stahl|publisher=IAAF|author=Bob Ramsak|date=3 May 2019|access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>

====Annulled marks====
*[[Ben Plucknett]] also threw a world record of 72.34 in Stockholm on 7 July 1981. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.

====Non-legal marks====
*[[Rickard Bruch]] also threw 72.18 at an exhibition meeting in Piteå on 23 July 1974.
*[[John Powell (discus thrower)|John Powell]] also threw 72.08 in Klagshamn on 11 September 1987, but the throw was made onto a sloping/downhill sector.

===Women===
*Correct as of April 2026.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/throws/discus-throw/outdoor/women/senior Discus Throw - women - senior - outdoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=All-time women's best Discus Throw|url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/wdiscok.htm|publisher=alltime-athletics.com|date=23 June 2019|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! {{abbr|Ath.#|Athlete rank}} !! {{abbr|Perf.#|Performance rank}} !! Mark !! Athlete !! Nation !! Date !! Place !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|1 || align=center|1 || {{T&FcalcR|76.80}} || [[Gabriele Reinsch]] || {{flagu|East Germany}}|| 9 July 1988 || [[Neubrandenburg]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| rowspan=2 align=center|2 || rowspan=2 align=center|2 || rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|74.56}} || [[Zdeňka Šilhavá]] || {{flagu|Czechoslovakia}}|| 26 August 1984 || [[Nitra]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| [[Ilke Wyludda]] || {{flagu|East Germany}}|| 23 July 1989 || [[Neubrandenburg]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| || align=center|4 || {{T&FcalcR|74.44}} || ''Reinsch #2'' || rowspan=2| || 13 September 1988 || [[Berlin]]||
|-
| align=center|5 || {{T&FcalcR|74.40}} || ''Wyludda #2'' || 13 September 1988 || [[Berlin]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|4 || align=center|6 || {{T&FcalcR|74.08}} || [[Diana Gansky]] || {{flagu|East Germany}}|| 20 June 1987 || [[Karl-Marx-Stadt]] ||
|-
| || align=center|7 || {{T&FcalcR|73.90}} || ''Gansky #2'' || || 27 June 1987 || [[Prague]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |8
|{{T&FcalcR|73.84}}
|[[Daniela Costian]]
|{{flagu|Romania|1965}}
|30 April 1988
|[[Bucharest]]
|
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" |9
|{{T&FcalcR|73.78}}
|''Costian #2''
|
|24 April 1988
|[[Bucharest]]
|
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |10
|{{T&FcalcR|73.52}}
|[[Valarie Allman]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|12 April 2025
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |title=Allman throws 73.52m North American discus record in Ramona |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/valarie-allman-north-american-discus-record-ramona |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
|
| align="center" |11 || {{T&FcalcR|73.42}} || ''Reinsch #3''
| || 12 June 1988 || [[Karl-Marx-Stadt]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |7 || align="center" |12 || {{T&FcalcR|73.36}} || [[Irina Meszynski]]|| {{flagu|East Germany}}|| 17 August 1984 || [[Prague]]||
|-
| || align="center" |13 || {{T&FcalcR|73.32}} || ''Gansky #2''|| || 11 June 1987 || [[Neubrandenburg]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |8 || align="center" |14 || {{T&FcalcR|73.28}} || [[Galina Savinkova]]|| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}|| 8 September 1984 || [[Donetsk]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | || rowspan="2" align="center" |15 || rowspan="2" |{{T&FcalcR|73.26}} || ''Savinkova #2'' || rowspan="3" | || 22 May 1983 || [[Leselidze (town)|Leselidze]] ||
|-
| ''Gansky #3'' || 6 June 1986 || [[Neubrandenburg]] ||
|-
| align=center|17 || {{T&FcalcR|73.24}} || ''Gansky #4'' || 29 May 1987 || [[Leipzig]] ||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|9 || align="center" |18 || {{T&FcalcR|73.22}} || [[Tsvetanka Khristova]] || {{flagu|Bulgaria|1971}} || 19 April 1987 || [[Kazanlak]] ||
|-
| || align=center|19 || {{T&FcalcR|73.16}} || ''Wyludda #3'' || || 13 September 1988 || [[Berlin]]||
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align=center|10 || align="center" |20 || {{T&FcalcR|73.10}} || [[Gisela Beyer]] || {{flagu|East Germany}}|| 20 July 1984 || [[Berlin]]||
|-
| align="center" |
| align="center" |20
|{{T&FcalcR|73.10}}
|''Allman #2''
|
|11 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|- bgcolor="#f6F5CE"
| align="center" |11
| align="center" |22
|{{T&FcalcR|73.09}}
|[[Yaime Pérez]]
|{{flagu|Cuba}}
|13 April 2024
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perez launches discus 73.09m, Sears clocks 10.77 for 100m {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/yaime-perez-discus-73-09m-jacious-sears-10-77-100m |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | || rowspan="2" align="center" |23 || rowspan="2" |{{T&FcalcR|73.04}} || ''Gansky #5'' || rowspan="3" | || 6 June 1987 || [[Potsdam]] ||
|-
| ''Wyludda #4'' || 5 August 1989 || [[Gateshead]] ||
|-
| align=center|25 || {{T&FcalcR|72.96}} || ''Savinkova #3'' || 23 June 1985 || [[Erfurt]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align=center|12 || rowspan="14" align="center" | || {{T&FcalcR|72.92}} || [[Martina Hellmann]] || {{flagu|East Germany}}|| 20 August 1987 || [[Potsdam]] ||
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |13
| {{T&FcalcR|72.14}} || [[Galina Murašova|Galina Murashova]] || {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|17 August 1984
|[[Prague]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |14
| {{T&FcalcR|71.80}} || [[Mariya Petkova|Mariya Vergova]]|| {{flagu|Bulgaria}}
|13 July 1980
|[[Sofia]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |15
| {{T&FcalcR|71.68}} || [[Xiao Yanling]]|| {{flagu|China}}
|14 March 1992
|[[Beijing]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |16
| {{T&FcalcR|71.58}} || [[Ellina Zvereva]]|| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|12 June 1988
|[[Leningrad]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |17
| {{T&FcalcR|71.50}} || [[Evelin Jahl]]|| {{flagu|East Germany}}
|10 May 1980
|[[Potsdam]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |18
|{{T&FcalcR|71.41}}
|[[Sandra Perković]]|| {{flagu|Croatia}}
|18 July 2017
|[[Bellinzona]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Perkovic throws 71.41m in Bellinzona, world's best discus mark since 1992 |url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/castelli-bellinzona-2017-perkovic |publisher=IAAF |author=Diego Sampaolo |date=19 July 2017 |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |19
| {{T&FcalcR|71.30}} || [[Larisa Korotkevich]]|| {{flagu|Russia|1991}}
|29 May 1992
|[[Sochi]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |20
| {{T&FcalcR|71.22}} || [[Ria Stalman]]|| {{flagu|Netherlands}}
|15 July 1984
|[[Walnut, California|Walnut]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |21
|{{T&FcalcR|70.99}}
|[[Jorinde van Klinken]]
|{{flagu|Netherlands}}
|11 April 2026
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |22
| {{T&FcalcR|70.88}} || [[Hilda Ramos]]|| {{flagu|Cuba}}
|8 May 1992
|[[Havana]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |23
| {{T&FcalcR|70.80}} || [[Larisa Mikhalchenko]]|| {{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|18 June 1988
|[[Kharkiv]]
|
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |24
| {{T&FcalcR|70.72}}|| [[Laulauga Tausaga]]|| {{flagu|United States}}
|12 April 2025
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| align="center" |25
| {{T&FcalcR|70.68}} || [[Maritza Martén]]|| {{flagu|Cuba}}
|18 July 1992
|[[Seville]]
|
|}

====Annulled marks====
*[[Daniela Costian]] of Romania threw a best of 73.48 in Bucharest on 30 April 1988. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
*[[Darya Pishchalnikova]] of Russia threw a best of 70.69 in Cheboksary on 5 July 2012. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.

====Non-legal marks====
*[[Martina Hellmann]] also threw 78.14 at an unofficial meeting in Berlin on 6 September 1988.
*[[Ilke Wyludda]] also threw 75.36 at an unofficial meeting in Berlin on 6 September 1988.

==Olympic medalists==
===Men===
{{Olympic medalists in men's discus throw}}

===Women===
{{Olympic medalists in women's discus throw}}

==World Championships medalists==
===Men===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's discus throw}}

===Women===
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's discus throw}}

==World leading marks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{Sticky header}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1968 in the sport of athletics|1968]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jay Silvester]]|USA}}
|[[Reno, Nevada|Reno]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1969 in the sport of athletics|1969]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rickard Bruch]]|SWE}}
|[[Malmö]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rickard Bruch]]|SWE}}
|[[Malmö]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jay Silvester]]|USA}}
|[[Lancaster, California|Lancaster]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rickard Bruch]]|SWE}}
|Stockholm
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rickard Bruch]]|SWE}}
|[[Skellefteå]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.16}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Rickard Bruch]]|SWE}}
|[[Helsingborg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[John Powell (discus thrower)|John Powell]]|USA}}
|[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.86}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mac Wilkins]]|USA}}
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.20}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mac Wilkins]]|USA}}
| [[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.16}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wolfgang Schmidt (athlete)|Wolfgang Schmidt]]|GDR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mac Wilkins]]|USA}}
|[[Walnut]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mac Wilkins]]|USA}}
|[[Erfurt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[John Powell (discus thrower)|John Powell]]|USA}}
|[[Modesto, California|Modesto]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Luis Delís]]|CUB}}
|[[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.86}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yuriy Dumchev]]|RUS}}
|[[Moscow|Moskva]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|71.26}}
|{{flagathlete|[[John Powell (discus thrower)|John Powell]]|USA}}
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|-
|{{flagathlete|[[Ricky Bruch]]|SWE}}
|[[Malmö]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.26}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Imrich Bugár]]|TCH}}
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&FcalcR|74.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jürgen Schult]]|GDR}}
|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.52}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jürgen Schult]]|GDR}}
|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.46}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jürgen Schult]]|GDR}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Wolfgang Schmidt (athlete)|Wolfgang Schmidt]]|FRG}}
|[[Norden, Lower Saxony|Norden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.94}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Romas Ubartas]]|LTU}}
|[[Smalininkai]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.36}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mike Buncic]]|USA}}
|[[Fresno]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Jürgen Schult]]|GER}}
|[[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.42}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lars Riedel]]|GER}}
|[[Jena]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Attila Horváth (discus thrower)|Attila Horváth]]|HUN}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|rowspan=2|{{T&FcalcR|69.08}}
|rowspan=2|{{flagathlete|[[Lars Riedel]]|GER}}
|[[Bellinzona]]
|-
|[[Monaco]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Anthony Washington (discus thrower)|Anthony Washington]]|USA}}
|[[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.50}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lars Riedel]]|GER}}
|[[Wiesbaden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.91}}
|{{flagathlete|[[John Godina]]|USA}}
|[[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.18}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Lars Riedel]]|GER}}
|[[Jena]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.88}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Virgilijus Alekna]]|LTU}}
|[[Kaunas]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.99}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Virgilijus Alekna]]|LTU}}
|[[Stellenbosch]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Róbert Fazekas]]|HUN}}
|[[Szombathely]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Róbert Fazekas]]|HUN}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.97}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Virgilijus Alekna]]|LTU}}
|[[Rethimno]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.67}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Virgilijus Alekna]]|LTU}}
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerd Kanter]]|EST}}
|[[Helsingborg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&FcalcR|72.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerd Kanter]]|EST}}
|[[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.88}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerd Kanter]]|EST}}
|[[Salinas, California|Salinas]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.64}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerd Kanter]]|EST}}
|[[Kohila]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.45}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gerd Kanter]]|EST}}
|[[Chula Vista]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.50}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zoltán Kővágó]]|HUN}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Robert Harting]]|GER}}
|[[Turnov]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.84}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Piotr Małachowski]]|POL}}
|[[Hengelo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.28}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Piotr Małachowski]]|POL}}
|[[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.29}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Piotr Małachowski]]|POL}}
|[[Cetniewo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.72}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.29}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.72}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Eskilstuna]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.86}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Bottnaryd]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.37}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Bottnaryd]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.47}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniel Ståhl]]|SWE}}
|[[Uppsala]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.86}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Kristjan Čeh]]|SLO}}
|[[Jöhvi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&FcalcR|74.35}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mykolas Alekna]]|LIT}}
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&FcalcR|75.56}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mykolas Alekna]]|LIT}}
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&FcalcR|74.04}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Matthew Denny]]|AUS}}
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|}
{{col-2}}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sticky-header" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Mark
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1968 in the sport of athletics|1968]]
|{{T&FcalcR|62.54}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Liesel Westermann]]|FRG}}
|[[Werdohl]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1969 in the sport of athletics|1969]]
|{{T&FcalcR|63.96}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Liesel Westermann]]|FRG}}
|[[Hamburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|{{T&FcalcR|63.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Karin Illgen]]|GDR}}
|[[Leipzig]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|{{T&FcalcR|64.88}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Faina Melnik]]|URS}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.32}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Argentina Menis]]|ROU|1965}}
|[[Constanța]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.48}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Faina Melnik]]|URS}}
|[[Edinburgh]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.90}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Faina Melnik]]|URS}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.20}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Faina Melnik]]|URS}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.50}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Faina Melnik]]|URS}}
|[[Sochi]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.92}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sabine Engel]]|GDR}}
|[[Karl-Marx-Stadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.72}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Evelin Jahl]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.82}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Evelin Jahl]]|GDR}}
|[[Leipzig]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mariya Petkova]]|BUL}}
|[[Sofia]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.46}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Evelin Jahl]]|GDR}}
|Berlin
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Irina Meszynski]]|GDR}}
|[[Karl-Marx-Stadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.26}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Galina Savinkova]]|URS}}
|[[Leselidze (town)|Leselidze]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|{{T&FcalcR|74.56}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Zdeňka Šilhavá]]|TCH}}
|[[Nitra]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|{{T&FcalcR|72.96}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Galina Savinkova]]|URS}}
|[[Erfurt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.26}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Diana Gansky]]|GDR}}
|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|{{T&FcalcR|74.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Diana Gansky]]|GDR}}
|[[Karl-Marx-Stadt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|{{T&FcalcR|76.80}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Gabriele Reinsch]]|GDR}}
|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|{{T&FcalcR|74.56}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilke Wyludda]]|GDR}}
|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 in the sport of athletics|1990]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilke Wyludda]]|GDR}}
|[[Tel Aviv]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 in the sport of athletics|1991]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Tsvetanka Khristova]]|BUL}}
|Tokyo
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 in the sport of athletics|1992]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.68}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Xiao Yanling]]|CHN}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 in the sport of athletics|1993]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Larisa Korotkevich]]|RUS|1991}}
|[[Vénissieux]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 in the sport of athletics|1994]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.58}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Daniela Costian]]|AUS}}
|[[Auckland]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 in the sport of athletics|1995]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.68}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Mette Bergmann]]|NOR}}
|[[Florø]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 in the sport of athletics|1996]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.66}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Ilke Wyludda]]|GER}}
|[[Atlanta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 in the sport of athletics|1997]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.00}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Xiao Yanling]]|CHN}}
|[[Shanghai]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 in the sport of athletics|1998]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.91}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Franka Dietzsch]]|GER}}
|[[Stendal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 in the sport of athletics|1999]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.02}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Sadova]]|RUS}}
|[[Thessaloníki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 in the sport of athletics|2000]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.70}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicoleta Grasu]]|ROU}}
|[[Bucharest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 in the sport of athletics|2001]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.57}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Sadova]]|RUS}}
|[[Edmonton]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 in the sport of athletics|2002]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.73}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Sadova]]|RUS}}
|[[Tula, Russia|Tula]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 in the sport of athletics|2003]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Natalya Sadova]]|RUS}}
|[[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 in the sport of athletics|2004]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.14}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Irina Yatchenko]]|BLR}}
|[[Minsk]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 in the sport of athletics|2005]]
|{{T&FcalcR|66.81}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Vera Cechlová]]|CZE}}
|[[Madrid]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 in the sport of athletics|2006]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.51}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Franka Dietzsch]]|GER}}
|[[Schönebeck]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 in the sport of athletics|2007]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.06}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Franka Dietzsch]]|GER}}
|[[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 in the sport of athletics|2008]]
|{{T&FcalcR|66.51}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nicoleta Grasu]]|ROU}}
|[[Istanbul]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 in the sport of athletics|2009]]
|{{T&FcalcR|66.40}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Li Yanfeng]]|CHN}}
|[[Jinan]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.78}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Nadine Müller (athlete)|Nadine Müller]]|GER}}
|[[Wiesbaden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|{{T&FcalcR|67.98}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Li Yanfeng]]|CHN}}
|[[Schönebeck]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.11}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Perković]]|CRO}}
|London
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|{{T&FcalcR|68.96}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Perković]]|CRO}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.08}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Perković]]|CRO}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.65}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Denia Caballero]]|CUB}}
|[[Bilbao]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.88}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Perković]]|CRO}}
|[[Shanghai]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.41}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Perković]]|CRO}}
|[[Barcelona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.38}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Perković]]|CRO}}
|[[Doha]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|{{T&FcalcR|69.39}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaime Pérez]]|CUB}}
|[[Sotteville-lès-Rouen|Sotteville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.15}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|[[Rathdrum, Idaho|Rathdrum]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.16}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|Berlin
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|{{T&FcalcR|71.46}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|[[San Diego]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|{{T&FcalcR|70.47}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.09}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Yaime Pérez]]|CUB}}
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.52}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2026 in the sport of athletics|2026]]
|{{T&FcalcR|73.10}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Valarie Allman]]|USA}}
|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]]
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[List of discus throw national champions (men)]]
* [[United States champions in women's discus throw]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Discus throw}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071128113423/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_86.pdf World Record]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090727165807/http://trackfieldevents.com/history/discus-history Discus History]
*[https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=throws&d=discus-throw IAAF list of discus-throw records in XML]

{{Athletics events}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Discus Throw}}
[[Category:Discus throw| ]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Athletic culture based on Greek antiquity]]
[[Category:Ancient Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Throwing sports]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]

List of tallest gopurams

2026-05-07T00:54:30Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Started New Article

{{Short description|none}}
A [[gopuram]] (or gopura) is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of any temple, especially in [[Southern India]]. They are a prominent feature of [[koil]]s, [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temples]] built in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style]].<ref name=ching2>{{cite book
| first=Francis D.K.
| last= Ching
| year= 2007
| title= A Global History of Architecture
| url=https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin
| url-access=registration
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| location=New York
| isbn= 978-0-471-26892-5
| page= [https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin/page/762 762]|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''[[Kalasha (temple)|kalasham]]'', a bulbous stone [[finial]]. They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref name=ching>{{cite book
| first=Francis D.K.
| last= Ching
| year= 1995
| title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| location=New York
| isbn= 0-471-28451-3
| page= 253}}</ref>

The gopuram's origins can be traced back to early structures built under the south Indian kings of the vijaynagara, [[Pallava]] and [[Chola]] dynasties. By the twelfth century, during the [[Pandya]] dynasty, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size.<ref name=mitchell>{{cite book
| last =Mitchell
| first =George
| title = The Hindu Temple
| publisher =University of Chicago Press
| year =1988
| location =Chicago
| pages = 151–153
| isbn = 0-226-53230-5}}</ref> It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation. Often a shrine has more than one gopuram.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura
| title=gopura
| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
| access-date=2008-01-20
| archive-date=2020-08-19
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

A koil may have multiple gopurams, typically constructed into multiple walls in tiers around the main shrine.

==Tallest Gopurams==
Gopurams are widespread in south Indian temples, predominantly in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref> Very tall gopurams are a later feature, added from the Middle Ages onwards, typically to much older temples.

{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Temple
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Height ft
! scope="col" | Construction
Year
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Location
|-
| 1
| [[Murdeshwar|Murdeshwara Temple]]
| [[File:Murdeshwar temple gopuram.jpg|100px]]
| 249<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murudeshwara Shiva Temple and Statue of Lord Shiva |url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/murudeshwara/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123080242/https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/murudeshwara/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallest Temples in the World |url=https://www.abirpothi.com/the-higher-the-gopuram-the-closer-to-god-10-tallest-temples-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=abirpothi |language=en-GB }}</ref><ref name="Singh" />
| 2008 AD
| Murdeshwara Temple is known for its colossal, 40m high statue of [[Shiva]]. Its gopuram is the tallest in India. It is also the only one where one can take a lift to top floor of the gopuram.<ref>''South India '' P.271. Sarina Singh</ref>
| [[Murdeshwar]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|-
| 2
| [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]], Raja Gopuram
| [[File:Ranganathaswamy_Temple_Tower,_Srirangam,_Tamilnadu.jpg|100px]]
| 239.501<ref name="Kakani Lakshmana Kumar"/><ref name="A new Rajagopuram">[http://www.frontline.in/arc9700.htm A new Rajagopuram ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208203002/http://www.frontline.in/arc9700.htm |date=2012-02-08 }} Frontline Magazine, 4–17 April 1987.</ref>
| Started at 1700 AD and completed at 1987 AD<ref name="Kakani Lakshmana Kumar">Chand 1987, p. 36</ref>
| Ranganathaswamy Temple is the largest temple complex in India, covering an area of {{convert|156|acre}}.<ref name="Yatra2Yatra. Sanjay Singh">''Yatra2Yatra''. Sanjay Singh.</ref> It is home to twelve gopurams, the largest being the Raja Gopuram, built by the 44th jeeyar of [[ahobila mutt]].
| [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 3
| [[Annamalaiyar Temple]] East Gopuram (Raja Gopuram)
| [[File:Tiruvannamalai_Temple_Tower.jpg|100px]]
| 216.5<ref name="Singh">Singh 2009, p. 1069</ref>
| 9th century AD; gopuram 16th century
| Annamalaiyar Temple covers 10 hectares, and is one of the largest temples in [[India]]. It is surrounded by four large unpainted gopurams, one facing each cardinal direction. The eastern gopuram rises to 66m, and is called the Raja Gopuram.<ref name="ReferenceB">''South India '' P. 418. Sarina Singh</ref>
| [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 4
| [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam|Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]]
| [[File:Srivilliputhur Andal temple (30).jpg|100px]]
| 193.5<ref name="tourist">Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu 2007, p. 109</ref>
| 10th–16th centuries AD
| Srivilliputhur Andal Temple's gopuram measures eleven storeys high and 59m tall, making it the tallest of its era. During the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]], lesser figures sponsored religious projects, including the large scale campus.<ref>''Architecture and art of southern India: Vijayanagara and Successor States, Volume 1, Issue 6''P.112. George Michell</ref> The temple is the emblem of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="tourist"/>
| [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 5
| [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]]
| [[File:Thirukovilur temple tower.jpg|100px]]
| 194<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.samayam.com/religion/temples/trivikrama-ulagalantha-perumal-temple-tirukkoyilur-kallakurichi-108-divya-desam-42nd-temple/articleshow/96733565.cms | title=ஒரு காலை தூக்கிய படி காட்சி தரும் பெருமாள் - திருக்கோவிலூர் உலகளந்த பெருமாள் கோவில் }}</ref>
| 9th century AD <ref name=C140>[[#Madhavan|Madhavan 2014]], p. 140-1</ref>
| Ulagalantha Perumal Temple is dedicated to [[Vamana|Trivikrama]], the fifth incarnation of [[Vishnu]].It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Ulagalantha Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Poongothai.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last=M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam}}</ref> Its gopuram is {{convert|194|ft}} in height.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/temple/tirukoil.htm|title=Indian Heritage - TIRUKKOILUR- Ulagalanda Perumal Temple, South Arcot district, Tamilnadu|website=www.indian-heritage.org|access-date=2012-11-21|archive-date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523125355/http://www.indian-heritage.org/temple/tirukoil.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Tirukoilur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 6
| [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]]
| [[File:Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchipuram India - panoramio (7).jpg|100px]]
| 190<ref name="Sajnani">Sajnani 2001, pp. 305</ref>
| AD
| Ekambareswarar Temple is the largest temple in [[Kanchipuram]], a highly visible symbol of [[Pallava dynasty]]. The entire complex covers an area of 10 hectares and has five courtyards.<ref>''India '' P.545. Karen Schreitmüller</ref>
| [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 7
| [[Kallazhagar Temple]]
| [[File:Kallazhagar (24).jpg|100px]]
| 187
| AD
| Kallazhagar Temple is located in [[Azhagar Koyil]], and is dedicated to [[Vishnu]]. In the outer gateway of the temple, there is a massive door that is rarely opened. The inner shrine is dedicated to [[Karuppu Sami|Karupannaswamy]], no image him is present.
| [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 8
| [[Kasi Viswanathar temple, Tenkasi]]
| [[File:Tenkasi Gopuram.jpg|100px]]
| 180
| 15th century AD
| Built by the [[Pandya]] kings, the massive gopuram of the temple is the second largest in Tamil Nadu. It is also known as Ulagamman Temple. This temple boasts beautiful sculptures and also has musical stone pillars that produce different sounds when tapped with fingers. The name of the town ([[Tenkasi]]) is derived from this temple, meaning "Kasi of the south". The [[Chittar River]] nearby is considered sacred, similar to the [[Ganges]].
| [[Tenkasi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 9
| [[Sarangapani Temple]]
| [[File:Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG|100px]]
| 173
| 12th century AD
| Sarangapani Temple is the largest [[Vishnu]] temple in [[Kumbakonam]]. The inner shrine is made in the form of a stone chariot, a common feature for temples built under the [[Chola]] kings.<ref>''South India ''P.432. Sarina Singh</ref><ref>''Temples of South India ''P.112. V.V. Subba Reddy</ref>
| [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
|10
| [[Annamalaiyar Temple]] Northern Gopuram (Ammani Amman Gopuram)
| [[File:Arunchaleshvara Temple - Tiruvannamalai - India 02.JPG|100px]]
| 171<ref name="Singh"/>
| 9th century AD
| Annamalaiyar Temple covers 10 hectares, and is one of the largest temples in [[India]]. It is surrounded by four large unpainted gopurams, one facing each cardinal direction. The northern gopuram is called the Ammani Amman Gopuram.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
| [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
|11
| [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]]
| [[File:Meenakshi Amman West Tower.jpg|100px|center]]
| 170
| 870 AD
| Meenakshi Amman Temple houses 14 gopurams, ranging from 45m to 50m in height, the tallest being the southern tower at {{convert|51.9|m|ft|0}} high.<ref>Sajnani 2001, pp. 307–308</ref> The temple has some very old sections but the largest part dates back to 17th century. The four gopuram are decorated with many figures from the [[Hindu]] pantheon and can be seen from great distances.<ref>''India '' P.586. Karen Schreitmüller</ref>
| [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 12
| [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]], main entrance gopuram
| [[File:1 Virupaksha temple Gopuram Hampi Vijayanagar India.jpg|Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|100px]]
| 166
| 15th century AD
| Virupaksha Temple was built during the time of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. It is part of the [[Group of Monuments at Hampi]], as a [[UNESCO]] [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India|World Heritage Site]].
| [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|-
| 13
| [[Annamalaiyar Temple]] Southern Gopuram (Tirumanjana Gopuram)
| [[Image:Arunchaleshvara Temple - Tiruvannamalai - India 02.JPG|100px]]
| 157<ref name="Singh"/>
| 9th century AD
| Annamalaiyar Temple covers 10 hectares, and is one of the largest temples in [[India]]. It is surrounded by four large unpainted gopurams, one facing each cardinal direction. The southern gopuram is called the Tirumanjana Gopuram.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
| [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 14
| [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]]
| [[Image:RajaGopalaSwamyTemple.JPG|100px]]
| 154
| 1523–1575 AD
| Rajagopalaswamy Temple was started by [[Chola]] kings. Later, king [[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] added the thousand pillar hall, the outer compound, and the large gopuram. Details of these constructions are recorded on inscriptions inside the temple.<ref>''Power of Passion '' P. 4. S. Manickavasagam</ref>
| [[Mannargudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 15
| [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Mangalagiri]]
| 
| 153<ref name="Kakani Lakshmana Kumar"/><ref name="A new Rajagopuram"/>
| 1809 AD<ref name="Kakani Lakshmana Kumar"/>
| Lakshmi Narasimha Temple is dedicated to Vishnu. Its gopuram is eleven storeys tall. Mangalagiri means "The Auspicious Hill". This temple is built on one of the eight important ''Mahakshetrams'' (sacred sites) in India<ref name="Yatra2Yatra. Sanjay Singh"/>
| [[Mangalagiri]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|-
| 16
| [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]], Vellayi Gopuram
| [[File:Srirangam Temple Gopuram.jpg|100px]]
| 145
| <ref name="Kakani Lakshmana Kumar"/> 13th Century AD
| Ranganathaswamy Temple one of the largest temple complexes in India, covering an area of {{convert|156|acre}}.<ref name="Yatra2Yatra. Sanjay Singh"/> It is home to twelve gopurams, the second largest being the Vellayi Gopuram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/the-legend-of-vellayi/article2774700.ece|title=The legend of Vellayi|first=T. a|last=Narasimhan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=January 4, 2012|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=June 18, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620122753/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/the-legend-of-vellayi/article2774700.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Srirangam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 17
| [[Sundaravarada Perumal temple]]
| [[File:Sundaravarada Perumal temple1.JPG|100px]]
| 144<ref name="Shrine design: Pristine glory">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/mar/20/shrine-design-pristine-glory-1953316.html | title=Shrine design: Pristine glory | date=19 March 2019 }}</ref>
| (720–796 CE) <ref name="Constitution 1,000 years ago">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071151250300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714154459/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071151250300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 July 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Constitution 1,000 years ago | date=11 July 2008}}</ref>
| Sundaravarada Perumal Temple in [[Uthiramerur]], a village in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple. The temple is glorified by various acharyas and is one of the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] dedicated to [[Maha Vishnu]]. Vishnu is worshipped as Sundaravarada Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Anandavalli.<ref name="Shrine design: Pristine glory"/>
|[[Uthiramerur]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 18
|[[Annamalaiyar Temple]] Northern Gopuram (Pei Gopuram)
| [[File:Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu,India (4).jpg|100px]]
| 144<ref name="Singh"/>
| 9th century AD
| Annamalaiyar Temple covers 10 hectares, and is one of the largest temples in [[India]]. It is surrounded by four large unpainted gopurams, one facing each cardinal direction. The northern gopuram is called the Pei Gopuram.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
| [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
|19
| Varadharaja Perumal Temple,[[Kanchipuram]]
| [[File:Varadaraja Perumal Temple Kanchipuram (2).jpg|100px]]
| 130
| 15th century AD
| Also known as Perumal koil, dedicated to [[Vishnu]]The 7 storied, 130 feet tall temple Gopuram and its extensive exterior was built by Vijayanagara kings and is one of the 108 [[Divya Desams]].
| [[Kanchipuram]], [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]], [[India]].
|-
| 20
| [[Sankara Narayanasamy Temple, Sankarankovil]], [[Sankaranayinarkoil]]
| [[File:Sankaranarayana Swamy Temple.jpg|100px]]
| 127
| 11th century AD
| Sankara Narayanan Temple is located in the town of [[Sankaranayinarkoil]], and is dedicated to both [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] .
| [[Sankarankovil]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|}

== Tallest ''Vimana'' ==
''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanas]]'' are structures over the sanctum of temples. In Northern India they are called ''sikharas''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] style of architecture, the ''vimana'' is the sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') of the temple housing the main deities and they are the tallest part of the entire temple. In many cases within South India, the ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanams]]'' are confused with ''[[gopuram]]s''. In Tamil Nadu, ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimanams]]'' are present above the ''garbhagriha'' or [[sanctum sanctorum]] of a Hindu temple and will be relatively smaller in size compared to the gopurams, which are usually present at the entrance of the temple.

{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Temple
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" | Height ft
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Location
|-
| 1
|[[Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha)|Chaturbhuj Temple]]
|[[File:General View of Chaturbhuj Temple.jpg|100px]]
|344
|16th century AD
|Built by the Bundela [[Rajputs]] of the [[Orchha State]] in Central India, the temple blends styles of both ancient Nagara architecture and new Mughal influences. The temple is dedicated to [[Rama]] and is the tallest temple structure in India.
|[[Orchha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
|-
| 2
|[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir|Shri Vishwanath Mandir, BHU]]
|[[File:New Vishwanath Temple at BHU 2007.jpg|100px]]
|250<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://internet.bhu.ac.in/VT/aboutus.html|title =Vishwanath Mandir, BHU}}{{dead link|date=March 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|1966
|The Birla family as per wishes of the BHU's founder [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], completed the construction, the foundation was laid in March 1931. The temple (Shri Vishwanath Mandir) was finally completed in 1966.
|[[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]]
|-
| 3
| [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
| [[Image:Jagannath Temple, Puri.jpg|100px]]
| 217<ref>''The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: its architecture, art, and cult''.O. M. Starza</ref>
| 1174 AD
| align=left| The Jagannath Temple in [[Puri]] is a famous [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Jagannath]] ([[Vishnu]]) and located in the coastal town of [[Puri]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Orissa, India]]. The name ''Jagannath'' (Lord of the Universe) is a combination of the [[Sanskrit]] words ''Jagat'' (Universe) and ''Nath'' (Lord of).<ref>[http://www.shrifreedom.com/VyasaSJC/lessons1VedicConcepts.htm Vedic Concepts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103041038/http://shrifreedom.com/VyasaSJC/lessons1VedicConcepts.htm |date=2008-01-03 }} "An example in Sanskrit is seen with the word Jagat which means universe.]
|accessdate=2006-09-12</ref>
The temple was built in the 11th century atop its ruins by the progenitor of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], King [[Eastern Ganga dynasty#Anantavarman Chodaganga|Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva]]. The temple is famous for its annual [[Rath Yatra]], or [[Temple car|chariot]] festival, in which the three main temple [[deities]] are hauled on huge and elaborately decorated [[temple car]]s. Since medieval times, it is also associated with intense religious fervour.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892784,00.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080314192047/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892784,00.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = March 14, 2008
|title=Jagannath Temple History
| magazine=Time
| date=1959-07-20
}}</ref>
| [[Puri]], [[Orissa, India|Odisha, India]]
|-
| 4
| [[Brihadisvara Temple|Rajarajeshwaram Temple, Thanjavur.]]
| [[Image:Big Temple-Temple.jpg|100px]]
| 216<ref>Middle Chola Temples, S.R. Balasubrahmanyam</ref><ref>CBSE textbook on Social Studies Class 10</ref>
| 1010 AD
| align=left| The Peruvudaiyar Koyil, also known as Rajarajeswaram,<ref>South Indian Inscriptions – VolII, Part I& II</ref> at [[Thanjavur]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is the world's first complete granite temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/|title=National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-14|archive-date=2012-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314045800/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4282|url-status=live}}</ref> and a brilliant example of the major heights achieved by [[Chola]]s kingdom [[Vishwakarmas]] in dravidian temple ''architecture''. It is a tribute and a reflection of the power of its patron [[Rajaraja Chola|RajaRaja Chola I]]. It remains as one of the greatest glories of Indian architecture.<ref name="Atlas of the Year 1000">Atlas of the Year 1000 – Page 105 by John Man</ref> The temple is part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] "[[Great Living Chola Temples]]".
| [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 5
| [[Lingaraj Temple]]
| [[File:Lingaraj Temple bbsr8.jpg|100px]]
| 183.7<ref>''Land and people of Indian states and union territories: in 36 volumes. Orissa ''.S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava</ref>
| 11th century AD
| align=left| Lingaraja Temple is a temple of the [[Hindu]] god [[Harihara]] and is one of the oldest temples of the Temple City [[Bhubaneswar]], a revered pilgrimage center and the capital of the state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. The temple of Lingaraja, the biggest of all at Bhubaneswar is located within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 520 feet by 465 feet. The wall is 7 feet 6 inches thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall there runs a terrace probably meant to protect the compound wall against outside aggression.<ref name="Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra 1986 Page 69">[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]] (1986) Page 69. ''Archaeology in Orissa Vol I''. B. R. Publishers, Delhi {{ISBN|81-7018-346-4}}</ref>
| [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Orissa, India|Odisha, India]]
|-
| 6
| [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara temple, Gangankonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Image:Gangaikonda_Gopuram_5-10a.jpg|100px]]
| 182<ref>Nagasamy R, ''Rajapalayam'' (1970), State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu</ref>
| 1035 AD
| The Vimana with its recessed corners and upward movement presents a striking contrast to the straight-sided pyramidal tower of Thanjavur but with octagon shape of Dravidian architecture. As it rises to a height of {{convert|182|ft|m}} and is shorter than the Thanjavur tower with larger plinth, it is often described as the feminine counterpart of the Thanjavur temple.

The Vimana is flanked on either side by small temples; the one in the north now housing the Goddess is fairly well preserved. The small shrine of Chandikesvara is near the steps in the north. In the north-east are a shire housing Durga, a well called lion-well (''simhakeni'') with a lion figure guarding its steps and a late mandapa housing the office. Nandi is in the east facing the main shrine. In the same direction is the ruined gopura, the entrance tower. The main tower surrounded by little shrines truly presents the appearance of a great Chakravarti (emperor) surrounded by chieftains and vassals. The Gangaikondacholapuram Vimana is undoubtedly a devalaya chakravarti, an emperor among temples of South India.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/gangaikondacholapuram.html
| title=Gangankonda Cholapuram Temple History
| magazine=Time
| date=1959-07-20
| access-date=2015-09-16
| archive-date=2015-09-24
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033949/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/gangaikondacholapuram.html
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
| [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|-
| 7
|[[Somnath Temple]]
| [[File:Somnath temple (16681942532).jpg|100px]]
| 155
| 1951
| Somnath temple, also called Somanātha temple or Deo Patan, is a Hindu temple located in Prabhas Patan, Veraval in Gujarat, India. The present Somnath temple was reconstructed in the Māru-Gurjara style of Hindu temple architecture in 1951.
| [[Veraval]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|-
| 8
| [[Konark Sun Temple]]
| [[File:Sun Temple Konark 11087.jpg|100px]]
| 130<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eodisha.com/height-of-sun-temple-konark-in-orissa/ |title=HEIGHT OF SUN TEMPLE KONARK IN ORISSA | eOdisha.com |access-date=2011-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085621/http://www.eodisha.com/height-of-sun-temple-konark-in-orissa/ |archive-date=2012-05-09 }}</ref> 230 before ruin<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://konark.nic.in/maintemple.htm|title=main temple|website=konark.nic.in|access-date=2011-11-08|archive-date=2012-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208150340/http://konark.nic.in/maintemple.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 13th century AD
| align=left| Konark Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), was built in black granite by King Narasimhadeva I (1236 C.E-1264 C.E.) of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built in the 13th century, the temple is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot with 24 wheels (3.3 m dia diameter each) drawn by seven horses and, carrying the Sun god, Surya, across the heavens. It is a stunning monument of religious (Brahmanical) [[Kalinga architecture]]. The large structure seen today is actually the mantapa (mandap). Of the main tower, which once stood in the front, only the remains can be seen. This tower (deul) was perhaps {{convert|230|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall, higher than any other temple in India at that time.
| [[Konark]], [[Orissa, India|Odisha, India]]
|}

== Under construction ==
{{Dynamic list}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1px; border:1px solid #ccc;"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; background:#ccc;"
!Planned height metres (feet)
!Name
!Completion
!City
!Country
!class="unsortable"|'''Comment'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; background:#f8f8ff;"
| {{nts|219}} m (721 ft)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetatva.in/world/ram-temple-will-be-built-in-australia/31040/|title= World's tallest Ram temple will be built in Australia's Perth at a height of 721 feet |publisher=www.thetatva.in|date=20 January 2024|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pragnews.com/national/World-tallest-Ram-Temple-to-be-constructed-in-Australia|title= World's tallest Ram Temple to be constructed in Australia, will be 721-foot-high|publisher=pragnews.com|date=20 January 2024|access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> || Perth Ram Temple || {{TBA}}
| [[Perth]] || {{AUS}} || It will be the tallest Ram Temple in the world once completed. At its potential cost of ₹600 crore (US$75 million) it is likely to be one of the most expensive temples in the world.
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; background:#f8f8ff;"
| {{nts|213}} m (700 ft)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/meeting-his-spiritual-master/|title=Meeting His Spiritual Master|access-date=2021-09-14|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914124016/https://www.iskconbangalore.org/meeting-his-spiritual-master/|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]] || {{dts|format=hide|2028}} est. 2028
| [[Vrindavan]] || {{IND}} || It will be the 2nd tallest religious monument in the world once completed. At its potential cost of ₹300 crore (US$42 million) it is likely to be one of the most expensive temples in the world.
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; background:#f8f8ff;"
| {{nts|123}} m (405 ft)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11621284/Worlds-largest-temple-to-be-built-in-India-after-Muslims-donate-the-land-for-Hindu-shrine.html | title=World's largest temple to be built in India – after Muslims donate the land for Hindu shrine | publisher=telegraph.co.uk | date=22 May 2015 | access-date=22 May 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528000916/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11621284/Worlds-largest-temple-to-be-built-in-India-after-Muslims-donate-the-land-for-Hindu-shrine.html | archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> || [[Viraat Ramayan Mandir]] || {{dts|format=hide|2023}} est. 2023
| [[Kesaria]] ||{{IND}} || When completed, it will be the largest religious monument in the world. The Virat Ramayan Mandir will be almost double the height of the world-famous 12th century Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia.
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; background:#f8f8ff;"
| {{nts|49}} m (161 ft)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhavya-ram-mandir-blueprint-take-a-3d-look-into-the-design-of-the-coveted-ayodhya-temple-video/626036|title='Bhavya Ram Mandir' blueprint: Take a 3-D look into the design of the coveted temple|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=23 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-23|archive-date=2020-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723143653/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhavya-ram-mandir-blueprint-take-a-3d-look-into-the-design-of-the-coveted-ayodhya-temple-video/626036|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Ram Mandir, Ayodhya]] || {{dts|format=hide|2022}} est. 2022
| [[Ayodhya]] || {{IND}} || A Hindu temple that is being built at the pilgrimage site of Ram Janmabhoomi.
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; background:#f8f8ff;"
| {{nts|116}} m (380 ft) || [[Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir|Temple of the Vedic Planetarium, Mayapur]] || {{dts|format=hide|2022}} 2022
| [[Mayapur]] || {{IND}} || After completion, the temple will be the 3rd biggest in the world, second to Angkor Wat in Cambodia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tovp.org/|title=Temple of the Vedic Planetarium – Home|website=Temple of the Vedic Planetarium|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129181832/https://tovp.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"
|144m (504ft)
|Vishv UmiyaDham
|2027
|Ahmedabad
|India
|Under construction, the temple of goddess Umiya Mata. https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/worldtallest-ma-umiya-temple-in-ahmedabad-with-indo-german-design504-feet-height-gold-idol-135198593.html
|}

==See also==
* [[List of largest Hindu temples]]
* [[List of large temple tanks]]
* [[List of human stampedes in Hindu temples]]
* [[Lists of Hindu temples]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Citation |last=Chand |first=Attar |title= The great humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman |year=1987|publisher=Gian Publishing House |location=Delhi |isbn=81-212-0106-3|ref=Chand}}.
*{{Citation|last=Sajnani|first=Dr. Manohar|title=Encyclopedia of tourism resources in India, Volume 2|year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7835-014-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=ekambaranathar+temple&pg=PA305|ref=Sajnani|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314140526/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&q=ekambaranathar+temple&pg=PA305|url-status=live}}.
* {{Citation |last=Singh |first=Sarina |author2=Lindsay Brown|author3=Mark Elliott|author4=Paul Harding|author5=Abigail Hole|author6=Patrick Horton |title=Lonely Planet India |year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Australia |ref=Singh}}.
* {{Citation|last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press|location=Chennai|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=srivilliputhur&pg=PA109|ref=Tourist|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314140523/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=srivilliputhur&pg=PA109|url-status=live}}.
{{refend}}

{{Hinduism (compact)}}
{{Religion-related lists of superlative buildings}}
{{TBSW}}
{{Structural extremes}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of tallest structures|Gopruams]]
[[Category:Towers in India]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples|Gopurams, Tallest]]

St. Mary's Forane Church, Edoor

2026-05-04T12:26:48Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Stub

{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Forane Church Edoor
| image = St. Mary'sForane Church Edoor.jpg
| caption = St. Mary's Forane Church Edoor
| location = [[Edoor]], [[Iritty]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates ={{coord|11.998038|75.726163|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| tradition = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| website = {{URL| https://stmarysshrineedoor.com}}
| architectural type = Modern
| style =
| parish = St. Mary's Forane Church, Edoor
| membership =
| dedication = [[Saint Mary]]
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Thalassery]]
| founded date = 1946
| diocese =
| district = Kannur
| archbishop = [[Joseph Pamplany]]
| vicar =Thomas Vadakkemuriyil
| asstpriest = Thomas Pookamala
}}

'''St. Mary's Archi Episcopal Marian Pilgrim Forane Church Edoor''' is one of the oldest churches and a notable [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Marian]] pilgrim centre in [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]]. It is near [[Iritty]], the eastern town of [[Kannur]] district. This church is the first church in the name of St. Mary under the archdiocese of [[Thalassery]]. It is also the largest parish in the [[archdiocese]]. It is situated about 6.5 kilometres from the town of [[Iritty]], which is also known as 'The Coorg valley in the God's own country'.

==Basic Information==
[[Edoor]] town is a small marketplace for the farmer communities of the surrounding regions. This place is well-connected to any part of [[Kannur]] and other parts of [[Kerala]] by road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stmarysshrineedoor.com/ |title=Edoor St. Mary's Forane Church website}}</ref>

==History==

This [[parish]] was established in 1946. In its initial times, it was under the [[Latin Catholic]] Diocese of [[Kozhikode]]. Later, it came under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] Archdiocese of [[Thalassery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stmarysshrineedoor.com/ |title=History of Edoor Church}}</ref> In those times, the members of the parish were the Christian people who had migrated from [[Travancore]]. In 1970, the new church was built.

==Architectural Features==

[[File:St. Mary's Forane Church Edoor Interior.jpg|thumb|270px|The interior of 'St. Mary's Forane Church Edoor' with a far view of the altar.]]
The church is in a circular shape and it has a [[dome]] in the centre. As it is circular, it has a large area and a wide angle of viewing the [[altar]]. It is also one of the largest churches in Malabar. The [[altar]] of this church was renovated in 2012, which creates a heavenly feeling in our mind. The [[altarpieces]] include the sculptures of various [[saints]]. The church has entrances from three directions; viz. West, South and North. Above the main entrance which is from the south, we can see a Latin text: "VENITE ADOREMUS", meaning '''Come, Let us worship'''. Above the entrance from the south, we can see the text: "AVE MARIA", and above the northern entrance we can see the text: "MY LORD, MY GOD", which is a declaration by [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], who is the [[apostle]] of [[India]] and the father of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]].

==Special Features==

*The major attraction here is the presence of [[Mother Mary]], The Immaculate. Here is a statue of Mother Mary which may not be seen anywhere else. The people here call it as 'Edooramma (എടൂരമ്മ)', meaning 'The Mother of Edoor'.
*Another feature of this church is the wooden statue of crucified [[Jesus]]. Unlike other statues, here we can see '''Jesus crucified on 'four' nails.'''
*Unlike most of the churches in [[Syro-Malabar Church]], this does not have a veil (curtain) in between the 'Madbaha' ([[altar]]) and 'Haikala' (the place in the church where people stand).
*The feast of [[St. Mary]] is held in the first week of January always. Thus it is also considered as the thanksgiving feast for the New Year. People from various parts of the district including those who belong to other religions come here to celebrate this festival.
[[File:St. Mary's Forane Church Edoor Feast.jpg|thumb|270px|Night View of 'St. Mary's Forane Church Edoor' on the feast day in 2012.]]

==Edooramma==
[[File:Edooramma.jpg|thumb|Edooramma, The mother of Edoor.]]

The presence of [[St. Mary]] is the reason for its popularity.{{cn|date=August 2024}} The statue of Mother Mary or ''Edooramma'' which may not be seen anywhere else is the most beautiful thing in this church.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
*Edooramma wearing a blue gown means that 'the gown is the sky which covers Earth. So, the whole Earth is protected by her presence.'
*In the left hand, Edooramma holds a '[[Columbidae|white dove]]', and in her right hand there is a [[rosary]]. This means that she spreads peace on earth. It is through the way of rosaries that she spreads the peace.
*She wears a golden crown with twelve stars around it, showing that she is the queen of the [[Heaven]] and the [[Earth]].
*There is always a charming smile in her face. It really feels like she is staring at us if we kneel in front of her to pray.

This statue was made in foreign country and brought here by the European [[Missionaries]] who were working in this region. Actually it was decided to place it in a nearby church and not in St. Mary's Church. It is said that while it was transported to another church via [[Edoor]], the vehicle had a breakdown when it reached Edoor. As the defect could not be solved soon, they placed the statue in the Edoor Church. This is the story how Edooramma reached here.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==Educational Institutions==

This church has played a role in the educational landscape of the region. St. Mary's LP School, established in 1946, holds the distinction of being the oldest school in the area. Following this, St. Mary's UP School was founded in 1949, providing primary education. Subsequently, St. Mary's High School was established in 1957, and in 1998, St. Mary's Higher Secondary School expanded opportunities for higher education in the region. Today, St. Mary's Higher Secondary School integrates primary, secondary, and higher secondary education under one roof. Additionally, the church, through its leadership at CMC Convent, facilitated the establishment of St. Treesa’s Nursery School in 1972 and Vikas Bhavan Special School for differently abled children in 1984. Vikas Bhavan Special School is among the few specialized schools in Kerala.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==Parishes Under Edoor Forane==

1. St. Thomas Church Karikottakkari 
2. St. Sebastian's Church Velimanam 
3. St. Mary's Church Mangode 
4. St. Mary's Church Uruppumkutty 
5. St. Sebastian's Church Chedikulam 
6. Bl. Chavara Kuriakose Elias Church Keezhpally 
7. St. Sebastian's Church Vattiyara 
8. St. Joseph Church Edappuzha

==Major Institutions in the parish==

*CMC Convent
*Vikas Bhavan Special School
*St. Treesa's Nursery School
*St. Mary's LP School
*St. Mary's Higher secondary School
*St. Mary's Sunday School
*Alphonse Bhavan
*Don Bosco Convent
*Sneha Bhavan Orphanage
*Mythree Bhavan Old age Home
*Friends Credit Union (TSSS)
*Carmel Homeo Clinic

==Priests Served in the Parish==

1.Fr.Kudakkachira Kuriakose(1945–47) 
2.Fr.Kuzhikkalathil C.J.Varkey(1947–49)
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/parish-view.php?pid=76|title=Thalassery Arch-Diocese Website.}}</ref> 3.Fr.Kattakkayam Joseph(1949–54) 
4.Fr.Elamthuruthiyil Sebastian(1954–59) 
5.Fr.Moongammackal Abraham(1959–65) 
6.Fr.Kollamparambil Joseph(1965–72) 
7.Fr.Koottiyani Peter(1972–77) 
8.Fr.Kadukummackal John(1977–80) 
9.Fr.Kattackal Zacharias(1980–84) 
10.Fr.Kunnapallil Varkey(1984–90) 
11.Fr.Kollakombil George(1990–93) 
12.Fr.Kavalakkattu Kuriakose(1993–99) 
13.Fr.Purayidam Antony(1999-2005) 
14.Fr.Emmanuel Poovathinkal(2005-2010) 
15. Fr. Andrews Thekkel (2010-2016) 
16. Fr. Antony Muthukunnel from 2016-

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mary's Forane Church, Edoor}}
[[Category:Churches in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1975]]

Zabt

2026-05-02T13:52:20Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Data.

{{Short description|Mughal Empire land revenue system based on measurement and fixed cash rates}}
{{About|the Mughal measurement-based cash assessment system|the ten-year averaging procedure used within it|Dahsala system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox
| name = Zabt
| title = ''Zabt''
| image = [[File:Raja Todar Mall, Finance Minister of Akbar.jpg|frameless|upright=1.1|alt=Mughal painting of Raja Todar Mal]]
| caption = Mughal painting of [[Raja Todar Mal]], chief architect of the 1580 ''dahsala'' settlement and the mature ''zabt'' system
| label1 = Type
| data1 = Land revenue system
| label2 = Polity
| data2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| label3 = Principal reformer
| data3 = [[Raja Todar Mal]]
| label4 = Formal adoption
| data4 = 1580 (''[[Dahsala system|dahsala]]'' settlement)
| label5 = Companion instruments
| data5 = ''[[Dahsala system|Dahsala]]'', ''dastur-ul-amal''
| label6 = Principal medium
| data6 = Cash demand fixed in ''[[Dam (Indian coin)|dams]]'' and [[Rupiya|rupees]]
| label7 = Partially succeeded by
| data7 = Revenue surveys of the [[Mughal successor states]]; [[Permanent Settlement]] of Bengal (1793)
}}

{{History of South Asia}}

'''Zabt''' ({{Langx|fa|ضبط}}, literally "regulation" or "fixed assessment"; also rendered '''''zabti'''''; {{IPAc-en|z|ʌ|b|t}}; {{Respell|ZUBT}}) was the principal land revenue system of the [[Mughal Empire]] from the late sixteenth century onward. Under the system, revenue demand on cultivated land was fixed in cash on the basis of systematic measurement and regionally differentiated per-unit rates rather than on the annual share of the crop. It was formalised in the ''[[Dahsala system|dahsala]]'' (ten-year) settlement of 1580 by [[Akbar]]'s revenue minister, [[Raja Todar Mal]], and set out at length in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' of [[Abul Fazl|Abul Fazl ibn Mubarak]].{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=273}}

Zabt had four load-bearing components: systematic measurement of cultivated land using the ''[[bigha]]'' as the standard unit; classification of land by productivity and continuity of cultivation; regional schedules of cash demand per bigha per crop, called ''dasturs'' or ''dastur-ul-amal''; and a chain of collection running from the village through the ''[[pargana]]'' and ''[[sarkar (country subdivision)|sarkar]]'' to the imperial treasury, staffed by a tiered bureaucracy of ''amils'', ''qanungos'' and ''patwaris''.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|pp=93–122}}

Zabt operated alongside two older modes of Mughal assessment, ''ghalla-bakhshi'' (crop-sharing, assessed at the threshing floor) and ''nasaq'' (assessment by reference to records), which continued in regions where the revenue administration judged full zabt impractical. Under Akbar's successors the system was extended into the newly annexed territories of the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]] with uneven success, and it was hollowed out during the later seventeenth century by the strains associated with what historians call the [[jagirdari crisis]]. After the disintegration of imperial authority in the early eighteenth century the zabt framework was inherited and adapted by the revenue offices of the [[Mughal successor states]] and, after 1765, by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].{{sfn|Alam|2013|pp=46}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=104}}

Zabt has been central to the historiography of the Mughal economy since the publication of [[Irfan Habib]]'s ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India'' in 1963. [[Shireen Moosvi]]'s 1987 statistical reconstruction of the revenue figures in the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' established the empirical benchmark against which later scholarship has worked, while more recent studies by [[Muzaffar Alam]], [[Farhat Hasan]] and others have shifted attention from the system's imperial coherence to its negotiation with regional and local power.{{sfn|Habib|2013}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=59}}{{sfn|Hasan|2004}}

== Etymology and terminology ==

The word ''zabt'' derives from the Arabic root {{lang|ar|ض ب ط}}, meaning "to regulate" or "to hold fast". In Persian administrative usage the term acquired the extended sense of "exact assessment" or "fixed regulation" and was current in the fiscal vocabulary of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] before its adoption in Mughal revenue practice.{{sfn|Habib|2013|p=230}}

Mughal documents use several related labels: ''zabt'', ''zabti'', ''zabt-i-kamil'' (complete zabt), and, after the introduction of the ten-year rate cycle, ''[[Dahsala system|dahsala]]''. The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' treats the terms as cognate but distinct: ''zabt'' denotes the general principle of fixed cash assessment on measured land, while ''dahsala'' refers specifically to the 1580 ten-year rate settlement devised by Todar Mal.{{sfn|Blochmann|1873|pp=347–350}}

== Background ==

=== Delhi Sultanate and the Lodi legacy ===
Revenue practice in north India before the Mughal period combined [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s strict market-regulated assessment in the late thirteenth century with the more permissive [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] arrangements of the fifteenth century. Under the Lodis, assessment was usually left to the local cultivating community, with the sultanate taking a share of the gross produce through its appointees, the ''muqtis'' and ''[[iqta]]dars''.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=34–48}}

=== Sher Shah Suri's reforms ===
Systematic measurement-based revenue was first introduced on an imperial scale by [[Sher Shah Suri]] during his brief rule from 1540 to 1545. Sher Shah's officers conducted field measurement on a per-village basis, classified crops by type, and assigned per-bigha cash demands. The Mughal zabt system adapted and expanded these precedents after the restoration of [[Humayun]] in 1555 and more comprehensively under Akbar.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=229–235}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=79–82}}

== Introduction under Akbar ==
[[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Akbar]], under whom the zabt system was reformed, standardised, and codified in the ''Ain-i-Akbari''; painting by Govardhan, c. 1630.]]

Revenue administration in the first decade of Akbar's reign was marked by experimentation and repeated withdrawal. Reforms attempted by [[Itimad Khan]] and [[Muzaffar Khan]] during the 1560s and 1570s aimed at restoring the Sher Shahi measurement scheme but faltered on administrative capacity. A second attempt under [[Shah Mansur]] (''diwan'' from 1578 to 1581) introduced the ''karori'' system, under which revenue officers called ''karoris'' were assigned blocks of territory expected to yield one ''[[crore]]'' of ''dams'' each; this scheme was abandoned in 1582 after widespread complaints of abuse.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=283, 286}}{{sfn|Athar Ali|2001|pp=35}}

=== Todar Mal and the dahsala settlement ===
{{Main|Dahsala system}}

[[Raja Todar Mal]], a Khatri accountant-administrator who had served Sher Shah before entering Mughal service, was placed in charge of imperial revenue administration in 1574. He was appointed ''diwan-i-ashraf'' in 1582 and ''diwan-i-kul'' in 1585. His reforms produced the zabt system in its mature form.{{sfn|Athar Ali|2001|pp=35}}

The central innovation of the 1580 settlement was the ''[[Dahsala system|dahsala]]'' (ten-year) procedure. For each ''pargana'', revenue records for the preceding ten harvests were averaged, and the resulting per-bigha cash demand was fixed as the ''dastur-ul-amal'' for that pargana and that crop. The ten-year window moved forward each harvest, so that the standing rate could be revised without renegotiation. The procedure stabilised both the cultivator's liability and the state's income.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=207}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|pp=268}}

== Operation ==

=== Measurement ===
The zabt system rested on periodic measurement of cultivated land in each village of a zabt-administered ''pargana''. Measurement was carried out using the ''[[jarib]]'', a rope divided into graduated segments. Under Akbar the ''ilahi gaz'' of approximately 33 inches (84 cm) was fixed as the standard linear unit, and a standard ''bigha'' was defined as 3,600 square ''ilahi gaz'', or roughly 0.55 acres (0.22 hectares). The universal use of a single ''bigha'' standard across the zabt zone was itself one of the administrative achievements of the reform.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=262–269}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|pp=82–92}}

=== Land classification ===
Measured land was classified by continuity of cultivation into four categories:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+ Land classification under zabt
! Category !! Description !! Dastur treatment
|-
! ''Polaj''
| Continuously cultivated every year || Full dastur rate
|-
! ''Parauti''
| Cropped intermittently with short fallow || Full dastur, reduced during fallow year
|-
! ''Chachar''
| Left fallow for three to four years || Graduated concessional rate
|-
! ''Banjar''
| Uncultivated for five or more years || Heavily concessional rate or exemption
|}

The categories were designed to incentivise recultivation of abandoned land while penalising the withdrawal of productive land from cropping.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=269–274}}{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

=== Dastur rates and crop categories ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg
| caption1 = Silver rupee of Akbar. The dastur rates under zabt were expressed in ''dams''; forty copper ''dams'' equalled one silver rupee.
| image2 = Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar. AH 963-1014 AD 1556-1605. AV Mohur Falcon type. Asir mint. Dated Khurdad Ilahi year 45 (20 February – 20 March AD 1600).jpg
| caption2 = Gold ''mohur'' of Akbar, Asir mint. The silver rupee and its fractional ''dam'' formed the denominational basis of Mughal revenue accounting.
}}

For each ''pargana'' and for each of the principal crops, the imperial revenue office computed a ''dastur-ul-amal'', a per-bigha cash demand expressed in ''[[Dam (Indian coin)|dams]]''. Forty ''dams'' were equal to one silver [[Rupiya|rupee]]. Crops were grouped into ''kharif'' (autumn) and ''rabi'' (spring) harvests, and within each harvest into "superior" (''a'la'') and "inferior" (''adna'') classes.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|pp=93–122}}

Cash crops including indigo, sugarcane, cotton, opium poppy, and certain oilseeds commanded significantly higher dastur rates than food grains and are identified in the revenue vocabulary as ''jins-i kamil'', "perfect crops".{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=274–282}}

=== Jama and hasil ===
Mughal revenue accounts kept two parallel figures for every administrative unit:

* '''Jama''' ({{Langx|fa|جمع}}): the assessed revenue demand fixed by the ''dastur'' schedule.
* '''Hasil''' ({{Langx|fa|حاصل}}): the actual revenue collected.

A persistent gap between the two figures signalled either overassessment or administrative failure and could trigger a downward revision of the dastur rate. Over the long run, the relationship between jama and hasil provided the principal diagnostic instrument for the state's fiscal health.{{sfn|Alam|2013|pp=274}}

=== Comparison of assessment modes ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+ Zabt, ghalla-bakhshi, and nasaq compared
! Feature !! Zabt !! Ghalla-bakhshi !! Nasaq
|-
! Basis of assessment
| Cash rate per measured bigha, per crop || Crop share at the threshing floor || Reference to historical collection records
|-
! Requirement for measurement
| Decennial measurement essential || Not required || Not required
|-
! Predictability for the cultivator
| High || Low (depends on yield) || Medium
|-
! Administrative cost
| High || Low || Low
|-
! Cash or kind demand
| Cash || In kind, sometimes commuted to cash || Cash, based on historical pattern
|-
! Typical region under Akbar
| Agra, Delhi, Allahabad, Awadh, Lahore, Malwa, Multan || Berar, Khandesh || Kashmir, Sindh, frontier tracts
|}

=== The collection chain ===
Revenue moved upward through a tiered structure. At the base sat the village accountant, the ''patwari'', and the village headman, the ''muqaddam''. Above them the ''qanungo'' kept pargana-level records. The ''amil'' or ''amalguzar'' was the revenue official at ''sarkar'' level; above him the ''diwan'' of each ''[[subah]]'' answered to the imperial ''[[diwan-i-kul]]''. The system required that written records follow the money upward and downward, a feature that produced the extensive documentary record on which modern historical reconstruction depends.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=336–355}}

== Zabt and the jagir system ==
Most zabt revenue was not collected directly by the imperial treasury. Instead, the imperial revenue office assigned revenue rights over defined zabt tracts to ''[[mansabdar]]s'' in the form of ''[[jagir]]s'', in place of cash salary. The ''jama'' figure became the nominal value of the jagir, and the mansabdar or his agent, the ''amil'', was responsible for converting the assessed demand into actual cash collection from the cultivators.{{sfn|Athar Ali|2001|pp=74–95}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=84}}

This linkage made the accuracy of the zabt assessment critical to the whole imperial fiscal and military machine. An inflated ''jama'' produced paper claims that could not be realised on the ground, while an understated ''jama'' deprived both the state and its mansabdars of revenue. The structural imbalance between ''jama'' on paper and ''hasil'' in the field became the defining problem of late-seventeenth-century administration and lies at the heart of the later [[jagirdari crisis]] literature.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=189}}

== Regional variation ==

=== The zabt zone ===
[[File:A moderate-sized scan of the map.jpg|thumb|right|''Ain-i-Akbari'' subahs, mapped by T. Wilkinson in 1815. The zabt zone covered the northern subahs from Lahore and Multan through Delhi, Agra, Awadh, Allahabad and Malwa.]]

The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' identifies zabt as the principal mode of assessment in the northern subahs of Akbar's empire: Agra, Allahabad, Awadh, Delhi, Lahore, Malwa, and Multan. Together these constituted the so-called "zabt zone", running across the Indo-Gangetic plain and adjoining Malwa. Within this zone the dastur schedules were compiled in detail, the land classifications regularly applied, and the collection chain worked with reasonable fidelity to its documentary ideal.{{sfn|Blochmann|1873|p=355}}{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|pp=146–175}}

=== Ghalla-bakhshi, nasaq and other modes ===
In the subahs of Berar and Khandesh the crop-sharing ''ghalla-bakhshi'' mode predominated, partly because the cotton-rich black-soil cultivation of the Deccan-fringe was judged unsuitable for the bigha-based measurement. In Kashmir and Sindh, where terrain and cultivation patterns made measurement impractical, ''nasaq'' was retained. Gujarat, annexed in 1573, was assessed under a distinctive system linked to earlier Gujarat Sultanate practice and only partially recast into the zabt mould.{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=282–290}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=64–68}}

=== Extension into the Deccan ===
[[File:Joppen1907India1700a.jpg|thumb|left|The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent, c. 1700 under [[Aurangzeb]]. The imperial revenue office attempted to extend zabt assessment into the Deccan annexations with uneven success.]]

Following the conquest of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] and [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]] under [[Aurangzeb]], the imperial revenue office attempted to impose zabt assessment on the newly acquired Deccan territories. The attempt was only partially successful. Prolonged campaigning had displaced cultivators, the existing Deccan revenue categories did not map onto the Mughal dastur grid, and the share of revenue routed through crop-sharing and ''nasaq'' remained high throughout the late seventeenth century.{{sfn|Alam|2013|pp=46}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=157}}

== Decline ==

=== Seventeenth-century strains ===
Several structural pressures accumulated in the zabt system over the course of the seventeenth century. The fixed cash dastur became a heavier burden on cultivators in years of low prices, because the demand was denominated in silver while the peasant's income varied with harvest conditions and market prices. The long Deccan wars of Aurangzeb raised the pressure on revenue circuits while simultaneously disrupting the cultivators who had to supply them. Expansion of the mansabdari corps outran the availability of productive jagirs, producing the structural mismatch between assessed ''jama'' and realisable ''hasil'' that defines the jagirdari crisis.{{sfn|Athar Ali|2001|pp=35}}{{sfn|Habib|2013|pp=364–406}}

=== Eighteenth-century dissolution ===
[[File:Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of [[Aurangzeb]], minted in Kabul, dated 1691–92. By the end of his reign, the zabt framework survived more as a documentary inheritance than as an operating system.]]

After 1707 the administrative hierarchy that upheld the zabt system weakened rapidly. Provincial governors in Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad began to reconfigure revenue collection on provincial rather than imperial terms, often retaining the dastur rates on paper while in practice reverting to case-by-case assessments negotiated with local intermediaries. The [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] revenue system of ''[[chauth]]'' and ''sardeshmukhi'' drew on zabt measurement categories where Maratha authority overlaid former Mughal territory. By the time of the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764 the zabt framework survived more as a set of records and vocabularies than as a functioning administrative system.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=104}}{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=104}}

== Historiography ==
[[File:Binding from "Akbarnama" (CBL In 03).jpg|thumb|right|Binding of an ''Akbarnama'' manuscript, c. 1600–1605, at the Chester Beatty Library. Modern Mughal revenue history rests heavily on the ''Akbarnama'' and its companion volume, the ''Ain-i-Akbari''.]]

=== Habib's Agrarian System ===
The publication of Irfan Habib's ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India'', first issued by Oxford University Press in Bombay in 1963 and revised twice (in 1999 and 2013), inaugurated the modern study of Mughal revenue. Habib used zabt records, including the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' statistics, surviving later imperial documents, and village-level papers from post-Mughal successor districts, to reconstruct the structure and performance of Mughal agrarian relations. His conclusion, developed further in a 1969 article in ''[[The Journal of Economic History]]'', was that Mughal fiscal pressure on the peasantry was severe enough to constrain capital accumulation and to block a capitalist transition before British conquest, despite considerable commercial sophistication in the non-agrarian economy.{{sfn|Habib|2013}}{{sfn|Habib|1969|pp=39}}

=== Moosvi's quantitative reconstruction ===
[[Shireen Moosvi]]'s ''The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595'' (Oxford University Press, 1987; 2nd revised edition 2015) undertook a rigorous statistical reconstruction of the 1595 revenue figures preserved in the ''Ain-i-Akbari''. Moosvi cross-checked ''jama'' totals, price schedules and area estimates to derive aggregate estimates of gross domestic product for 1595 Mughal India, and she established the empirical benchmark against which all subsequent macroeconomic claims about Mughal India have been tested.{{sfn|Moosvi|2015|p=59}}

=== Regional studies and the Aligarh response ===
[[Muzaffar Alam]]'s ''The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India'' (1986) extended Habib's structural framework into the provincial histories of Awadh and the Punjab after 1707, stressing the interplay between imperial dissolution and regional reconsolidation. [[Farhat Hasan]]'s ''State and Locality in Mughal India'' (2004) moved the frame further, treating the zabt regime less as a monolithic imperial imposition and more as a set of negotiated arrangements between the imperial centre and local power holders in western India.{{sfn|Alam|2013|p=32}}{{sfn|Hasan|2004}}

=== Shifts of emphasis ===
Outside the broadly Aligarh tradition associated with Habib, Moosvi and Alam, later scholarship has placed increasing weight on the agency of local intermediaries and on the limits of imperial fiscal coherence. The broader collaborative project represented by ''The Cambridge Economic History of India'' (1982), edited by [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]] and Habib, integrated the zabt literature into a pan-Indian and comparative frame covering the period 1200 to 1750.{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|Habib|1982}}

== Legacy ==

=== Successor states ===
The revenue offices of Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad inherited large portions of the zabt record-keeping apparatus, including pargana dastur books, and continued to collect on their basis well into the mid-eighteenth century. Adjustments to the dastur rates rather than their wholesale replacement were the preferred instrument of revenue reform in the successor states, even as those states gradually reoriented their fiscal priorities away from the imperial centre.{{sfn|Alam|2013|pp=46}}

=== Colonial revenue surveys ===
After the grant of the [[diwani of Bengal]] to the East India Company in 1765, British administrators repeatedly consulted the extant Mughal dastur schedules when framing their own revenue settlements, most notably during the compilation of the [[Permanent Settlement]] of Bengal in 1793 and the later ryotwari and mahalwari surveys of the nineteenth century. The Mughal measurement system, including the ''bigha'' and the classification of land by continuity of cultivation, persisted in Indian revenue vocabulary into the twentieth century.{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=285–292}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Mughal fiscal system]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Akbar]]
* [[Raja Todar Mal]]
* [[Ain-i-Akbari]]
* [[Dahsala system]]
* [[Jagir]]
* [[Jagirdari crisis]]
* [[Mansabdar]]
* [[Mughal successor states]]
* [[Sher Shah Suri]]
* [[Land revenue]]
* [[Permanent Settlement]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |author-link=Muzaffar Alam |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707–48 |edition=2nd |year=2013 |orig-date=1986 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807741-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Athar Ali |first=M. |author-link=M. Athar Ali |title=The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb |edition=Revised |year=2001 |orig-date=1966 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565599-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalnobilityun0000atha}}
* {{cite book |author=Abu'l-Fazl |translator-last=Blochmann |translator-first=H. |title=The A'in-i Akbari, Volume I |year=1873 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 |ref={{sfnref|Blochmann|1873}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1969 |pages=32–78 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700097825}}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707 |edition=3rd |year=2013 |orig-date=1963 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-agrarian-system-of-mughal-india-1556-to-1707}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Farhat |title=State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, c. 1572–1730 |year=2004 |series=University of Cambridge Oriental Publications |volume=61 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84119-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Moosvi |first=Shireen |title=The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595: A Statistical Study |edition=2nd |year=2015 |orig-date=1987 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-945054-1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Raychaudhuri |editor-first=Tapan |editor-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Irfan |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 1: c.1200–c.1750 |year=1982 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeeconomichistoryofindia12001750ed.tapanraychaudhuriirfanhabib}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire |year=1993 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=I.5 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/mughalempire0000rich}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Chandra, Satish. ''Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Mukhia, Harbans. ''The Mughals of India''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-631-18555-0}}.
* Qaisar, A. J. ''The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture AD 1498–1707''. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Mughal Empire}}
* [https://archive.org/details/the-agrarian-system-of-mughal-india-1556-to-1707 Irfan Habib, ''The Agrarian System of Mughal India'' (3rd edition, 2013)] at the Internet Archive
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32526 ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Volume 1, translated by H. Blochmann (1873)] at the Internet Archive

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Land taxation]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:1580 establishments]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:History of taxation]]

Sheela Murthy

2026-04-22T14:47:12Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Stub

{{Short description|American lawyer (born 1961)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheela Murthy
| image =Sheela Murthy.jpg
| birth_date= {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Vadodara|Baroda]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[lawyer|Attorney]]
| education = [[Harvard Law School]]
| spouse = Vasant Nayak
| citizenship = United States
}}

'''Sheela Murthy''' (born 12 October 1961) is an Indian-American [[lawyer]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[philanthropist]], perhaps best known as founder and president of Murthy Law Firm, based in [[Owings Mills]], [[Maryland]].

A native of [[India]], Murthy and her husband, photographer and media specialist Vasant Nayak, established the MurthyNayak Foundation to channel their philanthropic contributions to nonprofits that serve the needs of women, children, and immigrants, particularly in education and healthcare. Murthy has been recognized for her philanthropic work. She serves on the boards of several nonprofits in the Baltimore–Washington area and elsewhere in the [[northeastern United States]]. She is a frequent speaker on immigration law, and on entrepreneurship and motivation, leadership, and women's issues.

==Early life==
Murthy was born in Baroda (now known as Vadodara), India,<ref name=rediff>{{cite news|last=Haniffa|first=Aziz|title=Attorney Sheela Murthy wins top awards|newspaper=India Abroad|date=23 Oct 2009|pages=A42, A49}}</ref> in 1961, the second of three daughters.<ref name='Bizmonthly'>{{cite web | url = http://www.bizmonthly.com/attorney-sheela-murthy-where-excellence-meets-humility/ | title = Attorney Sheela Murthy: Where Excellence Meets Humility | access-date = 1 May 2012 | last = Kim | first = Susan | date = 4 Mar 2011 | work = The Business Monthly | quote = As a child in India, she was the middle of three sisters. | archive-date = 3 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103051840/http://www.bizmonthly.com/attorney-sheela-murthy-where-excellence-meets-humility/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Her father, HMS (Srinivas) Murthy, was an officer in the [[Indian Defense Forces]].<ref name="rediff"/> The family lived in modest circumstances, especially in her early years, and moved often as her father was transferred throughout [[India]].<ref name="rediff"/>

Although Sheela's father was adamantly against the idea of her pursuing a career in law,<ref name='Daily Record 2008'>{{cite news | title = Leadership in Law 2008 | date = 30 Dec 2008 | url = http://thedailyrecord.com/wp-files/_pdf/publications/LIL%202008%20lo.pdf | work = The Daily Record | pages = 23 | access-date = 7 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=Femina>{{cite news|last=Shridhar|first=Lalitha|title=Dream Made True|publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina magazine]]|date=Dec 2000}}</ref> she now credits her father's constant reminders about her responsibility to help the less fortunate for sparking her interest in law, social justice, and philanthropy.<ref name='India Abroad'>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiaabroad-digital.com/indiaabroad/20120413?pg=52#pg52 | title = Sheela Murthy wins Children's Guild Award | access-date = 2 May 2012 | last = Haniffa | first = Aziz | date = 13 Apr 2012 | work = India Abroad | quote = ...my father came from a very, very poor home...throughout my growing up...he would say to me, 'It's a curse and a crime if somebody who has money does not share it with other people.'}}</ref>

==Education==
Murthy was admitted to [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College in Chennai]],<ref name=rediff/> where she majored in history and minored in political science.<ref name="Top 100">{{cite magazine |agency= Sheela Murthy |url= http://www.murthy.com/pdf/daily_record.pdf |title=Maryland's Top 100 Women |magazine=The Daily Record |access-date=15 May 2012|date=May 2007}}</ref> She graduated in 1982.<ref name="Top 100"/>

During college at Stella Maris, Murthy says her interest in social justice led to her involvement in anti-[[Dowry law in India|dowry]] marches and other work to secure the rights of women and girls.<ref name=Book>{{cite book |last=Pearce |first= Susan |title= Immigration and Women: Understanding the American Experience |date=May 2011 |publisher= NYU Press |isbn= 978-0814767399 |url= http://www.nyupress.org/webchapters/Pearce_women_intro.pdf |author2=Clifford, Elizabeth |author3=Tandon, Reena |access-date=15 May 2012|page=1}}</ref><ref name=Hindu/> It also strongly influenced her academic and career choices. Against her parents' wishes, Murthy enrolled in the [[Bachelor of Laws]] program at the [[University Law College, Bangalore|University Law College at Bangalore University]].<ref name="Daily Record 2008"/><ref name=E&Y/>

As a law student, she competed in the [[Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition|Jessup International Moot Court]] competition and was all-India champion, and her team subsequently placed second in the world at the Jessup Moot Court competition in New York.<ref name='IndUS'>{{cite web | url = http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=23F3DB078FE34B919363BDEAFB179284&AudID=0A2DD881F6EF45E19EAC48E93C07BF66 | title = Immigration law firm continues to thrive | access-date = 2 May 2012 | last = Desmarais | first = Martin | date = 30 Sep 2009 | work = IndUS Business Journal | quote = Murthy impressed finishing first in the Jessup Moot Court competition for law students in India. She then went on to represent India internationally in the competition, which was organized by the American Society of Law, finishing third individually and second with her Indian team.}}</ref> Murthy graduated from law school in 1985 at the top of her class of 1,500 students.<ref name='Lawyers Weekly 97'>{{cite news | title = Lawyer Behind the Website | date = 15 Dec 1997 | work = Lawyers Weekly USA}}</ref>

While in New York for the moot court competition, Murthy decided to apply for the [[Master of Laws]] (LLM) program at [[Harvard Law School]].<ref name=Femina/> She spent the next year teaching French at the [[Alliance Française]]<ref name="Top 100"/> and the Institute of Hotel Management in Bangalore, while she awaited the results of her Harvard application. Around the same time, she met her future husband, Vasant Nayak, when she attended his photo exhibition at the Alliance Française.

Murthy was admitted to Harvard, where she worked nights as a [[security guard]] to help cover her living expenses.<ref name='MSN Money'>{{cite web | url = http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Extra/6SecretsOfSuccessfulImmigrants.aspx?page=1| title = 6 secrets of successful immigrants | access-date = 7 May 2012 | last = Lewis | first = Marilyn | date = 11 Sep 2007 | publisher = MSN Money |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071105225637/http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Extra/6SecretsOfSuccessfulImmigrants.aspx?page=1 |archive-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> She went on to graduate from Harvard's LLM program in 1987.<ref name="Top 100"/>

==Early career==
After Harvard, Murthy practiced real estate and corporate law at [[White & Case]], a major law firm in [[New York City]].<ref name="Lawyers Weekly 97"/> There she lived the life of a young [[associate attorney]], working "12 to 14 hours a day, often seven days a week."<ref name="Femina"/> As Murthy explained, she found working in Manhattan to be "emotionally draining," and disliked working at a big law firm because "you're nothing but a billable-hour machine."<ref name="Lawyers Weekly 97"/>

In 1989, Murthy and her husband Vasant moved to Baltimore, where she continued to practice real estate and business law at a medium-sized law firm.<ref name="Lawyers Weekly 97"/><ref name=Newsweek>{{cite news|last=Childress|first=Sarah|title=Made in America|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2005/11/13/made-in-america.html|access-date=8 May 2012|newspaper=Newsweek|date=14 Nov 2005}}</ref> At the same time, Murthy was developing expertise in immigration law, forced to learn it as she went through the protracted bureaucratic process—four years, in her case—to secure green cards for herself and her husband.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|last=Bhumika|first=K.|title=The Spirit of Giving|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/28/stories/2009102850270100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031092251/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/28/stories/2009102850270100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2009|access-date=8 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 Oct 2009}}</ref> Murthy helped her employer to set up an immigration law practice, and did the same when she moved to another firm in 1992, where she began in earnest to build up an immigration law practice of her own.<ref name="Baltimore Sun Immigrant Women">{{cite news|last=Brewington|first=Kelly|title=An increasing number of immigrant women are entrepreneurs, according to a study by a Towson University professor for the Immigration Policy Center.|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/06/14/an-increasing-number-of-immigrant-women-are-entrepreneurs-according-to-a-study-by-a-towson-university-professor-for-the-immigration-policy-center/|access-date=10 May 2012|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=14 Jun 2005|quote=Murthy...remained, working in New York and later Baltimore, where associates frequently asked for her help researching immigration cases. Murthy knew the process all too well, having spent her first 12 years in the United States navigating the labyrinth of immigration paperwork from student visa to citizenship.}}</ref>

Murthy attributes her interest in immigration law, in part, to the difficulties she faced during her own immigration process.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name=OMT>{{cite news|last=Strowbridge|first=Linda|title=Attorney wages own immigration campaign|newspaper=Owings Mills Times|date=4 May 2006|page=19}}</ref> Murthy found the process time-consuming, expensive, and discouraging.<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name=HuffPo>{{cite web|last=Karin|first=Kamp|title=Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Is America Losing Its Edge?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karin-kamp/immigrant-entrepreneurs-i_b_3583131.html?ir=Business|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=15 July 2013|date=12 July 2013}}</ref> As she explained in a 2009 interview, "my [immigration] lawyer never really communicated with me…except the one instance when he had to tell me he was hiking his fee! I thought that if a lawyer treats a fellow-lawyer like this, I dread to think how he'll treat others. I said I bet I can make an impact if I get in."<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Murthy Law Firm==
In May 1994, Murthy left her employer to start her own, solo practice immigration law firm: The Law Office of Sheela Murthy. For the first several months, she worked from the dining room table of her home.<ref name="Being Sheela">{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Adithi |title=Being Sheela |date=2020 |publisher=HarperCollins |page=97 |edition=1}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="Working Wonders">{{cite book|last=Gately|first=Gary|title=Maryland: Working Wonders|year=2009|publisher=Cherbo Publishing Group|isbn=978-1882933259}}</ref> Eventually she moved to a tiny office in Owings Mills, Maryland that included a photocopier and receptionist that she shared with several other businesses.

The Murthy.com website was launched by Murthy's husband, Vasant Nayak, who, at the time, ran the new graduate program in digital arts at the [[Maryland Institute College of Art]] in Baltimore.<ref name="Worlds best website"/> Murthy was initially skeptical about the value of online communication, but she credits her husband for convincing her to grow her business via the Internet.<ref name="Worlds best website"/><ref name=NYTimes>{{cite web|last=Gardella|first=Adriana|title=The New York Times|website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/27/business/smallbusiness/how-the-web-helped-a-law-firm-take-off.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&|access-date=28 June 2013|date=26 June 2013}}</ref> As Murthy explained, "He kept following me around, saying, 'It's the wave of the future! I'll do the work!' And finally I thought, fine, if it's free, I guess I can live with it. I've got nothing to lose."<ref name="Worlds best website"/> The website went online in the fall of 1994.<ref name="Worlds best website"/> The firm's website is now the most viewed legal website not just in the United States but in the world.<ref name="Super Lawyers Dec 08">{{cite news|title=Sheela Murthy|magazine=Super Lawyers|date=Dec 2008|url=http://www.murthy.com/pdf/sl_sm2.pdf|page=57|quote=Enquiro, an independent marketing researcher, found the Murthy Law Firm to have the world's most popular legal Web site.}}</ref><ref name='SmartCEO'>{{cite journal | title = The Gift of Giving | journal = Baltimore SmartCEO | date = May 2010 | first = Georgia | last = Patton | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 38}}</ref><ref name="In Reality">{{cite web|last=Sherman|first=John|title=Episode Six: February 2011|url=http://blog.mdchamber.com/maryland-chamber-in-reality|publisher=Maryland Chamber – In Reality|access-date=11 May 2012|date=Feb 2011}}</ref>

Murthy's firm grew quickly, in part because of her early adoption of using the Internet for educational and outreach efforts.<ref name="Worlds best website">{{cite news|last=Bowden|first=Michael|title=World's Best Lawyer Website?|url=http://lawyersusaonline.com/blog/1997/12/15/does-sheela-murthy-have-the-worlds-best-lawyer-website/|access-date=11 May 2012|newspaper=Lawyers Weekly USA|date=15 Dec 1997}}</ref> Murthy established a significant presence on the web, sharing news and information about the immigration process, and building her name and reputation in the process.<ref name="Got Started">{{cite web|title=How I got started with Sheela Murthy|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/print-edition/2011/08/05/how-i-got-started-with-sheela-murthy.html?page=all|publisher=Baltimore Business Journal|access-date=17 May 2012|date=5 Aug 2011}}</ref>

Beyond her online presence, Murthy further raised her stature by writing about immigration law and serving frequently as a commentator for professional publications and seminars.<ref name=rediff/><ref name=HLB/> In 1999, Murthy became actively involved with the [[American Immigration Lawyers Association]] (AILA),<ref name=HLB>{{cite web|title=Sheela Murthy LL.M. '87 went from immigrant to expert|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2008/winter/commitment.php|publisher=Harvard Law Bulletin|access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> and has taken several leadership roles in that organization over the years.

She admits that, when she first launched her firm, she struggled with employee retention because she was too demanding, expecting her employees to work fourteen-to-fifteen hour days every day of the week. But, as time went on, she recognized that this was unreasonable, and that her employees "...needed to have a healthy work life balance and had all the right to go back to their kids and families."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sayfty.com/sheela-murthy/ | title=Meet the Woman Extraordinaire – Sheela Murthy | date=31 May 2015 | publisher=Sayfty | access-date=16 November 2018 }}</ref>

By 2005, The Law Office of Sheela Murthy had expanded to the point that the firm changed its doing business as name to the Murthy Law Firm.<ref name="Daily Record 2008"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.murthy.com/name.html | title = About MurthyDotCom | access-date = 2012-05-02 | publisher = MurthyDotCom | quote = We are pleased to announce that The Law Office of Sheela Murthy, P.C. is now doing business as the Murthy Law Firm. This change in our name reflects the rapid growth and tireless advancement we have made since our inception in 1994.}}</ref> As of 2023, the firm has about 100 employees at its headquarters office in Owings Mills, Maryland, and another 30 at its affiliate, Murthy Immigration Services Private Limited (MISPL), headquartered in Chennai and with satellite offices in Hyderabad and Mumbai, India. According to Chambers Global, an international law-firm rating agency, the firm is now one of the world's leading U.S. immigration law firms.<ref name="Book"/> The Firm has been recognized as an AV rated law firm, which is the highest possible rating for lawyers and law firms, for its legal acumen and ethical standards, by Martindale Hubbell based on peer reviews.

==Philanthropy==
In 2001, Murthy and her husband established the MurthyNayak Foundation to channel their financial resources into socially transformative projects designed to improve the lives of women, children, and immigrants in their native India and in their adopted homeland, the United States.<ref name="India Abroad"/><ref name="Working Wonders"/><ref name=Citybizlist>{{cite news|title=Girl Scouts of Central Maryland Reappoints Sheela Murthy as Chair of Its Board of Directors|url=http://www.citybizlist.com/1/2012/1/6/Girl-Scouts-of-Central-Maryland-Reappoints-Sheela-Murthy-as-Chair-of-Its-Board-of-Directors.aspx|access-date=9 May 2012|publisher=Citybizlist|date=6 Jan 2012}}</ref> Education, health care, nutrition, and the rights of women and children are among the main focal points of these efforts.<ref name="India Abroad"/> The MurthyNayak Foundation previously provided free media for nonprofits through its production company, Site2Sight, producing websites, documentary films, and other promotional materials for free to the nonprofits it serves. Its current focus is to support education and immigrants and support and mentor photographers and photo education in South Asia through Photo South Asia to help photo students and photographers in south Asia, including in Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Murthy serves on various non-profit boards like JHPIEGO, the [[Baltimore Museum of Art]], the Maryland Institute College of Art, and the MurthyNAYAK Foundation. Previously, Murthy had served on boards for a number of organizations, including [[Cancer Treatment Centers of America]],<ref name=CTC>{{cite web|title=Murthy joins Cancer Treatment Centers board|url=http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&AudID=ADF7DD655E7B4CFFB11C070DDEA34A95&tier=4&id=80B2B6DAA9384C91B1A7640551CDBCE0|work=India Business Journal|access-date=11 May 2012|date=1 Feb 2012}}</ref> [[Scouting in Maryland|Girl Scouts of Central Maryland]],<ref name="Citybizlist"/><ref name="Daily Record Supp"/> Maryland Chamber of Commerce,<ref name="Chamber of Commerce">{{cite news|title=Sheela Murthy Confirmed Secretary/Treasurer of the MD Chamber of Commerce|url=http://baltimore.citybizlist.com/1/2012/5/8/Sheela-Murthy-Confirmed-SecretaryTreasurer-of-the-MD-Chamber-of-Commerce-.aspx|access-date=9 May 2012|publisher=Citybizlist|date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Girl Scouts Profile">{{cite web|title=Sheela Murthy, Esq.|url=http://www.gscm.org/aboutus/boardchair.html|work=Girl Scouts of Central Maryland|access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> [[Stevenson University]],<ref name=Stevenson>{{cite news|title=Stevenson U. Adds Sheela Murthy to Board of Trustees|url=http://apps.stevenson.edu/mpr/pressreleases/full-release.cfm?id=303|access-date=10 May 2012|newspaper=Stevenson University|date=18 Aug 2008}}</ref> and the Harvard Law School Alumni Board of Visitors,<ref name="CityBiz Harvard">{{cite news|title=Sheela Murthy -- Member of the Visiting Committee of Harvard Law School|url=http://baltimore.citybizlist.com/1/2012/3/28/Sheela-Murthy--Member-of-the-Visiting-Committee-of-Harvard-Law-School.aspx|access-date=10 May 2012|publisher=Citybizlist|date=28 Mar 2012}}</ref><ref name="Daily Record Harvard">{{cite news|title=Murthy appointed to Harvard Law, AGC peer review committees|url=http://thedailyrecord.com/movers-and-shakers/2012/03/30/murth-appointed-to-harvard-law-agc-peer-review-committees/|access-date=10 May 2012|newspaper=The Daily Record|date=30 Mar 2012}}</ref> among others. She also served on the boards of United Way International and the United Way of Central Maryland,<ref name="Daily Record Supp">{{cite news|title=Path to Excellence|newspaper=The Daily Record (Supplement)|date=Jul 2011|quote=A committed philanthropist, Murthy is recognized for her various works in the United States as well as within her native India. She serves on the boards for several nonprofit organizations, including the United Way of Central Maryland and the Girl Scouts of Central Maryland.}}</ref> which named her the 2009 Philanthropist of the Year. In December 2017, Murthy was named the president of the Washington, D.C. chapter (representing the District of [[Columbia, Maryland]] and Virginia) of [[TiE|The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE)]].<ref name="AB - TiEDC">{{cite news|title=K. Paul Singh of Rezon8 honored with TiE DC 2017 Legends Award|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2017/12/17/paul-singh-honored-with-tie-dc-2017-legends-award-431471/|agency=The American Bazaar|publisher=AB Wire|date=17 December 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
The 2013 edition of Corporate Immigration recognized Murthy as one of the world's top corporate immigration attorneys.<ref name="Corporate Immigration">{{cite web|last=PTI|title=Indian American attorney Sheila Murthy honoured|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/nri/nris-in-news/indian-american-attorney-sheila-murthy-honoured/articleshow/22147972.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=30 August 2013|date=29 Aug 2013|quote=attorney Sheela Murthy has been recognised as one of the world's top international corporate immigration lawyers in the 2013 edition of Corporate Immigration, a prestigious directory of leading advocates in her field.}}</ref> Among her other honors, she was named to the 2011 Top 50 Most Influential Marylanders<ref name="Daily Record Influential">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Mark|title=Influential Marylanders|newspaper=The Daily Record Supplement|date=Apr 2011|page=23}}</ref> and the Maryland Top 100 Women's Circle of Excellence by The Daily Record, a Maryland Business publication.<ref name="Daily Record Circle">{{cite news|title=23 join Top 100 Circle of Excellence|newspaper=The Daily Record|date=20 May 2011|quote=Sheela Murthy, president and founder of the Murthy Law Firm, a 2011 Circle of Excellence inductee...}}</ref> Murthy's firm was among the 2012 Top 100 Minority Business Enterprises,<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2012 Top 100 MBE Winners for the Mid-Atlantic Region|url=http://www.top100mbe.com/documents/T100_Winners_9.5x12.375_v3.pdf|access-date=10 May 2012|publisher=The Center for Business Inclusion and Diversity, The Pinder Group, LLC}}</ref> and Murthy received the 2010 Business Philanthropy Award from the Baltimore Business Journal.<ref name="citybiz2010">{{cite web|title=Sheela Murthy Honored|url=http://baltimore.citybizlist.com/1/2010/12/2/SHEELA-MURTHY-HONORED.aspx|publisher=citybizlist|access-date=11 May 2012|date=2 Dec 2010}}</ref> She also received the 2010 Small Business of the Year Award from the Maryland Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Chamber of Commerce" /> In 2008, Sheela Murthy was the first woman to become a member of the United Way of Central Maryland's Million Dollar Roundtable.<ref name="Econ Times">{{cite news|last=Duttagupta|first=Ishani|title=All For a Good Cause|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-04/news/27732553_1_immigration-law-murthy-law-firm-online-bulletin-board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094541/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-04/news/27732553_1_immigration-law-murthy-law-firm-online-bulletin-board|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=11 May 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 Dec 2008}}</ref> In 2012, The Daily Record recognized Murthy as one of "Maryland's Most Admired CEOs,"<ref name="Most Admired CEO">{{cite news|title=The Daily Record launches Most Admired CEOs event|url=http://thedailyrecord.com/2012/07/19/the-daily-record-launches-most-admired-ceos-event/|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=The Daily Record|date=19 July 2012}}</ref> and the Maryland Entrepreneur Quarterly named her Business Entrepreneur of the Year.<ref name="BusMonthlyAward">{{cite web|last=Mangus|first=Becky|title=2012 Maryland Entrepreneur of the Year Awards Announced|work=The Business Monthly|date=6 November 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, [[The Children's Guild]], a nonprofit school for children with special needs, presented Murthy with the Sadie Award for her philanthropy and humanitarianism.<ref name="rediff" /> During the awards ceremony, the children and staff of the school performed an original musical production showcasing Murthy's life.<ref name="rediff" /> In 2009, Murthy was named Entrepreneur of the Year by [[Ernst & Young]].<ref name=E&Y>{{cite web|title=Entrepreneur Of The Year 2009 Road to Palm Springs|url=http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_RTPS_2009_Murthy|publisher=Ernst & Young|access-date=11 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{cite news|title=People on the Move|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=7 Sep 2010|page=4|quote=Sheela Murthy...received the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2009...}}</ref> She has been recognized as among the Best Lawyers in America (c) as voted by her peers over the years. In 2023, Murthy was inducted into the MD Business and Civic Hall of Fame by [[the Baltimore Sun]] for her lifetime contributions to the law, business, philanthropy and the community. In the same year, 2023, the MD Chamber of Commerce inducted Murthy into its Hall of Fame.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Law|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Sheela}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Maryland lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from Owings Mills, Maryland]]
[[Category:Stella Maris College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]

Kruti

2026-04-21T07:55:44Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|AI agent developed by Ola Krutrim}}
{{Advert|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Kruti
| logo = Official logo of Kruti, a proprietary AI chatbot developed by Ola Krutrim.png
| logo_size = 114px
| developer = Ola Krutrim
| released = {{start date and age|2025|06|12}}
| replaces = khushi
| genre = [[AI chatbot]], [[Artificial intelligence agent|AI agent]]
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.kruti.ai/}}
}}
'''Kruti''' is a [[Multilingualism in India|multilingual]] [[Artificial intelligence agent|AI agent]] and [[chatbot]] developed by the Indian company Ola Krutrim. It is designed to perform real-world tasks for users, such as booking taxis and ordering food, by integrating directly with various online services. It is notable for its ability to understand and respond in multiple [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2025-06-13 |title=What Keeps Team Krutrim Up at Night |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/what-keeps-team-krutrim-up-at-night/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Krutrim launches Kruti, an agentic AI assistant |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/olas-krutrim-unveils-kruti-an-agentic-ai-assistant/article69687011.ece |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

Developed by a team founded by [[Bhavish Aggarwal]], Kruti functions as an "agentic" AI, meaning it can reason, plan, and execute multi-step tasks to fulfill a user's request. The backend technology combines several [[open-source artificial intelligence|open-source]] [[large language model]]s with Ola's proprietary Krutrim V2 model. The system was developed to work primarily on smartphones, addressing the Indian market's specific needs, including language diversity and potential bandwidth constraints.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhinav |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Krutrim launches agentic AI assistant Kruti that aims to go beyond conventional chatbots |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2025/06/12/ola-krutrim-launches-agentic-ai-assistant-kruti-that-aims-to-to-go-beyond-conventional-chatbots.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ritu |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola Krutrim launches homegrown agentic AI assistant Kruti |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/ola-krutrim-launches-homegrown-ai-assistant-kruti-ws-l-19620123.htm |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

Kruti was officially released in June 2025, replacing an earlier chatbot from the company that was also named Krutrim. Initially supporting 13 languages, the company plans to expand its capabilities to 22 Indian languages.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Peerzada |first=Abrar |date=15 June 2025 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal's Krutrim bets on India-first AI to rival global peers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/krutrim-kruti-ai-bhavesh-aggarwal-india-localised-ai-assistant-125061500577_1.html |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Kruti: India's First Agentic AI Assistant |url=https://money.rediff.com/news/market/ola-s-kruti-india-s-first-agentic-ai-assistant/28403020250612 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Kruti is an improved version of Ola's Krutrim chatbot, which was first launched in 2023 and was intended to be replaced by Kruti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Cruze |first=Danny |date=2023-12-15 |title='India's own AI', Krutrim unveiled by Ola CEO Bhavish Aggarwal; check availability, other details |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/indias-own-ai-krutrim-unveiled-by-ola-ceo-bhavish-aggarwal-check-availability-other-details-409604-2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-26 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal's Krutrim Launches Public-Facing AI Model To Take On ChatGPT, Google |url=https://officechai.com/startups/bhavish-aggarwals-krutrim-launches-public-facing-ai-model-to-take-on-chatgpt-google/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=OfficeChai |language=en-US}}</ref> It was officially released on 12 June 2025 as an upgrade to passive chatbots, with support for text and voice in 13 [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indian languages]]. As an agentic AI, it can execute tasks with customization and [[Reasoning language model|reasoning]], providing adaptive answers based on user preferences and past interactions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Krutrim launches Kruti, an agentic AI assistant |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/olas-krutrim-unveils-kruti-an-agentic-ai-assistant/article69687011.ece |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Kruti: India's First Agentic AI Assistant |url=https://money.rediff.com/news/market/ola-s-kruti-india-s-first-agentic-ai-assistant/28403020250612 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ritu |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola Krutrim launches homegrown agentic AI assistant Kruti |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/ola-krutrim-launches-homegrown-ai-assistant-kruti-ws-l-19620123.htm |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

Kruti is optimized for [[smartphone]] usage and designed to accommodate [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] constraints and usage patterns in India. To ensure scalability and cost-effective performance, it combines various open-source large language models with Ola's own Krutrim V2, which has 12 billion parameters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mohit |date=2025-06-13 |title=What Keeps Team Krutrim Up at Night |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-features/what-keeps-team-krutrim-up-at-night/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Peerzada |first=Abrar |date=15 June 2025 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal's Krutrim bets on India-first AI to rival global peers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/krutrim-kruti-ai-bhavesh-aggarwal-india-localised-ai-assistant-125061500577_1.html |access-date=17 June 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Its [[speech recognition]] is built to identify regional Indian languages, dialects, and accents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ishida |first=Aiko Gao |date=2025-06-10 |title=Ola's AI startup Krutrim to launch Indic-language AI assistant |url=https://www.techinasia.com/news/olas-ai-startup-krutrim-to-launch-indic-language-ai-assistant |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=techinasia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to its integration with numerous apps and services, Kruti is context-aware and can proactively complete tasks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Jocelyn |date=11 June 2025 |title=Bhavish Agarwal's AI company Krutrim to launch AI assistant and chatbot 'Kruti' on June 12 — all we know so far |url=https://www.livemint.com/ai/artificial-intelligence/bhavish-agarwal-ola-artificial-intelligence-company-krutrim-launch-ai-assistant-chatbot-kruti-june-12-tech-startup-india-11749631351856.html |access-date=16 June 2025 |work=livemint.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Palak |date=2025-06-12 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal on Kruti launch: The more the merrier in AI, but traction is every start up's battle |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/bhavish-aggarwal-on-kruti-launch-the-more-the-merrier-in-ai-but-traction-is-every-start-ups-battle-480209-2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ola's Krutrim Unveils AI Assistant 'Kruti' with Agentic Capabilities for Everyday Tasks |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/olas-krutrim-unveils-ai-assistant-kruti-with-agentic/493204 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Krutrim upgrades Kruti to agentic AI assistant from chatbot |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/artificial-intelligence/olas-krutrim-upgrades-kruti-to-agentic-ai-assistant-from-chatbot/articleshow/121800087.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ola Krutrim launches agentic AI assistant Kruti |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2025/Jun/13/ola-krutrim-launches-agentic-ai-assistant-kruti-2 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Initially connected only with Ola ecosystem services, Krutrim intends to expand and incorporate various Indian services into Kruti, with the goal of adding services from [[Blinkit]], [[Swiggy]], and [[Uber]] with respective voice command support.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dilipkumar |first=Bhavya |date=13 June 2025 |title=Krutrim's agentic AI app 'Kruti' aims to go beyond Ola, may integrate with Uber, Swiggy, others |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/artificial-intelligence/krutrim-s-agentic-ai-app-kruti-aims-to-go-beyond-ola-may-integrate-with-uber-swiggy-others-article-13118189.html |access-date=16 June 2025 |work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> On 20 June 2025, Krutrim acquired the AI platform BharatSah‘AI’yak to increase its involvement in government, education, and agriculture projects. This acquisition will allow Kruti to assist in broadening the scope of BharatSah'AI'yak's work on India-centric, [[vernacular]] [[retrieval-augmented generation]] AI bots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadig |first=Smruthi |date=2025-06-20 |title=Ola's Krutrim Acquires BharatSah'AI'yak to Scale AI Solutions for Public Sector |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/olas-krutrim-acquires-bharatsahaiyak-to-scale-ai-solutions-for-public-sector/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Development ==
Kruti is designed to perform tasks with minimal user input, accepting documents, images, and text, without requiring users to switch between applications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrar |first=Peerzada |date=2025-06-12 |title=Krutrim looks to go beyond chatbots with 'first of its kind' Kruti |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bhavish-aggarwal-krutrim-launches-ai-assistant-kruti-for-task-automation-125061201216_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614011754/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bhavish-aggarwal-krutrim-launches-ai-assistant-kruti-for-task-automation-125061201216_1.html |archive-date=2025-06-14 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Business Standard |url-status=live}}</ref> Its agentic framework breaks queries into sub-tasks executed by multiple agents working sequentially or concurrently, with reported accuracy exceeding 90%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-12 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal's AI startup Krutrim launches Kruti, an Agentic AI for consumers |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/artificial-intelligence/bhavish-aggarwal-s-ai-startup-krutrim-launches-kruti-an-agentic-ai-for-consumers-article-13113557.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ola Unveils Kruti: New Agentic AI Assistant for Smarter User Experience |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ola-launches-agentic-ai-assistant-kruti-3583307 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

Kruti connects to company databases and [[API]]s via the [[Model Context Protocol]] and presents responses as summaries, tables, or narratives adapted to user behaviour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jindal |first=Siddharth |date=2025-06-12 |title=Krutrim Launches 'India's First' Agentic AI Assistant Kruti |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/krutrim-launches-indias-first-agentic-ai-assistant-kruti/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Analytics India Magazine}}</ref> The system supports payments via [[credit card|credit]]/[[debit card|debit]] cards and [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Palak |date=2025-06-12 |title=Kruti explained: The AI assistant that books cabs, orders food — but can it monetise? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/tech-today/news/story/kruti-explained-the-ai-assistant-that-books-cabs-orders-food-but-can-it-monetise-480227-2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Business Today}}</ref> The underlying stack, which includes [[foundation model]]s and AI training and inference systems, is intended to support adaptation across sectors such as healthcare, education, and finance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhinav |date=2025-06-12 |title=Ola's Krutrim launches agentic AI assistant Kruti that aims to go beyond conventional chatbots |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2025/06/12/ola-krutrim-launches-agentic-ai-assistant-kruti-that-aims-to-to-go-beyond-conventional-chatbots.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Rukmini |date=2025-06-16 |title=Bhavish Aggarwal is betting big on Krutrim, but the execution story is still a black box |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/bhavish-aggarwals-krutrim-unveils-kruti-aiming-to-take-on-chatgpt-with-indian-edge/124060 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Fortune India}}</ref> [[Ola Cabs]] and the [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]] have begun integrating Kruti into their platforms pending broader reliability testing.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Haptik]]
* [[OpenAI Operator]]
* [[ChatGPT Deep Research]]
* [[Manus (AI agent)|Manus]]
* [[Devin AI]]
* [[AutoGPT]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Generative AI}}
{{Artificial intelligence navbox}}

[[Category:AI software]]
[[Category:2025 software]]
[[Category:Virtual assistants]]
[[Category:Large language models]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]
[[Category:Generative pre-trained transformers]]
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[[Category:Proprietary software]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 in artificial intelligence]]

Vandre East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:40Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Pg.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bandra East
| constituency_no = 176
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 176-Vandre East.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Varun Sardesai]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors = 249,114
}}
'''[[Bandra|Vandre]] East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
Vandre East constituency is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=5 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Vandre East is part of [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Mumbai Suburban district, namely [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]], [[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]], [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]], [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]] and [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: See [[Vandre Assembly constituency|Vandre]]'' & [[Kherwadi Assembly constituency|Kherwadi]]}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bala Sawant|Prakash Sawant]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2015 elections in India|2015]]^
| [[Trupti Sawant]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Zeeshan Siddique (politician)|Zeeshan Siddique]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Varun Sardesai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|Shiv Sena (UBT)]]

|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre East<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Vandre East">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Vandre East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13176.htm |accessdate=29 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229082125/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13176.htm |archivedate=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Varun Sardesai]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 57,708 |percentage = 42.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Zeeshan Siddique]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,343 |percentage = 34.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Trupti Sawant|Trupti Prakash (Bala) Sawant]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 16,074 |percentage = 11.94% |change={{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kunal Sarmalkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,520 |percentage = 6.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,912 |percentage = 1.42% |change={{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratik Vijay Jadhav |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,631 |percentage = 1.21% |change={{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Vithal Kapadane |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,000 |percentage = 0.74% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mehmood Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 895 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,365 |percentage = 8.44% |change= {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,542 |percentage = 54.81% |change= {{increase}}4.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,114|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre East<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Zeeshan Siddique]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,337 |percentage = 30.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prin. Vishwanath Pandurang Mahadeshwar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 32,547 |percentage = 26.24% |change={{decrease}}25.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Trupti Sawant|Trupti Prakash (Bala) Sawant]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,071 |percentage = 19.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Saalim Qureshi |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 12,594 |percentage = 10.15% |change={{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akhil Anil Chitre |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 10,683 |percentage = 8.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Javed Ahmed Fath Mhmmed Saikh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,913 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,548 |percentage = 2.05% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gamre Vishal Viswash |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,790 |percentage = 4.67% |change= {{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,620 |percentage = 50.37% |change= {{increase}}11.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,049}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,371|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}20.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2015===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 elections in India#Maharashtra|2015 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Vandre East<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Trupti Sawant|Trupti Prakash (Bala) Sawant]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,711 |percentage = 51.56% |change={{increase}}18.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Tatu Rane |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,703 |percentage = 32.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Rahebar Siraj(Raja) |party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 15,050 |percentage = 14.72% |change={{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 1.46% |change={{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,008 |percentage = 18.59% |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,061 |percentage = 38.88% |change= {{decrease}}8.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,242}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,079|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}18.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre East<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bala Sawant|Prakash Bala Sawant]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,388 |percentage = 33.47% |change={{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Dhondu Parkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,791 |percentage = 20.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Rahebar Siraj(Raja) |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 23,976 |percentage = 19.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagadi Sanjeev Kherlal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,229 |percentage = 9.89% |change={{decrease}}22.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Tukaram Dhuwali |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 9,725 |percentage = 7.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shilpa Atul Sarpotdar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,401 |percentage = 4.37% |change={{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhotre Pravin Ashok |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,891 |percentage = 1.53% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 883 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,597 |percentage = 12.61% |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,578 |percentage = 47.22% |change= {{increase}}1.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,672}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,798|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}4.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre East<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bala Sawant|Prakash Bala Sawant]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 45,659 |percentage = 38.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandurkar Janardan Chandrappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,239 |percentage = 32.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shilpa Atul Sarpotdar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 19,109 |percentage = 16.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Shabbir Hussain |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 10,926 |percentage = 9.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vijay Bhaguram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,619 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,420 |percentage = 6.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,465 |percentage = 45.74% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,463}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 261,177|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bandra]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.057|72.850|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bandra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kasta Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:44Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Created new post!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kasta
| constituency_no = 143
| map_image = 143-Kasta.svg
| mla = [[Saurabh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Saurabh Singh]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 291,914 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Kasta Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 143.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 19 Dec 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=19 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=19 Dec 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kasta.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=19 Dec 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Kasta Assembly constituency is KCs Kheri, Kheri Sri Nagar, Lakhimpur MB, Oel Dhakhawa NP & Kheri NP of Lakhimpur Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Sunil Kumar Lala]]||[[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=19 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" |[[Saurabh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Saurabh Singh]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Bhartiya Janta Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || - || - || <ref name=" 2017 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2017 Election Results|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=4 November 2018|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kasta.html}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || - || - || <ref name="UP assembly election results 2022: Check full list of winners2">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/up-election-result-2022-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-sp-akhilesh-yadav-bjp-yogi-adityanath-congress-rld-election-news-today-karhal-gorakhpur-101646878144820.html|title=UP assembly election results 2022: Check full list of winners|last1=Hindustan Times|date=10 March 2022|accessdate=17 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317172852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/up-election-result-2022-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-sp-akhilesh-yadav-bjp-yogi-adityanath-congress-rld-election-news-today-karhal-gorakhpur-101646878144820.html|archivedate=17 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Kasta<ref name="UP assembly election results 2022: Check full list of winners2"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Saurabh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:103315}}
|percentage = 47.93
|change = +3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Suneel Kumar Lala
|votes = {{formatnum:89498}}
|percentage = 41.52
|change = +8.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hemvati Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:16344}}
|percentage = 7.58
|change = -12.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Radhe Shyam
|votes = {{formatnum:1956}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1399}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = -0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13817}}
|percentage = 6.41
|change = -5.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215550}}
|percentage = 69.6
|change = -0.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Kasta<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Saurabh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:92824}}
|percentage = 44.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Lala
|votes = {{formatnum:68551}}
|percentage = 32.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:41778}}
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Arvind Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1997}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1978}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24273}}
|percentage = 11.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209987}}
|percentage = 70.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{main|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Kasta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Lala]]
|votes = 88,548
|percentage = 45.29
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saurabh Singh Sonu
|votes = 61,677
|percentage = 31.55
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Banshidhar Raj
|votes = 16,749
|percentage = 8.57
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 8 candidates
|votes = 28,537
|percentage = 14.61
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,871
|percentage = 13.74
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195,511
|percentage = 66.98
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==

*[[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Keni Port

2026-04-19T16:33:07Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Created details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Keni Port
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| country = [[India]]
| location = Keni, [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14|42|N|74|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| opened =
| operated = JSW Infrastructure
| owner = Karnataka Maritime Board
| type = [[Deep-sea port]]
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size =
| berths =
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle2 = Navigational channel
| blankdetails2 = 1st phase: {{convert|7.3|km|mi}} 2nd phase: {{convert|12|km|mi}}
| blankdetailstitle1 = Water depth at harbour basin
| blankdetails1 =
| draft_depth = 1st phase: {{convert|14.5|m}} 2nd phase: {{convert|18|m}}
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| website =
}}

'''Keni Port''' is a proposed deep-sea port at Keni village in [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]].{{efn|In 2016, a techno-economic feasibility report was prepared by AECOM India Private Limited for Ministry of Shipping / Indian Ports Association to build a deep-sea port at Keni village,{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=2.2 Port Location at Belekeri|p=4}} which was referred to as the ''Port at Belekeri'' in the report. However, the Karnataka Maritime Board established Keni port limits at location of the proposed Belekeri port in 2022.<ref name="karnatakamaritime"/>}} The Karnataka Maritime Board signed an agreement with [[JSW Infrastructure]] in November 2023 to build the port. It is estimated that the port will be constructed at a cost of more than ₹4 thousand crore.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |title=JSW Infrastructure to develop Keni port in Karnataka for ₹4,119 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/jsw-infrastructure-to-develop-keni-port-in-karnataka-for-4119-crore/article67540899.ece |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=16 November 2023 |location=Bengaluru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JSW Infrastructure receives letter of award to develop Keni port in Karnataka for Rs 4,119 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/jsw-infrastructure-receives-letter-of-award-to-develop-keni-port-in-karnataka-for-rs-4119-cr/articleshow/105266989.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

The port will consist of a [[harbor]] protected by [[Breakwater (structure)|Breakwaters]], and deep channel. Cargo will be handled through port's [[container terminal]], dry [[bulk cargo]] terminal and multipurpose cargo terminal. It will have a maximum depth of 20 meters and will be able to accommodate [[panamax]] and [[Capesize|capesized]] vessels. A statement from the state government estimated that the port's net draft 18 meters, allowing Capesize vessels with 200,000 [[deadweight tonnage|DWT]] ([[deadweight tonnage]]) to enter the proposed port.<ref name="karnatakamaritime"/>

== Port details ==
=== Harbour ===
The harbor of the Keni deep sea port will be an artificial harbor, which is protected by Breakwaters. The prescribed water depth for the harbor basin is {{convert|16.5|m|ft}} (1st phase), which will accommodate large ships; the maneuvering basin between the harbor basin and the approach channel will be {{convert|15.4|m|ft}} deep. The land required for the construction of infrastructure for cargo handling will be [[Land reclamation|land reclaimed]] from the sea by filling with [[sediment]].{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=6.9 Phasing of the Port Development|p=15}}

=== Approach channel ===
An {{convert|7.3|km|mi}} (1st phase) long approach channel at open sea will be used for the movement of ships to the port's harbor. The approach channel has a depth of {{convert|16.1|m|ft}} and a minimum width of {{convert|150|m|ft}}, allowing vessels with a [[Draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|14.5|m|ft}} to arrive and depart the harbor.{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=6.9 Phasing of the Port Development|p=15}}

== Connectivity ==
The location of the port is well connected to the [[hinterland]] through National and State Highways. The nearest national highway from the port is [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]], which is at a distance of {{convert|5|km|mi}}.<ref name="karnatakamaritime"/>

There are plans to connect the port to the existing [[Konkan Railway zone|Konkan railway line]]. [[Ankola railway station]] is the nearest railway station from the port, at a distance of {{convert|8.2|km|mi}}.<ref name="karnatakamaritime">{{cite web |title=Keni Port |url=https://karnatakamaritime.in/keni-port/ |website=Karnataka Maritime Board |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite report |author=AECOM |date=2016 |title=Techno-Economic Feasibility Report for Development of Port at Belekeri|url=https://sagarmala.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20TEFR_Belekeri%20Port_0.pdf |publisher=sagarmala.gov.in|access-date=3 July 2024}}

{{Ports in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Uttara Kannada district]]

Vasava people

2026-04-19T13:28:26Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Stub

{{see also|Vasava (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
The '''Vasava''' are an ethnic group found in the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]]. They have [[scheduled tribe]] status. In Rajasthan, they are also known as '''Vasave'''.

== Origin ==

The Vasava in Gujarat trace their [[Mythology|mythological]] descent from [[Eklavya]]. They originally hail from south Gujarat and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The community are now found in districts of [[Baroda]], [[Surat District|Surat]], [[Narmada District|Narmada]], [[Bharuch District|Bharuch]] and [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]. They speak [[Bhili language]], although most can now speak [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref>People of India Gujarat Volume XXII Part One edited by R.B Lal, S.V Padmanabham & A Mohideen page 226 to 230 Popular Prakashan</ref>

The Vasave in Maharashtra are found mainly in the [[Khandesh]] region. Their settlements exist mainly in the hilly and forest terrain of the [[Satpuda]] range. The Vasave speak the Bhil language, but most also speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The Vasave are mainly a community of farmers, with animal husbandry being a secondary occupation. About 80% of the Vasave are [[Hindu]], while the other 20% are [[Christian]]s.<ref>People of India Maharashtra Volume XXX Part One edited by B.V Bhanu, B.R Bhatnagar, D.K Bose, V.S Kulkarni and J Sreenath pages 326-335</ref>

== Marriage ==

Historically, they were [[endogamous]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Rann Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7BBAYDfoAIC&dq=bhils+endogamous&pg=PA99 |title=Culture and Integration of Indian Tribes |date=1993 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-03-7 |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref> but due to [[Brahminical]] [[Sanskritisation]] marriages have started to take place with other [[Bhil]] groups.

== Present circumstances ==

The Vasava of Gujarat are now an endogamous community and maintain village exogamy. They are traditionally a community of hunter-gatherers. Many are now agricultural labourers, and a few also own land. Those who own land grow paddy, sorghum, wheat, cereals and different kinds of pulses. The Vasava are [[Hindus|Hindu]], although they incorporate many earlier folk beliefs.<ref>People of India Gujarat Volume XXII Part One edited by R.B Lal, S.V Padmanabham & A Mohideen page 226 to 230 Popular Prakashan</ref>

{{As of|2001}}, the Vasava in Rajasthan were classified as a [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] under the [[Reservation in India|Indian government's reservation program]] of [[positive discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |accessdate=27 November 2012}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Bhil Clans}}

[[Category:Bhil clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tribal communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]]

Makarandasarini

2026-04-19T12:26:11Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Started Entry...

{{Short description|Astronomy table}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Makaradasarini First Page.jpg|thumb|right|400px|First page of a manuscript of the astronomical table text Makarandasarini ([https://archive.org/details/pFwA_m-1206-makaranda-sarani-kavikulguru-kalidas-sanskrit-university-ramtek-collection/page/n1/mode/2up Internet Archive])]]
'''''Makarandasāriṇi''''' is a Sanskrit astronomical table text composed by the Indian astronomer-mathematician [[Makaranda]] (c.1438-1478) hailing from [[Varanasi]]. In the Sanskrit astronomical literature such table texts are referred to as ''sāriṇi''-s or ''koṣṭhaka''-s. (The word ''sāriṇi'' may be loosely translated as “stream, path, line”.) It is one of the most popular such texts ever composed in Sanskrit.<ref name="Kim">{{cite book |last1=[[Clemency Montelle]] and [[Kim Plofker]] |title=Sanskrit Astronomical Tables |publisher=Springer |location=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-97036-3}}</ref>

==Important features==

''Makarandasāriṇi'' follows the ''Saurapakṣa''. This is the midnight-epoch system embodied in a recension of the ''Sūryasiddhānta'' dating to around the eighth century.<ref name="Kim"/> This is reflected in the choices of the values of the fundamental parameters, like the values of the celestial bodies’ revolution-numbers and consequent mean velocities. Another unique feature of ''Makarandasāriṇi'' is the use of vegetation-themed Sanskrit technical terms for its various tables. The table giving the mean position increments has been called ''vāṭikā'' (garden) and the table giving calendar day/time for mean time unit has been called ''guccha'' (blossom, flower). There are tables named ''valli''-s (creeper) and ''saurabhaṃ''-s (fragrance, perfume). In comparison to most other ''sāriṇi''-s or ''koṣṭhakā''-s, ''Makarandasāriṇi'' has no accompanying set of verses except for an invocatory stanza at the beginning of the text.<ref name="Kim"/>

==Contents==

Among other things, the book has tables relating to the following:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. Rupa, Padmaja Venugopal and S. Balachandra Rao |title=Makarandasarini and allied Saurapaksa tables: A Study |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=2014 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=186–208 |url=https://ancientindianastronomy.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/ijhs-vol49_2_9_krupa.pdf |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>

# the ending moments of ''[[tithi]]'', and ''[[Hindu calendar#Yoga|yoga]]''
# the mean longitudes of the Sun, the Moon and the five ''tārāgraha''-s viz, ''Kuja'' (Mars), ''Budha'' (Mercury), ''Guru'' (Jupiter), ''Śukra'' (Venus) and ''Śani'' (Saturn),
# the ''mandaphala'' (equation of the centre) of each of the heavenly bodies,
# the equation of the conjunction of the five planets,
# the moments of solar ingress (''saṅkarmaṅa'') into the ''rāśi''-s (zodiacal signs) and ''nakṣatra''-s (the twenty-seven asterisms)
# the Sun's declination (''krānti'')
# the latitude (''śara'', '''vikṣepa'') of the Moon
# the angular diameters (''bimba'') of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth’s shadow-cone (''bhūcchāyā'', ''bhūrbhā'') for computing lunar and solar eclipses.

==Commentaries==

There are a large number of commentaries on ''Makarandasāriṇi'' in circulation. These commentaries provide detailed instructions on how to use the tables sometimes with elaborate worked examples. The following is only a partial list of these commentaries.<ref name="Kim"/>

* ''Makarandapañcāṅgopapatti'' of Ḍhuṇḍhirāja (fl. 1590)
* ''Makarandavivaraṇa'' of Divākara (b. 1606)
* ''Makarandapaddhatikārikā'' of Harikarṇa (fl. 1610)
* ''Abhinavatāmarasa'' of Purus.ottama Bhaṭṭa (fl. ca. 1610)
* ''Makarandodāharaṇa'' of Viśvaātha (fl. 1612/1630)
* ''Makarandaṭippaṇa'' of Moreśvara (1622 CE)
* ''Subodhikā'' of Kṣemaṅkara Miśra (fl. 1632)
* ''Makarandakārikā'' of Kṛpārāma Miśra (fl. 1815)
* ''vāsanā'' of Nīlāmbara Jhā (b. 18 July 1823)
* ''udāharaṇa'' of Jīvanātha Jhā (fl. ca. 1846/1900)

==See also==

* [[Mahadevi (astronomy book)]]
* [[Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)]]

==Additional reading==

*{{cite book |last1=[[Clemency Montelle]] and [[Kim Plofker]] |title=Sanskrit Astronomical Tables |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-97036-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/sources-and-studies-in-the-history-of-mathematics-and-physical-sciences-clemency/mode/2up |access-date=20 December 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=David Pingree |title=Sanskrit Astronomical Tables In England |date=1973 |publisher=The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute |location=Madras (Chennai) |url=https://archive.org/details/sanskritastronomicaltablesinenglandmanuscriptsdavidpingree_409_s/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=20 December 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=Vishnunath |title=Makaranda Sarini |date=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405753/mode/2up |access-date=20 December 2023}} (Name of publisher not mentioned. Digitized from Digital Library of India.)
*{{cite journal |last1=Balachandra Rao S, Rupa K and Padmaja Venugopal |title=An analysis of the mandaphala tables of Makaranda and revision of parameters |journal=Ganita Bharati |date=2013 |volume=35 |issue=1 |url=https://ancientindianastronomy.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/gb-chap-10-may-14vol-15-no-11.pdf |access-date=20 December 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Astronomy in India]]

Sarkhej Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:22Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Entry.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Gujarat legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Sarkhej
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
|established = 1975
|abolished = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:1025615}} (in 2007)<ref name="elections2007"/>
|reservation = None
}}
'''Sarkhej''' was one of the 182 assembly seats of [[Gujarat]]'s [[Vidhan Sabha]] ([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]), from 1975<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> until 2012. It was a largely urban seat representing there {{frac|1|15}} of [[Ahmedabad]]. Its abolition, along with others and new replacement seats were drawn up in 2008, in readiness for the next election which proved to be in 2012.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Sarkhej-in-Gujarat |title=Sarkhej Vidhan sabha assembly election results in Gujarat |website=Elections.traceall.in |date= |accessdate=2017-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=19&cid=64 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427200841/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=19&cid=64 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 27, 2017 |title=Sarkhej Assembly Election 2002, Gujarat |website=Empoweringindia.org |date= |accessdate=2017-04-28}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| 1975 || Bhavansinh Chauhan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|-
|| 1980 || Harishankar Pandya
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|| 1985 || Nalin K. Patel
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|| 1990 || rowspan=2|[[Harishchandra Patel]]
|rowspan=6 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan=6 | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1997{{efn|By Poll}}
|rowspan=4| [[Amit Shah]]
|-
| 1998
|-
| 2002
|-
| 2007<ref name="elections2007"/>
|-
|2012
|colspan=4|Seat abolished
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkhej<ref name="elections2007">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 2007|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3839-gujarat-2007/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amit Anilchandra Shah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,07,659
|percentage = 68.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shashikant V. Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,71,836
|percentage = 28.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate =Syed Inayathusen Kurmullamirya
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 8,693
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Sureshchandra Bahecharlal Dave
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,923
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Prakash Narayanbhai Kumavat
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 2,753
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,35,823
|percentage = 39.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,99,456
|percentage = 58.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarkhej<ref name="elections2002">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 2002|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amit Anilchandra Shah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,88,327
|percentage = 66.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Himanshu Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,30,291
|percentage = 30.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,58,036
|percentage = 36.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,30,492
|percentage = 51.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Naranpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|22.98|72.50|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Chachoura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:22Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new new info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chachoura
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 30
| map_image = 31-Raghogarh.svg
| mla = [[Priyanka Penchi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guna district|Guna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| preceded_by = [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}

'''Chachoura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=13 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx#|archive-date=2015-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Incumbent MLA from Chachoura is Priyanka Penchi from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Overview==
Chachoura (constituency number 30) is one of the 4 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Guna district]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Chachaura tehsil| Chachaura]] and [[Kumbhraj]] tehsil and part of [[Maksoodangarh|Maksudangarh]] tehsil.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=229, 250}}</ref>

Chachoura is part of [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Raghogarh Assembly constituency|Raghogarh]] in this district, [[Narsinghgarh Assembly constituency|Narsinghgarh]], [[Biaora Assembly constituency|Biaora]], [[Rajgarh Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]], [[Khilchipur Assembly constituency|Khilchipur]] and [[Sarangpur Assembly constituency|Sarangpur]] in [[Rajgarh district]] and [[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner]] in [[Agar Malwa district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
As a constituency of Madhya Bharat state:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Dwarkadas Ramnarayan
| {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
|}

As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh state:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Sagar Singh Sisodia
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Prabhu Lal Meena
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Sagar Singh Sisodia
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2|Krishna Vallabh Gupta
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|Devendra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Ram Bahadur Singh Parihar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Shivnarayan Meena
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 1994^By poll
| [[Digvijaya Singh]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=3|Shivnarayan Meena
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Mamta Meena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Priyanka Penchi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachoura<ref name="Chachoda Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Chachoda Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/chachoda |access-date=6 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306141206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/chachoda |archive-date=6 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Priyanka Penchi|Priyanka Meena Penchi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:110254}}
|percentage = 56.47
|change = {{increase}}12.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakshman_Singh_(politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:48684}}
|percentage = 24.93
|change = {{decrease}}24.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mamta Meena]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:27405}}
|percentage = 14.04
|change = {{increase}}13.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2249}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = {{decrease}}0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:61570}}
|percentage = 31.54
|change = {{increase}}25.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195247}}
|percentage = 82.48
|change = {{increase}}1.60
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachoura<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81908}}
|percentage = 49.79
|change = {{increase}}16.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mamta Meena]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72111}}
|percentage = 43.84
|change = {{decrease}}13.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2569}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change = {{decrease}}0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9797}}
|percentage = 5.95
|change = {{decrease}}18.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164502}}
|percentage = 80.88
|change = {{increase}}6.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachoura<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mamta Meena]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:82779}}
|percentage = 57.10
|change = {{increase}}31.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivnarayan Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:47878}}
|percentage = 33.02
|change = {{decrease}}0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kailash Narayan Meena
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4942}}
|percentage = 3.41
|change = {{decrease}}6.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2766}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34901}}
|percentage = 24.07
|change = {{increase}}16.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144979}}
|percentage = 74.18
|change = {{increase}}5.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachoura<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivnarayan Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:34063}}
|percentage = 33.96
|change = {{decrease}}15.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mamta Meena]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:26041}}
|percentage = 25.96
|change = {{decrease}}20.58
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Ramnarayan Lodha
|party = [[Bharatiya Janshakti Party|BJSH]]
|votes = {{formatnum:12653}}
|percentage = 12.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harisingh Gurjar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9534}}
|percentage = 9.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mansingh Bhil
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:8970}}
|percentage = 8.94
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8022}}
|percentage = 8.00
|change = {{increase}}4.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:100297}}
|percentage = 68.57
|change = {{increase}}8.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1994 By-election===
{{Election box begin | title= 1994 By-election: Chachoura<ref name="byelections1994">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/|title=Statistical Report on Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1993 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818095700/https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |archive-date=2025-08-18 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Digvijaya Singh|Digvijay Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:53621}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Valabh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14727}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38894}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
*Note: Complete information is not available.

==See also==
* [[Chachaura]]
* [[Chachaura tehsil]]
* [[Champavati Fort]], 16th-17th century fort & state protected monument.
* [[Chachaura district]], proposed district of Madhya Pradesh.
* [[Guna district]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.17|77.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Guna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Raniwara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:05Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting New Article.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raniwara
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-145-Raniwara.svg
| mla = [[Ratan Dewasi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jalore district|Jalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:271874}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 145
}}
'''Raniwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jalore district|Jalore]] district. As of 2023 its representative is [[Ratan Dewasi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Arjun Singh Deora]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Ratan Dewasi]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Narayan Singh Dewal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ratan Dewasi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Raniwara<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ratan Devasi
|votes = {{formatnum:112681}}
|percentage = 52.76
|change = +6.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narayan Singh Dewal
|votes = {{formatnum:90319}}
|percentage = 42.29
|change = -5.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Bharat Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1989}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakharam
|votes = {{formatnum:1947}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2685}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22362}}
|percentage = 10.47
|change = +8.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213585}}
|percentage = 78.56
|change = +0.83
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Raniwara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Narayan Singh Dewal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88887}}
|percentage = 47.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ratan Devasi
|votes = {{formatnum:85482}}
|percentage = 46.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Popat Lal Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:2675}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Babu Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:2195}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bharat Kumar Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1876}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3148}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3405}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185762}}
|percentage = 77.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jalore district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.75|72.21|display=title}}

[[Category:Jalore district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Garkha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:41Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new stub - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garkha
| type = SLA
| map_image = 119-Garkha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Surendra Ram]]
| party = {{party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| constituency_no = 119
| established = 1957
| electors = 311,162
| abolished =
}}
'''Garkha''' is an [[Electoral district|assembly constituency]] in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]].

Garkha is a small town. Facilities include a police station and hospital. It is 55 km away from the state capital [[Patna]].

==Overview==
As per [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order]], 2008, No. 119 Garkha Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: Garkha [[community development block]]; Badlu Tola, Lohari, Purwi Telpa, Sherpur, Bishunupura, Khalpura Bala, Maharajganj, Chirand, Jalalpur, Bhairopur Nijamat, Dumari, Musepur, Raipur Bingawa and Kotwa Patti Rampur [[gram panchayat]]s of Chapra CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Garkha Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 20 [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was previously part of [[Chhapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Garkha Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/garkha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shivshankar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Vishwanath Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Jaglal Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Raghunandan Majhi
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Muneshwar Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Raghunandan Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Muneshwar Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Raghunandan Majhi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Gyanchand Manjhi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Muneshwar Choudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Surendra Ram]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Garkha<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Surendra Ram]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:91134}}
|percentage = 44.78
|change = {{decrease}}2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Simant Mrinal
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:78330}}
|percentage = 38.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Muneshwar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:9453}}
|percentage = 4.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manohar Kumar Ram
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5314}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Avinash Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3278}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change = {{increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghunandan Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2774}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajkumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2678}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2617}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{decrease}}0.9
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12804}}
|percentage = 6.29
|change = {{increase}}0.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203497}}
|percentage = 65.4
|change = {{increase}}7.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Garkha<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Ram
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:83412}}
|percentage = 47.21
|change = -9.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gyanchand Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:73475}}
|percentage = 41.59
|change = +10.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Muneshwar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:4419}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change = +1.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bigan Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2874}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Prasad Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2681}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sabita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2247}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3874}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change = -1.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9937}}
|percentage = 5.62
|change = -19.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176670}}
|percentage = 57.53
|change = +1.83
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Garkha<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Muneshwar Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:89249}}
|percentage = 56.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gyanchand Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:49366}}
|percentage = 31.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sampat Ram Rahi
|votes = {{formatnum:4723}}
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shivji Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2246}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghunandan Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2224}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5027}}
|percentage = 3.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39883}}
|percentage = 25.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:157714}}
|percentage = 55.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{coord|25|50|06|N|84|52|16|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Langford Town metro station

2026-04-14T02:38:00Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Started New Location...

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Langford Town
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Langford Town metro station (Apr '26).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Namma Metro's [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] as of April 2026
| address = Hosur Road, Muniswamy Garden, Neelasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560025
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9571364|77.6061488|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = [[Afcons Infrastructure]]
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=National Military School|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Lakkasandra|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Langford Town''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station serves the Langford Town area.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total underground distance of 13.8 km ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Dairy Circle metro station along the 3.66 km South Ramp - National Military School stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, [[Afcons Infrastructure]] emerged as the lowest bidders for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to a successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Langford Town track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|National Military School}}
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Lakkasandra}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Lakkasandra}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|National Military School}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Namma Metro}}
{{wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastry

2026-04-09T19:15:56Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting New Stub.

{{Short description|Indian lawyer, writer (1922–1993}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastri
| image = Rachakonda Viswanatha sastry.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = రాచకొండ విశ్వనాథ శాస్త్రి
| birth_name = Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastri
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|07|30|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|11|10|1922|07|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Srikakulam]], India
| occupation = Lawyer, writer
| awards =
| years_active = 1952–1975
| father =
| relatives = [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]] (grandson)
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastri''' (Ravi Sastri) ({{Langx|te|రావిశాస్త్రి}}) (30 July 1922 – 10 November 1993) was a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] writer who published several novels and more than 60 short stories in six volumes.

His grandson [[Vishwadev Rachakonda]] is an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2024-01-29 |title=Vishwadev Rachakonda: Compared to directors, actors make better producers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jan/29/vishwadev-rachakondacompared-to-directors-actors-make-better-producers-51605.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>{{Importance inline|date=March 2025}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Law|Novels}}
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of novelists]]
* [[List of short story writers]]
* [[List of people from Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Rachakonda Viswanatha}}
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novelists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

North Sholapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:25:16Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting A Page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = North Sholapur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 384,527
| mla = Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
North Sholapur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Bhosale Raje Nirmala Vijaysinh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Govind Bhaurao Burgute
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. K. Mane || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Killedar Abasaheb Baburao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="4" | [[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="3" | Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 78,252 |percentage = 46.81% |change = {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Bapurao Mane |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,986 |percentage = 33.49% |change = {{increase}}15.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhadkumbe Sambhaji Chandrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,452 |percentage = 7.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Pralhad Shinde |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,317 |percentage = 6.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Pandharinath Raju |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,974 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{decrease}}23.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kshirsagar Shivaji Kondiba |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,877 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Milind Shripati Prakshale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,475 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prop. Dr. Ashok Baburao Gaikwad |party = Lok Janshakti Party |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,266 |percentage = 13.32% |change = {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,225 |percentage = 43.49% |change = {{decrease}}12.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,153}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 384,527 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 63,274 |percentage = 42.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Pandharinath Raju |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 35,898 |percentage = 24.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Laxman Bapurao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,349 |percentage = 17.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarvade Raja Alias Sudhakar Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,978 |percentage = 7.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Pramod Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,385 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhavare Dharmadeo Kondiba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,852 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Babu Bhanudas |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,815 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganeshkar Nanda Eknath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,595 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,376 |percentage = 18.46% |change = {{increase}}11.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,675 |percentage = 55.50% |change = {{decrease}}9.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,316}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,922 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 74,951 |percentage = 43.69% |change = {{increase}}42.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamalapure Sundararaj Narasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,455 |percentage = 36.40% |change = {{decrease}}25.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Pramod Ramachandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,701 |percentage = 6.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Bhagawantrao Ramachandra |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,407 |percentage = 4.32% |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Ravindra Khajappa |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,772 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surve Chandrkant Sakharam |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,584 |percentage = 2.09% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jogadankar Dhondiba Apparao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,496 |percentage = 7.28% |change = {{decrease}}24.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,354 |percentage = 65.09% |change = {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,568}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,397 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,309 |percentage = 61.93% |change = {{decrease}}20.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chalawade Mallikarjun Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,067 |percentage = 30.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul Vithalrao Sarwade |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,490 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Ashok Baburao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Ginyani Ughade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayajirao Salunke |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 1,161 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Londhe Hanumantu Khandhu |party = Independent politician |votes = 820 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,242 |percentage = 31.44% |change = {{decrease}}34.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,545 |percentage = 61.30% |change = {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,835}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,451 |ref = |change = {{increase}}53.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,475 |percentage = 82.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Mallapppa Hanmantu |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,113 |percentage = 17.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,362 |percentage = 65.76% |change = {{increase}}53.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,884 |percentage = 57.98% |change = {{increase}}0.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,588}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,335 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}28.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,511 |percentage = 54.78% |change = {{increase}}28.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranshrungare Ramchandra Sakharam |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 25,436 |percentage = 42.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tulse Pundlik Lakula |party = Independent politician |votes = 586 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,075 |percentage = 11.92% |change = {{decrease}}7.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,472 |percentage = 57.66% |change = {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,348}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,868 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,795 |percentage = 45.59% |change = {{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranshrungare Ramchandra Sakharam |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,624 |percentage = 25.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonkamble Sidram Gundi |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,180 |percentage = 25.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Ambadas Saidu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,981 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,171 |percentage = 19.74% |change = {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,480 |percentage = 62.16% |change = {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,073 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Killedar Abasaheb Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,978 |percentage = 54.90% |change = {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Brahmadeo Krishnat |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,509 |percentage = 39.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babare Viththal Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,659 |percentage = 4.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarwade Bhimrao Sidram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 456 |percentage = 0.84% |change = {{decrease}}10.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,469 |percentage = 15.51% |change = {{increase}}13.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,326 |percentage = 68.18% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,602}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,616 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,772 |percentage = 45.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Shah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,796 |percentage = 43.33% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. N. Abute |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 4,810 |percentage = 11.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 976 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{decrease}}11.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,019 |percentage = 65.76% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,378}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,976 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Bhaurao Burgute |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,987 |percentage = 45.31% |change = {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwasrao Kondiba Phate |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,965 |percentage = 31.91% |change = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanyakumar Abaji Bhumkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,547 |percentage = 20.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bali Buwaji Kadam |party = Independent politician |votes = 995 |percentage = 2.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,022 |percentage = 13.39% |change = {{increase}}3.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,006 |percentage = 62.36% |change = {{increase}}16.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,494}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,156 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Raje Nirmala Vijaysinh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,325 |percentage = 49.54% |change = {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fate Vishwas Kondiba |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,378 |percentage = 39.35% |change = {{increase}}10.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karande Babasaheb Damodhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,215 |percentage = 11.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,947 |percentage = 10.19% |change = {{decrease}}5.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,918 |percentage = 45.97% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,918}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,905 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : North Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Raje Nirmala Vijaysinh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,419 |percentage = 44.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Ambaddas Krishna |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,706 |percentage = 28.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Sayabu Laxman |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 5,104 |percentage = 16.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishnu Ramrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,944 |percentage = 9.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,713 |percentage = 15.62% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,173 |percentage = 49.88% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,487 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kuladhar Saikia

2026-04-07T22:16:05Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Created post!

{{short description|Indian Author and former Director General of Police of Assam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuladhar Saikia
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1959|01|09}}<ref>{{Cite web |date= 8 November 2019|title= IPS Officers civil list of Assam-Meghalaya cadre|url=https://www.cag.gov.in/uploads/media/IPS-CIVIL-LIST-20200608155107.pdf |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[Government of Assam]]|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rangiya|Rangia]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], Assam, India
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])<ref>{{Cite web |date= 26 April 2018 |title= Saikia to be new DGP of Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/saikia-to-be-new-dgp/cid/1447353 |access-date= 2 January 2026|website= Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref> [[Ramjas College]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[Delhi University]] (PhD) [[IIT Guwahati]] [[Pennsylvania State University]] ([[Fulbright scholar]])
| occupation = Author and former [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service officer]]
| office = [[Director general of police|Director General of Police of Assam]]
| term_start = 1 May 2018
| term_end = 30 November 2019
| predecessor = Mukesh Saha
| successor = Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta
| awards = [[President's Police Medal]], Katha Award, [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| website =
}}

'''Kuladhar Saikia''' (born 9 January 1959<ref>{{Cite web |date= 8 November 2019|title= IPS Officers civil list of Assam-Meghalaya cadre|url=https://www.cag.gov.in/uploads/media/IPS-CIVIL-LIST-20200608155107.pdf |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[Government of Assam]]|language=en}}</ref>) is an Indian author and retired 1985 batch [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service officer]] who served as [[Director general of police|Director General of Police of Assam]] from 2018 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.assampolice.gov.in/community3.php
| title = Assam Police-Nagarik Committees
| website = assampolice.gov.in
| access-date = 2016-02-26
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074206/http://www.assampolice.gov.in/community3.php
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guwahatiplus.com/page/news-major-reshuffle-in-assam-police-guwahati-gets-a-dcp-traffic-after-2-months-of-hiatus|title=Major Reshuffle in Assam Police. Guwahati gets a DCP Traffic after 2 months of hiatus » G-Plus|website=guwahatiplus.com|access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref> He has been involved in issues relating to Community Development and was awarded [[President's Police Medal]] twice for his outstanding contribution to policing. He was the initiator and Nodal officer of Assam Police community empowerment initiative called "Project Prahari" and one of the founders of Economic Policy Research group called Assam Prakalpa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curbing witch-hunting: An Assam police officer's relentless campaign |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/northeast/curbing-witch-hunting-an-assam-police-officer-s-relentless-campaign/87574.html |access-date=2016-02-26 |website=thestatesman.com}}</ref> He was awarded the prestigious Katha Award in 2000 and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2015 for his short stories. He was elected President of [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/Writing-helps-my-policing-Kuladhar-Saikia/articleshow/50254467.cms
| title = Writing helps my policing: Kuladhar Saikia
| website = The Times of India
| access-date = 2016-02-26
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kuladhar Saikia was born on 9 January 1959 in [[Rangiya|Rangia]], Assam, India. He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Ramjas College]] and his Master of Arts degree from [[Delhi School of Economics]] both under [[Delhi University]] and his PhD in economics from [[IIT Guwahati]].<ref>{{Cite web|date= 2 April 2018 |title= Saikia to be new dgp |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/saikia-to-be-new-dgp/cid/1447353 |access-date= 2 January 2026|website= [[Telegraph India]]|language=en}}</ref>
He was also a [[Fulbright scholar]] at [[Pennsylvania State University]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 8 November 2019|title= IPS Officers civil list of Assam-Meghalaya cadre|url=https://www.cag.gov.in/uploads/media/IPS-CIVIL-LIST-20200608155107.pdf |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[Government of Assam]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Civil Service career==
Saikia is a 1985 batch [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police Service officer]] from [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]] cadre. Before joining [[Indian Police Service]] Saikia was an [[Indian Economic Service|Indian Economic Service officer]] where he worked with the government in policy making. He has also served as a consultant to the [[World Bank]] at their headquarters in the Washington D.C. As an [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] he served as the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police of Assam]] from 2018 to 2019. He was awarded twice the [[President's Police Medal]] because of his contribution towards policing.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 3 January 2020|title= Kuladhar Saikia:From World Bank consultant to Assam DGP to top literary body chief|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kuladhar-saikia-from-world-bank-consultant-to-assam-dgp-to-top-literary-body-chief/articleshow/73084766.cms |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Change agent==
A three-part case series had been published by ''Harvard Business Review'' titled, "Being a Change Agent"<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://hbr.org/product/being-a-change-agent-a-lessons-from-a-lynch-mob/INS911-PDF-ENG
| title = Being a Change Agent (A): Lessons from a Lynch Mob
| website = hbr.org
| access-date = 2016-02-26
}}</ref> set in a rural district of Assam in India. It describes the efforts made by Kuladhar Saikia, then Deputy Inspector General of Police in the early 2000s, to tackle witchcraft-related crimes that were prevalent in this isolated and economically backward part of the country. Determined to end the social evil that still haunts rural and backward areas of Assam, Saikia's initiative and perseverance has resulted in raising awareness about the scourge of witchcraft that is often used bizarrely to settle personal scores and land disputes in villages.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/northeast/curbing-witch-hunting-an-assam-police-officer-s-relentless-campaign/87574.html
| title = Curbing witch-hunting: An Assam police officer's relentless campaign
| website = thestatesman.com
| access-date = 2016-02-26
}}</ref>

Kuladhar Saikia initiated the project in 2001 by running campaigns involving village chiefs and elders, said the involvement of entire communities and the lack of evidence due to the fear of being ostracised had made the task of apprehending the culprits quite challenging. Project Prahari has brought together different stakeholders – student groups, science clubs, mahila samitis and other social activists on a common platform.<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/assam-police-officer-campaigns-against-a-social-evil-114022000597_1.html
| title = Assam police officer campaigns against a social evil
| newspaper = Business Standard India
| date = 20 February 2014
| access-date = 2016-02-26
}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition==
* Munin Borkotoky Award (1998) for ''Akhorot Moi Aru Anyanya'' (আখৰাত মই আৰু অন্যান্য), a collection of short stories
* Kotha Award (2000)
* Rashtrapati Arakhyi Award received twice
* Sahitya Academy Award (2015) for ''Akashar Chhabi Aru Anyanya Galpa''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1815/at052 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |website=assamtribune.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223042303/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec1815/at052 |archive-date=2015-12-23}}</ref>

==Asam Sahitya Sabha==
Saikia is the president of Asam Sahitya Sabha and he has appealed on social media to contribute to the field of [[Assamese Wikipedia]] as well as various methods for the preservation of the [[Assamese language]] on digital platforms. This has helped many people to learn about the Assamese Wikipedia and many interested people to create accounts on Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/sabha-bid-to-promote-assamese/cid/1764129|title=Sabha bid to promote Assamese|date=12 April 2020|website=The Telegraph|location=India|first=Pranjal|last=Baruah|accessdate=12 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, Kuladhar}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Director generals of Assam Police]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Bhadarwahi language

2026-04-07T12:52:12Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting initial post w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Native language of the people of Bhadarwah, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bhadarwahi
| altname = Bhadrawahi
| nativename = {{lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}} {{lang|bhd|भद्रवाही}} {{nastaliq|بھدرواہی}}
| states = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| region = [[Chenab Valley|Chenab region]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|116000|2}}
| date = 2011
| ref = e22
| ethnicity = [[Bhadarwah]]is
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| dia1 = [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]]
| dia3 = Bhadrawahi proper
| dia4 = Khasali dialect
| script = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]], [[Perso-Arabic script]]
| iso3 = bhd
| glotto = bhad1241
| glottorefname = Bhadrawahi
| image = bhaderwahi.png
| imagecaption = Bhadarwahi written in Takri, Devanagari and Perso-arabic scripts
}}

'''Bhadarwahi''' (Bhadrawahi) is an indigenous language of the Indian subcontinent, belonging to the [[Western Pahari]] group. It is spoken by the Bhadarwahi people in the [[Chenab Valley|Chenab region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The language traces its origins to [[Sanskrit]], the ancient and indigenous linguistic heritage of the region, and has evolved naturally within the cultural context of the area.

The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍlāi, native to the Bhadarwah valley, or in a broader sense to cover the group of related dialects spoken in the wider region where Bhadarwahi proper is used as a [[lingua franca]]. In addition to Bhadarwahi proper, this group also includes [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]], and Khasali (Khashali) dialect.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaul| first = Pritam Krishen| year = 2006| title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu| volume = 1| place = Delhi| publisher = Eastern Book Linkers| isbn = 8178541017|pages=85–86}}. The classification there includes Rodhari as a separate node, but elsewhere (pp.123–24), it is subsumed under Khasali.</ref> The [[Churahi language]] is closely related.
{{wiktionary category 2|Bhadrawahi language}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The name of the language is spelt in the [[Takri script|Takri]] as {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}. Variants include ''Bhaderwahi'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}),<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2018/hafsabhaderwahiphology1.pdf|title=Phonological System of Bhaderwahi}}</ref> ''Baderwali'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚯}}), ''Bhadri'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚯}}), Badrohi ({{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚴𑚩𑚯}}), ''Bhadlayi'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚣𑚯}}), and ''Bhadlai'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚃}}).

== Phonology ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Vowels'''<ref name="phon"/>
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| {{IPA link|iː}}
|
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! Lower High
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! Lower Mid
|
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! Low
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑː}}
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Consonants'''<ref name="phon">*{{cite journal
| last= Dwiwedi
| first= Amitabh Vikram
| year= 2015
| title= Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch
| journal= [[Acta Linguistica Asiatica]]
| volume= 5
| issue= 1
| url= https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/ala/article/view/3159
}}</ref>
!colspan=2| 
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!aspirated
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!voiced
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!breathy
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ç}} {{IPA link|çʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
!voiced
|
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{IPA link|zʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Flap consonant|Flap]] or [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}
According to Masica (1991) there are a set of lateral retroflex affricates {{IPA|/ʈ͡ꞎ ɖ͡𝼅 ɖ͡𝼅ʱ/}} from old /Cr/ clusters.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=210}}

== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Bhaderwahi]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Some speakers may call it a dialect of [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Dr Siyaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak87DwAAQBAJ&q=Bhaderwahi+Dogri&pg=PA197|title=Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5229-677-4|language=hi}}</ref> The language has no official status. It is classified by the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]] as "definitely endangered," meaning that many Bhadarwahi parents are not teaching it to their children and the number of native speakers is decreasing. Other languages, such as Kashmiri and Urdu/Hindi, are being spoken in the home in its place. This is a natural human tendency to pick up the language of people perceived as better off economically and/or socially.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=15 April 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>

==Media==
A daily headline news program is broadcast by a [[News Media|news outlet]] [[The Chenab Times]] in [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]] and Bhadarwahi languages to promote them.<ref name="et-18aug">{{Cite news |title=Cultural Academy Doda non-functional since long|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=321562|date=18 August 2021|publisher=Early Times (newspaper)|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="kashmir-uzma-7">{{Cite news|title=چناب ٹائمز' کا وفد ڈپٹی کمشنر ڈوڈہ سے ملاقی|url=https://kashmiruzma.net/%da%86%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%b9%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d8%b2-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%af-%da%88%d9%be%d9%b9%db%8c-%da%a9%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%b1-%da%88%d9%88%da%88%db%81-%d8%b3%db%92-%d9%85%d9%84/ |date=7 August 2021|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=21 March 1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI5fQgAACAAJ |language=en}}

{{Western Pahari languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Sam C. S.

2026-04-05T19:15:23Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Started.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sam C. S.
| caption =
| image = Sam Anton Wiki Article Photo.jpg
| birth_place = [[Munnar]], [[Kerala]], India

| origin =
| instrument =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|7|30|df=y}}{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|score composer|music producer|lyricist|singer}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''Sam C. S.''' is an Indian music composer, producer, lyricist and singer who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He debuted in Tamil with the horror film ''[[Orr Eravuu]]'' before working on the scientific thriller ''[[Ambuli]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2017 |title=Director Vijay's film with Prabhudheva could be Tamil remake of 'Charlie' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-vijay-s-film-prabhudheva-could-be-tamil-remake-charlie-68902 |access-date=June 2, 2023 |website=The News Minute |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=Adanga Maru: Jayam Ravi announces title of his next film, will go on floors on 14 December |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adanga-maru-jayam-ravi-announces-title-of-his-next-film-will-go-on-floors-on-14-december-4257997.html |access-date=June 2, 2023 |website=Firstpost |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2017 |title=Mr. Chandramouli to get started |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/22/mr-chandramouli--to-get-started-1708521.html |access-date=June 1, 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shalini-pandey-arjun-reddy-fame-team-jiiva-next-73771|title = Shalini Pandey of 'Arjun Reddy' fame, to team up with Jiiva next|date = 27 December 2017}}</ref>

His most notable scores include ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'', ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'', ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (and [[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|its 2022 remake]]), ''[[Odiyan]]'', '' [[Adanga Maru]]'', ''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]'', ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier|RDX]], [[Pushpa 2: The Rule]], and [[Mahavatar Narsimha]].''

==Early life==
Sam was born into in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family in [[Munnar]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=For both Puriyaatha Puthir and Vikram Vedha, I composed the music for the script first: Sam CS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/for-both-puriyaatha-puthir-and-vikram-vedha-i-composed-the-music-for-the-script-first-sam-cs/articleshow/60234027.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2017 |quote=I am a Tamilian, but I was born in Munnar.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mohanlal's Odiyan is a film to be proud of: Sam CS |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mohanlal-odiyan-sam-cs-5107044/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=22 March 2018 |quote=Moreover, I grew up in Munnar watching Malayalam cinema.}}</ref> He attended St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School in Royappan Patti, [[Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]].{{cn|date=August 2024}} He later earned a degree in [[Master of Science in Information Technology|MCA]] and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]]. He worked for a software company after his graduation. He currently lives in [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], Theni.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==Career==
Sam assisted other music composers on scores for movies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/for-both-puriyaatha-puthir-and-vikram-vedha-i-composed-the-music-for-the-script-first-sam-cs/articleshow/60234027.cms|title = For both Puriyaatha Puthir and Vikram Vedha, I composed the music for the script first: Sam CS|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> His talent was soon discovered by movie houses, which led to an opportunity to compose music for musical thriller ''Mellisai'', later renamed ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/new-trailer-of-vijay-sethupathys-puriyatha-puthir-is-out-watch-it-here4808755/|title=New trailer of Vijay Sethupathy's Puriyatha Puthir is out! Watch it here|date=22 August 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/puriyatha-puthir-five-reasons-to-watch-this-vijay-sethupathi-film/articleshow/60334526.cms|title=Puriyatha Puthir: Five reasons to watch this Vijay Sethupathi film|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

During this time, he composed jingles, which led him to meet the director duo [[Pushkar-Gayathri]], who offered him the opportunity to score ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''. The film's album and original soundtracks went on to become chart toppers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/madhavan-at-vikram-vedha-success-meet-ive-consumed-240-reviews-since-the-films-release-4261183.html|title=Madhavan at Vikram Vedha success meet: 'I've consumed 240 reviews since the film's release'|date=16 December 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

Sam got his next opportunity in 2018 when director V. A. Shrikumar Menon offered him [[Mohanlal]]-starrer ''[[Odiyan]]'' to score.

==Discography==

===As a composer===
====Films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Score !! Songs !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Orr Eravuu]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="8" |Tamil|| Two songs
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ambuli]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || Two songs
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aaaah (film)|Aaaah]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Uncredited
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kadalai]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Vikram Vedha (soundtrack)|Vikram Vedha]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Soundtrack released under the name ''Mellisai''
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2018 || ''[[6 Athiyayam]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || One song; promotional
|-
| ''[[Kinar (film)|Keni]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Tamil, Telugu || Tamil soundtrack released under the name ''Karu''
|-
|''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Rowspan="6"|Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kadikara Manithargal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vanjagar Ulagam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nota (film)|NOTA]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Odiyan]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}}
| Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Adanga Maru]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="5" |Tamil||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2019 || ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[K-13 (film)|K-13]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[100 (2019 film)|100]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Devi 2]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Tamil / Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="2"|Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Arjun Suravaram]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Tamil||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2021 || ''[[Sám Hối: The Living Sandbag]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Vietnamese||
|-
| ''[[Mosagallu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="7" |Tamil|| Streaming release; Composed one song, "Vidhi Ezhuthiya"
|-
| ''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sabhaapathy]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Raajavamsam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Chithirai Sevvanam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2022 || ''[[Carbon (2022 Indian film)|Carbon]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Tamil / Hindi / English
|-
| ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Yenni Thuniga]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Hindi|| Two songs: "Bande", "Yaara"
|-
| ''[[Repeat Shoe]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Tamil||
|-
| rowspan=21 | 2023 || ''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="10" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Bakasuran]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pakalum Paathiravum]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Agilan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kondraal Paavam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ghosty (2023 film)|Ghosty]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rudhran]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || <ref>{{Citation |title=Rudhran First Look Wall Poster |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcd2KyZj05Q |language=en |access-date=2022-06-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thiruvin Kural]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thandatti]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nene Naa]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Telugu||
|-
| ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier|RDX]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Malayalam|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=RDX first single exudes 90s vibes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jul/26/rdx-first-single-exudes-90s-vibes-45991.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tamil Kudimagan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="4" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Red Sandalwood (film)|Red Sandal Wood]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam|| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-10-31 |title=Rakka Rakka song from Bandra is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/31/rakka-rakka-song-from-bandra-is-here-49143.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vela (film)|Vela]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Phoenix (2023 film)|Phoenix]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-12-22 |title=Aju Varghese's Phoenix is streaming on this OTT platform |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Dec/22/aju-vargheses-phoenix-is-streaming-on-this-ott-platform-50618.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="5" |Tamil||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Harish Kalyan 'grateful' as Parking script enters Oscars library |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/23/harish-kalyan-grateful-as-parking-script-enters-oscars-library |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2024 || ''[[Siren (2024 film)|Siren]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-10 |title=Jayam Ravi's Siren gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/10/jayam-ravis-siren-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guardian (2024 film)|Guardian]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-11-17 |title=Mayakitta song from Guardian out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Nov/17/mayakitta-song-from-guardian-out-49623.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Idi Minnal Kadhal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-10 |title=Ciby-starrer Idi Minnal Kadhal teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/10/ciby-starrer-idi-minnal-kadhal-teaser-out |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Demonte Colony 2]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-30 |title=Second single from Demonte Colony 2 to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/30/second-single-from-demonte-colony-2-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kondal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-08 |title=Kondal trailer: Antony Varghese lets his fists do the talking in this high-octane actioner set at sea |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/08/kondal-trailer-antony-varghese-lets-his-fists-do-the-talking-in-this-high-octane-actioner-set-at-sea |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thekku Vadakku]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-25 |title=Vinayakan and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Thekku Vadakku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/25/vinayakan-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-thekku-vadakku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Tamil||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-25 |title=Black Trailer: Jiiva-Priya Bhavani Shankar play a distraught couple in this home invasion thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/25/black-trailer-jiiva-priya-bhavani-shankar-play-a-distraught-couple-in-this-home-invasion-thriller |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[KA (film)|KA]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|Telugu
|Additional background score
|-
| rowspan="13" |2025 || ''[[Ennu Swantham Punyalan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-14 |title=Ennu Swantham Punyalan confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/14/ennu-swantham-punyalan-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madraskaaran]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan=2 |Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-18 |title=First single 'Thai Thakka Kalyanam' from Shane Nigam-Niharika Konidela's Madraskaaran out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/18/first-single-thai-thakka-kalyanam-from-shane-nigam-niharika-konidelas-madraskaaran-out |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vanangaan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-30 |title=Unni Mukundan's Get-Set Baby release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/30/unni-mukundans-get-set-baby-release-date-out |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-01 |title=‘Kanna Nee’ from Dilruba is an intense yet melancholic composition |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/01/kanna-nee-from-dilruba-is-an-intense-yet-melancholic-composition |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jack (2025 film)|Jack]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-13 |title=Exclusive: Sam CS confirms scoring background music for Siddu Jonnalagadda’s Jack |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/13/exclusive-sam-cs-confirms-scoring-background-music-for-siddu-jonnalagaddas-jack |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ace (film)|''Ace'']]
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|2 songs "Poka Rap" and "Paarvai Thani"<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Yogi Babu shot for 60 days for the Vijay Sethupathi starrer 'Ace'! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-shot-for-60-days-for-the-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-ace/articleshow/120987615.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phoenix (2025 film)|Phoenix]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-25 |title=Anl Arasu's Phoenix gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/25/anl-arasus-phoenix-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Trending (film)|Trending]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-06-24 |title=கலையரசன் நடித்துள்ள 'டிரெண்டிங்' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/kalaiyarasans-trending-release-date-announced-1164888 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mahavatar Narsimha (soundtrack)|Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-12 |title=Makers of 'Mahavatar Narsimha' announce the release date with a mind-blowing first-look glimpse; netizens in awe of the animation quality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/makers-of-mahavatar-narsimha-announce-the-release-date-with-a-mind-blowing-first-look-glimpse-netizens-in-awe-of-the-animation-quality/articleshow/121111551.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Blackmail (2025 film)|''Blackmail'']]
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| rowspan=4 |Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-29 |title=G V Prakash-starrer 'Blackmail' to hit screens worldwide on August 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/g-v-prakash-starrer-blackmail-to-hit-screens-worldwide-on-august-1/articleshow/122134486.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-05-25 |title="படையாண்ட மாவீரா" படத்தின் இசை வெளியீட்டு தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/padaiyaanda-maaveeraa-audio-launches-on-may-30th-1159703 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Retta Thala]]''
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Arun Vijay's next with Kris Thirukumaran titled Retta Thala |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/23/arun-vijays-next-with-kris-thirukumaran-titled-retta-thala |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522090339/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/23/arun-vijays-next-with-kris-thirukumaran-titled-retta-thala |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Kaalidas 2]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=3 April 2026 |title=Kaalidas 2 Movie Review: Crime thriller that never quite clicks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaalidas-2/movie-review/129999745.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260403133719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaalidas-2/movie-review/129999745.cms |archive-date=3 April 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Varavu}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-31 |title=Joju George's Varavu gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/31/joju-georges-varavu-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Saloon}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Tamil || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13458756/?ref_=tt_mv_close | title=Saloon | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
|}

====Web series====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Work
! Network
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022||''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' ||[[Amazon Prime Video]]||
|-
|''[[Five Six Seven Eight]]''||[[ZEE5]]||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|The Night Manager]]''||rowspan="2"|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]||
|-
|''[[Label (TV series)|Label]]''||
|-
|}

===As a singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="text-align:center; background:LightSteelBlue; width:100%;"
! Year
! Film
! Songs
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|rowspan="2"|''[[Orr Eravuu]]''
|"Ucchi Malayil"
|-
|"Kaadhala"
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012
|''[[Ambuli]]''
|"Ambuli Theme"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kadalai]]''
|"Kannukulla Vanthu"
|-
|"Aathankarai"
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2017
|rowspan="3"|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|"Karuppu Vellai"
|-
|"Yethu Nyayam"
|-
|"Oru Katha Sollatta"
|-
|rowspan="12"| 2018
|rowspan="3"|''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]''
|"Yea Pa Yeppappa"
|-
|"Nights of Neverland"
|-
|"Winds of the Darkest Hour"
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''
|"Kallooliye"
|-
|"Kandapadi"
|-
|"Yedhedho Aanene"
|-
|"Mr. Chandramouli Theme"
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kadikara Manithargal]]''
|"Theera Oru"
|-
|"Yeanoo"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]''
|"Iraiva Iraiva"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]''
|"Yaar Kalikku"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[Adanga Maru]]''
|"Aangu Vaangu"
|-
|rowspan="10"| 2019
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[K-13 (film)|K-13]]''
|"Oru Saayangalam"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[100 (2019 film)|100]]''
|"Nanba"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[Devi 2]]''
|"Love, Love Me"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[Abhinetri 2]]''
|"Love, Love Me"
|-
|rowspan="4"|''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''
|"The Hot Biriyani"
|-
|"Eternal Love of Father"
|-
|"Neel Iravil"
|-
|"Night is Dark"
|-
|rowspan="1"|''[[Arjun Suravaram]]''
| "Bang Bang"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|rowspan="2"|''[[Rajavamsam]]''
|"Mane Unna"
|-
|"Mapilla Vandha"
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022||''[[Repeat Shoe]]''||"Theeyaai Ododi"
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bakasuran]]''||"Siva Sivayam"
|-
|"Kaathama"
|-
|''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]''||"Bramman"
|-
|rowspan="4"|2023||''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]''||"Run Baby Run - Theme"
|-
|''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]''||"Amman Song"
|-
|''[[Agilan]]''||"Dhrogam"
|-
|''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''||"Yevan Nallavan"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[KA (film)|''KA'']]
|"Ka Mass Jathara"
|-
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]''
|"Majili Majili"
|-
|}

===As a lyricist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Songs
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2017
|''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]'' || "Mazhaikkulle"
|-
||''[[Vikram Vedha]]''||"Pogatha Yennavittu"
|-
|rowspan="6" |2018
|rowspan=''3''|''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]''
|"Uyir Uruvaatha"
|-
|"Yea Pa Yeppappa"
|-
|"Yaen Penne Neeyum"
|-
|rowspan=''2''|''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''
|"Kallooliye"
|-
|"Theeraadho Vali"
|-
|''[[NOTA (film)|NOTA]]''||"Yaar Kalikku"
|-
|rowspan="6" | 2019
|''[[100 (2019 film)|100]]''||"Nanba"
|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''
|"Kannamma"
|-
|"Yendi Raasathi"
|-
|"Yeno Penne"
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]''
|"Yaaradiyo"
|-
|"Chimp Song"
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2023||''[[Bakasuran]]''||"Kaathama"
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]''
|"Chella Kalliye"
|-
|"Yevan Nallavan"
|-
|rowspan="1" | 2024
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]'' || "En Chella Kedi"
|-
|}

== Awards ==
'''Provoke Awards'''
* 2017: ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (Best Upcoming Music Director)

'''Hello FM Awards'''
* 2017: ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (Best Music Director)

'''Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards'''
* 2017: ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (Promising Music Director)

'''Vijay Awards'''
* 2017: ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (Best Background Score)
'''[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]'''

* 2023 : ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]'' ([[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]])<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1634090087968555009 |user=IIFA |title=Let's give a big round of applause to the IIFA Technical Award Winners 2023, who work behind the scenes of our movies and help create seamless experiences for us! Congratulations to these incredible artists who shape our cinematic experiences with their expertise. |access-date=2023-03-12 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Filmfare Awards South]]

* 2024 : ''[[RDX: Robert Dony Xavier]]'' [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director ({{small|Malayalam}})]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4237148}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:C. S.}}

[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]

Rubab

2026-04-03T20:40:26Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{wikt}}
'''Rubab''' may refer to:

* [[Rubab (instrument)]], a lute-like musical instrument
** [[Pamiri rubab]], a fretless six-strung lute of Tajikistan
** [[Seni rebab]], plucked string instrument of northern India
* ''[[Rubaab]]'', 2026 Indian film
* [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais]], wife of Husayn ibn ‘Alī
* [[Rubab Raza]] (born 1991), Pakistani Olympic swimmer
* [[Rubab Sayda]] (born 1950), Indian politician
* [[Meera (Pakistani actress)]], Irtiza Rubab (born 1976), Pakistani film actress

==See also==
* [[Robab Farahi-Mahdavieh]]

{{disambiguation|given name|surname}}

[[no:Rubab]]

Lari Azad

2026-04-03T14:52:56Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Started Info...

{{Short description|Indian historian of medieval India (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lari Azad
| image = Dr. Lari Azad.jpg
| alt = Dr. Lari Azad
| caption = Dr. Lari Azad delivering the Key-note address at World Peace Conference, Pune (30 Jan 2012)
| birth_name = Lari Azad
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|3|12}}
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Journalist, historian, author, social activist
| years_active = 1980s–present
| known_for = Women's rights advocacy and journalism
| notable_works =
| organization = Progressive Women’s Association
| awards =
}}

'''Lari Azad''' (born 12 March 1959) is an Indian historian of medieval India.<ref name="ICHR">{{Cite web|url=http://ichronline.org/search_result_dtl.php?uid=224&search=Lari&fos=|title=ICHR|website=ichronline.org|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jainpedia.org/resources/publication-summary/bibliography/religion-and-politics-in-india-during-the-seventeenth-century.html|title=JAINpedia > Resources > Publication Summary|website=www.jainpedia.org|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Katherine|year=2000|title=Reading Indian music: the interpretation of seventeenth-century European travel-writing in the (re)construction of Indian music history|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/music/mclayton/bje9-2finalpdf.PDF|journal=British Journal of Ethnomusicology|volume=9/ii 2000|pages=23, 37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Truchke|first=Audrey|date=March 2012|title=Jains in the Multicultural Mughal Empire|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/file75030.pdf|journal=Jaina Studies|issue=7|pages=39|archive-date=21 April 2018|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421135405/https://www.soas.ac.uk/jainastudies/newsletter/file75030.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is well known for his contribution to medieval Indian history and historiography.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj0ZLo8rvZIC&dq=Khalfaoui+Lari+Azad&pg=PA124 |title=L'islam indien-- pluralité ou pluralisme: le cas d'al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya|last=Khalfaoui|first=Mouez|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2008|isbn=978-3-631-57530-7 |pages=124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNgVPP3dq4YC&pg=PA65 |title=Raj Karega Khalsa|last=Dhanoa|first=Surain Singh|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no88873/life-ideas-shaheed-bhagat-singh-lesson-today-edited-by-vir|title=Vedams eBooks|last=Madhavan|first=Raj Achal|website=www.vedamsbooks.com|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> He has authored a number of books, including ''Religion and Politics in India during the Seventeenth Century''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/8865215|title=Religion and politics in India during the seventeenth century - CLIO|website=clio.columbia.edu|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.soas.ac.uk/Record/245497|title=Description: Religion and politics in India during the seventeenth century|website=library.soas.ac.uk|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/322111|title=Religion and politics in India during the seventeenth century / Mohammad Akram Lari Azad|last=Azad|first=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Criterion Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion and politics in India during the seventeenth century|last=Lari|first=Mohammad A|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Criterion Publ.|location=New Delhi|language=en|oclc = 243720951}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxluAAAAMAAJ|title=Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century|last=Azad|first=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Criterion Publications|language=en}}</ref>

Mohammad Akram Lari, (popularly known as Lari Azad), born in [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]], India, is among the best-known authors and poets in [[Hindi literature]]. He is also the founder of All India Poetess Conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aipc.weebly.com|title=AIPC|website=AIPC|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/cities/amritsar/women-writers-poets-attend-all-india-poetess-conference/187020.html|title=The Tribune "Women writers, poets attend All-India Poetess Conference"|access-date=9 Jan 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/indian-women-share-private-dreams-through-poetry-1.366317/|title=Indian women share private dreams - through poetry {{!}} The National|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spb-icr.ru/en/news/index.php?news=707|title=Cultural Session of All India Poetess Conference took place in conference-hall of "Park Inn by Radisson Pribaltiyskaya" hotel, St.Petersburg, Russia|website=spb-icr.ru|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref name="Himalini">{{Cite news|url=http://www.himalini.com/vice-president-inaugurated-the-9th-all-india-poetess-conference-organised-by-himalini.html|title=Vice President Inaugurated the 9th All India Poetess Conference organised by HIMALINI|last=Himalini|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hcilondon.in/indiadigest/Issue-131/page3.pdf|title=India Digest by High Commission of India in London|access-date=9 Jan 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://primeminister.govmu.org/English/Media%20Library/Pages/Picture-Gallery.aspx#|title=Prime Minister - Picture Gallery|website=primeminister.govmu.org|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meggovernor.gov.in/photos_poetess_conference.html|title=Photos of All India Poetess Conference (AIPC): Raj Bhavan, Meghalaya|website=meggovernor.gov.in|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> He wrote under the pen name "Lari Azad".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drlariazad.weebly.com/litteacuterateur.html|title=Littérateur|website=DR. LARI AZAD|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> His style is considered easy to understand, but has also been compared with high quality Hindi literature. Besides writing, he earns his living by teaching History in the historic NREC PG College, Khurja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nreccollegekhurja.org/page.php?page=7|title=NREC College Portal|website=www.nreccollegekhurja.org|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ichr.ac.in/newsletter/Newsletter_Jan-2015.pdf|title=25 Feb 2015: National Seminar on "Society, Culture & Historiography in India through the ages", NREC College, Khurja Campur, U.P.|volume=12|issue=2 |date=Jan–Mar 2015|access-date=10 Jan 2017}}</ref> He attained a unique position as a writer who wrote with equal facility in both Hindi and Urdu.

== Early life and education ==
Lari Azad is the son of Mohammad Noorul Haque Lari,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/8586744/HAKEEM-NOORUL-HAQUE-LARI-HOUSE|title=HAKEEM NOORUL HAQUE LARI HOUSE - Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> an eminent scholar, writer, theologian and physician of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Sufia Khatoon . His maternal grandfather was Abdur Raheem, a wealthy sugarcane factory owner, who started sugar industry in eastern part of United Provinces during British rule: it was only due to his entrepreneurship that the place was named Rampur Karkhana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/FRIENDS_of_UP/conversations/messages/99|title=Yahoo! Groups|website=groups.yahoo.com|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> His paternal grandfather was Sheikh Nabiullah (née Guruji) a popular teacher of Mahajani and Kaithi, which are no more in practice in eastern UP. His wife Roshan Ara runs All India Poetess Conference round the globe.<ref name="Himalini"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aipc.weebly.com/contact-us.html|title=CONTACT US|website=AIPC|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vshanmuganathan.blogspot.in/2016/06/allindia-poetess-conference-16th.html|title=V.SHANMUGANATHAN|website=vshanmuganathan.blogspot.in|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr2001/pg052001/pg13may2001/130520017.html|title=Photo|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> His sons, Noor Ahmad Lari and Noor Akram Lari, are studying medicine at [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Medical College, AMU, Aligarh<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amu.ac.in/pdf/mci/Admissions%202014.pdf|title=Admissions List JNMC, AMU, Aligarh|access-date=9 Jan 2017}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Lari Azad completed his schooling at King Edward Government High School and then completed his M.A. in history from Gorakhpur University, where he was awarded a first class. While still in university, he was the joint editor of the Shabda Jyoti and Karma Prabodh, popular weeklies of the Gorakhpur Division. He completed his PhD from Gorakhpur University under the supervision of Dr. [[Hari Shankar Srivastava|Hari Shanker Srivastava]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timespiders.co.in/hss/|title=Dr. Hari Shankar Srivastava ,Former Professor & Head , Department of Ancient & Indian History & Political Science,DDUGU,Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University , Dr H S Srivastava|website=www.timespiders.co.in|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>

== Academic ==
After his doctorate he joined UNPG College, Padrauna, now District Kushi Nagar. Then he was appointed as a Gazetted Officer in Prasar Bharati, but for his strong commitments to freedom of expression, he renounced the job. Later on he was selected by UP Higher Education Service Commission in 1987 and joined as a faculty at NR Edward Coronation PG College, Khurja. He is presently appointed as Head of the PG and Research Department of History. He delivered the Endowment Lecture at UNESCO World Peace Centre, Pune in 2008. He is an Honorary International Coordinator for interfaith dialogue at World Peace Centre, Pune<ref>{{Cite news|title='Dialogue between religious leaders is essential' {{!}} Sakal Times|website=www.sakaaltimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/pune/interfaith-dialogue-a-must-for-peace/|title=Inter-faith dialogue a must for peace|date=2009-12-16|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> and also on Board of Governors of Sun Shine Education, NOIDA. A performing art academy and a library in his name has been established at Devbandhu Degree College, Nonapar. There are several books available on his life and work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aipc.weebly.com/publications.html|title=PUBLICATIONS|website=AIPC|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>

Lari Azad has worked on the religio-political history of medieval India and its indigenous historiography and India's cultural relations with Central and South east Asia.<ref name="ICHR"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nreccollegekhurja.org/page.php?page=3|title=NREC College Portal|website=www.nreccollegekhurja.org|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>

== Positions ==
He is the Head of the Department of History at NREC PG College (NAAC Grade 'A' & CPE, UGC) from 1988 till date. He is also the Convener of Board of Studies in History, CCS University from 22 Aug 2018 to 21 Aug 2020 and Coordinator of RDC in History, CCS University from 22 Aug 2018 to 21 Aug 2020. He is the Founder of All India Poetess Conference, the biggest ever association of elite women of India. He is the [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] of an international journal "Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences" ({{ISSN|0974-8806}}) which is being published since 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jhss.weebly.com/about-the-chief-editor.html|title=About the Chief Editor|website=JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> He is also a Member of Editorial Board of 'ITIHAS' ({{ISSN|2319-8818}}), the research journal published in Hindi by [[Indian Council of Historical Research]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ichr.ac.in/com_rev.pdf|title=Committees of the Council-ICHR|access-date=9 Jan 2017}}</ref>

== Philosophical views ==
Lari Azad identifies himself as an Indologist and historiographer in his work. He is an advocate of using indigenous sources for rewriting the authentic history.

Lari Azad has a sustained commitment to secularism.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sulabh International Videos|title=Speech Prof. M.A. Lari Azad, HOD, Department of PG Studies, Chaudhary Charan Singh University|date=2015-04-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sb0fnPqbttw|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> He led many Indian women poets, writers and artists to the different parts of the globe for the propagation of Indian Culture & World Peace.

== Awards and honours ==

[[File:Nepalese VP Felicitiating Dr. Lari.jpg|thumb|Vice President of Nepal H.E. Parmanand Jha along with Ambassador of India Dr. Jayant Prasad felicitating Dr. Lari with the award of 'Son of Himalaya' at Kathmandu, Nepal (3 July 2012)]]
He received the First National Youth Award for his first ever book on historiography in Hindi, 1985.
* Honoris Causa Degree of Vidya Sagar from Vikramshila Hindi Vidyapeeth, 2006.
* Great Lingual Harmony Award at Indian High Commission, London, 2008.
* ‘Sahitya Shiromani’ at New York, 2010 and Hindi Shiromani at Toronto, 2010.
* ‘Manu Shree’ for Exemplary Teaching Services, 1990 (Meerut).
* ‘Shabda Samrat’ for enriching Hindi Grammar, 1991 (Hyderabad).
* ‘Chetna Shree’ for Historical Writings, 1991 (Allahabad).
* Rotary Vocational Award, (Deoria).
* ‘AAFT Academy Award’ (NOIDA), ‘Kabir Smriti Samman’ 1999 (Ghaziabad).
* ‘Ch. Charan Singh NSS Award’ as Best NSS officer of C.C.S. University 2004 (Meerut).
* ‘Kirti Bharati’ 2006, (Ayodhya).
* 'Kabir Samman’, ‘Madhupark Samman’ (Kanpur), ‘Bharti Ratna’ & ‘Poorvanchal Ratna’ 2007 (Deoria)
* ‘Deoria Ratna’2008.
* ‘Hindi Shiromani’ (New York - 2010), ‘Son of Nile’ (Cairo - 2010) &
* ‘Man of The East’(Tashkent - 2010), ‘Man of The Era’ (Dubai-2011), ‘Son of Himalaya’ (Kathmandu 2012), ‘Peace Messenger’ (Colombo – 2012).
*'Sahitya Setu Samman' (London - 2019).

He has also been felicitated by UNESCO World Peace Centre, [[Rotary International]] at Evanston, Lions International, Honest International, GOPIO International at Mauritius, SGPC, Shri Guru Singh Sabha, Nagri Pracharini Sabha, Digambar Jain Samaj, Bhartiya Sangeet Kala Parishad, UP Rabita Committee, Akhil Bhartiya Hindi Sahitya Sammelan & several National & International Institution & Organizations.

== Selected publications ==

=== Major historical books ===
# 'Religion and Politics in India during the Seventeenth Century' (Criterion Publications, New Delhi, 1990) Pages 430 + xviii <ref name=":0" />
# ‘Indian Historiography’ (In Hindi) (Mahendra Publications, Gorakhpur, 1987) Pages 209.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bhartiya Itihas Lekhan: Indian Historiography|last=Azad|first=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=1987-01-01|publisher=Mahendra Prakashan, Gorakhpur|location=Gorakhpur|ol = 25420649M}}</ref>
# ‘Mongol Hindi Learner’ (In Mongolian) (Tarema Association, Mongolia 2002) Pages 48.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongol-Hindi Learner: Mongol-Hindi Dubhashia|last=Azad|first=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Tarema Association, Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia|location=Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia|ol = 25420656M}}</ref>
# 'Mongolia Through The Ages' (MALA Prakashan, Delhi, 2018) Pages 264.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17837093W/Mongolia_Through_the_Ages|title=Mongolia Through the Ages: Some Aspects of History & Culture of Mongolia & Central Asia|last=Azad|first=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=2018|publisher=M A L A Prakashan|isbn=9789383509096|location=Delhi/Aligarh}}</ref>

=== Major literary works ===
# ‘Heartbeats of India’(Dharkane Bharat Ki) translations in 37 languages collected in 3 Volumes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dharkane Bharat Ki: Heartbeats of India|last=Azad|first=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=2010-01-01|publisher=All India Poetess Conference|isbn=9788190820110|ol = 25420660M|location=Khurja, Delhi}}</ref>
# ‘Leelavati Samagra’ in 3 Volumes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Līlāvatī samagra|last1=Baṃsala|first1=Līlāvatī|last2=Azad|first2=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Akhila Bhāratīya Kavayitrī Sammelana|location=Khurajā|oclc = 70129432}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eoc.du.ac.in/Daisy%20Books%20OLD.html|title=Daisy Books Old|website=eoc.du.ac.in|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>
# ‘Vimala Samagra’ in 3 Volumes.<ref name="OUR PUBLICATIONS">{{Cite web|url=http://malaprakashan.weebly.com/our-publications.html|title=OUR PUBLICATIONS|website=M A L A PRAKASHAN|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>
# ‘Kahani Ek Shandar Zindagi Ki’.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Līlāvatī Baṃsala: kahānī eka śānadāra zindagī kī|last1=Baṃsala|first1=Līlāvatī|last2=Azad|first2=Mohammad Akram Lari|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Mālā Prakāśana|isbn=9788190820981|location=Dillī|oclc = 820122223}}</ref>
# ‘Leelavati Ki Lok Kathaen’<ref name="OUR PUBLICATIONS"/>

=== Journals edited ===
Lari Azad is Chief Editor of the ''International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences'' which is in publication since 2007 ({{ISSN|0974-8806}}). Kaljayee<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maithil|first=Manoj Kumar|date=May 2015|title=Women remain Weak & Disempowered still- Magazine Released|url=https://issuu.com/sulabhindia/docs/sulabh_india_english_-_may_2015|journal=Sulabh India (English)|volume=May 2015|pages=30–31|issn=2395-5821}}</ref> [RNI: UPHIN/2015/68782], Himkiritini, Anamika, Shabd Jyoti, Karma Prabodh,Yug Pravartak, Sankalya, Krantimanyu, Navodita, Hamari Pahel, Bhojpuri Bhasha Sammelan Patrika, USM Patrika, AIPC Kavita, Vigyan Pahel, Itihas Darpan, Vidya Darpan, Ken Mirror, Saurabh(South East Asia Representative), Himalini(India Representative)

=== Poetic style ===
Lari Azad's poetry is characterized by simple, everyday language and images that string together to convey complex themes. One of his major poems is Jeevan Ek Prashn, a long poem with the questioner as its central character, the poem remains one of the most widely read long poems in Hindi literature. At some level, Jeevan Ek Prashn bears a striking resemblance to Gray's Elegy but the two remain independent in their treatment and scope.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Lari}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi descent]]
[[Category:People from Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]

Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023

2026-04-02T19:15:42Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Evidence Act of The Republic of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023{{br}}{{small|{{literal translation|Indian Evidence Act, 2023}}}}
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg
| imagesize = 100
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and to provide for general rules and principles of evidence for fair trial.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20063/1/a2023-47.pdf Act No. 47 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = {{flag|India}}
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 20 December 2023
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 21 December 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India]]
| date_assented = 25 December 2023
| bill = Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023
| bill_citation =
| bill_date = 12 December 2023
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]]
| committee_responsible = Parliamentary Standing Committee
| passed = 20 December 2023
| passed_for = Majority Voice
| passed_against = Minority Voice
| passed_abstention =
| passed_absent =
| bill2 = Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023
| bill_date2 = 20 December 2023
| introduced_by2 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India) |Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]]
| passed2 = 21 December 2023
| passed2_for = Majority Voice
| passed2_against = Minority Voice
| date_commenced = 1 July 2024
| white_paper =
| date_final_passage = 21 December 2023
| amends =
| repeals = [[Indian Evidence Act, 1872]]
| related_legislation = [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023]]{{br}}[[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023''' (BSA) ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Bhāratīya Sākśya Adhiniyam''; {{Literal translation|'''Indian Evidence Act, 2023''' (IEA)}}) is an act of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Vijaita|title=3 new Bills introduced in Lok Sabha to replace criminal laws; sedition law to be scrapped|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article67183559.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Sedition law to be repealed': Amit Shah introduces 3 bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act in Lok Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/home-minister-amit-shah-introduces-3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102640505.cms?|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Acts of Secession" Replaces Sedition: New Bills To Overhaul Criminal Laws|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-indian-penal-code-criminal-laws-revised-justice-not-punishment-centres-3-new-bills-to-overhaul-criminal-laws-4289030|website=NDTV|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

== Background and timeline ==
*On 11 August 2023, Amit Shah, [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], introduced the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 in [[Lok Sabha]].
*On 12 December 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya bill, 2023 was withdrawn.
*On 12 December 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha.
*On 20 December 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) bill, 2023 was passed in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Awstika|date=2023-12-20|title=Lok Sabha Passes Criminal Law Bills Seeking To Replace IPC, CrPC And Evidence Act|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/lok-sabha-criminal-law-bills-ipc-crpc-evidence-act-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-nagaril-suraksha-sanhita-sakshya-bill-bns-bnss-bss-245023|access-date=2023-12-20|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref>
*On 21 December 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) bill, 2023 was introduced in [[Rajya Sabha]].
*On 21 December 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) bill, 2023 was passed in Rajya Sabha.
*On 25 December 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) bill, 2023 received the assent of the President of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616|date=25 December 2023|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=President gives assent to Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=473993|date=26 December 2023|website=News on Air}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Act consists of 170 sections as opposed to the 167 sections in the previous [[Indian Evidence Act, 1872|Indian Evidence Act]]. Of these 167 sections, 23 sections have been modified, five removed, and one more section added.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament panel adopts reports on bills to replace existing criminal laws|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/nov/06/parliament-panel-adopts-reports-on-bills-to-replace-existing-criminal-laws-2630583.html|website=The New Indian Express|language=en|date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre's 3 bills to revamp criminal laws: 'Aim to provide justice, not punish'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-brings-in-three-bills-to-revamp-indias-crime-laws-crpc-amit-shah-lok-sabha-2419541-2023-08-11|website=India Today|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-monsoon-session-ends-today-amit-shah-announces-major-overhaul-of-criminal-justice-system-with-new-bill-11691738520380.html|title='Will repeal offence of sedition,' Amit Shah introduces 3 bills in Parliament|first=Sanchari|last=Ghosh|website=mint|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 3 Bills That Will Soon Replace British-Era Criminal Laws. Their Aim Explained|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-3-bills-that-will-soon-replace-british-era-criminal-laws-their-aim-explained-4289008|website=NDTV|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
!Part
!Chapters
!Section
!Classification of Offences
|-
!rowspan="1" |Part 1
|Chapter 1
|Section 1 to 2
|Preliminary
|-
!rowspan="1" |Part 2
|Chapter 2
|Section 3 to 50
|
*''Relevancy Of Facts (3)''
*''Closely Connected Facts (4 to 14)''
*''Admissions (15 to 25)''
*''Statements By Persons Who Cannot Be Called As Witnesses (26 to 27)''
*''Statements Made Under Special Circumstances (28 to 32)''
*''How Much Of A Statement Is To Be Proved (33)''
*''Judgments Of Courts When Relevant (34 to 38)''
*''Opinions Of Third Persons When Relevant (39 to 45)''
*''Character When Relevant (46 to 50)''
|-
!rowspan="4" |Part 3 On Proof
|Chapter 3
|Section 51 to 53
|Facts Which Need Not Be Proved
|-
|Chapter 4
|Clauses 54 to 55
|Of Oral Evidence
|-
|Chapter 5
|Section 56 to 93
|
*''Of Documentary Evidence (56 to 73) ''
*''Public documents (74 to 77)''
*''Presumptions As To Documents(78 to 93)''
|-
|Chapter 6
|Section 94 to 103
|Of The Exclusion Of Oral Evidence By Documentary Evidence
|-
!rowspan="6" |Part 4 Production And Effect Of Evidence
|Chapter 7
|Section 104 to 120
|Of The Burden Of Proof
|-
|Chapter 8
|Section 121 to 123
|Estoppel
|-
|Chapter 9
|Section 124 to 139
|Of Witnesses
|-
|Chapter 10
|Section 140 to 168
|Of Examination Of Witnesses
|-
|Chapter 11
|Section 169
|Of Improper Admission And Rejection Of Evidence
|-
|Chapter 12
|Section 170
|Repeal And Savings
|-
|}

== Criticism ==
The new law makes it difficult for defendants to defend themselves at court and encourages prosecutors to produce potentially dubious evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Legislation to Litigation: Hurdles and Prospects in the Freshly Minted Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-13185-from-legislation-to-litigation-hurdles-and-prospects-in-the-freshly-minted-bharatiya-sakshya-bill-2023.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]]
* [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/250882_english_01042024.pdf Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam] from [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]

{{Judiciary of India}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Codes of criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Evidence law]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Chennai Bulls

2026-03-28T12:37:34Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Chennai based rugby sevens franchise team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox rugby team
| teamname = Chennai Bulls
| image = Chennai Bulls.svg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| fullname = Chennai Bulls
| nickname = The Bulls
| emblem =
| founded = [[2025 Rugby Premier League|2025]]
| disbanded =
| location =
| region =
| ground =
| capacity =
| chairman = Ansh Gautam
| ceo = Anand Godiwala
| president =
| coach = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Gollings]]
| captain = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alex Davis (rugby union)|Alex Davis]]
| caps =
| toptestscorer =
| appearances =
| top scorer = {{flagicon|SAM}} [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]
| most tries = {{flagicon|SAM}} [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]
| league = [[Rugby Premier League]]
| season = [[2025 Rugby Premier League|2025]]
| position = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] Champions
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFF00
| body1 = 00008B
| rightarm1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = 00008B
| socks1 = 00008B
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFF00
| body2 = 00BFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFF00
| shorts2 = FFFF00
| socks2 = 00008B
| first = [[2025 Rugby Premier League#League stage|24–5]] vs [[Mumbai Dreamers]]
| bigwin = [[2025 Rugby Premier League#Playoffs|41–0]] vs [[Delhi Redz]]
| bigloss = [[2025 Rugby Premier League#League stage|0–26]] vs [[Bengaluru Bravehearts]]
| url = https://chennaibullsrugby.com/
| current = 2025 Rugby Premier League
| prevseason =
| nextseason =
}}

'''Chennai Bulls''' is a professional [[rugby sevens]] franchise team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-04-04 |title=Rugby 7s franchise-based league set to launch in Mumbai in June |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/rugby/rugby-7s-premier-league-franchises-players-dates-venue-live-streaming-info-all-you-need-to-know/article69413046.ece/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], it competes in the [[Rugby Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Inaugural six-team Rugby Premier League set to debut in India in 2025 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/inaugural-six-team-rugby-premier-league-set-to-debut-in-india-in-2025-19569241.htm |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Alex Davis (rugby union)|Alex Davis]] is the captain while [[Ben Gollings]] is the coach as of 2025.

==Owners==
The team is owned by AVID Sports, a division of the Indian-Australian company AvidSys Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2025-04-05 |title=Rugby Premier League to debut with six teams |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/rugby-premier-league-to-debut-with-six-teams/articleshow/119991024.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Chennai Bulls is the only foreign-owned franchise in the Rugby Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETLegalWorld.com |title=AvidSys Group acquires franchise in India's first Rugby Premier League; Trilegal advises - ET LegalWorld |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-business/avidsys-group-acquires-franchise-in-indias-first-rugby-premier-league-trilegal-advises/120522661 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Squad==
===2025===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:yellow; color:#000000"|Player
!style="background:yellow; color:#000000"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Forward
|-
| [[Joseva Talacolo]]
| {{FIJ}}
|-
| [[Nikias Lohe]]
| {{GER}}
|-
| [[Muhammed Jasim]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Akhil Anand]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Hybrid
|-
| [[Terry Kennedy (rugby union, born 1996)|Terry Kennedy]]
| {{IRL}}
|-
| [[Alex Davis (rugby union)|Alex Davis]] '''(C)'''
| {{GBR}}
|-
| [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]
| {{SAM}}
|-
| [[Aryan Dixit]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| Gaurav Kumar
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Back
|-
| [[Joaquín Pellandini]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Filipe Sauturaga]]
| {{FIJ}}
|-
| [[Vallabh Patil]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Shanawaz Ahmed]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Haakon Oess]]
| {{GER}}
|-
| [[Mohammed Ashique]]
| {{IND}}
|}
[https://www.rugbypremierleague.in/teams/chennai-bulls-31/squad Source]

==Captaincy record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Player
! Duration
! Best result
! Ref
|-
! {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alex Davis (rugby union)|Alex Davis]]
| 2025–present
| bgcolor=gold|Champions
|
|}

==Staff & personnel==
===Coaches===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Coach
! Duration
! Best result
! Ref
|-
! {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Gollings]]
| 2025–present
| bgcolor=gold|Champions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-14 |title=From Olympics gold medallists to World Cup winners: Meet the teams, best players, coaches in Rugby Premier League |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/45510738/olympics-gold-medallists-world-cup-winners-meet-teams-best-players-coaches-rugby-premier-league |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Kit sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Season
! Kit manufacturer
! Main sponsor
! Back sponsor
! Sleeve sponsor
|-
! [[2025 Rugby Premier League|2025]]
| Struddys
|
|
| [[Priority Pass]]
|}

==Performance record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Season
! Standing
! Result
! Matches
! Won
! Draw
! Lost
! Most tries
! Most points
|- bgcolor=gold
! [[2025 Rugby Premier League|2025]]
| 2/6
| '''Champions'''
| 12
| 8
| 1
| 3
| [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]
| [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]
|-
! Total
! colspan=6| ''Champions x 1''
! {{nowrap| [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]}}
! {{nowrap| [[Va'a Apelu Maliko]]}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/worlds-first-rugby-sevens-franchise-based-league-to-start-in-india/

{{Rugby union in India}}

[[Category:Rugby Premier League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]

Trivandrum V. Surendran

2026-03-15T06:02:35Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Done

{{Short description|Indian mridangam exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Trivandrum V. Surendran
| caption =
| image_size =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = Carnatic music
| instrument = [[Mridangam]]
| years_active =
}}
| alias =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Musician
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|08|14}}
| birth_place = [[Edappazhanji]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]])
| birth_name = V. Surendran
| death_date =
| death_place =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
| website =
| spouse = K. Sushila
| parents =
| children = 2
}}
'''Trivandrum V. Surendran''' is a [[mridangam]] exponent from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He received several awards including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], and [[Madras Music Academy]] Award.

==Biography==
V. Surendran was born on August 14, 1942 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=Trivandrum V Surendran |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1740998170_Trivandrum%20V%20Surendran_11zon.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> A native of Edappazhanji of Thiruvananthapuram, he learned instrumental lessons from his uncle P. Gangadharan Nair.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2">{{cite news |title=മൃദംഗത്തിൽ തലസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ താളപ്പെരുക്കം |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/sunday-special/sundayspecial-1.8021064 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=5 November 2022 |language=en |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429083616/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/sunday-special/sundayspecial-1.8021064 |url-status=live }}</ref> Surendran graduated from [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the first batch of 1959.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam">{{cite web |title=തിരുവനന്തപുരം വി.സുരേന്ദ്രന് ചെമ്പൈ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2022/nov/05/chembai-award-to-v-surendran-162965.html |website=Samakalika Malayalam |publisher=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |language=ml |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061149/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2022/nov/05/chembai-award-to-v-surendran-162965.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed ''Ganabhushanam course'' from there in 1962.<ref name="bharat times">{{cite news |title=Trivandrum V. Surendran's mridangam magic - Bharat Times |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/trivandrum-v-surendrans-mridangam-magic/ |agency=bharat times |date=16 December 2022 |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429075640/https://news.bharattimes.co.in/trivandrum-v-surendrans-mridangam-magic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After studying mridangam for four years under the famous mridangam player Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair, he became a disciple of [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] under the [[Gurukula]] system of education with a scholarship from the Government of India, Ministry of Culture.<ref name="Samakalika Malayalam"/> It was his guru Mani Iyer who gave him the name Trivandrum V. Surendran.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഗുരുപാതയിലെ മൃദംഗമാധുരി |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/2017/feb/21/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86---%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF-251.html |website=Samakalika Malayalam |publisher=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |language=ml |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200918005919/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/2017/feb/21/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86---%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF-251.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1970, he became a teacher at the Swathi Thirunal Music College, where he studied.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> In 1974, at the age of 28, he joined [[Kozhikode]] [[All India Radio|Akashvani]] as a staff artist in the music department and worked in Akashvani for thirty years.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=പാലക്കാട് മണി അയ്യരുടെ പ്രിയശിഷ്യന്‍ തിരുവനന്തപുരം വി. സുരേന്ദ്രന്റെ കലാജീവിതത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് |url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/online/php/print.php?id=3174001 |work=archived from mathrubhumi.com |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200918005919/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/online/php/print.php?id=3174001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also conducted many workshops on Mridangam in India and abroad.<ref name="SNA" />

===Personal life===
Surendran lives with his wife K. Sushila in Edappazhanji Vivekananda Nagar Dhwani.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> Of the two sons, Sandeep is an expert in mridangam and Shankar in [[violin]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>

==Musical career==
He is one of the exponents of ''Thanjavur Bani'' style in mridangam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

In 1981, Surendran was appointed to the Thiruvananthapuram Akashvani, where he had the opportunity to play Mritangam with many prominent musicians at the Navratri Mandapam Music Festival.<ref name="bharat times"/> He has performed with many noted instrumentalists such as [[Chembai]], [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]], [[S. Balachander]], [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Drumming to the rhythms of perfection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/sep/27/drumming-to-the-rhythms-of-perfection-1877570.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429080124/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/sep/27/drumming-to-the-rhythms-of-perfection-1877570.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Surendran received many awards including [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], [[Madras Music Academy]] Award, Navarasa Sangeetha Sabha Award, Sangeetha Bharata Puraskaram, Mridanga Vadyaratnam Award and Madurai Sangeetha Sabha's Layavadyavisharad honour.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He received Sree Guruvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram in November 2022.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=G. S. |title=Trivandrum V. Surendran's mridangam magic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/trivandrum-v-surendrans-mridangam-magic/article66270083.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 December 2022 |language=en-IN |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429075637/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/trivandrum-v-surendrans-mridangam-magic/article66270083.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 he received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for [[Carnatic music|Carnatic instrumental]]-mridangam <ref>{{cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards for the year 2019 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/feb/doc2023223162001.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429082918/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/feb/doc2023223162001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ബിയാട്രിസിനും സദനം വാസുദേവനും വി. സുരേന്ദ്രനും : സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമി ഫെലോഷിപ്പ് |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/17sep2020-1.5059163 |access-date=16 September 2023 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200917025610/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/17sep2020-1.5059163 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surendran, Trivandrum V.}}
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Boka Chaul

2026-03-07T00:18:19Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new new pg - done

{{Short description|Type of short-grained rice from Assam, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Boka Chaul
| image = File:Close-up of Boka Chaul rice.jpg
| alt = Close-up of Boka Chaul rice
| caption = Close-up of Boka Chaul rice
| alternative names = Boka, Banta Boka, Bhokhoorie Boka, Boka jahinga, Jokhoroo boka, Khamti boka, Laobuka, Para chakhua, Ranga bokadha, Ronga boka, Santi boka, Booka, Baga jhul and Boga

| description =Boka Chaul is a rice variety cultivated in [[Assam]]
| type =
| area = Assam
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 30 July 2018
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/558|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Boka Chaul''' is a variety of short-grained [[rice]] mainly grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borthakur |first1=Anwesha |title=The Resilience of Traditional Knowledge Systems for a Sustainable Future |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-56858-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Resilience_of_Traditional_Knowledge/_ZQ0EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=boka+chaul&pg=PA73&printsec=frontcover |access-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of GI Tags of Assam |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/visualstories/webstories/compete-list-of-gi-tags-of-assam-37969-23-05-2023 |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=www.indiatodayne.in |date=23 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in the Lower [[Brahmaputra Valley]] Zone of Assam, encompassing the districts of [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup Rural]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], and [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] falling in [[Lower Assam division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Boka Chaul: Rice of Assam Belongs Magical Figure |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354537518_Boka_Chaul_Rice_of_Assam_Belongs_Magical_Figure#:~:text=We%20previously%20produced%20the%20JAPAN,lines%20in%20a%20breeding%20program. |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam soft rice gets GI tag |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-soft-rice-gets-gi-tag/cid/1457163 |access-date=11 December 2024 |agency=The Telegraph}}</ref> Boka Chaul is a brand or group name associated with a specific type of [[parboiled rice]]. This rice is produced by parboiling whole grains of a unique winter rice variety called Boka dhan. Soaking the kernels in cold water (at ambient temperature) is sufficient to prepare Boka chaul for consumption.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Jahnabi |title=Agrarian System of Medieval Assam |date=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-967-4 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Agrarian_System_of_Medieval_Assam/lTvmPLv5_V0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=boka+chaul&pg=PA70&printsec=frontcover |access-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Boka Chaul".<ref name=":0" />

==Name==
Boka chaul, literally translated as "soft rice" in the local state language of [[Assamese language|Assamese]], derives its name from the word "Boka" meaning "mud" - reflecting the soft texture of the rice while "Chaul" means rice.

==Description==
Boka Chaul, often hailed as the "Magic Rice", is a unique variety renowned for its extraordinary property of requiring no cooking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Magic rice set for US debut |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/magic-rice-set-for-us-debut/cid/1531651 |access-date=11 December 2024 |agency=The Telegraph}}</ref> This special rice, when soaked in tepid water for a few minutes, transforms into a soft, cooked rice-like texture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pathak |first1=Kamal Chandra |title=Peasantry Their Problem and Protest in Assam (1858-1894) |date=14 February 2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1618-1 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Peasantry_Their_Problem_and_Protest_in_A/4dAAAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=boka+chaul&pg=PT11&printsec=frontcover |access-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The secret lies in its low amylose content. [[Amylose]], a type of starch, is responsible for the firmness of rice grains. Boka Chaul, with significantly lower amylose levels compared to regular rice, becomes soft and easily digestible.<ref name=":0" />

===Cultivation and geographical significance===
# Boka Chaul thrives in the fertile alluvial soils of the [[Brahmaputra Valley|Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone]].
# The rich sediments deposited by the [[Brahmaputra River]] create ideal conditions for cultivating this unique rice variety.

===Cultural significance and culinary uses===
# History: In the 17th century, it served as a vital source of sustenance for the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] soldiers who defended their kingdom against the invading [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘The rice that needs no cooking’: magic rice variety from Assam gets GI tag |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/the-rice-that-needs-no-cooking-magic-rice-variety-from-assam-gets-gi-tag-5299318/ |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
# Traditional Food: A popular summer food and often consumed during religious ceremonies.
# Modern Usage: A convenient food option for busy lifestyles, especially for the armed forces.
# Boka chaular [[Jolpan|Jalpan]] (Jalpan prepared from Boka chaul): Assamese breakfast often enjoyed with curd, jaggery, or other accompaniments.
# Versatile Food: Can be consumed as a standalone dish, a breakfast cereal, or as a part of various meals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bardoloi |first1=B. K. |last2=Athaparia |first2=R. P. |title=Assam |date=2002 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7046-128-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Assam/ofT90TF7pJcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=boka+chaul&dq=boka+chaul&printsec=frontcover |access-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 30 July 2018 and is valid until 24 July 2026.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Boka Chaul |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/558 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borthakur |first1=Anwesha |last2=Singh |first2=Pardeep |title=Addressing the Climate Crisis in the Indian Himalayas: Can Traditional Ecological Knowledge Help? |date=2024 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-50097-8 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Addressing_the_Climate_Crisis_in_the_Ind/_2D8EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=boka+chaul&pg=PA85&printsec=frontcover |access-date=11 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Lotus Progressive Centre (LPC) and Centre for Environment Education (CEE) from Guwahati, proposed the GI registration of Boka Chaul.<ref>{{cite news |title=Geographical Indication tag sought for Boka Chaul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/geographical-indication-tag-sought-for-boka-chaul/articleshow/54399008.cms |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=19 September 2016}}</ref> After filing the application in July 2018, the rice was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Boka Chaul" exclusive to the rice grown in the region. It thus became the second rice variety from Assam after [[Joha rice]] and the seventh type of goods from Assam to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=APEDA launches gluten-free millet products for all age groups at affordable prices |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1821647&reg=3&lang=1 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the rice from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Rice varieties of India]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Assam]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Assam]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Assam]]

Haryana Legislative Assembly

2026-03-06T21:50:06Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Unicameral state legislature in India}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature| name = Haryana Legislative Assembly
| native_name = Hariyāṇā Vidhāna Sabhā'
| legislature = [[15th Haryana Assembly]]
| coa_pic =
| coa_res=150
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader8 = '''Rajender Kumar Nandal'''
| leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader1 = '''[[Harvinder Kalyan]]'''
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 8 October 2024
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = '''[[Krishan Lal Middha]]'''
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 8 October 2024
| leader3_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader3 = '''[[Nayab Singh Saini]]'''
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 12 March 2024
| election4 = 12 September 2024
| leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader6 = '''[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]'''
| party6 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election6 = 29 September 2025
| leader8_type = [[Secretary|Assembly Secretary]]
| leader7 =
| structure1 = File:Haryana Legislative Assembly diagram October 2024.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| seats = 90
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Haryana|Government]] (51)'''<ref name=a177 />
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (48)<ref name=a177>Article 177, [[Constitution of India]]</ref>
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)<ref>{{cite web|title=Haryana Assembly Elections: All 3 Independent MLAs extend support to BJP|website=The Hindu|date=2024-10-09|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/haryana-assembly-elections-all-3-independent-mlas-extend-support-to-bjp/article68736496.ece|access-date=2024-10-22}}</ref>
'''Opposition (39)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (37)
'''Other Opposition'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}}} [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]] (2)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|5 October 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2029]]
| session_room = [[File:Assembly 09.jpg|250px]]
| meeting_place = [[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)|Palace of Assembly]], [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Haryana Legislative Assembly''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Hariyāṇā Vidhāna Sabhā'') is the [[unicameral legislature]] of the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. The seating of the assembly is at [[Chandigarh]], the capital of the state. There are {{wikidata|property|P1342}} seats in the house filled by direct election using a single-member [[first-past-the-post voting]] system. The term of office is five years.<ref name="HVS">{{cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/haryana.htm |publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website |access-date=29 January 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226050146/https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/haryana.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Significance==
[[Council of Ministers of Haryana]] is responsible to '''Haryana Legislative Assembly'''.

==History==
The body was founded in 1966, when the state was created from part of the state of Punjab, by the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]]. The house initially had 54 seats, ten reserved for [[scheduled castes]], this was increased to 81 seats in March 1967, and to 90 seats (including 17 reserved seats) in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/haryana/haryana-w.htm |publisher=Legislative Bodies in India website |access-date=3 May 2014 |archive-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227051116/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/haryana/haryana-w.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest number of seats ever won was in 1977 when [[Janata Party]] won 75 out of 90 seats in the aftermath of the [[The Emergency (India)|1975–77 emergency]] by [[Indian National Congress]]'s (INC) [[Indira Gandhi]]. INC won only 3 seats, [[Vishal Haryana Party]] and independents both won 5 seats each.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/haryana/haryana-election-2019-if-bjp-won-75-seats-then-history-will-repeat-itself-after-42-years-299029|title=Haryana Election 2019: भाजपा को मिली 75 सीटें तो 42 साल बाद इतिहास खुद को दोहराएगा- हरिभूमि, Haribhoomi|first=Somdat|last=Sharma|date=22 August 2019|website=www.haribhoomi.com|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928215826/https://www.haribhoomi.com/haryana/haryana-election-2019-if-bjp-won-75-seats-then-history-will-repeat-itself-after-42-years-299029|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the formation of Haryana in 1966, the state politics became infamously dominated by the [[nepotism|nepotistic]] clans of five [[Political families of Haryana|political dynasts]], Lal trio ([[Political families of Haryana#Devi Lal clan|Devi Lal]], [[Political families of Haryana#Bansi Lal clan|Bansi Lal]] and [[Political families of Haryana#Bhajan Lal clan|Bhajan Lal]]) as well as the [[Political families of Haryana#Hooda clan|Hooda clan]] and [[Political families of Haryana#Rao Birender clan|Rao Birender clan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sat |title=In the land of fence-sitters |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/opinion/in-the-land-of-fence-sitters-313531 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=www.millenniumpost.in |date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131210652/http://www.millenniumpost.in/opinion/in-the-land-of-fence-sitters-313531 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Deeksha |title=How 5 families over 3 generations have controlled Haryana's politics from day one |url=https://theprint.in/politics/how-5-families-over-3-generations-have-controlled-haryanas-politics-from-day-one/228851/ |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129143518/https://theprint.in/politics/how-5-families-over-3-generations-have-controlled-haryanas-politics-from-day-one/228851/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mewat region]], remotely to the rest of Haryana since its formation, has been dominated by three major political dynasts ([[Political families of Haryana#Tayyab Husain Clan of Mewat|Tayyab Husain]], [[Political families of Haryana#Rahim Khan Clan of Mewat|Rahim Khan]], [[Political families of Haryana#Ahmed Clan of Nuh|Khurshid Ahmed]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=2023-08-07 |title=Meo dynasts have always dominated politics in Mewat — a look at region’s leaders, past & present |url=https://theprint.in/politics/meo-dynasts-have-always-dominated-politics-in-mewat-a-look-at-regions-leaders-past/1702901/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The infamous [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]] politics, named after [[Gaya Lal]] in 1967, of frequent [[Crossing the floor|floor-crossing]], [[turncoat]]ing, [[Party switching|switching parties]] and [[Horse trading|political horse trading]] within short span of time became associated with Haryana.<ref name=ddd4>Paras Diwan, 1979, Aya Ram Gaya Ram: The Politics Of Defection, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol. 21, No. 3, July–September 1979, pp. 291-312.</ref><ref name=ddd3>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Chitleen K. |title=As turncoats grab headlines, a look back at the original 'Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/as-turncoats-grab-headlineslook-back-at-original-aaya-ram-gaya-ram/60324/ |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=19 May 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130061325/https://theprint.in/politics/as-turncoats-grab-headlineslook-back-at-original-aaya-ram-gaya-ram/60324/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ddd1>{{cite web |last1=Prakash |first1=Satya |title=Here is all you wanted to know about the anti-defection law |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/here-is-all-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-anti-defection-law/story-49d09jR4iSNmKI5w83u2IL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2016 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823050801/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/here-is-all-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-anti-defection-law/story-49d09jR4iSNmKI5w83u2IL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ddd2>{{cite web |last1=Siwach |first1=Sukhbir |title='Aaya Ram Gaya Ram' Haryana's gift to national politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Aaya-Ram-Gaya-Ram-Haryanas-gift-to-national-politics/articleshow/11188018.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127134149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-21/chandigarh/30542163_1_bhajan-lal-bansi-lal-vinod-bhayana |url-status=live |archive-date=27 January 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;"
|-
!Election
! '''Legislative Assembly''' !! From !! To !! First sitting
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|1st Assembly || 1 November 1966 || 28 February 1967   || 6 December 1966
|-
|[[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|2nd Assembly || 17 March 1967 || 21 November 1967   || 17 March 1967
|-
|[[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|3rd Assembly || 15 July 1968 || 21 January 1972   || 15 July 1968
|-
|[[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|4th Assembly || 3 April 1972 || 30 April 1977   || 3 April 1972
|-
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th Assembly || 4 July 1977 || 19 April 1982 || 4 July 1977
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|6th Assembly || 24 June 1982 || 23 June 1987 || 24 June 1982
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|7th Assembly || 9 July 1987 || 6 April 1991 || 9 July 1987
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|8th Assembly || 9 July 1991 || 10 May 1996 || 9 July 1991
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|9th Assembly || 22 May 1996 || 14 December 1999 || 22 May 1996
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|10th Assembly || 9 March 2000 || 8 March 2005 || 9 March 2000
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|11th Assembly || 21 March 2005 || 21 August 2009 || 21 March 2005
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|12th Assembly || 28 October 2009 || 20 October 2014 || 28 October 2009
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|13th Assembly || 20 October 2014 || 28 October 2019 || 27 October 2014
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[14th Haryana Assembly|14th Assembly]]
|28 October 2019
|8 October 2024
|4 November 2019
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|15th Assembly
|8 October 2024
|
|
|}

== Floor Leaders and Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Designation !! Name
|-
| [[List of governors of Haryana|Governor]] || [[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]]
|-
| Speaker || [[Harvinder Kalyan]]
|-
| Deputy Speaker || [[Krishan Lal Middha]]
|-
|[[Leader of the House of Haryana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]] || [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|-
|[[Leader of Opposition of Haryana Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] || [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|-
| Secretary of Legislative Assembly || Rajender Kumar Nandal
|}[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Haryana.svg|thumb|Haryana Legislative Assembly constituencies, reserved constituencies in yellow.|none]]

== List of Assemblies ==
The elections for the Haryana Vidhan Sabha are being held since 1967.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ElectionStatistics.aspx | title=Election results - Full statistical reports | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Legislative Assembly Election
! colspan=2| Party
! Chief Minister
! Seat split
|-
|1966
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|First Assembly*]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagwat Dayal Sharma]]
| Constituted out of Punjab assembly
|-
| rowspan="2" |1967
| rowspan="2" |[[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Second Assembly]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | Total: 81. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 48, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]: 12, Independents: 16
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}{{Efn|defected from [[Indian National Congress]]}}<ref name="ddd3"/>
|[[Rao Birender Singh]]
|-
|1968
|[[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Third Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=2|[[Bansi Lal]]
| Total: 81. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 48, [[Vishal Haryana Party|VHP]]: 16, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]: 7
|----
|rowspan=2|1972
|rowspan=2|[[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Fourth Assembly]]
| rowspan=2|Total: 81. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 52, [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|NCO]]: 12
|-
|[[Banarsi Das Gupta]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1977
|rowspan=2|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Fifth Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Party}}
|[[Chaudhary Devi Lal]]
| rowspan=2|Total: 90. [[Janata Party|Janata]]: 75, [[Vishal Haryana Party|VHP]]: 5, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 3
|-
|[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1982
|rowspan=2|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Sixth Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]]
| rowspan=2|Total: 90. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 36, [[Lok Dal]]: 31 + [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 6, Independents: 16
|-
|[[Bansi Lal]]
|-
|rowspan=6|1987
|rowspan=6|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Seventh Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Janata Dal}}
|[[Chaudhary Devi Lal]]
| rowspan=6|Total: 90. [[Janata Dal]]: 60 + [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 16, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 5
|-
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|-
|[[Banarsi Das Gupta]]
|-
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|-
|[[Hukam Singh (Haryana politician)|Hukam Singh Phogat]]
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|-
|1991
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Eighth Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]]
| Total: 90. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 51
|-
|rowspan=2|1996
|rowspan=2|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Ninth Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|[[Bansi Lal]]
| rowspan=2|Total: 90. [[Haryana Vikas Party|HVP]]: 33 + [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 11, [[Samata Party|SAP]]: 24, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 9
|-
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|rowspan=2|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|-
|2000
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Tenth Assembly]]
| Total: 90. [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]: 47 + [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 6, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 21
|-
|2005
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Eleventh Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=2|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| Total: 90. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 67, [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]: 9
|-
|2009
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Twelfth Assembly]]
| Total: 90. [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 40, [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]: 31, [[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|HJC(BL)]]: 6, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 4
|-
|2014
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Thirteenth Assembly]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan=2|[[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| Total: 90. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 47 (post-defections 52), [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]: 19, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 15
|-
|2019
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Fourteenth Assembly]]
| Total: 90. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 40, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 31, [[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]]: 10, Others: 9
|-
|2024
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth Assembly]]
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| Total: 90. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]: 48, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 37, [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]:2, Others: 3
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{{transcluded section|source=15th Haryana Assembly}}
{{#section-h:15th Haryana Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}

==See also==
* [[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]
* [[Political families of Haryana|Dynastic politics of Haryana]]
* [[Elections in Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://haryanaassembly.gov.in/}}
*[http://hrsdi.in/link/adm/Assembly%20Consitutency.pdf Map of Haryana Assembly constituencies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026125938/http://hrsdi.in/link/adm/Assembly%20Consitutency.pdf |date=26 October 2019 }}, created by [[Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar]]

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Haryana elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Politics of India by state or territory}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Haryana Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Haryana|Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]

Mani (film)

2026-03-04T07:28:00Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Started Data...

{{short description|2003 Indian film by Yograj Bhat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mani
| image = Mani (film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Yograj Bhat]]
| producer = Kari Subbu
| writer = [[Duniya Soori|Soori]] {{small|(Dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[Yograj Bhat]] [[Duniya Soori|Soori]]
| story = Kari Subbu
| starring = [[Mayur Patel]] [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]]
| music = {{plainlist|
*'''Score:''' [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
* '''Songs:''' Raja
}}
| cinematography = Jnanamurthy (Sugnan)
| editing = S Manohar
| studio = Vaishnavi Visions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|12|12}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
| based_on =
}}

'''''Mani''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by debutant [[Yogaraj Bhat|Yograj Bhat]]. It features [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] in the titular role, [[Mayur Patel]] and [[Umashree]]. While Umashree plays a prostitute, Radhika plays her daughter.<ref name="H"/> The supporting cast includes [[Sanketh Kashi|Kashi]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] and Karisubbu. The [[Film score|score]] for the film is by [[Rajesh Ramanath]] and soundtrack for the film is by Raja. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Sollattuma'' with a few reshot scenes.<ref name="H">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2005 |title=Big Time for Li'l Girl |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/big-time-for-lil-girl/article28585258.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125010645/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/big-time-for-lil-girl/article28585258.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Mayur Patel]] as Kummi
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] as Mani
* [[Umashree]] as Shantakka
* [[Sanketh Kashi]] as Dasanna
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as [[assistant commissioner of police]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Chami
* Karisubbu as corrupt police officer
* Anand
* [[Nagashekar]]
* Myna Chandru
* Renuka Prasad
* [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]]
* Karthik Sharma
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mani
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Raja
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Kari Subbu
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's background score was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath|Rajesh Ramnath]] and the soundtracks are composed by Raja. The music rights were acquired by Ananda Audio.<ref>{{Citation|last=|title=Mani - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mani/gQEYVkM4fqo_|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Ratho Ratho
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Bengaluru Thayi Annamma
| lyrics2 = [[Duniya Soori|Soori]]
| extra2 = [[B. Jayashree]], Gururaj Hosakote, [[Mayur Patel]], Nagendrika, [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Nanna Edaya Thotadalli
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[M. D. Pallavi]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Savira Nadigalella
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Sangamavo
| lyrics5 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra5 = [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]], Bappi
| length5 =
| title6 = Barede Premakathe
| length6 =
| extra6 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| all_writing =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Viggy]]'' wrote that "In a nutshell, Yogaraj Bhat's ''Mani'' is a perfectly polished pearl that shines among the lot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_mani.asp|title='Mani' film review - a film by Yogaraj Bhat having Radhika in the lead|website=[[Viggy.com]]|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka]]'' wrote that "Hats off to the new director for striking to our eyes the realities happening around us. The style adopted by the director is simple yet marvelous".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2859-mani-review.html|title=Mani Movie Review - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image|website=[[Chitraloka.com]]|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote: "Debutant director Yogaraj Bhat has done a brilliant job of depicting a hypocritical male dominated society, helplessness of a prostitute and the humanity surrounding it in this film." He added, "The story is well-knit and has a touch of freshness. The way in which love blooms between the two hearts in a prostitution area is watchable. The dialogues have been written carefully to avoid double meanings and vulgarity as the film also deals with prostitution." He concluded the performances of the lead actors and the art direction by [[Shashidhar Adapa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=S. N. |title=Mani |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec14/mr5.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519070514/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec14/mr5.asp |archive-date=19 May 2006 |date=14 December 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award !!Category !!Recipient !!Result !!Ref
|-
|rowspan=3|[[2003–04 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Rangayana Raghu]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-01/bangalore/27838036_1_awards-bags-jnanpith-winner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-01-01/bangalore/27838036_1_awards-bags-jnanpith-winner|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title='Chigurida Kanasu' bags 4 awards|date=1 January 2005|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Umashree]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|Karisubbu
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14441402}}

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2003 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yogaraj Bhat]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raja]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Avarude Raavukal

2026-03-03T20:34:02Z

Anuj tripathi 111: brief cleanup details based on references additionally

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avarude Ravukal
| image = Avarude Raavukal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shanil Muhammed
| producer = Ajay Krishnan
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Shanil Muhammed
* Rojin Thomas
}}
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Vinay Forrt]] [[Honey Rose]] [[Milana Nagaraj]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
| music = Sankar Sharma
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Narayan]]
| editing = [[Prejish Prakash]]
| distributor = Sopanam Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|2017|06|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Avarude Ravukal''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film written and directed by Shanil Muhammed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Unni-Mukundan-in-a-rugged-look-in-Avarude-Ravukal/articleshow/53786360.cms|title = Unni Mukundan in a rugged look in Avarude Ravukal - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 January 2017 }}</ref> It features [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Vinay Forrt]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Milana Nagaraj]], and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. It was produced by Ajay Krishnan under the banner of Ajay entertainments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/avarude-ravukal/articleshow/54015234.cms|title = Avarude Ravukal - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=5 September 2016 }}</ref>
The film was released on 23 June 2017 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/avarude-ravukal/movie-review/59298777.cms|title = Avarude Ravukal Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Avarude Ravukal by Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film follows three youngsters from different places and their search for a new life in Cochin City. Ashik, Sidharth, and Vijay stay together in the house of an old man named Scobo Jones for free by solving a puzzle. How Jones teaches them that there are two ways to approach any problem and that often only one path, that too with repetitive effort, will turn struggling events into unexpected bliss forms the plot of the movie.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Aashik Pattavayal / Aashiq Abu
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Siddharth Gopan
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Vijay Krishnan
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Scobo Jones
* [[Honey Rose]] as Shivani Jayan, senior manager at Blue Seven Star
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Deepa Manoj
* [[Milana Nagaraj]] as Meghna
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Vinod Mannarkkad, A Junior Artist
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Manoj Kuruvila, film director
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Dr.Jayamurugan, psychiatrist at JM Clinic
* [[Vinitha Koshy]] as Mareena
* [[Nisha Sarang]] as Bindhu Jayamurugan
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Siddharth's mother
* Prashanth Alexander As Buji Pattavayal
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] As Assistant Director
* Kiran Aravindakshan as Advocate
* Aishwarya Chandran
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Sunny (Cameo)
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Shine (Cameo)
* [[Sanju Sivram]] as Sanju (Cameo)
* Gokulan As Pattavayal Sasi
* Anand Gopinathan As Sam
* Santosh Sleeba As Cricket Commentator
* Jithan V Soubhagom as Library Buji
}}

==Production==
In 2015 Shanil Muhammed, who earlier directed the [[Malayalam]] [[children's film]], [[Philips and the Monkey Pen]], announced the film titled Avarude Ravukal with [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Unni Mukundan]], and [[Honey Rose]] in the lead roles. The shooting of the film held at Kochi, Salem, Attappadi, Munnar and Vagamon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/18537/malayalam/avarude-raavukal/preview/|title = Avarude Ravukal Malayalam Movie Preview, Synopsis Malayalam movie Avarude Ravukal Preview, Synopsis}}</ref>

The film's producer, Ajay Krishnan, committed suicide on 24 April 2016, a month before the scheduled release of the film. It was widely reported that the producer was unhappy after watching the preview of the film and was also having some financial problems.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Avarude-Ravukal-producer-commits-suicide/articleshow/51965021.cms "Avarude Ravukal producer commits suicide". ''The Times of India''. Retrieved September 9, 2017.]</ref> Ajay's girlfriend Vineetha Nair also committed suicide a week after Ajay's death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-avarude-raavukal-producer-ajay-krishnan-his-girlfriend-vineetha-found-dead-police-677179|title=After 'Avarude Raavukal' producer Ajay Krishnan, his girlfriend Vineetha found dead; police confirms suicide|last=James|first=Anu|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en}}</ref> Ajay's untimely death delayed the release of the film and it was released one year later on 23 June 2017.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5969628/ Avarude Raavukal], IMDb

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]

Anukoni Prayanam

2026-03-03T09:27:25Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting the info from scratch!

{{Short description|South Indian movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anukoni Prayanam
| image = Anukoni Prayanam Theatrical Release Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Paruchuri brothers]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Dr. Jagan Mohan D.Y
| screenplay = Venkatesh Pediredla
| producer = Dr. Jagan Mohan D.Y
| director = Venkatesh Pediredla
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]]
| music = S Siva Dinavahi
| cinematography = Mallikarjun Naragani
| editing = Ram Tumu
| studio = Apple Creations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/the-beginning-of-an-unexpected-journey-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1822040311183380 |title=అనుకోని ప్రయాణం ఆరంభం |work=Andhra Jyoti|date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018084012/https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/the-beginning-of-an-unexpected-journey-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1822040311183380 |archive-date=2022-10-18 }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/anukoni-prayanam |title= Anukoni Prayanam (2022) |work=Moviebuff}}</ref>
| runtime = 118 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Anukoni Prayanam''''' ({{translation|''An Unexpected Journey''}}) is 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Philosophical fiction|philosophical film]], written and directed by [[Venkatesh Pediredla]]. It is produced by Jaganmohan DY, under the banner of Apple Creations. The film stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] in the lead roles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/rajendra-prasad-and-narasimharaju-are-starring-in-the-film-anukoni-prayanam-804251 |title=కరోనా వేళ ప్రయాణం |work=Namaste Telangana|date=18 October 2022 }}</ref> with music composed by S. Siva Dinavahi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qobuz.com/us-en/album/anukoni-prayanam-siva-dinavahi-madhukiran-maddikunta-rehman/xnqxz0k49fnlc |title=Anukoni Prayanam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |work=qobuz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prajasakti.com/Anukoni-Prayanam-Trailer-released |title='అనుకోని ప్రయాణం' ది బెస్ట్‌ చిత్రం : రాజేంద్ర ప్రసాద్‌ |work=Praja Shakti|date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018083536/https://prajasakti.com/Anukoni-Prayanam-Trailer-released |archive-date=2022-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anukoni Prayanam - Official Trailer {{!}} Telugu Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/anukoni-prayanam-official-trailer/videoshow/94915621.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandan |first=Deepthi |date=2022-10-28 |title=Anukoni Prayanam review: An emotional story set in the backdrop of death and Covid-19 lockdown |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/anukoni-prayanam-telugu-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at [[Bhubaneswar]] [[Odisha]], where migrant laborers from various places work in a construction company. Among them are two best friends, Rajendra and Ramu. Rajendra views the world cynically, whereas Ramu firmly believes in relations. Ramu resides in a small village near Rajahmundry where his wife, their widowed daughter and grandson are staying. Once, their co-worker Nagulu is glad tidings birth of a baby girl. The supervisor refuses to grant leave as the bond. However, things changed quickly with the ambuscade of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] when the Govt declared lockdown, and everyone was about to go to their native places. Thereby, Nagulu rushes, but hard luck strikes him, and he becomes an electric shock victim. Due to stipulations, the contractor does not even dispatch his body to his place. The same night, the mates discuss amidst alcohol setting when Ramu affirms that he discards this kind of death and longs for his funeral, engulfed in mourning around all his men.

The following day, Ramu requests Rajendra to accompany him; despite rejection initially, he too boards the bus. Suddenly, the burglars are onslaught when, as a flabbergast, everyone detects it is Ramu's corpse. Then, Rajendra expresses that, tragically, Ramu had broken down at the bus stop and left his breath caused by [[Cardiac arrest]]. Spotting, Rajendra laments with genuine hurt and pledges to fulfill his dear friend's last wish. Listening to it, the bandits salute their friendship and get down without harm. The passengers expel Rajendra with the stiff be frightened of the pandemic. Yet, with grit, Rajendra sets foot further by holding Ramu on his back. Ramu's family and his intimate Veerayya eagerly await his arrival.

Meanwhile, a truck solaces Rajendra, so he crosses all the states and steps in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. From there, a deaf-tempo driver drops them in the delusion that Ramu is in a faint state. He takes them to the hospital when Rajendra quietly skips and halts at a motel. Out of the blue, a thief heists his total sum with the phone by dumping him in defenseless form. In that period, Rajendra encounters an Ayurvedic Doctor, Sudhakar. By hiding Ramu, both mutually share their grief when Dr. Sudhakar clarifies Rajendra about the better half's eminence and provides a few chemicals to preserve the carcass. Hence, self-will Rajendra advances when confronting a frenzy cop; he detests lies and shoots them to death on the spot. Here, he tactically checkmates by forging Ramu as a strange patient who falls unconscious frequently. Next, Rajendra secures a woman from the goons; fortuitously, she is the cop's spouse, and they leave them till [[Vizag]]. Along the way, Rajendra somehow tricks by counterfeiting Ramu's existence.

Rajendra currently walks to the Govt hospital by veiling the body in a safe place, where Kasthuri, a nurse, stands by him after hearing his story. She follows up on all the required medical procedures and conveys them, arranging an ambulance. During this trial, Rajendra endears Kasthuri's benevolence and aspires to propose on his way back. Now, while Rajendra is collecting the body all at once, the cop surrounds him, but he lets him go, bowing down for his adherence to camaraderie. Ultimately, Rajendra reaches his goal by landing with Ramu's corpse, which sinks his family into deep sorrow. However, by bad fortune, no one presents themselves with [[Coronavirus|Corona]] 's terror. At last, Rajendra volunteers them by rousing humanity. Finally, the movie ends with Rajendra grandly performing Ramu's funeral as he pleases.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Rajendra
*[[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Ramu
*[[Ravi Babu]] as SI
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Dr.Sudhakar
*[[G. V. Narayana Rao|Narayana Rao]] as Veerayya
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Thief in Bus
*Mahesh Achanta as Thief in Dhaba
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Drunkard at crematorium
*PD Srinivas as Doctor
*[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]] as Nagulu
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Astroleger in Bus
*Gemini Suresh as Tempo Driver
*Kancharapalem Kishore
*Jogi brothers as Villagers playing [[Snakes and ladders|Snakes & ladders]]
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Gayatri
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Raju's wife
*[[Satya Krishnan]] as SI's wife
*Sonia Chowdary as Sita
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Anukoni Prayanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S Siva Dinavahi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:41
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = S Siva Dinavahi
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by S Siva Dinavahi. ADITYA Music Company released the music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wynk.in/music/album/anukoni-prayanam/am_A10400DAMTEFA2113N|title=Anukoni Prayanam (Songs) |work=Wynk Music}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp3aNl4bcpQ |title=Anukoni Prayanam (Jukebox) |work=Youtube|date=28 October 2022 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:41
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Ye Kadhanu Ye Kanchiki
| lyrics1 = Madhukiran Maddikunta
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 3:39

| title2 = The Soul Of Anukoni Prayanam
| lyrics2 = Madhukiran Maddikunta
| extra2 = Harini Ivaturi
| length2 = 3:53

| title3 = Kanta Neeru
| lyrics3 = Madhukiran Maddikunta
| extra3 = Parvathi
| length3 = 1:31

| title4 = Sontha Ooru
| lyrics4 = Rehman
| extra4 = Siva Dinavahi
| length4 = 4:38
}}

==Reception==
''Anukoni Prayanam'' received mixed reviews from critics. Deepthi Nandan from ''SOUTHFIRST'' gave a 2.5 out of five rating: "Rajendra Prasad is the pilot. Heavy drama entwined with comedy, and being old-school, appreciate its genuineness."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/anukoni-prayanam-telugu-movie-review/ |title= Anukoni Prayanam review: An emotional story set in the backdrop of death and Covid-19 lockdown |work=SOUTHFIRST|date= 28 October 2022 }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' states it as "This well-intentioned dramedy is a lengthy commentary on life" with the same rating.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anukoni Prayanam Movie Review: This well-intentioned dramedy is a lengthy commentary on life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/anukoni-prayanam/movie-review/95142870.cms | first=Paul | last=Nicodemus | date=28 October 2022 |access-date=2025-02-22 |newspaper=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|21331256}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Chakma Autonomous District Council

2026-03-01T11:55:57Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Autonomous administrative division in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color=#EEEEEE
| name = Chakma Autonomous District Council
| house_type = [[Autonomous District Council]]
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| leader1_type = Chair
| leader1 = Mohan Chakma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/cc/2024/03/27/dg-mohan-chakma-elected-uncontested-as-chairman-of-cadc/|title=Dg. Mohan Chakma elected uncontested as Chairman of CADC – Chakma Autonomous District Council}}</ref>
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Chief Executive Member of the Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]]
| leader2 = Molin Kumar Chakma
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = <ref name="Another ZPM MDC joins BJP"/>
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = 24 Councillors ('''20 Elected''' + 4 Nominated)
| structure1 = India Mizoram Chakma Autonomous District Council December 2024.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (13) '''
* {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (13)<ref name="13 MNF councillors join BJP and ZPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/13-mizoram-national-front-members-join-opposition-after-chakma-district-cems-removal-1136925-2024-12-13|title=13 Mizoram National Front members join opposition after Chakma district CEM's removal|work=India Today NE|date=13 December 2024 |accessdate=13 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="3 ZPM MDCs join BJP">{{cite web|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/mizoram/mizoram-bjp-set-to-form-government-in-cadc-with-3-zpm-mdcs-joining-party/|title=BJP Set to Form Government in CADC with 3 ZPM MDCs|work=Northeast Live|date=22 December 2024 |accessdate=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Another ZPM MDC joins BJP">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/another-zpm-mdc-joins-saffron-party-bjp-stakes-claim-to-form-chakma-council/articleshow/116604369.cms|title=Another ZPM MDC joins saffron party, BJP stakes claim to form Chakma council|work=Times of India|date=23 December 2024 |accessdate=24 December 2024}}</ref>
'''Opposition (7)'''
*{{color box|#FFF700}} [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] (6)<ref name="3 ZPM MDCs join BJP"/><ref name="Another ZPM MDC joins BJP"/>
*{{Color box|#164A99}} [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (1)<ref name="13 MNF councillors join BJP and ZPM"/>
'''Nominated (4)'''
* {{Color box|#000000}} [[Candidate|NOM]] (4)
| voting_system1 = 20 [[Plurality voting system|plurality voting]]
| voting_system2 = 4 nominated
| last_election1 = May 2023
| last_election2 =
| next_election1 = 2028
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram|Kamalanagar]], [[Mizoram]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.cadc.gov.in/}} {{URL|https://cadc.chakma.in/}}
}}
{{Chakma Sidebar|expanded = Chakma Autonomous District Council}}
The '''Chakma Autonomous District Council''' (CADC) is an autonomous council under the [[India|Republic of India]]. It is located in the [[Northeast India|Northeast Indian]] state of [[Mizoram]], of which it covers about 3.25% area of the state. It governs part of the [[Lawngtlai district]] that is sometimes called the '''Chakma District''' ('''''[[Chakma script|Chakma]]: '''𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄝𑄟𑄴''',''' ''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''Canghma Bamh'<nowiki/>'' ), a landlocked [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|autonomous district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf}}</ref> The Chakma District lies bordered to the north by [[Lunglei district|Lunglei District]], to the east by [[Lai Autonomous District Council|Lai District]], and shares international boundaries to the south with [[Chin State]] in [[Myanmar]], and to the west with the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] in Bangladesh. The administrative headquarters of the Chakma district is in [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram|Kamalanagar]] (also known as [[Lawngtlai district|Chawngte]]). Covering an area of 686.25 km2 (approximately 265 square miles), the Chakma district makes up about 3.25'''%''' of the total area of [[Mizoram]]. According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], the district is home to a population of 62,094.<ref>{{Cite web |title= CADC at a Glance – Chakma Autonomous District Council|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/cadc-at-a-glance/}}</ref>

Its headquarters is at [[Kamalanagar (Mizoram)|Kamalanagar]]. The Chakma people has been demanding to change the status of the Chakma Autonomous District Council into a Union territory under the name [[Chakmaland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/23/commentary/mizoram-minority-report.html|title=Mizoram: Minority report|website=Economic & Political Weekly|date=6 June 2009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/09/21/sc-verdict-on-chakmas-hajongs-could-prove-catastrophic-for-arunachal/|title=SC verdict on Chakmas, Hajongs could prove catastrophic for Arunachal|newspaper=Arunachal Times|author=Taba Ajum|date=21 September 2017|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2021/12/06/chakmas-condemn-mizo-govt-over-proposed-6th-schedule-amendment%20Chakmas%20condemn%20Mizoram%20Govt%20over%20proposed%206th%20Schedule%20Amendment|title=Chakmas condemn Mizo Govt over proposed 6th Schedule Amendment}}</ref>

The CADC was formed under the Sixth schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] on 29 April 1972. The council is the replication of the state assembly and exercises executive power over specially allotted departments. It is one of the three Autonomous District Councils of [[Mizoram]] state in North-East India. It is an autonomous council for ethnic [[Chakma people]] living in South-Western Mizoram bordering Bangladesh and Myanmar. There is also a growing demand for 'Chakmaland' union territory.

[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|350px|thumb|right|North Eastern autonomous divisions]]

== Etymology ==
The name ''Chakma'' derives from the [[Chakma people]], the primary inhabitants of this autonomous region. The term "''Chakma''" is believed to have historical roots, possibly deriving from the [[Sanskrit]] word '''"'''''Sakya'''''"''', referencing the followers of [[The Buddha|Buddha]], as the Chakmas have strong historical and cultural ties to [[Buddhism]].{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==History==
In 1954 the Central and Assam governments established a regional council, the ''Pawi Lakher Regional Council'' (PLRC), for the Lakhers (aka [[Mara people|Mara]]) and the Pawis (aka [[Lai people|Lai]]), in which a large number of [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] also resided. However, the PLRC could not function properly right from its inception as there was no common communication language among the three tribal communities to understand each other. The first meeting was held without understanding each other's language. Consequently, in 1958 the Maras boycotted PLRC meetings. In 1972, to resolve the issue the PLRC was divided into three regional councils and upgraded to 3 district councils for Maras, Lais and Chakmas: [[Mara Autonomous District Council|Mara Autonomous District Council (MADC)]], [[Lai Autonomous District Council|Lai Autonomous District Council (LADC)]] and CADC.<ref name="AgPlan-284" />

While [[Mara Autonomous District Council|MADC]] remained under a single district of [[Siaha district|Saiha]], CADC and [[Lai Autonomous District Council|LADC]] were accommodated under the [[Lawngtlai district]] with the district headquarters at [[Lawngtlai]]. The then Chakma leaders of the Mizo District Council and Pawi-Lakher Regional Council actively engaged themselves with the Government of Assam and the Government at the centre for the creation of an autonomous council for the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] of [[Mizoram]] with the inclusion of all Chakma inhabited areas which presently remains outside CADC. Unfortunately only the portion under Pawi-Lakher Regional council got considered. Out of that also many [[Chakma people|Chakma]] inhabited villages along the eastern bank of river [[Tuichawng]] were not considered under CADC. Thus two-third of the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] of [[Mizoram]] had to remain outside the council.<ref>{{Cite web |title= About CADC – Chakma Autonomous District Council|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/about-cadc/}}</ref>

==Geography==
The surface area of the Chakma Autonomous District Council is 686.25 km2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/|title=Chakma Autonomous District Council – The official website of the Chakma Autonomous District Council, Mizoram, India|date=11 June 2024}}</ref> The headquarters of Chakma Autonomous District Council is [[Kamalanagar (Mizoram)|Kamalanagar]], which means the land of oranges in [[Chakma language]]. It is parted into Kamalanagar -1,2,3 & 4. There is only one college in CADC called as Kamalanagar College located at Kamalanagar-2 (Randokpur).<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Government Kamalanagar College |url=http://www.gknc.in/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |language=en}}</ref> Kamalanagar is located on the north-eastern corner of C.A.D.C and on the bank of Tuichawng river. On the east of Kamalanagar town i.e. on the other bank of Toizong (Tuichawng) there stands two Mizo villages known as Chawngte P and Chawngte L. On the eastern bank of Toizong is divided by the rivulet, Chawngte L (Ponsury as called by the Chakmas) the northern bank falling under Lunglei General district and the southern bank Chawngte P, under Lai autonomous District Council.

The Chakma district falls between 21⁰58’ (N) and 22⁰45’ (N) and between 92⁰30’ (E) and 92⁰45’ (E). The tropic of cancer passes over it and its climate is hot and humid. The gentle foothills of the mighty [[Himalayas]] adorn its landscape. The two main rivers – Toijong and Thega – weave along the eastern and the western sides respectively forming its natural boundaries. In the north it is bounded by [[Lunglei district|Lunglei District]], [[Myanmar]] in the South, [[Lai Autonomous District Council|LADC]] in the east and Bangladesh in the west.

==Economy==
Majority of the Chakmas in Mizoram take up farming as their occupation. This occupation is inherited from their ancestors. They mainly grow rice, vegetables and fruits, etc. Rice is considered as the staple food of the Chakmas living in Chakma Autonomous District Council.

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion of Chakma Autonomous District Council in 2011 census
| label1 = Buddhism
| value1 = 92.07
| color1 = Yellow
| label2 = Christianity
| value2 = 6.03
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = Hinduism
| value3 = 1.47
| color3 = DarkOrange
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 0.43
| color4 = Grey
}}
The total Chakma population of Mizoram is estimated to be more than 100,000 (as per the 2011 census - 96,972). The population of Chakma Autonomous District Council are primarily Chakmas who are a designated Schedule Tribe. The total population of CADC is 45,307 as per 2011 census out of which 70% of it is dependent on agriculture. The population grew from 34,528 in 2001<ref name="AgPlan-284">"Chakma Autonomous District Council" [http://mizoram.nic.in/aplan/app0304/detail.pdf ''Agriculture Department, Mizoram State Annual Plan 2003-2004''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173603/http://mizoram.nic.in/aplan/app0304/detail.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }} page 284, last accessed 23 December 2010</ref> to 40,265 (as of 2008).<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/aplan/app0304/detail.pdf}}</ref> The majority of the people of Chakma Autonomous District Council follow [[Theravada]] Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-1500.xlsx}}</ref> The majority of the people of Chakma Autonomous District Council follow [[Theravada]] Buddhism.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=Religion PCA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-1500.xlsx |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General }}</ref>

== Elections ==
Elections of CADC of 20 constituencies takes place every 5 years.

=== Current Composition ===
The composition of CADC is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="3" |Members
|-
!last
election
!current
!+/−
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}" |•
|[[BJP]]
| align="center" |5
| align="center" |13
| align="center" |{{increase}}7
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |
|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |7
| align="center" |{{increase}}7
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
| align="center" |8
| align="center" |1
| align="center" |{{decrease}}7
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| align="center" |6
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |{{decrease}}6
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |0
| align="center" |{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Total: 20 Members
|-
| colspan="5" |A dot means: participating in the demissionary CADC government.
|}

== Previous Compositions ==
'''2018–2023'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:orange; width:26.31%; color:white" | 5
| style="background:indigo; width:42.12%; color:white" | 8
| style="background:blue; width:31.57%; color:white" | 6
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| BJP
| MNF
| INC
|}
'''2013–2018'''
{| style="width:100%; font-size:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:indigo; width:15%; color:white" | 3
| style="background:blue; width:85%; color:white" | 17
|- style="font-weight:bold; color:#996;"
| MNF
| INC
|}

==Structure==
Chakma Autonomous District Council has a total of 24 Members of District Council (MDC), out of which 20 MDCs are elected and 4 MDCs are nominated. The council is led by a [[Chief Executive Member of the Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]] (CEM) and Executive Members (EMs). The present CEM is [[Rasik Mohan Chakma]].
===Administrative===

====MDC Constituencies====
There are 20 MDC Constituencies in the Chakma Autonomous District Council. 20 Members of the District Council are elected from these 20 constituencies and 4 MDCs are nominated. The constituencies as on date are<ref>{{Cite web |title= CADC Constituencies – Chakma Autonomous District Council|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/cadc-constituencies/}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Name of the Constituency
!Villages
!Created
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |Borapansury – I
|Borunasury
| rowspan="3" |1972
|-
|Borapansury - I
|-
|Kurbalobasora
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" |Borapansury – II
|Barapansury – II
| rowspan="4" |1972
|-
|Silsury
|-
|Tungasora
|-
|Ugalsury
|-
| rowspan="5" |3
| rowspan="5" |Chotopansury
|Chotapansury
| rowspan="5" |1972
|-
|Gerakuluksora
|-
|Gulsingbapsora
|-
|Nagdrasora
|-
|Sangrasury
|-
| rowspan="6" |4
| rowspan="6" |Bajeisora
|Baganpara
| rowspan="6" |1972
|-
|Bajeisora
|-
|Montola
|-
|Ngharum
|-
|Old Bajeisora
|-
|Ugudasury (N)
|-
| rowspan="3" |5
| rowspan="3" |Kamalanagar (N)
|Kamalanagar – I
| rowspan="3" |2013
|-
|Kamalanagar – II
|-
|Ugudasury (N)
|-
|6
|Kamalanagar (S)
|Kamalanagar-III
|2013
|-
| rowspan="3" |7
| rowspan="3" |Kamalanagar (W)
|Kamalanagar – IV
| rowspan="3" |2013
|-
|Rajmondal – II
|-
|Saizawh (W)
|-
| rowspan="4" |8
| rowspan="4" |Udalthana
|Bormon
| rowspan="4" |1972
|-
|Nolbonya
|-
|Udalthana – I
|-
|udalthana – II
|-
| rowspan="3" |9
| rowspan="3" |Ugudasury (S)
|Bankawn
| rowspan="3" |1972
|-
|Jarulsury
|-
|Ugudasury (S)
|-
| rowspan="4" |10
| rowspan="4" |Mandisora
|Adubangasora
| rowspan="4" |1972
|-
|Mondirasora
|-
|Serlui (Jamersury)
|-
|Ulusury
|-
| rowspan="4" |11
| rowspan="4" |Ajasora
|Ajasora – I
| rowspan="4" |1972
|-
|Ajasora – II
|-
|Ajasora – III
|-
|Borkolok
|-
| rowspan="6" |12
| rowspan="6" |Mainabapsora
|Barakabakali
| rowspan="6" |1972
|-
|Bortuli
|-
|Kukurduleya
|-
|Mainabapsora – I
|-
|Mainabapsora – II
|-
|Pelyabapsora
|-
| rowspan="5" |13
| rowspan="5" |Vaseitlang
|Charluitlang
| rowspan="5" |1972
|-
|Devasora (N)
|-
|Saminisora
|-
|Vaseitlang – I
|-
|Vaseitlang – II
|-
| rowspan="4" |14
| rowspan="4" |Longpuighat
|Betbonya
| rowspan="4" |1972
|-
|Golasury
|-
|Longpuighat
|-
|Semeisury
|-
| rowspan="3" |15
| rowspan="3" |Rengkashya
|Futsury
| rowspan="3" |1972
|-
|Lokkisury
|-
|Rengkashya
|-
| rowspan="7" |16
| rowspan="7" |New Jagnasury
|Chotoguisury – I
| rowspan="7" |1972
|-
|Chotoguisury – II
|-
|Damdep – I
|-
|Dursora
|-
|Fulsora
|-
|Pablakhali
|-
|Silbhanga
|-
| rowspan="3" |17
| rowspan="3" |Jaruldobasora
|Gersury
| rowspan="3" |1972
|-
|Jaruldobasora
|-
|Ludisora
|-
| rowspan="6" |18
| rowspan="6" |Fultuli
|Baraiguisury
| rowspan="6" |1972
|-
|Bilosora
|-
|Fultuli
|-
|New Fultuli
|-
|Samuksora
|-
|Silosora
|-
| rowspan="3" |19
| rowspan="3" |Devasora (S)
|Devasora (S)
| rowspan="3" |1972
|-
|Kamtuli
|-
|Parva – III
|-
| rowspan="5" |20
| rowspan="5" |Parva
|Bundukbanga
| rowspan="5" |1972
|-
|Gabasury
|-
|Parva – I
|-
|Parva – II
|-
|Siminasora
|}

====Departments====
It has a total of 32 No. of departments and they are as follows:
# Legislative Department
# Judicial Department
# Finance Department
# General Administration Department
# Agriculture Department
# Horticulture Department
# Fishery Department
# Public Health Engineering Department
# Industry Department
# Sericulture Department
# AH & Vety Department
# Art & Culture Department
# Social Welfare Department
# Soil & Water Conservation Department
# Local Administrative Department
# Environment & Forest Department
# Road Transport Department
# Sport & Youth Department
# Co-operative Department
# Public Works Department
# Education Department
# Rural Development Department
# Water ways Department
# Information & Public Relation Department
# District School Education Board
# Land Revenue & Settlement
# Planning & Development Department

====Number of village councils====
CADC have 83 villages.

# Adhubangasora
# Ajasora - I
# Ajasora - II
# Ajasora - III
# Baganpara
# Borunasury
# Bajeisora
# Bandukbanga
# Betbonia
# Bilosora
# Boraguisury
# Borakabakhali
# [[Borapansury - I]]
# Borapansury - II
# Borkolok
# [[Boroituli]]
# Bottuli
# Charluitlang
# Chhotaguisury - I
# Chhotaguisury - II
# Chhotapansury
# Devasora 'N'
# Devasora 'S'
# Dursora
# Fulsora
# Fultuli
# Futsury
# Geraguluksora
# Gerasury
# Gobasury
# Golasury
# Gulsingbapsora
# Jamersury
# Jaruldobasora
# Jarulsury
# Kamalanagar - I
# Kamalanagar - II
# Kamalanagar - III
# Kamalanagar - IV
# Kamtuli
# Kukurduleya
# Kurbalavasora
# Lokhisury
# Longpuighat
# Ludisora
# Mandirasora
# Maniabapsora - I
# Maniabapsora - II
# Montola
# Nadarasora
# Nalbania
# New Chhippui
# [[Damdep-I|New Jagnasury - I]]
# New Jagnasury - II
# Old Bajeisora
# Parva - I
# Parva - II
# Parva - III
# Rajmandal
# Rengashya
# Silosora
# Silsury
# Simeisury
# Siminesora
# Udalthanasora - I
# Udalthanasora - II
# Ugalsury
# Ugudasory 'S'
# UgudasurY 'N'
# Ulusury
# Vaseitlang - I
# Vaseitlang - II
# W.Saizawh

===Legislative===
====Chief executives====
The Chief Executive Member exercises all its executive powers in the name of the executive committee of the District Council. The chief executive chairs meetings of the executive committee of the Chakma Autonomous District Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadc.gov.in/cc/the-chief-executive-member/|title=The Chief Executive Member – Chakma Autonomous District Council}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sticky-header-multi" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center;"
|+ List of chief executive members of CADC since 1972
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="col" class=unsortable | Portrait
! rowspan=2 scope="col" class=unsortable | Prime Minister{{smalldiv|Office}}{{smalldiv|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan=3 scope="colgroup" | Term of office
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Party
|-
! scope="col" | Start
! scope="col" | End
! scope="col" | Duration
|-
| style="background:{{Party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[File:Atul_chandra_chakma.jpg |frameless|upright=0.5|Nilo Moni Chakma]]
| {{Anchor|1=20th century}}{{resize|div=yes|110%|Nilo Moni Chakma}}
| class=nowrap | {{smalldiv|23 January}} 1973
| class=nowrap | {{smalldiv|16 December}} 1973
| {{small|{{Ayd|1973|1|23|1973|12|16|sep=,|duration=on}}}}
| [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background:{{Party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
|
| {{Anchor|1=20th century}}{{resize|div=yes|110%|Atul Chandra Chakma}}
| class=nowrap | {{smalldiv|2 April}} 1972
| class=nowrap | {{smalldiv|22 January}} 1973
| {{small|{{Ayd|1972|4|2|1973|1|22|sep=,|duration=on}}}}
| [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! S. No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Term start
! Term end
|-
| 1
|
| Atul Chandra Chakma
| 2 April 1972
| 22 January 1973
|-
| 2
|
| Nilo Muni Chakma
| 23 January 1973
| 16 December 1973
|-
| 3
|
| Sneha Kumar Chakma
| 17 December 1973
| 1 May 1976
|-
| 4
|
| Nilo Muni Chakma
| 15 March 1978
| 23 January 1983
|-
| 5
|
| Ramoni Chakma
| 27 January 1973
| 20 April 1983
|-
| 6
|
| Pulin Bayan Chakma
| 21 April 1983
| 2 January 1987
|-
| 7
|
| Nutan Kumar Chakma
| 3 January 1987
| 23 January 1988
|-
| 8
|
| Pulin Bayan Chakma
| 29 January 1988
| 23 January 1993
|-
| 9
|
| Pulin Bayan Chakma
| 24 January 1993
| 19 July 1994
|-
| 10
|
| Adi Kanta Tongchongya
| 20 July 1994
| 21 January 1998
|-
| 11
|
| Pulin Bayan Chakma
| 22 January 1998
| 12 December 1999
|-
| 12
|
| [[Rashik Mohan Chakma|Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
| 14 December 1999
| 18 February 2003
|-
| 13
|
| [[Rashik Mohan Chakma|Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
| 26 February 2003
| 20 February 2008
|-
| 14
|
| Kali Kumar Tongchangya
| 11 March 2008
| 23 April 2013
|-
| 15
|
| [[Buddha Dhan Chakma|Dr. Buddha Dhan Chakma]]
| 25 April 2013
| 7 January 2014
|-
| 16
|
| Buddha Lila Chakma
| 20 January 2014
| 25 September 2015
|-
| 17
|
| Kali Kumar Tongchongya
| 29 September 2015
| 3 July 2017
|-
| 18
|
| [[Governor's Rule]]
| 4 July 2017
| 2 November 2017
|-
| 19
|
| [[Amit Kumar Chakma]]
| 3 November 2017
| 21 March 2018
|-
| 20
|
| [[Governor's Rule]]
| 22 March 2018
| 1 May 2018
|-
| 21
|
| Shanti Jiban Chakma
| 2 May 2018
| 15 January 2019
|-
| 22
|
| [[Rashik Mohan Chakma|Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
| 18 January 2019
| 5 April 2021
|-
| 23
|
| Durjya Dhan Chakma
| 5 April 2021
| 3 October 2021
|-
| 24
|
| [[Rashik Mohan Chakma|Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
| 9 October 2021
| 2 June 2022
|-
| 25
|
| Buddha Lila Chakma
| 3 June 2022
|16 November 2022
|-
|26
|
|Governor's Rule
|17 November 2022
|21 May 2023
|-
|26
|
|[[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
|22 May 2023
|23 December 2024
|-
|27
|
|Molin Kumar Chakms
|23 December 2024
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

====Politics====
Of the 20 elected District Council Members- [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (10), [[BJP]] (5).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2019/08/24/mizoram-3-cong-chakma-council-members-6-ex-councillors-join-bjp|title=Mizoram: 3 Cong Chakma council members, 6 ex-councillors join BJP|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

Of the 516 village council seats in Chakma Autonomous District Council, the [[Mizo National Front]] has 371 seats, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has 115 seats, [[Indian National Congress]] has 2 seats and independent candidates have 27 seats. The MNF is in majority in 65 village Councils while the BJP is in majority in 16 village Council.In the remaining 4 Village Council no party has absolute majority.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2020/03/16/ruling-mnf-sweeps-mizoram-village-council-polls-bypoll|title=Ruling MNF sweeps Mizoram village council polls, bypoll|access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Amit Kumar Chakma]]
* [[Buddha Dhan Chakma]]
* [[Nirupam Chakma]]
* [[Nihar Kanti Chakma]]
* [[Rashik Mohan Chakma|Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
* [[Kristo Mohan Chakma]]
* [[Lai Autonomous District Council]]
* [[Mara Autonomous District Council]]
* [[North Eastern Council]]
* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]
* [[Chakma District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

1. [https://www.cadc.gov.in/ Chakma Autonomous District Council – The official website of the Chakma Autonomous District Council, Mizoram, India] Chakma Autonomous District Council

2. [https://theprint.in/india/mizoram-new-chief-executive-member-sworn-in-for-chakma-autonomous-district-council/990751/?amp Mizoram: New chief executive member sworn in for Chakma Autonomous District Council]

3. [https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/06/09/mizoram-chakma-autonomous-district-council-cadc-gets-new-chief-executive-member/ Mizoram : Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) Gets New Chief Executive Member]

4. [https://www.cadc.gov.in/cc/2024/03/27/dg-mohan-chakma-elected-uncontested-as-chairman-of-cadc/ Dg. Mohan Chakma elected uncontested as Chairman of CADC – Chakma Autonomous District Council]

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Lawngtlai District}}
{{Mizoram}}

{{coord|22.620|92.639|display=title}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Chakma]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Mizoram]]

Ashwin Babu

2026-02-25T21:45:33Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting new info w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwin Babu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|08|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
| relatives = [[Ohmkar]] (brother)
}}

'''Ashwin Babu Nuthalapati''' (born 1 August 1985) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Telugu films]]. He made his acting debut in the 2012 film, [[Genius (2012 film)|''Genius'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Launch of Tamannaah Bhatia's Raju Gari Gadhi 3 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/launch-of-tamannaah-bhatia-raju-gari-gadhi-3-5790408/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-01 |title=Ashwin Babu, M R Krishna, and DSR's 'Vachina Vaadu Gowtham' launched grandly with a Pooja Ceremony |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ashwin-babu-m-r-krishna-and-dsrs-vachina-vaadu-gowtham-launched-grandly-with-a-pooja-ceremony/articleshow/96660156.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a frequent collaborator with his brother [[Ohmkar]].

== Career ==
Ashwin made his debut in 2012 with a lead role in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] [[Genius (2012 film)|''Genius'']] directed by his brother [[Ohmkar]]. In 2015, he was seen in ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' and ''[[Jatha Kalise]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ashwin Babu's next after Hidimba is a medical thriller; here's what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ashwin-babus-next-after-hidimba-is-a-medical-thriller-heres-all-you-need-to-know/9a6a56f1df639 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In 2017 Ashwin starred in ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]'' and subsequently in ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-21 |title='Raju Gari Gadhi 2': The story of a soul that seeks revenge? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raju-gari-gadhi-2-story-soul-seeks-revenge-68772 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-22 |title='Raju Gari Gadhi 3' team irks Tamannaah by bringing up her name in promos |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/raju-gari-gadhi-3-team-irks-tamannaah-bringing-her-name-promos-110987 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he starred in the medical thriller ''[[Hidimbha]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2021-08-03 |title=Ohmkar's brother comes up with a new movie 'Hidimba' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ohmkars-brother-comes-up-with-a-new-movie-hidimba/articleshow/84999483.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> His last film, ''Shivam Bhaje'', was released theatrically on 1 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-01 |title='Shivam Bhaje' review: A thrilling divine mystery |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/shivam-bhaje-review-a-thrilling-divine-mystery-80318 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]''
|Yasir
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]''
|Ashwin
|
|
|-
|''[[Jatha Kalise]]''
|Rishi
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends]]''
|Nani
|
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=|date=2016-12-16 |title=Nanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nanna-nenu-naa-boyfriends/movie-review/56035736.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]''
| rowspan="2" | Ashwin
|
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2019
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]''
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Hidimbha]]''
| Abhay alias Joseph Thomas
|
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
|2024
|''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''
| N. Chandra Sekhar "Chandu"
|
|
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7916959/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Ashwin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Tenali]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]

{{India-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

All Saints High School (Hyderabad)

2026-02-22T05:29:59Z

Anuj tripathi 111: improve information for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = All Saint's High School
| motto = {{langx|la|Virtus Sola Nobilitat}} {{langx|en|'Virtue Alone Ennobles'}}
| image = All Saints High School, Hyderabad.jpg
| caption = All Saints High School, Hyderabad
| established = {{start date and age|1855}}
| type = Minority Institution
| headmaster = Rev. Bro. Vincent Mendonza
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = [https://allsaintshyd.edu.in/<https://allsaintshyd.edu.in/><1>]
}}

'''All Saints High School''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] school established in 1855 in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[India]]. It teaches students from lower kindergarten to 10th grade.

== History ==
The history of All Saints High School dates back to 1855 when Rt. Rev. Daniel Murphy, the Vicar Apostolic of Hyderabad founded it at the request of the then-Nizam of Hyderabad, Fourth Asaf Nasirud Dowla Bahadur. Rt. Rev. Mgr. Caproti was appointed as its first rector in 1858.In 1932, the school was handed over to the [[Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel]].

At the invitation of Bishop Vismara of Hyderabad and on the insistence of Pope Pius IX, the Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel took charge of the management of the school in 1932 with Rev. Bro. Rosius as its first Brother Rector. In 1933, Rev. Bro. M. Paul, an administrator, took over as the first Indian rector and developed All Saints as one of the best secondary schools in academics and infrastructure in the Nizam's dominion. With Independence in 1947, there came one of the school's most revered and well-known rectors, Rev. Bro. John of God.

Due to inadequate accommodation, growing demands for admission, and to mark the Centenary Year of the Institution, four schools were branched out between 1953 and 1955, viz., St. Peter’s High School (housing the present primary sections),[[St. Mark’s Boys Town High School, Hyderabad]],[[Little Flower High School, Hyderabad]], [[St. Paul's High School, Hyderabad|St. Paul’s High School]]. All Saints’ was an exclusively boys school until 1996 when it became co-educational. In 2011-2012, the kindergarten was renamed the All Saints’ Preparatory School.
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allsaintshyd.edu.in/Legacy_of_All_Saints.php|title=Home {{!}} All Saints High School Abids|website=www.allsaintshyd.edu.in|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2020}}

In 2018, a minor fire broke out at the school campus. Seven children were admitted to the hospital due to breathing problems, but discharged the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-10-26/Fire-accident-at-All-Saints-school-in-Abids/431750|title=Fire accident at All Saints school in Abids|last=Mattipati|first=Yanadi Reddy|date=2018-10-26|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> There were no injuries or deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/271018/hyderabad-fire-breaks-out-at-all-saints-high-school.html|title=Hyderabad: Fire breaks out at All Saints High School|date=2018-10-27|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/oct/27/minor-fire-at-all-saints-high-school-in-hyderabad-1890570.html|title=Minor fire at All Saints High School in Hyderabad|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 October 2018 |access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Notability
!References
|-
|[[Arshad Ayub]]
|cricketer
|<ref>{{Citation|url=https://yellowslate.com/blog/all-saints-high-school-a-representative-of-virtues-and-truth/amp |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US |title=All Saints' High School – A Representative of Virtues and Truth Yellow Slate - Blog }}</ref>
|-
|[[M. V. Sridhar]]
|cricketer
|<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2019-08-19 |title=The book The Renaissance Man - 'Doc' MV Sridhar narrates the life story of the late cricketer Dr MV Sridhar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/former-cricketer-harimohan-paruvus-biography-on-dr-mv-sridhar-captures-interesting-facets-of-his-life/article29132086.ece |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[B. Sumeeth Reddy]]
|badminton player
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-17 |title=Rio 2016 Olympics: Happy culmination of hopeful dreams for two fathers |url=https://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/the-goodfathers-sumeeth-reddy-manu-attri-2918738/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721202747/https://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/the-goodfathers-sumeeth-reddy-manu-attri-2918738/ |archive-date=2016-07-21 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Khlid Qayyum]]
|cricketer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somasekhar |first=M. |date=2020-11-10 |title=Khalid who lives in US dreams of returning to Hyderabad cricket one more time |url=https://www.siasat.com/khalid-who-lives-in-us-dreams-of-returning-to-hyderabad-cricket-one-more-time-2019964/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[M. V. Sridhar]]
|cricketer
|<ref name="The Hindu"/>
|-
|[[Mohammad Azharuddin|Mohammed Azharuddin]]
|cricketer and politician
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Azharuddin |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154427.html |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=November 27, 2013 |title=Hyderabad batsman Mohammad Azharuddin rises as new batting sensation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19850228-hyderabad-batsman-mohammad-azharuddin-rises-as-new-batting-sensation-769834-2013-11-27 |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]]
|singer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Singer Mohammed Irfan Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/singer/mohammed-irfan}}</ref>
|-
|[[Noel David]]
|cricketer
|<ref name="pencil">{{Cite web |last=Mustafi |first=Suvajit |date=2015-07-09 |title=Venkatapathy Raju: 12 facts about the pencil-thin spinner who was mockingly nicknamed 'Muscles' |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/venkatapathy-raju-12-facts-about-the-pencil-thin-spinner-who-was-mockingly-nicknamed-muscles-505783 |access-date=2020-01-08 |website=Cricket Country |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sandeep Goud]]
|cricketer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=N. Jagannath |date=2021-10-20 |title=From All Saints High School to T20 World Cup |url=https://telanganatoday.com/from-all-saints-high-school-to-t20-world-cup |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sitaram Yechury]]
|politician
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Rajesh |date=20 April 2015 |title=Sitaram Yechury: A fine combination of pleasant personality, interpersonal skills, flair for negotiation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sitaram-yechury-a-fine-combination-of-pleasant-personality-interpersonal-skills-flair-for-negotiation/articleshow/46981752.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sultan Saleem]]
|cricketer
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-08-23 |title=Sultan belonged to that exclusive club of cricketers |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sultan-belonged-exclusive-club-cricketers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214643/https://telanganatoday.com/sultan-belonged-exclusive-club-cricketers |archive-date=2021-04-28 |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
|[[Venkatapathy Raju]]
|cricketer
|
|-
|[[Vivek Sagar]]
|Music Composer
|<ref name="pencil" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Gabrielite Brothers' Schools}}

[[Category:Brothers of Christian Instruction of St Gabriel schools]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1855]]
[[Category:1855 establishments in India]]

Kanker Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:39:03Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kanker {{Small|CG-11}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|reservation= ST
| established = 1967
|electors =16,54,440<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Bhojraj Nag]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Sihawa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihawa]] [[Sanjari Balod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanjari Balod]] [[Dondi Lohara (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Dondi Lohara]] [[Gunderdehi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunderdehi]] [[Antagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Antagarh]] [[Bhanupratappur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhanupratappur]] [[Kanker (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] [[Keshkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keshkal]]
}}
'''Kanker''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] parliamentary [[constituency]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Assembly segments==
Kanker Lok Sabha constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] candidates.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|title=Final notification on delimitation of Chhattisgarh constituencies
|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India
|date=2 June 2008
|access-date=23 November 2008
|url-status=usurped
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001834/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|archive-date=29 December 2006
}}</ref> It is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title=CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date=22 November 2008
|work=Chhattisgarh
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date=4 December 2008
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|56
|[[Sihawa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihawa]] (ST)
|[[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
|[[Ambika Markam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|59
|[[Sanjari Balod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanjari Balod]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Balod district|Balod]]
|[[Sangeeta Sinha]]
|-
|60
|[[Dondi Lohara (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Dondi Lohara]] (ST)
|[[Anila Bhediya|Anila Bhendiya]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|61
|[[Gunderdehi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunderdehi]]
|[[Kunwer Singh Nishad]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|79
|[[Antagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Antagarh]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Kanker district|Kanker]]
|[[Vikram Usendi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|80
|[[Bhanupratappur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhanupratappur]] (ST)
|[[Savitri Manoj Mandavi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|81
|[[Kanker (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] (ST)
|[[Asharam Netam]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|82
|[[Keshkal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keshkal]] (ST)
|[[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
|[[Neelkanth Tekam]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Trilokshah Lal Priendra Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Arvind Netam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Aghan Singh Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Arvind Netam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Chhabila Netam]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sohan Potai]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7 |Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Vikram Usendi]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Mohan Mandavi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Bhojraj Nag]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanker">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanker |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2611.htm |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716115810/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2611.htm |archive-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhojraj Nag]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,97,624|percentage=47.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biresh Thakur|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,95,740|percentage=47.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=18,669|percentage=1.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tilak Ram Markam|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=11,770|percentage=0.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sukchand Tekam|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=8,723|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,884|percentage=0.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,67,551|percentage=76.39|change={{increase}}2.07}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mohan Mandavi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,46,233
|percentage = 47.12
|change = {{increase}}1.37
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Biresh Thakur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,39,319
|percentage = 46.53
|change = {{increase}}4.24
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 26,713
|percentage = 2.30
|change = {{decrease}}0.84
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Harisingh Sidar
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|votes = 11,449
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ''N/A''
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sube Singh Dhurva
|votes = 10,124
|percentage = 0.87
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,914
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{decrease}}2.87
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,60,243
|percentage = 74.42
|change = {{increase}}4.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vikram Usendi]]
|votes = 4,65,215
|percentage = 45.75
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|votes = 4,30,057
|percentage = 42.29
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 31,917
|percentage = 3.14
|change = ''N/A''
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramesh Gawde
|votes = 23,482
|percentage = 2.31
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mahendra Gawade
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|votes = 14,139
|percentage = 1.94
|change = ''N/A''
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,158
|percentage = 3.46
|change = {{increase}}0.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,17,080
|percentage = 70.22
|change ={{increase}}13.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sohan Potai]]
|votes = 3,41,131
|percentage = 45.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|votes = 3,21,843
|percentage = 43.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mayaram Netam (Fulsingh Siladar)
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|votes = 21,022
|percentage = 2.83
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mira Salam
|votes = 13,709
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,288
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,41,792
|percentage =57.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|20.3|81.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanker (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Kanker district]]
[[Category:Dhamtari district]]
[[Category:Durg district]]
[[Category:Bastar district]]

Gadwal sari

2026-02-17T21:10:51Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new entry - done

{{Short description|Handcrafted woven sari style}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Gadwal Sari
| color =
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Gadwal silk saree weaving by Gadwal weavers
| alternative names =
| description =
| type = [[Handicraft]]
| area = [[Gadwal]], [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| registered =
| material = {{plainlist|[[Silk]]
}}
| official website =
}}
'''Gadwal sari''' is a [[Handicraft|handcrafted]] [[woven]] [[sari]] style in [[Gadwal]] of [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]] in the [[States and Territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It was registered as one of the [[geographical indication]] from Telangana by the ''Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geographical Indication|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-01-23/Geographical-Indication/201919|accessdate=27 January 2016|work=The Hans India|date=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |website=Geographical Indication Registry |accessdate=28 January 2016 |page=5 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archivedate=1 February 2016 }}</ref> They are most notable for the [[Zari]] on the saris. The sari consists of a cotton body, silk border, and zari pallu. with silk [[Sari|pallu]] which is also given a new name ''Sico saris''. The weave is so light that the saree can be packed in a matchbox.<ref name=style>{{cite news|title=Gorgeous Gadwal|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/300210/gorgeous-gadwal.html|accessdate=28 January 2016|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
The Brahmotsavas of Tirupati begins with the deity's idol being adorned with Gadwal Saree.

==Gadwal Handloom Centre==
[http://www.gadwalhandloomcentre.com/ Gadwal Handloom Centre], established in 1946 by the late Ratan Babu Rao, was mainly responsible for the widespread knowledge and detail regarding the Gadwal Sari.

==See also==
*[[Ilkal saree]]
*[[Mysore silk]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sari}}

[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Telangana]]

Fatima D'Souza

2026-02-11T18:32:56Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new new article - done

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fatima D'Souza
| image = Fatima D'Souza and Rita Rose at Tiatr Day 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Souza at the [[Kala Academy]], 2017
| birth_name = Fatima Apolonia Claudina D'Souza
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|11|15|df=y}}
| other_names = {{hlist|English Madam|Fatima A.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/fatima-ac|title=Fatima A.C. | Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India|website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129152607/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/fatima-ac|url-status=live}}</ref>|Fatima D'Souza Devulkar<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ | isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 | title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre | publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa | access-date=2024-01-29 | archive-date=2023-11-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| father = [[A. K. D'Souza]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]]|1982|2015|reason=died}}
| children = 1
| years_active = 1968–present
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Antonette Mendes]] (sister)
* [[Romeo Mendes]] (brother-in-law)
* [[Jose Rod]] (nephew-in-law)}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/fatima.dsouza.7792}}
}}

'''Fatima Apolonia Claudina D'Souza''' (born 15 November 1954) is an Indian actress and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Referred to as the "English Madam" by [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[John Claro]], she made her debut on the Konkani stage as [[child Jesus]] in [[J. P. Souzalin]]'s [[Liturgical drama|religious]] ''tiatr Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi''.

==Early life==
Fatima Apolonia Claudina D'Souza, born on 15 November 1954, in [[Bombay]] (formerly part of [[Bombay State]] in India), belonged to a family deeply involved in the world of ''[[tiatr]]'', a popular form of theater in the [[Konkan region]] and [[Goa]]. Her father, [[A. K. D'Souza]], was a ''tiatr'' writer and director, organizing performances in Bombay and London during the 1950s. Her mother, Innocencia Alves, was a singer, while her sister, [[Antonette Mendes]], made her mark as an artiste in ''tiatr'' and [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]]. Growing up, D'Souza had the privilege of witnessing ''tiatr'' rehearsals taking place in her own home, surrounded by the art form that would later shape her career. D'Souza's introduction to acting came at the age of 6 or 7 when she took on the role of the [[child Jesus]] in [[J. P. Souzalin]]'s ''tiatr'' production, with [[Shalini Mardolkar]] portraying the character of [[Mother Mary]]. She pursued her education at Barretto High School in [[Cavel]], followed by enrollment at Davar's College and Eden Commercial College in Bombay.<ref name=":0" />

A milestone in D'Souza's early career was her involvement in J. P. Souzalin's popular ''tiatr'' production titled ''Sat Dukhi'', which graced the stage of the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi, Bombay. In this production, D'Souza portrayed Jesus at the age of 12, during the scene where he goes missing in the temple. Shalini Mardolkar, in the role of Mother Mary, guided Jesus onto the stage. D'Souza lived in close proximity to the Princess Theatre in [[Marine Lines]], and she frequently accompanied her sister to various shows. It was during one such occasion that J. P. Souzalin noticed her backstage and recognized her suitability to assume the role of the 12-year-old Jesus.<ref name=":1" />

D'Souza's father, who was also a seaman, possessed a talent for writing tiatrs and composing songs, which greatly influenced his daughter. In the neighborhood of [[Chira Bazaar]], Bombay, an annual celebration of [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]]'s feast took place within their building. When D'Souza was 11 years old and attending school, she was entrusted with the responsibility of organizing a ''tiatr'' in her building known as Lisboa House in Chira Bazaar. To fulfill this task, she translated the English play ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1912 play)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' into her native language. Due to a limited number of participants, only five [[Dwarf (folklore)|dwarfs]] were cast instead of the intended seven. D'Souza herself assumed the role of the Princess. Although the young actors portraying the dwarfs made errors, their efforts were well received by the audience, primarily consisting of patrons of the liquor vendors within the building. Generous contributions were collected after the performance, resulting in a substantial sum of money. The following day, a grand celebration was held to honor the participants' achievements.<ref name=":2" />

Subsequently, D'Souza began showcasing her vocal abilities by singing songs at her school. Balthazar, a resident of the building, recognized her talent and took her along to sing at various club feasts. During this time, compensation came in the form of chocolates and gifts, rather than monetary remuneration. D'Souza's schoolmates at the municipal school in [[Chandanwadi, Mumbai|Chandanwadi]] included the Mendes brothers. They collaborated on a school production of the English play ''[[Goldilocks and the Three Bears]]''. Additionally, D'Souza's sister Antonete was already established in the realm of ''tiatrs'', and D'Souza often accompanied her to these performances, assisting with hairstyling and other tasks. As fate would have it, D'Souza began substituting for Antonete in her roles whenever she fell ill or was absent. This opportunity led to her receiving her first official role from the Mendes brothers in their tiatr production titled ''Irmanvancho Cheddo Mhozo Put''. D'Souza showcased her talents in Bombay and also embarked on a visit to Goa in 1975.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
The [[Goan]] clubs in [[Bombay]] organized ''[[tiatrs]]'', a form of theater. D'Souza's sister [[Antonette Mendes]], a highly sought-after actress, regularly performed on stage. During one of the shows by [[Remmie Colaço]], D'Souza took over her sister's role. It was during this performance that she caught the attention of the Mendes Brothers. Impressed by her talent, they invited her to become their main actress in the production called ''Irmaumcho Cheddo Mhozo Put'' (My Brother's Son is my Son). D'Souza had to resign from her recently joined job to join the troupe, which was heading to [[Goa]] for performances. Working with the Mendes Brothers was a great experience, and the ''tiatr'' became a success, propelling D'Souza's on-stage career to new heights. She went on to collaborate with several Konkani directors, including [[M. Boyer]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], and [[Robin Vaz]]. Some of the productions she acted in were ''Mog Kazar Divorce'' (Love, Marriage, Divorce), ''Bhurgim ani Bhangar'' (Children and Gold), ''Ordhi Bakhri'' (Half Bakri), ''Vauraddi'' (The Labourer), ''Atancho teomp'', ''Don Kallzam'' (Two Hearts), ''Kunead ani Mana'', ''Nitidar'', ''Dev Bap'' (God the Father), ''Fatima Saibinnn'' (Our Lady of Fatima), ''Ekuch Rosto'' (The Only Way), ''Inglez Madam'' (English Madam), and ''Mhozo Khuris'' (My Cross).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | date=2019-06-23 |title=Bombay to Goa… …for the love of tiatr | newspaper=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/23/magazines/buzz/bombay-to-goa-for-the-love-of-tiatr/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200223/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/23/magazines/buzz/bombay-to-goa-for-the-love-of-tiatr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of her notable roles was in the ''tiatr'' titled ''Inglez Madam'', written by playwright [[John Claro]]. D'Souza portrayed the lead character, a European lady who marries a Goan boy and moves to Goa. The play explored the cultural and social divide she encountered in her new surroundings. D'Souza's fluency in spoken English allowed her to convincingly portray the role of the English lady, which resonated with the audience. Her fair complexion also contributed to her appeal, drawing many visitors to the [[green room]] to catch a glimpse of the "English Lady." John Claro bestowed upon her the title of "English Madam" for her performance, a name that has remained associated with her throughout her career.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Welcoming the English Madam |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/welcoming-the-english-madam/2762.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129125055/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/welcoming-the-english-madam/2762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> D'Souza recalled a memorable incident during a comedic scene with Jacinto Vaz and M. Boyer. Due to her youthful nature, she accidentally referred to one of them as "uncle" instead of using his name in one of the dialogues. The audience burst into laughter, and Boyer added a humorous remark, stating that she had to call him "uncle" in the presence of a younger person.<ref name=":0" />

In 1983, D'Souza had the opportunity to showcase her acting skills in M. Boyer's ''tiatr'' production titled ''Ekuch Rosto''. During one of the performances, [[Prince Jacob]] attended the show and expressed his admiration for her talent. Following the ''tiatr'', he approached D'Souza and invited her to act in his non-stop tiatr production. Initially hesitant due to concerns about the perceived status of the role, she eventually reconsidered, recognizing the opportunity to test her abilities and gain valuable experience. D'Souza accepted Jacob's offer and became part of his non-stop show called ''Panvdde'' (The Staircase), which consisted of a 103 performances. This successful collaboration paved the way for her involvement in other productions, including Rosario Rodrigues' ''Uzvadd Paloulo'', which achieved a run of 100 shows. Subsequently, she worked with directors such as [[C. D'Silva]], Jack Ferry, Mini Mario, Menin de Bandar, Ligorio Fernandes, [[Roseferns]], Pascoal Rodrigues, [[John D'Silva]], A. M. Pacheco, and others.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |publication-date=10 March 2018 |pages=183–185}}</ref>

Konkani historian and singer [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes, D'Souza is known for her versatility as an actress, delivering performances across a wide range of roles. Her dedication to her craft is evident in her meticulous approach to studying and understanding each character she portrays. Audiences have consistently praised her acting abilities, and she is highly sought after by Konkani directors like M. Boyer, Prem Kumar, and Robin Vaz. In addition to her acting prowess, D'Souza is also a singer, often collaborating with artists such as Robin Vaz and Joe Rose to create [[duet]]s and [[Trio (music)|trio]]s. Her vocal talents have been showcased on numerous [[audio cassette]]s, and she has even released two cassettes of her own.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=238 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> D'Souza's acting career extends beyond the ''tiatr'' stage. She has been cast in productions by directors such as [[Wilson Mazarello|Wilmix]]-[[Sharon Mazarello|Sharon]], Mike Mehta, Joe Rose, [[Antonette Mendes]], and [[H. Britton]]. Rosario Rodrigues, in particular, selected her for prominent roles in productions like ''Uzvadd Paloilo'' and ''Kudd'', while Prince Jacob featured her in ''Paundde'' and ''Pangllo''. D'Souza's talent has also been showcased on television, [[All India Radio]] (AIR), and in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[VCD]]s, including works such as ''Don Utram'' (Two Words), ''Friends'', and the award-winning ''Ordem Chaddor'' (The Half Bedsheet), among others.<ref name=":0" />

Initially, D'Souza's grasp of the [[Konkani language]] was [[anglicized]]. However, with the guidance of George de Agassaim, she put in the effort to learn to read and sing in Konkani. Additionally, her acting skills were honed under the mentorship of Prem Kumar, who imparted knowledge on acting techniques, effective communication, and self-presentation. Interestingly, it was during the rehearsals of Prem's production ''Ordhi Bhakri'' that D'Souza crossed paths with her future husband, [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], and their romance blossomed. She went on to act in several of Anil's productions, including the pioneering horror tiatr ''Bhirantt'' (The Fear), as well as ''Saulli'' and ''Dubav Ek Uzo'' (Doubt is a Fire). Furthermore, D'Souza played a pivotal role in the revival of ''Ordhi Bhakri'' and ''Ekuch Rosto''. Throughout her career, D'Souza has amassed a number of performances in various locations, including Goa, [[Mumbai]], other parts of India, the UK, and the [[Gulf countries]].<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
D'Souza entered into marriage with [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], an actor and producer in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' industry, on 3 December 1982.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2015-02-07 |title=Tiatr artiste Anil Kumar loses battle with diabetes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-artiste-anil-kumar-loses-battle-with-diabetes/articleshow/46150067.cms |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2016-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224062737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Tiatr-artiste-Anil-Kumar-loses-battle-with-diabetes/articleshow/46150067.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had a son named Kenneth, who is currently based in Dubai. D'Souza acknowledges the presence of talented young individuals on the theatrical stage, recognizing them as the future of ''tiatr''. She appreciates their dedication to honing their skills through workshops and emphasizes the importance of authentic costuming, citing the influence of figures such as [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]] and [[M. Boyer]].<ref name=":0" />

On 6 February 2015, Anil died at the age of 63 due to complications stemming from [[diabetes]]. He had been receiving medical treatment at [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]], Goa since 26 January 2015, and had to undergo the amputation of his leg as a result of kidney complications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted tiatr artiste Anil Kumar dead |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Noted-tiatr-artiste-Anil-Kumar-dead-/84536 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=oHeraldo |date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119094008/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Noted-tiatr-artiste-Anil-Kumar-dead-/84536 |url-status=live }}</ref> His funeral took place the following day at the Mathagramast Hindu Sabha Crematorium in [[Margao, Goa]].<ref name=":4" />

Born and raised in Bombay, D'Souza naturally developed fluency in English, and she finds it more comfortable to communicate in this language rather than Konkani, despite being a known figure in the [[Tiatr|Konkani theater]] community.<ref name=":1" /> According to the 2000 publication ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'', D'Souza originates from [[Goa Velha]].<ref name=":3" /> As of the 2012 ''Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', she currently resides in [[Fatorda, Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2024-01-30 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1960/1961
|''Sat Dukhi''
|[[Child Jesus]]
|Debut as child artiste
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|1965
|''Untitled tiatr''
|[[Princess Snow White]]
|Translated work of ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1912 play)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]''
|-
|1960s/1970s
|''[[Goldilocks and the Three Bears]]''
|
|-
|1970s
|''Irmanvancho Cheddo Mhozo Put''
|Lead role
|
|-
|1970s
|''Mog Kazar Divorce''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Depiction of violence in tiatrs |url=https://www.thegoan.net//depiction-of-violence-in-tiatrs/2437.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|1974
|''Bhurgim ani Bhangar''
|
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Ordhi Bakhri''
|
|
|-
|
|''Vauraddi''
|
|
|-
|1975
|''Don Kallzam''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-06 |title=The voice of Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-voice-of-goa/articleshow/22197953.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|1986
|''Atancho teomp''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Minguel Rod set the stage for tiatrs in Canada |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFhow-minguel-rod-set-the-stage-for-tiatrs-in-canada/87911.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Kunead ani Mana''
|
|
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Nitidar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Dev Bap''
|
|
|-
|
|''Fatima Saibinnn''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Ekuch Rosto''
|
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Inglez Madam''
|European lady
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Mhozo Khuris''
|
|
|-
|1980s
|''Panvdde''
|
|Non-stop ''tiatr''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Uzvadd Paloulo''
|Main role
|
|-
|
|''Kudd''
|Main role
|
|rowspan="5"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Pangllo''
|
|
|-
|
|''Bhirantt''
|
|
|-
|
|''Saulli''
|
|
|-
|
|''Dubav Ek Uzo''
|
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=14950024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Fatima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Siren

2026-02-11T05:24:15Z

Anuj tripathi 111: improved citations per standard format and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Wiktionary|Siren|siren|sirens}}
'''Siren''' or '''sirens''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Common meanings==
* [[Siren (alarm)]], a loud acoustic alarm used to alert people to emergencies
* [[Siren (mythology)]], in Greek mythology a female being who lured sailors to their deaths

==People==
* [[Siren (surname)]]
* Siren, stage name of female bodybuilder [[Shelley Beattie]] on the TV show ''American Gladiators''
* Siren, stage name of [[Valerie Waugaman]] on the 2008 revival of ''American Gladiators''
* [[Alexander Brandon]] (born 1974), American musician, known as "Siren" in the demoscene
* [[Siren Sundby]] (born 1982), Norwegian Olympic sailor

==Places==
* [[Siren (town), Wisconsin]], United States
** [[Siren, Wisconsin]], a village within the town
* [[Siren Bay]], Victoria Land, Antarctica
* [[Siren Rock]], Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

== Animals ==
* [[Sirenidae]], a family of aquatic salamanders
** [[Siren (genus)|''Siren'' (genus)]], a genus of aquatic salamanders in the family Sirenidae
* ''[[Hestina]]'', a genus of brush-footed butterfly commonly called sirens
* [[Sirenia]], an order of aquatic mammals including dugongs and manatees

==Arts, entertainment, and media==
===Fictional characters===
* [[Siren (DC Comics)]], the name of two DC Comics characters
* [[Siren (Transformers)]], a character from ''The Transformers: Headmasters''
* [[Siren Sorrento]], a character from ''Saint Seiya''
* Siren, a [[List of Ice Age characters#Sirens|character in ''Ice Age: Continental Drift'']]
* Siren, a [[Minor Passions characters|minor character in ''Passions'']]
* Sirens, video game characters in ''[[Borderlands (series)#Characters|Borderlands]]''
* Shadow Sirens, major antagonists (except [[Vivian (Paper Mario)|Vivian]]) in ''[[Paper Mario: The Thousand Year Door]]''
* The Siren, a [[List of Batman television series characters |character from the 1960s ''Batman'']] TV series unrelated to the DC Comics Siren
* [[Siren (Malibu Comics)]], a character from Malibu Comics' Ultraverse imprint

=== Films ===
* [[The Siren (1917 film)|''The Siren'' (1917 film)]], a lost Fox film starring Valeska Suratt
* [[The Siren (1927 film)|''The Siren'' (1927 film)]], an American melodrama directed by Byron Haskin
* [[Siren (1968 film)|''Siren'' (1968 film)]], a Belgian animated short film
* [[Sirens (1994 film)|''Sirens'' (1994 film)]], starring Hugh Grant, directed by John Duigan
* [[Sirens (1999 film)|''Sirens'' (1999 film)]], starring Dana Delany
* [[Siren (2010 film)|''Siren'' (2010 film)]], a horror film starring [[Eoin Macken]]
* [[Siren (2013 film)|''Siren'' (2013 film)]], starring [[Vinessa Shaw]]
* [[Siren (2016 film)|''Siren'' (2016 film)]], an American horror film
* [[Siren (2024 film)|''Siren'' (2024 film)]], an Indian Tamil-language film

===Literature===
* [[Siren (play)|''Siren'' (play)]], a 1990 play by David Williamson
* ''Siren'', a book by [[Tara Moss]]
* [[Sirens (Ulysses episode)|"Sirens" (''Ulysses'' episode)]] an episode in James Joyce's novel ''Ulysses''
* “The Siren”, a novel by [[Kiera Cass]]

=== Music ===
==== Groups ====
* [[Sirens (American band)]], metalcore band from Terre Haute, Indiana
* [[Sirens (British band)]], a Newcastle upon Tyne based girl group
* Siren, a rock band featuring [[Kevin Coyne]]

==== Albums and EPs ====
=====Siren=====
* [[Siren (Heather Nova album)|''Siren'' (Heather Nova album)]], 1998
* [[Siren (Roxy Music album)|''Siren'' (Roxy Music album)]], 1975
* [[Siren (Susumu Hirasawa album)|''Siren'' (Susumu Hirasawa album)]], 1996

=====Sirens=====
* [[Sirens (Astarte album)|''Sirens'' (Astarte album)]], 2004
* [[Sirens (Gorgon City album)|''Sirens'' (Gorgon City album)]], 2014
* [[Sirens (It Dies Today album)|''Sirens'' (It Dies Today album)]], 2006
* [[Sirens (Kenneth Newby album)|''Sirens'' (Kenneth Newby album)]], 1997
* [[Sirens (Kevin Richard Martin album)|''Sirens'' (Kevin Richard Martin album)]], 2019
* [[Sirens (May Jailer album)|''Sirens'' (May Jailer album)]], unreleased demo album by Lana Del Rey, recorded under the name May Jailer, 2006
* [[Sirens (Nicolas Jaar album)]], 2016
* [[Sirens (Nine Black Alps album)|''Sirens'' (Nine Black Alps album)]], 2012
* [[Sirens (On the Might of Princes album)|''Sirens'' (On the Might of Princes album)]], 2003
* [[Sirens (Savatage album)|''Sirens'' (Savatage album)]], 1983
* [[Sirens (S. J. Tucker album)|''Sirens'' (S. J. Tucker album)]], 2006
* [[Sirens (Sublime with Rome album)|''Sirens'' (Sublime with Rome album)]], 2015
* [[Sirens (The Weepies album)|''Sirens'' (The Weepies album)]], 2015
* [[Sirens (Woodlock EP)|''Sirens'' (Woodlock EP)]], 2015
* ''Sirens'', by [[Ben Abraham (artist)|Ben Abraham]], 2014
* ''Sirens'', by [[Swingin' Utters]], 2020
* [[The Sirens (Chris Potter album)|''The Sirens'' (Chris Potter album)]], 2013
* [[The Sirens (Into Eternity album)]], 2018

==== {{anchor|Songs}} Songs ==== 
=====Siren=====
* [[Siren (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song)|"Siren" (Asian Kung-Fu Generation song)]], 2004
* [[Siren (Malcolm Lincoln song)|"Siren" (Malcolm Lincoln song)]], 2010
* [[Siren (Ruby Gloom song)|"Siren" (Ruby Gloom song)]], 2008
* [[Siren (Paces song)|"Siren" (Paces song)]], 2018
* [[Siren (Riize song)|"Siren" (Riize song)]], 2024
* [[Siren (Sunmi song)|"Siren" (Sunmi song)]], 2018
* "Siren", by Ateez on the 2024 EP ''[[Golden Hour: Part.1]]''
* "Siren", by the [[Dropkick Murphys]], 2024
* "Siren", by Taeyeon from ''[[INVU (album)|INVU]]'', 2022
* "Siren", by Theater of Tragedy from ''[[Aégis]]'', 1998
* "Siren", by Tori Amos from the film ''[[Great Expectations (1998 film)|Great Expectations]]'', 1998
* [[The Siren (song)|"The Siren" (song)]], by Nightwish
* "The Siren", by Aesthetic Perfection from ''[[A Violent Emotion]]'', 2008
* "The Siren", by Graveyard from ''[[Hisingen Blues]]'', 2011

=====Sirens=====
* [[Sirens (Cher Lloyd song)|"Sirens" (Cher Lloyd song)]], 2014
* [[Sirens (Dizzee Rascal song)|"Sirens" (Dizzie Rascal song)]], 2007
* [[Sirens (Jeff Lynne song)|"Sirens" (Jeff Lynne song)]], 1990
* [[Sirens (Pearl Jam song)|"Sirens" (Pearl Jam song)]], 2013
* [[Sirens (Travis Scott song)|"Sirens" (Travis Scott song)]], 2023
* "Sirens", by Angels & Airwaves from ''[[I-Empire]]'', 2007
* "Sirens", by Candiria from ''[[Kiss the Lie]]'', 2008
* "Sirens", by Coroner from ''[[Mental Vortex]]'', 1991
* "Sirens", by Flume and Caroline Polachek from ''[[Palaces (album)|Palaces]]'', 2022
* "Sirens", by Imagine Dragons from ''[[Mercury – Acts 1 & 2]]'', 2022
* "Sirens", by Kelsea Ballerini from ''[[The First Time (Kelsea Ballerini album)|The First Time]]'', 2015
* "Sirens", by Markus Feehily from ''[[Fire (Markus Feehily album)|Fire]]'', 2015
* "Sirens", by Savatage on [[Sirens (Savatage album)|the eponymous album]], 1983
* "Sirens", by The String Cheese Incident from ''[[Untying the Not]]'', 2003
* "Sirens", by [[Nell Bryden]], 2012
** this song was covered by Cher for ''[[Closer to the Truth (Cher album)|Closer to the Truth]]'', 2013
* "Sirens", by Tesseract from ''[[War of Being]]'', 2023
* "Sirens", by [[Tim Deluxe]], 2001
* "The Sirens", by George and Ira Gershwin from ''[[A Dangerous Maid]]'', 1921

=====Other uses in music=====
* ''Sirènes'' ("Sirens"), a movement in the Debussy suite ''[[Nocturnes (Debussy)|Nocturnes]]''
*The Sirens, Op. 33, by [[Reinhold Glière]]
* [[The Siren (musical)|''The Siren'' (musical)]], a 1911 Broadway musical
* [[Acme Siren]], a varying-pitch wind instrument, often found in the percussion section of orchestras
* [[Siren Music Festival]], an annual outdoor concert held at Coney Island, New York, from 2001 to 2010

===Paintings===
* [[The Siren (Waterhouse painting)|''The Siren'' (Waterhouse painting)]], a 1900 painting by John William Waterhouse
*''The Siren'', 1888 painting by [[Edward Armitage]]

===Sculptures===
* [[Siren (Quinn)|''Siren'' (Quinn)]], a 2008 life-size statue by Marc Quinn
* [[The Siren (sculpture)|''The Siren'' (sculpture)]], a 2005 sculpture by Norman J. Gitzen
* [[Siren (bronze sculpture)|''Siren'' (bronze sculpture)]], Roman bronze sculpture ca. 1571–90
* [[The Sirens (sculpture)|''The Sirens'' (sculpture)]], an 1887 bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin

===Television===
====Series====
* [[Sirens (1993 TV series)|''Sirens'' (1993 TV series)]], an American crime drama series
* [[Sirens (2002 TV serial)|''Sirens'' (2002 TV serial)]], a two-part British serial
* [[Sirens (2011 TV series)|''Sirens'' (2011 TV series)]], a British television programme broadcast on Channel 4
* [[Sirens (2014 TV series)|''Sirens'' (2014 TV series)]], an American comedy program based on the Channel 4 series
* [[Sirens (2025 TV series)|''Sirens'' (2025 TV series)]], an American Netflix black comedy limited series
* ''Supermodel Me: Sirens'', the [[Supermodel Me (Season 5)|fifth season of Asian's reality program ''Supermodel Me'']]
* [[Siren (TV series)|''Siren'' (TV series)]], a 2018 American fantasy drama series
* ''[[Siren: Survive the Island]]'', a 2023 South Korean reality competition series

====Episodes====
* [[Siren (Millennium)|"Siren" (''Millennium'')]], television series episode
* [[The Siren (What We Do in the Shadows)|"The Siren" (What We Do in the Shadows)]]
* "Sirens", an [[List of Aqua Teen Hunger Force episodes#Season 5 (2008)|episode of ''Aqua Teen Hunger Force'']]
* "The Siren", an [[List of Mako: Island of Secrets episodes|episode of ''Mako: Island of Secrets'']]

===Other arts, entertainment, and media===
* [[Siren (video game)|''Siren'' (video game)]], 2003
* [[Company of Sirens]], a Canadian feminist theatre company
* [[Siren (magazine)|''Siren'' (magazine)]], a bimonthly Canadian magazine
* [[Siren FM]], a community radio station based at the University of Lincoln in the United Kingdom

==Court cases==
* ''The Siren'' – see [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 74]]
* ''The Siren'' – see [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 80]]

== Military ==
* {{HMS|Siren}}, several Royal Navy ships
* {{USS|Siren}}, several US Navy ships
* SS-N-9 Siren, NATO reporting name for the [[P-120 Malakhit]], a Russian anti-ship missile

== Sports ==
* [[New York Sirens]], a women's hockey team
* [[Sacramento Sirens]], a women's football team
* [[Saskatoon Sirens]], an expansion team in the Legends Football League
* [[Sirens A.S.C.]], a waterpolo club in Malta
* [[Sirens F.C.]], a football club in Malta
* [[Strathclyde Sirens]], a Scottish netball team

== Other uses ==
* [[Siren (codec)]], an audio codec
* [[Siren (fragrance)]], a perfume endorsed by Paris Hilton
* [[SIREN code]], a nine-digit number given to all French businesses
* SIREN, an [[Open energy system models#SIREN|open energy system model]] developed for Western Australia
* [[Standard siren]], a unit of gravitational waves

==See also==
* {{lookfrom|siren}}
* {{intitle|siren}}
* [[Cyren (disambiguation)]]
* [[Siran (disambiguation)]]
* [[Sirena (disambiguation)]]
* [[Sirene (disambiguation)]]
* [[Syreen]], an alien race in the computer game series ''Star Control''
* [[Siryn]]. a character from Marvel Comics
* [[Syren (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|geo}}

Football in West Bengal

2026-02-09T16:14:57Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{sport overview
| title = Football in West Bengal
| image = Salt Lake Stadium ( Yuba Bharati Krirangan ) Kolkata India - FC Bayern Munich Mohun Bagan Oliver Kahn 1.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Indian crowd during the match between [[FC Bayern Munich]] and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], May 27, 2008
| union = [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) (formed in 1893)<ref>{{cite web |first=Arjun |last=Wadwha |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |website=thesportscampus.com |publisher=TheSportsCampus |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |archive-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| match = 131,781 ([[East Bengal 4–1 Mohun Bagan|1997 Federation Cup Semifinal: East Bengal F.C. VS Mohun Bagan A.C.]] at [[Salt Lake Stadium]], 1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2013/7/22/6phssedqppiaxjndh9sxxm3jph49r7|title=Mohun Bagan and East Bengal: A derby to remember|access-date=5 December 2015|website=inbedwithmaradona.com|date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204124327/http://inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2013/7/22/6phssedqppiaxjndh9sxxm3jph49r7|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

[[Association football]] is one of the two most-popular sports in '''[[West Bengal]]''', the other being [[cricket]].<ref name="Football Passion West Bengal">{{cite web|title=Football - the passion play in West Bengal|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=IBN Live|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |date=2010 |first1=Sandip |last1=Hor |website=indianlink.com.au |title=Indian Link — The City of Wonders |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404061736/http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |archive-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] are the heart of [[West Bengal]] football. The rivalry between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, originating from the [[Calcutta Football League]] as the [[Kolkata derby]], is one of the fiercest in the world and considered among the flagship events in the [[football in India|Indian footballing calendar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> West Bengal is known to be the ''[[Mecca]] of Indian football'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ekolkata24.com/sports-news/durand-cup-final-between-mohammedan-sporting-versus-fc-goa/?amp=1|title=Durand Cup: 'জান জান মহামেডান', ফুটবল মক্কা চাইছে রেশমি কাবাবের সৌরভ|website=ekolkata24.com|date=2 October 2021|access-date=2 March 2022|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302125336/https://ekolkata24.com/sports-news/durand-cup-final-between-mohammedan-sporting-versus-fc-goa/?amp=1|archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> with the two most supported teams in the country being based within the city – Mohun Bagan and East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan VS SC East Bengal|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid=1414458/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801091940/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid=1414458/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|website=FIFA|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|location=Kolkata|first=Indranil|last=Banerjie|date=15 May 1985|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19850515-money-violence-and-politics-enter-calcutta-football-770046-2013-12-09|title=Money, violence and politics enter Calcutta football|work=India Today|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401133317/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19850515-money-violence-and-politics-enter-calcutta-football-770046-2013-12-09}}</ref>

The IFA had organised many historical tournaments like the [[Trades Cup]], the Gladstone Cup, the [[Cooch Behar Cup]] and the coveted [[IFA Shield]], prior to the incorporation of [[Calcutta Football League]] in 1898. The Trades Cup is the oldest tournament in Kolkata, being instituted in 1889.<ref>{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |page=186 |date=1959 |access-date=25 September 2022 }}</ref>

==State teams==
{| class="infobox" style="font-size:95%; width:25em; text-align:center"
! colspan="4" style="font-size:115%; align=center" | State teams of West Bengal
|-
![[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px]]
![[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px]]
|-
![[West Bengal football team|Football (Men's)]]
![[West Bengal women's football team|Football (Women's)]]
|}

The following list includes the performance of West Bengal's state teams at major competitions.

===Men's team===
{{Main|West Bengal football team}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Tournament
!Best performance
|-
|[[Santosh Trophy]] || {{sort|32|'''Champions''' ([[1941–42 Santosh Trophy|1941–42]], [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945–46]], 1947–48, 1949–50, [[1950–51 Santosh Trophy|1950–51]], 1951–52, [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54]], 1955–56, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, [[1981–82 Santosh Trophy|1981–82]], 1982–83 (Shared with [[Goa football team|Goa]]), 1986–87, 1988–89, [[1993–94 Santosh Trophy|1993–94]], 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, [[2009–10 Santosh Trophy|2009–10]], [[2010–11 Santosh Trophy|2010–11]], [[2016–17 Santosh Trophy|2016–17]])}}
|-
|[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]] || {{sort|3|'''Gold''' (1994, [[2011 National Games of India|2011]], [[2022 National Games of India|2022]])}}
|-
|[[B.C. Roy Trophy]] || {{sort|18|'''Champions''' (1961–62, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2003–04, 2024–25)}}
|-
|[[Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy]] || {{sort|12|'''Champions''' (1965–66, 1978–79, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2015–16)}}
|-
|[[M. Dutta Ray Trophy]] || {{sort|6|'''Champions''' (1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005)}}
|}

===Women's team===
{{Main|West Bengal women's football team}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!Tournament
!Best performance
|-
|[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] || {{sort|2|'''Champions''' (1991–92, 1996–97)}}
|-
|[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]] || {{sort|2|Silver (1999, 2002)}}
|-
|[[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' (2011–12)}}
|-
|[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' (2010–11)}}
|}

==Affiliated district associations==
The 23 district associations affiliated with the '''Indian Football Association'''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! District/Region
|-
| 1 || Alipurduar District Sports Association || [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|-
| 2 || Bankura District Sports Association || [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|-
| 3 || Burdwan District Sports Association || [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] and [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|-
| 4 || Birbhum District Sports Association || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|-
| 5 || Chandernagore Sporting Association || [[Chandannagar]] ([[Hooghly district|Hooghly]])
|-
| 6 || Cooch Behar District Sports Association || [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|-
| 7 || Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Sports Association || [[Darjeeling]] ([[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]])
|-
| 8 || Dakshin Dinajpur District Sports Association || [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|-
| 9 || Hooghly District Sports Association || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|-
| 10 || Howrah District Sports Association || [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|-
| 11 || Jalpaiguri District Sports Association || [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|-
| 12 || Jhargram District Sports Association || [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|-
| 13 || Kalimpong District Sports Association || [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
|-
| 14 || Malda District Sports Association || [[Malda district|Malda]]
|-
| 15 || Manbhum Sports Association || [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|-
| 16 || Murshidabad District Sports Association || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|-
| 17 || Nadia District Sports Association || [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|-
| 18 || North 24 Parganas District Sports Association || [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|-
| 19 || Paschim Medinipur District Sports Association || [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|-
| 20 || Purba Medinipur District Sports Association || [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|-
| 21 || Siliguri Mahakuma Krira Parishad || [[Siliguri]] ([[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]])
|-
| 22 || South 24 Parganas District Sports Association || [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
| 23 || Uttar Dinajpur District Sports Association || [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|}

==Organisation of football in West Bengal==
===Competitions===
===Men's===
*[[Calcutta Football League]]
*[[IFA Shield]]
*[[Trades Cup]]
*[[Uttarbanga Cup]]
*Jayanta Chatterjee Inter District Football Tournament
*IFA [[Futsal]] Championship

===Women's===
*[[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
*[[Women's IFA Shield]]

===Youth===
*[[Calcutta Football League|CFL]] 5th Division Group B
*IFA Nursery League

===Evolution of the football system===
{{:Indian Football Association|transcludesection=Evolution}}

==Notable footballers visits==
Because it is often called India's football capital, many international footballing personalities have visited [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. In 1977, [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] played a friendly match against the famous North American Soccer League club [[New York Cosmos (1970–85)|New York Cosmos]], which featured [[Pelé]]. The match, which took place at [[Eden Gardens]], had an attendance of 80,000. The match ended 2–2. Others who have visited Kolkata are Argentinean footballing legend [[Diego Maradona]] and current star [[Lionel Messi]]. Lionel Messi made his captaincy debut for his national side in Kolkata's, [[West Bengal]] Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan on 2 September 2011 against Venezuela. German legends, including [[Franz Beckenbauer]] and [[Oliver Kahn]], have also visited. The best goalkeeper in football history, Russian [[Lev Yashin]], visited in 1955 and 1973. English World Cup–winning legend [[Bobby Moore]] was the chief guest during the 1984 [[Nehru Cup]]. Emeka Ezuego, the Nigerian World Cup player, played for [[East Bengal]] and [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]. [[Majid Bishkar]], the Iranian World Cup player, played for East Bengal and Mohammedan Sporting from 1980 to 1986. Cameroon footballing legend [[Roger Milla]] played for Diamond Club in some exhibition matches in the Centenary Celebration of [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. Uruguay football captain [[Diego Forlan]] visited Kolkata in 2010. [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]] visited in 2010. Julian Caminho visited [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] twice—first in 1988 to play for East Bengal and again in 2011. [[MacDonald Mukansi]] played for East Bengal in 2007.

Others who have also visited are [[Terry Paine]], [[Carlos Alberto Torres]], [[Enzo Francescoli]], Valencia Ramos, [[Jorge Burruchaga]], [[Ricardo Gareca]], [[László Kiss (footballer)|László Kiss]], [[Nicky Butt]], [[Włodzimierz Smolarek]], [[Andrzej Buncol]], [[Eusébio]], [[Ronald Koeman]], [[Paul Breitner]], and [[Swansea City]]'s [[Neil Taylor (footballer)|Neil Taylor]].

In July 2023, Argentine World Cup and World Cup Golden Gloves winner [[Emiliano Martinez]] also visited the city of Joy, courtesy to Satadru Dutta's initiative. He was grandly welcomed by the citizens and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].

==Footballers from West Bengal==
The state of West Bengal has contributed many legends to Indian football, such as:
*[[Chuni Goswami]], first [[Padma Shri]] awardee, awarded best striker of Asia in 1962.
*[[Gostho Pal]], footballer, who was member of the Mohun Bagan team that won the IFA shield against a British team in the pre-independence period.
*[[Krishanu Dey]], footballer, known as the "Indian Maradona".
*[[Mohammed Salim (footballer)|Mohammed Salim]], first player from the Indian subcontinent to play overseas, in the year 1936 for the Scottish Club [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic FC]].
*[[P. K. Banerjee]], named Indian Footballer of the 20th century by, and awardee of the [[FIFA Order of Merit]].
*[[Shailen Manna]], footballer, the only Asian Footballer ever to be named among the 10 best Captains in the world by the [[English FA]] in 1953.
*[[Subrata Paul]], member of Indian team, first Indian goalkeeper to play professionally for a foreign club in 1st division (Danish Superliga).
*[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]], footballer, considered among the finest in Indian football, declared AIFF player of the decade in 1994.

==International players origin==
*[[Robin Dutt]], former manager of [[Bundesliga]] club, [[Werder Bremen]].
*[[Neil Taylor (footballer)|Neil Taylor]], [[Wales|Welsh]] footballer of half-Bengali origin.

==Arjuna award winners==
*[[P. K. Banerjee]]
*[[Chuni Goswami]]
* Arun Lal Ghosh
*[[Prasun Banerjee]]
*Sudhir Karmakar
*[[Shanti Mullick]]
*[[Subrata Bhattacharya (footballer)|Subrata Bhattacharya]]
*[[Deepak Mondal|Deepak Kumar Mondal]]
*[[Subrata Pal]]

==See also==
*[[Bengal Super League]]
*[[Premier League Soccer (India)|Premier League Soccer]]
*[[History of Indian football]]
*[[Football in Kolkata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*Dutta, P. L., ''Memoir of 'Father of Indian Football' Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1944) (hereafter Memoir)
*Ghosh, Saurindra Kumar. ''Krira Samrat Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary 1869–1940'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1963) (hereafter Krira Samrat).
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |title=Football Culture in Princely State of Cooch Behar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416171622/http://www.jhsr.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/01-07-JHSRVOL-2NO-2A.-SHIL.pdf |first=Amrita |last=Kumar Shil |journal=JHSR Journal of Historical Study and Search |date=15 May 2022 |issn=2583-0198 |volume=2 }}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/foreign/india/736939/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|title=কলকাতার মোহামেডানের সঙ্গে গাঁটছড়া বাঁধছে ঢাকার মোহামেডান|trans-title=Mohammedan of Dhaka is tying knot with Mohammedan of Kolkata|language=bn|location=Kolkata|first=Raktim|last=Das|access-date=1 June 2023|date=4 April 2022|archive-date=5 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405081844/https://www.banglatribune.com/foreign/india/736939/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|website=banglatribune.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/story-of-legendary-football-coach-dukkhiram|first=Chandak|last=Guha|website=bongodorshon.com|publisher=Bongodorshon Information Desk|language=bn|trans-title=The Englishmen too feared Bengal's legendary first football coach|title=ইংরেজরাও ভয় পেত বাংলার প্রথম কিংবদন্তি ফুটবল কোচকে|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=5 September 2019|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908122903/https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/story-of-legendary-football-coach-dukkhiram}}

{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Sport in West Bengal]]

Dyaus

2026-02-05T23:57:06Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Vedic god}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| devanagari = द्यौस्
| symbol = [[Zebu|Bull]]
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Pancha Bhoota|Pancha Bhuta]]
| abode = [[Dyuloka]], Sky ({{IAST|ākāśa}}, {{lang|sa|आकाश}})
| member_of = [[Thirty-three gods]]
| other_names = [[Akasha]]
| deity_of = [[Sky god|Personification of the Sky]]
| consort = [[Prithvi]]
| offspring = [[Indra]], [[Surya]], [[Ushas]], and the [[Rigvedic deities|other gods]]
| texts = [[Rigveda]]
| Greek_equivalent = [[Uranus (mythology)|Ouranos]] (Functional equivalent) [[Zeus]] (mainly etymological)<ref>Zeus's main Hindu equivalent is Indra. {{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Indra {{!}} Hindu God of War, Rain & Thunder {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indra |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
| Roman_equivalent = [[Caelus]] (Functional equivalent) [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] (mainly etymological)
| Norse_equivalent = [[Odin]] (as the Father of the gods) [[Tyr]] (mainly etymological)
| Indo-european_equivalent = [[Dyēus]]
| image =
| caption =
}}{{Hinduism small}}

'''Dyaus''' ([[Vedic Sanskrit]]: द्यौस्, {{IAST3|Dyáus}}) or '''Dyauspitr''' ([[Vedic Sanskrit]]: द्यौष्पितृ, {{IAST3|Dyáuṣpitṛ́}}) is the [[Rigvedic deities|Rigvedic]] sky deity. His consort is [[Prithvi]], the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the [[Rigveda]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shri |first=Satya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMf1DQAAQBAJ&dq=dyaus+rigveda&pg=PT253 |title=Demystifying Brahminism and Re-Inventing Hinduism: Volume 1 - Demystifying Brahminism |date=23 January 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946515-54-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{IAST|Dyauṣ}} stems from [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dyā́wš|''*dyā́wš'']], from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) daylight-sky god {{lang|ine-x-proto|[[*Dyēus]]|proto=no}}, and is [[cognate]] with the Greek {{lang|grc|Διας}} – ''[[Zeus|Zeus Patēr]]'', or ''[[Deipaturos|Dei-pátrous]]'', and Latin [[Jupiter (mythology)|''Jupiter'']] (from Old Latin [[Dies piter]] {{lang|la|Djous patēr}}), stemming from the PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|Dyḗus ph₂tḗr|proto=no}} ("Daylight-sky Father").''{{Sfn|West|2007|p=171}}''

The noun {{IAST|dyaús}} (when used without the {{IAST|pitṛ́}} 'father') refers to the daylight sky, and occurs frequently in the [[Rigveda]], as an entity. The sky in Vedic writing was described as rising in three tiers: {{IAST|avamá}}, {{IAST|madhyamá}}, and {{IAST|uttamá}} or {{IAST|tṛtī́ya}}.<ref>[[Rigveda|Ṛg·veda]], 5.60.6.</ref>

== Literature ==
Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́ appears in hymns with [[Prithvi|Prithvi Mata]], 'Mother Earth' in the ancient Vedic scriptures of [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Leeming|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjO6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17|title=The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother|last2=Fee|first2=Christopher|date=2016|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-538-7|language=en}}</ref>

In the Ṛg·veda, ''Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́'' appears in verses 1.89.4, 1.90.7, 1.164.33, 1.191.6, 4.1.10. and 4.17.4<ref>Sanskrit: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेदः Ṛg·veda], Wikisource; translation: Ralph T. H. Griffith [[wikisource:The Rig Veda|Rigveda]], Wikisource</ref> He is also referred to under different theonyms: Dyavaprithvi, for example, is a [[dvandva compound]] combining 'heaven' and 'earth' as Dyauṣ and [[Prithvi]].

Dyauṣ's most defining trait is his paternal role.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1897|pages=21–22}}</ref> His daughter, [[Ushas|Uṣas]], personifies dawn.<ref>{{cite book|first=Roshen|last=Dalal|author-link=Roshen Dalal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2014|isbn = 9788184752779}} Entry: "Dyaus"</ref> The gods, especially Sūrya, are stated to be the children of Dyauṣ and Prithvi.<ref name=":1" /> Dyauṣ's other sons include Agni, [[Parjanya]], the [[Ādityas]], the [[Maruts]], and the Angirases.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Ashvins]] are called "''divó nápāt''", meaning offspring/progeny/grandsons of Dyauṣ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=West|first=M. L.|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-928-075-9|pages=187}}</ref> Dyauṣ is often visualized as a roaring animal, often a bull, who fertilizes the earth.<ref name=":0" /> Dyauṣ is also known for the rape of his own daughter,<ref>{{Cite book |last=York |first=Michael |title=Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion |date=2016 |publisher=Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer |isbn=978-3-319-18923-9 |edition=1st ed. 2016 |location=Cham |pages=313}}</ref> which Jamison and Brereton (2014) state is "obliquely but vividly" mentioned in the Rigveda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|first2=Joel P. |last2=Brereton|title=The Rigveda –– The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|pages=50–51}}</ref>

Dyauṣ is also stated to be like a black stallion studded with pearls in a simile with the night sky.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=1492}}

[[Indra]]'s separation of Dyauṣ and Prithvi is celebrated in the Rigveda as an important creation myth.<ref name=":1" />

In the Mahabharata [[Bhishma]] is the human incarnation of Dyaus after the [[Vasu]]s got cursed to living a human life on earth for stealing from [[Vasishtha]] out of pride and desire. 7 of the [[Vasu]]s got forgiven quickly but Dyaus the one who lead the act by physically stealing from [[Vasistha]] was singled out to remain on earth for a long duration, while the others were liberated shortly after birth. Dyaus incarnated as Devavrata, who later became known as [[Bhishma]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ganguli |first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa |year=1883–1896 |publisher=Bharata Press |chapter=Section XCIX: Sambhava Parva |url=https://sacred-texts.com |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aryaakasha.com/2023/05/14/on-bhishma-as-sky-father-incarnate-a-guest-post-with-annotations/ |title=On Bhishma as Sky Father Incarnate: A Guest Post With Annotations |website=Arya Akasha |date=May 14, 2023 |access-date=2026-01-20}}</ref>.

==See also==
*[[Dyēus]]
*[[Dis Pater]]
*[[Rigvedic deities]]
*[[Uranus (mythology)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Oberlies |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |location=Vienna |publisher= Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien |date=1998}}
{{refend}}

{{Rigveda}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:European deities]]

Dimapur Airport

2026-01-31T11:33:53Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Airport of Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Dimapur Airport
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image = File:Dimapur_Airport_Logo.png
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA = DMU
| ICAO = VEMR
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Nagaland
| pushpin_label = '''DMU'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Chümoukedima]]–[[Dimapur]], [[Kohima]]
| location = 3rd Mile, Diphupar, [[Chümoukedima District]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| metric-elev = y
| elevation-f = 487
| elevation-m = 148
| coordinates = {{coord|25|53|02|N|093|46|16|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/dimapur Dimapur Airport]
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length-f = 7,513
| r1-length-m = 2,290
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-data = 336,870 ({{increase}} 5.4%) 4,326 ({{increase}} 8.9%) 1,156 ({{decrease}} 31%)
| stat1-header = Passengers Aircraft movements Cargo tonnage
| image2 = Dimapur Airport in 2011.jpg
}}

'''Dimapur Airport''' {{Airport codes|DMU|VEMR}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving [[Chümoukedima]]–[[Dimapur]] and its neighbouring areas in the state of [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is located between the districts of [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]] and [[Dimapur district|Dimapur]], from where [[National Highway 29 (India)|National Highway 29]] (formerly NH-39) passes just beside the airport. It is the only airport in the state of Nagaland. The terminal building can handle 500 departing and 300 arriving passengers, and was built during [[World War II]].

== Airlines and destinations ==
{{Airport-dest-list|3rdcoltitle=|3rdcolunsortable=
| [[Air India Express]]|[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express expands network with new flights to Bangkok, Dimapur and Patna – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-expands-network-with-new-flights-to-bangkok-dimapur-and-patna-details-inside-3678834/|work=The Financial Express|date=28 November 2024|access-date=11 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]| [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]],[[Shillong Airport|Shillong]]

| [[IndiGo]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo announces new flights to bolster accessibility across East, NE India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/indigo-announces-new-flights-to-bolster-accessibility-across-east-ne-india-124110801550_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=8 November 2024|access-date=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]
|
}}

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=DMU}}

==Accidents and incidents==
* On 16 August 1991, [[Indian Airlines Flight 257]] operating on the [[Calcutta]]–[[Imphal]]–Dimapur route crashed on approach to [[Imphal Airport]], killing all 69 people on board. Of the 63 passengers on board, 31 were booked for Dimapur Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Accident to Indian Airlines Boeing 737 Aircraft VT-EFL on 16th August 1991 Near Itnphal, Manipur|url=https://dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/Upload?flag=iframeAttachView&attachId=130615405&mainAccidentReports|last=|first=|date=|website=dgca.gov.in|publisher=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]|format=PDF|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kohima Chiethu Airport]]
* [[List of airports in Nagaland]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://aai.aero/allAirports/dimapur_general_info.jsp}}

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Chümoukedima district]]
[[Category:Chümoukedima]]
[[Category:Dimapur]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Transport in Chümoukedima]]
[[Category:Transport in Dimapur]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Tarun Chatterji

2026-01-30T16:18:50Z

Anuj tripathi 111: add intro and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tarun Chatterjee
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 2000
| constituency = [[Raipur Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur Rural]]
| predecessor = Ranveer Singh Shastry
| successor = Post Abolished
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2003
| constituency1 = [[Raipur Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur Rural]]
| predecessor1 = Post Established
| successor1 = [[Rajesh Munat]]
| birth_place = [[East Pakistan]] {{small|(present–day [[Bangladesh]])}}
| birth_date = 1949
| death_place = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| death_date = January 15, 2017
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Chhattisgarh Vikas Party]]
| residence = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tarun Prasad Chatterjee''' was an Indian politician from [[Indian National Congress]]. Previously, he was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Janata Dal]]. Chatterjee was three-time Mayor of Raipur Municipal Corporation.

Tarun Prasad Chatterjee was a frontline politician in Chhattisgarh. He held many important offices in Indian National Congress and government. He was elected Ward member of Rajatalab Ward in 1978.He was Raipur District Congress President from 1979 to 1987

In 1980 he was elected first time [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raipur Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur Rural constituency]]. In 1990, he was elected second time as a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raipur Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur Rural constituency]] then from November 2000 member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]. He defeated Deenanath Sharma of [[Indian National Congress]] by 15,751 votes in [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998 Madhya Pradesh Assembly election]].

In December 2001 he was 12 members of the state legislative assembly belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] broke away and [[Chhattisgarh Vikas Party]] was led by Tarun Chatterji. [[Chhattisgarh Vikas Party]] was recognized by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-affiliated Speaker of the assembly. The following day [[Chhattisgarh Vikas Party]] merged into the [[Indian National Congress]].

He was appointed the Public Works Department (PWD) minister from 2002 to 2003 during the Ajit Jogi government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=12 BJP MLA's join Congress in Chattisgarh
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/12-bjp-mlas-join-congress-in-chattisgarh_29077.html|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Zee News}}</ref>

He died on January 16, 2017, following a cardiac arrest. He is survived by his wife, two sons, and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chattisgarh Minister Tarun Prasad Chatterjee Dies At 68|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/former-chattisgarh-minister-tarun-prasad-chatterjee-dies-at-68/964579|access-date=2021-07-20|website=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Cgarh minister Tarun Prasad Chatterjee no more|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/former-cgarh-minister-tarun-prasad-chatterjee-no-more-857436-2017-01-15|access-date=2021-07-20|website= India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterji, Tarun}}
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2000–2003]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Mayors of Raipur]]
[[Category:1949 births]]

Raj Kandukuri

2026-01-25T18:00:43Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting A Article

{{Short description|Indian film producer, director and distributor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Kandukuri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma mater =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[film producer]], Film Distributor
| yearsactive = 2007 – present
| spouse =
| children = [[Shiva Kandukuri]]
| relatives =
}}
K. Rajasekhar, also known as '''Raj Kandukuri''', is an Indian film producer, director and distributor who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=2015-05-30 |title=PM Modi calls Raj Kandukuri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150529/entertainment-tollywood/article/pm-modi-calls-raj-kandukuri |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> He owns the production house Dharmapatha Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |title=Dharmapatha Creations |url=https://www.hungama.com/artist/dharmapatha-creations/movies/136504158/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hungama.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=2016-12-09 |title=Raj Kandukuri backs yet another new talent |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/091216/raj-kandukuri-backs-yet-another-new-talent.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Raj Kandukuri ventured into films in the year 2008 with his debut film production [[Gautama Buddha (film)|''Gautama Buddha'']] under his banner Dharmapatha Creations and which won the Andhra Pradesh State [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Nandi Award]] for the same film that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-13 |title=Nandi, special jury awards announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nandi-special-jury-awards-announced/articleshow/3970172.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Raj Kandukuri's next is a rom-com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-kandukuris-next-is-a-rom-com/articleshow/27475185.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He debuted as a film director with the Telugu language film ''Gola Seenu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-10 |title=Telugu film 'Gola Seenu' success meet function |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/telugu-film-gola-seenu-success-meet-function-602132.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-16 |title=Raj Kandukuri teams up with Vivek Atreya again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raj-kandukuri-teams-up-with-vivek-atreya-again/articleshow/62096546.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kandukuri started distribution with ''[[Hrudaya Kaleyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Deepa |date=2014-03-31 |title=Sampoornesh Hrudaya Kaleyam distributor Raj Kandukuri - interview |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-30/Sampoornesh-Hrudaya-Kaleyam-distributor-Raj-Kandukuri--interview/90535 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-29 |title=#4YearsforPelliChoopulu: Producer Raj Kandukuri reminisces as the film completes 4 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/4yearsforpellichoopulu-producer-raj-kandukuri-reminisces-as-the-film-completes-4-years/articleshow/77235693.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Producer Raj Kandukuri Interview stills Set 2 |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/View/451558/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Producer
!year
!Film
!Note
!ref
|-
|2008
|''[[Gautama Buddha (film)|Gautama Buddha]]''
|Bilingual film; Won Andhra Pradesh State Special Jury Awards
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-13 |title=Nandi, special jury awards announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nandi-special-jury-awards-announced/articleshow/3970172.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''My Heart is Beating''
|
|<ref>https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/my-heart-is-beating/IEMV008758</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Heart is Beating (2012) {{!}} Cast & Crew {{!}} News {{!}} Galleries {{!}} Movie Posters |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/movies/info/2132/my-heart-is-beating.aspx |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Gola Seenu''
|
|<ref>https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/gola-seenu-/ET00014366</ref>
|-
|''[[Aravind 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |Co-Producer
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Movies |first=iQlik |title=Raj Kandukuri Earns More Than He Lost |url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2016/08/05/Raj-Kandukuri-Earns-More-Than-He-Lost/17135 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=iQlikmovies |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Ladies & Gentlemen (2015 film)|Ladies and Gentlemen]]''
|-
|2016
|''[[Nayaki]]''
| Bilingual film; co-Producer
|-
|2016
|''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tupaki |date=2017-03-20 |title=Rare honour to 'Pelli Chupulu' producer |url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/article/raj-kandukuri-has-been-conferred-with-the-prestigious-b-nagi-reddy-memorial-award-for-2016/50856 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=english.tupaki.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Mental Madhilo]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-23 |title=Rejected 30 scripts before okaying Mental Madhilo: Raj Kandukuri {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/rejected-30-scripts-before-okaying-mental-madhilo-raj-kandukuri.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]''
|
|[https://web.facebook.com/watch/?v=3030273550372113]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Director
!Year
!Film
|-
|2013
|''Gola Seenu''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm6161780}}

[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]

Hamiltonganj railway station

2026-01-18T00:54:43Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Hamiltonganj Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = National Highway 31C, Hamiltonganj , Dist : Alipurduar
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6866|89.4246|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|111|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HOJ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Hamiltonganj Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}

'''Hamiltonganj railway station'''<ref> {{Cite web|title=Hamiltonganj|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/hoj/|website=totaltraininfo.com}}</ref> serves the areas of Hamiltonganj, [[Kalchini]], [[Hasimara]] and [[Jaigaon]] lying on [[Doars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref> {{Cite web|title=Departures from Hamiltonganj Railway Station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/hamilton-ganj-hoj/7171|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> It lies in the [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]].

==Trains==
Major trains running from Hamiltonganj Railway Station are as follows:

*[[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo4">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchan-kanya-express-13149/909/325/449|title=13149/Kanchan Kanya Express (PT) - Sealdah to Alipur Duar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Bamanhat Express]]
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Alipurduar district]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Bali Ram Bhagat

2026-01-14T15:17:51Z

Anuj tripathi 111:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1922-2011)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bali Ram Bhagat
| image = File:Nicolae Ceauşescu and B.R. Bhagat (cropped).png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|10|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|01|02|1922|10|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| residence =
| office = 11th [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Governor of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 June 1993
| term_end = 1 May 1998
| predecessor = [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]] {{small|(Additional charge)}}
| successor = [[Darbara Singh]]
| office1 = [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|8th Governor]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 11 February 1993
| term_end1 = 29 June 1993
| predecessor1 = [[Surendra Nath]] {{small|(Additional charge)}}
| successor1 = [[Gulsher Ahmed]]
| order2 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|13th External Affairs Minister]] of [[India]]
| term_start2 = 25 September 1985
| term_end2 = 12 May 1986
| predecessor2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| successor2 = [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| order3 = 6th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 15 Jan 1976
| term_end3 = 25 Mar 1977
| deputy3 = [[G.G. Swell]]
| predecessor3 = [[G. S. Dhillon]]
| successor3 = [[N. Sanjiva Reddy]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Vidya Bhagat|1944}}
| children = 2 (1 son and 1 daughter)
| father = Ham Rup Bhagat
| mother =
}}

'''Bali Ram Bhagat''' (7 October 1922 – 2 January 2011) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). He has served as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]] from 1952 to 1957 and [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] (Arrah) from 1957 to 1977. Bhagat has also served as the 6th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] and 13th [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Foreign Minister]] of India.

==Early life==
BR Bhagat was born into a wealthy [[Yadav]] family in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] on 7 October 1922. His family was originally from Dashara village in [[Samastipur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/muzaffarpur/story-when-baliram-bhagat-defeated-2456354.html |title=When Bali Ram Bhagat was defeated by his own people |work=Hindustan |date=22 March 2019 }}</ref> He joined the Indian National Congress in 1939 during the [[Indian independence movement]] and participated in the [[Quit India movement]]. He received a bachelor's degree from [[Patna College]] and obtained a master's degree in economics from [[Patna University]].<ref name="death">{{cite news|title=Former Lok Sabha Speaker Baliram Bhagat passes away|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Former-Lok-Sabha-Speaker-Baliram-Bhagat-passes-away/article15503979.ece |work=The Hindu|date=January 3, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
After independence, Bali Ram Bhagat served as the Member of Parliament (MP) from [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]] in the [[1st Lok Sabha]] (1952-1957) and then [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] for four terms (1957-1977).<ref name="spkLS">{{cite web |title=The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha |url=http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/frmspeaker.asp |website=speakerloksabha.nic.in |accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref> Bhagat lost his seat to [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]] in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general election]], where the Congress lost power in India for the first time.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_II_LS77.pdf] p.95</ref> He won as MP from [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]] in 1980 and [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] in 1984.

Between 1963 and 1967, Bhagat served as the Minister of State for Planning as well as Finance. He was a Minister in the Ministry of Defence for a short period in 1967 before he became the Minister of State for External Affairs in the same year. Bhagat became a member of the cabinet in 1969 when he was appointed the Minister of Foreign Trade and Supply. Later, he was the Minister of Steel and Heavy Engineering for a period of eight months.<ref name="spkLS"/>

Bhagat served as the [[Speaker of Lok Sabha]] from 1976 to 1977, during the turbulent final year of [[Indira Gandhi]]’s first reign as prime minister.<ref name="spkLS"/> He served as Minister for External Affairs of India under Indira's son, [[Rajiv Gandhi]], from 1985 to 1986.Baliram Bhagat lost the Lok Sabha elections in 1989 and 1991. Following these defeats, the Congress compensated it by appointing him as [[Governor of Rajasthan]] (1993–1998), and he also served briefly as [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]](1993).After the end of his term as Governor in 1998, he continued his involvement in public life.

As his political successor, he supported his nephew, namely, Nawal Kishore Choudhary who was a local village chief (mukhiya) for several decades from Bharko panchayat falling under Amarpur legislative assembly and was nominated as a Congress candidate in the 2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election from [[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency]] but unfortunately lost.
Bali Ram Bhagat died in New Delhi on 2 January 2011.<ref name="death"/>

== Positions held ==
Bali Ram Bhagat has served seven times as [[Lok Sabha]] MP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/614.htm |title=Member Profile: 8th Lok Sabha |work=Lok Sabha |access-date=7 October 2022 }}</ref>

He lost the [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] and [[9th Lok Sabha]]
election from [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] in 1977 and 1989 respectively. Bhagat also lost the [[10th Lok Sabha]] election from [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]] in 1991.

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Party
|-
| 1. || 1952 || 1957 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 2. || 1957 || 1962 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[2nd Lok Sabha]] from [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 3. || 1962 || 1967 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[3rd Lok Sabha]] from [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 4. || 1967 || 1971 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[4th Lok Sabha]] from [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 5. || 1971 || 1977 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (5th term) in [[5th Lok Sabha]] from [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 6. || 1980 || 1984 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (6th term) in [[7th Lok Sabha]] from [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]] || [[Indian National Congress (U)|INC (U)]]
|-
| 7. || 1984 || 1989 || [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] (7th term) in [[8th Lok Sabha]] from [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

'''Note'''
* The ''Patna-cum-Shahabad'' constituency was renamed as ''Shahabad'' constituency in the [[2nd Lok Sabha]] (1957).
* The ''Shahabad'' constituency was renamed as ''Arrah'' constituency in the [[6th Lok Sabha]] (1977).

==References==
<references/>

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Rajiv Gandhi]]|
title=[[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister for External Affairs of India]]|
years=1985–1986|
after=[[P Shiv Shankar]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Speakers of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Governors of Rajasthan}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagat, Bali Ram}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]
[[Category:Governors of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]
[[Category:People from Arrah]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Steel ministers of India]]

Pankaj Batra

2026-01-10T23:39:00Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting Post.

{{short description|Indian Punjabi-language film director|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj Batra
| image =
| alt = (36 years)
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| parents =
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| years_active = 2004–present
| website = {{URL|https://iampankajbatra.com}}
}}

'''Pankaj Batra''' is an Indian [[film director]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's a wrap for Pankaj Batra's 'Fufad Ji' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-pankaj-batras-fufad-ji/articleshow/84546743.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He is known for ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]'' Starring ([[Diljit Dosanjh]]),<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/diljit-dosanjh-to-dub-punjabi-film-sajjan-singh-rangroot-in-hindi-and-english-as-well/articleshow/62885464.cms | title=Diljit as Sajjan Singh Rangroot | work= The Times of India}}</ref>''[[Bambukat]]'' Starring ([[Ammy Virk]]),''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]'' Starring ([[Amrinder Gill]]),'' [[Naughty Jatts]]'', and ''[[Dildariyaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/pankaj-batra/16993| title=Pankaj Batra | work=Book My Show | date=20 January 2015 | accessdate=20 January 2015 | author=book my show}}</ref><ref name="Times of india">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/First-look-Neeru-Bajwas-Channo-Kamli-Yaar-Di/articleshow/50324340.cms | title=First Look | work= The Times of India | date=23 December 2014 | accessdate=20 January 2015 | author=TNN}}</ref>

In 2017, he released his film [[Channa Mereya (film)]] starring Ninja, [[Payal Rajput]], [[Amrit Maan]], [[Karamjit Anmol]].

== Career ==
His first Punjabi film as director was ''Reehjan'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Reejhan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/reejhan/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> in November 2005, starring Ranjeet, Aryan Vaid, and Bunti Garewal. After that he directed a soap titled Chaldi Da Naam Gaddi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/carry-on-jatts/1068242/ |title= Zee Tv |website=Indian Express}}</ref> for [[Zee TV|Zee television]] in November 2007. Later on, he directed another show in 2008 titled ''Hum Tum for [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]]''. His second Punjabi feature film was ''[[Virsa (film)|Virsa]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/63279/virsa-seeks-connect-punjabi-expats.html|title='Virsa' seeks to connect Punjabi expats with their roots|date=11 April 2010|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> in 2008 starring [[Gulshan Grover]] and Aryan Babbar.

Pankaj Batra's first hit as director was [[Naughty Jatts]], released in 2013,<ref>{{cite web |title=Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/others/Naughty-Jatts-Trailer/videoshow/21272400.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> starring [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Binnu Dhillon]] and [[Aarya Babbar]]. His next film [[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]] was hit in 2014 starring [[Amrinder Gill]], [[Binnu Dhillon]], Amrit Manghera. His third titled "[[Dildariyaan]]" <ref>{{cite web |title=Preeti close to it |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/preeti-close-to-it/71305.html |website=Tribune India}}</ref> with [[Jassi Gill]] was his connective hit in 2015.

"[[Bambukat]]" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/When-Punjabi-cinema-meets-renaissance/articleshow/53791375.cms|title=When Punjabi cinema meets renaissance | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> grossed Rs.1.38 crore in Punjab on its first day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/XUnWxiWN3UwoE2ejE9VI5M/Sultan-Kabali-dominate-box-office-in-July.html|title=Sultan, Kabali dominate box office in July|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=2 August 2016|website=mint}}</ref> It was released in over 65 screens in key international markets on 29 July and grossed approximately US$1 million at the overseas box office in the first week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bambukat-box-office-collection-pankaj-batras-film-moves-closer-1-5-million-mark-overseas-689507|title='Bambukat' box office collection: Pankaj Batra's film moves closer to $1.5 million mark overseas|first=Shekhar H.|last=Hooli|date=10 August 2016|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>

[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]] is eighth [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films|highest Punjabi grossing film of all time]] and second [[List of Punjabi films of 2018|highest-grossing film of 2018]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3828|title=Top Punjabi Worldwide Grossers - Rangroot Does Well - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2018-09-05}}</ref>

His next is with super star [[Jassi Gill]], [[Ranjit Bawa]] and Ninja, titled High End Yaariyan, which is scheduled for 22 February 2019 release.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/high-end-yaariyaan/movieshow/66475090.cms| title=High End Yaariyan directed by Pankaj Batra=Times of india | author=Times of India}}</ref>

==Director==
* ''Reejhan'' (2005)
* ''[[Virsa (film)|Virsa]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Naughty Jatts]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Dildariyaan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Channo Kamli Yaar Di]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Bambukat]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Channa Mereya (film)|Channa Mereya]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]'' (2018)
* ''High End Yaariyan'' (2019)
* ''[[Jinde Meriye]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Mitran da Naa Chalda]]'' (2023)

;;;Also producer
* ''[[Mitran Da Naa Chalda]]'' (2023)

==Awards==
* Best Director - [[Bambukat]] - [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
* Best Sound Design - Winners of the Jio [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]] 2017<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pankaj|first1=Batra|title=Winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2017|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017_-19658.html|publisher=Filmfare|date=May 31, 2017}}</ref>

==Nominations==
*2017 - Best Director Filmafare Aware (Punjabi) for the Film [[Bambukat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|3870994}}
*[https://www.instagram.com/iampankajbatra/ Pankaj Batra] at [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batra, Pankaj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Palla Venkata Reddy

2026-01-05T13:37:20Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting Entry.

{{Short description|Indian Communist politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

'''Palla Venkata Reddy''' is an Indian [[communist]] politician belonging to [[Communist Party of India]]. He is currently serving as a member of the National Secretariat of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comrade |date=2025-09-25 |title=25th Party congress of #CPI concluded electing #Comrade D. Raja as general secretary along with 11 member national secretariat, 31 member national executive and 125 national council members along with 13 candidate members. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1JUEgdbFfw/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Parvez |date=2025-09-25 |title=D Raja re-elected CPI General Secretary amid age limit exemption row |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/25/d-raja-re-elected-cpi-general-secretary-amid-age-limit-exemption-row |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He represented [[Munugode Assembly constituency]] from 2004 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ | title=Andhra Pradesh 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317144505/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ | archive-date=2024-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FINAL RESULT SHEET {{!}} ELECTION TO THE APLA-2004 FROM THE 293- MUNUGODE ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY PART – I |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2004/AC_293.PDF |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=ceotelangana.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=మునుగోడును సీపీఐకి కేటాయించాలి |url=https://www.ntnews.com/nalgonda/the-munugodu-seat-should-be-allotted-to-cpi-1303613 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Telangana Publications}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Telangana-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Clean Air India Movement

2025-12-23T16:49:34Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new new info - done

{{Short description|Indian
environmental campaign}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|{{COI|date=August 2015}}
{{Lead too long|date=January 2024}}}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Clean Air India Movement
| date = 5 May 2015
| place = [[New Delhi]], India
| organizers = [[Blueair]] India
| website = [http://cleanairindiamovement.com/ Official website]
}}

The '''Clean Air India Movement''' ('''CLAIM''') is a nationwide [[environmental awareness]] campaign launched in [[India]] on 5 May 2015 by Blueair, an air purification company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India|url=https://www.cleanairfund.org/geography/india/|access-date=28 May 2025|website=Clean Air Fund}}</ref>

The initiative aims at raising awareness about [[air pollution in India|air pollution]] and promoting practical measures for cleaner air. The initiative claims to foster collaboration among [[Government of India|government agencies]], environmental experts, educational institutions, and citizens to improve air quality standards and reduce pollution sources.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clean Air India Movement|url=http://cleanairindiamovement.com/|access-date=15 May 2024|website=cleanairindiamovement.com}}</ref>

The campaign was formally launched at [[Purana Qila]] in New Delhi on [[World Asthma Day]], symbolized by a tree-planting event featuring child prodigy [[Kautilya Pandit]] and representatives of Blueair India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A seven-year-old Kautilya Pandit launches the Clean Air India Movement|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/seven-year-old-kautilya-pandit-child-prodigy-launched-the-news-photo/472248030|access-date=13 April 2023|website=Getty Images}}</ref>

CLAIM promotes "air-friendly" practices through educational drives, online campaigns, and community events. The social media initiative Share to Aware invited citizens to share campaign visuals across platforms. Other associated activities included ''Clean Air Plantation'' Appeal, Spot the Kilvish, and Make the Red Light Blue Light.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cleanairindiamovement.com/clean-air-india-movement/elements/share-to-aware|title=Share To Aware|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cleanairindiamovement.com/clean-air-india-movement/elements/clean-air-plantation-challenge|title=Clean Air Plantation Challenge|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cleanairindiamovement.com/clean-air-india-movement/elements/spot-the-kilvish|title=Spot The Kilvish|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cleanairindiamovement.com/clean-air-india-movement/elements/make-the-red-light-blue-light|title=Make The Red Light Blue Light|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

== Developments ==

=== 2015 ===
[[File:Car Free Day1.JPG|thumb|Vijay Kannan (right) with Gopal Rai (left), Transport Minister of Delhi, during Car Free Day, 2015]]
Following the campaign’s launch, several public initiatives addressing pollution gained traction. The [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (India)|Union Environment Ministry]] announced plans for stricter emission regulations, and an air-quality index was introduced in 11 major Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cycling policy for Delhi gets LG nod|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi/cycling-policy-for-delhi-gets-lg-nod/articleshow/47509615.cms|access-date=18 September 2025|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The [[Government of Delhi]] imposed restrictions on [[diesel vehicle]]s over 10 years old and intensified efforts to curb open waste burning.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Turning over a new leaf|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/turning-over-a-new-leaf/article7288151.ece|access-date=18 September 2025|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

CLAIM also supported the "Car Free Day" initiative in [[Dwarka, Delhi]], in collaboration with Delhi’s Transport Department and Minister [[Gopal Rai]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Car-Free Day supported by Clean Air India Movement|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/car-free-day-initiative/articleshow/49849956.cms|access-date=10 September 2025|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In the same year, Blueair introduced an air-quality monitoring app providing real-time data from Indian cities such as [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Blueair launches air pollution warning App on Android|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/blueair-launches-air-pollution-warning-app-on-android_1633176.html|access-date=20 July 2015|publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===

In 2016, CLAIM launched the "See Your Lung" and "Save Your Lungs" campaigns, focusing on the health effects of air pollution.
The “See Your Lung” drive promoted the use of carpooling and cycling in Delhi, engaging thousands of participants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Awareness campaign to promote use of cycles launched|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/Awareness-campaign-to-promote-use-of-cycles-launched/articleshow/51874508.cms|access-date=15 April 2016|publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Awareness campaign to promote cycling and carpooling|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/awareness-campaign-to-promote-use-of-cycles-launched-116041700699_1.html|access-date=15 April 2016|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>
The “Save Your Lungs” program was launched in [[Gurgaon]] and later extended to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=City doctors to wheel out anti-pollution drive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/City-doctors-to-wheel-out-anti-pollution-drive-today/articleshow/52068587.cms|access-date=2 May 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

On [[World Environment Day]], a plantation drive involving over 200 volunteers was organized from [[India Gate]] to [[Guru Harkrishan Public School]] at Purana Qila Road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clean Air India Movement holds plantation drive|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/plantation-drive-at-india-gate-to-mark-world-environment-day/story-4fFrtxyWkHEDN34wXHfptK.html|access-date=10 September 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2016, CLAIM received the "Energy and Environment Foundation Global Award" for environmental awareness.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clean Air India Movement wins Global Environment Award 2016|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/science/anti-pollution-campaign-bags-global-environment-award_1921784.html|access-date=23 August 2016|publisher=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anti-pollution campaign bags global environment award 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/anti-pollution-campaign-bags-global-environment-award-116082301122_1.html|access-date=23 August 2016|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>
The award recognizes its role in promoting public participation in environmental protection.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Clean Air India Movement the country’s biggest awareness programme against air pollution.jpg|[[World Environment Day]]
File:World Environment Day.JPG|[[India Gate]] World Environment Day
File:International Yoga Day Celebration.jpg|[[Noida]] [[International Yoga Day]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Air pollution in India]]

Govind Narayan Madgaonkar

2025-12-22T13:53:27Z

Anuj tripathi 111: new new pg

{{Short description|Indian writer (c. 1815–1865)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Govind Narayan Madgaonkar
| image = Govind Narayan Madgaonkar - Konkani Vishwakosh.png
| birth_date = {{circa|1815}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 15 March 1865
| education = Free General Assembly School, [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Essayist|Teacher}}
| notable_works = ''Mumbaiche Varnan'' (1863)
}}

'''Govind Narayan Madgaonkar''' (c. 1815 – 15 March 1865) was a [[Goa]]n essayist and educationist. He is noted for writing ''Mumbaiche Varnan'', considered the first book in any Indian language to provide a descriptive account of a specific place.

==Early life==
Madgaonkar was born around 1815. During the 19th century, when he was nine years old, his father moved the family to [[Mumbai]]. There, his father engaged in the trade of selling Portuguese powder and other small medicinal items.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol3.pdf/653 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=653 |volume=3 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> The family moved to the city in 1824, six years after the [[East India Company]] had secured victory against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook">{{Cite web |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Niranjan |date=2013-08-31 |title=Once upon a time in Mumbai |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hhpw1ypJ1OlN59F4oslTfM/Once-upon-a-time-in-Mumbai.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref>

Madgaonkar received his education in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[English language|English]] at the Free General Assembly School in Mumbai. In 1833, his father died, placing the responsibility of the entire family on him. Consequently, he had to abandon his education halfway and accept a job as a teacher at the same school.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Career==
===Teaching and education===
Madgaonkar worked continuously as a teacher at the Free General Assembly School for thirty years, gaining a reputation as a skilled teacher and educationist. He retired from the institution in 1863.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1857, a committee was established under the inspiration of Mr. Howard, the then head of the government education department, to create Marathi textbooks. Madgaonkar was included in this committee. He worked alongside [[Dadoba Pandurang|Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar]] to review books and write new lessons.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Literary work===
Madgaonkar was a prose writer who wrote extensively on practical, ethical, and scientific subjects. He gained significant fame as an essayist and contributed numerous articles and essays to the monthly magazine ''Marathi Dnyanprasarak''. Over his 50-year lifespan, he wrote approximately 18 books.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His notable works include:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Shuchirbhutpana'' (1849)
* ''Runanishedhak Bodh'' (1850)
* ''Hindu Lokanchya Riti Sudharnyavishayibodh'' (1851)
* ''Srishtintil Chamatkar'' (1853)
* ''Darupasun Anarth'' (1855)
* ''Udbhijjanya Padarth'' (1856)
* ''Lokhandi Sadkanche Chamatkar'' (1858)
* ''Vyavharopayogi Natak'' (1859) – Regarded as the first written drama in Marathi.

===''Mumbaiche Varnan''===
Published in 1863, ''Mumbaiche Varnan'' (Description of Mumbai) is his most acclaimed work. It is recognized as the first book describing a specific location not only in Marathi but in any Indian language.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> In recent times, it has been translated into English as ''Govind Narayan's Mumbai: An Urban Biography from 1863''.<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

====Content and themes====
In this book, Madgaonkar provided an amusing and detailed description of Mumbai's geography, history, people, religion, customs, trade, and ethics. He specifically covered the "illusions" of the city and its world of rogues.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He captured the city at a "crossroads," noting that while the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] had left the city relatively untouched, the era was marked by rapid growth and an influx of people from around the world.<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

Madgaonkar expressed a "modern sensibility," welcoming rapid urbanization rather than looking back with nostalgia at village life. He described buzzing markets, international trade, factories, and the "melting pot" of people. He urged cultured citizens to visit docks and factories to increase their knowledge, rather than "wandering about during festival days". He also documented the lives of ordinary men and women in the streets and bazaars.<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

He was critical of the caste system, observing that caste pride generated "hatred, jealousy, ill-will and a perpetual state of strife". He noted that no single caste was dominant in the city and dismissed caste superiority as "idiocy" and "vain pride".<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

The book also commented on modern infrastructure. Madgaonkar viewed the train service between Bori Bunder and [[Thane]] as the "beginning of the new age in Bharat Khand". He welcomed the establishment of the [[University of Mumbai]] in 1857 and the rise of native journals.<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

====Legacy and reception====
To mark his death centenary in 1965, the Mumbai Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya published a second edition of this book.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> Scholars such as [[A. K. Priolkar]], [[N. R. Phatak]], and [[Gangadhar Gadgil]] were instrumental in bringing the book back to public notice during this time.<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

Modern critics have noted that while Madgaonkar offered a "delectable glimpse" into the economic and intellectual ferment of his time, his work had limitations. He lacked a sense of national identity, instead welcoming the stability of British rule. His writing glossed over issues such as child labour in textile mills, viewing machines optimistically as tools that allowed the illiterate to compete with trained artisans. He also did not foresee the eventual crash of the "bubble economy" driven by the cotton boom of the [[American Civil War]] era.<ref name="ScrollMumbaiBook" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madgaonkar, Govind Narayan}}
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]

Bangla Sahayata Kendra

2025-12-10T19:36:55Z

Anuj tripathi 111: Starting the stub basic info!

{{Short description|Government services web portal}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation =
| image = বাংলা সহায়তা কেন্দ্রের বিজ্ঞাপন ব্যানার.png
| alt =
| caption = A promotional advertisement of the Bangla Sahayata Kendra scheme of the Government of West Bengal
| motto =
| country = [[India]]
| primeminister =
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mamata Banerjee]]|[[P. B. Salim]]}}
| launched = {{Start date and age|2020|10|14|df=yes}}
| ministry = {{Unbulleted_list|Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms and e-Governance|[[Government of West Bengal]]}}
| current_status = Active
| website = {{URL|https://bsk.wb.gov.in/}}
|India=}}
'''Bangla Sahayata Kendra''' ({{Langx|bn|বাংলা সহায়তা কেন্দ্র}}) is a single-window online platform channeling all state public services for fast delivery to citizens in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Notification of the Government of West Bengal |url=https://wbxpress.com/files/2022/09/352-CS.pdf |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pranesh |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Bengal government extends ambit of Bangla Sahayata Kendras |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-government-extends-ambit-of-bangla-sahayata-kendras/cid/1870204 |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Saibal |date=June 16, 2020 |title=New state help desk to reach out to people |work=[[Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/76394765.cms |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, it includes a system of offices spread across the state, where government-appointed data entry operators assist digitally unskilled people in availing of public services free of cost.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Gautam |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Digital Bharat in federal India |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/digital-bharat-in-federal-india/cid/1802871 |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref>

The provision aims at supporting citizens with digital tools, techniques, and traits to avail of online public services without the involvement of an intermediary, for G2C services. It is a first of its kind G2C service in India. Currently, 3561 BSKs are operational in 23 districts of the state,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Khanra |first=Sujoy |date=October 17, 2021 |title=1k state centres to help enrol for Aadhaar |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/1k-state-centres-to-help-enrol-for-aadhaar/articleshow/87072498.cms |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=October 4, 2022 |title=বাংলা সহায়তা কেন্দ্রের ডেটা এন্ট্রি অপারেটরদের পুজোর বোনাস মঞ্জুর রাজ্য সরকারের |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-govt-has-sanctioned-durga-puja-bonus-for-data-entry-operators-of-bsk/cid/1374567 |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> with a plan of starting 1464 new ones by the end of 2023. More than 1 [[crore]] service requests have been served through the BSK centers by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 2021 |title=West Bengal help centres cross 1 crore service milestone|work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-help-centres-cross-1cr-service-milestone/articleshow/87918835.cms |access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref>

== Setup ==
Bangla Sahayata Kendra was set up by the [[government of West Bengal]] in October 2020, in relation to the [[National e-Governance Plan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhary |first=Pinak Pani |date=August 29, 2020 |title=Bangla Sahayata Kendra inaugurated in Balurghat|work=[[Millennium Post]] |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/bangla-sahayata-kendra-inaugurated-in-balurghat-416788?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> In October 2021, a Programme Management Unit was also constituted for the superintendence, control, and management of BSKs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Bangla Sahayata Kendra (BSK) A single window platform for public services |url=https://bsk.wb.gov.in/download/BSK_at_a_glance_V_1.0.pdf |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=Bangla Sahayata Kendra, Official website of the [[Government of West Bengal]]}}</ref> It includes a governing body comprising ex-officio members of the government and subsequently added ex-officio members from time to time by the governing body, special invitees, and other members from the office of PMU was constituted to govern the Bangla Sahayata Kendras.

Currently, 3561 Bangla Sahayata Kendras (BSKs) are functional<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> and by the end of the year 2023, 1464 new BSKs will be operational across the state. The e-Wallet system is enabled at the BSKs that provides paid online transactional services also at the centres.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Elina |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Bangla Sahayata Kendra: বাংলা সহায়তা কেন্দ্রে ইলেকট্রিক বিল দিলেই মিলবে আকর্ষণীয় ছাড়! কীভাবে করবেন ই-পেমেন্ট? |work=[[Ei Samay]] |url=https://eisamay-com.translate.goog/government-schemes/state/pay-the-electric-bill-at-bangla-sahayata-kendra-and-get-attractive-discount/articleshow/93595805.cms?_x_tr_sl=bn&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref> In addition, the Project Management Unit (PMU) is set up for effectively monitoring and operationalizing of BSK centres across the state. The operation of BSK centres is monitored daily at the state and the district level through a dedicated portal and a team of personnel. The UIDAI-led [[Aadhaar]] (Aadhaar Related Services) services at the grassroots level will be an added service provided by the BSKs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Functioning ===
The Bangla Sahayata Kendras (BSKs) work like aggregators at the grassroots level in West Bengal, providing multiple online public services through a single online platform. Currently, 3561 BSKs are functioning from government premises in 23 districts in West Bengal, providing people with information on Schemes, programmes, and initiatives of the state government. This interface offers 280 services for 38 administrative departments (see [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|administrative divisions]] in West Bengal) - of which 177 are transactional services, and 101 are Information Services.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Ahead of Bengal assembly polls, TMC government launches its biggest outreach drive today |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ahead-of-bengal-assembly-polls-tmc-government-launches-its-biggest-outreach-drive-today/story-TUAg1sBQmOP4Oj95mK2UCL.html |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> A portal (<nowiki>https://bsk.wb.gov.in/</nowiki>) developed in-house processes all transactions and service deliveries. More services are being added through API for multiple services during the application process, status update, grievance redressal and final certificate or receipts. To transform the BSKs from their current role to more dynamic and citizen service-oriented centres, BSKs now also provide barcoded, digitally signed e-certificates for citizen use.<ref name=":4" /> At present various departments issue certificates to the citizens at the district/ block level through government officials.

== Policies and services ==
The BSK initiative is associated with the department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms and e-Governance of the government. It provides several crucial services.

=== Policy initiatives ===
BSKs function like the [[Common Service Centres|Common Service Centers]] (CSC) except that the services provided through BSKs are free of any service charge and are routed through a single window.<ref name=":1" /> They integrate all state government mandated departmental services to go online. They provide an additional channel to the departments and citizens for G2C (Government Services) services and serve as centres that physically assist citizens to avail online public services.<ref name=":3" />

An e-wallet system provides the citizen the option to pay to the data entry operator who on behalf of the citizen uses an e-wallet to pay to the department.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The e-wallet is then refilled by the data entry operator at the nearest [[State Bank of India]] branch. For example: A citizen can pay his electricity bill (WBSEDCL), land mutation charges, department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs, land registration fees, trade license application fees, road tax of his vehicle (Vahan Seva) and many others from the same window and from the same place. He can also avail his e-ration card (department of Food & Supplies Government of West Bengal), birth and death (department of Health and Family Welfare), disability or backward classes certificates (Backward Classes Welfare Department) all from the same online window assisted by the data entry operators, free of cost.<ref name=":4" />

The BSKs are present at the [[gram panchayat]] levels and make it easier for the people at the grassroots to have access to government services.

=== Services ===
Services under the initiative include:<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2022 |title= West Bengal to find work for unpaid rural job card-holders, says CM Mamata Banerjee|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-to-find-work-for-unpaid-rural-job-card-holders-says-cm-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/91905216.cms |access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

* [[Kanyashree Prakalpa]] (improving the status and wellbeing of girls)
* Rapashree Prakalpa
* Swasthya Sathi Prakalpa (universal health coverage scheme providing basic health cover up to Rs. 5 [[lakh]] per annum per family)
* Sabooj Sathi
* Krishak Bandhi Prakalpa (assured and continuous income and insurance coverage to farmers)
* Gatidhara (scheme for employment of registered unemployed youth in the transport sector)
* Yuvashree (financial assistance scheme to provide employment assistance to the unemployed youth of West Bengal)
* E-ration card
* e-Parimap (from the department of Legal Metrology, Government of West Bengal)
* Birth and death certificates

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government services web portals in India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2020]]