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Tharahai Cuthbert

2026-05-06T06:57:15Z

Antoniomec:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tharahai Cuthbert
| image = Tharahai Cuthbert.jpeg
| caption = Tharahai Cuthbert in 2024
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 = 4 May 2026
| constituency1 = [[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2026||}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|2031||}}
| predecessor2 = [[J. G. Prince]]
| predecessor1 = [[S. Vijayadharani]]
| successor1 = T. T. Praveen
| constituency3 = [[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| profession = politician, Proprietor of Taraz Readymade Garments & Unform Manufacturing Unit
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education =
| other_party =
| children = 1 son
| website =
}}
'''Tharahai Cuthbert''' is an [[Indian politician]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Vilavancode (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilavancode constituency]] in June 2024, in a bypoll necessitated by the resignation of [[S. Vijayadharani]] in February 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2014|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/congresss-tharahai-cuthbert-wins-vilavancode-byelection/articleshow/110710114.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Tharahai Cuthbert of Congress wins|date=4 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Electoral results<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vilavancode-assembly-bypoll-tharahai-cuthbert-of-congress-wins/article68250637.ece|title=Vilavancode Assembly bypoll: Tharahai Cuthbert of Congress wins|date=4 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
!Year
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Votes
!Vote %
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024]]
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Won}}
|91,054
|57.71
|-
|[[2026 elections in India|2026]]
|[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{Won}}
|66,207
|33.27
|}

== External links ==
*[https://kanniyakumari.nic.in/mla/ Elected representatives of Kanniyakumari district]
*[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/201_234.html 15th Assembly members of Tamil Nadu government]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuthbert, Tharahai}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Rafi Malik

2026-05-05T09:36:32Z

Antoniomec:

{{short description|Indian television actor}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''Rafi Malik''' is an Indian actor who made his television debut as Rajveer Raghuvanshi in [[set india|Sony TV]]'s political soap opera ''[[Desh Ki Beti Nandini]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-24 |title=Desh Ki Beti Nandini: Who will play the lead opposite Kirti Nagpure? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/desh-ki-beti-nandini-who-will-play-the-lead-opposite-kirti-nagpure-269113/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rafi Malik made his debut with [[set india|Sony TV]]'s [[Indian soap opera]], ''[[Desh Ki Beti Nandini]]'' in 2013 as [[protagonist]] Rajveer Raghuvanshi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-24 |title=Raafi Malik opposite Keerti in Desh Ki Beti.. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Desh-Ki-Beti-Nandini-Raafi-Malik-Paridhi-Sharma-Keerti-Nagpure/articleshow/22993998.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2015, he played lead in [[Director Kut's Productions]] drama series ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]'' on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-28 |title=Tere Sheher Mein to go off-air |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/tere-sheher-mein-to-go-off-air-617600/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/telly-buzz/second-time-i-got-married-in-my-career-rafi-malik/29975 |title=Rafi Malik on his new show 'Tere Sheher Mein' |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409203934/https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/telly-buzz/second-time-i-got-married-in-my-career-rafi-malik/29975 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-26 |title=Rafi Malik: The new Krishna in TV town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rafi-Malik-The-new-Krishna-in-TV-town/articleshow/49117235.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Since 2016, he is playing for Delhi Dragons in [[MTV India|MTV]] Box Cricket League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rafi Malik on BCL: I will surely win BCL this year |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rafi-malik-bcl-i-will-surely-win-bcl-year-190415 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2011-12
| [[Gladrags Mega Model & Manhunt]]
| Top 4 / Mr. Viewers Choice Award
| [[Channel V India]]
|-
| 2013-2014
| [[Desh Ki Beti Nandini]]
| Rajveer Raghuvanshi (Main Lead)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Tere Sheher Mein]]
| Ramashrey Gupta (Main Lead)
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2016
| Box Cricket League (season 1)
| contestant (Runner up - Pune Anmol Ratan)
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2017
| Box Cricket League (season 2)
| contestant (Semi Finalist - Chennai Swaggers)
|[[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2018
| Box Cricket League (season 3)
| contestant (Runner up - Delhi Dragons)
| [[MTV (Indian TV channel)| MTV]]
|-
| 2019
| Box Cricket League (season 4)
| contestant (Winner - Delhi Dragons)
|[[Colors TV]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm6184531}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Rafi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

List of ambassadors of China to India

2026-05-02T00:43:21Z

Antoniomec:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Ambassador of China to India
| body =
| native_name =
| insignia = 中華人民共和國國徽.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = [[National Emblem of the People's Republic of China]]
| department =
| image = Xu Feihong (cropped) 01.jpg
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Xu Feihong]]
| incumbentsince = May 2024
| style =
| residence =
| nominator =
| nominatorpost =
| appointer = The [[President of the People's Republic of China|president]]
| termlength =
| inaugural = [[Xue Shouheng]]
| formation = {{start date and age|df=y|1946|10}}
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
| appointer_qualified = pursuant to a [[National People's Congress Standing Committee]] decision
}}

The '''ambassador of China to India''' is the official representative from the [[People's Republic of China]] to the [[India|Republic of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/wjrw_665549/3607_665555/3608_665557/200608/t20060831_698163.html|date=|title=Chinese Ambassadors to India|work=fmprc.gov.cn|access-date=2022-02-28|language=en}}</ref>

==List of representatives==
This is a list of diplomatic representatives from [[China]] to [[India]]. It includes envoys of the [[Republic of China (1911-1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) from 1946 to 1950, and those of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) since 1950.

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Pinyin name (alternative name) !! Chinese name !! Title !! Took office !! Left office !! Premier of China !! Prime Minister of India !! Source
|-
|Xue Shouheng
|薛寿衡
|[[First Secretary (diplomatic rank)|First Secretary]]
|October 1946
|May 1947
|[[Zhang Qun]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|
|-
|[[Luo Jialun]]
|羅家倫
|Ambassador
|5 May 1947
|10 January 1950
|Zhang Qun
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|-
|Shen Jian
|申健
|''[[Chargé d'affaires]]''
|27 May 1950
|September 1950
|[[Zhou Enlai]]
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|-
|Yuan Zhongxian
|袁仲賢
|Ambassador
|September 1950
|February 1956
|Zhou Enlai
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|-
|[[Pan Zili]]
|潘自力
|Ambassador
|9 March 1956
|18 July 1962
|Zhou Enlai
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|-
|Ye Chengzhang
|叶成章 '
|''Chargé d'affaires''
|1962
|1963
|Zhou Enlai
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|
|-
|{{ill|Chen Zhaoyuan (diplomat)|zh|陈肇源|lt=Chen Zhaoyuan}}
|陈肇源
|''Chargé d'affaires''
|1963
|1969
|Zhou Enlai
|Jawaharlal Nehru [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] [[Indira Gandhi]]
|{{#tag:ref|Witness and victim of [[1967 China–India diplomatic crisis|1967 storming of the Chinese embassy in India]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Smriti |date=2020-08-03 |title=When India-China Diplomatic Row 'Almost Erupted' Into A Full Scale War In 1967 |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indian-embassy-besieged-in-beijing-how-india-matched-china-blow-for-a-blow-in-1967/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.eurasiantimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Watershed 1967 : India's forgotten victory over China|last=DasGupta|first=Probal|date=2020|isbn=978-93-5345-093-9|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=1142362277}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=India vs China : जब 1967 में चीनियों ने Indian Embassy को घेर लिया था. (BBC Hindi)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKEELHSn6gs|language=hi-IN|access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref>|group=N}}
|-
|[[Huang Mingda]]
|黄明达
|''Chargé d'affaires''
|1970
|1971
|Zhou Enlai
|Indira Gandhi
|<ref>{{cite web|author=中华人民共和国外交部|title=中国驻阿富汗历任大使|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/pds/ziliao/wjrw/2167/2168/t9129.htm|publisher=中华人民共和国外交部|accessdate=2022-02-28}}. Wolfgang Bartke, Who was Who in the People's Republic of China: With more than 3100 Portraits, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4XshAAAAQBAJ&dq=Huang.+Mingda.%22%22ambassador+to+Afghanistan%2C+Sep%22&pg=PA169 p. 169]</ref>
|-
|Liu Fangpu
|刘芳圃
|First Secretary
|1972
|1972
|Zhou Enlai
|Indira Gandhi
|
|-
|[[Ma Muming]]
|马牧鸣
|''Chargé d'affaires''
|1973
|1976
|Zhou Enlai [[Hua Guofeng]]
|Indira Gandhi
|-
|Chen Zhaoyuan
|陈肇源
|Ambassador
|10 September 1976
|1 December 1979
|Hua Guofeng
|Indira Gandhi [[Morarji Desai]] [[Charan Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cein/eng/ssygd/zyyhn/lstpe/t184919.htm|date=|title=Diplomatic Relations (photo19)|work=fmprc.gov.cn|access-date=2022-02-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Shen Jian
|申健
|Ambassador
|4 March 1980
|11 July 1984
|Hua Guofeng [[Zhao Ziyang]]
|Indira Gandhi
|
|-
|Li Lianqing
|李连庆
|Ambassador
|30 November 1984
|1 April 1987
|Zhao Ziyang
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|
|-
|Tu Guowei
|屠国维
|Ambassador
|28 July 1987
|1 August 1991
|Zhao Ziyang [[Li Peng]]
|Rajiv Gandhi [[V.P. Singh]] [[Chandra Shekhar]] [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rtGvnMrCTQC&dq=tu+guowei+india&pg=PA425|title=The Triangle India-Nepal-China: A Study of Treaty Relations |author1=S.C Bhatt |page=425|date= 1996|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=9788121206174 |access-date=2022-02-28}}</ref>
|-
|Cheng Ruisheng
|程瑞声
|Ambassador
|19 September 1991
|1 November 1994
|Li Peng
|P. V. Narasimha Rao
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.cupl.edu.cn/info/1012/7508.htm|date=2008-11-04|title=外交官走进法大课堂——前中国驻印度大使程瑞声先生做客"口述当代中国外交"第五讲|work=news.cupl.edu.cn|access-date=2022-02-28|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
|Pei Yuanying
|裴远颖
|Ambassador
|2 January 1995
|1 March 1998
|Li Peng [[Zhu Rongji]]
|P. V. Narasimha Rao [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19980330-chinese-ambassador-pei-yuanying-stands-out-for-his-articulate-and-friendly-nature-826030-1998-03-30|date=1998-03-30|title=Chinese ambassador Pei Yuanying stands out for his articulate and friendly nature|work=India Today|access-date=2022-02-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Zhou Gang
|周剛
|Ambassador
|16 April 1998
|1 June 2001
|Zhu Rongji
|Atal Bihari Vajpayee
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/china-names-new-ambassador-to-india_15529.html|date=2001-06-22|title=China names new ambassador to India|work=Zee News|access-date=2022-02-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Hua Junduo
|華君鐸
|Ambassador
|12 September 2001
|1 November 2004
|Zhu Rongji [[Wen Jiabao]]
|Atal Bihari Vajpayee [[Manmohan Singh]]
|<ref name=":2"/>
|-
|[[Sun Yuxi]]
|施肇基
|Ambassador
|17 January 2005
|1 December 2007
|Wen Jiabao
|Manmohan Singh
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/world/sun-yuxi-appointed-new-chinese-ambassador-to-india_196642.html|date=2005-01-17|title=Sun Yuxi appointed new Chinese ambassador to India|work=Zee News|access-date=2022-02-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Zhang Yan
|張炎
|Ambassador
|25 March 2008
|1 October 2012
|Wen Jiabao
|Manmohan Singh
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chinas-top-arms-control-official-now-ambassador-to-india/articleshow/2632255.cms|date=2007-12-18|title=China's top arms control official now Ambassador to India|work=Times of India|access-date=2022-02-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Wei Wei
|魏苇
|Ambassador
|6 January 2013
|1 August 2014
|Wen Jiabao [[Li Keqiang]]
|Manmohan Singh [[Narendra Modi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cein/eng/gdxw/t1005842.htm|title=Hu Jintao Appoints Wei Wei as New Ambassador to India|date=2013-01-17 |work=fmprc.gov.cn|access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Le Yucheng]]
|乐玉成
|Ambassador
|12 September 2014
|1 April 2016
|Li Keqiang
|Narendra Modi
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/le-yucheng-is-chinas-new-ambassador-to-india-667105|title=Le Yucheng is China's New Ambassador to India|date=2014-09-17 |work=NDTV |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Luo Zhaohui]]
|罗照辉
|Ambassador
|27 September 2016
|1 May 2019
|Li Keqiang
|Narendra Modi
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/chinas-ambassador-to-india-luo-zhaohui-appointed-vice-foreign-minister-2044908|title=China's Ambassador To India Luo Zhaohui Appointed Vice Foreign Minister|date=2022-05-29 |work=NDTV |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sun Weidong]]
|孙卫东
|Ambassador
|21 July 2019
|October 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/its-natural-for-china-india-to-have-differences-outgoing-chinese-envoy-101666724392312-amp.html|title=It's natural for China, India to have differences: Outgoing Chinese envoy|first=Rezaul H.|last=Laskar|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=2022-10-26|access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>
|Li Keqiang
|Narendra Modi
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/china-appoints-veteran-diplomat-sun-weidong-as-new-envoy-to-india/articleshow/69751558.cms?from=mdr|title=China appoints veteran diplomat Sun Weidong as new envoy to India|date=2022-06-12 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Xu Feihong]]
|徐飞洪
|Ambassador
|May 2024
|Incumbent
|[[Li Qiang]]
|Narendra Modi
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Who is Xu Feihong, China's new envoy to India? |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/who-is-xu-feihong-chinas-new-envoy-to-india-719197 |access-date=2024-05-09 |newspaper=WION}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Embassy of China, New Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=N}}

{{-}}
{{China–India relations}}
{{Ambassadors of China}}
{{Ambassadors to India}}

[[Category:Ambassadors of China to India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of China|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to India|China]]

Madhur Kapila

2026-04-29T04:37:50Z

Antoniomec: Started post.

{{Short description|Indian novelist, journalist, and writer (1942–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Madhur Kapila
| image = कपिला.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1942|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|12|19|1942|4|15}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| occupation = Writer, journalist, art critic
| language = [[Hindi]]
| genre =
}}

'''Madhur Kapila''' (15 April 1942 – 19 December 2021) was an Indian novelist, journalist, art critic and a reviewer of [[Hindi literature]].<ref name="ToI-discussed" />

Some of her published works included ''Bhatke Raahi'' ({{Translation|Wandered}}), ''Satwan Swar'' ({{Translation|Seventh vowel}}) and ''Saamne ka Aasman'' ({{Translation|The sky in front}}).

Her last novel ''Nishesh'' <ref name=:3>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/nishesh-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b7/ |title=Nishesh/नि:शेष |website=Penguin Random House India |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=:4>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jyoti-subramanian-yog-uninterrupted-9294608/|work=The Indian Express|date=8 May 2024 |title=Book Nook | 'The journey within…' : Jyoti Subramanian's 'Yog Uninterrupted' connects many dots }}</ref> was published posthumously in January 2024 by [[Penguin Random House]] India.<ref name=:5>{{cite web |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/madhur-kapila-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%a7%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be/ |language=hi |title=Madhur Kapila/मधुर कपिला |website=Penguin Random House India }}</ref><ref name=:6>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/madhur-kapilas-last-book-titled-ni-shesh-released-608357|title="Madhur Kapila's last book titled NiːShesh released" |work=The Tribune|date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

She was a recipient of the Chandigarh [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for lifetime contributions to literature and the Cultural Representative Award from the Punjab [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].

== Early life ==
Kapila was born in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]], in what was then [[British Raj|British India]], on 15 April 1942. She was introduced to [[Hindustani classical music|''Hindustani'' classical music]] in her childhood at the [[Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=Fiction writer, art critic Madhur Kapila passes away|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/fiction-writer-art-critic-madhur-kapila-passes-away-101640028868724.html|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221014619/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/fiction-writer-art-critic-madhur-kapila-passes-away-101640028868724.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Madhur Kapila|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/madhur_kapila-profile-12201-25.htm|access-date=21 December 2021|website=veethi.com|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221235858/https://www.veethi.com/india-people/madhur_kapila-profile-12201-25.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Madhur Kapila started her writing career early when she was aged 12. Her first novel ''Bhatke Rahi'' ([[Hindi]]: भटके रही) told the story of a woman through her experiences during the [[Partition of India]] and following the country's independence in 1947.<ref name=":0" /> She moved to [[Chandigarh]] in 1977 after her marriage to journalist Ramesh Kapila. During this time she emerged as an art critic and contributed to many newspapers and magazines as a freelance journalist and an art critic. The ''[[Dainik Tribune]]'', ''[[Dinaman]]'', the ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'', the ''[[Jansatta]]'', Hindi Hindustan newspapers and various literary journals and magazines such as ''Hans'', ''Vartamaan Sahitya'', ''Vaagarth'', ''Naya Gyanodaya'' ([[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]), ''Dastak'', ''Irawati'', ''Harigandha'', ''Jaagriti'' and many more have published her short stories and literary columns,<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030712/main5.htm "‘Sahni was embodiment of Punjabi spirit’"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042626/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030712/main5.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh, India 12 July 2003.</ref> including the Kala Kshetraya – a weekly art and literature column in the ''Dainik Tribune'' which also serialized and published her first novel ''Satwan Swar'' ([[Hindi]]: सातवाँ स्वर).<ref name="ToI-discussed">{{cite news |title=Kapila, Sehgal novels discussed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/kapila-sehgal-novels-discussed/articleshow/1814986829.cms |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222024141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/kapila-sehgal-novels-discussed/articleshow/1814986829.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In a later interview, Kapila would note that an interview of the Hindi author and playwright, [[Bhisham Sahni]], was her first journalistic assignment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030712/main5.htm|access-date=22 December 2021|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430000615/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030712/main5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her first story was published in 1960 in the ''Veer Pratap'', a newspaper from [[Jullundur]]. She subsequently published three novels, including ''Bhatke Raahi'' ([[Hindi]]: भटके राही; {{Translation|Wandered}}), ''Satwan Swar'' ([[Hindi]]: सातवाँ स्वर; {{Translation|Seventh vowel}}) and ''Saamne ka Aasman'' ([[Hindi]]: सामने का आसमान; {{Translation|The sky in front}});<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130606/ttlife1.htm "Beyond the obvious: Madhur Kapila's new novel Samne Ka Aasman portrays life and its complexities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214949/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130606/ttlife1.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Tanya Malhotra, ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh, India – Lifestyle. 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/roundabout-painting-the-town-with-words/story-Mbgc7r6M46D8IBDYZXyDQP.html "Roundabout: Painting the town with Words"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141638/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/roundabout-painting-the-town-with-words/story-Mbgc7r6M46D8IBDYZXyDQP.html |date=13 January 2017 }}. ''Hindustan Times'', Nirupama Dutt | 26 April 2015</ref> three short story collections – ''Beechon Beech'' ([[Hindi]]: बीचों बीच; {{Translation|In the middle}}), ''Tab Shayad'' ([[Hindi]]: तब शायद; {{Translation|Then maybe}}) <ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040322/cth2.htm#5 ""Tab Shayad" released"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309220941/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040322/cth2.htm#5 |date=9 March 2005 }}. ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh, 21 March 2004.</ref> and ''Ek Muqadama Aur'' ([[Hindi]]: एक मुक़दमा और; {{Translation|One more case}}).<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040711/spectrum/book7.htm "Spectrum: Hindi review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913174620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040711/spectrum/book7.htm |date=13 September 2017 }}. ''The Sunday Tribune'', 11 July 2004.</ref> Her published novel ''Saamne ka Aasmaan'' (''[[Hindi]]:'' सामने का आसमान) told the story of three individuals from different strata of the society coming together and living a shared experience at a theater.<ref name=":0" /> She also wrote a book on Indian classical singer, [[Pandit Jasraj]].<ref name="Tribune/20040322/">{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Chandigarh Stories|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040322/cth2.htm|access-date=22 December 2021|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430094653/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040322/cth2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Her works were noted for narratives in simple language, often written with central women characters and their experiences and emotions in a male-dominated society.<ref name="Tribune/20040322/" />
 No references available. -->

She was a member of the Chandigarh [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] for over three decades.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Her stories have been translated into Indian and foreign languages including [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and English. English translations of her stories have been included in the anthology ''"Flowing like a River"''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Indian Literature|title=Flowing like a River|date=2013|journal=Indian Literature|volume=1|issue=273|pages=170–175|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|jstor=43856753}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Her last novel ''Nishesh'' (''[[Hindi]]:'' नि:शेष)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> was published posthumously in January 2024 by [[Penguin Random House]] India.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

The novel ''Nishesh'' was subsequently featured and showcased as a bestseller at the [[New Delhi World Book Fair]] 2024 organised by The [[National Book Trust]],<ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to National Book Trust India | url=https://nbtindia.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-11-16 | website=nbtindia.gov.in}}</ref> India, a part of the [[Ministry of Education India]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/ndwbf2024/general-information.html |title=Terms and conditions – New Delhi World Book Fair 2024 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
[[File:Madhur Kapila receives Sahitya Akademi Lifetime Achievement Award (11335824976).jpg|thumb|Kapila receiving the Chandigarh [[Sahitya Akademi]] lifetime achievement award (2011) from [[Karan Singh]]]]
In 2011, Kapila received the Chandigarh [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for her outstanding contribution to literature.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/vikas-kahol/story/an-effort-to-make-the-city-a-literary-hub-127707-2011-02-01 "An effort to make the city a literary hub"] . ''India Today'', Vikas Kahol. 2 February 2011</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Awards-of-Recognition/speednewsbytopic/keyid-544474.cms "Awards of Recognition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230211329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Awards-of-Recognition |date=30 December 2021 }}. ''Times of India'', Amit Sharma</ref> She was also a recipient of the Cultural Representative Award from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|Punjab Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and was noted as one of 111 Hindi female writers of the 21st century by ''The Sunday Indian''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[http://www.thesundayindian.com/111_hindi_female_writers.pdf "111 Hindi Female Writers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022085204/http://www.thesundayindian.com/111_hindi_female_writers.pdf |date=22 October 2016 }}. ''The Sunday Indian'', Ashok Bose</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kapila was married to journalist Ramesh Kapila, who worked with ''[[The Indian Express]]''. The couple had three children; two daughters and a son.<ref name=":2" /> Her daughter Shruti Kapila is a published author and an associate professor of history at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapila|first=Shruti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v36DwAAQBAJ|title=Violent Fraternity: Indian Political Thought in the Global Age|date=2 November 2021|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-21575-4|language=en|access-date=22 December 2021|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230211408/https://books.google.com/books?id=-v36DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kapila died from a cardiac arrest on 19 December 2021, at the age of 79 at her home in Chandigarh.<ref name=":0" />

== Bibliography ==
'''Sources:'''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Our Contributors|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856769|journal=Indian Literature|volume=57|issue=1 (273)|pages=243–250|jstor=43856769|issn=0019-5804|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222002525/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856769|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Novels ===
* {{cite book
| title = Bhatke Rahi भटके राही
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Satwan Swar सातवाँ स्वर
| publisher = Kriti Prakashan
| year = 2002
| isbn = 81-8060-066-1
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Saamne ka Aasman सामने का आसमान
| publisher = Bharatiya Jnanpith
| year = 2010
| isbn = 978-81-263-2002-8
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Nishesh नि:शेष
| publisher = [[Penguin Random House India]]
| year = 2024
| isbn = 978-0-14-345717-6
}}

=== Short story collections ===
* {{cite book
| title = Beechon Beech बीचों बीच
| publisher = Abhivyakti Prakashan
| year = 1993
| isbn =
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Tab Shayad तब शायद
| publisher = Shila Lekh
| year = 2004
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Ek Muqadma Aur एक मुक़दमा और
| publisher = Shila Lekh
| year = 2008
| isbn = 978-81-7329-208-8
}}

== See also ==
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Hindi literature]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856753?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ''Indian Literature, Sahitya Akademi Journal, Vol. 57, No. 1 (273) (January/February 2013), pp. 170-175'' – Flowing like a Riverː Madhur Kapila and Jaswant Singh Saini]
* [http://www.thesundayindian.com/111_hindi_female_writers.pdf ''The Sunday Indian (22 Aug – 4 Sep, 2011)'' – 111 Female Hindi writers of the 21st century (''द सनडे इंडियन - 21वी सदी की 111 हिन्दी लेखिकाएँ'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022085204/http://www.thesundayindian.com/111_hindi_female_writers.pdf |date=22 October 2016 }}
* [https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/madhur-kapila-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%a7%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%be/ ''Madhur Kapila''] – [[Penguin Random House India]]
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapila, Madhur}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Writers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

A. Arun

2026-04-29T00:58:49Z

Antoniomec: created a pg

{{Short description|Indian Army general (born 1964)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Arun|Ananthanarayan}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] (Retd.)
| name = A. Arun
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 14 December 1985 – 30 June 2024
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy (India)]] 
[[Indian Military Academy]]
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| service_number =
| unit = [[File:Grenadiers Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[The Grenadiers|8 Grenadiers]]
| commands = Dakshin Bharat Area [[Rashtriya Rifles|7 Sector Rashtriya Rifles]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|55 Rashtriya Rifles]]
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[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Ananthanarayan Arun''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[general officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He was the Chief of Staff of the [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]], [[Jaipur]]. He previously served as the General Officer Commanding Dakshin Bharat Area. He earlier served as the officiating Commandant of the [[Officers Training Academy]], Chennai.

==Early life and education==
Arun was born in [[Dindigul]], [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] on 17th Dec 1964. He secured an All India Rank of 13 in the [[Joint Entrance Examination]] for entry into the [[Indian Institute of Technology]].<ref name="ANI bio">{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General A Arun is new GOC of Dakshin Bharat Area |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lieutenant-general-a-arun-is-new-goc-of-dakshin-bharat-area20210105201828/ |website=ANI News |access-date=22 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Even after getting such an impressive rank he decided to leave [[IIT Madras]] and chose to join the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], as part of the 67th course.<ref name = "Youtube video">{{cite web |title=A Arun youtube video |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/IfGYYgWByoU|website=Youtube Video}}</ref> He then was part of the 77th course of the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="TOI bio">{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General A Arun assumes office as GOC of Army's Dakshin Bharat area |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lieutenant-general-a-arun-assumes-office-as-goc-of-armys-dakshin-bharat-area/articleshow/80074747.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2023 |date=2 January 2021}}</ref>

==Military career==
Arun was commissioned into the 8th battalion, [[The Grenadiers]] (8 GDRS) in December 1985. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. In the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], he raised the 55th battalion, The [[Rashtriya Rifles]] (The Grenadiers). The battalion was deployed in a counter-insurgency role in [[Pulwama]]. For his command of 55 RR, he was awarded the [[Sena Medal]] for gallantry on 15 August 2005.<ref name="SM">{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=https://ia600809.us.archive.org/35/items/in.gazette.2005.453/W_48_2012_126_text.pdf |website=us.archive.org |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sena Medal">{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=M1PYQ9EUVPkkfgZjoBiD5Q==&ParentID=iT1huRrfRmDzaE1h0fpZoQ== |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> In 2007, while still in command of 55 RR, he was awarded the [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Card|Chief of the Army Staff's Commendation]].<ref name="COAS Commendation">{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithTenPara.aspx?MnId=CYasCVPpcOZK5IGdVKKLOw==&ParentID=8bUTg9U+8UCy9KNzk0yppA== |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> He subsequently attended the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies, Canberra.<ref name="Punekar Bio" />

Promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], Arun commanded the 7 Sector Rashtriya Rifles in [[Handwara]]. For his command of 7 Sector RR, he was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2014.<ref name="YSM">{{cite web |title=368 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102732 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> He was then selected to attend the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] in New Delhi, as part of the 55th course.<ref name="NIE Bio">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Arun, new GOC of Dakshin Bharat Area |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/03/lt-gen-arun-new-goc-of-dakshin-bharat-area-2244731.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 January 2021 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>

As part of the [[United Nations]], Arun has served in the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] and in the International Task Force as part of the [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]]. He also served at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations]] working on the forecasting and structuring of large coalitions including significant civilian components. Arun also attended the United Nations Senior Mission Leaders Course conducted in Geneva, Switzerland.<ref name="Punekar Bio" />

===General officer===
Arun was promoted to the rank of [[Major general (India)|Major General]] and appointed [[General officer commanding]] a mountain division in the North East. He subsequently served as the Deputy Commandant, Chief Instructor, and officiating Commandant of the [[Officers Training Academy]], Chennai. He also served as Commandant of the Infantry School, Mhow. Promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]], he served as the Director General of Strategic Planning at Army headquarters.<ref name="ANI bio"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=Lt Gen Ananthanarayanan is 16th Rising Star Corps commander |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lt-gen-ananthanarayanan-is-16th-rising-star-corps-commander-101616790392411.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 January 2021, Arun was appointed the General Officer Commanding Dakshin Bharat Area. Earlier called the Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala Area (ATNK&K Area), the Dakshin Bharat area is a static formation that provides administrative, logistical, and infrastructure support to formations and establishments in these states as well as the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadweep.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=SqrZ5L0l3e72j7QUlz3XddB41xGxVjL0ryAA5VBHw8o=&ParentID=VoTUvU1ti37BSzBtJd39r8+PlEvLK4ew8koiutpb0UI=&flag=xYbhsRFMNfmFFs+htbOGVg== |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> In February 2022, he took over as the [[Colonel of the Regiment (India)|Colonel of the Grenadiers]] from Lieutenant General Rajeev Sirohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=LT GEN RAJEEV SIROHI, COLONEL THE GRENADIERS, CONFERSTHE RANK OF HONORARY CAPTAIN ONSUBEDAR MAJOR (HONORARY LIEUTENANT) YOGENDRA SINGH YADAV, PARAM VIR CHAKRA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1746076 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> In April 2023, he was appointed Chief of Staff of [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]] in Jaipur. On 26 January 2024, he was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]. He retired on 30 June 2024 after 39 years of glorious service in the Indian army.<ref>{{cite web |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Arun is married to Roopa Arun, an educationist and founder principal of The Cambridge International School, Bangalore. The couple has a daughter Zephyr.<ref name="Punekar Bio">{{cite web |title=Lieutenant General A Arun Is New GOC Of Dakshin Bharat Area |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/lieutenant-general-a-arun-is-new-goc-of-dakshin-bharat-area/ |website=punekarnews.in |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Arun was awarded the Sena Medal in 2005, the Yudh Seva Medal in 2014, and the Vishisht Seva Medal in 2015. He has also been awarded the [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Card|Chief of the Army Staff's Commendation]] 4 times.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="4"|[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Wound_Medal-India.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UNOMSIL_Medal_bar.gif|105px]]
|[[File:UN UNTAC Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UN Head Quarter Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan=2| [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
| [[Sena Medal]]
|-
| [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| [[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
| [[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
| [[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
| [[Operation Parakram Medal]]
| [[Sainya Seva Medal]]
| [[High Altitude Medal]]
| [[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
| [[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| [[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone|UNAMSIL Medal]]
| [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|UNTAC Medal]]
| [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UNHQ medal]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef| before = N. P. Rao}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] Dakshin Bharat Area| years = 2021 - 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=Karanbir Singh Brar}}
{{s-bef| before = Manish Erry}}
{{s-ttl| title = Chief of Staff, [[South Western Command]]| years = 2023 - present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arun, A}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Commandants of Infantry School, Mhow]]

Suraksha Clinic

2026-04-26T17:06:49Z

Antoniomec: starting the page more to come

{{Short description|Hospital group in India}}
{{Infobox Organization
|name = Suraksha Clinic
|image = Suraksha Clinic Logo.jpg
|image_border =
|image_size = 130px
|image_alt = 
|caption =
|map = 
|map_size = 
|map_alt = 
|map_caption = 
|abbreviation =
|formation = 1992
|type =
|status = 
|purpose = [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] control programme in [[India]]
|headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
|location =
|coordinates = 
|region_served =
|num_members =
|leader_title = 
|leader_name = 
|main_organ = 
|parent_organization = [[National AIDS Control Organisation]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
|affiliations = 
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = <nowiki>[</nowiki>http://www.naco.gov.in]
|remarks =
}}

'''Suraksha Clinic''' (formerly Designated STI/RTI Clinics)are a chain of STI/RTI Clinics. These clinics are established by [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] for the better health services and for the prevention of [[HIV/AIDS in India]].<ref name="naco">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.gov.in/NACO/Quick_Links/Publication/STIRTI_Services/Other_STI_Materials/Suraksha_Clinic_-_Branding_NACO/|title=Department of AIDS Control|publisher=naco.gov.in|accessdate=2014-08-03}}</ref>

==History==
'''Suraksha Clinic''' were established in 71 District Hospitals, 10 Medical Colleges and 5 District Female Hospitals in the state.<ref name="upsacs">{{cite web|url=http://upsacs.nic.in/sti.html|title=Sexually Transmitted Infections|publisher=upsacs.nic.in|accessdate=2014-08-03}}</ref>
These clinics are associated with the dermatology department in these Govt. hospitals and Govt. medical colleges so as to cater the need of prevention of sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

==Services==
These clinics serve the purpose of controlling the [[pandemic]]s such as HIV, herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital warts etc. The Doctor in the clinic refers for the blood test to check the disease. Before the blood samples are taken the candidate/person is given counselling by the counsellers in the clinics where the general details of name, educational qualification, occupation, address, contact no., reason of doubt of infection etc. are noted down which are kept confidential and are used as statics for further research and development purpose. The blood samples are taken empty stomach before half day and then sent for report preparation.
After the reports come the candidate is again counselled depending upon his blood status i.e. reactive or non reactive.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

==Success==
As these clinics are associated with dermatology department the patients do not feel hesitated in explaining their troubles.

==Challenges faced==
Due to the [[Government of India]] [[Supreme Court of India]] law Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code causes troubles in enforcing the effectiveness of this health concerned program to high risk targeted groups.

==See also==
* [[District AIDS Prevention and Control Unit]]
* [[HIV/AIDS in India]]

==References==
<references />

{{AIDS}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Asia topic|HIV/AIDS in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiv Aids In India}}
[[Category:HIV/AIDS organisations based in India|Suraksha Clinic]]

Department of Building Construction (Jharkhand)

2026-04-19T16:34:57Z

Antoniomec: creating some post basic info...

{{Short description|State Department of Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Building Construction, Government of Jharkhand
| nativename = भवन निर्माण विभाग, झारखंड सरकार
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| type = Department
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] - 834004
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Building Construction
| chief1_name = Arava Rajkamal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]], (Department of Building Construction)
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| child3_agency =
| website = https://bcd.jharkhand.gov.in
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Building Construction''' is a state department under [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for planning, designing, constructing, renovating and maintaining government buildings across Jharkhand, including residential and non-residential offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Building Construction, Jharkhand |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment?department=b3460c056d63af44fe66bd92c961a144 |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Building Construction Department, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://bcd.jharkhand.gov.in/ |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |website=bcd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Angad |first=Abhishek |date=2021-12-01 |title=Jharkhand floats tender to develop Soren house as 'heritage building' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-floats-tender-to-develop-soren-house-as-heritage-building-7649839/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-20 |title=Jharkhand govt frames new rule to regularise buildings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-govt-frames-new-rule-to-regularise-buildings/articleshow/95639603.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-09-24 |title=Jharkhand to upgrade Mega Sports Complex, push for sports university |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-to-upgrade-mega-sports-complex-push-for-sports-university-1503490996.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Dec 2015 |title=CM Das nod to Haj House revamp |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cm-das-nod-to-haj-house-revamp/cid/1380070 |access-date=5 Oct 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-05-12 |title=Ranchi's British-era CM house makes way for modern complex |url=https://ianslive.in/ranchis-british-era-cm-house-makes-way-for-modern-complex--20250512175015 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=State eyes Jharkhand Bhavan in Mumbai, Puri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/state-eyes-jharkhand-bhavan-in-mumbai-latest-news/articleshow/106745209.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-09 |title=Jharkhand CM sets January 15 deadline for completion of Ministers' bungalows |url=https://thejharkhandstory.co.in/jharkhand-cm-sets-january-15-deadline-for-completion-of-ministers-bungalows/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The Jharkhand Story |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Prior to 1982, the functions of Building Construction, Road Construction and Rural Engineering were carried out under the Public Works Department (PWD). Following a Cabinet Secretariat memorandum on 16 March 1982, they were reorganized into independent departments, which now manage infrastructure in their respective domains.<ref name=":0" />

==Ministerial team==
The Department is headed by the Cabinet Minister of Building Construction, [[Government of Jharkhand]]. [[Indian Administrative Service|Civil servants]] such as the Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions.

Since December 2024, the Minister for Department of Building Construction is Hemant Soren.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Soren distributes portfolios to ministers, keeps Home to himself |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/soren-distributes-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-to-himself-3306486 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government of Jharkhand]]
*[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Tingkhong Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:44:27Z

Antoniomec: starting basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tingkhong
| constituency_no = 119
| type = SLA
| map_image = Tingkhong Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| district = [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Tingkhong Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Tingkhong forms part of the [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Gogoi
| bgcolor="de0000" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rajendra Nath Phukan
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Bhadreswar Gogoi
| bgcolor="#00a650" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Atul Chandra Koch
| bgcolor="#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Prithibi Majhi
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |Atuwa Munda
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Anup Phukan]]
| bgcolor="#021a84" |
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Atuwa Munda
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bimal Bora]]<ref name="election20212">{{cite web |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |accessdate=13 November 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| bgcolor="#f97d09" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| bgcolor="#f97d09" |
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tingkhong}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bimal Bora]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bipul Gogoi|party=Indian National Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahabir Baske|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India) |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tingkhong<ref name=election20212></ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bimal Bora]]
|votes = 62,675
|percentage = 52.66
|change = -1.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Atuwa Munda]]|votes=34,281|percentage=28.8|change=-8.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|candidate=[[Subhakaran Konhain]]|votes=16,690|percentage=14.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bikash Kullu|votes=3,445|percentage=2.89|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,928|percentage=1.62|change=-0.36}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,394|percentage=23.86|change=+6.31}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,19,019|percentage=79.49|change=-5.95}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,49,731
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tingkhong<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bimal Bora]]
|votes = 57,072
|percentage = 54.61
|change = +38.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Atuwa Munda]]
|votes = 38,734
|percentage = 37.06
|change = -11.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Anup Phukan]]
|votes = 2,935
|percentage = 2.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Mira Tanti
|votes = 1,299
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Bharali
|votes = 1,235
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Eliash Sichan
|votes = 1,150
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,075
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,338
|percentage = 17.55
|change = -0.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,04,500
|percentage = 85.44
|change = +11.67
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,22,295
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tingkhong}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Atuwa Munda
|votes = 41,839
|percentage = 48.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Anup Phukan]]
|votes = 26,315
|percentage = 30.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipu Ranjan Makrari
|votes = 13,626
|percentage = 15.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Tufan Gowala
|votes = 2,306
|percentage = 2.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Keshab Saikia
|votes = 1,364
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,524
|percentage = 18.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,450
|percentage = 73.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,15,836
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Phase 5, Mohali

2026-04-18T07:27:53Z

Antoniomec: Done

{{Short description|Residential area of Mohali, Punjab}}
{{one source |date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Phase 5'''(Sector 59) is a [[residential area]] of [[Mohali]], [[Punjab]].

== Restaurants ==
*Maihaan Punjabi Cuisine Restaurant.
*The Brew Master
*Khalsa Vaishno Dhabha
*[[Barbeque Nation]]
*Yo!China
*[[Domino's Pizza]]
*[[Pizza Hut]]
*Mr Rooster
*Punjabi Haveli
*Republic of Chicken
*[[Cafe Coffee Day]]

== Banks ==

*[[Axis Bank]]
*[[Punjab and Sind Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab and Sind Bank|url=http://www.bankbranchin.com/punjab-and-sind-bank-Mohali---Phase-5-branch-mohali-mohali-punjab/37302/b5}}</ref>
*[[Bank of Baroda]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Mohali district]]
[[Category:Sectors of Mohali]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Duggirala Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:52Z

Antoniomec: creating new details w/ refs...

{{short description|Defunct Legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Duggirala
|district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|electors = {{formatnum:121878}}<ref name=election2004/>
| loksabha_cons = [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2008
|reservation = None
|type= SLA
}}
'''Duggirala''' was one of the 294 [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation1976/> It was in [[Guntur district]] and was dissolved before the 2009 elections, with most of its area now in [[Tenali Assembly constituency]], [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency]] and [[Repalle Assembly constituency]].<ref name=thehindu>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Former-MLA-Venkata-Reddy-passes-away/article15474096.ece |title=Former MLA Venkata Reddy passes away - Andhra Pradesh |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 November 2016 |access-date= 14 February 2022}}</ref>

==History of the constituency==
The Duggirala constituency was first created for the [[Madras state]] Legislative Assembly in 1952.<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> After the passing of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], it became a part of the new [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> After the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', its extent was the Duggirala, Kollipar and Kollur firkas in [[Tenali mandal|Tenali taluk]] of [[Guntur district]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

It was not present in the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008'' and hence was defunct as of the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]{{Efn|for [[Madras State]]}}
|[[A. Rami Reddi|A. Rami Reddy]]<ref name=election1951>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1954^
| M. Nageswara Rao
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]{{Efn|for [[Andhra State]]}}
| Putumbaka Sriramulu
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Lankireddy Lakshma Reddy
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A. Rami Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Bontu Gopala Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| G.Vedantha Rao
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| M.V Sivarama Krishna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Alapati Dharma Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=4|Gudibandi Venkata Reddy<ref name=thehindu/>
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 15 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}
^ indicates by-election
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala<ref name=election2004/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gudibandi Venkata Reddy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:54257}}
|percentage = 54.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chandu Sambasivarao|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes={{formatnum:42461}}|percentage=42.98|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:11796}}|percentage=11.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:98789}}|percentage=81.05|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:121878}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala<ref name=election1999/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gudibandi Venkata Reddy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:46714}}
|percentage = 49.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kotaru Koteswara Rao|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes={{formatnum:46202}}|percentage=48.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mikkilineni Ravindra Babu|party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|votes={{formatnum:976}}|percentage=1.03|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:512}}|percentage=0.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:94349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:137081}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gudibandi Venkata Reddy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:41930}}
|percentage = 49.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kotaru Koteswara Rao|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes={{formatnum:39117}}|percentage=47.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:2713}}|percentage=2.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:94349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:135081}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gudibandi Venkata Reddy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:51,944}}
|percentage = 51.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mareddy Balkoteswara Reddy|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes={{formatnum:40,564}}|percentage=40.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:11,380}}|percentage=11.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:100,349}}|percentage=75.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:123081}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Alapati Dharma Rao
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:43,617}}
|percentage = 43.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bandaru Issac Prabhakar|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes={{formatnum:32,320}}|percentage=32.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:11,380}}|percentage=11.2|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:87,349}}|percentage=72.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:111081}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Duggirala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mareddy Venkata Sivarama Krishna Reddy
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:43,252}}
|percentage = 43.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gollapudi Vendanta Rao|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:14,310}}|percentage=14.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:28,942}}|percentage=29.2|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:84,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:90,081}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent Politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gollapudi Vendanta Rao
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|votes = {{formatnum:31,843}}
|percentage = 43.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gudibandi Nagi Reddy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:30,773}}|percentage=41.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:1070}}|percentage=1.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:74,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:84,081}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===

In 1972, Duggirala legislative assembly constituency had total 80100 electors. Total number of valid vote was 54218. Indian National Congress candidate Bontu Gopala Reddy won and became MLA from this seat. He secured total 36789 votes. Indian National Congress (organisation) candidate Krishnamurti Pasupuletl stood second with total 12213 votes. He lost by 24576 votes.

{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bonthu Gopala Reddy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:36,789}}
|percentage = 67.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pasupuleti Krishnamurti|party=Indian National Congress (Organisation)|votes={{formatnum:12,213}}|percentage=22.53|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:24576}}|percentage=45.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:70,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:78,081}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[A. Rami Reddi|A.Ramiredddy]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:22,866}}
|percentage = 50.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pasupuleti Krishnamurti|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:22,185}}|percentage=49.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:681}}|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:55,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:65,081}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent Politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lankireddy Lakshma Reddy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:22,629}}
|percentage = 50.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Katragadda Narayana Rao|party=Independent (politician)|votes={{formatnum:20,322}}|percentage=45.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:2307}}|percentage=4.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:49,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:57,081}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = M.Narayana Rao
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:21,913}}
|percentage = 50.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=L.B.G.Rao|party=Independent (politician)|votes={{formatnum:20,644}}|percentage=47.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:1269}}|percentage=2.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:42,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:49,081}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Putumbaka Sriramulu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:28,945}}
|percentage = 50.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vurabandi Acharyulu|party=Communist Party of India|votes={{formatnum:18,364}}|percentage=35.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:10581}}|percentage=14.7|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:46,349}}|percentage=70.18|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:50,081}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Duggirala<ref name=election1951/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[A. Rami Reddi|A.Ramireddy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,002 |percentage=41.63 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. Kotaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=17,367 |percentage=38.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. Narasimha Rao |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=6,120 |percentage=13.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. Balayogi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,920 |percentage=4.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. Simon |party=Independent politician |votes=690 |percentage=1.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. Yesuratnam |party=Independent politician |votes=551 |percentage=1.21}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,635 |percentage=3.58 |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,650 |percentage=77.55 |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,862}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Guntur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|16.33|80.63|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Guntur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Ethiopia

2026-03-29T18:20:33Z

Antoniomec:

{{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}}
{{About|the country|other uses||the genus of moths|Ethopia}}
{{Patronymic names||Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
| common_name = Ethiopia
| native_name = {{native name|am|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ |italics=no}} {{resize|80%|{{nobold|{{transliteration|gez|Yäʾityop̣p̣yawi Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripäblik}}}}}}

{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%;
| title = in other official languages
| {{Infobox
| subbox=yes
| bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow
| label1 = [[Afar language|Afar]]:
| data1 = {{lang|aa|Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow
| label2 = [[Arabic]]:
| data2 = {{lang|ar|جمهورية إثيوبيا الاتحادية الديمقراطية}}
| rowclass3 = mergedrow
| label3 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]:
| data3 = {{lang|om|Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itoophiyaa}}
| rowclass4 = mergedrow
| label4 = [[Somali language|Somali]]:
| data4 = {{lang|so|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya}}
| rowclass5 = mergedrow
| label5 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]:
| data5 = {{lang|ti|ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}{{Efn|group=lower-alpha|Romanized: ''Nayəʾitəyop̣əya Federalawi Demokərasiyawi Ripsäbəlikə''}}
}}
}}
| p1 =
| flag_p1 = Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg|
| image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Ethiopia.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_anthem = {{lang|am|ወደፊት ገሥግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ}} "Wedefīt Gesigishī Wid Inat ītiyop'ya" ({{Langx|en|"[[March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia]]"}}) <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Ethiopia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| capital = [[Addis Ababa]]
| largest_city = Addis Ababa
| coordinates = {{Coord|9|1|N|38|45|E|type:city(2,700,000)_region:ET-AA}}
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Afar language|Afar]]|[[Amharic]]|[[Oromo language|Oromo]]|[[Somali language|Somali]]|[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]<ref name="Ventures">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia to Add 4 more Official Languages to Foster Unity |url=https://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/ |website=Ventures Africa |date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314003546/https://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/ |archive-date=14 March 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=2 February 2021 |vauthors=Emi I}}</ref><ref name="Nazret">{{cite web |title=Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts |url=https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/ |website=Nazret |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817225007/https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/ |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="africanews.com" />}}
| languages_type = {{nowrap|'''[[Regional language]]s'''}}<ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html |title=Ethiopian Constitution |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|
* 34.5% [[Oromo people|Oromo]]
* 26.9% [[Amhara people|Amhara]]
* 6.2% [[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]]
* 6.1% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]]
* 4.0% [[Sidama people|Sidama]]
* 2.5% [[Gurage people|Gurage]]
* 2.3% [[Welayta people|Welayta]]
* 1.7% [[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]
* 1.7% [[Afar people|Afar]]
* 1.5% [[Gamo people|Gamo]]
* 12.6% [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|others]]}}
| languages_sub = yes
| languages = {{Flatlist|
* [[Harari language|Harari]]
* [[Sidamo language|Sidama]]
* [[Languages of Ethiopia]]

}}
| languages2_type = Foreign languages
| languages2 =
| ethnic_groups_year = 2007<ref name="CSA">{{cite web |title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007 |page=16 |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results |publisher=Population Census Commission |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="2007Census" />
| religion = {{ublist
|item_style=white-space;
|{{Tree list}}
* 67.3% [[Christianity in Ethiopia|Christianity]]
** 43.8% [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]]
** 22.8% [[P'ent'ay]]
** 0.7% other [[Christians|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|31.3% [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]]
|0.6% [[Traditional African religion|traditional faiths]]
|0.8% [[Religion in Ethiopia|others]]/[[Irreligion|none]]
}}
| religion_year = 2016<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>
| border_p2 = Eritea, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia
| demonym = [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian]]
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf |title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism}}</ref> under an [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] government<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Ethiopia Democratic? A Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/a-bureaucratic-authoritarian-regime/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Journal of Democracy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Ethiopia|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Taye Atske Selassie]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Abiy Ahmed]]
| leader_title3 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Deputy Prime Ministers]]
| leader_name3 = [[Temesgen Tiruneh]] [[Adem Farah]]
| leader_title4 = [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia|Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Tewodros Mihret]]
| legislature = [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]
| upper_house = [[House of Federation]]
| lower_house = [[House of Peoples' Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Ethiopia|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Ethiopian Empire]]
| established_date1 = 1270
| established_event2 = ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]''
| established_date2 = 7 May 1769
| established_event3 = [[Zemene Mesafint#End of Zemene Mesafint era|Reunification]]
| established_date3 = 11 February 1855
| established_event4 = [[Menelik II#Conquest of neighboring states and defeat of the Italians|Centralisation]]
| established_date4 = 1904
| established_event5 = [[Italian Ethiopia|Occupied and annexed]] into [[Italian East Africa]]
| established_date5 = 9 May 1936
| established_event6 = [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement|Re-establishment of independence]]
| established_date6 = 31 January 1942
| area_km2 = 1,104,300
| area_rank = 26th 
| area_sq_mi = 426,373 
| percent_water = 0.7
| population_estimate = 135,500,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/ET |title=Ethiopia Population 2025 - United Nations Population Fund |publisher=United Nations Population Fund |access-date=February 2, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/231/start/2025/end/2026/table/pivotbylocation?df=89ae8967-12de-4efa-81d2-417484e8a9ef |title=Total Population by Sex: Ethiopia |publisher=United Nations Population Division |access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 10th
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 73,750,932<ref name="2007Census" />
| population_census_year = 2007
| population_density_km2 = 92.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 240.1 
| population_density_rank = 123rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $434.44 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ET">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Ethiopia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 55th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,050<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 159th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $145.03 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 59th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,350<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159th
| Gini = 35.0 
| Gini_year = 2015
| Gini_change = increase
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=2021-07-17 |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.492 
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2023/24 |language=en |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 176th
| currency = [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]]
| currency_code = ETB
| time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+251]]
| cctld = [[.et]]
}}


'''Ethiopia'''{{Efn|group=lower-alpha|{{ulist|{{langx|am|ኢትዮጵያ|Ītyōṗṗyā}} {{IPA|am|i.tjo.p'ja|pron}}|{{langx|om|Itiyoophiyaa}}|{{langx|so|Itoobiya}}|{{langx|ar|إثيوبيا}}|{{langx|ti|ኢትዮጵያ|Ítiyop'iya}}|{{langx|aa|Itiyoppiya}}}}}}, officially the '''Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia''', is a [[landlocked country]] located in the [[Horn of Africa]] region of [[East Africa]]. It shares borders with [[Eritrea]] to the north, [[Djibouti]] to the northeast, [[Somalia]] to the east, [[Kenya]] to the south, [[South Sudan]] to the west, and [[Sudan]] to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of {{Convert|1,104,300|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |date=8 October 2024 |country=Ethiopia |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, it has around 135 million inhabitants, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|14th-most populous]] country.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Population by Country (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref> The national capital and largest city, [[Addis Ababa]], lies several kilometres west of the [[East African Rift]] that splits the country into the [[African Plate|African]] and [[Somali Plate|Somali]] tectonic plates.<ref name="CIA2">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

[[Early modern human|Anatomically modern humans]] emerged from modern-day Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessler |first=David F. |title=The Falashas: a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-283-70872-2 |oclc=819506475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkin |first=Michael |date=16 February 2005 |title=Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of ''Homo sapiens'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news050214-10 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=J.Z. |last2=Absher |first2=D.M. |last3=Tang |first3=H. |last4=Southwick |first4=A.M. |last5=Casto |first5=A.M. |last6=Ramachandran |first6=S. |last7=Cann |first7=H.M. |last8=Barsh |first8=G.S. |last9=Feldman |first9=M. |last10=Cavalli-Sforza |first10=L.L. |last11=Myers |first11=R.M. |year=2008 |title=Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=319 |issue=5866 |pages=1100–04 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1100L |doi=10.1126/science.1153717 |pmid=18292342 |s2cid=53541133}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2008 |title=Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Karen |date=21 February 2008 |title=Around the world from Addis Ababa |url=http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=16 March 2009 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> In 980 BC, the Kingdom of [[Dʿmt|D'mt]] extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] maintained a unified civilization in the region for 900 years. Christianity arrived to the kingdom in 330 AD,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Dale H. |date=1936 |title=Christianity in Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1936-09_5_3/page/270 |journal=Church History |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=271–284 |doi=10.2307/3160789 |jstor=3160789 |s2cid=162029676 |issn=0009-6407}}</ref> while Islam influenced during the [[Migration to Abyssinia|first Hijra]] in 615.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbink |first=Jon |date=1998 |title=An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1080/13696819808717830 |jstor=1771876 |hdl=1887/9486 |issn=1369-6815 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the [[Zagwe dynasty]] ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia. The [[Shewa|Shewan]] usurper, [[Yekuno Amlak]], overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the [[Battle of Ansata]], inaugurating the [[Ethiopian Empire]] and the [[Solomonic dynasty]] – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical [[Solomon]] and [[Queen of Sheba]], and [[Menelik I]] was the first emperor. By the 14th century, the empire had grown in prestige through territorial expansion and fighting against adjacent territories; most notably, the [[Ethiopian–Adal War]] (1529–1543) contributed to fragmentation of the empire, which ultimately fell under a decentralization known as ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' in the mid-18th century. [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Tewodros II]] ended ''Zemene Mesafint'' at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernization of Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/Vaughanphd.pdf |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225532/https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the late 19th century, it resisted foreign invasions and [[Menelik II's conquests|expanded its territory]] under Emperor [[Menelik II]], remaining independent during the [[Scramble for Africa]] and forming its current borders. Ethiopia lost its sovereignty in 1936, when [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] under [[Italian fascism|fascism]] invaded and annexed it with former colony of [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[Italian Somaliland|Somaliland]], later forming [[Italian East Africa]]. In 1941, during [[World War II]], it was [[East African campaign (World War II)|occupied by the British Army]], and its full sovereignty was [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement#Negotiating a new agreement|restored in 1944]]. The [[Derg]], a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|deposing]] Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] and the Solomonic dynasty, and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the [[Ethiopian Civil War]]. Following the [[Fall of the Derg|dissolution of the Derg]] in 1991, the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF) dominated the country with a [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia|new constitution]] and [[Ethnic federalism#Ethiopia|ethnic-based federalism]]. Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved [[Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia|inter-ethnic clashes]] and political instability marked by [[authoritarianism]]. From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions carried out armed attacks in [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia]].<ref name=BBC1120>{{Cite news |author=BBC Staff |date=3 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state |language=en |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034 |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>

Ethiopia is a [[Multinational state|multi-ethnic state]] with over 80 different [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|ethnic groups]]. [[Christianity]] is the most widely professed faith in the country, with the largest denomination being the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, followed by [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] and a small percentage of [[Traditional African religion|traditional faiths]]. The country is a founding member of the UN, the headquarters of the [[African Union Commission]], and many other global [[non-governmental organization]]s focused on Africa, also becoming a full member of [[BRICS]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ethiopia formally join BRICS |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/01/01/egypt-iran-saudi-arabia-uae-ethiopia-formally-join-brics/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=Daily News Egypt |date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Ethiopia is one of the [[least developed countries]] but is sometimes considered an [[emerging power]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=World Economic Forum |date=6 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Somtribune |date=29 August 2020 |title=Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower |url=https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=SomTribune |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211200601/https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/|archive-date=2020-12-11}}</ref> having the [[List of African countries by GDP growth|fastest economic growth]] in [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n countries because of [[foreign direct investment]] in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries; [[Agriculture in Ethiopia|agriculture]] is the country's largest economic sector, accounting for over 37% of the [[gross domestic product]] as of 2022. Though the Ethiopian economy has experienced consistent growth, in terms of [[per capita income]] and the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] the country remains among the poorest in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Ethiopia faces numerous challenges, including high rates of [[Poverty in Ethiopia|poverty]], [[Human rights in Ethiopia|human rights]] violations, widespread [[Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia|ethnic discrimination]], and a literacy rate of 60%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAL country profile - Ethiopia |url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Ethiopia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206214715/https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Ethiopia.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.uil.unesco.org |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Ethiopia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=ET |website=World Bank |access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Ethiopia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ETH.pdf |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{See also|Aethiopia}}

Tradition holds that the name Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ) comes from the name of the first King of Ethiopia, Ethiop, or [[Ethiopis]].

Ayele Berkerie explains: <blockquote>According to an Ethiopian tradition, the term Ethiopia is derived from the word Ethiopis, a name of the Ethiopian king, the seventh in the ancestral lines. Metshafe Aksum or the Ethiopian Book of Aksum identifies Itiopis as the twelfth king of Ethiopia and the father of Aksumawi. The Ethiopians pronounce Ethiopia እትዮጵያ with a Sades or the sixth sound እ as in incorporate and the graph ጰ has no equivalent in English or Latin graphs. Ethiopis is believed to be the twelfth direct descendant of Adam. His father is identified as Kush, while his grandfather is known as Kam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bekerie |first=Ayele |date=2004 |title=Ethiopica: Some Historical Reflections on the Origin of the Word Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=110–121 |jstor=27828841 |issn=1543-4133}}</ref></blockquote>In the 15th-century Ge'ez ''[[Book of Axum]]'', the name is ascribed to a legendary individual called ''[[Ethiopis|Ityopp'is]]''. He was an extra-biblical son of [[Cush (Bible)|Cush, son of Ham]], said to have founded the city of [[Axum]].<ref name="Agrvt">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ |title=Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10 |date=2003 |publisher=Rock View International |page=366 |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

The [[Greek language|Greek]] name Αἰθιοπία (from {{lang|grc|Αἰθίοψ}}, "an Ethiopian") is a compound word, later explained as derived from the Greek words {{lang|grc|αἴθω}} and {{lang|grc|ὤψ}} (''eithō'' "I burn" + ''ōps'' "face"). According to the [[A Greek–English Lexicon|Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon]], the designation properly translates as ''burnt-face'' in noun form and ''red-brown'' in adjectival form.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232329&redirect=true |access-date=16 March 2009 |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |contribution=Aithiops |first1=Henry George |last1=Liddell}}</ref> The historian [[Herodotus]] used the appellation to denote those parts of Africa south of the [[Sahara]] that were then known within the [[Ecumene]] (habitable world).<ref name="Herodotus1">For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/nebrowser?query=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&id=tgn%2C7000489 this list] at the [[Perseus Project]].</ref> The earliest mention of the term is found in the works of [[Homer]], where it is used to refer to two people groups, one in Africa and one in the east from eastern Turkey to India.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 1.22–4.</ref> This Greek name was borrowed into [[Amharic]] as ኢትዮጵያ, ''ʾĪtyōṗṗyā''.

In [[Ancient Greece|Greco]]-[[Roman Empire|Roman]] epigraphs, ''Aethiopia'' was a specific toponym for ancient [[Nubia]].<ref name="Hatke">{{cite book |last1=Hatke |first1=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa |date=2013 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-6066-6 |pages=52–53}}</ref> At least as early as {{Circa|850}},<ref>[[Etymologicum Genuinum]] s.v. Αἰθιοπία; see also [[Aethiopia]]</ref> the name ''Aethiopia'' also occurs in many translations of the [[Old Testament]] in allusion to Nubia. The ancient [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] texts identify Nubia instead as [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]].<ref>Cp. Ezekiel 29:10</ref> However, in the [[New Testament]], the Greek term Aithiops does occur, referring to a servant of the [[Kandake]], the queen of Kush.<ref>Acts 8:27</ref>

Following the Hellenic and biblical traditions, the [[Monumentum Adulitanum]], a 3rd-century inscription belonging to the [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite Empire]], indicates that Aksum's ruler governed an area that was flanked to the west by the territory of Ethiopia and Sasu. The Aksumite King [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] eventually conquered Nubia the following century, and the Aksumites thereafter appropriated the designation "Ethiopians" for their own kingdom. In the [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]] version of the Ezana inscription, Aἰθίοπες is equated with the unvocalized ''Ḥbšt'' and ''Ḥbśt'' (Ḥabashat), and denotes for the first time the highland inhabitants of Aksum. This new [[demonym]] was subsequently rendered as ''ḥbs'' ('Aḥbāsh) in [[Sabaean language|Sabaic]] and as ''Ḥabasha'' in [[Arabic]].<ref name="Hatke" /> Derivatives of this are used in some languages that use loanwords from Arabic, for example in [[Malay language|Malay]] ''Habsyah''.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was historically known as [[Abyssinia]]. This toponym was derived from the Latinized form of the ancient ''Habash''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schoff |first1=Wilfred Harvey |url=https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00schouoft#page/62/mode/2up |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |page=62 |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Ethiopia}}

{{further|Ethiopian historiography}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}}{{Main|Prehistoric Ethiopia}}

[[File:Homo Sapiens Idaltu.JPG|thumb|A ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' hominid skull]]

Several important finds have propelled Ethiopia and the surrounding region to the forefront of [[Paleontology|palaeontology]]. The oldest [[Hominidae|hominid]] discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million-year-old ''[[Ardipithecus|Ardipithecus ramidus]]'' ([[Ardi]]) found by [[Tim D. White]] in 1994.<ref name="OldestHuman">{{cite news |last=Ansari |first=Azadeh |date=7 October 2009 |title=Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/10/01/oldest.human.skeleton/index.html |access-date=2 March 2011 |newspaper=CNN.com/technology}}</ref> The most well-known hominid discovery is ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' ([[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]]). Known locally as ''Dinkinesh'', the specimen was found in the [[Awash Valley]] of [[Afar Region]] in 1974 by [[Donald Johanson]], and is one of the most complete and best-preserved adult [[Australopithecus|Australopithecine]] fossils ever uncovered. Lucy's taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother of man – 3.2 million years ago |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Dinkinesh">{{cite book |last1=Johanson |first1=Donald C. |title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins |last2=Wong |first2=Kate |date=2010 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-39640-2 |pages=8–9}}</ref><ref name="iho1">{{cite web |date=15 June 2016 |title=Institute of Human Origins: Lucy's Story |url=https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story |access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328030651/https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story|archive-date=2019-03-28}}</ref>

Ethiopia is also considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of [[Early modern human|anatomically modern humans]], ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]''. The oldest of these local fossil finds, the [[Omo remains]], were excavated in the southwestern [[Omo Kibish Formation|Omo Kibish]] area and have been dated to the [[Middle Paleolithic]], around 200,000 years ago.<ref name="Mcdougall2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Mcdougall |first1=I. |last2=Brown |first2=H. |last3=Fleagle |first3=G. |date=Feb 2005 |title=Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15078/files/PAL_E2238.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=433 |issue=7027 |pages=733–36 |bibcode=2005Natur.433..733M |doi=10.1038/nature03258 |pmid=15716951 |s2cid=1454595}}</ref> Additionally, skeletons of ''[[Herto Man|Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' were found at a site in the [[Middle Awash]] valley. Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'', or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=T.D. |last2=Asfaw |first2=B. |last3=Degusta |first3=D. |last4=Gilbert |first4=H. |last5=Richards |first5=G.D. |last6=Suwa |first6=G. |last7=Clark Howell |first7=F. |year=2003 |title=Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6941 |pages=742–47 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..742W |doi=10.1038/nature01669 |pmid=12802332 |s2cid=4432091}}</ref> Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' fossils excavated at the [[Jebel Irhoud]] site in Morocco have since been dated to an earlier period, about 300,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewan |date=7 June 2017 |title=Oldest ''Homo sapiens'' fossil claim rewrites our species' history |url=http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22114 |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> while Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern ''Homo sapiens'' skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 kya).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Ashley S. |last2=Royer |first2=Danielle F. |last3=Fleagle |first3=John G. |date=Jul 2017 |title=The Omo-Kibish I pelvis |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=108 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 |issn=1095-8606 |pmid=28552208 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017JHumE.108..199H}}</ref>

According to some anthropologists, the first [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing [[Neolithic]] era from the family's proposed [[Afroasiatic homeland|urheimat]] ("original homeland") in the [[Nile|Nile Valley]],<ref name="Zarins">{{cite journal |last=Zarins |first=Juris |year=1990 |title=Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=280 |issue=280 |pages=31–65 |doi=10.2307/1357309 |jstor=1357309 |s2cid=163491760}}</ref> or the [[Near East]].<ref name="Aane">{{Cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=J. |last2=Bellwood |first2=P. |year=2003 |title=Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions |url=http://faculty.bennington.edu/%7Ekwoods/classes/enviro-hist/diamond%20agriculture%20and%20language.pdf |journal=Science |type=Submitted manuscript |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=597–603 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..597D |citeseerx=10.1.1.1013.4523 |doi=10.1126/science.1078208 |jstor=3834351 |pmid=12714734 |s2cid=13350469}}</ref> The majority of scholars today propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in northeast Africa because of the higher diversity of lineages in that region, a telltale sign of linguistic origin.<ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C |title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-0466-2 |pages=143–44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Güldemann |first=Tom |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-11-042606-9 |page=311 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=Historical Linguistics, Fourth Edition |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-262-54218-0 |pages=399–400 |language=English}}</ref>

In 2019, archaeologists discovered a 30,000-year-old [[Middle Stone Age]] rock shelter at the [[Fincha Habera, Ethiopia|Fincha Habera]] site in [[Bale Mountains]] at an elevation of {{convert|3469|m|abbr=off}} above sea level. At this high altitude, humans are susceptible both to [[Hypoxemia#Environmental oxygen|hypoxia]] and to extreme weather. According to a study published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', this dwelling is proof of the earliest permanent human occupation at high altitude yet discovered. Thousands of animal bones, hundreds of stone tools, and ancient fireplaces were discovered, revealing a diet that featured giant [[Spalacidae|mole rat]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |date=8 August 2019 |title=In the Ethiopian Mountains, Ancient Humans Were Living the High Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/science/humans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of an Ancient High-Altitude Human Dwelling |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/found-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kiona N. |date=9 August 2019 |title=The first people to live at high elevations snacked on giant mole rats |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/ethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Charles Q. Choi |date=9 August 2019 |title=Earliest Evidence of Human Mountaineers Found in Ethiopia |url=https://www.livescience.com/earliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |date=9 August 2019 |title=This Rock Shelter in Ethiopia May Be the Earliest Evidence of Humans Living in the Mountains |url=https://gizmodo.com/this-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=Gizmodo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Earliest evidence of high-altitude living found in Ethiopia |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/08/09/Earliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia/9561565318908/ |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miehe |first1=Georg |last2=Opgenoorth |first2=Lars |last3=Zech |first3=Wolfgang |last4=Woldu |first4=Zerihun |last5=Vogelsang |first5=Ralf |last6=Veit |first6=Heinz |last7=Nemomissa |first7=Sileshi |last8=Negash |first8=Agazi |last9=Nauss |first9=Thomas |date=9 August 2019 |title=Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia |journal=Science |language=en |volume=365 |issue=6453 |pages=583–587 |bibcode=2019Sci...365..583O |doi=10.1126/science.aaw8942 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31395781 |s2cid=199505803}}</ref>

Evidence of some of the earliest known stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of ''Homo sapiens''), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of [[Gademotta]], which date to around 279,000 years ago.<ref name="SahlePLOS1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Y. |last2=Hutchings |first2=W. K. |last3=Braun |first3=D. R. |last4=Sealy |first4=J. C. |last5=Morgan |first5=L. E. |last6=Negash |first6=A. |last7=Atnafu |first7=B. |year=2013 |editor1-last=Petraglia |editor1-first=Michael D |title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |article-number=e78092 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 |pmc=3827237 |pmid=24236011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2019, additional Middle Stone Age projectile weapons were found at Aduma, dated 100,000–80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.<ref name="Sahle">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sahle Y, Brooks AS |year=2018 |title=Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=5 |article-number=e0216716 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416716S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216716 |pmc=6508696 |pmid=31071181 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
{{Main|Dʿmt|Kingdom of Aksum}}

[[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|[[Aksumite currency]] of the [[Axumite kings|Aksumite king]] [[Endybis]], 227–35, at the [[British Museum]]{{Efn|The inscriptions in [[Ancient Greek]] read {{lang|grc|ΑΞΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}} ("King of Axum") and {{lang|grc|ΕΝΔΥΒΙϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ}} ("King Endybis"); Greek was the ''[[lingua franca]]'' by that time, so its use in coins simplified foreign trade.}}]]

In 980 BC, [[Dʿmt]] was established in present-day [[Eritrea]] and the northern part of Ethiopia in the Tigray region, and is widely believed to be the successor state to [[Land of Punt|Punt]]. This polity's capital was located at [[Yeha]] in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was [[Sabaeans|Sabaean]]-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="Munro-Hay57">[[#Munro-Hay|Munro-Hay]], p. 57</ref>

Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local [[Agaw people]]s and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia. However, [[Geʽez|Ge'ez]], the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from the [[Sabaean language]]. As early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea where Ge'ez developed.<ref>Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) ''Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527''. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–13.</ref><ref>Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.) (2005) ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 732.</ref> Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Axumite state.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" />
[[File:The Kingdom of Aksum.png|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum|Empire of Axum]] at its peak in the 6th century]]
After the fall of Dʿmt during the 4th century BC, the Ethiopian plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. In the 1st century AD, the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] emerged in what is now Tigray Region and Eritrea. According to the medieval ''[[Book of Axum]]'', the kingdom's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.<ref name="Agrvt" /> Aksum would later at times extend its rule into Yemen on the other side of the Red Sea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillipson |first=David W. |title=Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7141-2763-7 |pages=7, 48–50}}</ref> The Persian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his era, during the 3rd century.<ref>[[#Munro-Hay|Munro-Hay]], p. 13</ref> It is also believed that there was a connection between Egyptian and Ethiopian churches. There is faint evidence that the Aksumites were associated with the [[Queen of Sheba]], via their royal inscription.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Solomonic Descent in Ethiopian History |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1875/solomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=18 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Around 316 AD, [[Frumentius]] and his brother Edesius from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] accompanied their uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as [[Slavery in Ethiopia|slaves]]. They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and they converted members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of Aksum.<ref name="isbn0-313-32273-2">{{cite book |author=Adejumobi, Saheed A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Un6_LGIEyQC&pg=PA171 |title=The history of Ethiopia |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-32273-0 |location=Westport, CN |page=171}}</ref> A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia did so in 301), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so. The Aksumites were accustomed to the Greco-Roman sphere of influence, but they embarked on significant cultural ties and trade connections between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Roman Empire via the [[Silk Road]], primarily exporting [[Ivory trade|ivory]], tortoise shell, gold and emeralds, and importing silk and spices.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="britishmuseum.org">{{cite web |last1=The British Museum |last2=The CarAf Centre |title=The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum – Teachers' notes |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019 |website=BritishMuseum.org}}</ref> The country's gold production in 2015 is 9 metric tons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Main|Ethiopia in the Middle Ages}}

The kingdom adopted the name "Ethiopia" during the reign of [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]] in the 4th century. After the conquest of [[Kingdom of Kush]] in 330, the Aksumite territory reached its peak between the 5th and 6th centuries.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" /> This period was interrupted by several incursions into the South Arabian protectorate, including [[Jews|Jewish]] [[Dhu Nuwas]] of the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] and the [[Aksumite–Persian wars]]. In 575, the Aksumites [[Sasanian reconquest of Yemen|besieged and retook Sana'a]] following the assassination of its governor [[Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan|Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan]]. The Red Sea was left to the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in 646, and the port city of [[Adulis]] was plundered by Arab Muslims in the 8th century; along with irrevocable [[land degradation]], claimed [[climate change (general concept)|climate change]] and sporadic rainfall precipitation from 730 to 760,<ref>Karl W. Butzer, "Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation", ''American Antiquity'' 46, (July 1981), p. 495</ref> these factors likely caused the kingdom to decline in power as part of an important trade route.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Kingdom of Abyssinia |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Abyssinia/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=9 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Aksum came to an end in 960 when [[Gudit|Queen Gudit]] defeated the last king of Aksum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=A New History Changes the Balance of Power Between Ethiopia and Medieval Europe |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-history-changes-balance-power-between-ethiopia-and-medieval-europe-180978084/}}</ref> In response, the remnant of the Aksumite population to shift into the southern region and establish the [[Zagwe dynasty]], changing its capital to [[Lalibela]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia The Zagwe Dynasty – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |url=https://photius.com/countries/ethiopia/society/ethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=photius.com}}</ref> Zagwe's rule ended when an [[Amhara people|Amhara]] noble man [[Yekuno Amlak]] revolted against King [[Yetbarak]] and established the [[Ethiopian Empire]] (known by exonym "Abyssinia").
[[File:Bete Medhane Alem in Lalibela.JPG|thumb|201x201px|[[Biete Medhane Alem]], built during [[Zagwe dynasty]] in the Middle Ages ]]
The Ethiopian Empire initiated territorial expansion under the leadership of [[Amda Seyon I]]. He launched campaigns against his Muslim adversaries to the east, resulting in a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christians for the next two centuries. After Amda Seyon's successful eastern campaigns, most of the Muslim principalities in the [[Horn of Africa]] came under the suzerainty of the Ethiopian Empire. Stretching from [[Gojjam]] to the Somali Coast in [[Zeila|Zelia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=History of Ethiopian Towns |publisher=Steiner |year=1982 |isbn=978-3-515-03204-9}}</ref> Among these Muslim entities was the [[Sultanate of Ifat]]. During the reign of Emperor [[Zara Yaqob]], the Ethiopian Empire reached its pinnacle. His rule was marked by the consolidation of territorial acquisitions from earlier rulers, the oversight of the construction of numerous churches and monasteries, the active promotion of literature and art, and the strengthening of central imperial authority.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeKwW3vzQMUC&q=amda+seyon+victory+ifat&pg=PA283 |title=UNESCO General History of Africa |date=3 November 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06698-4 |page=283}}</ref><ref name=":3b">{{Cite book |last=Abir |first=Mordechai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-28090-0 |pages=22–70 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=160}} Ifat's successor, the [[Adal Sultanate]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammed |first1=Abdul Kader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjX_yVT7AoC&q=adal+sultanate&pg=PA170 |title=The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-643-90332-7 |page=170}}</ref> tried to conquer Ethiopia during the [[Ethiopian–Adal War]], but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 [[Battle of Wayna Daga]].<ref>Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11</ref>

By the 16th century, an influx of migration by ethnic [[Oromo people|Oromo]] into northern parts of the region fragmented the empire's power. Embarking from present-day [[Guji Zone|Guji]] and [[Borena Zone]], the Oromos were largely motivated by several folkloric conceptions—beginning with ''Moggaasaa''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassen |first=Mohammed |title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700 |date=2017 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=978-1-84701-161-9 |language=English |oclc=962017017}}</ref> and ''Liqimssa''—many of whom related to their raids. This persisted until ''gada'' of Meslé.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=301}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_01_02" |url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_02.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=memory.loc.gov}}</ref> According to [[Bahrey|Abba Bahrey]], the earliest expansion occurred under Emperor [[Dawit II]] ([[Luba Melbah|''luba'' Melbah]]), when they encroached to [[Bale Province, Ethiopia|Bale]] before invading Adal Sultanate.<ref name="Reference">{{Cite web |title=Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |url=http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117133933/http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html|archive-date=2018-01-17}}</ref>

Ethiopia saw major diplomatic contact with Portugal from the 17th century, mainly related to religion. Beginning in 1555,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Leonardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zs3CcC2eLoC&q=the+jesuit+in+ethiopia+1555 |title=The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632) |date=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-05892-6 |language=en}}</ref> Portuguese Jesuits attempted to develop Roman Catholicism as the state religion. After several failures, they sent several missionaries in 1603, including the most influential, Spanish Jesuit [[Pedro Páez|Pedro Paez]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Letters of Jesuits -Wendy Laura Belcher |url=https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/latin-letters-of-jesuits/ |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=wendybelcher.com}}</ref> Under Emperor [[Susenyos I]], Roman Catholicism became the state religion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1622.<ref name="Parfitt2019">{{cite book |last=Parfitt |first=Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOeADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=The Process of International Legal Reproduction: Inequality, Historiography, Resistance |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51519-8 |pages=225–}}</ref> This decision caused an uprising by the Orthodox populace.<ref name="berndl2005">{{Cite book |last=Berndl |first=Klaus |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up |title=National Geographic Visual History of the World |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 |page=333 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early Modern Period (1632–1855)===
{{Main|Gondarine period|Zemene Mesafint}}

[[File:Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ethiopien d'Abbadie 215, folio 1r.JPEG|thumb|left|A copy of 17th century philosophical and [[ethical]] treatise by [[Ethiopian]] philosopher [[Zara Yaqob]]]]

[[File:Fasil Ghebbi IV (23869587160).jpg|thumb|Fasil Ghebbi, one of the key castles of the [[Gondarine period]]]]
In 1632, Emperor [[Fasilides]] halted Roman Catholic state administration, restoring [[Orthodox Tewahedo]] as the state religion.<ref name="Parfitt2019" /> Fasilides' reign solidified imperial power, relocating the capital to [[Gondar]] in 1636, marking the beginning of the "[[Gondarine period]]".<ref>See Solomon Getamun, ''History of the City of Gondar'' (Africa World Press, 2005), pp.1–4</ref> He reclaimed lands, and exiled [[Jesuits]] to [[Fremona]]. During his rule, Fasilides constructed the iconic royal fortress, [[Fasil Ghebbi]], built forty-four churches,<ref>Getamun, ''City of Gondar'', p. 5</ref> and revived [[Ethiopian art]]. He is also credited with building seven stone bridges over the [[Blue Nile River]].<ref>Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), pp. 297f</ref>

Gondar's power declined after the death of [[Iyasu I]] in 1706. Following [[Iyasu II]]'s death in 1755, Empress [[Mentewab]] brought her brother, [[Ras (title)|Ras]] Wolde Leul, to Gondar, making him Ras Bitwaded. This led to regnal conflict between Mentewab's ''Quaregnoch'' and the Wollo group led by Wubit. In 1767, Ras [[Mikael Sehul]], a regent in [[Tigray Province]], seized Gondar, killing the child [[Iyoas I]] in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old [[Yohannes II]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondar Period |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref>

Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia witnessed the [[Zemene Mesafint]] or "Age of Princes," a period of isolation. Emperors became figureheads, controlled by regional lords and noblemen like ''Ras'' Mikael Sehul, Ras [[Wolde Selassie]] of Tigray, and by the [[Yejju]] Oromo dynasty of the [[Zemene Mesafint#Wara Sheh rulers (Yejju) (1784–1855)|Wara Sheh]], including Ras [[Gugsa of Yejju]]. Before the Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I had introduced the Oromo language (''Afaan Oromo'') at court, replacing Amharic.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pankhurst, Richard |title=The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1967 |location=London |pages=139–143}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 1996 |title=Political Program of the Oromo People's Congress (OPC) |url=http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307213227/http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Gargaaraoromopc.org}}</ref>

=== Age of Imperialism (1855–1916) ===
{{main|British expedition to Abyssinia|Menelik's Invasions|Egyptian–Ethiopian War|First Italo-Ethiopian War|Mahdist War}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Téwodros II - 2.jpg
| caption1 = Emperor [[Tewodros II]] (r. 1855–1868) brought an end to Zemene Mesafint.
| image2 = Menelik - Adoua-2 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = Emperor [[Menelik II]] defended Ethiopia's sovereignty during the age of imperialism.
| total_width = 320
}}Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded with an alliance between the two nations, but it was not until 1855 that the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia (Gondar, [[Gojjam]], and [[Shewa]]) were briefly united after the power of the emperor was restored beginning with the reign of [[Tewodros II]].<ref name="Middleton2015">{{cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 |pages=39–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tibebu |first=Teshale |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |date=June 2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.279 |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-279}}</ref> Tewodros II began a process of consolidation, centralisation, and state-building that would be continued by succeeding emperors. This process reduced the power of regional rulers, restructured the empire's administration, and created a professional army. These changes created the basis for establishing the effective sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Ethiopian state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond J. |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/EthiopiaState.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219015314/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/EthiopiaState.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |title=Borders, Nationalism, and the African State |date=2005 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-58826-340-7 |editor1-last=Laremont |editor1-first=Ricardo René |pages=89–92 |chapter=Making and Remaking State and Nation in Ethiopia}}</ref> In 1875 and 1876, Ottoman and Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American advisors, twice [[Egyptian–Ethiopian War|invaded Abyssinia]] but were initially defeated.<ref>[http://vislardica.com/VisImperica/Wars/vi_egypt_abyssinia.htm The Egyptians in Abyssinia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226155100/http://vislardica.com/VisImperica/Wars/vi_egypt_abyssinia.htm|date=26 December 2011}}. Vislardica.com. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> From 1885 to 1889 (under [[Yohannes IV]]), Ethiopia joined the [[Mahdist War]] allied to Britain, the Ottomans, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. In 1887, [[Menelik II]], king of [[Shewa]], invaded the [[Emirate of Harar]] after his victory at the [[Battle of Chelenqo]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caulk |first1=Richard |year=1971 |title=The Occupation of Harar: January 1887 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |jstor=41967469}}</ref> On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the [[Battle of Gallabat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=Mark |title=Dictionary of African historical biography |date=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |others=Rasmussen, R. Kent |isbn=978-0-520-06611-3 |edition=2nd ed., expanded and updated |location=Berkeley |page=1 |oclc=14069361}}</ref>

Ethiopia, in roughly its current form, began under the reign of Menelik II, who was Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province of Shewa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east, and west<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Young |first1=J. |year=1998 |title=Regionalism and democracy in Ethiopia |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1080/01436599814415 |jstor=3993156}}</ref> — areas inhabited by the Oromo, [[Sidama people|Sidama]], Gurage, [[Welayta people|Welayta]], and other peoples.<ref name="igg">International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Issue 153 of ''ICG Africa'' report (4 September 2009) p. 2; Italy lost over 4,600 nationals in this battle.</ref> He achieved this with the help of ''Ras'' [[Gobana Dacche]]'s Shewan Oromo militia, which occupied lands that had not been held since [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]]'s war, as well as other areas that had never been under Ethiopian rule.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Keefer, Edward C. |year=1973 |title=Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897–1910: Competition for Empire |journal=International Journal of African Studies |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=468–74 |doi=10.2307/216612 |jstor=216612}}</ref>

For his leadership, despite opposition from more traditional elements of society, Menelik II was heralded as a national hero. He had signed the [[Treaty of Wuchale]] with Italy in May 1889, by which Italy would recognize Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (now part of modern Eritrea). In return, Italy was to provide Menelik with weapons and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims. This [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] culminated in the [[Battle of Adwa]] on 1 March 1896, in which Italy's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.<ref name="igg" /><ref>Negash, Tekeste. [https://books.google.com/books?id=txsoS39UplMC Eritrea and Ethiopia : The Federal Experience]. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (2005) {{ISBN|1-56000-992-6}} pp. 13–14</ref> During this time, about a third of the population died in the [[Famines in Ethiopia|Great Ethiopian Famine]] (1888 to 1892),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211211756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966291-3,00.html "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 21 December 1987.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pankhurst |first1=R. |year=1966 |title=The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=95–124 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95 |pmid=5326887}}</ref> and the [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|rinderpest]] swept through the area, destroying much of the herd economy. On 11 October 1897, Ethiopia adopted the [[Pan-African colours|colours of the pan-African flag]] with green, yellow and red stripes in representation of [[pan-Africanist]] ideology.

===Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974)===
{{main|Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian Ethiopia|Italian East Africa|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean War of Independence}}

[[File:Ethiopian Soldiers Korean War.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian troops sent by the government under the [[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] during the [[Korean War]] fighting for South Korean independence]]
[[File:Emperor Haile Selassie I with President FDR.jpg|thumb|[[Haile Selassie|Emperor Haile Selassie I]] with U.S. president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] during the end of World War II]]
The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] (''Ras Tafari''). He came to power after [[Lij Iyasu]] was deposed, and undertook [[Modernization under Haile Selassie|a nationwide modernization campaign]] from 1916 when he was made a ''Ras'' and Regent (''Inderase'') for the [[Queen regnant|Empress Regnant]] [[Zewditu]], and became the ''de facto'' ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death, on 2 November 1930, he succeeded her as emperor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broich |first=Tobias |date=2017 |title=U.S. and Soviet Foreign Aid during the Cold War – A Case Study of Ethiopia |url=https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/ |website=The United Nations University – Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT) |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915183529/http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/}}</ref> In 1931, Haile Selassie endowed Ethiopia with [[1931 Constitution of Ethiopia|its first constitution]] in emulation of Imperial Japan's [[Meiji Constitution|1890 Constitution]].<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp. 23–34.</ref>
The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], beginning when it was invaded by [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|Italy]] in early October 1935, and by subsequent Italian rule of the country (1936–1941) after Italian victory in the war.<ref>Clapham, Christopher (2005) "Ḫaylä Śəllase" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha''. Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1062–1063.</ref> Italy, however, never managed to secure the country in its totality, due to resistance from the [[Arbegnoch]]; this made Ethiopia, along with [[Liberia]], the only African countries to never be fully colonized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopians: A History |date=September 24, 2001 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing|Blackwell]] |isbn=0-631-22493-9 |edition=2nd |page=256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tibebu |first=Teshale |title=The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974 |date=1995 |publisher=[[RedSeaPr]] |isbn=1-56902-001-9 |page=145}}</ref> Following the entry of Italy into [[World War II]], [[British Empire]] forces, together with the Arbegnoch, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] in 1941. The country was placed under [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)|British military administration]], and then Ethiopia's full [[sovereignty]] was restored with the signing of the [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] in December 1944.<ref>Clapham, "Ḫaylä Śəllase", ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', p. 1063.</ref>

On 24 October 1945, Ethiopia became a founding member of the [[United Nations]]. In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated a [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|federation with Eritrea]]. He dissolved this in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, resulting in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=16. Ethiopia/Eritrea (1950-1993) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/ethiopiaeritrea-1950-1993/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Haile Selassie also played a leading role in the formation of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2009 |title=(1963) Haile Selassie, "Towards African Unity" |url=https://blackpast.org/1963-haile-selassie-towards-african-unity |website=BlackPast.org}}</ref> Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie, owing to the worldwide [[1973 oil crisis]] causing a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on 13 February 1974, leading to student and worker protests.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 115.</ref> The feudal oligarchical cabinet of [[Aklilu Habte-Wold]] was toppled, and a new government was formed with [[Endelkachew Makonnen]] serving as Prime Minister.<ref>[[#Valdes Vivo|Valdes Vivo]], p. 21.</ref>

===Derg era (1974–1991)===
{{see also|Ethiopian Revolution|Derg|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Civil War|Red Terror (Ethiopia){{!}}Red Terror|1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Mengistu Haile Mariam 3.jpg|thumb|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] was sentenced to death [[Trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] for committing [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|crimes during his rule]].|164x164px]]

Haile Selassie's rule ended on 12 September 1974, when he was [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|deposed]] by the [[Derg]], a committee made up of military and police officers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 1974 |title=REMOVAL IS QUIET |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/13/archives/removal-is-quiet.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> After the execution of [[Massacre of the Sixty|60 former government and military officials]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 1974 |title=Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/24/archives/ethiopia-executes-60-former-officials-including-2-premiers-and.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> the new [[Provisional Military Administrative Council]] abolished the monarchy in March 1975 and established Ethiopia as a [[Marxist-Leninist state]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 1975 |title=Ethiopia's Military Government Abolishes Monarchy and Titles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/22/archives/ethiopias-military-government-abolishes-monarchy-and-titles.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The abolition of [[feudalism]], increased [[literacy]], [[nationalization]], and sweeping [[land reform]] including the [[Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia|resettlement and villagization]] from the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] became priorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ʼAndārgāčaw Ṭerunah |title=The Ethiopian revolution, 1974–1987: a transformation from an aristocratic to a totalitarian autocracy |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Thomas Leiper Kane Collection |isbn=0-521-43082-8 |location=Cambridge |oclc=25316141}}</ref>

After a power struggle in 1977, [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] gained undisputed leadership of the Derg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Michael T. |date=15 November 1977 |title=Ethiopian Official Is Believed to Have Been Executed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/15/archives/ethiopian-official-is-believed-to-have-been-executed.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1977, Somalia, which had previously been receiving assistance and arms from the [[USSR]], invaded Ethiopia in the [[Ogaden War]], capturing part of the [[Ogaden]] region. Ethiopia recovered it after it began receiving massive military aid from the Soviet bloc countries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dagne |first=Haile Gabriel |title=The commitment of the German Democratic Republic in Ethiopia: a study based on Ethiopian sources |publisher=Global Lit. |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-8258-9535-8 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact |url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html |website=Library of Congress|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105051009/https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html|archive-date=2018-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Oberdorfer |first=Don |date=March 1978 |title=The Superpowers and the Ogaden War |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], as well as a formidable [[Ethiopian Air Force|air force]] and navy.

In 1976–78, up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]],<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |date=22 December 1999 |title=US admits helping Mengistu escape |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm |access-date=13 December 2017 |website=BBC}}</ref> a violent [[political repression]] campaign by the Derg against various opposition groups.<ref name="Black Book2">''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'', pp. 687–95</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ottaway |first=David B. |date=21 March 1979 |title=Addis Ababa Emerges From a Long, Bloody War |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/03/21/addis-ababa-emerges-from-a-long-bloody-war/263ac7da-0f96-444c-ab87-03c80bb1632a/ |access-date=13 December 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Katz |first=Donald R. |date=21 September 1978 |title=Ethiopia After the Revolution: Vultures in the Land of Sheba |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/ethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211913/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/ethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=13 December 2017 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> In 1987, the Derg dissolved itself and established the [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] (PDRE) upon the adoption of the [[1987 Constitution of Ethiopia]].<ref>Asnake Kefale, [[Tomasz Kamusella]] and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. ''Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation''. London: Routledge, pp 35–43</ref> A [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|1983–85 famine]] affected around 8 million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Eritrea and Tigray. The [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]] (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements in 1989, to form the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF).<ref>{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Timothy J. |title=A History of Genocide in Africa |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-3052-5 |page=163}}</ref>

The collapse of [[Marxism–Leninism]] during the [[revolutions of 1989]] coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Policy |url=https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_04_08.html |website=Library of Congress – American Memory: Remaining Collections.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107221459/https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_04_08.html|archive-date=2018-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Crowell Anderson-Jaquest |first=Tommie |date=May 2002 |title=Restructuring the Soviet–Ethiopian Relationship: A Csse Study in Asymmetric Exchange |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2110/1/U613342.pdf |website=London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/hltKrT_5q08 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210325145732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hltKrT_5q08 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Citation |title=Mengistu Haile Mariam Interview (1990) |date=13 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hltKrT_5q08 |access-date=17 June 2021 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa in May 1991, and Mengistu fled the country and was granted asylum in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tessema |first=Seleshi |date=November 2017 |title=ADDIS ABABA |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopians-follow-zimbabwe-events-with-mengistu-in-mind/968413 |website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 2018 |title=Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

===Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)===
{{main|History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}

{{Further|Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict|Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|Tigray war}}{{See also|1993 Eritrean independence referendum}}
[[File:Meles Zenawi - World Economic Forum on Africa 2012.jpg|thumb|Meles Zenawi, a panelist at [[World Economic Forum]] on Africa 2012]]
In July 1991, the EPRDF convened a National Conference to establish the [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia]] composed of an 87-member [[Council of Representatives of Ethiopia|Council of Representatives]] and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution.{{sfn|Lyons|1996|pp=121–23}} In 1994, a new constitution was written that established a parliamentary republic with a bicameral legislature and a judicial system.<ref name="Constitution2">{{cite web |title=Article 5 |url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et007en.pdf |access-date=2 July 2015 |work=Ethiopian Constitution |publisher=WIPO}}</ref>

In April 1993, [[Eritrea]] gained independence from Ethiopia after a [[1993 Eritrean independence referendum|national referendum]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 1993 |title=Eritrea Marks Independence After Years Under Ethiopia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/eritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html |access-date=2 July 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]], which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an estimated $1 million a day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2000 |title=Will arms ban slow war? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030127075853/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm |archive-date=27 January 2003 |access-date=12 January 2017 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> This had a negative effect on Ethiopia's economy, and a [[Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict|border conflict]] between the two countries would continue [[2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit|until 2018]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2001 |title=War 'devastated' Ethiopian economy |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1476618.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704131529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1476618.stm |archive-date=4 July 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=9 July 2018 |title=Ethiopia and Eritrea declare end of war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597 |work=BBC News}}</ref> As of 2018, further [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|civil war in Ethiopia]] continues, mainly due to destabilization of the country.

[[Human rights in Ethiopia#Ethnic violence|Ethnic violence rose]] during the late 2010s and early 2020s,<ref>{{cite journal |date=17 September 2018 |title=At least 23 die in weekend of Ethiopia ethnic violence |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2018/Sep-17/463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx |journal=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002001149/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2018/Sep-17/463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Hadra |last2=Goldstein |first2=Joseph |date=24 September 2018 |title=Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/world/africa/ethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html |access-date=27 April 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> with various clashes and conflicts leading to millions of Ethiopians being displaced.<ref name="irinnews">{{cite news |date=8 November 2017 |title=Ethnic violence displaces hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians |url=http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2017/11/08/ethnic-violence-displaces-hundreds-thousands-ethiopians |publisher=irinnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 killed in latest attack in western Ethiopia |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/12-killed-in-latest-attack-in-western-ethiopia-20201013 |access-date=26 December 2020 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Fano Will Not Lay Down Arms If Demands Are Not Met: Chairman |url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7856/Fano-Will-Not-Lay-Down-Arms-If-Demands-Are-Not-Met-Chairman |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

The federal government decided that elections for 2020 (later being [[2021 Ethiopian general election|rescheduled to 2021]]) be cancelled, due to health and safety concerns about [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia|COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/ethiopian-parliament-pm-abiy-stay-office-term-200610195337702.html |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> The [[Tigray Region]]'s TPLF opposed this, and [[2020 Tigray regional election|proceeded to hold elections]] anyway on 9 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-ethiopia-s-tigray-region-defies-pm-abiy-with-illegal-election-1 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia's Tigray region holds vote, defying Abiy's federal gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/ethiopia-tigray-region-votes-defying-federal-government-pm-200909055237684.html |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Relations between the federal government and Tigray deteriorated rapidly,<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rockets hit outskirts of Eritrea capital |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54942546 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and in November 2020, Ethiopia began a military offensive in Tigray in response to [[Northern Command attacks (Ethiopia)|attacks on army units stationed]] there, marking the beginning of the [[Tigray war]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rights commission to investigate 'mass killings' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54941833 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Ethiopia: Tigray leader confirms bombing Eritrean capital |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/15/rockets-fired-from-ethiopias-tigray-region-hit-eritrean-capital |work=Al-Jazeera}}</ref> By March 2022, as many as 500,000 people had died as a result of [[War crimes in the Tigray war|violence]] and [[Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)|famine]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2022 |title=Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-tigray-war-has-seen-up-to-half-a-million-dead-from-violence-and/ |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=The World's Deadliest War Isn't in Ukraine, But in Ethiopia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia/2022/03/22/eaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chothia |first1=Farouk |last2=Bekit |first2=Teklemariam |date=19 October 2022 |title=Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032616/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> After a number of [[Tigrayan peace process|peace and mediation proposals]] in the intervening years, Ethiopia and the Tigrayan rebel forces agreed to a [[Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement|cessation of hostilities on 2 November 2022]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Winning |first1=Alexander |last2=Cocks |first2=Tim |date=2022-11-02 |title=Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02/ |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Coupled with [[OLA insurgency]], the federal government relations with Fano militias, who previously allied to the government in the Tigray War, deteriorated in mid-2023, resulting in a [[War in Amhara|war in the Amhara Region]]. According to reports conducted by the [[Ethiopian Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC), mass human rights violations carried out by ENDF troops including door-to-door searches, extrajudicial killings, massacres and detentions. Notable incident includes the [[Merawi massacre]] in early 2024, which left 50 to 100 residents dead in [[Merawi, Ethiopia|Merawi]] town in Amhara.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-13 |title=Amhara conflict: Ethiopians massacred in their homes by government troops |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68283799 |access-date=2024-05-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Account |date=2024-02-16 |title=Statement on the Indiscriminate Massacre of the Residents of Merawi in Ethiopia |url=https://borkena.com/2024/02/16/ethiopia-statement-on-the-indiscriminate-massacre-of-the-residents-of-merawi/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Borkena Ethiopian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopia relief location map.jpg|thumb|Relief map of Ethiopia]]
At {{convert|426372.61|sqmi|km2|0|order=flip}},<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web |title=CIA World Factbook – Rank Order – Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> Ethiopia is the world's 26th-largest country, comparable in size to [[Bolivia]]. It lies between the [[3rd parallel north]] and the [[15th parallel north]] and longitudes [[33rd meridian east]] and [[48th meridian east]].

The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the [[Horn of Africa]], which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the [[Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, [[steppe]]s, or semi-desert. There is a great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns.

Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive [[Afromontane]] in the northern and southwestern parts. [[Lake Tana]] in the north is the source of the [[Blue Nile]]. It also has many [[endemism|endemic]] species, notably the [[gelada]], the [[walia ibex]] and the [[Ethiopian wolf]] ("Simien fox"). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation.

The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world's hottest settlement of [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]] in its north. The [[Ethiopian Highlands]] are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the [[Sof Omar Caves]] contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=&search_yearinscribed=&themes=&criteria_restrication=&media=&description=&order=region |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Ethiopia|Climate change in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Köppen climate types of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Köppen climate classification of Ethiopia]]
The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variation. The [[Ethiopian Highlands]] cover most of the country and have a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around {{convert|2000|–|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of [[Mount Entoto]] at an elevation of around {{convert|2400|m}}. It experiences a mild climate year round. With temperatures fairly uniform year round, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall: a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to September. The average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|1200|mm}}.

There are on average seven hours of sunshine per day. The dry season is the sunniest time of the year, though even at the height of the rainy season in July and August there are still usually several hours per day of bright sunshine. The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}}, with daily maximum temperatures averaging {{convert|20|-|25|°C|°F|1}} throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging {{convert|5|-|10|°C|°F|1}}.

Most major cities and tourist sites in Ethiopia lie at a similar elevation to Addis Ababa and have a comparable climate. In less elevated regions, particularly the lower lying [[Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands]] in the east of Ethiopia, the climate can be significantly hotter and drier. [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]], in the [[Danakil Depression]] in this eastern zone, has the world's highest average annual temperature of {{convert|34|°C|°F|1}}.
[[File:Blue Nile Falls, Ethiopia (51625800835).jpg|thumb|The [[Blue Nile Falls|Blue Nile falls]] during winter provides over 86 percent of the Nile river's water coming from melted snow in the [[Simien Mountains National Park|Simien mountains]] below 0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2023 |title=Does It Snow In Ethiopia [Winter Travel] |url=https://offseasonbackpack.com/does-it-snow-in-ethiopia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224634/https://offseasonbackpack.com/does-it-snow-in-ethiopia/|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=While Egypt Struggles, Ethiopia Builds over the Blue Nile: Controversies and the Way Forward |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/while-egypt-struggles-ethiopia-builds-over-the-blue-nile-controversies-and-the-way-forward/ |website=Brookings.edu}}</ref>]]

Ethiopia is vulnerable to many of the [[effects of climate change]]. These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation.<ref name="Misiani2020">{{cite journal |last1=Misiani |first1=Herbert O. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Segele |first3=Zewdu T. |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Tadege |first5=Abebe |last6=Artan |first6=Guleid |last7=Atheru |first7=Zachary |title=Circulation Patterns Associated with Current and Future Rainfall over Ethiopia and South Sudan from a Convection-Permitting Model |journal=Atmosphere |date=12 December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=1352 |doi=10.3390/atmos11121352 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Atmos..11.1352M}}</ref> [[Climate change in Ethiopia]] threatens food security and the economy, which is agriculture based.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gezie |first=Melese |date=1 January 2019 |editor-last=Moral |editor-first=Manuel Tejada |title=Farmer's response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review |journal=Cogent Food & Agriculture |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=1613770 |bibcode=2019CogFA...513770G |doi=10.1080/23311932.2019.1613770 |s2cid=155380174 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Ethiopians have been forced to leave their homes and travel as far as the Gulf, Southern Africa and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Ethiopia, Climate Change and Migration: A little more knowledge and a more nuanced perspective could greatly benefit thinking on policy – Ethiopia |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-climate-change-and-migration-little-more-knowledge-and-more-nuanced |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref>

Since April 2019, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has promoted [[Beautifying Sheger]], a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the capital city Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |date=5 March 2019 |title=Ethiopia is launching a global crowdfunding campaign to give its capital a green facelift |url=https://qz.com/africa/1565355/ethiopias-abiy-to-hold-dinner-to-make-addis-ababa-greener-city/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Quartz Africa |language=en}}</ref> In the following May, the government held "Dine for Sheger", a fundraising event in order to cover some of the $1 billion needed through the public.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2019 |title=Ethiopia PM hosts 'most expensive dinner' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48342569 |access-date=23 May 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> $25 million was raised through the expensive event, both through the cost of attending and donations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=14 May 2019 |title=Ethiopia PM raises over $25m for project to beautify Addis Ababa |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/14/ethiopia-pm-raises-over-25m-for-project-to-beautify-addis-ababa/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Two Chinese railway companies under the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] between China and Ethiopia had supplied funds to develop 12 of the total 56 kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Addisstandard |date=25 April 2019 |title=News: China's reprieve on interest-free loan only |url=https://addisstandard.com/news-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only/ |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=Addis Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Biodiversity===
{{Main|Wildlife of Ethiopia}}

{{see also|Environmental issues in Ethiopia|Deforestation in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Capra walie 87176348.jpg|thumb|A [[Walia ibex|Walia Ibex]] in [[Simien Mountains National Park]], one of the national symbols of Ethiopia, found only in the north of the country]]
Ethiopia is a global centre of avian diversity. To date more than 856 bird species have been recorded in Ethiopia, twenty of which are endemic to the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lepage |first=Denis |title=Bird Checklists of the World |url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=et&list=clements |access-date=6 October 2013 |publisher=Avibase}}</ref> Sixteen species are endangered or critically endangered. Many of these birds feed on butterflies, like the ''[[Bicyclus anynana]]''.<ref>Bicyclus, Site of Markku Savela</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have been rapidly declining due to logging, civil wars, pollution, poaching, and other human factors.<ref>Bakerova, Katarina et al. (1991) Wildlife Parks Animals Africa. Retrieved 24 May 2008, from the [http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html African Cultural Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205045029/http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html|date=5 February 2011}}.</ref> A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively affected Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.<ref>Encyclopedia of Nations. [http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html Ethiopia Environment].</ref> Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, animals do not have time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change induced by [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>Kurpis, Lauren (2002). [http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm How to Help Endangered Species] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304003612/http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm|date=4 March 2011}}. Endangeredspecie.com</ref> With carbon dioxide emissions in 2010 of 6,494,000 tonnes, Ethiopia contributes just 0.02% to the annual human-caused release of greenhouse gases.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division, [http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid= Millennium Development Goals indicators]: Carbon dioxide emissions ({{CO2}}), thousand tonnes of {{CO2}} (collected by CDIAC) Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; [[land use, land-use change, and forestry]] (LULUCF); and natural background flows of {{CO2}} (See also: Carbon cycle)</ref>

Ethiopia has 31 [[endemic]] species of mammals.<ref name="Massicot">Massicot, Paul (2005). [http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm Animal Info-Ethiopia].</ref> Ethiopia has many species listed as critically endangered and vulnerable to global extinction. The threatened species in Ethiopia can be broken down into three categories (based on [[IUCN]] ratings): [[critically endangered]], [[endangered species|endangered]], and [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]].<ref name="Massicot" />

Ethiopia is one of the eight fundamental and independent [[centres of origin]] for cultivated plants in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khoury |first1=Colin K. |last2=Achicanoy |first2=Harold A. |last3=Bjorkman |first3=Anne D. |last4=Navarro-Racines |first4=Carlos |last5=Guarino |first5=Luigi |last6=Flores-Palacios |first6=Ximena |last7=Engels |first7=Johannes M.M. |last8=Wiersema |first8=John H. |last9=Dempewolf |first9=Hannes |date=15 June 2016 |title=Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |volume=283 |issue=1832 |article-number=20160792 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2016.0792 |pmc=4920324}}</ref> However, [[deforestation]] is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats, and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the 20th century, around 420,000 km2 (or 35%) of Ethiopia's land was covered by trees, but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9% of the area.<ref>Mongabay.com Ethiopia statistics. (n.d). Retrieved 18 November 2006, from [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Ethiopia.htm Rainforests.mongabay.com]</ref> The country had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 50th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref>

Ethiopia loses an estimated 1,410 km2 of natural forests each year due to firewood collection, conversion to farmland, overgrazing, and use of forest wood for building material. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 21,000 km2 of forests.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2006 |title=Ethiopia: Environmental Profile |url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ethiopia.htm |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Mongabay}}</ref> Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs, and providing raw materials which are alternatives to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iyyer |first=Chaitanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Bls24MgPuMC&pg=PA16 |title=Land Management: Challenges & Strategies |publisher=Global India Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-93-80228-48-8 |page=16}}</ref>

Organizations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management.<ref>Parry, J (2003). Tree choppers become tree planters. Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38–39. Retrieved 22 November 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341).</ref>

==Government and politics==
=== Government ===
{{Main|Government of Ethiopia|Law of Ethiopia|Judiciary of Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia}}
[[File:Ethiopian Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[House of Peoples' Representatives]] is the lower house of the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]].]]
Ethiopia is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[parliamentary republic]], wherein the [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]], and the [[President of Ethiopia|President]] is the [[head of state]] but with largely ceremonial powers. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government and federal [[legislative power]] vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The [[House of Federation]] is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature with 108 seats, and the lower chamber is the [[House of Peoples' Representatives]] (HoPR) with 547 seats. The House of Federation is chosen by the regional councils whereas MPs of the HoPR are elected directly, in turn, they elect the president for a six-year term and the prime minister for a 5-year term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government |url=https://ethiopianembassy.org/government/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Embassy of Ethiopia |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:The Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia|Federal Supreme Court]] is the highest court determining constitutionality of ordeals in the nation.]]
The Ethiopian [[Judiciary of Ethiopia|judiciary]] consists of dual system with two court structures: the federal and state courts. The FDRE Constitution vested federal judicial authority to the [[Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia|Federal Supreme Court]] which can overturn and review decisions of subordinate federal courts; itself has regular division assigned for fundamental [[Error (law)|errors of law]]. In addition, the Supreme Court can perform [[circuit court|circuit hearings]] in established five states at any states of federal levels or "area designated for its jurisdiction" if deemed "necessary for the efficient rendering of justice".<ref>{{Cite book |title=See Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No.322/2003. Federal High Courts have been placed in the following states: Afar, Benshngul/Gumuz, Gambela, Somali, and SNNPR.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996, as amended by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003, and Federal Courts Proclamation (Reamendment) Proclamation 454/2005 (Federal Courts Proclamation), Article 24(3).}}</ref>

The Federal Supreme Proclamation granted three subject matter principles: laws, parties and place to federal court jurisdiction, first "cases arising under the [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia|Constitution]], [[federal law]]s and [[international treaties]]", second over "parties specified by federal laws".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996, Article 3}}</ref>

On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509194433/http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm |title=Constitution of Ethiopia – 8 December 1994 |archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref> To ensure this, the President and Vice President of the Supreme Court are appointed by Parliament on the nomination of Prime Minister. Once elected, the executive power has no authority to remove them from office. Other judges are nominated by the [[Federal Judicial Administration Council]] (FJAC) on the basis of transparent criteria and the Prime Minister's recommendation for appointment in the HoPR. In all cases, judges cannot be removed from their duty unless they retired, violated disciplinary rules, gross incompatibility, or inefficiency to unfit due to ill health. Contrary, the majority vote of HoPR have the right to sanction removal in federal judiciary level or state council in cases of state judges.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Ethiopia – Country Governance Profile EN.pdf |publisher=OSGE and OREB |date=March 2009 |page=14 |language=}}</ref> In 2015, the realities of this provision were questioned in a report prepared by [[Freedom House]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/ethiopia |title=Ethiopia |date=2015 |website=Freedom House |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118081031/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/ethiopia |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref>

===Politics===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[File:Taye Atske Selassie MFA Portrait.jpg|162px]] || style="text-align:left;" | [[File:Abiy Ahmed with LI Yong 2018 (cropped).jpeg|162px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Taye Atske Selassie]] [[President of Ethiopia|President]] (representative head of state)
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Abiy Ahmed]] [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] (head of government)
|}

Post-1995, Ethiopia's politics has been liberalized which promotes all-encompassing reforms to the country. Today, its economy is based on [[Mixed economy|mixed]], [[market economy|market-oriented]] principles.<ref name=":7" /> Ethiopia has twelve semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The [[1995 Ethiopian general election|first multiparty election]] took place in May 1995, which was won by the EPRDF.{{Sfn|Lyons|1996|p=142}} The president of the transitional government, EPRDF leader [[Meles Zenawi]], became the first [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and [[Negasso Gidada]] was elected its president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2001 |title=President expelled from ruling party |work=IRIN |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/22561/ethiopia-president-expelled-ruling-party |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Meles' government was consistently re-elected; however, these results were heavily criticized by international observers, and denounced by the opposition as fraudulent.<ref name="FH Ethiopia">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Map of Freedom 2007 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/ethiopia?page=22&year=2007&country=7175 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909123107/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/ethiopia?page=22&year=2007&country=7175 |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=25 December 2007 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref>

Meles died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was being treated for an unspecified illness.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2012 |title=Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles has died: state television |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-meles-idUSBRE87K04K20120821}}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] was appointed as a new prime minister until the [[Ethiopian general election, 2015|2015 elections]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lough |first=Richard |date=22 August 2012 |title=Ethiopia acting PM to remain at helm until 2015 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-meles-leader-idUSBRE87L0B820120822}}</ref> and remained so afterwards with his party in control of every parliamentary seat.<ref name="AJE HD holds">{{Cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |date=27 May 2015 |title=Profile: Ethiopia's 'placeholder' PM quietly holds on |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/profile-ethiopias-placeholder-pm-quietly-holds-150527172136197.html |access-date=28 July 2015 |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> On 15 February 2018, Hailemariam [[Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn|resigned]] as Prime Minister, following [[2014–2016 Oromo protests|years of protests]] and a [[2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency|state of emergency]].<ref name="Reuters1">{{cite news |last=Maasho |first=Aaron |date=8 August 2016 |title=At least 33 protesters killed in Ethiopia's Oromiya region: opposition |work=Reuters |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN10J0ZJ?sp=true |access-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011946/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN10J0ZJ?sp=true |archive-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 February 2018 |title=Ethiopia declares state of emergency |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43091248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=AfricaNews |title=Ethiopia declares 6 months state of emergency over Oromia protests |work=Africanews |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/10/09/ethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests// |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107172159/http://www.africanews.com/2016/10/09/ethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests// |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Abiy Ahmed]] became prime minister following Hailemariam's resignation. He made a historic visit to Eritrea in 2018, ending the state of conflict between the two countries,<ref name=":1" /> and was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Ethiopian Prime Minister wins the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize |work=CNN News |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2019/10/11/ethiopian-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-wins-2019-nobel-peace-prize-lon-orig.cnn}}</ref>

According to the [[Democracy Index]] published by the United Kingdom-based [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] in late 2010, Ethiopia was an "authoritarian regime", ranking as the 118th-most democratic out of 167 countries.<ref>[http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref> Ethiopia had dropped 13 places on the list since 2008, and the 2010 report attributed the drop to the government's crackdown on opposition activities, media, and civil society before the [[Ethiopian general election, 2010|2010 parliamentary election]], which the report argued had made Ethiopia a [[Dominant-party system|''de facto'' one-party state]].<ref>[http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010]. (PDF). p.17. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.</ref>

Accompanied by pervasive [[Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia|internal and intercommunal conflicts in the 21st century]], the Ethiopian government resorted to authoritarian structure, severing democratic and human rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ottaway |first=Marina |date=1995 |title=The Ethiopian Transition: Democratization or New Authoritarianism? |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.1353/nas.1995.0028 |jstor=41931114 |issn=0740-9133}}</ref> [[Freedom House]], who has worked on Ethiopia since 2008, indicates that Ethiopia is "Not Free" state due to very poor [[fundamental rights]] (political and civil liberties) recorded in both [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front|EPRDF]] and [[Prosperity Party]] regimes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Country Profile |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Failure to Stand for Democracy in Ethiopia Has Weakened Democracy Worldwide |url=https://peacediplomacy.org/2021/11/03/failure-to-stand-for-democracy-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=The Institute for Peace and Diplomacy - l'Institut pour la paix et la diplomatie |language=en-US}}</ref> Under Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia is experiencing [[Democratic backsliding in Ethiopia|democratic backsliding]] since 2019 marked by turbulent period of [[Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)|internal conflict]], jailing opposition group members and limiting media freedom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Velasco |first=Guille |date=2022-04-01 |title=The Ethiopia of Abiy Ahmed and the Pending Transition |url=https://revistaidees.cat/en/the-ethiopia-of-abiy-ahmed-and-the-pending-transition/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=IDEES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gedamu |first=Yohannes |date=2020-06-16 |title=Abiy put Ethiopia on the road to democracy: but major obstacles still stand in the way |url=http://theconversation.com/abiy-put-ethiopia-on-the-road-to-democracy-but-major-obstacles-still-stand-in-the-way-140750 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Ethiopia|Regions of Ethiopia|List of zones of Ethiopia|Districts of Ethiopia|Wards of Ethiopia}}

Ethiopia is [[Administrative division|administratively divided]] into four levels: [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]], [[List of zones of Ethiopia|zones]], [[Districts of Ethiopia|districts]] (''woredas'') and [[Wards of Ethiopia|wards]] (''kebele'').<ref name="mula" /><ref name="mappr" /> The country comprises 12 regions and two city administrations under these regions, plenty of zones, woredas and neighbourhood administration: kebeles. The two federal-level city administrations are Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.<ref name="Comparison">{{Cite journal |last1=Vértesy |first1=László |last2=Lemango |first2=Teketel |date=2022 |title=Comparison of local governments in Hungary and Ethiopia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361985359 |journal=De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico |volume=XIII |issue=1–2 |pages=62–75 |issn=1789-0446 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

[[File:Map of zones of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.6|Map of [[Regions of Ethiopia|regions]] and [[list of zones of Ethiopia|zones]] of Ethiopia]]

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Ethiopia}}

[[File:A Group photo of Leaders of G-8, Outreach five countries and Africa Outreach countries at G 8 Summit in Heiligendamm, Germany on June 08, 2007.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Meles Zenawi]] (bottom row, fourth from left) in G8 Group meeting in 2007]]
Ethiopia was historically a [[trading nation]] that exported goods such as [[gold]], [[ivory]], exotic animals, and [[incense]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land of Punt |url=https://ethiopianhistory.com/Land_of_Punt/ |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=ethiopianhistory.com}}</ref> Modern Ethiopian foreign relations began under [[Tewodros II|Emperor Tewodros II]], who during his reign sought to re-establish a cohesive Ethiopian state, but was thwarted by the [[1868 Expedition to Abyssinia|British expedition of 1868]].<ref>The political history of the Ethiopian community, and their struggle for ownership of this small monastery, is retold in Chris Proutky, ''Empress Taytu and Menelik II'' (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986), pp. 247–256</ref> Since then, the country was seen as redundant by world powers until the opening of [[Suez Canal]] due to an influence of [[Mahdist War]].<ref>Although Bahru Zewde, ''A History of Modern Ethiopia'', second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), believes that the Suez Canal brought strategic value to the Red Sea region (p. 73), Sven Rubenson, ''The Survival of Ethiopian Independence'' (Hollywood: Tsehai,1991) argues that only with the Mahdi War did the United Kingdom interest themselves once again in Ethiopia (pp. 283ff).</ref>{{clarify|date=August 2023}}
[[File:African Union Headquarters Addis Ababa.jpg|thumb|The [[African Union Conference Center and Office Complex|African Union Headquarters]] located in [[Addis Ababa]]. Since its conception, Ethiopia is a founding member to the AU.]]
Today, Ethiopia maintains strong relations with [[China–Ethiopia relations|China]], [[Ethiopia–Israel relations|Israel]], [[Ethiopia–Mexico relations|Mexico]], [[Ethiopia–Turkey relations|Turkey]] and [[Ethiopia–India relations|India]] as well as neighboring countries. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global [[War on Terrorism]] and [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]] (AGOA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia – Agoa.info – African Growth and Opportunity Act |url=https://agoa.info/profiles/ethiopia.html |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=agoa.info |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203164440/https://agoa.info/profiles/ethiopia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> US. Former [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] was the first incumbent U.S. president to visit Ethiopia in July 2015; the speech he gave to the [[African Union]] during this trip focused on combatting Islamic terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gregory |first1=Warner |title=Obama Becomes First Sitting U.S. President To Visit Ethiopia |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/07/27/426842540/obama-becomes-first-sitting-u-s-president-to-visit-ethiopia |publisher=National Public Radio |access-date=14 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/26/obama-visit-highlights-ethiopias-role-fighting-islamic-terrorists/30662123/ |work=USA Today |first=Tonny |last=Onyulo |title=Obama visit highlights Ethiopia's role in fighting Islamist terrorists |date=26 July 2015}}</ref> [[Emigration from Ethiopia]] is primarily directed towards Europe, including [[Ethiopians in Italy|Italy]], the [[Ethiopians in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and [[Ethiopians in Sweden|Sweden]], as well as [[Ethiopian Canadians|Canada]] and [[Ethiopian Australians|Australia]], while emigration to the [[Middle East]] is primarily to [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Israel]]. Ethiopia is founding member of the [[Group of 24]] (G-24), the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Group of 77|G77]]. In 1963, the [[Organization of African Unity]], which later renamed itself the African Union, was founded in Addis Ababa, which today hosts the secretariat of the African Union, the [[African Union Commission]]. In addition, Ethiopia is also a member of the [[Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]], the [[African Standby Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/ex-cl-dec-681-xx-e.pdf |title=Decision on the Report of the Fifth Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee on Defence, Security and Safety Doc. EX.CL/698(XX) |publisher=African Union |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> and many of global [[NGO]]s focused on Africa.
[[File:Abiy Ahmed with Vladimir Putin.jpg|left|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2023]]
Ethiopia's foreign relations with both [[Ethiopia–Sudan relations|Sudan]] and [[Egypt–Ethiopia relations|Egypt]] are somewhat fraught owing to the effects the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] project, which was escalated in 2020, would have on [[Water resources law|water rights]] in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2020 |title=An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/}}</ref> Despite six upstream countries (Ethiopia, [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], and [[Tanzania]]) signing the Nile Basin Initiative in 2010, Egypt and Sudan rejected a water sharing treaty, citing the reduction of amount of water to the [[Nile Basin]] and the challenge it would pose to their historic connection of [[water rights]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia's History-Changing Dam |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/who-owns-nile-egypt-sudan-and-ethiopia-s-history-changing-dam?language_content_entity=en |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Origins |date=15 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed warned that "No force can stop Ethiopia from building a dam. If there is need to go to war, we could get millions readied."<ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}</ref>

Ethiopia is one of the African countries that was a founding member of [[League of Nations]], which served as the predecessor for the [[United Nations]], since 1923. UN taskforces in Ethiopia deal primarily with humanitarian issues and development. Some of its agencies{{which|date=August 2023}} maintain regional ties with [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] and the African Union. The UN prioritizes [[sustainable development]] in Ethiopia, including fighting poverty, sustainable economic growth, [[climate change policy]], educational and healthcare provisions, increasing employment, and environmental protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The United Nations in Ethiopia |url=https://ethiopia.un.org/en/about/about-the-un |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=United Nations Ethiopia |language=en}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main|Ethiopian National Defense Force|Military history of Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopian military serving under the African Union Mission in Somalia in sector 4 based at Beletweyne carried out live-fire drills.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) training under [[African Union Mission to Somalia|AMISOM]], 2021]]
The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest [[history of Ethiopia]]. Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasions. In 1579, the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s attempt to expand from a coastal base at [[Massawa]] during the [[Ottoman conquest of Habesh]] was defeated.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? |last=Rothchild |first=Donald |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1994 |page=139}}</ref> The [[Army of the Ethiopian Empire]] was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at [[Battle of Gura|Gura]], led by Ethiopian Emperor [[Yohannes IV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/yohannes.htm |title=Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema - Ethiopia |website=www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk}}</ref> Ethiopia only has 3 branches inside the military, consisting of the [[Ethiopian Ground Forces|Army]], [[Ethiopian Air Force|Airforce]], and a [[Ethiopian Navy|Navy]] although it is landlocked. With an annual budget of over $1 billion dollars, it is the largest armed force in East Africa, and one of the largest in Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Ethiopia's military spending in 2022 increased by 88% to $1 billion – research |url=https://addisstandard.com/asdailyscoop-ethiopias-military-spending-in-2022-increased-by-88-to-1-billion-research/ |work=[[Addis Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paravicini |first=Giulia |date=April 12, 2024 |title=Somalia refuses to accept Ethiopian naval base in breakaway region |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somalia-says-it-will-never-accept-ethiopian-naval-base-somaliland-2024-04-12/#:~:text=Somalia%20will%20never%20accept%20Ethiopia%27s%20plan%20to%20build,bilaterally%2C%20a%20senior%20Somali%20official%20said%20on%20Friday. |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Law enforcement ===
Ethiopia has two main federal law enforcement agencies at the federal level, to which being the [[Ethiopian Federal Police]], and the [[National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)|National Intelligence Security Service]]. The [[National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)|NISS]] serving both as a spy agency and domestic law enforcement agency has national jurisdiction for counterterrorism, and foreign related counter espionage activities and protecting [[national security]]. It also has authority related to international economic crimes related of which to Ethiopia as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2016 |title=National Intelligence and Security Services – Ethiopia |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2016/niss/ |website=Action On Armed Violence (AOAV)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2024 |title=Ethiopia, Republic Of Korea Agree To Jointly Combat Terrorism, Cross-Border Crimes |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-republic-of-korea-agree-to-jointly-combat-terrorism-cross-border-crimes/ |work=[[Fana Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> It alongside the [[Ethiopian Federal Police|EFP]] (Ethiopian Federal Police) who both enforce federal laws domestically and for the [[National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)|National Intelligence Security Service]] cooperate internationally and enforce border regulations and peoples and products coming in and out in Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Proclamation No. 804/2013 |url=https://chilot.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/proclamation-no-804-2013-national-intellegence-and-security-services-establishment.pdf}}</ref> The EFP mostly enforcing non-international, and non-espionage crimes, enforcing [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] related subjects of matter and domestic financial crimes. At the regional level Ethiopia has 12 regionals statewide police departments, and 2 federally chartered police forces, those being the Addis Ababa Police, and Dire Dawa Police forces.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=USA |first=IBP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAOuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Federal+Police+Commission+Ethiopia+establishment&pg=PA46 |title=Ethiopia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws |date=August 2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4387-6981-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Ethiopian Federal Police |url=https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2017/09/Proclamation-720-of-2011-Ethiopian-Federal-Police-Commission.pdf?x96812 |website=FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Ethiopia|Industrial sector in Ethiopia}}

[[File:GDP per capita development of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Development of GDP per capita]]
Ethiopia registered the fastest economic growth under [[Premiership of Meles Zenawi|Meles Zenawi's administration]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=24 March 2010 |title="One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/03/24/one-hundred-ways-putting-pressure/violations-freedom-expression-and-association |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>
According to the [[IMF]], Ethiopia was one of the fastest growing economies in the world, registering over 10% economic growth from 2004 through 2009.<ref name="Outlook 2012">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/pdf/text.pdf |publisher=IMF |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> It was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African economy in the years 2007 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia: IMF Positive on Country's Growth Outlook |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200706181790.html |publisher=allAfrica |access-date=13 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703045928/http://allafrica.com/stories/200706181790.html|archive-date=2018-07-03}}</ref> In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/publication/ethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it |title=With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025 |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>

In 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia's growth performance and considerable development gains were challenged by high [[inflation]] and a difficult [[balance of payments]] situation. Inflation surged to 40% in August 2011 because of loose [[monetary policy]], large [[civil service]] wage increase in early 2011, and high food prices.<ref name="Ethiopia Overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview |title=Economic Overview |date=23 September 2015 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

In spite of fast growth in recent years, GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and the economy faces a number of serious structural problems. Based on the most recent data from 2019, 68.7% of the population is affected by [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]] and an additional 18.4% vulnerable to it.<ref name=":2" />

With a focused investment in public infrastructure and industrial parks, Ethiopia is attempting to address its structural problems by becoming a hub for light manufacturing in Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-industrialoutput-idUSL8N1343EO20151109 |title=Ethiopia to launch four more industry parks within two years |date=9 November 2015 |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> In 2019 a law was passed allowing expatriate Ethiopians to invest in Ethiopia's financial service industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://w7news.com/ethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora/ |title=Ethiopia to Open Banks for Ethiopian Investors in the Diaspora |last=Sze |first=Mari |website=W7 News |date=12 August 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Ethiopian cargo ship at Port of Djibouti.jpg|thumb|An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the Red Sea]]
The Ethiopian constitution specifies that rights to own land belong only to "the state and the people", but citizens may lease land for up to 99 years, but are unable to mortgage or sell. Renting out land for a maximum of twenty years is allowed and this is expected to ensure that land goes to the most productive user.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Land distribution and administration is considered an area where corruption is institutionalized, and facilitation payments as well as bribes are often demanded when dealing with land-related issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Ethiopia |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/ethiopia/business-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406173808/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/ethiopia/business-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx |archive-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> As there is no land ownership, infrastructural projects are most often simply done without asking the land users, which then end up being displaced and without a home or land. A lot of anger and distrust sometimes results in public protests. In addition, agricultural productivity remains low, and frequent droughts still beset the country, also leading to internal displacement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Six_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html |title=Six million children threatened by Ethiopia drought: UN |publisher=Terradaily.com |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref>

=== Energy and hydropower ===
{{see also|Energy in Ethiopia|List of power stations in Ethiopia}}
Ethiopia has 14 major rivers flowing from its highlands, including the Nile. It has the largest water reserves in Africa. {{as of|2012}}, hydroelectric plants represented around 88.2% of the total installed electricity generating capacity.
[[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] constructed between 2011 and 2023, set to be the largest dam in Africa]]
The remaining electrical power was generated from fossil fuels (8.3%) and renewable sources (3.6%).

The electrification rate for the total population in 2016 was 42%, with 85% coverage in urban areas and 26% coverage in rural areas. {{as of|2016}}, total electricity production was 11.15 TW⋅h and consumption was 9.062 TW⋅h. There were 0.166 TW⋅h of electricity exported, 0 kW⋅h imported, and 2.784 GW of installed generating capacity.<ref name="CIA2"/>

Ethiopia delivers roughly 81% of water volume to the Nile through the river basins of the [[Blue Nile]], [[Sobat River]] and [[Atbara]]. In 1959, Egypt and Sudan signed a bilateral treaty, the [[Water politics in the Nile Basin|1959 Nile Waters Agreement]], which gave both countries exclusive maritime rights over the Nile waters. Ever since, Egypt has discouraged almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to use the local Nile tributaries. This had the effect of discouraging external financing of hydropower and irrigation projects in western Ethiopia, thereby impeding water resource-based economic development projects. However, Ethiopia is in the process of constructing a large 6,450 MW hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile river. Completed in 2023, this [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] is slated to be the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/31/business/ethiopia-grand-renaissance-dam/index.html |title=Ethiopia powers on with controversial dam project |first1=Victoria |last1=Eastwood |first2=Nima |last2=Elbagir |website=[[CNN]] |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> The [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|Gibe III]] hydroelectric project is so far the largest in the country with an installed capacity of 1,870 MW. For the year 2017–18 (2010 E.C) this hydroelectric dam generated 4,900 GW⋅h.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html |title=Power generation begins at 1,870-MW Gibe III hydroelectric project in Ethiopia |website=www.hydroworld.com |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815154045/http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Main|Agriculture in Ethiopia}}

Agriculture constitutes around 85% of the labour force. However, the service sector represents the largest portion of the [[gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref name="CIA2"/> Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly by small-scale farmers and enterprises, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include [[coffea|coffee]], [[legume]]s, [[rapeseed|oilseeds]], [[cereal]]s, potatoes, [[sugarcane]], and vegetables. Ethiopia is also a [[Center of origin|Vavilov]] centre of diversity for domesticated crops, including [[Ensete ventricosum|enset]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkin |first1=Paul |last2=Demissew |first2=Sebsebe |last3=Willis |first3=Kathy |last4=Woldeyes |first4=Feleke |last5=Davis |first5=Aaron P. |last6=Molla |first6=Ermias L. |last7=Janssens |first7=Steven |last8=Kallow |first8=Simon |last9=Berhanu |first9=Admas |title=Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=747–766 |language=en |doi=10.1093/aob/mcy214 |pmid=30715125 |pmc=6526316 |year=2019}}</ref> [[Coffee bean|coffee]], okra and [[teff]].

Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities (with the exception of [[gold]] exports), and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest [[maize]] producer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Get the gangsters out of the food chain |newspaper=The Economist |date=7 June 2007 |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2007/06/07/get-the-gangsters-out-of-the-food-chain |access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> According to UN estimations, the per capita GDP of Ethiopia has reached $357 {{As of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates |publisher=The United Nations Statistics Division |url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1 |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

===Exports===
{{Main|Coffee production in Ethiopia}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = ET Addis asv2018-01 img07 Light Rail (cropped2).jpg
| caption1 = The [[Addis Ababa Light Rail]] system carries over 50,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tikuye |first=Eyob |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/30044/ |title=Fixing Addis light rail may cost at least $60 million |work=[[The Reporter (Ethiopia)]] |date=21 January 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| image2 = ET-ASK - Ras Dashen - Ethiopian Airlines - Boeing 777-360ER - MSN 44550 - VGHS.jpg
| caption2 = Ethiopia's biggest company [[Ethiopian Airlines]], which has an annual revenue of 6.1 billion dollars and making it the 14th biggest airlines in revenue, contributes to the country's export business.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mengesha |first=Selamawit |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/34753/ |title=Ethiopian Airlines flies high with 20% increase in earnings despite global challenges |work=[[The Reporter (Ethiopia)]] |date=15 June 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| image3 = Ethio Telecom (25070216192).jpg
| caption3 = [[Ethio Telecom]] is one of the country's biggest companies which generates over a billion dollars annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/ethio-telecom-forecasts-19-rise-revenue-202324-2023-07-28/ |title=Ethio Telecom forecasts 19% rise in revenue in 2023/24 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 July 2023 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
| width3 = 210
| width1 = 210
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Ethiopia is often considered as the birthplace of [[coffee]] since cultivation began in the 9th century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Coffee Culture – Legend, History and Customs |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203175842/https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Exports from Ethiopia in the 2009–2010 financial year totalled US$1.4 billion.<ref>''The Economist'' 22 May 2010, page 49</ref> Ethiopia produces more coffee than any other nation on the continent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm |publisher=BBC |date=21 June 2007 |access-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> "Coffee provides a livelihood for close to 15 million Ethiopians, 16% of the population. Farmers in the eastern part of the country, where a warming climate is already impacting production, have struggled in recent years, and many are currently reporting largely failed harvests as a result of a prolonged drought".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-fa38cb91-bdc0-4229-8cae-1d5c3b447337 |title=Coffee under threat |first=Nassos |last=Stylianou |website=BBC News}}</ref>

Ethiopia also has the fifth largest inventory of [[Arado cattle|cattle]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cattlenetwork.com/world-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao |title=World Cattle Inventory: Ranking of countries (FAO) |website=Cattle Network |last=Cook |first=Rob |date=2 September 2015 |publisher=Farm Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065120/http://www.cattlenetwork.com/world-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> Other main export commodities are [[khat]], gold, leather products, and oilseeds. Recent development of the [[floriculture]] sector means Ethiopia is poised to become one of the top flower and plant exporters in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom |url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/ |quote=Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse. |work=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=19 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418195017/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F |archive-date=18 April 2007}}</ref>

Cross-border trade by pastoralists is often informal and beyond state control and regulation. In [[East Africa]], over 95% of cross-border trade is through unofficial channels. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep, and goats from Ethiopia sold to [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]] generates an estimated total value of US$250–300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure).<ref name=ODI>Pavanello, Sara 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4997&title=working-across-borders-harnessing-potential-cross-border-activities-improve-livelihood-security-horn-africa-drylands Working across borders – Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112224025/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4997&title=working-across-borders-harnessing-potential-cross-border-activities-improve-livelihood-security-horn-africa-drylands |date=12 November 2010}}. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref>

This trade helps lower food prices, increase food security, relieve border tensions, and promote regional integration.<ref name=ODI/> However, the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allowing disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, the government of Ethiopia is purportedly unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.<ref name=ODI/> Recent initiatives have sought to document and regulate this trade.<ref name=ODI/>

With the private sector growing slowly, designer [[Fashion in Ethiopia|fashion]] and leather products like bags are becoming a big export business, with Taytu becoming the first luxury designer label in the country.<ref>{{cite news |first=Victoria |last=Averill |title=Ethiopia's designs on leather trade |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6703551.stm |quote=The label inside the luxuriously soft black leather handbag reads Taytu: Made In Ethiopia. But the embroidered print on the outside, the chunky bronze rings attached to the fashionably short straps and the oversized "it" bag status all scream designer chic. |publisher=BBC |date=31 May 2007 |access-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> Additional small-scale export products include cereals, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, and hides. With the construction of various new dams and growing hydroelectric power projects around the country, Ethiopia also plans to export electric power to its neighbours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200604/12/eng20060412_257767.html |title=Largest hydro electric power plant goes smoothly |publisher=English.people.com.cn |date=12 April 2006 |access-date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm |title=Hydroelectric Power Plant built |publisher=Addistribune.com |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103085843/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm |archive-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

Most regard Ethiopia's large water resources and potential as its "white oil" and its coffee resources as "black gold".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 |title=The "white oil" of Ethiopia |access-date=2 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 |archive-date=28 September 2007}}. ethiopianreporter.com</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Independent Online |url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231 |date=18 April 2006 |title=Ethiopia hopes to power neighbors with dams |publisher=Int.iol.co.za |access-date=16 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060612203747/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231 |archive-date=12 June 2006}}</ref>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Ethiopia}}

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Ethiopia: the [[Cairo-Cape Town Highway]] and the [[N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway]]. Ethiopia has 926 km of electrified {{RailGauge|1435mm}} [[standard gauge]] railways, 656 km for the [[Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway]] between Addis Ababa and the [[Port of Djibouti]] (via [[Awash, Ethiopia|Awash]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia–Djibouti electric railway line opens |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html |website=railwaygazette.com |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007214940/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html}}</ref> and 270 km for the [[Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway]] between Addis Ababa and the [[twin cities]] of [[Dessie]]/[[Kombolcha]].<ref name="AKH">{{cite web |url=http://akhrailway.com/index.php/about-project/project-summary |title=Project Summary |date=January 2017 |publisher=AKH Project owners |access-date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170326/http://akhrailway.com/index.php/about-project/project-summary |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>

Ethiopia had 58 airports {{As of|2012|lc=y}},<ref name="CIA2"/> and 61 {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://airport-authority.com/browse-ET |title=List of all airports in Ethiopia |website=airport-authority.com |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> Among these, the [[Bole International Airport]] in Addis Ababa and the [[Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport]] in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights.

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Ethiopia}}

{{See also|List of Ethiopian scientists}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg
| width1 = 125
| caption1 = Pathobiologist [[Aklilu Lemma]]. In 1964, he discovered an [[Alternative medicine|alternative]] treatment for [[schistosomiasis]], known as snail fever.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aklilu Lemma |url=https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/aklilu-lemma/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=Right Livelihood |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Zeresenay Alemseged (2013-01).JPG
| width2 = 125
| caption2 = Paleoanthropologist [[Zeresenay Alemseged]] in 2013. He was best known for discovering fossilized [[hominin]] called ''[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]]'' or "Lucy's baby" in December 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeresenay Alemseged – National Geographic Society |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091755/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged}}</ref>
}}

Science and technology in Ethiopia emerging as progressive due to lack of organized institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in [[competitive programming]] in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas.{{clarify|date=January 2024}} The [[Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute|Ethiopian Space Science and Technology]] is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched 70 kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President Sahle-Work Zewde told prior in October 2019 that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives." By January 2020, satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing began. This would also incremented facility built by French company funded by European Investment Bank (EIB). The main observatory Entoto Observatory and Space Science Research Center (EORC) allocated space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is a part of Scientific Research & Development Services Industry, responsible for environmental and climate conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Science And Technology |url=https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=MICE Ethiopia |language=en-US |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223102515/https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/}}</ref> Numerous profound scientists have contributed degree of honours and reputations. Some are [[Kitaw Ejigu]], [[Mulugeta Bekele]], [[Aklilu Lemma]], [[Gebisa Ejeta]] and [[Melaku Worede]]. Computer scientist [[Timnit Gebru]], named one of [[Time (magazine)|Time's]] most influential people in 2022, was born in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2022 |title=Timnit Gebru: The 100 Most Influential People of 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/6177822/timnit-gebru/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606213204/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/6177822/timnit-gebru/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ethiopia is known for the use of [[traditional medicine]] since millennia. The first epidemic that occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes evicted from place due to "God's punishment for misdeeds". {{Clarification needed|reason=Unclear wording, possibly bad English|date=June 2025}} The first traditional medicinal remedy was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though it differs among ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Traditional Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs |url=https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=EthnoMed |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ethiopia was ranked 134th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ethiopia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Ethiopians|List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia}}
{{bar box
|width=280px|float=right|titlebar=#ddd
|title=[[Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]]
|left1=Ethnic group
|right1=Population
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Oromo people|Oromo]]|Green|100|{{nowrap|25.4 (34.4%)}}}}
{{bar percent|[[Amhara people|Amhara]]|Yellow|78.37|19.9 (27.0%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Somalis in Ethiopia|Somali]] |Red|18.08|4.59 (6.2%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Tigrayans]] |Blue|17.67|4.49 (6.1%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Sidama people|Sidama]]|Purple|11.63|2.95 (4.0%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Gurage people|Gurage]]|Brown|7.32|1.86 (2.5%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Welayta people|Welayta]]|Black|6.60|1.68 (2.3%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Afar people|Afar]]|Orange|5.03|1.28 (1.7%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Hadiya people|Hadiya]]|Teal|5.00|1.27 (1.7%)}}
{{bar percent|[[Gamo people|Gamo]]|Gray|4.33|1.10 (1.5%)}}
{{bar percent|[[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|Others]]|Silver|36.67|9.30 (12.6%)}}
|caption=Population in millions according to 2007 Census<ref name="2007Census" />
}}
Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world.<ref name="ciawfb">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia |section=Geography |access-date=30 August 2021 |quote=landlocked – entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world}}</ref> Its total population has grown substantially in recent decades, rising from 38.1 million in 1983 to 135 million in 2025.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> The 2050 Ethiopia population forecast is 225 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ethiopia-population/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref> According to UN estimations in 2013, life expectancy had improved substantially over time, with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years.<ref name="auto" />

Ethiopia's population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups, the four largest of which are the [[Oromo people|Oromo]], [[Amhara people|Amhara]], [[Somalis|Somali]] and [[Tigrayans]]. According to the Ethiopian national census of 2007, the [[Oromo people|Oromo]] are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, at 34.4% of the nation's population. The [[Amhara people|Amhara]] represent 27.0% of the country's inhabitants, while [[Somalis]] and [[Tigrayans]] represent 6.2% and 6.1% of the population respectively.<ref name="2007Census" />

[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic-speaking]] communities make up the majority of the population. Among these, Semitic speakers often collectively refer to themselves as the [[Habesha people]]. The [[Arabic]] form of this term (''al-Ḥabasha'') is the etymological basis of "Abyssinia", the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 1926 |title=Abyssinia: Ethiopian Protest |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206124546/http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html |archive-date=6 February 2004 |access-date=5 June 2005 |work=[[Time Europe]]}}</ref>

In 2009, Ethiopia hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 135,200. The majority of this population came from Somalia (approximately 64,300 persons), Eritrea (41,700) and Sudan (25,900). The Ethiopian government required nearly all refugees to live in refugee camps.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news |date=19 June 2008 |title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502073801/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html |archive-date=2 May 2012 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants}}</ref>

===Urbanization===
{{Main|List of cities and towns in Ethiopia|Urbanization in Ethiopia}}

[[File:AddisView.jpg|thumb|[[Sheger Park]] is the largest park in the country, hosting hundreds of thousands of visitors a year since its opening.]]
Population growth, migration, and urbanization are all straining both governments' and ecosystems' capacity to provide people with basic services.<ref>Racin, L. (4 March 2008) [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/future-shock-how-environmental-change-and-human-impact-are-changing-the-global-map "Future Shock: How Environmental Change and Human Impact Are Changing the Global Map"]. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.</ref> Urbanization has steadily been increasing in Ethiopia, with two periods of significantly rapid growth. First, in 1936–1941 during the Italian occupation under Mussolini's fascist government, and then from 1967 to 1975 when the populations of urban areas tripled.<ref name="countrystudies1991">Ofcansky, T and Berry, L. "Ethiopia: A Country Study". Edited by Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. [http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia Countrystudies.us]</ref>

In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia, building infrastructure to connect major cities, and a dam providing power and water.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008">Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" [http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html Macalester.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html|date=11 February 2017}}. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</ref> This, along with the influx of Italians and labourers, was the major cause of rapid growth during this period. The second period of growth was from 1967 to 1975, when rural populations migrated to towns seeking work and better living conditions.<ref name="countrystudies1991" />

This pattern slowed due to the 1975 Land Reform program instituted by the government, which provided incentives for people to stay in rural areas. As people moved from rural areas to the cities, there were fewer people to grow food for the population. The Land Reform Act was meant to increase agriculture since food production was not keeping up with population growth over the period of 1970–1983. This program encouraged the formation of peasant associations, large villages based on agriculture. The legislation did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform.<ref name="Anderson, Frank 1991. Pages 159-175">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0169-5150(91)90022-D |title=Development of agriculture in Ethiopia since the 1975 land reform |journal=Agricultural Economics |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=159–75 |year=1991 |last1=Belete |first1=A. |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/172821/files/agec1991-1992v006i002a004.pdf}}</ref> Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975 to 2000.
{{Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia}}As of at least 2024, Ethiopia is one of the most rapidly urbanizing countries in the world, although its population is still largely rural.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26690-0 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |page=135 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>

====Rural and urban life====
{{Main|Rural flight in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Addis Ababa sky view.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Over 6 million residents live in [[Addis Ababa]], the financial epicenter of the country.]]
[[File:Elders at health worker training (5762508115).jpg|thumb|240x240px|A group of men gather in a rural village for health training.]]
Migration to urban areas is usually motivated by the hope of better lives. In peasant associations, daily life is a struggle to survive. About 16% of the population in Ethiopia lives on less than one dollar per day (2008). Only 65% of rural households in Ethiopia consume the [[World Health Organization]]'s (WHO's) minimum standard of food per day (2,200 kilocalories), with 42% of children under five years old being underweight.<ref name="Crawley">Crawley, Mike. [http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587 "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587|date=25 June 2012}}. April 2003. International Development Research Centre. Retrieved on 24 May 2008</ref>

Most poor families (75%) share their sleeping quarters with livestock, and 40% of children sleep on the floor, where nighttime temperatures average 5 degrees Celsius in the cold season.<ref name="Crawley" /> The average family size is six or seven, living in a 30 square metre mud and thatch hut, with less than two hectares of land to cultivate.<ref name="Crawley" />

The peasant associations face a cycle of poverty. Since the landholdings are so small, farmers cannot allow the land to lie fallow, which reduces soil fertility.<ref name="Crawley" /> This [[land degradation]] reduces the production of fodder for livestock, which causes low milk yields.<ref name="Crawley" /> Since the community burns livestock manure as fuel, rather than plowing the nutrients back into the land, the crop production is reduced.<ref name="Crawley" /> The low productivity of agriculture leads to inadequate incomes for farmers, hunger, malnutrition and disease. These unhealthy farmers have difficulty working the land and the productivity drops further.<ref name="Crawley" />

Although conditions are drastically better in cities, all of Ethiopia suffers from poverty and [[Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia|poor sanitation]]. However, poverty in Ethiopia fell from 44% to 29.6% during 2000–2011, according to the World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty in Ethiopia Down 33 Percent Since 2000 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/20/poverty-ethiopia-down-33-percent |access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref> In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 55% of the population used to live in slums.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" /> Now, however, a construction boom in both the private and the public sector has led to a dramatic improvement in living standards in major cities, particularly in Addis Ababa. Notably, government-built condominium housing complexes have sprung up throughout the city, benefiting close to 600,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Condominium housing in Ethiopia |url=http://www.mwud.gov.et/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed&groupId=10136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104064529/http://www.mwud.gov.et/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed&groupId=10136 |archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> Sanitation is the most pressing need in the city, with most of the population lacking access to waste treatment facilities. This contributes to the spread of illness through unhealthy water.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" />

Despite the urban living conditions, residents of Addis Ababa are more financially secure than those living in peasant associations, owing to their increased educational and economic opportunities. Unlike rural children, 69% of urban children are enrolled in primary school, and 35% are eligible to attend secondary school.{{clarify|date=December 2016}}<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" /> Addis Ababa has its own [[Addis Ababa University|university]] as well as its own [[secondary school]]s. The literacy rate in Addis Ababa is 82% as of 2008.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" />

Many NGOs (non-governmental organizations) are working to solve this problem; however, most are far apart, uncoordinated, and working in isolation. The Sub-Saharan Africa NGO Consortium is attempting to coordinate efforts.

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Ethiopia}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = [[Languages of Ethiopia]] {{As of|2007|lc=y}} Census:<ref name="2007Census" />
| label1 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]
| value1 = 33.8
| color1 = Green
| label2 = [[Amharic]]
| value2 = 29.3
| color2 = Yellow
| label3 = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| value3 = 6.2
| color3 = Red
| label4 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]
| value4 = 5.9
| color4 = Blue
| label5 = [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]]
| value5 = 4.0
| color5 = Purple
| label6 = [[Wolaytta language|Wolaytta]]
| value6 = 2.2
| color6 = Black
| label7 = [[Gurage languages|Gurage]]
| value7 = 2.0
| color7 = Brown
| label8 = [[Afar language|Afar]]
| value8 = 1.7
| color8 = Orange
| label9 = [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]]
| value9 = 1.7
| color9 = Teal
| label10 = [[Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language|Gamo]]
| value10 = 1.5
| color10 = pink
| other = yes
| other-label = [[Languages of Ethiopia#Overview|Other languages]]
| other-color = grey
}}
According to [[Glottolog]], there are 109 languages spoken in Ethiopia, while ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 90 individual languages spoken in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Languages of Ethiopia |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=ET#5/9.532/29.115 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web |title=Languages of Ethiopia |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ET |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115153416/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ET |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=9 February 2013 |work=Ethnologue |publisher=SIL International}}</ref> Most people in the country speak [[Afroasiatic languages]] of the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] or [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] branches. The former includes the [[Oromo language]], spoken by the [[Oromo people|Oromo]], and [[Somali language|Somali]], spoken by the [[Somalis]]; the latter includes [[Amharic]], spoken by the [[Amhara people|Amhara]], and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], spoken by the [[Tigrayans]]. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]], [[Afar language|Afar]], [[Hadiyya language|Hadiyya]] and [[Agaw languages]], as well as the Semitic [[Gurage languages]], [[Harari language|Harari]], [[Silt'e language|Silt'e]], and [[Argobba language|Argobba]] languages.<ref name="2007Census" /> [[Arabic]], which also belongs to the Afroasiatic family, is likewise spoken in some areas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yigezu |first1=Moges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Is2nUM-5UQC&pg=PA143 |title=Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia |date=2012 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-99944-55-47-8 |page=143}}</ref>

English is the most widely spoken foreign language, the medium of instruction in secondary schools and all tertiary education; federal laws are also published in British English in the [[Federal Negarit Gazeta]] including the 1995 constitution.<ref name="FDRE">{{cite web |last1=FDRE |title=Federal Negarit Gazeta Establishment Proclamation |url=https://www.fsc.gov.et/Content/Negarit%20Gazeta/Negarit%20Gazeta/Gazeta-1987/Proc%20No.%203-1995%20Federal%20Negarit%20Gazeta%20Establishment%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104223222/https://www.fsc.gov.et/Content/Negarit%20Gazeta/Negarit%20Gazeta/Gazeta-1987/Proc%20No.%203-1995%20Federal%20Negarit%20Gazeta%20Establishment%20.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=27 May 2021 |publisher=Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}}</ref>

Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromo, Somali or Tigrinya.<ref name="Llicuv">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNEiAQAAMAAJ |title=Language, literature, and identity |publisher=Cuvillier |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-86537-839-2 |editor1=Mpoche, Kizitus |pages=163–64 |editor2=Mbuh, Tennu}}</ref> All languages enjoy equal state recognition in the [[1995 Constitution of Ethiopia]].<ref name="Constitution2" />

====Script====
Ethiopia's principal orthography is the [[Ge'ez script]]. Employed as an [[abugida]] for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an [[abjad]] to transcribe the Semitic [[Ge'ez language]].<ref>Fattovich, Rodolfo (2003) "Akkälä Guzay" in von Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C''. Weissbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, p.169.</ref> Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of both the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo]] and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo]] Churches. During the 1980s, the Ethiopic character set was computerized. It is today part of the [[Unicode]] standard as Ethiopic, [[Ethiopic Extended]], [[Ethiopic Supplement]] and [[Ethiopic Extended-A]].

Other [[writing system]]s have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include [[Bakri Sapalo]]'s script for [[Oromo language|Oromo]].<ref name="HH-551">{{Cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=R.J. |last2=Hassan |first2=M. |year=2009 |title=The Oromo orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |page=550 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00144209 |jstor=616613 |s2cid=162289324}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Ethiopia}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions in Ethiopia (ARDA 2020 est.):<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=78c |title=Religions in Ethiopia | Arda |website=www.thearda.com |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Eastern Christianity|Orthodox]]
| value1 = 37.52
| color1 = Light Blue
| label2 = [[Protestant]]
| value2 = 20.39
| color2 = Blue
| label3 = [[Christianity|Other Christian]]
| value3 = 2.96
| color3 = Dark Blue
| label4 = [[Sunni]]
| value4 = 32.47
| color4 = Green
| label5 = [[Shia]]
| value5 = .1
| color5 = Light Green
| label6 = [[African Traditional Religion|Ethnic Religion]]
| value6 = 6.41
| color6 = Brown
| label7 = [[Irreligion|None]]
| value7 = 0.1
| color7 = Black
| label8 = Other
| value8 = .15
| color8 = White
}}

According to the 2007 National Census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country's population, Muslims 33.9%, practitioners of traditional faiths 2.6%, and other religions 0.6%.<ref name="2007Census" /> The ratio of the Christian to Muslim population has largely remained stable when compared to previous censuses conducted decades ago.<ref name="bx">{{Cite web |last=Abegaz |first=Berhanu |date=1 June 2005 |title=Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities |url=http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf |access-date=27 July 2017}}</ref> Sunnis form the majority of Muslims with [[non-denominational Muslim]]s being the second largest group of Muslims, and [[Shia Islam|the Shia]] are a minority. Sunnis are largely [[Shafi'i]]s or [[Salafi movement|Salafis]]; there are also many [[Sufism|Sufis]] there.<ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9{{nbsp}}August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref>

Ethiopia has close historical ties with all three of the world's major [[Abrahamic religions]]. In the 4th century, the Ethiopian empire was one of the first in the world to officially adopt Christianity as the state religion. As a result of the resolutions of the [[Council of Chalcedon]], in 451 the [[miaphysitism|Miaphysites]], which included the vast majority of Christians in Egypt and Ethiopia, were accused of [[monophysitism]] and designated as heretics under the common name of [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Christianity]] (see [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]).<ref name="first seven">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Leo Donald |url=https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/342 |title=The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21) |publisher=Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7 |location=Collegeville, MN |page=[https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/342 342]}}</ref>

The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] is part of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]. It is by far the largest Christian denomination, although a number of [[P'ent'ay]] ([[Protestantism|Protestant]]) churches have recently gained ground. Since 1930, a relatively small [[Ethiopian Catholic Church]] has existed in [[full communion]] with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.<ref name="bx" />

[[Islam in Ethiopia]] dates back to the founding of the religion in 622 when a group of Muslims were counselled by [[Muhammad]] to escape persecution in [[Mecca]]. The disciples subsequently [[migrated to Abyssinia]] via modern-day Eritrea, which was at the time ruled by [[Ashama ibn-Abjar]], a pious Christian emperor.<ref name="Ofcansky">{{cite book |last=Thomas P. Ofcansky |first=LaVerle Berry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3M0V0VfgiMC |title=Ethiopia: A Country Study |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-1857-9 |pages=130–41}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Ethiopia|Healthcare in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950]]
Only a minority of Ethiopians are born in hospitals, while most are born in rural households. Those who are expected to give birth at home have elderly women serve as midwives who assist with the delivery.<ref>(Kater, 2000).</ref> The "WHO estimates that a majority of maternal fatalities and disabilities could be prevented if deliveries were to take place at well-equipped health centres, with adequately trained staff".<ref>(Dorman et al., 2009, p. 622).</ref> [[Birth rate]]s, [[infant mortality rate]]s, and [[death rate]]s are lower in cities than in rural areas due to better access to education, medicines, and hospitals.<ref name="Accessed 15 May 2008" /> Life expectancy is better in cities compared to rural areas, but there have been significant improvements witnessed throughout the country as of 2016, the average Ethiopian living to be 62.2 years old, according to a [[UNDP]] report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia MDG Report (2014) |url=http://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/library/mdg/EthiopiaMDG2014.html |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=UNDP in Ethiopia |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729030811/http://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/library/mdg/EthiopiaMDG2014.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite sanitation being a problem, use of improved water sources is also on the rise; 81% in cities compared to 11% in rural areas.

Ethiopia's main health problems are said to be communicable (contagious) diseases worsened by poor sanitation and [[malnutrition]]. Over 58 million people (nearly half the population) do not have access to clean water as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WaterAid UK – Where we work – Ethiopia |url=http://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/page/ethiopia |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=www.wateraid.org |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810103934/http://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/page/ethiopia |url-status=dead }}</ref> These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained doctors and nurses and health facilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia – Health and Welfare |url=http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/75.htm |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]]'s 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1,936 physicians (for 2003), which comes to about 2.6 per 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global distribution of health workers in WHO Member States |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf |access-date=2 February 2008 |work=The World Health Report 2006 |publisher=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202190732/https://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf|archive-date=2011-02-02}}</ref>

The National Mental Health Strategy, published in 2012, introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia. This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=National Mental Health Strategy of Ethiopia |url=https://www.mhinnovation.net/resources/national-mental-health-strategy-ethiopia |website=Mental Health Innovation Network}}</ref> However, the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited. For example, the burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34.2% from 2007 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=Ethiopia |url=http://www.healthdata.org/ethiopia |website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}}</ref> Furthermore, the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes, inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts, as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population, all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hanlon |first1=Charlotte |last2=Eshetu |first2=Tigist |last3=Alemayehu |first3=Daniel |last4=Fekadu |first4=Abebaw |last5=Semrau |first5=Maya |last6=Thornicroft |first6=Graham |last7=Kigozi |first7=Fred |last8=Marais |first8=Debra Leigh |last9=Petersen |first9=Inge |last10=Alem |first10=Atalay |date=8 June 2017 |title=Health system governance to support scale up of mental health care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study |journal=International Journal of Mental Health Systems |volume=11 |article-number=38 |doi=10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4 |pmc=5465569 |pmid=28603550 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Ethiopia ranks 102nd out of 127 countries and has a score of 26.2, which indicates a serious level of hunger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Higher education in Ethiopia}}
[[File:Parco dell'università di addis abeba, 09.jpg|thumb|Entrance of [[Addis Ababa University]]]]
The current system follows school expansion schemes which are very similar to the system in the rural areas during the 1980s, with an addition of deeper regionalization, providing rural education in students' own languages starting at the elementary level, and with more budgetary financing allocated to the education sector. Public education is free at primary levels and usually offers between age 7 and 12. The sequence of general education in Ethiopia is six years of primary school, then four years of lower secondary school followed by two years of higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Teferra |first1=Damtew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ |title=African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook |last2=Altbach |first2=Philip G. |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-253-34186-0 |pages=316–25}}</ref>

The Ethiopian education is governed by the [[Ministry of Education (Ethiopia)|Ministry of Education]] and its cycle consists of a 4+4+2+2 system; elementary education consists of eight years, divided into two cycles of four years, and four years of secondary education, divided into two stages of two years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Education in Ethiopia |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2018/11/education-in-ethiopia |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=WENR |language=en-US}}</ref> National exams are conducted by the [[National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency|National Education Assessment and Examination Agency]] (NEAEA). Since 2018, there are two national exams: the [[Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination]] (EGSECE), also known as Grade 10 national exam and Grade 12 national exam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian National Exam Result 2022–2023 |url=http://www.neaeagovet.com/national-exam/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=NEAEA 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Top floor of the first science museum in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|The [[Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science|Addis Ababa Science Museum of Art and Science]] serves as the country's biggest hub which showcases the country's newest innovations.]]
As of 2022, there are 83 universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 higher education institutions. Foreign students constitute 16,305 in higher education level. The overall number of tertiary students in both public and private institutions exploded by more than 2,000 percent, from 34,000 in 1991 to 757,000 in 2014, per UIS data.<ref name="stategov">{{Cite web |title=List of Ethiopian Public Universities |url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/ethiopia/956093/PDF%20Files/List%20of%20Ethiopian%20Public%20Universities.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112452/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/ethiopia/956093/PDF%20Files/List%20of%20Ethiopian%20Public%20Universities.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><ref>According to the [https://ewkete.com/2019/05/30/growth-of-education/ UN's UNESCO] and other's a larger number of private higher education institutions are growing in numbers</ref> Access to education in Ethiopia has improved significantly. Approximately three million people were in primary school in 1994–95 but by 2008–09, primary enrolment had risen to 15.5 million – an increase of over 500%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Engel |first1=Jakob |title=Ethiopia's progress in education: A rapid and equitablension of access – Summary |url=http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/ethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095615/http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/ethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=13 May 2015 |website=Development Progress |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> In 2013–14, Ethiopia had witnessed a significant boost in gross enrolment across all regions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IIEP-UNESCO |date=2017 |title=Search Result: Ethiopia's plans and policies |url=http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/en/search/site?f[0]=im_field_countries%3A1076 |website=Planipolis}}</ref> The national GER was 104.8% for boys, 97.8% for girls and 101.3% across both sexes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231724e.pdf |title=National EFA review, 2015 |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |page=8}}</ref>

The literacy rate has increased in recent years: according to the 1994 census, the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 23.4%.<ref name="Ethnologue" /> In 2007 it was estimated to be 39% (male 49.1% and female 28.9%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |title=Literacy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html |archive-date=24 November 2016 |work=The World Factbook}}</ref> A report by [[UNDP]] in 2011 showed that the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 46.7%. The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39 per cent from 2004 to 2011, and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59 per cent over the same period for persons 10 years and older.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nations |first1=United |date=January 2015 |title=National Human Development Report 2015 Ethiopia |website=United Nations Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2015-ethiopia |access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> By 2015, the literacy rate had further increased, to 49.1% (57.2% male and 41.1% female).<ref>{{cite web |last=UIS |title=Education |url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en |website=data.uis.unesco.org}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopia IMG 5782 Addis Abeba (25052967317).jpg|thumb|Cultural performance in Addis Ababa]]
The [[culture of Ethiopia]] is diverse, consisting of the local population, an interaction of Semitic, Cushitic and less populous Nilo-Saharan speaking people, which is evolved from first millennium BC. The dominant Semitic-speaking groups such as [[Tigrayans]], [[Amhara people|Amharas]] and [[Gurage people|Gurage]], are distinguished by their feudal tradition, hierarchical structure and agrarian life. This is rooted partly from [[South Arabia]] as a result of back migration, while the southern Cushitic ([[Oromo people|Oromo]] and [[Somalis|Somali]]) are strong adherents to [[egalitarianism]] and pastoral life. Other traditions from the [[Kafficho people|Kafficho]], [[Sidama people|Sidamo]], and [[Afar people|Afar]] peoples are also present.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M. |date=27 August 1976 |title=The peoples and cultures of Ethiopia |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1976.0061 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=194 |issue=1114 |pages=7–16 |bibcode=1976RSPSB.194....7L |doi=10.1098/rspb.1976.0061 |issn=0080-4649 |pmid=11482 |s2cid=46723065 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Holidays ===
{{main|Public holidays in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopian New Year Landscape. Photo Taken on September 11 2010 Ethiopian Calendar. Ethiopian indigenous flower "Adey Abeba" Sheeps seen grazing.jpg|thumb|The Ethiopian New Year or [[Enkutatash]] is celebrated with the [[Bidens macroptera|adey abeba]] flower symbolising a new beginning, each year across the country.]]
Ethiopia has 6 patriotic and public holidays and 9 major religious holidays given government recognition. The year (Gregorian calendar) starts with [[Ethiopian Christmas]] on January 7, it also has [[Timkat|Epiphany]] or Timkat on January 19 or 20 depending on if the year is a leap, which celebrates the baptism of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] by [[John the Baptist]]. Timkat is recognized by the United Nations as part of its "[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]" which are designated for important cultural and religious holidays.<ref>{{cite web |title=Festivals & Holidays |url=http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101405/http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016 |website=www.ethioembassy.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO - Ethiopian epiphany |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> Three holidays are movable like [[Ramadan]], [[Good Friday]] and [[Easter]] of which two are in spring and Ramadan in Islamic celebrations. Other holidays include [[Mawlid]] which begins on the 12th or 17th on the Islamic calendar depending on which Muslim denomination is the celebrator, nonetheless due to the fact that the majority of Ethiopian Muslims are Sunni it is thus celebrated on the 12th day on the third month on the Islamic calendar which is in September. Other include [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] for other Islamic holidays whilst for Christians, the finding of the true cross or otherwise is called [[Meskel]].<ref>[[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]] are traditional trans-national holidays celebrated across the Islam world. Meskel being celebrated in other places but Ethiopia primary giving a huge emphasis on such. [https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3521 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]</ref><ref name=":05">{{Cite web |last=Abdo |first=Mohammed |title=Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3160168/file/5874552.pdf}}</ref><ref>[[Ramadan]] is a moveable holiday [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ramadana-moveable-fast-66315554/ <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://www.brandeis.edu/spiritual-life/resources/guide-to-observances/ramadan.html#:~:text=Since%20there%20are%2012%20lunar,11%20days%20per%20solar%20year. <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] Good Friday and Easter are included [https://britishonlinearchives.com/posts/category/notable-days/751/good-friday-2024#:~:text=Due%20to%20it%20always%20preceding,calendar%20for%20Eastern%20Orthodox%20Christians. <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35880795 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>] of which all of whom are celebrated across the Ethiopian Christian and Muslim communities</ref>

For public holidays the first of which falls on the calendar is [[Adwa Victory Day]] on 2 March, commemorating [[Menelik II|Emperor Menelik II]]'s victory over the attempted but failed colonization efforts of Italy in 1896. Others follow, such as the [[International Workers' Day]] on the 1st of May, the [[Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day]] for celebrating the return of Emperor Haile Selassie I and thus the liberation of fascist Italian occupation on the 5th of May and the [[Downfall of the Derg (holiday)|Downfall of the Derg]] on the 28th of May, a recent holiday promoted to a public status by the ruling government after 1991. And the most prominent of public holidays is [[Enkutatash]] which is the largest, celebrating the [[Enkutatash|Ethiopian new year]] on September 11 or 12, which is approximately 7–8 years behind the rest of the world, depending on if the year is a leap, and thus behind ultimately the Georgian calendar by several years. [[Defense Day (Ethiopia)|Defense Day]] also exists for celebrating service men on the 26th of October the last holiday in the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holiday Calendar |url=https://et.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/ |website=U.S Embassy in Ethiopia}}</ref>

Nonetheless other festivals and holidays like the honoring of Saint Yohannes and others are celebrated across the country including [[Irreechaa|Irrecha]] celebrated by the [[Oromo people|Oromo community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Festival |url=https://www.evisa.gov.et/ethiopianfestival |website=eVISA}}</ref><ref>[[Irreechaa|Irrecha]] celebrated by the Oromo ethnic group is a huge holiday attracting large portions of the population and is given government de-facto recognition as a holiday. [https://addisstandard.com/irreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/#:~:text=Irrecha%20and%20its%20rituals%20are%20performed%20based%20on%20natural%20cycle <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_38770 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
{{main|Ethiopian art|Architecture of Ethiopia|List of castles in Ethiopia|Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela}}

[[File:Fasilides Palace 01.jpg|thumb|[[Fasil Ghebbi]] Complexe, built in the 17th century.]]
[[File:The Last Judgement by Afewerk Tekle at St. George's Cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Afewerk Tekle]]'s "The Last Judgment" at [[St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa|St. George's Capel]]]]
[[Ethiopian art|Arts of Ethiopia]] were largely influenced by Christian iconography throughout much of its history. This consisted of [[illuminated manuscripts]], [[painting]], [[Ethiopian cross|crosses]], [[icon]]s and other [[metalwork]] such as crowns. Most historical arts were commissioned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the state religion for a millennium. The earlier Aksumite period arts were stone carvings as evidenced in their stelae, though there is no surviving Christian art from this era. As Christianity was introduced, its iconography was partly influenced by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine art]]. Most remaining arts beyond the early modern period were ruined as a result of invasion of the [[Adal Sultanate]] in the [[Ethiopian Highlands]], but were revived by Catholic emissaries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} The [[Western art|Western]] intervention in Ethiopian art began in the 20th century, while also maintaining traditional Ethiopian character. Some notable contemporary Ethiopian artists include [[Afewerk Tekle]], [[Lemma Guya]], [[Martha Nasibù]], [[Ale Felege Selam]] and others.<ref>The 20th century has resulted in Ethiopia connecting towards the world with students of art learning the styles of western art, most notably [[Afewerk Tekle]] a laureate and others during the end of Menelik's reign and other monarchs right after</ref><ref>Ethiopia has produced many reputable contemporary painters and muralists, most notable among whom is Laureate [[Afewerk Tekle]]</ref>
[[File:Stelae, Aksum, Ethiopia (7158408756).jpg|left|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite Steles]] served as official markers for the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperors of Ethiopia]] during the time of the [[Aksumite Empire]].]]
Ethiopian architecture like the "Bete Medhane Alem" or "House of our Saviour" is one of the 12 churches in [[Lalibela]] built under Emperor [[Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)|Lalibela I]]. [[Gebre Meskel Lalibela|Emperor Lalibela I]] commissioned large portions of the Lalibela church complex promptly named after him. This was largely attested to the inspiration for Ethiopia during the medieval times due to blockage from Jerusalem by Muslim conquests to replicate its own form of a "new Jerusalem" at a national level. Perhaps one of the most notable architectures in antiquity was founded during the Dʿmt period. [[Ashlar masonry]] was an archetype of [[South Arabia]]n architecture with the most architectural structure similarity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=The Use of DMT in Early Masonic Ritual |url=https://realitysandwich.com/the-use-of-dmt-in-early-masonic-ritual/ |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Reality Sandwich |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[[Lalibela]] was mainly built as a 'new Jerusalem' for Ethiopian pilgrims set to go to Jerusalem nonetheless barred from by Muslim conquests [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-rock-churches-of-lalibela/articleshow/34769471.cms <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170817-ethiopias-miraculous-underground-churches <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lalibela-11-churches-each-sculpted-out-of-a-single-block-of-stone-800-years-ago-60-minutes-2019-12-01/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]</ref>

The Aksumite continued to flourish its architecture around the 4th century CE. Aksumite stelae commonly used single block and rocks. The Tomb of the False Door built for Aksumite emperors used monolithic style.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Aksumite architecture: Architecture of Ethiopia |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-styles/a3377-aksumite-architecture-architecture-of-ethiopia/ |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Lalibela]] civilization was largely of Aksumite influence, but the layer of stones or wood is quite different for some dwellings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Architecture of Aksun and Lalibela |url=http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102060408/http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au}}</ref>

In the Gondarine period, the architecture of Ethiopia was influenced by Baroque, Arab, Turkish and Gujarati Indian styles independently taught by Portuguese emissaries in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Examples include the imperial fortress [[Fasil Ghebbi]], which is influenced by a mix of these styles. The medieval architecture also affected the later 19th- and 20th-century era.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alòs-Moner |first1=Andreu Martínez |title=Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus |url=https://www.academia.edu/11314717}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{main|Ethiopian literature|Ethiopian philosophy}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Baalu Girma.jpg
| caption1 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Baalu Girma]] (1939–1984), novelist and critic; author of ''[[Oromay|The End]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Teweldebirhan |first=Seble |url=https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3442/Remembering-Baalu-Girma |title=Remembering Baalu Girma |work=Ezega |date=21 April 2013 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>}}
| image2 = Haddis Alemayehu.png
| caption2 = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Haddis Alemayehu]] (1910–2003), foreign minister and novelist; author of ''[[Love to the Grave]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ayele |first=Tesfaye |title=Haddis Alemayehu's Vision of the Old World: Literary Realism and the Tragedy of History in the Amharic Novel Fikir iske Mekabir |journal=[[Cambridge University]] |date=1 September 2023 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=353–376 |doi=10.1017/pli.2023.26 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}}
}}

[[Ethiopian literature]] traces back to the Aksumite period in the 4th century, mostly religious motifs. In royal inscriptions, it employed both [[Geʽez script|Ge'ez]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] language, but the latter was discontinued in 350.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia has an ancient distinct language, the Ge'ez, which dominated political and educational aspects. In spite of the current political instability in the country endangering cultural heritage of these works, preservation has improved in recent years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Nosnitsin |first=Denis |date=2012 |title=Ethiopian Manuscripts and Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. A brief Overview and Evaluation |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993 |journal=Gazette du livre médiéval |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.3406/galim.2012.1993}}</ref>

During and the approximate time of the [[Middle Ages]] composers such as [[Abba Gorgoryos]] and [[Giyorgis of Segla]] have influenced Ethiopian languages such as writing one of the earliest instances of [[Amharic]] and dictionaries of Ge'ez and such. Also encompassing religious hymns and doctrine justifications regarding issues in the Ethiopian Orthodox church and practices.<ref name="HeldmanSeyon">{{cite book |author1=Marilyn Eiseman Heldman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmTQt--tqjMC&pg=PA75 |title=The Marian Icons of the Painter Frē Ṣeyon: A Study of Fifteenth-century Ethiopian Art, Patronage, and Spirituality |author2=Frē Ṣeyon |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1994 |isbn=978-3-447-03540-8 |page=75}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Smidt |first=Wolbert G.C. |date=2015 |title=Gorgoryos and Ludolf: The Ethiopian and German Fore-Fathers of Ethiopian Studies: An Ethiopian scholar's 1652 visit to Thuringia |url=http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf |journal=ITYOP̣IS: Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810125109/http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-10}}</ref>

The Ethiopian literary works mostly consisted of handwritten [[codex]] (branna, or ብራና in Amharic). It is prepared by gathering parchment leaves and sewing to stick together. The codex size varies considerably depending on volumes and preparation. For example, pocket size codex lengthens 45 cm, which is heavier in weight. Historians speculated that archaic codex existed in Ethiopia. Today manuscripts resembling primitive codex are still evident for existence where parchment leaves are convenient for writing.<ref name=":4" />

Another notable writing book is protective (or magic) [[scroll]], serving as written amulet. Some of these were intended for magical purpose, for example ''ketab'' is used for magical defence. Scrolls were typically produced by ''[[debtera]]'', non-ordained clergy expertise on [[exorcism]] and healings. About 30 cm scroll is portable whereas 2 cm is often unrolled and hanged to the walls of houses. Scrolls emulating original medium of Ethiopia literature is highly disputed, where there is overwhelming evidence that Ge'ez language books were written in codex. In lesser, Ethiopia used accordion books (called ''sensul'') which were dated to late 15th or 16th century, made up of folded parchment paper, with or without cover. Those books usually contain pictorial representation of life and death of religious figures, or significant texts have also juxtaposed.<ref name=":4" />

[[Baalu Girma]] and [[Haddis Alemayehu]] have been noted as the most influential novelist in Ethiopian history. Girma giving a critique of the communist government in the 80s in Ethiopia in his works. Haddis Alemayehu giving rise to one of the first examinations of [[Realism (international relations)|realism]] and a [[Romance novel|romance]] tragedy in his works of novel and having influenced the sphere of Ethiopian intellectual community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adera |first=Taddesse |date=1995 |title=From Apologist to Critic: The Dilemma of Bealu Girma |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.1353/nas.1995.0030 |jstor=41931195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Getachew |first=Fitsum |date=March 2, 2015 |title=Ethiopia: Haddis Alemayehu - the Unique Personality in Ethiopian Literature |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201503030351.html#:~:text=Evaluated%20from%20the%20point%20of%20view%20of%20the%20person's%20exceptionally |work=[[The Ethiopian Herald]]}}</ref>

Ethiopia is highly popularized in [[poetry]]. Most poets recount past events, social unrests, poverty and famine. ''[[Qene]]'' is the most used element of Ethiopian poetry – regarded as a form of Amharic poetry, though the term generally refers to any poems. True qene requires advanced ingenious mindset. By providing two metaphorical words, i.e. one with obvious clues and the other is too convoluted conundrum, one must answer parallel meanings. Thus, this is called ''sem ena work'' (gold and wax).<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Aga |first=Mark T. |title=20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included) — allaboutETHIO |url=https://allaboutethio.com/20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=allaboutethio.com |language=en}}</ref> The most notable poets are [[Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin|Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsegaye gebre medhin - Wendy Laura Belcher |url=https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/tsegaye-gebre-medhin/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=wendybelcher.com}}</ref> [[Kebede Michael]] and [[Mengistu Lemma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengistu Lemma |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poet/mengistu-lemma/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Poetry Translation Centre |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ethiopian philosophy has been superlatively prolific since ancient times in Africa, though offset of [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek]] and [[Patristic]] philosophy. The best known philosophical revival was in the early modern period figures such as [[Zera Yacob (philosopher)|Zera Yacob]] (1599–1692) and his student [[Walda Heywat]], who wrote ''[[Hatata]]'' (''Inquiry'') in 1667 as an argument for the [[existence of God]].

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Ethiopia}}

{{See also|Ethiopian Golden Age of music}}
[[File:Yared.jpg|thumb|[[Yared]] in a piece of 15th century Ethiopian sacred art holding a mequamia (prayer stick)]]
The [[music of Ethiopia]] is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct [[Musical mode|modal system]] that is [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]], with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.<ref name="Abdullahi">{{cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA170 |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |page=170 |quote=Somali music, a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia, the Sudan, or even Arabia, can be recognized by its own tunes and styles.}}</ref><ref name="Tekle">{{cite book |last=Tekle |first=Amare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA197 |title=Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation |publisher=The Red Sea Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-932415-97-4 |page=197 |quote=Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture, religion, traditions, history and aspirations ... They appreciate similar foods and spices, beverages and sweets, fabrics and tapestry, lyrics and music, and jewellery and fragrances.}}</ref> Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of [[polyphony]] ([[heterophony]], [[drone (music)|drone]], imitation, and [[counterpoint]]). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian song writing is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as ''[[tizita]]''.

Saint [[Yared]], a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the forerunner of traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About St. Yared – St. Yared Ethiopian Cuisine & Coffeehaus – Indianapolis IN |url=https://www.styaredcuisine.com/about.html |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=www.styaredcuisine.com}}</ref>

Modern music is traced back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, where 40 Armenian orphans called [[Arba Lijoch]] arrived from [[Jerusalem]] to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band was almost established as orchestral; but after World War II, several similar bands emerged such as Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aga |first=Mark T. |title=Music in Ethiopia — allaboutETHIO |url=https://allaboutethio.com/tmusic.html |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=allaboutethio.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, traditional infused modern Ethiopian music was revived in what is known as the "[[Ethiopian Golden Age of music|Golden Age]]". Several notable musical artists emerged thereafter, for example, [[Tilahun Gessesse]], [[Alemayehu Eshete]], [[Bizunesh Bekele]], [[Muluken Melesse]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmed]]. It also employed tradition style called ''tizita''. During the Derg regime, these artists were prohibited to perform in the country and often forced into exile in North America and Europe, mixing with jazz and funk influences. For example, Roha Band, [[Walias Band]], and Ethio Stars. By this time, [[Neway Debebe]] was critical of the Derg government.<ref name=":9" />

Modern music became developed shortly in the 1990s and 2000s. In this period, the most popular artists were [[Aster Aweke]], [[Gigi (singer)|Gigi]] and [[Teddy Afro]]. Ethiopian music further modernized in the next decade, employing electronic type and more popular. DJ [[Rophnan]] was renowned for pioneering EDM after releasing his debut album ''Reflection'' in 2018.<ref name=":9" />

===Calendar===
{{Main|Ethiopian calendar|Oromo calendar}}

Ethiopia has several local calendars. The most widely known is the [[Ethiopian calendar]], also known as the Ge'ez calendar, and written with the ancient [[Ge'ez script]], one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.<ref name="Wilfpag">{{cite book |last=Page |first=Willie F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK1aAAAAYAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2 |publisher=Facts on File |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8160-4472-6 |page=230}}</ref> It is based on the older Alexandrian or [[Coptic calendar]], which in turn derives from the [[Egyptian calendar]]. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopian calendar has twelve months of exactly 30 days each plus five or six [[epagomenal]] days, which form a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tamrat |first=Tadesse |date=2008 |title=Ethiopian Calendar & Millennia Highlights |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=177–88 |jstor=27828897}}</ref>

Like the [[Julian calendar]], the sixth epagomenal day—which in essence is a [[leap day]]—is added every four years without exception on 29 August of the Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Thus, the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1{{nbsp}}Mäskäräm, for years between 1901 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually 11 September ([[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]]), but falls on 12 September in years before the Gregorian leap year. It is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar because of an alternate calculation in determining the date of the [[Annunciation]] of Jesus.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-10 |title=Ethiopia: The country where a year lasts 13 months |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57443424 |access-date=2022-09-17 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Another calendrical system was developed around 300 BC by the [[Oromo people]]. A lunar-stellar calendar, this [[Oromo calendar]] relies on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. Oromo months (stars/lunar phases) are ''Bittottessa'' (Iangulum), ''Camsa'' (Pleiades), ''Bufa'' (Aldebarran), ''Waxabajjii'' (Belletrix), ''Obora Gudda'' (Central Orion-Saiph), ''Obora Dikka'' (Sirius), ''Birra'' (full moon), ''Cikawa'' (gibbous moon), ''Sadasaa'' (quarter moon), ''Abrasa'' (large crescent), ''Ammaji'' (medium crescent), and ''Gurrandala'' (small crescent).<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=Lawrence R |title=The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted |url=http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029073246/http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm |archive-date=29 October 2008 |work=tusker.com}}</ref>

===Media===
{{main|Communications in Ethiopia|Media in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Ethiopian Television.JPG|thumb|The [[ETV (Ethiopia)|Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]], former headquarters in Addis Ababa|left]]

The [[Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation]] (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is the [[state media]]. Radio broadcasting was commenced earlier in 1935 before the television service began in 1962 with assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref name="africanews.com" /> Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernized transmission.

[[Kana TV]] is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeffrey |first=James |date=21 December 2017 |title=Ethiopia's New Addiction – And What It Says About Media Freedom |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/12/ethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKana%E2%80%9D%20translates%20as%20something%20between,of%20the%20prime%20time%20market |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=Inter Press Service News Agency}}</ref> It is mainly known for [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign content into [[Amharic]]. Over several decades, the state television has served as the major mass media until in the late 2000s, when [[EBS TV (Ethiopia)|EBS TV]] launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were commenced in 2016, culminating in the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. As an example, [[Fana TV]] has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017.

The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are [[Addis Fortune]], [[Capital Ethiopia]], [[Ethiopian Reporter]], Addis Zemen (''Amharic'') and [[Ethiopian Herald]].<ref>There are only a few newspapers with high circulation, these include the [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349401 Reporter, Addis Fortune, the Capital and the state-owned Ethiopian Herald] Although statistical data regarding Ethiopian newspapers are readily available their noteworthy presence in Ethiopia and such is attested for.</ref>

The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm [[Ethio telecom]]. A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gaffey |first=Conor |date=1 June 2017 |title=Why has Ethiopia pulled its mobile internet access again? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-internet-blocked-618806 |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=Newsweek}}</ref> {{as of|2016|July}}, there are around 4.29 million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Ethiopia Internet Users |url=http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ethiopia/ |website=Internet Live Stats}}</ref> The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protest and demonstration in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2016 |title=What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36940906 |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,<ref name=":3" /> the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=Ethiopia blocks social media sites over exam leak |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html |access-date=14 August 2017 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharkov |first=Damien |date=12 July 2016 |title=Ethiopia has shut down social media and here's why |url=http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581 |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=Newsweek}}</ref>

===Cinema===
{{main|Cinema of Ethiopia}}

{{Multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Ruth Negga]] is an Ethiopian-born actress.
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The first cinema was introduced in 1898, three years after the first world film was projected. Cinematic artifacts ascribed by Italian minister {{ill|Federico Ciccodicola|it}} which then offered to Emperor Menelik II. The early 20th century appearance with spectacle was around 1909 and embraced by documentary or biographical films. ''Au de Menilek'' was the first film directed by Charles Martel. The first 16mm black-and-white film dedicated to coronation of Emperor [[Zewditu]], then coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie was filmed. The 1990s saw international booming of Ethiopian films. The most influential people in this era were [[Haile Gerima]], [[Salem Mekuria]], Yemane Demissie, and [[Teshome Gabriel]]. Films began modernized in the 2000s and implemented [[Amharic]] language. The most internationally grossed films are ''[[Selanchi]]'', ''[[Difret]]'', ''[[Lamb (2015 Ethiopian film)|Lamb]]'', ''[[Prince of Love]]'' and ''[[Lambadina]]''. The modern era saw several reoccurring actors including [[Selam Tesfaye]], [[Fryat Yemane]], [[Hanan Tarik]], [[Mahder Assefa]], [[Amleset Muchie]] and [[Ruth Negga]].

One of the most prestigious film award is [[Gumma Film Awards]] held in Addis Ababa. The award, which was started in 2014, broadcast on live television in some stations.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Gumma Film Awards |url=https://addisstandard.com/the-gumma-film-award/?amp=1 |website=Addis Standard |vauthors=Standard A}}</ref> Festivals including [[Addis International Film Festival]] and the [[Ethiopian International Film Festival]] showcase amateur and professional filmmakers works; the latter being voted by judges. They were established in 2007<ref>{{cite web |title=Addis International Film Festival |website=Human Rights Film Network |url=https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806193600/https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival|archive-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> and 2005 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian International Film Festival |url=https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=ethiopianfilminitiative.org |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705210553/https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Ethiopian cuisine}}

{{See also|List of Ethiopian dishes and foods}}
[[File:Injera with eight kinds of stew.jpg|thumb|This meal consisting of {{transliteration|am|[[injera]]}} and several kinds of {{transliteration|am|[[Wat (food)|wat]]}} (stew) is typical of Ethiopian cuisine.]]
The best-known [[Ethiopian cuisine]] consists of various types of thick meat [[stew]]s, known as {{transliteration|am|[[wat (food)|wat]]}} in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of [[injera]], a large [[sourdough]] [[flatbread]] made of [[teff]] flour. This is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others with one's own hands—a tradition referred to as {{transliteration|am|gursha}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2011 |title=The Simpsons Episode Well-Received by Ethiopians On Social Media |url=http://www.tadias.com/12/01/2011/the-simpsons-episode-well-received-by-ethiopians-on-social-media-elsewhere/ |work=Tadias Magazine}}</ref> Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no [[pork]], as it is forbidden in [[Ethiopian Orthodox]] Christian and Islamic faiths; Ethiopian Orthodox Christians also [[Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|fast from meat]] on Wednesdays, Fridays, and the daysleading up to Easter and Christmas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seleshe |first1=Semeneh |last2=Jo |first2=Cheorun |last3=Lee |first3=Mooha |date=2014 |title=Meat Consumption Culture in Ethiopia |journal=Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.7 |issn=2234-246X |pmc=4597829 |pmid=26760739}}</ref>

{{transliteration|om|[[Fit-fit#Kitcha fit-fit|Chechebsa]]}}, {{transliteration|om|[[marqa]]}}, {{transliteration|om|[[chukko]]}}, {{transliteration|om|[[michirra]]}}, and {{transliteration|om|[[dhanga]]}} are the most popular dishes from the [[Oromo people]]. [[Kitfo]], which originated among the [[Gurage people]], is one of the country's most popular delicacies. In addition, {{transliteration|am|[[Wat_(food)#Doro_wat|doro wat]]}} ({{langx|am|ዶሮ ወጥ}}) and {{transliteration|ti|[[tsebehi derho]]}} ({{langx|ti|ጽብሒ ድርሆ}}), are other popular dishes, originating from northwestern Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffrey |first=James |date=2019-02-06 |title=Ethiopian food: The 15 greatest dishes |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-food-best-dishes-africa |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> {{transliteration|ti|[[Tihlo]]}} ({{lang|am|ጥሕሎ}}), a type of [[dumpling]] prepared from roasted barley flour and originating from the [[Tigray Region]], is now very popular in [[Amhara Region|Amhara]] and spreading further south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture of the people of Tigrai |url=http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=Tigrai Online}}</ref>

===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in Ethiopia}}

[[File:Abebe Bikila 1968c.jpg|thumb|[[Abebe Bikila]], Ethiopia's first [[Olympic gold medalist]]|246x246px]]
The main sports in Ethiopia are [[track and field]] (particularly [[long distance running]]) and football. Ethiopian athletes have won many [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medals in track and field, most of them in long distance running.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/ethiopia |access-date=3 January 2013 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> [[Abebe Bikila]] became the first athlete from a [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan]] country to win an Olympic gold medal when he won the [[Marathon]] at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games in a world record time of 2:15:16.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bloor |first=Steven |date=25 April 2012 |title=50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012 |access-date=14 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH) |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=International Olympic Committee |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Ethiopia national football team]] was one of four founding members of the [[Confederation of African Football]] and won the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] in [[1962 African Cup of Nations|1962]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehrish |first1=Akshat |date=31 October 2022 |title=History makers: Ethiopia's role in the creation of CAF, AFCON |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/history-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon |access-date=1 January 2024 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition as it established a [[Ethiopia national basketball team|national basketball team]] in 1949.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ethiopia|Africa}}
* [[Outline of Ethiopia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
<references>
<ref name="mappr">{{cite web |url=https://www.mappr.co/political-maps/ethiopia/ |title=Ethiopia Political Map and Regions | Mappr |date=January 14, 2019 |website=www.mappr.co}}</ref>
<ref name="mula">{{cite journal |title=Ethnic Identity Politics and the Restructuring of Administrative Units in Ethiopia |author=Mulatu Wubneh |year=2017 |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=105–138 |jstor=26586251}}</ref>
<ref name="2007Census">{{cite web |title=Country Level |url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208061518/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel |archive-date=8 February 2019 |work=2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia |publisher=[[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|CSA]] |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="africanews.com">{{cite news |last1=Shaban |first1=Abdurahman |title=One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages |url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |agency=Africa News |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref>
</references>

===General sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |ref=Abir |author=Abir, Mordechai |title=Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855) |location=London, England |publisher=Longmans |year=1968}}
* {{cite book |ref=Beshah |author1=Beshah, Girma |author2=Aregay, Merid Wolde |title=The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) |location=Lisbon |publisher=Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos |year=1964}}
* {{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |last1=Connel |first1=Dan |last2=Killion |first2=Tom |year=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-5952-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Terrence |year=1996 |title=Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia |url=https://www.academia.edu/9622394 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–42 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00055233 |s2cid=155079488}}
* {{cite book |ref=Munro-Hay |author=Munro-Hay, Stuart |year=1991 |url=http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf |title=Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |title=The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC |publisher=The Red Sea Press |isbn=978-0-932415-19-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |ref=Valdes Vivo |author=Valdes Vivo, Raul |title=Ethiopia's Revolution |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York, NY |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Gwyn |last2=Miers |first2=Suzanne |last3=Miller |first3=Joseph |title=Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219 |year=2007 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Abyssinia | volume= 1 |last2= Gleichen |first2= Albert Edward Wilfred |author2-link= Lord Edward Gleichen |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson | pages = 82–95 |short= 1 }}
* Deguefé, Taffara (2006). ''Minutes of an Ethiopian Century'', Shama Books, Addis Ababa, {{ISBN|99944-0-003-7}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |year=2004 |publisher=Shama Books |isbn=978-1-931253-28-4}}
* Hoskins, G. A. (1835), ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74151 Travels in Ethiopia]'', above the second cataract of the Nile: exhibiting the state of that country, and its various inhabitants, under the dominion of Mohammed Ali.
* Hugues Fontaine, ''Un Train en Afrique. African Train'', Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, {{ISBN|978-99944-867-1-7}}. English and French. [http://www.africantrain.org/ UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE]
* {{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Edmond |title=Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic |date=1991 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20646-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 |year=1975 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford}} Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. {{ISBN|1-56902-009-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Harold G. |title=A History of Ethiopia |edition=updated |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-22479-7}}
* Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). ''Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia'', Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp. 5–16. [http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319 Monetary Developments and Decolonization in Ethiopia] and WP [http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia]
* {{Cite book |last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |year=1984 |publisher=Random House |location=New York}} Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. {{ISBN|0-902669-53-2}}.
* [[Dervla Murphy|Murphy, Dervla]] (1968). ''[[In Ethiopia with a Mule]]''. London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. ''N.B''.: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. {{ISBN|0-7126-3044-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rubenson |first=Sven |title=The Survival of Ethiopian Independence |edition=4th |year=2003 |publisher=Tsehai |location=Hollywood, CA |isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Selassie I. |first=Haile |title=My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I |author-link=Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia |others=Translated by Edward Ullendorff |year=1999 |publisher=Frontline |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-948390-40-1}}
* Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'', Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
* {{Cite book |last=Zewde |first=Bahru |title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991 |edition=2nd |year=2001 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr}}
* {{Country study}}
* {{CIA World Factbook}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|n=Category:Ethiopia|s=Category:Ethiopia|v=no|voy=Ethiopia|species=no|m=no|mw=no|collapsible=collapsed}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* {{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Ethiopia}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349398 BBC Ethiopia Profile]
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ETH/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Ethiopia Summary Trade Statistics]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ET Key Development Forecasts for Ethiopia] from [[International Futures]].
* [https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ethiopia Ethiopia pages – U.S. Dept. of State] (which includes current State Dept. press releases and reports on Ethiopia)

{{Coord|9|N|39|E|display=title}}

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2006 Malegaon bombings

2026-03-29T15:22:42Z

Antoniomec: basic reworked structure to improve readability

{{Short description|Bombings in Malegaon, Maharashtra state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
|title=2006 Malegaon bombings
|partof=
|image=
| map = {{Location map | India
| width = 300
| float = right
| label = Malegaon
| marksize = 8
| lat_deg = 20.55
| lon_deg = 74.55
}}
|caption=
|location=[[Malegaon]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|target=Vicinity of [[Mosque]]
|date=8 September 2006
|time-begin=
|time-end=
|timezone=[[UTC]]+5.5
|type=[[Bombing]]s
|fatalities=45
|injuries=125+
}}

{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The '''2006 Malegaon bombings''' took place on 8 September 2006 in [[Malegaon]], a town in the [[Nashik]] district of the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]], some 290 km northeast of [[Mumbai]]. The Maharashtra [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] (ATS) initially blamed the bombings on the [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI), but in a [[chargesheet]] filed in 2013 the NIA and ATS ([[Anti-Terrorism Squad]]) joint investigation and involved evidences allegedly pointed towards the involvement of eight members of group [[Abhinav Bharat]], who were later released from charges due to lack of evidence.<ref name=red>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/-malegaon-blasts-9-accused-set-to-walk-free/20130829.htm|title=2008 Malegaon blasts: 9 accused set to walk free|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news |date=14 May 2016 |title=Malegaon blasts: Now NIA says Maharashtra ATS planted RDX to frame Lt Col Purohit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/malegaon-blasts-in-a-turnaround-nia-says-maharashtra-anti-terror-squad-planted-rdx-to-frame-lt-col-purohit/articleshow/52262487.cms |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Eight accused in 2006 Malegaon blasts case discharged">{{cite news |title=Eight accused in 2006 Malegaon blasts case discharged |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/2006-Malegaon-blasts-case-accused-disharged/article60549167.ece |access-date=28 March 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328162012/https://www.thehindu.com/news/2006-Malegaon-blasts-case-accused-disharged/article60549167.ece |archive-date=28 March 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

A July 2025 verdict by the special court in Mumbai acquitted all accused of the Abhinav Bharat group in the Malegaon blast case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=2008 Malegaon bomb blast: All 7 accused acquitted, court says prosecution failed to provide cogent and reliable evidence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/2008-malegaon-bomb-blast-all-accused-acquitted-pragya-thakur-col-purohit-court-reliable-evidence-10160836/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Explosion==
The explosions which resulted in at least 45 fatalities and 125 injuries, took place in a [[Islam|Muslim]] cemetery, adjacent to a [[mosque]], at around 13:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] after [[Salat|Friday prayers]] on the holy day of [[Mid-Sha'ban|Shab e Bara'at]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/31-killed-100-injured-in-malegaon-blasts/article3072993.ece|title=31 killed, 100 injured in Malegaon blasts|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 September 2008|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Most of the blast victims were Muslim pilgrims. Security forces spoke of "two bombs attached to bicycles," but other reports indicated that three devices had exploded. A stampede ensued after the devices exploded. A [[curfew]] was imposed in the town and state paramilitary forces were deployed in sensitive areas to prevent unrest.

==Reactions==
* [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Chief Minister]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] promised compensation payments of [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 100,000 (approx. [[Euro|€]]1200 or [[United States dollar|US$]]1500 at the time) to the next-of-kin of the deceased.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
* [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] condemned the blasts and appealed for calm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1790439,000900040001.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205080739/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1790439%2C000900040001.htm|title=Blasts rock Malegaon 38 killed, over 100 injured 'Hindustan Times'|archive-date=5 February 2007}}</ref>
* [[Home Minister (India)|Home Minister]] [[Shivraj Patil]] said the incident seemed designed to "divide the various sections of the public."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0609090030sep09,1,2178741.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed&ctrack=1&cset=true |work=Chicago Tribune |title=Home Minister Shivraj Patil }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] has called on Indians to maintain calm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi Calls on Indians to Maintain Calm |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/09/AR2006090900763.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107181307/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/09/AR2006090900763.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2009 |first=Aftab |last=Khan |date=9 September 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* A home ministry official in Delhi said central security forces, including personnel from the anti-riot [[Rapid Action Force]], were sent to Malegaon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73608|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923023337/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73608|title=Centre rushing additional forces to Malegaon ''Indian Express''|archive-date=23 September 2012}}</ref>
* There were episodes of violence when Muslims in Malegaon attacked police and their vehicles following the blasts.<ref name="Indian town seething with anger">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5330832.stm | work=BBC News | title=Indian town seething with anger | date=9 September 2008}}</ref>
* Various Muslim leaders have denounced the bombings and prayed for peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135850/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=malegaonblasts&slug=Religious%20leaders%20pray%20for%20peace&id=92926&callid=1&category=National|title=NDTV.com|archive-date=29 September 2007|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,20384569-1702,00.html|title=National Religious leaders pray for peace}}</ref> In particular, Muslims in the state of [[Gujarat]] demonstrated against [[Pakistan]] for its alleged involvement in the blasts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/gujarat-muslims-hold-antipak-protests/21052-3.html |title=Gujarat Muslims hold anti-Pak rally ''IBN'' |publisher=Ibnlive.com |date=9 September 2008 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>
* US ambassador [[David Mulford]] said he was "shocked and saddened by the brutal terrorist bombings" and that the US stood "with India in its fight against terrorism".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5326730.stm | work=BBC News | title=Blasts kill 37 in India graveyard | date=8 September 2008}}</ref>

==Investigations==
===Initial arrests===
On 10 September, [[NDTV]] reported that investigators had identified the owner of one of the bicycles on which a bomb was planted.<ref>[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15098&Itemid=117 Breakthrough in India Blasts Probe] ''[[Saudi Gazette]]'' {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref> On the same day, police released sketches of two suspects wanted in connection with the bomb attacks. On 11 September, Maharashtra Director General of Police [[P. S. Pasricha]] said that the officers investigating the blasts had produced leads and expressed confidence that a breakthrough would be achieved soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/11malegaon1.htm |title=Cops gain vital leads 'Rediff.com' |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

On 30 October, the first arrest was made of Noor-Ul-Huda, an activist of the [[Students Islamic Movement of India]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|title=Malegaon blasts: SIMI activist held |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/239612.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004102/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/239612.cms |archive-date=7 December 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2006 |access-date=16 September 2006 }}</ref> The DGP of Mumbai said the two other suspects are Shabeer Batterywala and Raees Ahmad. On 6 November, it was reported that Batterywala is an operative of [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] (LeT) and the co-conspirator is Raees Ahmad of [[Students Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Police-arrest-Malegaon-blasts-conspirator/articleshow/334758.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104004503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/india/27797262_1_malegaon-blasts-malegaon-case-anti-terrorism-squad |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Police arrest Malegaon blasts 'conspirator'|date=6 November 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

===Suspicions and releases===
The Maharashtra police initially suspected [[Bajrang Dal]], the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] or the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] of involvement in the attacks. No evidence was released against any of these groups,<ref>{{cite news|author=Prafulla Marpakwar |date=10 September 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-evidence-of-Bajrang-involvement/articleshow/1973793.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-10/india/27794973_1_nanded-blast-malegaon-blasts-bajrang |archive-date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=No evidence of Bajrang involvement |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> though the police claimed on 13 October to have identified the perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=75502|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730170715/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=75502|archive-date=2012-07-30|title=Perpetrators of Malegaon Blasts identified}}</ref> Lashkar-e-Toiba has had contacts with the controversial [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] in the region before.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125092952/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba.htm|title=Lashkar-e-Taiba | let | LET|archive-date=25 January 2010|website=www.satp.org}}</ref> Police are also suspecting [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 September 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Malegaon-blasts-Is-it-Bajrang-or-Lashkar/articleshow/1971372.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308234552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-09/india/27825421_1_malegaon-blasts-serial-blasts-anti-terrorism-squad |archive-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Malegaon blasts: Is it Bajrang or Lashkar? |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> On 10 September, police sources said that the methods used are similar to attacks on mosques earlier in 2006 for which 16 [[Bajrang Dal]] activists, allegedly part of a "fringe group" of the organization, were arrested but not charged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1052080 |title=DNA India |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Accused were Pragya Thakur and Abhinav Bharat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sadhvi-pragya-thakur-digvijaya-singh-bjp-bhopal-lok-sabha-elections-malegaon-case-ajmer-dargah-blast-5681180/|title=Explained: The case against BJP candidate Sadhvi Pragya Thakur|date=20 April 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> July 2025 verdict by the special court in Mumbai acquitted all accused in the Malegaon blast case, including former BJP MP Pragya Singh Thakur and Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Purohit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=2008 Malegaon bomb blast: All 7 accused acquitted, court says prosecution failed to provide cogent and reliable evidence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/2008-malegaon-bomb-blast-all-accused-acquitted-pragya-thakur-col-purohit-court-reliable-evidence-10160836/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Malegaon has been the focus of communal tension for some time,{{clarify|date=October 2024}} which spilled out into the open in 1984, 1992, and 2001, when there were large scale protests over the United States invasion of Afghanistan. Police had killed 12 Muslim protesters after a brief altercation with them.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5330832.stm | work=BBC News | title=Indian town seething with anger | date=9 September 2006}}</ref> The [[Taliban]] regime in [[Afghanistan]] had enjoyed immense support from Muslims in Malegaon.<ref name="Indian town seething with anger"/>

In May 2006, police recovered a cache of [[RDX]] explosives and automatic rifles from the region based on information they said was provided by arrested extremist Islamists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/|title=Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/08/india.blast.reut/index.html|title=Police Recover Cache of RDX explosives|website=[[CNN]] }}</ref> The arrested were former members of the [[Students Islamic Movement of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230208/http://www.ndtv.com/homepage/malegaon.asp|title=NDTV.com|archive-date=26 September 2007|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

In the September 2006 incident, police investigations have determined that the explosives contained in these bombings were "a cocktail of [[RDX]], [[ammonium nitrate]] and fuel oil – the same mixture used in 7/11",<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Malegaon-7/11-Same-Lethal-cocktail-used/articleshow/1980270.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-12/india/27800611_1_malegaon-blasts-p-k-jain-maharashtra-town | archive-date=5 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Malegaon, 7/11: Same Lethal cocktail used | url-status=live | date=12 September 2006}}</ref> referring to the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings]], a terrorist incident for which several Islamist groups are suspects. Since the investigation was still under way, Nasik Superintendent of Police Rajvardhan declined to give details, saying: "We can't say anything till we get reports from all the agencies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73746|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193055/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73746|title=''Indian Express''|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

However, the [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti Terrorist Squad]] has prima facie ruled out the involvement of Hindu Nationalist groups like the [[Bajrang Dal]] in the Malegaon blasts citing two reasons:
# [[RDX]] is only available to Islamist outfits.
# [[Bajrang Dal]] activists so far have only used crude bombs, nothing as sophisticated as the ones in Malegaon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Malegaon-7/11-Same-Lethal-cocktail-used/articleshow/1980270.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-12/india/27800611_1_malegaon-blasts-p-k-jain-maharashtra-town |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Malegaon, 7/11: Same Lethal cocktail used |date=12 September 2006 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

Ajai Sahni, an intelligence analyst who tracks terrorist groups in South Asia, also said it was unlikely to be a Hindu group because they "lacked the organisation for such an attack". On 12 September 2006, Indian Prime Minister said it was inappropriate to "rule out or rule in" the involvement of Hindu groups. "I think there should be a fair investigation which inspires confidence and brings out the truth and nothing but the truth without any pre-conceived notion. That has to be the objective".<ref>[http://www.samachar.com/showurl.htm?rurl=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73750&headline=Malegaon~Blasts:~PM~not~OK~with~'rule~out,~rule~in'~of~Hindus PM Not OK With 'Rule Out, Rule In' of Hindus] ''Samachar'' {{dead link|date=July 2011}}</ref>

B. Raman,{{who|date=October 2024}} in an op-ed published on 11 September, noted that "while it is too early to rule out the possibility of either Islamic or Hindu extremists as the perpetrators, there have been "attempts by some leaders of the Muslim community to create a divide between the community and the police by questioning the impartiality of the police and levelling other allegations against the investigating officers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/11raman.htm |title=Terrorists make no distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims ''Rediff.com'' |publisher=In.rediff.com |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

As of 30 October 2006, the most recent arrests involved members of the [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] and suspicions are presently directed at them as, after the arrests, the police have claimed to be closer to solving the case.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> On 28 November 2006, Mumbai police stated that two Pakistani nationals were involved in the explosions. "We have successfully detected the Malegaon blasts case. We are, however, on the lookout for eight more suspects in the case," said DGP PS Pasricha. The Anti-Terrorism Squad probing into the case has already arrested eight suspects, including two booked in the 11 July Mumbai serial blasts, in connection with four explosions that rocked the town killing 31 people and injuring more than 200.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/610189.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Police crack Malegaon serial blasts case, spot SIMI hand- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times | date=28 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14339007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221248/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14339007|archive-date=2007-09-30|title=SIMI behind Malegaon blasts: Police | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

Three accused gave a confession about their involvement in the conspiracy, but soon after, two of them retracted before a magistrate, saying they had not made a voluntary disclosure. This was revealed to a special court by the accused themselves when they were produced before it for remand. The development assumes significance as under [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act|MCOCA]], a confession does not have evidential value if it is not a voluntary and true disclosure. Seeking their remand, public prosecutor Raja Thakre said the accused had played a vital role in the conspiracy and investigations conducted by Anti-Terrorist Squad so far had revealed involvement of more persons who are yet to be arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/06malegaon.htm |title=3 confess in Malegaon blast case, 2 retract |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

On 16 November 2011, seven of the accused in the Malegaon blasts were released on bail after five years of detention in jail.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malegaon: Seven accused released on bail|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=390202&catid=36|publisher=The Statesman|date=16 November 2011 |access-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614103816/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=390202&catid=36 |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref>

===Case handover===

In 2013, after taking over the case, the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) contradicted the ATS and CBI findings,<ref name=it>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/malegaon-blast-case-nia-rubbishes-ats-cbi-fake-bomb-based-investigations-india-today-164162-2013-05-23|title=NIA rubbishes ATS-CBI's fake bomb-based investigations in 2006 Malegaon blast case|website=India Today|date=24 May 2013 }}</ref> and arrested four persons, namely Lokesh Sharma, Dhan Singh, Manohar Singh and Rajendra Choudhary, all belonging to the Hindu right wing group [[Abhinav Bharat]]. On 22 May 2013 they were all chargesheeted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/2006-malegaon-blasts-all-9-accused-discharged-by-mumbai-court_1879501.html|title=2006 Malegaon blast case: Mumbai court drops charges against nine accused|date=25 April 2016|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name=it/>

On 25 April 2016, the [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]] (MCOCA) court dismissed all charges against the eight Muslim men initially arrested by the Maharashtra [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorist Squad]] in 2006. The men had spent five years in jail before being released on bail in 2011.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|last1=Mehta|first1=Tejas|title=Malegaon Blast: After 5 Years in Jail, Charges Dropped Against 8 Muslim Men|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/charges-dropped-against-8-muslim-men-accused-in-malegaon-blast-case-1399182|access-date=25 April 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nandgaonkar|first1=Satish|title=Eight accused in 2006 Malegaon blasts case discharged|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/2006-malegaon-blasts-case-accused-disharged/article8519574.ece|access-date=25 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

On 7 May 2024, the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) said the Maharashtra [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti Terrorist Squad]] (ATS) planted RDX to frame Shrikant Purohit and many others, who were tortured to take names of Hindu leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Malegaon blast trial: Accused Lt Col Purohit alleges torture by ATS |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/2008-malegaon-blast-trial-accused-lt-col-purohit-alleges-torture-by-ats-3014383 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toi" />

==See also==
* [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]]
* [[2008 western India bombings|2008 Malegoan & Modasa bombing]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents, 2006]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikinews|38 dead, over 180 injured as blasts rock Maharashtra town}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191120/http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3791281a12,00.html Thirty-five people killed in India blasts]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5326730.stm Blasts kill 37 in India graveyard]
* [http://us.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/08nashik.htm?q=tp&file=.htm 38 killed in Malegaon blasts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195049/http://www.bubbley.net/collectives/malegaon08092006/malegaonblastpics.htm Pictures of the blast]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013151208/http://voanews.com/english/2006-09-08-voa23.cfm Voice of America news article]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5326730.stm BBC news article]
* [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/4C33FB54-5D63-465A-8E33-4C877EAE44D4.htm Aljazeera news article]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://news.google.com/nwshp?hl=en&tab=wn&ncl=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/world/asia/08cnd-india.html%3Fref%3Dasia Google news link]
* [http://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2006/20060911_malegaon_blast_corpse_fake_beard.htm Allegations by Indian Muslim Newspaper of "Corpse with fake beard found"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215052404/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ATS-files-chargesheet-in-Malegaon-blast-case/413034/ Malegaon blast: ATS says Purohit main conspirator - Express India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419162955/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-17/india/30409703_1_shabbir-masiullah-maharashtra-anti-terrorism-squad-malegaon-serial-bomb-blasts 7 accused in Malegaon case freed - Times Of India]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malegaon Blasts}}
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2006 mass murders]]
[[Category:2006 building bombings]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2006]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Malegaon]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:September 2006 in India]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorist incidents in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Right-wing terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:Mosque bombings in India]]
[[Category:Grave desecration]]
[[Category:2006 in Islam]]
[[Category:21st-century attacks on mosques]]

20th Indian Infantry Division

2026-03-24T03:50:43Z

Antoniomec: further updated citations based on references additionally and corrected details

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=20th Indian Infantry Division
|image=20th indian infantry div.svg
|caption=Formation sign of the 20th Indian Infantry Division.<ref name =C1>Cole p. 81</ref>
|dates= 1942–1945
|country={{flagcountry|British Raj}}
|allegiance={{flag|British Empire}}
|branch={{army|British India}}
|type = [[Infantry]]
|size=[[Division (military)|Division]]
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|equipment=

|current_commander=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=Major General [[Douglas Gracey]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_2=

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Burma Campaign]] [[War in Vietnam (1945-1946)]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
The '''20th Indian Infantry Division''' was an [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Indian Army during World War II|Indian Army in the Second World War]], formed in [[British Raj|India]], and took part in the [[Burma Campaign]] during the [[Second World War]]. After the war, the bulk of the division was deployed to [[French Indochina]] to oversee the handover from Japanese to French rule. For nearly all is operational life the division was commanded by Major-General [[Douglas Gracey]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781137448699#aboutBook|doi = 10.1057/9781137448712|title = Vietnam and the Unravelling of Empire|year = 2014|last1 = Smith|first1 = T. O.|isbn = 978-1-349-49656-3}}</ref>

==Formation==
The division was formed at [[Bangalore]] in April, 1942. It was commanded by Major-General [[Douglas Gracey]] and at first it consisted of the Indian [[32nd Indian Infantry Brigade|32nd]], [[51st Indian Infantry Brigade|51st]] and [[53rd Indian Infantry Brigade|53rd]] Brigades. In July that year, the 51st and 53rd Brigades were detached to form the [[Indian 25th Infantry Division]] and replaced by the Indian 80th Infantry Brigade and Indian 100th Infantry Brigade (the latter brigade being transferred from the 34th Division which had recently disbanded in [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]]). The division was intended from the start for operations in jungle and mountain and was on a Mixed Animal and Mechanical Transport establishment for maintenance in rough country.

The division's insignia was a hand wielding a [[Talwar|tulwar]], in white on black.<ref name =C1/> After training in Southern India and [[Ceylon]], the division joined [[XV Corps (British India)|Indian XV Corps]] at [[Ranchi]] in [[Bihar]] in December but from July 1943 it was transferred to [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] in [[Imphal]].

==Battle of Imphal==
{{Main|Battle of Imphal}}
At the start of the Battle, the 20th Indian Division was deployed forward to [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] in the [[Kabaw Valley]]. To avoid being cut off, it retreated to the Shenam Saddle in the hills surrounding the Imphal Plain. Because the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Indian Infantry Division]] was in difficulty in its sector, the 32nd Brigade was temporarily detached to it. With other detachments, the 20th Division was reduced to only five battalions, to defend the Saddle against the Japanese ''Yamamoto Force''.

During April and the first part of May, the division held the saddle against attacks by infantry, tanks and heavy artillery. It was then relieved in place and ordered to counter-attack, north-east from Imphal to [[Ukhrul]]. The [[monsoon]] had broken and movement was very difficult. After several Japanese counter-attacks, at the start of July the division was transferred to the [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|XXXIII Indian Corps]] and slowly eliminated large numbers of Japanese in and around the village, which had been made into a Japanese communication and logistic centre.

==Battle of Central Burma==
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE4081.jpg|thumb|right|305x305px|Men of the 20th Division search for Japanese in [[Pyay|Prome]], Burma (3 May 1945)]]
During the remainder of the monsoon, the division rested around [[Dimapur]]. As the monsoon ended, it moved into a bridgehead across the [[Chindwin River]] at [[Kalewa]]. It attacked southward on 4 December and cleared Japanese rearguards from [[Monywa]]. On 13 February 1945, the division made a crossing of the [[Irrawaddy River]] {{convert|20|mi|km}} west of [[Mandalay]]. The boats used were leaky and other items of equipment already worn out. The first precarious footholds were counter-attacked every night for a week but eventually linked up into a solid bridgehead. On 13 March, the 20th Division attacked southward, gaining immediate success against the understrength Japanese [[31st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|31st Division]]. A column formed from the divisional reconnaissance unit and an attached tank unit, known as ''Claudecol'', reached far into the Japanese rear, before turning north and mopping up the disorganised enemy.

==Southern Burma==
In early April, two brigades were converted to [[Motorised infantry|lorried infantry]] by acquiring the vehicles of the [[British 2nd Infantry Division]] which was being withdrawn to India. The division fought its way southward along the east bank of the Irrawaddy, until it met units of the XV Indian Corps, which had occupied [[Rangoon]] in [[Operation Dracula]]. During this period the 22nd (East Africa) Infantry Brigade was attached to the division, from 28 June to 11 August 1945.<ref name = Orbat>{{cite web |access-date=2009-10-22 |publisher=Order of Battle |title=20 Division units |url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6012&Tab=Sub |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120603185238/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6012&Tab=Sub |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2012 }}</ref>

==Indochina==
[[File:General Leclerc reviews Indian troops in Saigon 1945.jpg|thumb|right|305x305px|[[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque|General Leclerc]] reviews troops of the 20th Indian Division, Saigon, French Indochina, 22 December 1945.]]
In August 1945, the Japanese surrendered after two atomic weapons were dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]. The Allied [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) area of responsibility, was expanded to embrace several countries including French Indochina. While [[National Revolutionary Army|Chinese Nationalist]] troops occupied the northern part of the country, Gracey's division occupied the southern part in [[War in Vietnam (1945–46)|Operation Masterdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codenames.info/operation/masterdom/|title = Masterdom | Operations & Codenames of WWII}}</ref> The division was to release former Allied [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] and disarm and repatriate Japanese units. Later, the division was instructed to hand over to the returning French regime, before returning to India. There were several battles with [[Viet Minh]], who were intent on achieving independence. Major Richard Holbrook McGregor, on Gracey's Intelligence Section Staff, learned of an impending Viet Minh attack on [[Saigon]]. Gracey, never one to mince his words, criticised the French for their dismissive attitude towards his Indian and [[Gurkha]] units. The division was disbanded in India in 1946.

==Order of battle==
The 20th Indian Division was constituted as follows in 1944–45:<ref name = Orbat/><ref>Woodburn Kirby, Vol III, Appendix 19.</ref><ref>Woodbun Kirby, Vol IV, Appendix 18.</ref> Note the division's British battalions were removed in April 1945 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/944PIAA.pdf |title=British Forces, Indian Ocean Theater, September 1944- May 1945 |access-date=2019-06-06 |archive-date=2017-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131161534/http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/944PIAA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

:General Officer Commanding:Major-General [[Douglas Gracey]]
:'''Artillery'''
::[[Commander, Royal Artillery]]:Brigadier J. A. E. Hirst
::9th Field Regiment, [[Royal Artillery|RA]]
::[[2nd Cinque Ports Artillery Volunteers|114th (Sussex) Jungle Field Regiment, RA]]
::[[115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery|115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA]] (on transfer from 19th Indian Division on 14 June 1942, later rejoined 19th Indian Division) <ref>TNA WO 172/726</ref>
::[[23 Field Regiment (India)|23rd Mountain Regiment]], [[Indian Artillery|IA]]
::[[1st Devonshire Artillery Volunteers|55th Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment]], RA (later became 111th Anti-Tank Regiment, RA)

:'''Engineers'''
::92nd, 422nd, 481st Field Companies, [[Indian Engineers|IE]]
::309th Field Park Company, IE
::9th Bridging Section, IE

:'''Signals'''
::20th Indian Infantry Division Signal Regiment

:''''Divisional infantry'''
::4th Battalion, [[3rd Madras Regiment]] (Divisional HQ battalion 1944)
::4th Battalion, [[17th Dogra Regiment]] (HQ battalion 1945)
::4th Battalion, [[2nd Gurkha Rifles]] (Reconnaissance battalion from March 1945)
::Machine Gun Battalion, [[9th Jat Regiment]] (Divisional Machine gun unit)

:'[[32nd Indian Infantry Brigade]]' (Brigadier David Alexander Laurance Mackenzie; Brig E.C.J Woodford from 25 March 1945)
::1st Battalion, [[Northamptonshire Regiment]] (To [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th Division]] April 1945)
::9th Battalion, [[14th Punjab Regiment]]
::1st Battalion, [[1st Gurkha Rifles]] (From 36th Division April 1945)
::3rd Battalion, [[8th Gurkha Rifles]]

:'[[80th Indian Infantry Brigade]]' (Brigadier [[Stuart Greeves]]; Brig D.E. Taunton from 18 March 1945)
::1st Battalion, [[Devonshire Regiment]] (To 36th Division April 1945)
::9th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]](Major [[Mian Hayauddin]] [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]])
::1st Battalion, [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] (From 36th Division April 1945)
::3rd Battalion, [[1st Gurkha Rifles]]

:'[[100th Indian Infantry Brigade]]' (Brigadier William Arthur Lester James; Brig C.H.B. Rodham 1945)
::2nd Battalion, [[Border Regiment]] (To 36th Division April 1945)
::2nd Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]] (From 36th Division April 1945)
::14th Battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]
::4th Battalion, [[10th Gurkha Rifles]]

:''''Medical'''
::42nd, 55th, 59th Indian Field Ambulances

:''''Divisional Units''''
::604th Field Security Section

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Louis |last=Allen |title=Burma: the Longest War 1941–45 |location=London |publisher=Dent Publishing |year=1984 |isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Howard|title=Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire|date=1973|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Jon Latimer |first=Jon |last=Latimer |title=Burma: The Forgotten War |location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=2004 |isbn=0-7195-6576-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Slim |first=Field Marshal Viscount |author-link=William Slim |title=Defeat into Victory |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-29114-5 |year=1972 |orig-year=1956}}
* Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, ''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan'' Vol III, ''The Decisive Battles'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1961.
* Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, ''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan'' Vol IV, ''The Reconquest of Burma'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1955.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{oob unit | id = 6012 | name = 20 Indian Infantry Division }}

{{Indian Divisions in World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:20 Indian Infantry Division}}
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|D]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]

Mythri (2015 film)

2026-03-22T15:36:17Z

Antoniomec: Started a details

{{short description|2015 film by B. M. Giriraj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mythri
| image = Mythri 2015.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Giriraj
| producer = N. S. Rajkumar
| writer = Giriraj
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] Adithya Bharadwaj [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Ravi Kale]] [[Veda Sastry|Archana]] [[Atul Kulkarni]] Jagadish H. M.
| music = [[Ilaiyaraja]]
| cinematography = A. V. Krishna Kumar Kiran
| editing = K. M. Prakash Sagar Dass
| studio = Omkar Movies
| distributor = Kishore Films
| released = {{Film date|2015|02|20}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada 
Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Mythri''''' ({{Translation|Alliance}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[social film|social]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Giriraj and produced by [[N. S. Rajkumar]] under the banner of Omkar Movies.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Mohanlal-wraps-up-Puneeths-Mythri/articleshow/20985998.cms |title=Mohanlal wraps up Mythri |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref> It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in extended cameo roles, and features Adithya Bharadwaj, [[Veda Sastry|Archana]] and [[Atul Kulkarni]] in substantial roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-in-kannada-movie-with-puneet-rajkumar-news-kannada-netj1Hffdda.html |title=Mohanlal in Kannada movie with Puneet Rajkumar |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422011625/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohanlal-in-kannada-movie-with-puneet-rajkumar-news-kannada-netj1Hffdda.html |archive-date=22 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/When-Puneeth-Mohanlal-and-Atul-Kulkarni-shared-the-screen/articleshow/46285619.cms?|title = Puneeth, Mohanlalm Atul share the screen|last = Prathibha Joy|date = 19 February 2015|agency = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Ilaiyaraaja]] scored the music for the film and Krishna Kumar handled the cinematography. The film is a social drama, and also focuses on relationships in the time of liberalisation.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|author=Muralidhara Khajane|date=2013-05-30|title=Namaskaram to namaskara|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/namaskaram-to-namaskara/article4764584.ece|access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref> The film was declared a success at box-office.<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/business/films-fortunes-its-all-box-2168499</ref>

''Mythri'' was released worldwide on 20 February 2015 and garnered widespread critical acclaim.<ref name=review>{{cite news|title='Mythri' Movie Viewers and Critics Review: Live Update|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mythri-movie-viewers-critics-review-live-update-624027|agency=[[International Business Times]]|author=Shekhar H. Hooli|date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Mythri' Movie Review and Critics Review, Box Office Collection|url=http://www.futurecreater.in/2015/02/mythri-movie-review-and-critics-review.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220202312/http://www.futurecreater.in/2015/02/mythri-movie-review-and-critics-review.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> The film was praised for its strong and realistic plot, cast performance, cinematography and social message. Some critics called it one of the best films made in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/puneeth-rajkumar-s-mythri-audience-review-174523.html|title = Puneeth Rajkumar's 'Mythri' Audience Review|date = 20 February 2015|publisher = Filmibeat.com}}</ref> The partially reshot Malayalam version titled '''''My Hero Mythri''''' was released on 12 June 2015 in [[Kerala]]. It had Kalabhavan Mani reprising the role played by [[Ravi Kale]] in the original, and also had [[Anu Joseph]] and [[Sajitha Betti]] in the additional scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/17367/malayalam/my-hero-mythri/5112/review/|title=My Hero Mythri Review | My Hero Mythri Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen}}</ref> The film won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film]].

==Plot==
Siddarama is a 10 year-old intelligent slum dweller, who lives with his mother, working in an [[agarbatti]] factory to make ends meet. One of Siddarama's pranks leads him into [[Prison cell|lock-up]], and his mother requests help from Gooli Prathap/Kaala Pratapan, a pimp who runs a [[human trafficking]] business and also has political ambitions. Once Siddarama is released, Pratap sets his eyes on Siddarama's mother. Siddarama is also a huge fan of [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and bunks classes in order to see Puneeth's [[film shooting]].

During the shooting, he also gets a chance to interact with Puneeth and share his [[Scrapbooking|scrapbook]]. Later, Siddarama is in [[juvenile prison]], whose warden is very strict, where he develops good relations with his fellow inmate Johnson; it is Johnson who sees Siddarama's potential to achieve big in life. Siddarama is encouraged by Johnson and gets selected to ''Karunada Kotyadipathi'', hosted by Puneeth and being a step away from winning {{INRConvert|1|c}}.

After the show, Puneeth meets [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] scientist Mahadev Ghodke, who requests him not to take the show further as Siddarama is the one who murdered his son. Shocked, Puneeth tells that it is not in his hands to do so. Mahadev expresses his unhappiness and walks away. Mahadev devises a plan to kill Gooli Prathap/Kaala Pratapan by devising a [[bomb]] and also reaches Pratap's cabinet office with the bomb. At the same time, Puneeth asks Siddarama the final question, which he is unable to answer.

Siddarama uses the Phone-a-friend option and calls Mahadev to help him with the answer. Without any prejudice, Mahadev gives the right answer, where Puneeth reveals about Siddarama's involvement in the murder of Mahadev's son. Distraught, Siddharama reveals that he didn't kill the boy and that Gooli Prathap/Kaala Pratapan's henchmen had killed the boy where he is forced by Gooli Prathap/Kaala Pratapan and his henchmen to take the blame. After learning this, Mahadev leaves the office, and the bomb detonates killing Gooli Prathap/Kaala Pratapan and his henchman, who were checking the contents of the suitcase. Mahadev then adopts Siddarama as his own son.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Mahadev Godke, a DRDO Scientist (Special appearance)
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Himself (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Raviprakash
* Master Adithya Bharadwaj as Siddharama
* Jagadish H. M. as Johnson
* [[Veda Sastry|Archana]] as Mahadev's wife
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Gooli Prathap
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Kaala Pratapan (Malayalam version)
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Vignesh
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Sathya
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Herself (Special appearance)
}}

==Production==
In April 2013, actor [[Mohanlal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal is the Universal Star |date=26 October 2009|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/mohanlal-universal-star-261009.html|publisher=One India|access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> announced that his next project would be a Kannada film along with [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] by tweeting about it.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web|url = http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/gossip/Mohanlal-and-Puneeth-team-up/2013/04/20/article1553494.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006195755/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/gossip/Mohanlal-and-Puneeth-team-up/2013/04/20/article1553494.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 6 October 2014|title = Mohanlal and Puneeth team up|publisher = The New Indian Express|date = 2013-04-20|access-date = 2013-07-09}}</ref> Producer [[N.S. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] said that it will not be a full-fledged Puneeth film and Puneeth allotted a 20-day call sheet for the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-to-share-screenspace-with-Puneeth-Rajkumar/articleshow/19613969.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519041933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-and-interviews/38647913_1_puneeth-rajkumar-kannada-film-mollywood-superstar-mohanlal |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-05-19 |title=Mohanlal to share screenspace with Puneeth Rajkumar |date=2013-04-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref> "Rajesh Nair, a close friend of Mohanlal helped us to get the actor into Sandalwood again. We will start shoot by next month, once Puneeth is back from his US trip", added the producer. The film was titled Mythri in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Puneeth-and-Mohan-Lals-film-called-Mythri/articleshow/20944437.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714002939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/news-interviews/40407126_1_puneeth-rajkumar-malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-actor-puneeth |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Puneeth and Mohan Lal's film called Mythri |access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref> The makers had zeroed in on Hindi film actress [[Radhika Apte]], however, the actress had prior commitments because of which she couldn't act in the film.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url = http://www.sify.com/movies/archana-to-romance-mohan-lal-news-kannada-nfylL3ciidb.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130611213137/http://www.sify.com/movies/archana-to-romance-mohan-lal-news-kannada-nfylL3ciidb.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2013-06-11|title = Archana to romance Mohan Lal!|website = [[Sify]]|date = 2013-05-24|access-date = 2013-07-09}}</ref> [[Veda Sastry|Archana]] was selected to play the female lead role opposite Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite web|author=A Sharadhaa |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Archana-back-in-Sandalwood-after-a-long-hiatus/2013/05/02/article1570671.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514130827/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Archana-back-in-Sandalwood-after-a-long-hiatus/2013/05/02/article1570671.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2013 |title=Archana back in Sandalwood after a long hiatus |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2013-05-02 |access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref> Director Giriaj said that he was planning to rope in either [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] or Parvati Menon to play the other heroine role in the film.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Bhavana-or-Parvathi-for-Puneeths-Mythri/articleshow/20968752.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130712090357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/news-interviews/40442627_1_puneeth-rajkumar-mythri-director-giriraj|url-status = live|archive-date = 2013-07-12|work = [[The Times of India]]|title = Bhavana or Parvathi for Puneeth's Mythri|access-date = 2013-07-09}}</ref> A few days later, Bhavana confirmed that she will be doing a special appearance in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhavana takes time off for 'Mythri'|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bhavana-takes-time-off-for-Mythri/2013/07/10/article1675803.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711075256/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bhavana-takes-time-off-for-Mythri/2013/07/10/article1675803.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2013|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref>

The first shot of the film was taken in May in a scene with actor [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] filmed by Raghavendra Rajakumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Mohanlal-and-Puneeth-Rajkumars-film-startsshoot/articleshow/19895624.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710024727/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-05/news-interviews/39042134_1_puneeth-rajkumar-malayalam-superstar-mahurat-shot |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-10 |title=Mohanlal and Puneeth Rajkumar's film starts shoot |date=2013-05-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-09}}</ref> In July Mohanlal had completed his portion with Archana<ref name="indiatimes2" /> and Giriraj stated that 50 per cent of the shooting had been completed.<ref name="indiatimes1" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mythri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilayaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|1|16}}
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:32
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Ilayaraaja]]
| prev_title = [[Shamitabh]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Rudramadevi (film)|Rudramadevi]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|MJ_UrUATS1s|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}

Veteran music director [[Ilaiyaraaja]] has composed 5 songs for the film. The audio rights are sold to Anand Audio label. ''Mythri'' audio CD was released on 16 Jan 2015, Friday evening at Citadel Hotel in [[Bengaluru]]. Music Ilayaraja was present with actor Puneeth Rajakumar, directors Soori, Shashank, Nagshekhar, Giriraj, producer Vajreshwari Kumar and others on the dais. At the absence of [[Mohanlal]] he wished the team with a recorded video message shown at the function.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal Desire Fulfilled|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mohanlal-desire-fulfilled-kannada-news-123419|work=indiaglitz.com|date=19 January 2015}}</ref> Puneeth Rajkumar's daughters Drithi and Vanditha on Friday evening released the songs of the film which has been released by Anand Audio.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Puneeth-Rajkumar-at-the-audio-launch-of-Mythri-in-Bengaluru/articleshow/46019448.cms|title = Puneeth Rajkumar at the audio launch of Mythri in Bengaluru|last = TNN|date = 26 January 2015|work = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hudugatave Hudukatavo
| extra1 = Monisha, Chorus
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Idu Yaava Lokavo
| extra2 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Bhavatharini]]
| lyrics2 = H. S. Venkateshamurthy
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Geluvu Onde Lekka
| extra3 = Anitha, Monisha, Nancy
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Aakasha Meluntu
| extra4 = Shravan, Monisha
| lyrics4 = Sharanya Gaonkar
| length4 = 5:01
| title5 = Chandranenu Chanda
| extra5 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics5 = Giriraj
| length5 = 5:32
| title6 = Vishalavada Hrudaya
| extra6 = Ilaiyaraaja
| length6 =
| lyrics6 = Ilaiyaraaja
}}

==Reception==

===Critical reception===

Mythri received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics.<ref name="review" /> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated 4.5 out of 5 stars and called it "Brilliant" and "The best sandalwood movie in the recent times" praising the screenplay, acting and direction "Mythri has none of the so-called ‘must-haves’ – like heroism, fights, lavish sets, glamour, masala and more importantly item songs for a box office.", "Giriraj has penned the script with utmost care while balancing the storyline while depicting it through sheer artistic excellence".<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150221/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-mythri-power-lal-experience|title = Movie review 'Mythri': A power-lal experience|last = Shashiprasad S. M|date = 21 February 2015|publisher = [[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called it as "A feel good movie of our times" and said "This realistic film is important because of its combination of a social message with universal appeal" and stated "Mythri is one of the most sensible and a feel-good Kannada films in recent times. Giriraj's film's strengths lie in its narrative force combined with elements of joy, suspense and reality along with the overall vision of the director and the energy of the actors. The film boasts a good starcast with great music by Ilayaraaja" and praised its camera work, editing and cast performances including the kids. "The real star of the film is the content that creates a contrast between the rich and the poor. With the summer holidays just weeks away, Mythri can be one of the best holiday films for the entire family".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/The-Feel-good-Film-of-our-Times/2015/02/21/article2679712.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221234845/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/The-Feel-good-Film-of-our-Times/2015/02/21/article2679712.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 21 February 2015|title = The Feel-good Film of our Times|last = A. Sharadhaa|date = 21 February 2015|agency = [[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

''The Times of AP'' rated 4.5 out of 5 stars and elaborated "Mythri is a strong script about the life a junevile. Focusing on the dreadful social problems, Giriraj has wrote a wonderful story." "It is for the first time Puneeth Rajkumar is seen as an actor in a movie. Mohanlal is at his best in his character, Mohanlal and Veda Sastry's pairing up as a couple is feast for the viewers." "Mythri is a full package. It has good cinematography and very well written screenplay. The movie gets a ‘thumbs up' for its technical aspects. Mythri has been successful to show the cruel reality of the society. Overall, Mythri is a best movie which ends with a special and a strong message to society". Also praised the music from Ilayaraaja.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofap.com/cinema/news/mythri-kannada-movie-review.html|title = Mythri Kannada Movie Review|date = 20 February 2015|agency = Times of ap}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated 4.5 out of 5 stars and said "Mythri is one of the most sensible films Sandalwood has churned out in recent years". And called it "A bond that lasts forever". "There is no masala elements, and yet Mythri is not an art film that was made for awards. It is silver screen magic in its truest sense that does not treat audience as dumb people who seem to be in need for superlative stimulants". "Giriraj chooses his subjects and characters well. Unlike regular commercial film-makers, he shows reality in human form. Giriraj deserves all the applause for his conviction and narrative style. This one is a total delight".<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Mythri/articleshow/46315285.cms|title = Movie Review: Mythri|last = Shyam Prasad S.|date = 20 February 2015|agency = [[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

''[[The Hans India]]'' called it "A very realistic take on life showcasing present day challenges. Watch it for Puneeth and Mohanlal's stellar performances. Dialogues are a big plus.". And praised its music, social message for parents and youngsters and the plot.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-02-20/Mythri-Review-Rating-132647|title = Mythri Review, Rating|last = Gossip Girl|date = 20 February 2015|agency = [[The Hans India]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 4.5 out of 5 stars and said "Mythri is worth watching. After Jatta, director B M Giriraj and producer Rajkumar are back with another masterpiece. Highlighting the life of children of a lesser god, Giriraj has packed the movie with sentiments and action sprinkled with humour to make it appealing to all types of audience". Also praised the music from Ilayaraaja, cast performances and A. V Krishnakumar's camera work.<ref>{{cite news|title=Movie Reviews|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Mythri/movie-review/46326221.cms|agency=[[The Times of India]]|author=G. S. Kumar|date=21 February 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "It is undoubtedly one of the most sensible films made in Kannada cinema in recent years. 'Mythri' can be described as an attempt to silence those who argue that Kannada film is like stagnant water and that there are no experimental scripts. Still it's not an art film, 'Mythri' is a model of a perfect blend of art and commercial elements."<ref>{{cite news|title=Giriraj steals the show in 'Mythri'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/giriraj-steals-the-show-in-mythri/article6920928.ece|agency=[[The Hindu]]|author=Muralidhara Khajane|date=22 February 2015}}</ref>

''NamCinema.com'' rated 4.5 out of 5 stars and concluded that "On the whole there are certain movies which give feel good factor when watched and Mythri surely is one such movie. Such movies should be made in future so that the positive intent of such movies should creep into people even if it means one or two would watch"<ref>{{cite news|title="Mythri" rides high on feel good factor|url=http://namcinema.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-mythri-rides-high-on-feel-good-factor/|agency=[[Nam Cinema]]|author=Prasanna Kumar|date=23 February 2015}}</ref> ''Cochin Talkies'' rated the movie 4.14 out of 5 and wrote: "Mythri is really a thought provoking film and a class act which you can't miss. We spend lots of money to see other language films which are just masala entertainers and nothing much, specially from Kannada or Telugu. But Mythri is a change for you, a real change and we mean it. Go for it and don't miss it."<ref>Cochin Talkies (12 June 2015).[https://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie/mythri-movie-reviews.html Mythri Movie Review]. ''Cochintalkies.com''. Retrieved 2015-06-12.{{Rating|4|5|score=4.14/5 stars}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was released in 250 theatres across [[Karnataka]]. The opening day collection was {{INR Convert|1.75|c}} in the state. The film registered an average 70% occupancy in multiplexes and 80{{mdash}}90% occupancy in single screens in the Friday morning shows.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.ibtimes.co.in/puneeth-rajkumars-mythri-benkipatna-first-day-collection-box-office-624154|title = Puneeth Rajkumar's 'Mythri', 'Benkipatna' First Day Collection at Box Office|last = Shekhar H. Hooli|date = 21 February 2015|access-date = 21 February 2015|agency = [[International Business Times]]}}</ref> According to ''[[International Business Times]]'', the film received good collections in the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|title=Will Superstar Nagarjuna Agree to Feature in Telugu Remake of Puneet Rajkumar-Mohanlal's 'Mythri'?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/will-superstar-nagarjuna-agree-feature-telugu-remake-puneet-rajkumar-mohanlals-mythri-624502|access-date=12 September 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 February 2015}}</ref> The rush of female audience in the first week was a big surprise in [[Karnataka]], usually they are seen from the third week.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/mythri-going-good-kannada-news-126546|title = 'Mythri' going Good|date = 27 February 2015|work = Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> The film completed 150 days run in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharadhaa|first=A|title='Mythri' To Be Released as 'My Hero Mythri'|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Mythri-To-Be-Released-as-My-Hero-Mythri/2015/04/16/article2765933.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130175609/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Mythri-To-Be-Released-as-My-Hero-Mythri/2015/04/16/article2765933.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2015|access-date=12 September 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 April 2015}}</ref>

===Awards===
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film]] ([[2015 Karnataka State Film Awards|2015]]) — N. S. Rajkumar<ref>{{cite news|author=Prakash Upadhyaya|title='Thithi,' Puneeth Rajkumar, Mohanlal's 'Mythri' win Karnataka State Awards|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/thithi-puneeth-rajkumar-mohanlals-mythri-win-karnataka-state-awards-679169|access-date=19 May 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=19 May 2016|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4471488}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mythri}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2015 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. M. Giriraj]]

Natarajan Chandrasekaran

2026-03-22T09:27:21Z

Antoniomec: slightly adjusted references for consistency additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{short description|Indian business executive (born 1963)}}
{{Tamil name|Natarajan|Chandrasekaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = [[Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|KBE]]
| image = Natarajan Chandrasekaran - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg
| caption = Chandrasekaran, c. 2011
| title = Chairman, Tata Group Chairman, Tata Sons
| predecessor = [[Ratan Tata]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|06|02}}
| birth_place = [[Mohanur]], [[Madras State]] {{small|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]])}}, India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Coimbatore Institute of Technology]]|[[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]}}
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = Lalitha Chandrasekaran
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)|[[Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (2026)}}
}}

'''Natarajan Chandrasekaran''' (born 2 June 1963) is an Indian business executive. He is the [[chairman]] of [[Tata Sons]] and [[Tata Group]].<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/n-chandrasekaran-takes-over-as-tcs-ceo/75217/on |title=N Chandrasekaran takes over as TCS CEO |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/N-Chandrasekaran-takes-over-as-CEO-of-TCS/articleshow/5095780.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=N Chandrasekaran takes over as CEO of TCS | date=7 October 2009}}</ref> He was [[chief operating officer]] (COO) and executive director of [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS), where in 2009, he became [[chief executive officer]] (CEO).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/tata-sons-chairman-n-chandrasekaran-may-follow-leadership-style-of-jrd-tata/articleshow/56528792.cms|title=Tata Sons chairman N Chandrasekaran may follow leadership style of JRD Tata|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 January 2017 |last1=Vijayraghavan |first1=Kala |last2=Philip |first2=Lijee }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/post-mistry-feud-tatas-putting-their-house-in-order/articleshow/57213651.cms|title=Post Mistry feud, Tatas putting their house in order as N Chandrasekaran gets cracking as new chief|first1=Megha|last1=Mandavia|first2=Baiju|last2=Kalesh|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=18 February 2017}}</ref> He was also the chairman of [[Tata Motors]] and [[Tata Global Beverages]] (TGB). He became the first non-[[Parsi]] and professional executive to head the [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/marathon-man-tatas-pick-first-non-parsi-and-professional-exececutive-as-group-chairman/articleshow/56508989.cms | title=Marathon man: Tatas pick first non-Parsi and professional executive as group chairman | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Reeba Zachariah | date=13 January 2013 | access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref> He has assumed the chair of B20 India and will lead the business agenda during India's [[G20]] presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livemint- N Chandrasekaran will assume the chair of B20 India. |date=7 December 2022 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/n-chandrasekaran-appointed-chair-of-b20-india-11670415320381.html}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Chandrasekaran studied in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Medium Government school in [[Mohanur]]. He later received a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Applied Sciences]] from the [[Coimbatore Institute of Technology]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wasnt-academically-brilliant-but-would-put-mind-and-heart-into-duty-says-natarajan-chandrasekaran-elder-brother/articleshow/56508690.cms | title='Wasn't academically brilliant, but would put mind and heart into duty', says Natarajan Chandrasekaran elder brother | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Rajesh Chandramouli | date=13 January 2017 | access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> He earned his [[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA) from the [[Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli]] (now [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]), in Tamil Nadu, India, in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sundowner with N Chandrasekaran |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2787024,prtpage-1.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 February 2008 |access-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref> Joining TCS in 1987, Chandrasekaran took over as CEO on 6 October 2009, prior to which he was COO and executive director of TCS.<ref name="business-standard1"/> Chandrasekaran is a senior member of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), and an active member of [[Computer Society of India]] and [[British Computer Society]]. He was nominated as the chairman of Indian IT industry body [[NASSCOM]] in April 2015.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

== Career ==
=== 2018-2019 NCLAT verdicts ===
The Tata Sons board voted to remove [[Cyrus Mistry]] from the Chairmanship of Tata Sons on 24 October 2016.<ref name="outvote">{{cite news |url=http://tata.com/article/inside/tata-sons-chairman-selection-committee |title=Tata Sons Board replaces Mr. Cyrus P. Mistry as Chairman, Selection Committee set up for new Chairman |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024215035/http://tata.com/article/inside/tata-sons-chairman-selection-committee |archive-date=24 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eco-times-rejig>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/big-rejig-ratan-tata-to-replace-cyrus-mistry-as-tata-sons-chairman/articleshow/55031245.cms |title=Ratan Tata to replace Cyrus Mistry as Tata Sons chairman – The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>

In July 2018, the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT), issued a verdict in favour of Tata Sons on charges of mismanagement levelled by Mistry in 2016, two months following his ousting as chairman through a [[vote of non-confidence]].<ref name=eco-times-welcome>{{cite news |title=Ratan Tata welcomes NCLT verdict |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/64920213.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=9 July 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> On 10 July 2018, Mistry stated that he would appeal the decision.<ref name=econ-times-mistry-appeal>{{cite news |title=Tata welcomes NCLT verdict but Cyrus Mistry says he will challenge ruling |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tata-welcomes-nclt-verdict-but-cyrus-mistry-says-he-will-challenge-ruling/articleshow/64916673.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=9 July 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

In December 2019, the NCLAT reinstated Mistry as the Chairperson of Tata Sons for his remaining term, and declared that the appointment of Chandrasekaran as executive chairman was illegal.<ref name=bs-rest-mistry>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-vs-mistry-nclat-restores-cyrus-mistry-as-tata-sons-executive-chairman-119121800705_1.html |title=Tata vs Mistry: NCLAT restores Cyrus Mistry as chairman of Tata Sons |last=Chitravanshi|first=Dev Chatterjee & Ruchika |date=18 December 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>

=== 2020 Supreme Court ===
In January 2020, Tata Sons appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] against NCLAT's decision.<ref name=econ-nclat-appeal>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/tata-sons-moves-sc-against-nclat-order-on-cyrus-mistry/articleshow/73066279.cms |title=Tata Sons moves SC challenging NCLAT decision restoring Cyrus Mistry as executive chairman |date=3 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=6 January 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mistry stated that he would not return to the Chairmanship of the conglomerate, but was interested in reserving his seat in the company's board.<ref name=live-mistry-not-interested>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cyrus-mistry-says-not-interested-in-getting-back-into-tata-group-in-any-capacity-11578225738160.html |title=Cyrus Mistry shuns top posts at Tata companies, seeks board seat|last=Upadhyay|first=Jayshree P. |date=5 January 2020 |website=Livemint |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> A three-judge bench comprising Chief Justice [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]] and Justices B. R. Gavai and Surya Kant stayed NCLAT's order while hearing Tata Sons' appeal on 10 January 2020.

The bench stated, "We find there are [[non liquet|lacunae]] in the judicial orders passed by the NCLAT."<ref name=times-mistry-restore-not>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sc-stays-nclat-order-reinstating-cyrus-mistry-as-executive-chairman-of-tata-sons/articleshow/73184137.cms |title=Supreme Court stays NCLAT order restoring Cyrus Mistry as executive chairman of Tata Group |website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chandrasekaran was born into a Tamil family in [[Mohanur]] near [[Namakkal]] in Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandramouli |first1=Rajesh |date=13 January 2017 |title='Wasn't academically brilliant, but would put mind and heart into duty', says Natarajan Chandrasekaran elder brother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wasnt-academically-brilliant-but-would-put-mind-and-heart-into-duty-says-natarajan-chandrasekaran-elder-brother/articleshow/56508690.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Koshi |first=Luke |date=12 January 2017 |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-n-chandrasekaran-man-namakkal-appointed-chairman-tata-sons-55642 |title=Meet N Chandrasekaran, the man from Namakkal appointed as Chairman of Tata Sons |work=The News Minute |access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> He resides in [[Mumbai]], with his wife Lalitha. As a marathon runner, he completed his fastest marathon or personal record at TCS New York City Marathon (2014) with a finishing time of 5 hr 00 min 52 sec. He also done [[Char Dham|char dham yatra]] multiple times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.athlinks.com/search?term=Natarajan+Chandrasekaran|title=Search at Athlinks.com at Athlinks.com|website=www.athlinks.com|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://web2.nyrrc.org/cgi-bin/htmlos.cgi/00546.3.037634702723959252|title=Home|newspaper=NYRR|access-date=13 January 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Chandrasekaran has received several awards and recognition in the business community, including [[honorary doctorates]] from [[Nyenrode Business University|Nyenrode Business Universiteit]] (2013), [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] (2014),{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] (2017),<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2017 |title=Doctor of Letters conferred on Tata Sons Chairman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/doctor-of-letters-conferred-on-tata-sons-chairman/article19485017.ece |access-date=11 January 2018 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (2021),{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} as well as other honorary degrees from [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] (2010), [[KIIT University]] (2012), [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|Gitam University]] (2013).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* He has also been named one of the best CEOs of the year by the Institutional Investor's Annual All-Asia Executive Team rankings (2010–2015)<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=2015 All-Asia Executive Team Pays Tribute to Trailblazers |url=http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/3467749/research-and-rankings/2015-all-asia-executive-team-pays-tribute-to-trailblazers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815141939/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/3467749/research-and-rankings/2015-all-asia-executive-team-pays-tribute-to-trailblazers.html |archive-date=15 August 2016 |access-date=3 August 2016 |website=www.institutionalinvestor.com}}</ref> and [[Business Today (India)|''Business Today'']] (2013–2015).<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2014 |title=India's Best CEOs 2014 |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/photos/in-the-news/business-today-pwc-best-indian-ceos-2014-top-20-list/587.html |access-date=3 August 2016 |website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>
* In 2014, he was named [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year]] in the business category<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2015 |title=List of winners of Indian of the Year 2014 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/ioty-2014-7-974374.html |access-date=3 August 2016 |website=News18.com}}</ref> and voted as one of CNBC TV 18 - ‘Indian Business Icons'.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* In 2015, he earned the [[Ofloxacin|Qimpro]] Platinum Standard Award 2015 (Business).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* In 2017, ''[[India Today]]'' named him on their list of "India's 50 Most Powerful People".<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2017 |title=India's 50 powerful people |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* In 2016, Chandrasekaran was named board director for the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2016 |title=TCS chief N Chandrasekaran appointed to board of Reserve Bank |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tcs-chief-natarajan-chandrasekaran-board-of-reserve-bank/story/229914.html |access-date=3 August 2016 |website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>
* He has also served as a chairperson on various boards, including for [[NASSCOM]] (2012–2013) and IT Industry Governors’ at the [[World Economic Forum|WEF]], [[Davos]] (2015–2016).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* In March 2022, the Government of India honoured him with [[Padma Bhushan]] for excellence in Trade and Industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gen. Rawat, Ghulam Nabi Azad, N. Chandrasekharan conferred Padma awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gen-rawat-ghulam-nabi-azad-n-chandrasekharan-conferred-padma-awards/article65246882.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* On 16 May 2023, he was awarded as [[Knight of the Legion of Honour]] by the [[President of France]] [[Emmanuel Macron]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=e_lenain |number=1658483477678002190 |title="Dear Natarajan Chandrasekaran, you are a tru friend of France."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/you-are-a-friend-of-france-tata-sons-n-chandrasekaran-conferred-with-frances-highest-order-of-merit-381594-2023-05-17 | title='You are a friend of France': Tata Sons' N Chandrasekaran conferred with France's highest order of merit | date=17 May 2023 }}</ref>
* He has also received the [[:nl:Frans Banninck Cocqpenning|Frans Banninck Cocq Medal]] from the Dutch city [[Amsterdam]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<ref>[https://www.tatasteel.com/corporate/our-organisation/leadership/non-executive-chairman/ Mr Natarajan Chandrasekaran] - website of [[Tata Steel]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tata Sons]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]
* [[Jamshed Jiji Irani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tata.com/chairman#//management-team/n-chandrasekaran Tata.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121053803/https://www.tata.com/chairman#//management-team/n-chandrasekaran |date=21 January 2021 }}
* [https://www.weforum.org/people/natarajan-chandrasekaran/ World Economic Forum]
* [http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/viva-la-e-volution/ Viva la e-volution - A blog by N.Chandrasekaran]
* [http://www.magzter.com/IN/Business-Media-Pvt-Ltd/Fortune-India/Business/154714 Fortune India]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/business/natarajan-chandrasekaran-of-tata-consultancy-services-making-a-habit-of-accountability.html New York Times]
* [http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-five-digital-forces-that-are-changing-the-tech-industry/ Knowledge at Wharton]

{{S-start}}
{{S-bus}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ratan Tata]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chairman of [[Tata Group]]|years=2017–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chairmen of Tata Group}}
{{Tata Group}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekaran, Natarajan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tata Consultancy Services people]]
[[Category:Tata Motors people]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]

Prince Narula

2026-03-21T15:21:00Z

Antoniomec: expand lead also

{{short description|Indian actor and model (born 1990)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prince Narula
| image = Roadies Prince Narula (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Narula in 2019
| birth_name = Braveen Narula
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Model (person)|Model]]|actor|television personality|singer}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Yuvika Chaudhary]]|2018}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Prince Narula''' (born '''Braveen Narula'''; 24 November 1990) is an Indian model, actor and a singer. Predominantly known for his performance in reality shows, he has also acted in fiction serials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Narula, Yuvika Chaudhary's wedding was a gorgeous affair. See inside pics, videos |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/prince-narula-yuvika-chaudhary-s-wedding-was-a-gorgeous-affair-see-inside-pics-videos/story-26YMdQQOUfRCNQgqOqV9KK.html |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
Narula has won the [[reality TV]] shows ''[[MTV Roadies (season 12)|MTV Roadies 12]]'' (2015), ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 8|MTV Splitsvilla 8]]'' (2015), ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]'' (2015–2016) and ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss winners 'Lost and Found' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-winners-lost-and-found |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |date=27 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Narula in Bigg Boss 9 Double Trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49332976.cms?picid=50700005 |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inside Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary's wedding |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/prince-narula-yuvika-chaudhary-wedding-photos-videos-5400364/ |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He also appeared as the wrestler Lakhan "Lucky" Singh Ahlawat in ''[[Badho Bahu]]'' (2016–2018) and as Shahnawaz "Shaan" Ali in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/prince-narula-to-make-fiction-tv-debut-as-wrestler-with-badho-bahu-2955929/|title=Prince Narula to make fiction TV debut as robber with Badho Bahu|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 August 2016|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File: Prince Narula & Yuvika Choudhary at Gold Awards 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Narula with wife [[Yuvika Chaudhary]]]]
Prince Narula was born as Braveen Narula on 24 November 1990.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 9: Prince Narula is not really 'Prince' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-9-prince-narula-real-name-revealed-braveer-roadies-splitsvilla-imam-siddique-303571-2016-01-13 |access-date=14 November 2023 |work=India Today |date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhowal |first1=Tiasa |title=Yuvika Chaudhary's Heartfelt Message For Husband Prince Narula On His 28th Birthday |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yuvika-chaudharys-heartfelt-message-for-husband-prince-narula-on-his-28th-birthday-1952735 |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PICS: Wife Yuvika Chaudhary surprises husband Prince Narula on his first birthday post marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pics-wife-yuvika-chaudhary-surprises-husband-prince-narula-on-his-first-birthday-post-marriage/photostory/66784830.cms |work=[[the Times of India]] |access-date=6 March 2019 |date=30 November 2018}}</ref> He hails from [[Chandigarh]], [[India]].<ref name="ABP">{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/tv/2015/10/12/article738112.ece/Bigg-Boss-9-All-you-need-to-know-about-Prince-Narula|title=Bigg Boss 9: All you need to know about Prince Narula|work=ABP News|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014192544/http://www.abplive.in/tv/2015/10/12/article738112.ece/Bigg-Boss-9-All-you-need-to-know-about-Prince-Narula|archive-date=14 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He met [[Yuvika Chaudhary]] when he participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''. They got married on 12 October 2018 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary get married in a grand ceremony, see pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-get-married-in-a-grand-ceremony-see-pics-1367121-2018-10-13 |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=13 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The couple welcomed their first child, a girl, on 19 October 2024 via IVF.<ref>{{cite news |title=From struggling with wrong doctors to four failed egg-freezing attempts; Yuvika Chaudhary shares why she chose IVF to conceive their first baby |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-struggling-with-wrong-doctors-to-four-failed-egg-freezing-attempts-yuvika-chaudhary-shares-why-she-chose-ivf-to-conceive-their-first-baby/photostory/113295546.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary Blessed with Baby Girl |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-blessed-with-baby-girl-enn24102002918 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=20 October 2024 |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Narula started off in 2014 by participating in [[PTC Punjabi]]'s ''Mr. Punjab'' where he finished as the second runner up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/57941-harmanveer-singh-declared-first-ptc-mr-punjab|title=Harmanveer Singh declared first PTC Mr. Punjab|publisher=Yes Punjab|date=12 December 2014|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609185541/http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/57941-harmanveer-singh-declared-first-ptc-mr-punjab|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, he participated in [[MTV India]]'s ''[[MTV Roadies (season 12)|Roadies X2]]'' where he emerged as the winner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Prince-Narula-wins-MTV-Roadies-X2/articleshow/47851184.cms|title=Prince Narula wins 'MTV Roadies X2'|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630171045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Prince-Narula-wins-MTV-Roadies-X2/articleshow/47851184.cms|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Next, he participated in ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 8|Splitsvilla 8]]'' where he was declared the winner. In October 2015, Narula participated in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]'' and emerged as the winner again, thus marking a [[hat-trick]] of back-to-back wins.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-prince-narula-becomes-the-ultimate-winner-of-bigg-boss-9-2169517|title=Prince Narula becomes the ultimate winner of Bigg Boss 9!|work=DNA India|access-date=23 January 2016|date=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-9-finale-prince-narula-is-the-winner/story-Gqos63hFSmyyFhcNKNDgQL.html | title=Bigg Boss 9: Reality TV star Prince wins, to work on fiction shows now|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 January 2016| date=23 January 2016}}</ref>

From 2016 to 2018, he portrayed Lakhan Singh Ahlawat in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Badho Bahu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/prince-narula-to-make-fiction-tv-debut-as-wrestler-with-badho-bahu-2955929/|title=Prince Narula to make fiction TV debut as wrestler with Badho Bahu|date=5 August 2016|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> Since 2016, Narula has also been a Gang Leader in ''[[MTV Roadies]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roadies-real-heroes-preview-prince-narula-neha-dhupia-rannvijay-singha-5699146/|title=Roadies Real Heroes preview: Prince Narula is contestants' favourite|date=28 April 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>

In 2018, he played Aryan in ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' opposite [[Yuvika Chaudhary]].<ref name="screen1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/real-life-couple-prince-and-yuvika-to-romance-on-screen/articleshow/65451544.cms|title=Real-life couple Prince and Yuvika to romance on screen|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> Next, he portrayed Shahnawaz in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Naagin 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/after-laal-ishq-prince-narula-all-set-to-join-anita-hassanandani-and-surbhi-jyoti-s-naagin-3-1316895-2018-08-17|title=After Laal Ishq, Prince Narula all set to join Anita Hassanandani and Surbhi Jyoti's Naagin 3|website=India Today|date=17 August 2018 |language=en|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, Narula made his digital debut with [[ZEE5]]'s ''[[Bombers (web series)|Bombers]]'' as Bali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ranvir-shorey-bombers-zee5-5794243/|title=Ranvir Shorey: Bombers is a story of redemption|date=22 June 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> Next, he participated in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 9]]'' with [[Yuvika Chaudhary]], finishing as the winner thus winning four consecutive reality shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/nach-baliye-9-prince-narula-yuvika-chaudhary-emerge-winners-he-jokes-i-don-t-think-any-show-will-approach-me-now/story-FSlI2pFdCN3Fl1VqCfxN6M.html|title=Nach Baliye 9: Prince Narula, Yuvika Chaudhary emerge winners, he jokes 'I don't think any show will approach me now'|website=hindustantimes.com|date=4 November 2019|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 12)|MTV Roadies 12]]''
| rowspan="4" | Contestant
| rowspan="3" |Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-ayushmaan-khurrana-to-prince-narula-roadies-contestants-who-gained-instant-fame-after-the-show/photostory/69492732.cms|title=From Ayushmaan Khurrana to Prince Narula: Roadies contestants who gained instant fame after the show|date=25 May 2019|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 8|MTV Splitsvilla 8]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss contestant Prince Narula and Anuki win MTV 'Splitsvilla' 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-contestant-prince-narula-and-anuki-win-mtv-splitsvilla-8/articleshow/49789614.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi |title=Prince Narula: I had trouble getting along with Mandana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prince-narula-i-had-trouble-getting-along-with-mandana/articleshow/50716890.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/200-Actors-10-Teams-and-1-Winner-Let-The-Game-Begin/articleshow/50219718.cms |title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 13)|MTV Roadies 13]]''
| Gang Leader
| 1st Runner Up
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Felt proud when Sushil Kumar asked to mentor his team: Prince Narula |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/prince-narula-sushil-kumar-roadies-x4/lite/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya 9]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Prince-Narula-to-host-the-next-season-of-Pyaar-Tune-Kya-Kiya/articleshow/52204098.cms|title=Prince Narula to host the next season of 'Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya'|date=10 May 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Badho Bahu]]''
| Lakhan "Lucky" Singh Ahlawat
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=1 September 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/prince-narula-took-inspiration-for-badho-bahu-from-salman-khan-s-sultan/story-86WcKt7sDlWVqhBP0SRYML.html|title=Prince Narula took inspiration for Badho Bahu from Salman Khan's Sultan|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 14)|MTV Roadies 14]]''
|rowspan="2" | Gang Leader
|rowspan="2" | 1st Runner Up
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=ROADIES RISING: Prince Narula PENALISED on the sets of the show |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/roadies-rising-prince-narula-penalised-on-the-sets-of-the-show-505655/amp |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=ABP Live |date=16 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 15)|MTV Roadies 15]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Narula: We always have a lot of expectations from Delhi auditions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/events/delhi/prince-narula-we-always-have-a-lot-of-expectations-from-delhi-auditions/videoshow/67432660.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=8 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Aryan
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/watch-prince-narula-romances-yuvika-chaudhary-in-laal-ishq-1308935-2018-08-08|title=Watch: Prince Narula romances Yuvika Chaudhary in Laal Ishq|magazine=India Today|date=8 August 2018|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
| Shahnawaz "Shaan" Ali
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Prince Narula joins the cast of 'Naagin 3' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prince-narula-joins-the-cast-of-naagin-3/articleshow/65435271.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=17 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
|Contestant
|Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/nach-baliye-9-winners-are-prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-1615546-2019-11-04|title=Nach Baliye 9 winners are Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary|magazine=India Today|date=4 November 2019|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 16)|MTV Roadies 16]]''
| rowspan="4" | Gang Leader
| 1st Runner Up
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2020
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 17)|MTV Roadies 17]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2023
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 19)|MTV Roadies 19]]''
|rowspan="2" | 1st Runner Up
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Prince Narula joins Sonu Sood hosted Roadies Karm Ya Kaand as 'Gang Leader' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-prince-narula-joins-sonu-sood-hosted-roadies-karm-ya-kaand-as-gang-leader/articleshow/99332589.cms |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024-25
| ''[[MTV Roadies (season 20)|MTV Roadies 20]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Neha Dhupia back to MTV Roadies Season 20 with Rannvijay Singha, Prince Narula |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/neha-dhupia-mtv-roadies-season-20-rannvijay-singha-prince-narula-2612402-2024-10-07 |magazine=India Today |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|[[The 50 (Hindi TV Series)]]
|Contestant
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=The 50: Television couple Yuvika Choudhary and Prince Narula confirmed to enter the reality show together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-50-television-couple-yuvika-choudhary-and-prince-narula-confirmed-to-enter-the-reality-show-together/articleshow/127292966.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=23 January 2026 |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Special appearances===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2016
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
| rowspan="13" | Himself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Prince Narula returns to the small screen with this show... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/prince-narula-bigg-boss-9-karan-kundra-neha-dhupia-rannviay-singh-comedy-nights-bachao-311891-2016-03-05 |access-date=9 May 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=5 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/Santoshi-Badho-and-Gangaa-come-together-for-Mannus-rescue-in-Waaris/articleshow/54717184.cms |title=Santoshi, Yeh Kahan, Badho and Gangaa come together for Mannu's rescue in Waaris |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":0"/>
|-
| ''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":0"/>
|-
| ''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2017
| ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 10|MTV Splitsvilla 10]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-to-officially-appear-as-a-couple-on-splitsvilla-x-lifetv-1094452-2017-11-26|title=Prince Narula and Yuvika Choudhary to officially appear as a couple on Splitsvilla X|date=26 November 2017|magazine=India Today|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ace of Space 1]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/mtv-ace-of-space-vikas-gupta-is-the-true-mastermind-according-to-prince-narula-541201.html/amp|title=MTV Ace of Space: Vikas Gupta Is The True Mastermind According To Prince Narula!|date=18 December 2018|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''Kitchen Champion 5''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Here's What These 16 Roadies Winners Are Doing Right Now |url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/75588-roadies-winners-and-what-they-are-doing-now.html |access-date=16 July 2023 |magazine=MenXP |date=27 April 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[MTV Love School#Season 4|MTV Love School 4]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Prince and Yuvika are the new love professors on this show |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-are-the-new-love-professors-on-love-school-season-4-20955182 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Mid Day |date=16 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 12)|MTV Splitsvilla 12]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ace of Space 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ace of Space 2 premieres tonight. Here's all you want to know about Vikas Gupta's show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/ace-of-space-2-premieres-tonight-here-s-all-you-want-to-know-about-vikas-gupta-s-show-1591161-2019-08-24 |access-date=9 May 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Watch: Priyank Sharma pole dances with Bharti Singh in Khatra Khatra Khatra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/watch-priyank-sharma-pole-dances-with-bharti-singh-in-khatra-khatra-khatra-1498463-2019-04-10 |access-date=9 May 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=10 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)|Lock Upp 1]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lock-upp-prince-narula-to-enter-the-show-as-a-challenger-watch-his-dare-to-the-inmates/articleshow/90897244.cms|title= Lock Upp: Prince Narula to enter the show as a 'challenger'; watch his dare to the inmates |date=17 April 2022 |work=Times of India |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Bombers (web series)|Bombers]]''
| Bali
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |last2=June 16 |title=Football star Sunil Chhetri to make his digital debut with Bombers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/football-star-sunil-chhetri-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-bombers-1549889-2019-06-16 |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=India Today |date=16 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===

====Singles====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Co-singer
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''Hello Hello''
|[[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sonali |first1=Kriti |title=Prince Narula, Yuvika Choudhary releases love duet, Hello hello. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/prince-narula-yuvika-choudhary-releases-love-duet-hello-hello-watch-video-4660536/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 May 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Zero Figure Tera''
| N/A
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170807-prince-narula-releases-zero-figure-tera|title=Prince Narula releases 'Zero Figure Tera'; working on new tracks|website=www.radioandmusic.com|date=7 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''Burnout''
|N/A
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="HT_Apr2022"/>
|-
|2019
| ''Jai Veeru''
|[[Suyyash Rai]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song teaser Jai Veeru Sung By Suyyash Rai and Prince Narula |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-teaser-jai-veeru-sung-by-suyyash-rai-and-prince-narula/videoshow/67435548.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=8 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
| ''Shikayat''
|Ved Sharma
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kameshwari |first1=A. |title=Yuvika Chaudhary on Prince Narula: If not his wife, I would have been his best friend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-relationship-song-video-6511879/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
| ''Fall''
|N/A
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Showing love tales of two generations, Prince Narula's 'Fall' is worth a watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/showing-love-tales-of-two-generations-prince-narulas-fall-is-worth-a-watch/articleshow/76891076.cms |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''Roadies Anthem''
|N/A
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="IE_Jun2021">{{cite news |title=Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary are in Kashmir for a shoot: 'In heaven with my heaven' |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-head-to-kashmir-for-shoot-7347656/ |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''Pyar Hoya Ae''
|Zehan
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="HT_Apr2022">{{cite news |title=Lock Upp: Prince Narula slams Azma Fallah's remark on his past with Nora Fatehi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/lock-upp-prince-narula-loses-his-cool-as-azma-fallah-takes-a-dig-at-his-past-with-nora-fatehi-says-i-m-married-101650261951317.html |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''Melody''
|Jaymeet
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Melody |url=https://www.hungama.com/song/melody/75298887/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=16 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Sakhiyo''
|Zehan
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=SAKHIYO {{!}} Zehan {{!}} Prince Narula & Yuvika Chaudhary {{!}} New Punjabi Song 2022 {{!}} New Love Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PGXUcdk3d8 |website=YouTube | date=31 January 2022 |publisher=Winning Records |access-date=16 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''Tera Mera Naam''
|Zehan
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Yuvika Chaudhary, Prince Narula rock their new song 'Tera Mera Naam' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/yuvika-chaudhary-tera-mera-naam-1503061406.html |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Statesman |agency=IANS |date=17 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''Kafla''
|Ashu Sidhu
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=American woman's bhangra moves are taking the internet by storm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/american-womans-bhangra-moves-are-taking-the-internet-by-storm/articleshow/93250185.cms |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=31 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''Zindagi''
|[[Afsana Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title='Zindagi' Teaser: Prince Narula & Yuvika Chaudhary Cast A Romantic Spell In Latest Music Video |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/zindagi-teaser-prince-narula-and-yuvika-chaudhary-cast-a-romantic-spell-in-latest-music-video-1514787 |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=ABP |agency=IANS |date=22 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''Todh''
|[[Munawar Faruqui]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Shanu |title=Munawar Faruqui & Prince Narula Attention Grabbing Song "Todh" Removed From Youtube. Know The Reason |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/396199-Munawar-Faruqui-Prince-Narula-Attention-Grabbing-Song-%E2%80%9CTodh%E2%80%9D-Removed-From-Youtube-Know-The-Reason |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=5 Dariya News |date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''Khulle Kharche''
|[[Raftaar]] [[Parmish Verma]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Khulle Kharche: Prince Narula, Parmish Verma & Raftaar Collaborates In New Song |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/396083-Khulle-Kharche-Prince-Narula-Parmish-Verma-Raftaar-Collaborates-In-New-Song |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=5 Dariya News |date=8 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''Outta Reach''
|GD 47
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Outta Reach: Prince Narula & GD 47's Track Out Featuring Rannvijay Singh |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/405521-Outta-Reach-Prince-Narula-GD-47s-Track-Out-Featuring-Rannvijay-Singh |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=5 Dariya News |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Haule Haule''
|Renuka Panwar, Raja
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Listen to Haule Haule Song by Prince Narula on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/song/haule-haule-55 |website=Gaana |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''Tiki Tiki Raat''
|[[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nijher |first1=Jaspreet |title=Yuvika Chaudhary: Prince and I have been planning a child since we married, but it is in god's hands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prince-keeps-me-feeling-very-secure-yuvika-chaudhary/articleshow/101519697.cms |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|}

====Features====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|2018
| scope="row" | ''Kalesh''
|[[Millind Gaba]], [[Mika Singh]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalesh Song With Lyrics {{!}} Millind Gaba, Mika Singh {{!}} DirectorGifty {{!}} Latest Hindi Song 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_uI51JTjIk |website=YouTube | date=11 September 2018 |publisher=T-Series |access-date=16 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| scope="row" | ''Goldy Golden''
|Star Boy LOC
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=Privika to be seen together in Star Boy LOC's new song Goldy Golden |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/prince-narula-yuvika-choudharyto-be-seen-together-in-star-boy-loc-s-new-song-20365166 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Mid Day |date=6 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|[[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
|Stylish Couple
(With [[Yuvika Chaudhary]])
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Prince Narula}}
* {{IMDb name|8153459}}
* {{Instagram|princenarula}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Shows for Prince Narula
| list =
{{Bigg Boss}}
{{Roadies}}
{{Splitsvilla}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narula, Prince}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Models from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:MTV Roadies winners]]
[[Category:MTV Splitsvilla winners]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]
[[Category:Nach Baliye winners]]

Mongolia

2026-03-21T03:18:09Z

Antoniomec: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Country in East Asia}}
{{About|the modern sovereign state}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Mongolia
| native_name = {{MongolUnicode|lang=mn|ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}} ([[Mongolian script|Mongolian]]) {{native name|mn|Монгол Улс|italics=no}}
| common_name = Mongolia
| image_flag = Flag of Mongolia.svg
| image_coat = State emblem of Mongolia.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| other_symbol_type = [[State seal of Mongolia|State seal]]
| other_symbol = [[File:State seal of Mongolia.svg|border|90px]]
| image_map = Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption =
| national_motto =
| national_anthem = {{lang|mn|Монгол Улсын Төрийн дуулал}} {{transliteration|mn|Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal}} "[[National Anthem of Mongolia]]"[[File:The National Anthem of Mongolia.ogg]]
| official_languages = [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] {{hlist|([[Mongolia Buriat|Buriat]]|[[Khalkha Mongolian|Khalkha]]|[[Oirat language|Oirat]])}}
| languages_type = [[Official script]]s
| languages = {{hlist|[[Mongolian script|Mongolian]]|[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2011 |title=Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script |work=UB Post |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |access-date=2010-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101013639/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref>}}
| ethnic_groups = {{tree list}}
* 95.6% [[Mongols]]
* 3.8% [[Kazakhs]]
* 0.6% [[Demographics of Mongolia|other]]{{tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name="web-old.archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf |title=Хун ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллогы нэгдсэн дун |language=Mongolian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230731/https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Mongols|Mongolian]], [[Mongols|Mongol]]
| capital = [[Ulaanbaatar]]{{efn|Also spelled as "Ulan Bator"}}
| religion = {{unbulleted list
| 51.7% [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Buddhism]]
| 40.6% [[Irreligion|No religion]]
| 3.2% [[Islam in Mongolia|Islam]]
| 2.5% [[Mongolian shamanism|Shamanism]]
| 1.3% [[Christianity in Mongolia|Christianity]]
| 0.7% [[Religion in Mongolia|other]]
}}
| religion_year = 2020<ref name="web-old.archive.org"/>
| coordinates = {{coord|48|N|106|E|scale:20000000_source:GNS|display=title}}
| largest_city = capital
| government_type = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]<ref name="IDEA">{{Cite web |last=Odonkhuu |first=Munkhsaikhan |author-link= |date=12 February 2016 |title=Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy |url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225144740/http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |archive-date=25 February 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |website=ConstitutionNet |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]] |quote=Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of Mongolia|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Gombojavyn Zandanshatar]]
| leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the State Great Khural|Chairman]] of the [[State Great Khural]]
| leader_name3 = [[Nyam-Osoryn Uchral]]
| legislature = [[State Great Khural]]
| area_rank = 18th
| established_event12 = [[Constitution of Mongolia|Current constitution]]
| established_date12 = 12 February 1992
| area_km2 = 1,564,116
| area_sq_mi = 603,909 
| percent_water = 0.67<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ |access-date=9 August 2015 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_estimate = 3,504,741
| population_estimate_year = 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://1212.mn/en/dissemination/73110203 |title=MONGOLIAN STATISTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130101926/https://1212.mn/en/dissemination/73110203 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 131st
| population_density_km2 = 2.24
| population_density_sq_mi = 5.8
| population_density_rank = 238th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $73.280 billion<ref name="WEO">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=25 June 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 113th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,450<ref name="WEO"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 90th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $25.800 billion<ref name="WEO"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 118th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,200<ref name="WEO"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 97th
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_change = 
| Gini = 32.7 
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Mongolia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101132736/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.747
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 104th
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Mongolia|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Mongol Empire]]
| established_date1 = 1206
| established_event2 = [[Yuan Dynasty]]
| established_date2 = 1260
| established_event3 = [[Northern Yuan]]
| established_date3 = 1368
| established_event4 = Completion of [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] conquest
| established_date4 = 1696, 1758
| established_event5 = [[Bogd Khanate]]
| established_date5 = 29 December 1911
| established_event6 = [[Mongolian People's Republic]]
| established_date6 = 26 November 1924
| currency = [[Mongolian tögrög|Tögrög]]
| currency_code = MNT
| time_zone = 
| utc_offset = +7/+8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7 |url=http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100212/http://timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=2007-09-30 |publisher=Time Temperature.com}}</ref>
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| drives_on = Right
| calling_code = [[+976]]
| cctld = [[.mn]], [[.мон]]
}}

'''Mongolia'''{{efn|{{langx|mn|Монгол Улс|Mongol Uls}}; [[Mongolian script]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}, {{IPA|mn|mɔŋɢəɮ ʊɮs}}, {{transliteration|Mong|moŋɣol ulus}}; [[literal translation|lit.]] "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mongolia.ogg|m|ɒ|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|i|ə}} {{respell|mong|GOH|lee|ə}}}}{{Efn|{{ublist|{{MongolUnicode|lang=xal|ᡏᡆᡊᡎᡆᠯ ᡇᠯᡇᠰ}} ([[Clear script|Oirat]])|{{native name|xal|Моңһл Улс}}|{{native name|bua|Монгол Улас}}}}}} is a [[landlocked country]] in the [[East Asia]] region. It is bordered by [[Russia]] to the north and [[China]] to the south, and covers an area of {{convert|sp=us|1564116|km2|abbr=off}}, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|18th-largest country]] in the world and the second largest landlocked country after [[Kazakhstan]], as well as the largest landlocked country that does not border an [[Endorheic basin|inland sea]]. With a population of 3.5 million, Mongolia is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most sparsely populated sovereign state]], excluding partially unrecognized [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Western Sahara]]. The country constitutes a significant portion of the [[Mongolian Plateau]], and its natural environment is characterized by grassy [[steppe]], mountains to the north and west, and the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south. [[Ulaanbaatar]], the capital and [[List of cities in Mongolia|largest city]], is home to roughly half of the country's population.

The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various [[nomadic empire]]s, including the [[Xiongnu]], the [[Xianbei]], the [[Rouran]], the [[First Turkic Khaganate]], the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]], the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] and others. In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] founded the [[Mongol Empire]], which became the largest [[List of largest empires|contiguous land empire]] in history. His grandson [[Kublai Khan]] conquered [[China proper]] and established the [[Yuan dynasty]]. After the collapse of the Yuan, the [[Mongols]] retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of [[Dayan Khan]] and [[Tumen Zasagt Khan]].

In the 16th century, [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Tibetan Buddhism]] spread to Mongolia, being further led by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-founded [[Qing dynasty]], which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks.<ref>Michael Jerryson, ''Mongolian Buddhism: The Rise and Fall of the Sangha,'' (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2007), 89.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia – Religion |url=http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/mongolia/religion.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315082839/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/mongolia/religion.htm |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=24 January 2015 |website=Michigan State University}}</ref> After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911|declared independence]], and achieved actual [[Mongolian Revolution of 1921|independence from the Republic of China]] in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a [[satellite state]] of the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1924, the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was founded as a [[socialist state]].<ref name="Sik">{{Cite book |last=Sik |first=Ko Swan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA39 |title=Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7923-0876-8 |page=39 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002110/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the anti-communist [[revolutions of 1989]], Mongolia conducted its own peaceful [[1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia|democratic revolution]] in early 1990. This led to a [[multi-party system]], a new [[Constitution of Mongolia|constitution of 1992]], and transition to a [[market economy]].

Approximately 30% of the population is [[nomad]]ic or semi-nomadic; [[Horse culture in Mongolia|horse culture]] remains integral. [[Mahayana Buddhism]] is the majority religion (51.7%), with the irreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). [[Islam]] is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic [[Kazakhs]]. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being [[Kazakhs]], [[Tuvans]], and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[Asia Cooperation Dialogue]], [[Group of 77|G77]], [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and a [[Foreign relations of NATO#Mongolia|NATO global partner]]. Mongolia joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.<ref name="cia" />

== Etymology ==
The name Mongolia means the "Land of the Mongols" in Latin. The Mongolian word ''"Mongol"'' ({{wikt-lang|mn|монгол}}) is of uncertain etymology. Sükhbataar (1992) and de la Vaissière (2021) proposed it being a derivation from [[Mugulü]], the 4th-century founder of the [[Rouran Khaganate]],<ref>{{Cite book |first=Г. |last=Сүхбаатар |title=Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=330–550 |language=mn |trans-title=Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III |chapter=Монгол Нирун улс |trans-chapter=Mongol Nirun ([[Rouran]]) state}}</ref> first attested as the 'Mungu',<ref name="Svanty">{{cite book |last1=Svantesson |first1=Jan-Olof |last2=Tsendina |first2=Anna |last3=Karlsson |first3=Anastasia |last4=Franzén |first4=Vivian |title=The Phonology of Mongolian |pages=103–105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-955427-0 |series=Phonologies of the World's Languages}}</ref> ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{wikt-lang|zh|蒙兀}}, Modern Chinese ''Měngwù'', [[Middle Chinese]] ''Muwngu''),<ref>{{cite book |last=Pulleyblank |first=Edwin George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBvsXylluO4C |title=Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin |publisher=UBC Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-7748-0366-5}}.</ref> a branch of the [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]] in an 8th-century [[Tang dynasty]] list of northern tribes, presumably related to the [[Liao dynasty|Liao]]-era ''Mungku''<ref name="Svanty" /> (Chinese: {{wikt-lang|zh|蒙古}}, [[pinyin|Modern Chinese]] ''Měnggǔ'', [[Middle Chinese]] ''MuwngkuX'').<ref name="BaxSag">Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. ''{{Cite web |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |url=http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064509/http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 |archive-date=25 April 2012}} {{small|(1.93 MB)}}''. 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.</ref>

After the fall of the [[Liao dynasty]] in 1125, the [[Khamag Mongol]]s became a leading tribe on the [[Mongolian Plateau]]. However, their wars with the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-ruled [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] and the [[Tatar confederation]] had weakened them. The last head of the tribe was [[Yesugei|Yesügei]], whose son [[Genghis Khan|Temüjin]] (Genghis Khan) eventually united all the Shiwei tribes as the [[Mongol Empire]] (''Yekhe Monggol Ulus''). In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic-speaking]] tribes united under the rule of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook |access-date=2007-07-22 |archive-date=6 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706041059/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the adoption of the new [[Constitution of Mongolia]] on 13 February 1992, the official name of the state is "Mongolia" (''Mongol Uls'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Alan J. K. |title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia |date=20 May 2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7452-7 |page=449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C |language=en |quote=Since the proclamation of the 1992 Mongolian Constitution, the official name of the independent Mongolian state, previously (1924–92) the Mongolian People's Republic, has been simply Mongolia (''Mongol Uls'').}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Everett-Heath |first1=John |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860537-9 |page=346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghrQgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mongolia}}

{{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}

=== Prehistory and antiquity ===
{{Main|Prehistoric Mongolia|Proto-Mongols}}

The ''[[Khoit Tsenkher Cave Rock Art|Khoit Tsenkher Cave]]''<ref name="Novgorodova">Eleanora Novgorodova, Archäologische Funde, Ausgrabungsstätten und Skulpturen, in ''Mongolen (catalogue)'', pp. 14–20</ref> in [[Khovd Province]] shows lively pink, brown, and red ocher paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) of [[mammoths]], [[lynx]], [[bactrian camel]]s, and [[ostrich]]es, earning it the nickname "the [[Lascaux]] of Mongolia". The [[Venus figurines of Mal'ta]] (21,000 years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is now part of Russia.
Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. 5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. The [[Genetic history of East Asians|ethnogenesis]] of [[Mongolic peoples]] is largely linked with the expansion of [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]s. The Mongolian pastoralist lifestyle may in part be derived from the [[Western Steppe Herders]], but without much geneflow between these two groups, suggesting cultural transmission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population dynamics and the rise of empires in Inner Asia: Genome-wide analysis spanning 6,000 years in the eastern Eurasian Steppe gives insights to the formation of Mongolia's empires |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201105183836.htm |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaomin |last2=Sarengaowa |last3=He |first3=Guanglin |last4=Guo |first4=Jianxin |last5=Zhu |first5=Kongyang |last6=Ma |first6=Hao |last7=Zhao |first7=Jing |last8=Yang |first8=Meiqing |last9=Chen |first9=Jing |last10=Zhang |first10=Xianpeng |last11=Tao |first11=Le |last12=Liu |first12=Yilan |last13=Zhang |first13=Xiu-Fang |last14=Wang |first14=Chuan-Chao |date=2021 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=12 |article-number=735786 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.735786 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=8693022 |pmid=34956310 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age [[Afanasevo culture]] (3500–2500 BC);<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |first=Ann |last=Gibbons |date=10 June 2015 |title=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians |journal=Science |publisher=AAAS |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902191050/https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians |url-status=live}}</ref> this [[Indo-European migrations|Indo-European]] culture was active to the [[Khangai Mountains]] in Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=David Christian |title=A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |date=16 December 1998 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-631-20814-3 |page=101}}</ref> Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later [[Okunev culture]] (2nd millennium BC), [[Andronovo culture]] (2300–1000 BC) and [[Karasuk culture]] (1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron Age [[Xiongnu]] Empire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include [[deer stone]]s, keregsur [[kurgans]], [[Slab Grave Culture|square slab tombs]], and rock paintings.

Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic period, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the [[Copper Age]] has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west.<ref name="Novgorodova" /> Tocharians ([[Yuezhi]]) and [[Scythians]] inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found in [[Altai Mountains|the Altai]], Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2006 |title=Archeological Sensation-Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia |work=Spiegel Online |publisher=Spiegel.de |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,433600,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=2010-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522230511/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,433600,00.html |archive-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the [[Eurasian Steppe]] also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. the Guifang, Shanrong, and [[Donghu people|Donghu]]) into China during the [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC) and [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–256 BC) presaged the age of [[nomadic empire]]s.

===Early states===
[[File:ZaamarTomb.jpg|thumb|right|7th-century [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] artifacts found {{convert|180|km|0|abbr=on}} from Ulaanbaatar]]

Since prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of the [[Khan (title)|Khan]], the [[Kurultai]] (Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army ([[Keshig]]) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, the [[Xiongnu]] of undetermined ethnicity, were brought together by [[Modu Shanyu]] to form a confederation in 209 BC. Soon they emerged as the greatest threat to the [[Qin dynasty]], forcing the latter to construct the [[Great Wall of China]]. It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during Marshal [[Meng Tian]]'s tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC–93 AD) was followed by the Mongolic [[Xianbei state|Xianbei empire]] (93–234 AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330–555), of [[Xianbei]] provenance was the first to use "Khagan" as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the [[Göktürks]] (555–745), an even larger empire.

The Göktürks laid siege to [[Panticapaeum]], present-day [[Kerch]], in 576. They were succeeded by the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The Mongolic [[Khitan people|Khitans]], descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao dynasty (907–1125), after which the [[Khamag Mongol]] (1125–1206) rose to prominence.

Lines 3–5 of the memorial inscription of [[Bilge Khagan]] (684–737) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of the [[Khagan]]s:
{{blockquote| In battles they subdued the nations of all four sides of the world and suppressed them. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In the east up to the Kadyrkhan common people, in the west up to the Iron Gate they conquered... These Khagans were wise. These Khagans were great. Their servants were wise and great too. Officials were honest and direct with people. They ruled the nation this way. This way they held sway over them. When they died ambassadors from Bokuli Cholug (Baekje Korea), Tabgach (Tang China), Tibet (Tibetan Empire), [[Pannonian Avars|Avar]] (Avar Khaganate), Rome (Byzantine Empire), [[Yenisei Kirghiz|Kirgiz]], Uch-Kurykan, Otuz-Tatars, [[Khitan people|Khitans]], [[Kumo Xi|Tatabis]] came to the funerals. So many people came to mourn over the great Khagans. They were famous Khagans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial Complex of Bilge Khagan |url=http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203230249/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e |archive-date=February 3, 2015 |access-date=January 1, 2015 |publisher=bitig.org}}</ref>}}

===Mongol empire to early 20th century===
{{Main|Mongol Empire|Mongolia under Yuan rule|Northern Yuan dynasty|Dzungar Khanate|Mongolia under Qing rule}}

{{See also|List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans|List of Mongol states|List of Mongol rulers}}
[[File:Mongol_Empire_map.gif|thumb|right|[[Mongol Empire]] expansion (1206–1294)]]

In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between [[Manchuria]] and the [[Altai Mountains]]. In 1206, he took the title [[Genghis Khan#Name and title|Genghis Khan]], and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the [[Mongol Empire]], the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day [[Poland]] in the west to [[Korea]] in the east, and from parts of [[Siberia]] in the north to the [[Gulf of Oman]] and [[Vietnam]] in the south, covering some {{convert|sp=us|33000000|km2}},<ref name="EarthRule">{{Cite web |last=Bruce R. Gordon |title=To Rule the Earth... |url=http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701103611/http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 |access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref> (22% of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of [[Pax Mongolica]] also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guzman |first=Gregory G. |year=1988 |title=Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history? |journal=The Historian |issue=50 |pages=568–570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas T. Allsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&pg=PA211 |title=Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia |date=25 March 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-60270-9 |page=211 |author-link=Thomas T. Allsen |access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref>

After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or [[Khanate]]s. These eventually became quasi-independent after the [[Toluid Civil War]] (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following [[Möngke Khan]]'s death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and most of modern-day China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under [[Kublai Khan]], the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming the [[Northern Yuan|Northern Yuan dynasty]]. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital [[Karakorum]] and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under [[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara|Ayushridar]] and his general [[Köke Temür]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=《扩廓帖木儿传》[biography of Köke Temür] |publisher=[[History of Yuan]] |edition=卷一四一，列传第二八}}</ref>

After the expulsion of the Yuan rulers from [[China proper]], the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty. With the division of the Mongol tribes, it was subsequently also known as "The Forty and the Four" (Döčin dörben) among them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Junko |first1=Miyawaki |title=The Birth of the Oyirad Khanship |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=1997 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=38–75 |jstor=41928088}}</ref> The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid [[Oirats]], as well as by several Ming invasions (such as the [[Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols|five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor]]).

[[File:Genghis khan.jpg|left|thumb|273x273px|Genghis Khan, the first Mongol Emperor]]
In the early 16th century, [[Dayan Khan]] and his [[khatun]] [[Mandukhai]] reunited all Mongol groups under the Genghisids. In the mid-16th century, [[Altan Khan]] of the Tümed, a grandson of Dayan Khan – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He founded [[Hohhot]] in 1557. After he met with the [[3rd Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] in 1578, he ordered the introduction of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] to Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred.) Abtai Khan of the [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] converted to Buddhism and founded the [[Erdene Zuu Monastery|Erdene Zuu]] monastery in 1585. His grandson [[Zanabazar]] became the first [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu|Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]] in 1640. Following the leaders, the entire Mongolian population embraced Buddhism. Each family kept scriptures and Buddha statues on an altar at the north side of their [[yurt]]. Mongolian nobles donated land, money and herders to the monasteries. As was typical in states with established religions, the top religious institutions, the monasteries, wielded significant temporal power in addition to spiritual power.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Berzin |title=History of Buddhism in Mongolia |url=https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-mongolia/history-of-buddhism-in-mongolia |website=Study Buddhism |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215024500/https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-mongolia/history-of-buddhism-in-mongolia |url-status=live}}</ref>

The last Khagan of Northern Yuan was [[Ligden Khan]] in the early 17th century. He came into conflicts with the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] over the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634. By 1636, most of the [[Inner Mongolia]]n tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the [[Qing dynasty]]. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under Manchu rule. After several [[Dzungar–Qing Wars]], the [[Dzungars]] (western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1755 and 1758.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan/214566/History#ref=ref598970 |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212010855/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan/214566/History#ref=ref598970 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |author=Edward Allworth |url-status=live}}</ref> The Dzungars also [[Dzungar–Russian conflicts|fought]] the [[Tsardom of Russia]] over their border, varying from early occupation of [[Kuznetsk Basin]], [[Dzungar conquest of Yenisei|Invasion of Yenisei]] and two expeditions by the Russians in [[Siege of Yamyshev|1716]] and [[Battle of Zaysan (1720)|1719]].

[[File:Altan Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Altan Khan]] (1507–1582) founded the city of Hohhot, helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of [[Dalai Lama]].]]
Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or more [[Dzungar genocide|Dzungar were killed]] by a combination of disease and warfare.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Michael Edmund Clarke |title=In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the "New Great Game" for Central Asia, 1759 – 2004 |publisher=Griffith University |url=http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf |type=PhD |location=Brisbane |year=2004 |page=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410040826/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-10}}</ref> Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] of Mongolia had immense ''de facto'' authority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Volga steppes]] in Russia became known as [[Kalmyks]].

The main trade route during this period was the [[Siberian Route|Tea Road]] through Siberia; it had permanent stations located every {{convert|sp=us|25|to|30|km|mi}}, each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families.

Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. [[Amban]]s, Manchu "high officials", were installed in [[Ulaanbaatar|Khüree]], [[Uliastai]], and [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]], and the country was divided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behavior of Mongolia's nobility, together with [[usury|usurious]] practices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in widespread poverty among the nomads. By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were 13 other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' (''tamgatai khutuktu''), in Outer Mongolia.

=== Modern history ===
{{Main|Mongolian Revolution of 1911|Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|Mongolian Revolution of 1921|Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolian Revolution of 1990|History of modern Mongolia}}

[[File:BogdKhan.jpg|thumb|upright|The eighth [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]], Bogd Khaan]]
[[File:Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg|thumb|Map of unified Mongolia in 1917]]

With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under the [[Bogd Khaan]] declared its independence. However, the newly established [[Beiyang government|Republic of China]] considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. [[Yuan Shikai]], the [[President of the Republic of China]], considered the new republic to be the [[Successor state|successor]] of the Qing. Bogd Khaan said that [[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia|both Mongolia and China]] had been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid.<ref>Bawden, Charles (1968): ''The Modern History of Mongolia.'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 194–195</ref>

The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the former [[Outer Mongolia]] during the Qing period. In 1919, after the [[October Revolution]] in Russia, Chinese troops led by warlord [[Xu Shuzheng]] occupied Mongolia. Warfare erupted on the northern border. As a result of the [[Russian Civil War]], the [[White movement|White]] Russian Lieutenant General [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg|Baron Ungern]] led his troops into Mongolia in October 1920, defeating the Chinese forces in [[Ulaanbaatar|Niislel Khüree]] (now Ulaanbaatar) in early February 1921 with Mongol support.

To eliminate the threat posed by Ungern, [[Russian SFSR|Bolshevik Russia]] decided to support the establishment of a communist Mongolian government and army. This Mongolian army took the [[Altanbulag, Selenge|Mongolian part]] of [[Kyakhta]] from Chinese forces on 18 March 1921, and on 6 July, Russian and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree. Mongolia declared its independence again on 11 July 1921.<ref>Thomas E. Ewing, "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911–1921: A Reappraisal", in: ''The Slavonic and East European Review'', Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jul. 1980), pp. 399, 414, 415, 417, 421</ref> As a result, Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union over the next seven decades.

==== Mongolian People's Republic ====
In 1924, after the [[Bogd Khaan]] died of [[laryngeal cancer]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Кузьмин, С.Л. |last2=[Kuzmin, S.L.] |last3=Оюунчимэг, Ж. |last4=[Oyunchimeg, J.] |title=Буддизм и революция в Монголии |trans-title=Buddhism and the revolution in Mongolia |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164044/https://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |language=ru |access-date=1 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> or, as some sources claim, at the hands of Russian spies,<ref>{{YouTube|XuB0b_dEZ5g|Догсомын Бодоо 1/2}} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref> the country's [[political system]] was changed. The [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was established. In 1928, [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] rose to power. The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) included many with [[Pan-Mongolism|Pan-Mongolist]] ideals. However, changing global politics and increased Soviet pressure led to the decline of Pan-Mongol aspirations in the following period.

[[File:Horloogiyn Choybalsan.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] led Mongolia during the Stalinist era, and presided over an environment of intense political persecution.]]
[[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]] instituted collectivization of livestock, began the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries, and carried out [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|Stalinist purges]], which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia and by the end of the 1930s almost all had been looted or razed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia: The Bhudda {{sic |nolink=y}} and the Khan |url=http://orientmag.com/8-30.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818173717/http://www.orientmag.com/8-30.htm |archive-date=18 August 2010 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Orient Magazine}}</ref>

In 1930, the Soviet Union stopped [[Buryats|Buryat]] migration to the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] to prevent Mongolian reunification. All leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill Stalin's demands to perform [[Red Terror]] against Mongolians were executed, including [[Peljidiin Genden]] and [[Anandyn Amar]]. The [[Great Purge|Stalinist purges in Mongolia]], which began in 1937, killed more than 30,000 people. Under Stalinist influence in the [[Mongolian People's Republic]], an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Natalie |date=2018-06-04 |title=Young monks lead revival of Buddhism in Mongolia after years of repression. |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-mongolia-monks-idUKKCN1J104O |work=Reuters. |access-date=2023-07-06}}</ref> [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan|Choibalsan]], who led a dictatorship and organized [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|Stalinist purges in Mongolia]] between 1937 and 1939, died suspiciously in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1952. [[Comintern]] leader [[Bohumír Šmeral]] said, "People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important. Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany".<ref name="Mongolia 2003">''History of Mongolia,'' 2003, Volume 5. Mongolian Institute of History</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}

[[File:MNRA soldiers 1939.jpg|right|thumb|Mongolian troops fight against the Japanese counterattack at [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Khalkhin Gol]], 1939.]]
After the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japanese invasion of neighboring Manchuria]] in 1931, Mongolia was threatened on this front. During the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|Soviet-Japanese Border War]] of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism. Mongolia fought against Japan during the [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 and during the [[Soviet–Japanese War]] in August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan and [[Mengjiang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Боржигон Хүсэл |date=18 January 2015 |title=1945 ОНД БНМАУ-ААС ХЯТАД УЛСАД ҮЗҮҮЛСЭН ТУСЛАМЖ |trans-title=Mongolian People's Republic supported the Chinese Anti-Japan War in 1945 |url=https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/JIS/article/download/394/415 |access-date=2 February 2019 |website=Mongolia Journals Online |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804060721/https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/JIS/article/download/394/415 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Cold War ====
The February 1945 [[Yalta Conference]] provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the [[Pacific War]]. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. [[1945 Mongolian independence referendum|The referendum]] took place on 20 October 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence.<ref>Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p491 {{ISBN|0-19-924959-8}}</ref>

After the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]], both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949. However, the [[Republic of China]] used its [[United Nations Security Council veto power|Security Council veto]] in 1955, to stop the admission of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time the [[Republic of China and the United Nations|Republic of China]] ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of [[Mauritania]] (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.<ref name="unveto">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:因常任理事国投反对票而未获通过的决议草案或修正案各段 |url=http://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323133412/http://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2014 |publisher=聯合國 |language=zh}}</ref><ref name="bbcveto">{{Cite news |title=The veto and how to use it |work=BBC News Online |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726080318/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm |archive-date=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="gpveto">{{Cite web |title=Changing Pattern in the Use of Veto in the Security Council |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/32810.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508103405/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/32810.html |archive-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=Global Policy Forum}}</ref> (see [[China and the United Nations]])

[[File:Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal Berlin, VIII.jpg|thumb|150px|Mongolian Premier [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] was the longest-serving leader in the [[Eastern Bloc]], with over 44 years in office.]]
On 26 January 1952, [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] took power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan. Tsedenbal was the leading political figure in Mongolia for more than 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/tsedenbals-mongolia-and-the-communist-aid-donors-reappraisal |title=Tsedenbal's Mongolia and the Communist Aid Donors: A Reappraisal |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413123041/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/tsedenbals-mongolia-and-the-communist-aid-donors-reappraisal |url-status=live}}</ref> While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with [[Jambyn Batmönkh]].

==== Post-Cold War ====
The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics and [[Youth in Mongolia|youth]]. Its people undertook the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1990|peaceful Democratic Revolution]] in [[Revolutions of 1989|January 1990]] and the introduction of a [[multi-party system]] and a market economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=350.org |last2=Hunter |first2=Daniel |date=2024-04-17 |title=Authoritarianism to Democracy: The Story of Mongolia |url=https://commonslibrary.org/authoritarianism-to-democracy-the-story-of-mongolia/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU |archive-date=30 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830211755/https://commonslibrary.org/authoritarianism-to-democracy-the-story-of-mongolia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, the transformation of the former [[Marxist-Leninist]] [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] to the current social democratic [[Mongolian People's Party]] reshaped the country's political landscape.

A [[Constitution of Mongolia|new constitution]] was introduced in 1992, and the term "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's name.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Hyun-bin |date=18 December 2024 |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/12/113_388575.html |title=Mongolia celebrates centennial of Mongolian People's Republic |work=The Korea Times |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref> The [[Economy of Mongolia#Transition to a market economy|transition to a market economy]] was often rocky; during the early 1990s the country had to deal with high inflation and food shortages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Morris Rossabi|Rossabi, Morris]] |url=https://archive.org/details/modernmongoliafr00ross |title=Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-520-24419-1 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernmongoliafr00ross/page/n81 57]–58, 143–144 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The first election victories for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in the [[Asia Cooperation Dialogue]] (ACD), [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) and granting it observer status in the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-06-29 |title="Pan-Mongolism" and U.S.-China-Mongolia relations |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3856&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=195&no_cache=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227111904/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3856&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=195&no_cache=1 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=2013-04-07 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Mongolia}}

[[File:Mongolia 1996 CIA map.jpg|thumb|The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the [[Gobi Desert]], while the northern and western portions are mountainous.]]

At {{convert|1564116|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}, Mongolia is the world's [[List of sovereign states and dependencies by area|18th-largest]] country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparison :: Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=2013-06-28 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[52nd parallel north|52°N]] (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes [[87th meridian east|87°]] and [[120th meridian east|120°E]]. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon (Canada), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (US). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata in India, while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao and Hangzhou in China, as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only {{convert|sp=us|36.76|km}} from Kazakhstan, nearly making a [[quadripoint]].

The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the [[Gobi Desert]] to the south and cold, mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of the [[Mongolian-Manchurian grassland]], with forested areas accounting for 11.2% of the total land area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolian Forestry Sector |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8302e/w8302e05.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101015229/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8302e/w8302e05.htm |archive-date=1 November 2012 |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is the [[Khüiten Peak]] in the [[Tavan bogd]] massif in the far west at {{convert|4374|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The basin of the [[Uvs Lake]], shared with [[Tuva Republic]] in Russia, is a natural [[World Heritage Site]].{{fact|date=October 2025}}

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mongolia|Climate change in Mongolia}}

Mongolia is known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" (Mongolian: "Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron") because it has over 250 sunny days a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Climate – Retrieve the average temperatures and rains in Mongolia & in Ulaan baatar |url=http://www.e-mongol.com/mongolia_climate.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203003217/http://www.e-mongol.com/mongolia_climate.htm |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-31 |title=Country Nicknames: Top 40 best nation aliases |url=http://www.skyscanner.net/news/country-nicknames-top-40-best-nation-aliases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101070834/http://www.skyscanner.net/news/country-nicknames-top-40-best-nation-aliases |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomadic trails in the land of the blue sky |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20140113-nomadic-trails-in-the-land-of-the-blue-sky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022131450/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20140113-nomadic-trails-in-the-land-of-the-blue-sky |archive-date=22 October 2014 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2004 |title=''Weeping Camel:'' A Real Mongolian Tear-Jerker |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0719_040719_weepingcamel_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094123/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0719_040719_weepingcamel_2.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=National Geographic}}</ref>

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map MNG present.svg|thumb|left|Köppen climate classification zones in Mongolia]]
Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as {{convert|-30|°C}}.<ref name="mong26">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Republic of Mongolia |url=http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002003846/http://www.imcg.net/gpd/asia/mongolia.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2006 |access-date=2008-02-10}}</ref> A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of [[temperature inversion]] (temperature increases with altitude).

In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of the [[Siberian Anticyclone]]. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province ([[Ulaangom]]), western Khovsgol ([[Rinchinlkhumbe, Khovsgol|Rinchinlhumbe]]), eastern Zavkhan ([[Tosontsengel, Zavkhan|Tosontsengel]]), northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol). Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province ([[Dalanzadgad]], [[Khanbogd, Ömnögovi|Khanbogd]]) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province ([[Tsetserleg (city)|Tsetserleg]]) and northern Ovorkhangai Province ([[Arvaikheer]]) where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. The [[Khangai Mountains]] play a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go under {{convert|-30|°C}} while daytime January temperatures often reach {{convert|0|°C}} to {{convert|5|°C}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2013 |title=Arkhangai Meteorological Department |url=http://www.icc.mn/aimag/Arkhangai/# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110204130/http://www.icc.mn/aimag/Arkhangai/ |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Icc.mn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate History for Tsetserleg, Mongolia |url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/station/44282/2007/1/11/MonthlyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141615/http://www.wunderground.com/history/station/44282/2007/1/11/MonthlyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Weather Underground}}</ref>
[[File:Gorkhi-Terelj National Park.jpg|thumb|The [[Khentii Mountains]] in [[Gorkhi-Terelj National Park|Terelj]], close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan]]
The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as ''[[zud]].'' It results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is {{cvt|−1.3|°C}}, making it the world's coldest capital city.<ref name=mong26/> Mongolia is high, cold and windy.<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Society and Its Environment |encyclopedia=Mongolia: a country study |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006289/ |last=DeGlopper |first=Donald R. |date=1991 |editor-last=Worden |editor-first=Robert L. |language=en |oclc=622910663 |editor-last2=Savada |editor-first2=Andrea Matles |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329021801/https://www.loc.gov/item/90006289/ |url-status=live}}}}</ref> It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls.<ref name=":0" /> The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.<ref name=":0" /> Precipitation is highest in the north (average of {{convert|200|to|350|mm|in|0|sp=us}} per year) and lowest in the south, which receives {{convert|100|to|200|mm|in|0|sp=us}} annually.<ref name=":0" /> The highest annual precipitation of {{convert|622.297|mm|3|abbr=on}} occurred in the forests of [[Bulgan Province]] near the border with Russia and the lowest of {{convert|41.735|mm|3|abbr=on}} occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual average temperature and precipitation of Mongolia |url=http://gis.wwf.mn/index.php/en/national/15-climate-of-mongolia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110195205/http://gis.wwf.mn/index.php/en/national/15-climate-of-mongolia |archive-date=10 January 2014 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Gis.wwf.mn}}</ref> The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages {{convert|600|mm|0|abbr=on}} in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing ({{cvt|571.8|mm|disp=or}}) or Berlin ({{cvt|571|mm|disp=or}}).

=== Environmental issues ===
{{Excerpt|Environmental issues in Mongolia}}

=== Wildlife ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Mongolia}}

[[File:KhongorynElsCamels.jpg|thumb|[[Bactrian camels]] by sand dunes in Gobi Desert]]

The name "Gobi" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support [[marmot]]s but with enough to support camels.<ref name=":0" /> Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.<ref name=":0" />

Gobi rangelands are fragile and easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even [[Bactrian camel]]s can survive.<ref name=":0" /> The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to the [[rain shadow effect]] caused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate 10 million years ago, Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi, apart from well-known dinosaur fossils. [[Tadpole shrimps]] are still found in the Gobi today. The eastern part of Mongolia including the [[Onon River|Onon]] and [[Kherlen River|Kherlen]] rivers and [[Lake Buir]] form part of the [[Amur river]] basin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (''cambaroides dauricus'') and Daurian pearl oyster (''dahurinaia dahurica'') in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (''exopalaemon modestus'') in Lake Buir.

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Mongolia|Elections in Mongolia}}

[[File:Mongolian parliament members.jpg|thumb|[[State Great Khural]] chamber in session]]

Mongolia is a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] representative democratic republic with a directly elected [[President of Mongolia|President]].<ref name="IDEA" /><ref name="Draft">{{Cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{Cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |url-status=live |journal=French Politics |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053112/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 February 2016 |quote=Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in '''Mongolia''', Poland, and Senegal. |s2cid=73642272 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the [[State Great Khural]]. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The [[constitution of Mongolia]] guarantees a number of freedoms, including full [[freedom of expression]] and [[Freedom of religion|religion]]. Mongolia amended its constitution most lately in 2019 transferring some powers from the president to the prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-06-30 |title=Mongolia Looks Into New Parliamentary System |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-looks-into-new-parliamentary-system |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325212159/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-looks-into-new-parliamentary-system |url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 May 2023, Mongolia's parliament approved a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system re-introducing proportional party voting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=Concerns Over Foreign Meddling Rise in Mongolia's Elections |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725143104/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the [[Mongolian People's Party]] and the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]. The non-governmental organization [[Freedom House]] considers Mongolia to be free.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World, 2024, Mongolia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/mongolia/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527235244/https://freedomhouse.org/country/mongolia/freedom-world/2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 – formed the government from 1921 to 1996 (in a one-party system until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 prior to losing power in the 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority;<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2012 |title=Preliminary Results Issued by the General Election Commission of Mongolia... |url=http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/4423 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522164824/http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/4423 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Infomongolia.com}}</ref> however, as the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] won the largest number of seats,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hook |first=Leslie |date=29 June 2012 |title=Democratic party leads Mongolia poll |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ec0e7c04-c1cb-11e1-8e7c-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705222046/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec0e7c04-c1cb-11e1-8e7c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz24pxWkMSH |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref> its leader, [[Norovyn Altankhuyag]], was appointed [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|prime minister]] on 10 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2012 |title=N. Altankhuyag Becomes 27th Prime Minister of Mongolia |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208080845/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=345 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=UBPost}}</ref> In 2014, he was replaced by [[Chimediin Saikhanbileg]]. The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]] won a landslide victory in the [[2016 Mongolian parliamentary election|2016 elections]] and the next [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|prime minister]] was [[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]]'s [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]]. In June 2020, MPP won a landslide victory in the [[2020 Mongolian legislative election|election]]. It took 62 seats and the main opposition DP, 11 of the 76 seats. Before the elections the ruling party had redrawn the electoral map in a way that was beneficial for MPP.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/07/heres-how-an-unpopular-ruling-party-swept-mongolias-june-elections/ |title=Here's how an unpopular ruling party swept Mongolia's June elections |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Boldsaikhan |last=Sambuu |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118064646/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/07/heres-how-an-unpopular-ruling-party-swept-mongolias-june-elections/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
In January 2021, Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/world/news/mongolian-pm-resigns-2032101 |title=Mongolian PM resigns |work=The Daily Star |agency=Agence France Press |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011051409/https://www.thedailystar.net/world/news/mongolian-pm-resigns-2032101 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 January 2021, [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene|Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene]] of MPP became new prime minister. He represents a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/with-new-pm-a-new-generation-taking-charge-in-mongolia/ |title=With New PM, a New Generation Taking Charge in Mongolia |work=The Diplomat |first1=Bolor |last1=Lkhaajav |first2=Julian |last2=Dierkes |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917223507/https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/with-new-pm-a-new-generation-taking-charge-in-mongolia/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Archers in Traditional Mongolian Outfits Guide Secretary Kerry as He Prepares to Shoot an Arrow at a "Mini-Nadaam" Outside Ulaanbaatar (27443915682).jpg|thumb|Mongolia's President [[Tsakhia Elbegdorj]] with US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], June 2016]]
The [[President of Mongolia]] is able to veto the laws made by parliament, appoint judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership. After defeating incumbent [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], a two-time former prime minister and member of the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]], was elected as president on 24 May 2009 and inaugurated on 18 June that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/25/Opposition-leader-Mongolias-new-president/53731243264038/ |title=Opposition leader Mongolia's new president |work=UPI |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818212933/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/05/25/Opposition-leader-Mongolias-new-president/53731243264038/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ruling [[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)]] ([[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)|MPRP]]) nominated [[Batbold Sukhbaatar]] as new Prime Minister in October 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8331142.stm |title=Mongolia nominates a new leader |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814182010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8331142.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> Elbegdorj was re-elected on 26 June 2013 and was inaugurated on 10 July 2013 for his second term as president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=President to be sworn in on 10th in front of Genghis Khan monument |url=https://www.shuud.mn/?p=252264 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705082636/http://www.shuud.mn/?p=252264 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=shuud.mn (in Mongolian) |df=mdy}}</ref> In June 2017, opposition [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] candidate [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] won the presidential [[2017 Mongolian presidential election|election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/mongolia-just-chose-a-new-president-what-now/ |title=Mongolia Just Chose a New President. What Now? |last=Dierkes |first=Julian |work=The Diplomat |date=8 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731214600/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/mongolia-just-chose-a-new-president-what-now/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He was inaugurated on 10 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ЕРӨНХИЙЛӨГЧИЙН 2017 ОНЫ СОНГУУЛИЙН 2 ДАХЬ САНАЛ ХУРААЛТЫН ДҮН |language=Mongolian |url=http://www.gec.gov.mn/details/2188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710125442/http://gec.gov.mn/details/2188 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

In June 2021, former Prime Minister [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh|Ukhnaa Khurelsukh]], the candidate of the ruling [[Mongolian People's Party]] ([[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]]), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the [[2021 Mongolian presidential election|presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Mongolian prime minister Khurelsukh wins presidential election in landslide |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency-2021-06-09/ |work=Reuters |date=10 June 2021 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518170501/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency-2021-06-09/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolia uses a [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[legislature]], the State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote.<ref name="IDEA" /> As per 2023 constitutional amendment the parliament increased the number of seats from 76 to 126.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2023-07-25 |title=How is Mongolia Addressing Concerns Over Foreign Meddling in Elections? |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725143104/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/concerns-over-foreign-meddling-rise-in-mongolia-s-elections |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] Mongolia was [[Democratic backsliding|autocratizing]] in 2024.<ref name="j496">{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313112226/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Provinces of Mongolia|Districts of Mongolia}}

{{Clickable map of Mongolian provinces}}

Mongolia is divided into 21 [[Provinces of Mongolia|provinces (aimags)]] and subdivided into 330 [[Districts of Mongolia|districts (sums)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/80622441 |title=Social and economic profile of Mongolia 2019-2023 |language=mn |date=2024-05-17 |website=nso.mn |publisher=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |access-date=2024-05-22 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522121406/https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/80622441 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ulaanbaatar is administered separately as a [[Provinces of Mongolia|capital city (municipality)]] with provincial status. The ''aimags'' are:
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Arkhangai Province|Arkhangai]]
* [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]]
* [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]]
* [[Bulgan Province|Bulgan]]
* [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]
* [[Dornod Province|Dornod]]
* [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]]
* [[Dundgovi Province|Dundgovi]]
* [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]]
* [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]]
* [[Khentii Province|Khentii]]
* [[Khovd Province|Khovd]]
* [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]]
* [[Ömnögovi Province|Ömnögovi]]
* [[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]]
* [[Övörkhangai Province|Övörkhangai]]
* [[Selenge Province|Selenge]]
* [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]]
* [[Töv Province|Töv]]
* [[Uvs Province|Uvs]]
* [[Zavkhan Province|Zavkhan]]
{{div col end}}

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Mongolia}}

[[File:Vladimir Putin in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on September 3, 2024 (1).jpg|thumb|Mongolian President [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 3 September 2024]]

Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dierkes |first=Julian |date=16 February 2018 |title=Can Mongolia's Brash New President Navigate Between China and Russia? |work=WPR – World Politics Review |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/22691/can-mongolia-s-brash-new-president-navigate-between-china-and-russia |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005238/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/22691/can-mongolia-s-brash-new-president-navigate-between-china-and-russia |archive-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries: China is Mongolia's largest export partner at a 78% share, far above the other top countries (Switzerland at 15%; Singapore 3%). Mongolia receives 36% of imports from China and 29% from Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ |title=Mongolia |website=CIA World Factbook |date=28 May 2024 |publisher=CIA |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mongolia is also pursuing a trilateral partnership with China and Russia through the [[Altai gas pipeline|Power of Siberia 2]] natural gas pipeline, with a contract to be signed in the "near future" according to Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Papachristou |first1=Lucy |title=Russia and China to sign Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline 'in near future', says Novak |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-china-sign-power-siberia-2-gas-pipeline-contract-in-near-future-says-2024-05-17/ |website=Reuters |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-08-26 |title=Mongolia Maintains Neutrality After 6 Months of Ukraine War |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-maintains-neutrality-after-6-months-of-ukraine-war |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128053549/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-maintains-neutrality-after-6-months-of-ukraine-war |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to China's status as Mongolia's most important trading partner, Mongolia has been trying to stay out of the current US-China confrontation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2021-07-28 |title=Mongolia forced to choose sides as 'friends' fight |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-forced-to-choose-sides-as-friends-fight |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925181747/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-forced-to-choose-sides-as-friends-fight |url-status=live}}</ref>

It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other countries especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging [[foreign direct investment]] and trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Country Brief |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/mongolia/pages/mongolia-country-brief.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814043540/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/mongolia/Pages/mongolia-country-brief.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Government of Australia}}</ref> Mongolia has been pursuing a 'third-neighbor' foreign policy since early 1990s to build deeper relations and partnerships with countries beyond its two surrounding neighbors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-04-26 |title=Why Mongolians Won't Take Sides in the Ukraine War |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolians-won-t-take-sides-in-the-ukraine-war |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701025457/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolians-won-t-take-sides-in-the-ukraine-war |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolia has been a member of [[The Forum of Small States (FOSS)]] since the group's founding in 1992.<ref name="singaporebook">{{Cite book |title=50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4713-03-0 |year=2015}}.</ref>

Then Vice President of the US Joe Biden, visited Mongolia in 2011 supporting Mongolia's third neighbor policy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levick |first=Ewen |date=2020-11-17 |title=Why Mongolia matters to Joe Biden |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolia-matters-to-joe-biden |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204313/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/why-mongolia-matters-to-joe-biden |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Embassies====
{{Main|List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia}}

Mongolia maintains many [[diplomatic missions]] in other countries and has [[embassies]] in the following world capitals:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Embassies & Consulates |url=https://www.embassypages.com/mongolia |access-date=18 February 2018 |website=EmbassyPages.com |archive-date=2 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902181641/https://www.embassypages.com/mongolia |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Ankara]]
* [[Astana]]
* [[Bangkok]]
* [[Beijing]]
* [[Berlin]]
* [[Brasília]]
* [[Brussels]]
* [[Budapest]]
* [[Cairo]]
* [[Canberra]]
* [[Hanoi]]
* [[Havana]]
* [[Jakarta]]
* [[Kuala Lumpur]]
* [[Kuwait City]]
* [[London]]
* [[Moscow]]
* [[New Delhi]]
* [[Ottawa]]
* [[Paris]]
* [[Prague]]
* [[Pyongyang]]
* [[Rome]]
* [[Seoul]]
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Sofia]]
* [[Stockholm]]
* [[Tokyo]]
* [[Vienna]]
* [[Vientiane]]
* [[Warsaw]]
* [[Washington, D.C.]]
{{div col end}}

=== Military ===
{{main|Mongolian Armed Forces}}

[[File:Vostok-2018 military manoeuvres (2018-09-13) 51.jpg|thumb|Mongolian, Chinese and Russian national flags set on armored vehicles during the large-scale military exercise [[Vostok 2018]] in Eastern Siberia]]

Mongolia supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to [[Iraq]]. About 130 troops were deployed to [[Afghanistan]]. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in [[Sierra Leone]] on a UN mandate to protect the UN's [[Special Court for Sierra Leone|special court]] set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion to [[Chad]] in support of [[MINURCAT]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ban Ki-Moon on press conference in Ulaanbaatar, July 27th, 2009 |url=http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184917/http://www.un.org/apps/sg/offthecuff.asp?nid=1312 |archive-date=3 May 2011 |access-date=2010-05-02 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref>

From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in [[Kosovo]]. On 21 November 2005, [[George W. Bush]] became the first-ever sitting US president to visit Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President George W. Bush Visits Mongolia |url=http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229154823/http://mongolia.usembassy.gov/potus_visit.html |archive-date=29 February 2008 |access-date=2013-06-30 |publisher=US embassy in Mongolia, 2005}}</ref> In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner.

=== Legal system ===
{{Main|Judiciary of Mongolia}}

The [[judiciary of Mongolia]] is made of a three-tiered court system: [[Trial court|first instance]] courts in each [[Districts of Mongolia|provincial district]] and each [[Düürgüüd of Mongolia|Ulaanbaatar district]]; [[Appellate court|appellate]] courts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at the [[Supreme Court of Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judicial System of Mongolia |url=http://www.supremecourt.mn/english/content/11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152649/http://www.supremecourt.mn/english/content/11 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=10 December 2016 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of Mongolia]]}}</ref> For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court.

A [[Judicial General Council of Mongolia|Judicial General Council]] (JGC) nominates judges which must then be confirmed by the [[State Great Khural|parliament]] and appointed by the President.

Arbitration centers provide [[alternative dispute resolution]] options for commercial and other disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-22 |title=Эвлэрүүлэн зуучлалын тухай хууль |trans-title=Law on mediation and conciliation |url=http://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/8689 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509142002/http://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/8689 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |publisher=www.Legalinfo.mn}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Mongolia}}

[[File:GDP per capita development of Mongolia.svg|thumb|Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia]]
[[File:UB downtown.jpg|thumb|View of Ulaanbaatar with the [[Blue Sky Tower]] ]]

Economic activity in Mongolia has long been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal, [[molybdenum]], tin, [[tungsten]] and gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production.<ref name="stategov">{{Cite web |title=Background Note: Mongolia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm |publisher=Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133623/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities.<ref name=stategov/> Also, Mongolia produces one-fifth of the world's raw cashmere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2020-04-25 |title=Cashmere conflict: Politicians, Herders, Middlemen and Factories |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/cashmere-conflict-politicians-herders-middlemen-and-factories |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325205150/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/cashmere-conflict-politicians-herders-middlemen-and-factories |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[informal economy]] is estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.<ref name="stategov" /> {{As of|2022}}, 78% of Mongolia's exports went to the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]], and the PRC supplied 36% of Mongolia's imports.<ref name="CIA World Factbook, Mongolia">{{cite web |title=CIA World Factbook, Mongolia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/#economy |website=CIA World Factbook |date=28 May 2024 |publisher=CIA |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia#economy |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[World Bank]] has stated that Mongolia's development prospects are promising due to an expansion of mining and large public investment, although challenges remain from inflation, weaker external demand from China, and persistent fiscal risks due to sizable contingent liabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Bank in Mongolia |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia/overview |website=The World Bank |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014029/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia/overview |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Asian Development Bank, 27.1% of Mongolia's population lived below the national poverty line in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mongolia and ADB |url=https://www.adb.org/where-we-work/mongolia/poverty#:~:text=Poverty%20Data%3A%20Mongolia&text=In%20Mongolia%2C%2027.1%25%20of%20the,die%20before%20their%205th%20birthday. |website=Asian Development Bank |date=21 May 2021 |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528015529/https://www.adb.org/where-we-work/mongolia/poverty#:~:text=Poverty%20Data%3A%20Mongolia&text=In%20Mongolia%2C%2027.1%25%20of%20the,die%20before%20their%205th%20birthday. |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, GDP per capita was estimated at $12,100.<ref name="CIA World Factbook, Mongolia"/>

Mongolia's real GDP grew by 7% in 2023 due to record-high coal production, driven by strong demand from China.<ref name="IMF April">{{cite web |title=Mongolia-Assessment Letter for the Asian Development Bank |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2024/04/01/Mongolia-Assessment-Letter-for-the-Asian-Development-Bank-547032 |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014029/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2024/04/01/Mongolia-Assessment-Letter-for-the-Asian-Development-Bank-547032 |url-status=live}}</ref> Inflation in early 2024 dropped to 7% due to lower global food and fuel prices.<ref name="IMF April"/> Despite a robust increase in import volumes, Mongolia recorded a current account surplus due to the sharp increase in coal exports. Mining sector growth is expected to continue driving GDP growth, although the [[International Monetary Fund]] predicts the current account balance will revert to a sizable deficit due to declining coal prices.<ref name="IMF April"/>

In 2011, [[Citigroup]] analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "[[3G (countries)|global growth generating]]" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2011 |title=Forget The BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future |work=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1 |url-status=live |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092723/http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1 |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> The [[Mongolian Stock Exchange]], established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest stock exchanges by [[market capitalization]].<ref name="Jeffs">{{Cite news |last=Jeffs |first=Luke |date=12 February 2007 |title=Mongolia earns a sporting chance with fledgling operation |work=Dow Jones Financial News Online |url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/content/1047180747 |access-date=2007-09-11 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124830/https://www.fnlondon.com/content/1047180747 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IHT">{{Cite news |last=Cheng |first=Patricia |date=19 September 2006 |title=Mongolian bourse seeks foreign investment |work=International Herald-Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php |access-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820205402/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php |archive-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> As of 2024, it has 180 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mongolia Market Capitalization |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/market-capitalization |website=CEIC Data |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014028/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/market-capitalization |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) currently ranks Mongolia as 81st globally in its ease of doing business scoring.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ease of Doing Business rankings |url=https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings |website=Doing Business |publisher=World Bank |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601093451/https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mongolia was ranked 78th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/mongolia |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012035001/https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Mineral industry ===
{{main|Mining in Mongolia}}

[[File:Oyu Tolgoi 23.JPG|thumb|[[Oyu Tolgoi]] employs 21,000 workers and produced 168,000 tons of copper in 2023.<ref name="Rio">{{cite web |title=Oyu Tolgoi |url=https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/mongolia/oyu-tolgoi |website=Rio Tinto |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706045938/https://www.riotinto.com/en/Operations/mongolia/oyu-tolgoi |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%. Fiscal revenues from mining represented 21% of government income in 2010 and rose to 24% in 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lkhagva |first1=Davaajargal |last2=Wang |first2=Zheng |last3=Liu |first3=Changxin |date=2019-05-29 |title=Mining Booms and Sustainable Economic Growth in Mongolia—Empirical Result from Recursive Dynamic CGE Model |journal=Economies |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=51 |doi=10.3390/economies7020051 |issn=2227-7099 |doi-access=free |hdl=10419/256983 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Mongolian Statistical Yearbook 2018 |publisher=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |year=2018 |location=Ulan Bator}}</ref> About 3,000 mining licenses have been issued.<ref name="econ-mam">{{Cite news |date=21 January 2012 |title=Booming Mongolia: Mine, all mine |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2012/01/21/mine-all-mine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121132118/http://www.economist.com/node/21543113 |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> Mining continues to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia.<ref name="cia" />

In 2009, the Mongolian government negotiated an agreement with [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] and [[Turquoise Hill Resources|Ivanhoe Mines]] to develop the [[Oyu Tolgoi]] copper and gold deposit,<ref name=stategov/> the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia at the time. The mine is now a major producer of copper and gold, with plans to further develop underground production and reach an output of 500,000 tons of copper per year.<ref name=Rio/> Mongolian's gold production in 2015 is 15 metric tons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live}}</ref> Mongolian lawmakers have also attempted to finance the development of the [[Tavan Tolgoi]] area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. However, proposed international partnerships failed in 2011 and 2015, with Mongolia further canceling an international [[initial public offering]] in 2020, citing financial and political difficulties.<ref name="tavan">{{cite web |last1=Jamasmie |first1=Cecilia |title=Mongolia cancels Tavan Tolgoi's $1 billion IPO plan |url=https://www.mining.com/mongolia-cancels-tavan-tolgois-1bn-ipo-plan/ |website=Mining.com |date=28 April 2020 |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219032241/https://www.mining.com/mongolia-cancels-tavan-tolgois-1bn-ipo-plan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2022, Mongolia built and launched a 233-km direct rail link to China, which is a milestone in Mongolia's plan to become China's leading supplier of high-quality coal from the Tavan Tolgoi mine, which has more than six billion tonnes of coal reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-09-08 |title=New Coal Rail Network Comes Online Connecting Mongolia With China |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911183801/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
{{excerpt|Agriculture in Mongolia}}

=== Communications ===
{{excerpt|Telecommunications in Mongolia}}

Postal services are provided by state-owned [[Mongol Post]] and 54 other licensed operators.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Odgerel |first1=U. |last2=International Chinese Transportation Professional Association |date=2011 |title=White Paper 2011 Mongolia |url=http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN048133.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809121920/http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/internet/Documents/UNPAN048133.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=20 June 2016 |publisher=[[United Nations Public Administration Network]]}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
[[File:Thermal Power Plant No. 4 (Ulaanbaatar).jpg|thumb|[[Thermal Power Plant No. 4 (Ulaanbaatar)|Thermal Power Plant No. 4]] in Ulaanbaaatar is Mongolia's largest power station.]]
{{excerpt|Energy in Mongolia}}

Mongolia imports 98% of its fuel and is building its first ever oil refinery to reduce its foreign energy dependency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2020-06-08 |title=Khurelsukh drives Mongolia to energy independence |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-will-become-an-oil-producing-country-says-prime-minister-khurelsukh |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124180524/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-will-become-an-oil-producing-country-says-prime-minister-khurelsukh |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in Mongolia}}

[[File:Zamyn Uud traders.jpg|thumb|Train in [[Zamyn-Üüd]] station in [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi aimag]]]]
[[File:Rider in Mongolia, 2012.jpg|thumb|While the [[Mongolian horse]] continues to be revered as the national symbol, they are rapidly being replaced by motorized vehicles.]]
[[File:Байкал и Хубсугул 332.jpg|thumb|Mongolian ferry ''Sukhbaatar'' on [[Lake Khovsgol]] in Khovsgol Province]]

The [[Trans-Mongolian Railway]] is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in Russia at the town of [[Ulan-Ude]], crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China at [[Erenhot]] where it joins the Chinese railway system. A separate railroad link connects the eastern city of [[Choibalsan (city)|Choibalsan]] with the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town of [[Chuluunkhoroot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lonely Planet Mongolia: Choibalsan transport |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/eastern-mongolia/choibalsan/transport/getting-there-away |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101526/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mongolia/eastern-mongolia/choibalsan/transport/getting-there-away |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=2010-05-02 |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com}}</ref> Mongolia also has a 233 km-long cargo rail link from the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-09-08 |title=New Coal Rail Network Comes Online Connecting Mongolia With China |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911183801/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolia has a number of domestic airports, with some of them having international status. However, the main international airport is [[Chinggis Khaan International Airport]], located approximately {{convert|52|km|abbr=on}} south of the capital Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, Russia, Germany, and Turkey. [[MIAT Mongolian Airlines]] is Mongolia's national air carrier, operating international flights, while air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines serve domestic and short international routes.

Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese borders, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millennium Road), and from Darkhan to [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]]. A number of road construction projects are currently underway. Mongolia has {{convert|4800|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads, with {{convert|1800|km|abbr=on}} of that total completed in 2013 alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2013 |title=Tough challenges in 2014 | UBPost News |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=7086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401041502/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/?p=7086 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=2014-05-05 |publisher=Ubpost.mongolnews.mn}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{Main|Demographics of Mongolia}}

[[File:Chinggis Square.jpg|thumb|[[Ulaanbaatar]] is the capital and largest city of Mongolia.]]

Mongolia's total population in 2024 was 3,544,835, per the National Statistics Office of Mongolia. This figure includes the total number of Mongolian citizens who usually reside in Mongolia (for more than 183 days or six months), as well as Mongolian citizens living abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POPULATION OF MONGOLIA, by region, aimags and the Capital, urban and rural |url=https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573051/table-view/DT_NSO_0300_004V1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=National Statistics Office of Mongolia }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> 51% of the population was female and 49% male, with 71.2% residing in urban areas, compared to 21.8% in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=POPULATION OF MONGOLIA, by sex and urban/rural |url=https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573051/table-view/DT_NSO_0300_027V1 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |archive-date=11 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611234442/https://www.1212.mn/en/statistic/statcate/573051/table-view/DT_NSO_0300_027V1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mongolia's population growth rate was estimated at 1.2% in 2007.<ref name="UN DESA PD">{{Cite web |title=WPP2006_Highlights_0823.doc |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721171003/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref>

The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia |url=http://www.unescap.org/stat/pop-it/pop-wdt/wdt-mongolia.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511040529/http://www.unescap.org/stat/pop-it/pop-wdt/wdt-mongolia.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific}}</ref> Since the end of socialism, Mongolia has experienced a decline of [[total fertility rate]] (children per woman) that is steeper than in any other country in the world, according to recent UN estimations:<ref name="UN DESA PD" /> in 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman, dropping to about 2.1 in 2000–2005.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spoorenberg |first=Thomas |year=2009 |title=The impact of the political and economic transition on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. A synthetic parity progression ratio analysis |journal=Asian Population Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=127–151 |doi=10.1080/17441730902992067 |s2cid=153650562 |issn=1744-1730}}</ref> The decline ended and in 2005–2010, the fertility value increased to 2.8 in 2013 and stabilized afterwards at a rate of about 2.5-2.6 children per woman around 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility rate: children per woman |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=MNG |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Our World in Data |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318130315/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=MNG |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Mongols are moderately homogeneous;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia – Climate and soils |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia/Climate-and-soils |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405131415/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia/Climate-and-soils |url-status=live}}</ref> ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist of [[Khalkha]] and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. The [[Khalkha]] make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats, [[Buryats]] and others. [[Turkic people]]s ([[Kazakhs]] and [[Tuvans]]) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2007 |title=Second wave of Chinese invasion |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/business/second-wave-of-chinese-invasion/2007/08/12/1186857347594.html |url-status=live |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021224406/http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/second-wave-of-chinese-invasion/2007/08/12/1186857347594.html |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Major cities ===
{{Main|List of cities in Mongolia}}

{{Pie chart|value1=44.2|value2=3.1|value3=2.6|value4=1.4|value5=1.3|value6=1.2|value7=1.2|label1=Ulaanbaatar|label2=Erdenet|label3=Darkhan|label4=Choibalsan|label5=Mörön|label6=Nalaikh|label7=Ölgii|value8=1.0|value9=1.0|value10=1.0|footer=The percentage of the population the top 10 most populous cities make up.|label8=Arvaikheer|label9=Bayankhongor|label10=Khovd|other=42.0}}

As of 2020, 47.6% of the population lives in Ulaanbaatar, further 21.4% lived in [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Erdenet]], the [[Provinces of Mongolia|aimag]] centers and [[Districts of Mongolia|sum]] centers, and other permanent settlements, and 31.0% in rural areas.<ref>{{cite book |last=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |title=MONGOLIAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2020 |date=2021-09-18 |url=https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/47811478 |page=10 |publisher=Mongol Ulsyn Ündėsnij Statisikijn Horoo |isbn=978-99978-758-9-1 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522192729/https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/47811478 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| name = Largest cities and towns of Mongolia
| country = Mongolia
| stat_ref = National Statistics Office of Mongolia, 2020 {{URL|1=https://www2.1212.mn/tables.aspx?TBL_ID=DT_NSO_0300_004V5}}
| div_name = Province

|city_1 = Ulaanbaatar | div_1 = Ulaanbaatar | pop_1 = 1,426,645
|city_2 = Erdenet | div_2 = Orkhon Province{{!}}Orkhon | pop_2 = 101,421
|city_3 = Darkhan (city){{!}}Darkhan | div_3 = Darkhan-Uul Province{{!}}Darkhan-Uul | pop_3 = 83,213
|city_4 = Choibalsan (city){{!}}Choibalsan | div_4 = Dornod Province{{!}}Dornod | pop_4 = 46,683
|city_5 = Mörön | div_5 = Khövsgöl Province{{!}}Khövsgöl | pop_5 = 41,586
|city_6 = Nalaikh{{!}}''Nalaikh*'' | div_6 = Ulaanbaatar | pop_6 = 38,690
|city_7 = Ölgii (city){{!}}Ölgii | div_7 = Bayan-Ölgii Province{{!}}Bayan-Ölgii | pop_7 = 38,310
|city_8 = Arvaikheer | div_8 = Övörkhangai Province{{!}}Övörkhangai | pop_8 = 33,743
|city_9 = Bayankhongor | div_9 = Bayankhongor Province{{!}}Bayankhongor | pop_9 = 31,948
|city_10 = Khovd (city){{!}}Khovd | div_10 = Khovd Province{{!}}Khovd | pop_10 = 31,081
|city_11 = Ulaangom | div_11 = Uvs Province{{!}}Uvs | pop_11= 30,958
|city_12 = Baganuur{{!}}''Baganuur*'' | div_12 = Ulaanbaatar | pop_12 = 29,342
|city_13 = Dalanzadgad | div_13 = Ömnögovi Province{{!}}Ömnögovi | pop_13 = 27,525
|city_14 = Sainshand | div_14 = Dornogovi Province{{!}}Dornogovi | pop_14 = 24,552
|city_15 = Öndörkhaan{{!}}Chinggis City | div_15 = Khentii Province{{!}}Khentii | pop_15 = 22,216
|city_16 = Sükhbaatar (city){{!}}Sükhbaatar | div_16 = Selenge Province{{!}}Selenge | pop_16 = 22,470
|city_17 = Züünkharaa, Selenge{{!}}Züünkharaa | div_17 = Selenge Province{{!}}Selenge | pop_17 = 21,093
|city_18 = Tsetserleg (city){{!}}Tsetserleg | div_18 = Arkhangai Province{{!}}Arkhangai | pop_18 = 20,645
|city_19 = Baruun-Urt | div_19 = Sükhbaatar Province{{!}}Sükhbaatar | pop_19 = 19,255
|city_20 = Zamyn-Üüd | div_20 = Dornogovi Province{{!}}Dornogovi | pop_20 = 19,116

}}{{refbegin}}*Under Ulaanbaatar administration{{refend}}

=== Languages ===
[[File:Mörön Public Library and Museum.jpg|thumb|Public Library and Museum in Mörön, [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]] province showing signage in Mongolian (Mongolian script and Cyrillic) and English]]
Mongolia's official and [[national language]] is [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]. A member of the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]] family, the standard dialect is [[Khalkha Mongolian|Khalkha Mongol]]. It coexists with various other, largely mutually intelligible varieties of Mongolic such as [[Oirat language|Oirat]], [[Buryat language|Buryat]], and [[Khamnigan Mongol|Khamnigan]]. Several dialects have been morphing to become more like the central Khalkha dialect in recent years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Marzluf |first1=Philip |title=The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia |last2=Saruul-Erdene |first2=Myagmar |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-317-35449-9 |editor-last=Kirkpatrick |editor-first=Andy |series=Routledge international handbooks |location=London; New York |chapter=Mongolia: Language education policy |editor-last2=Liddicoat |editor-first2=Anthony J.}}</ref> Most speakers of these dialects are located in the western part of the country, namely [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Uvs Province|Uvs]], and [[Khovd Province|Khovd]]. [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]], is the majority language in Bayan-Ölgii, while [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] is another Turkic language spoken in [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]]. [[Mongolian Sign Language]] is the principal language of the deaf community.

As of the mid-2020s, Mongolian is mainly written using the [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet]], introduced during the 1940s. Since the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1990|1990 revolution]] there has been a minor revival of the historic [[Mongolian script]], which is still the official script used by [[Mongols in China|Mongols in neighboring]] [[Inner Mongolia]]. Although Mongolian script has officially been declared the ''national script'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Монгол хэлний тухай хууль |url=https://legalinfo.mn/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Эрх зүйн мэдээллийн нэгдсэн систем |language=mn |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114082106/http://www.legalinfo.mn/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is taught from the sixth grade onward at schools,<ref>{{Cite web |title=University and college students to learn Mongolian script from upcoming academic year |url=https://montsame.mn/en/read/250154 |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=MONTSAME News Agency |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519063138/https://montsame.mn/en/read/250154 |url-status=live}}</ref> it remains mostly confined to ceremonial usage in daily life.<ref name=":1" /> In 2025, Mongolia began using both the Cyrillic and traditional Mongolian scripts for legal papers and official documents.<ref>{{cite news |last=Huaxia |date=2 January 2025 |url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250102/8b680b455e18408bbde04b07870fe493/c.html |title=Mongolia adopts dual scripts for legal, official documents |work=Xinhuanet |access-date=4 January 2025 |archive-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104095800/https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250102/8b680b455e18408bbde04b07870fe493/c.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mongols-map.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Asia|This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century [[Mongol Empire]] compared to today's [[Mongols]]. The red area shows where the majority of [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] speakers reside today.]]

Since 1990, English has quickly supplanted Russian as the most popular foreign language in Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shinjee |first1=Bolormaa |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003198345/routledge-handbook-sociolinguistics-around-world-martin-ball-rajend-mesthrie-chiara-meluzzi |title=The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World |last2=Dovchin |first2=Sender |author-link2=Sender Dovchin |date=2023-07-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-19834-5 |editor-last=Ball |editor-first=Martin J. |edition=2 |location=London |chapter=SOCIOLINGUISTICS IN MONGOLIA |doi=10.4324/9781003198345 |editor-last2=Mesthrie |editor-first2=Rajend |editor-last3=Meluzzi |editor-first3=Chiara |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519063137/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003198345/routledge-handbook-sociolinguistics-around-world-martin-ball-rajend-mesthrie-chiara-meluzzi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Цыбенова |first1=Ч. С. |last2=Жалсанова |first2=В. Г. |date=2022-08-31 |title=Русский язык в повседневном дискурсе монголов (данные экспертного опроса) |url=https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/3964 |journal=Научный диалог |language=ru |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=158–181 |doi=10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-6-158-181 |issn=2227-1295 |doi-access=free |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519063136/https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/3964 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Mongolian People's Republic|communist era]], Russian was a vital language for mobility and professional communication, with a large number of students studying in the [[Soviet Union]] as well as a large number of Soviet professionals and soldiers located within Mongolia.<ref name=":1" /> Since then, Mongolia's education system has reoriented away from the Soviet Union to the West, and English has become the dominant foreign language, aided by liberalized media, international aid agencies, the rise of private education and tutoring, as well as official government policy. In the 2014–2015 academic year, 59% of the overall student population studied English at public secondary schools.<ref name=":1" /> In 2023, English was declared the "first foreign language", and to be taught from the third grade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Б.Анхтуяа |date=2023-08-02 |title=Mongolia makes English the first foreign language in secondary education - News.MN |url=https://news.mn/en/799615/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=News.MN - The source of news |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519063136/https://news.mn/en/799615/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of the 2014–2015 academic year, the most popular foreign language in specialized language courses were (ordered by popularity), English, [[Chinese language|Chinese]], Russian, [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]]. Korean in particular has gained popularity as tens of thousands of [[Mongolians in South Korea|Mongolians work in South Korea]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Han |first=Jae-hyuck |date=5 May 2006 |title=Today in Mongolia: Everyone can speak a few words of Korean |publisher=Office of the President, Republic of Korea |url=http://english.president.go.kr/cwd/en/archive/archive_view.php?meta_id=en_dip_2006&category=164&id=923b8c655856408486c7764f |access-date=2007-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015517/http://english.president.go.kr/cwd/en/archive/archive_view.php?meta_id=en_dip_2006&category=164&id=923b8c655856408486c7764f |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> forming the [[Mongolian diaspora|largest group of Mongolians abroad]].

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Mongolia|Freedom of religion in Mongolia}}

{| class="wikitable floatright sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|+ Religions in Mongolia (population aged 15 and above)<ref name="Religion2010">2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia. Data recorded in Brian J. Grim et al. ''Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2014''. BRILL, 2014. p. 152</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mongolia/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US |archive-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313141736/https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mongolia |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Religion !! Population!! Share
|-
| '''Non-religious''' || 1,338,528 || 40.6%
|-
| '''Religious''' || ''1,958,338'' || ''59.4%''
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || 1,704,480 || 51.7%
|-
| [[Islam]] || 105,500 || 3.2%
|-
| [[Shamanism]] || 82,422 || 2.5%
|-
| [[Christianity]] || 42,859 || 1.3%
|-
| Other religions || 23,078 || 0.7%
|-
| '''Total''' || '''3,296,866''' || '''100.0%'''
|}

According to the 2020 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 51.7% were [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Buddhists]], while 40.6% were [[Irreligion|non-religious]].<ref name=":2" /> 

[[Mongolian shamanism]] has been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They gradually gave way to [[Tibetan Buddhism]], but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced. The Kazakhs of western Mongolia, some Mongols, and other Turkic peoples in the country traditionally adhere to [[Islam in Mongolia|Islam]].

Throughout much of the 20th century, the [[Mongolian People's Republic|communist]] government repressed religious practices. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. from 1911 on, the head of the Church had also been the [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the country).<ref name=eb/> In the late 1930s, the regime, then led by [[Khorloogiin Choibalsan]], closed almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries and [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|killed at least 30,000 people, of whom 18,000 were lamas]].<ref name="Thirty thousand">{{Cite web |title=Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe, London 2002, p. 156 |url=http://www.chriskaplonski.com/downloads/bullets.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044943/http://www.chriskaplonski.com/downloads/bullets.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=2010-12-23}}</ref> The number of [[Buddhist monk]]s dropped from 100,000 in 1924 to 110 in 1990.<ref name="eb">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mongolia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia |access-date=2013-06-28 |date=11 July 1921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514054518/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Amarbayasgalant monastery - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amarbayasgalant Monastery]]]]
The [[fall of communism]] in 1991 restored public religious practice. [[Tibetan Buddhism]], which had been the predominant religion prior to the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practiced religion in Mongolia. The highest-ranking lama of Buddhism in Mongolia has been vacant since the 9th Jebtsundamba's passing in 2012<ref name="thediplomat.com">{{Cite web |title=China's Grip on Mongolia's Quest for Spiritual Leadership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/03/chinas-grip-on-mongolias-quest-for-spiritual-leadership/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325161712/https://thediplomat.com/2023/03/chinas-grip-on-mongolias-quest-for-spiritual-leadership/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the search for the next Jebtsundamba Khutuktu is being complicated by Beijing's desire to assert control over Tibetan Buddhism.<ref name="thediplomat.com"/>

The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary group [[Barnabas Fund]], the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 {{As of|2008|lc=y}}. In May 2013, [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate twenty years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country.<ref name="LDS Members Celebrate 20 Years of Church in Mongolia">{{Cite web |title=Members Celebrate 20 Years of Church in Mongolia |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/members-celebrate-20-years-of-church-in-mongolia?lang=eng |access-date=2013-06-02 |publisher=churchofjesuschrist.org |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710143743/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/members-celebrate-20-years-of-church-in-mongolia?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref> There are some 1,000 Catholics in Mongolia and, in 2003, a missionary from the [[Philippines]] was named Mongolia's first [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] bishop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions in Mongolia |url=http://www.mongolia-attractions.com/religions-in-mongolia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513073925/https://www.mongolia-attractions.com/religions-in-mongolia.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |access-date=2010-05-02 |publisher=Mongolia-attractions.com |df=mdy}}</ref> In 2017 [[Seventh-day Adventists]] reported 2,700 members in six churches up from zero members in 1991.<ref name="adventistyearbook.org">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=Mongolia Mission |url=https://www.adventistyearbook.org/entity?EntityID=13261 |access-date=2020-05-29 |publisher=Adventistyearbook.org |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182208/http://www.adventistyearbook.org/default.aspx?page=ViewAdmField&Year=9999&AdmFieldID=MGMF |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Mongolia}}

During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Before the [[Mongolian People's Republic|People's Republic]], literacy rates were below one percent. By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mongolian People's Republic |work=TheFreeDictionary.com |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mongolian+People's+Republic |url-status=live |access-date=2016-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212105459/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mongolian+People%27s+Republic |archive-date=12 February 2017}}</ref> in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy.

Primary and secondary education formerly lasted ten years, but was expanded to eleven years. Since the 2008–2009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, with a full transition to the 12-year system in the 2019–2020 school year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Зургаан настнууд зутрах шинжтэй |url=http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1134602 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525093517/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1134602 |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Olloo.mn |language=mn}}</ref>

{{As of|2006}}, English is taught in all secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade. English has taken over from Russian as the dominant foreign language in Mongolia, particularly in Ulaanbaatar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dovchin |first=Sender |date=2021-10-04 |title=The Rise of English in Mongolia |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/the-rise-of-english-in-mongolia |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325212203/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/the-rise-of-english-in-mongolia |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from the [[National University of Mongolia]] and the [[Mongolian University of Science and Technology]]. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. There was a six-fold increase in students between 1993 and 2010.<ref>Jakob Engel and Annalisa Prizzon, with Gerelmaa Amgaabazar, July 2014, From decline to recovery: Post-primary education in
Mongolia, {{Cite web |title=Development Progress |url=http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/mongolia_summary_digi.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014354/http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/mongolia_summary_digi.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=2014-10-10}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Excerpt|Health in Mongolia|paragraphs=1-4}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Mongolia}}

The symbol in the left bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon called [[Soyombo symbol|Soyombo]]. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditional [[thangka]] paintings.

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Mongolia}}

{{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}[[File:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|A [[yurt|''ger'']] in front of the [[Gurvan Saikhan Uul|Gurvan Saikhan Mountains]]]]

The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a ''ger''. In the past it was known by the Turkic term ''[[yurt]]'', but this has been changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known in English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art critic [[N. Chultem]], the ''ger'' was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started as ''ger''-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles{{clarify|r=is sides or corners meant?|date=April 2011}} with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a ''ger''. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. The roofs were made in the shape of marquées.<ref name="Chultem">{{Cite book |title=Искусство Монголии |year=1984 |location=Moscow}}</ref> The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Heritage of Mongolia |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702015556/http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm |archive-date=2 July 2007 |access-date=2007-07-07 |publisher=[[Indiana University]]}}</ref>

Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, [[Tibetan architecture|Tibetan]] and [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] as well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by [[Zanabazar]]. An example of the ''ger''-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the [[Erdene Zuu]] lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.<ref name="Chultem" /> Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the {{convert|sp=us|25|m|ft}} sculpture of Maitreya.

=== Visual arts ===
Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terese Tse Bartholomew |year=1995 |title=Introduction to the Art of Mongolia |url=http://www.asianart.com/mongolia/introduct.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306134950/http://www.asianart.com/mongolia/introduct.html |archive-date=6 March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-22 |publisher=asianart.com}}</ref> [[Thangkas]] were usually painted or made in [[appliqué]] technique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the first [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]], [[Zanabazar]].

In the late 19th century, painters like [[Marzan Sharav|"Marzan" Sharav]] turned to more realistic painting styles. Under the [[Mongolian People's Republic]], [[socialist realism]] was the dominant painting style,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veronika Ronge |title=Die Mongolen: Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur |publisher=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |year=1986 |isbn=978-3-534-03579-3 |editor-last=Michael Weiers |pages=125–148 |chapter=Kunst und Kunstgewerbe}}</ref> however traditional ''thangka''-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as "[[Mongol zurag|Mongol ''zurag'']]".

Among the first attempts to introduce [[modernism]] into the fine arts of Mongolia was the painting ''Ehiin setgel'' (''Mother's love'') created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

All forms of fine arts flourished only after [[perestroika]] in the late 1980s. Otgonbayar Ershuu is arguably one of the most well-known Mongolian modern artists in the Western world, he was portrayed in the film "ZURAG" by Tobias Wulff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZURAG – a movie about Otgonbayar Ershuu |url=http://www.zurag.de/zurag-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729204853/http://www.zurag.de/zurag-film.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Zurag.de}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Mongolia}}

[[File:Mongolian Musician.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument [[morin khuur]]]]

The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously the [[morin khuur]], and also the singing styles like the [[Long song|urtyn duu]] ("long song"), and throat-singing ([[Tuvan throat singing#Khoomei|khoomei]]). The "tsam" is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen as reminiscent of [[shamanism]].

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Mongolia}}

[[File:Mongolia media.jpg|thumb|right|Mongolian media interviewing the opposition [[Mongolian Green Party]] in 2008. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.]]

Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the ''Unen'' ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet ''[[Pravda]]''.<ref name="pr">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia media |url=http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mongolia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415220841/http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mongolia.html |archive-date=15 April 2013 |access-date=2013-06-28 |publisher=Press reference}}</ref> Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media were allowed.<ref name=pr/> The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the [[one-party state]] grew into a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront.

A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on 28 August 1998, and enacted on 1 January 1999, paved the way for media reforms.<ref name="bruun">{{Cite book |last1=Ole Bruun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEvbqA5PInIC |title=Mongolia in Transition |last2=Ole Odgaard |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7007-0441-5 |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111083322/http://books.google.com/books?id=vEvbqA5PInIC |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |title=Country Profile: Mongolia |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15460525 |url-status=live |access-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206003152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1235560.stm#media |archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref>

Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new [[Freedom of information laws by country|Freedom of Information Act]], and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.<ref name="baner">{{Cite book |title=Asian communication handbook 2008 |publisher=AMIC |year=2008 |isbn=978-981-4136-10-5 |editor-last=Indrajit Banerjee |editor-last2=Stephen Logan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The World Trade Organization legal, economic and political analysis |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-387-22685-9 |editor-last=Patrick F.J. Macrory |location=New York |editor-last2=Arthur E. Appleton |editor-last3=Michael G. Plummer}}</ref> Market reforms have led to an annually increasing number of people working in the media, along with students at journalism schools.<ref name=baner/>

In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, [[Reporters Without Borders]] classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=2013 World Press Freedom Index: Dashed Hopes After Spring |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215183842/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013%2C1054.html |archive-date=15 February 2013 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=2016 World Press Freedom Index |work=RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314000216/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2016 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref>

According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited television as their main source of information.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enkhbold |first=Enerelt |year=2016 |title=TV drama promotes financial education in Mongolia |url=http://blogs.adb.org/blog/tv-drama-promotes-financial-education-mongolia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104121/http://blogs.adb.org/blog/tv-drama-promotes-financial-education-mongolia |archive-date=30 May 2016 |website=Asian Development Bank Blog}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{excerpt|Mongolian cuisine|only=paragraphs}}

=== Sports and festivals ===
{{Main|Mongolia at the Olympics}}

[[File:Naadam Festival 2024 Opening Ceremony.jpg|thumb|[[Naadam]] is the largest summer celebration.]]

The main national festival is [[Naadam]], which has been organized for centuries and takes place over three days in the summer, consisting of three Mongolian traditional sports, archery, cross-country horse-racing, and wrestling, traditionally recognized as the Three Manly Games of Naadam. In modern-day Mongolia, Naadam is held from 11 to 13 July in the honor of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State.

Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the "flicking" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. At Naadam, this contest is popular among older Mongolians.
[[File:Three Naadam riders.jpg|thumb|left|Riders during [[Naadam]] festival]]

[[Horse culture in Mongolia|Horse riding]] is especially central to Mongolian culture. The long-distance races that are showcased during Naadam festivals are one aspect of this, as is the popularity of trick riding. One example of trick riding is the legend that the Mongolian military hero [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]] scattered coins on the ground and then picked them up while riding a horse at full gallop.

[[Mongolian wrestling]] is the most popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition.

Other sports such as basketball, [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[powerlifting]], association football, athletics, gymnastics, table tennis, [[jujutsu]], [[karate]], [[aikido]], [[kickboxing]], and [[mixed martial arts]] have become popular in Mongolia. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing internationally.

[[Freestyle wrestling]] has been practiced since 1958 in Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Монголын Чөлөөт Бөхийн Холбоо |url=http://wrestling.mn/page/show/19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330025955/http://wrestling.mn/page/show/19 |archive-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia.

[[Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar]] won Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram class of judo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mark Bixler |date=15 August 2008 |title=Mongolia wins first-ever gold medal |publisher=CNN.com/world sport |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/08/15/mongolia.medal/index.html |access-date=2008-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822162813/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/08/15/mongolia.medal/index.html |archive-date=22 August 2008}}</ref>

[[Amateur boxing]] has been practiced in Mongolia since 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Д.Батмєнх: Анх дээлтэй, монгол гуталтай бокс тоглодог байлаа |trans-title=D. Batmunkh: The first Mongolian boxer was dressed in Mongolian boots |url=http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=108135 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031203607/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=108135 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |language=mn}}</ref> The Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. The Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing from 1964 to 1967 but the government soon ended the ban. [[Professional boxing]] began in Mongolia in the 1990s.

[[Mongolia national basketball team]] enjoyed some success recently, especially at the [[Basketball at the East Asian Games|East Asian Games]].

Association football is also played in Mongolia. The [[Mongolia national football team]] began playing national games again during the 1990s; but has not yet qualified for a major international tournament. The [[Mongolian Premier League|Mongolia Premier League]] is the top domestic competition.

Several Mongolian women have excelled in [[shooting sports|pistol shooting]]: [[Otryadyn Gündegmaa]] is a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games, [[Munkhbayar Dorjsuren]] is a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), while [[Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul]] is, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the [[25-metre pistol|25-meter pistol]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2007 |title=World ranking: 25 m Pistol Women |url=http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425032544/http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP |archive-date=25 April 2007 |access-date=4 June 2007 |publisher=[[International Shooting Sport Federation]]}}</ref>

Mongolian [[sumo]] wrestler [[Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj]] won 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on the [[List of sumo record holders#Most career championships|all-time list]]. In January 2015, [[Mönkhbatyn Davaajargal]] took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo.

[[Bandy]] is the only sport in which Mongolia has finished higher than third place at the [[Asian Winter Games]], which happened in [[Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|2011]] when [[Mongolia national bandy team|the national team]] captured the silver medal. It led to being chosen as the best Mongolian sports team of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ocasia.org/News/IndexNewsRM.aspx?WKegervtea1MGkNnT6j12w== |title=Mongolia NOC announces sports press awards |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140419105406/http://www.ocasia.org/News/IndexNewsRM.aspx?WKegervtea1MGkNnT6j12w==}}</ref> Mongolia won the bronze medal of the B division at the [[2017 Bandy World Championship]] after which the then [[President of Mongolia]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], held a reception for the team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressReader – the UB Post: 2017-02-06 – President praises national bandy team |url=https://www.pressreader.com/mongolia/the-ub-post/20170206/281663959744789 |via=PressReader |access-date=28 May 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215525/https://www.pressreader.com/mongolia/the-ub-post/20170206/281663959744789 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ulaanbataar holds an annual marathon in June. 2015 was the sixth marathon that has been organized by Ar Mongol. The race starts at Sukhbataar Square and is always open to residents and runners who come especially for this event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MongoliaTourism – Мэдээ, мэдээлэл – 6th International Ulaanbaatar Marathon – June 2015 |url=http://www.mongoliatourism.info/1/news/6 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015162724/http://mongoliatourism.info/1/news/6 |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Eagles and Hunters.JPG|thumb|[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] hunters in Mongolia with eagles]]
Mongolia holds other traditional festivals throughout the year. The [[Golden Eagle Festival]], held annually, draws about 400 eagle hunters on horseback, including the traveler {{lang|mn-Cyrl|Мөнхбаярт Батсайхан}} ({{transliteration|mn|Mönkhbayart Batsaikhan}}), to compete with their birds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adiya |first1=Amar |title=Most Important Thing You Need To Know About Golden Eagle Hunting Festival in Mongolia |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/most-important-thing-you-need-to-know-about-golden-eagle-hunting-festival-in-mongolia |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |date=4 September 2022 |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325211154/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/most-important-thing-you-need-to-know-about-golden-eagle-hunting-festival-in-mongolia |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ice Festival]] and the [[Thousand Camel Festival]] are amongst many other traditional Mongolian festivals.

In 2025, a Mongolian team of mixed athletes placed second in the first season of [[Physical: Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tusing |first1=David |title=Physical: Asia finale - who won Netflix’s new competition series? |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2025/11/18/physical-asia-finale-who-won-netflixs-new-competition-series/ |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==In film==
{{see also|List of Mongolian films}}
''[[The Eagle Huntress]]'' is a 2016 internationally co-produced [[Kazakh language|Kazakh-language]] documentary feature film directed by Otto Bell that follows the story of Aisholpan Nurgaiv, a 13-year-old Kazakh girl from Mongolia, as she attempts to become the first female eagle hunter to compete in the eagle festival at [[Ölgii (city)|Ulgii]], Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Silman |first=Anna |title=This 15-Year-Old Mongolian Eagle Huntress Deserves to Be the Next Elsa |website=[[The Cut (publication)|The Cut]] |date=4 November 2016 |url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/11/the-eagle-huntress-is-an-empowering-feminist-fable.html |access-date=6 July 2025 |archive-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810143502/https://www.thecut.com/2016/11/the-eagle-huntress-is-an-empowering-feminist-fable.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In winter 2023, Australian filmmakers Ben Golotta and Morgan Wright traveled with and filmed two horse herders, Batbold, aged 18, and Tsagana, aged 22, herding around 2000 animals across the [[Tsakhir|Tsaikhir Valley]], in a traditional journey to take the horses to safer grazing. The practice is diminishing owing to climate change and young Mongolians moving to the cities for work. Batbold's father, Bayankhangai, had undertaken ten such grueling trips. The resulting documentary film, titled ''[[Iron Winter (film)|Iron Winter]]'', was screened in the [[Melbourne International Film Festival]] in August 2025<ref>{{cite web |title='It could be the last time': baptism of ice for Adelaide filmmakers' Mongolian epic |website=[[InDaily]] |first=Penelope |last=Debelle |date=3 July 2025 |url=https://www.indailysa.com.au/inreview/film-tv/2025/07/03/adelaide-filmmakers-mongolian-epic-iron-winter |access-date=6 July 2025 |archive-date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828121022/https://www.indailysa.com.au/inreview/film-tv/2025/07/03/adelaide-filmmakers-mongolian-epic-iron-winter |url-status=live }}</ref> and is being screened in the [[Adelaide Film Festival]] in October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iron Winter |website=[[Adelaide Film Festival]] |date=23 September 2025 |url=https://www.adelaidefilmfestival.org/program/2025/iron-winter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923134209/https://www.adelaidefilmfestival.org/program/2025/iron-winter |archive-date=23 September 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Asia|Geography}}
* [[Outline of Mongolia]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Baasanjav |last=Terbish |title=Humans, Dogs and Other Beings: Myths, Stories, and History in the Land of Genghis Khan |url=https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/obp.0450 |isbn=978-1-80511-519-9 |year=2025 |publisher=[[Open Book Publishers]] |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406073228/https://www.openbookpublishers.com/books/10.11647/OBP.0450 |url-status=live}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/nations/Mongolia ''Mongolia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614161810/http://www.britannica.com/nations/Mongolia |date=14 June 2008 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica
* {{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mongolia}}
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/ci/mg/ ''Background notes on Mongolia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604160514/https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/ci/mg/ |date=4 June 2019 }}, US Department of State
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=245 Mongolia: Growth, Democracy, and Two Wary Neighbors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025084557/http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=245 |date=25 October 2013 }} (Q&A with [[Alan M. Wachman|Alan Wachman]], May 2012)
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Sister project links|voy=Mongolia}}
; Government
* [https://www.gov.mn Government of Mongolia] {{in lang|en|mn}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081632/http://www.pmis.gov.mn/pmis_eng/index.php Mongolia Government Overview]}} {{in lang|mn}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114082958/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/mongolia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]}}

; General information
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118142802/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ Mongolia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
* [https://www.amicusmongolia.com/mongolia-travel-guide/ Mongolia Travel Guide]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085250/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mongolia.htm Mongolia]}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15460525 Mongolia profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia Mongolia] at ''Britannica.com''
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle = Mongolia |volume= 18 |last= Kropotkin |first= Peter Alexeivitch |author-link= Peter Kropotkin| pages = 711–712 |short=1}}
* {{wikiatlas|Mongolia}}
* [http://wrestlingroots.org/ Wrestling Roots]
* [http://www.countryreports.org/country/mongolia.htm Mongolia, Facts and Culture on CountryReports.org]


{{Clear}}
{{Mongolia topics}}
{{Mongol ethnic groups |state=collapsed}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{East Asian topics}}
{{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mongolia| ]]
[[Category:Mongol states]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Countries in East Asia]]
[[Category:Eurasian Steppe]]
[[Category:Inner Asia]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Countries in Northeast Asia]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1911]]

Monisha Blessy

2026-03-19T08:12:19Z

Antoniomec: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian actress}}{{Infobox person
| name = Monisha Blessy B
| image =
| other_names = Monisha, Moni
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|2|3}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| education = M.Sc. in Electronic Media
| alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Mime Artist]], [[Content creation]], [[Actress]], [[Television Personality]], [[Comedian]], [[Doodling]]
| years_active = 2019{{endash}}present
| known_for = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Star Vijay]], [[Blacksheep TV]]
| mother = Rathi Devi
| father = A.S. Biju
| website = https://youtube.com/@monishablessyhere
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Monisha_Blessy.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Monisha Blessy at Maaveeran press-meet in 2023 | Monisha Blessy at Maaveeran press-meet in 2023]]
'''Monisha Blessy''' is an Indian actress who works in Tamil [[Tamil cinema|films]] and television. She made her debut with the film [[Maaveeran (2023 film)|''Maaveeran'']] (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=Cooku With Comali fame Monisha Blessy to make her Tamil movie debut in a Siva Karthikeyan starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-monisha-blessy-to-make-her-tamil-movie-debut-in-a-siva-karthikeyan-starrer/articleshow/101477569.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Education ==
She attained a [[Master of Science|MSc]] in Electronic Media at the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=South Actress-Influencer Monisha Blessy Buys New Car, Celebrates With Her Family |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-actress-influencer-monisha-blessy-buys-new-car-celebrates-with-her-family-8563166.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Monisha started her career as a one-day VJ at Sun TV Network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாபு |first=ஹரி |date=2023-07-07 |title="SK அண்ணாகிட்ட தயவுசெஞ்சு சிரிக்க வைக்காதிங்கன்னு கெஞ்சுவேன்!" - Monisha Blessy {{!}} Maaveeran |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/monisha-blessy-interview-about-maaveeran-movie |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref> She made her acting in conceptual videos produced by the [[Blacksheep TV|Blacksheep]] group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=காயத்ரி |first=வெ வித்யா |date=2023-06-22 |title=சிவகார்த்திகேயனிடம் கத்துக்கிட்ட மந்திரம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/cooku-with-comali-actress-monisha-blessy-interview |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref> She contested in the eighth season of [[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]] and finished as the runner up. Monisha rose to prominence after participating in ''[[Cooku with Comali season 4]]''. She made her film debut with ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' directed by [[Madonne Ashwin]], featuring [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2023-07-12 |title=Monisha Blessy: Siva anna stressed the importance of consistent hard work |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Jul/12/monisha-blessysiva-anna-stressed-the-importance-of-consistent-hard-work-45569.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> She also starred in television series such as ''[[Modern Love Chennai]]''. In 2024, she participated in [[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1|''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'']]. Her latest released project is the second season of ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex|Suzhal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stylish pics of Cooku with Comali fame Monisha Blessy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/tamil/stylish-pics-of-cooku-with-comali-fame-monisha-blessy/photostory/103178430.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> She has announced her involvement in ''[[Jana Nayagan]] and [[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'', describing the opportunity as a blessing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |title=Maaveeran Actor Monisha Blessy Feels Blessed To Be A Part of Thalapathy 69 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/monisha-blessy-feels-blessed-to-be-a-part-of-thalapathy-69-article-113980031 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''
|Raji
|Film debut
|-
|2025
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
|Priya Rajasekar
|
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Jana Nayagan]]}}
|{{TBA}}
|Post-production <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Jana Nayagan Movie Release Date Postponed Live Updates: Thalapathy Vijay's film producer apologises to fans, thanks them for unwavering support amid delays |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-jana-nayagan-movie-release-date-postponed-live-update-vijay-thalapathy-jana-nayaga-movie-censor-case-verdict-january-9/liveblog/126426831.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]''
|Contestant
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Vijay]]
|Runner up
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| [[Cooku with Comali season 4|''Cooku with Comali 4'']]
|Comali
|
|-
|''[[Modern Love Chennai]]''
|Shru
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]''
|Dupe Cooku
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" 2025 |2025
|''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]''
|Muppi
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Season Two<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Tamil series 'Suzhal: The Vortex' renewed for season 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-series-suzhal-the-vortex-renewed-for-season-2/article67972256.ece |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2]]
|Dupe Cooku
|[[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEuMLY_naK4 |title=எல்லாரையும் அழவைத்துட்டீங்க! 💖 Appu Monisha x Sivaangi in Apoorva Sagotharargal Act {{!}} TCDC 2 |date=2025-09-16 |last=Media Masons |access-date=2026-01-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and nominations
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2024
|[[Ananda Vikatan]] Nambikkai Awards
|Top-10 Ilaignar
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=கவிதா |first=ஷாஜன் |date=2024-03-26 |title=நம்பிக்கை விருதுகள் 2023: நெகிழ்ச்சி, ஆரவாரம், கொண்டாட்டம் - நீங்கள் தயாரா? அனுமதி இலவசம்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/features/posts/nambikkai-awards-2023-a-sneak-peek-about-the-winners-and-the-colourful-award-ceremony |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=நந்தினி.ரா |date=2024-05-09 |title="நான் நிறையவே தோல்வியை சந்திச்சுருக்கிறேன், அந்த சமயத்தில்...."- கண் கலங்கிய மோனிஷா பிளசி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/monisha-blessy-speech-at-nambikkai-awards |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|14508673}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blessy, Monisha}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

1998 Indian general election in Orissa

2026-03-14T12:44:39Z

Antoniomec:

{{Short description|none}}
{{context|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1998 Indian general election in Orissa
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1996 Indian general election in Orissa
| previous_year = 1996
| next_election = 1999 in Indian general election in Odisha
| next_year = 1999
| election_date = 16, 22 and 28 February 1998
| seats_for_election = 21 (of 543) seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| registered =
| turnout =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 7
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 7
| popular_vote2 = 2,828,709
| percentage2 = 21.19%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 7.77%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| alliance3 = -
| seats3 = 5
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 11
| popular_vote3 = '''5,477,410'''
| percentage3 = '''41.04%'''
| swing3 = {{increase}} 3.86%
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Naveen Patnaik 2013.jpg||bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| party1 = Biju Janata Dal
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| seats1 = 9
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 9
| popular_vote1 = 3,669,825
| percentage1 = 27.50%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 27.50%
| map_image =
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption =
| map2_image =
| map2_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| before_party = [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| after_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

'''1998 Indian general election in Orissa''' were held on 16, 22 and 28 February 1998 to elect the members of the [[12th Lok Sabha|twelfth]] [[Lok Sabha]]. The elections were held three years ahead of schedule after the government led by [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] collapsed when the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) withdrew its support in November 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-757497.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054302/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-757497.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Government Falls, Indian Premier Quits; Coalition Splits Amid Gandhi Assassination Debate|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 November 1997|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

The result was another hung parliament, with no party or alliance able to muster a majority. However, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was able to form a coalition government led by the [[National Democratic Alliance]] with the outside support of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He was sworn in as [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] with support from 272 of 543 MPs. However, his government collapsed on 17 April 1999 when the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] withdrew its support, after Vajpayee refused to meet the demands of its leader [[J. Jayalalithaa]], namely halting the [[J. Jayalalithaa#Corruption cases|corruption cases]] against her and the sacking of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] led by her bete-noire [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-one-vote-defeat-in-1999-was-narrowest-in-history/articleshow/3261721.cms|title=BJP's one-vote defeat in 1999 was narrowest in history|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225090822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJPs-one-vote-defeat-in-1999-was-narrowest-in-history/articleshow/3261721.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to [[1999 Indian general election|fresh elections]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-confidence-motion-atal-bihari-vajpayee|title=The 1999 No-Trust Motion That Former PM Vajpayee Lost by One Vote|website=The Quint|access-date=22 March 2019|date=20 July 2018|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044456/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/no-confidence-motion-atal-bihari-vajpayee|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elections were the second consecutive general elections in which the party that received the most votes did not win the most seats.

In Orissa, the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) was formed in 1998 after breaking away from the Janata Dal. In its debut in the 1998 general election, the BJD allied with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and won nine seats. Following this victory, Naveen Patnaik was appointed Union Minister for Mines. Together, the BJP–BJD alliance secured 16 out of the 21 Lok Sabha seats in the state, while the Janata Dal suffered a major defeat, with its vote share reduced to just 4 percent.

==Seat sharing of parties==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=4|Party/Alliance
!Flag
!Electoral symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Giridhar Gamang]]
|21
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Democratic Alliance]]
|{{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|[[File:Biju Janata Dal flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Conch.svg|50px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|12
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|9
|-
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |[[Janata Dal|JD+]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Salkhan Murmu
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Susila Tiria
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Chaitanya Prasad Majhi
|-

!2
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Kartik Mohapatra
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Ananta Majhi
|-

!3
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Arjun Charan Sethi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Muralidhar Jena
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Bairagi Jena
|-

!4
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jagannath Mallik
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Rama Chandra Mallick
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Mohan Jena
|-

!5
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prabhat Kumar Samantaray
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Archana Nayak
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Srikanta Kumar Jena
|-

!6
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Bhartruhari Mahatab
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Syed Mustafiz Ahmed
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Ranendra Pratap Swain
|-

!7
|[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Trilochan Kanungo
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ranjib Biswal
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| Abani Boral
|-

!8
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Braja Kishore Tripathy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Pinaki Mishra
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Durga Charan Routray
|-

!9
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prasanna Kumar Patasani
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Saumya Ranjan Pattanaik
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Shivaji Pattanaik
|-

!10
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Naveen Patnaik
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Chandra Sekhar Sahoo
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| Nityananda Pradhan
|-

!11
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Gopinath Gajapati Narayandeo
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Jayanti Patnaik
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Ali Kishore Pattanaik
|-

!12
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Jayaram Pangi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Giridhar Gamang
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Sankar Bidika
|-

!13
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nowrangpur (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Parsuram Majhi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Khagapati Pradhani
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Bhagaban Majhi
|-

!14
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Bikram Keshari Deo
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Bhakta Charan Das
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Duryodhan Majhi
|-

!15
|[[Phulbani Lok Sabha constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Padmanava Behera
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Mrutyunjaya Nayak
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Lecturer Bullion
|-

!16
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Sangeeta Kumari Singhdeo
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sarat Pattanayak
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Pradeep Kumar Maharana
|-

!17
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Prasanna Acharya
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Krupasindhu Bhoi
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Bijaya Singh Bariha
|-

!18
|[[Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency|Deogarh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Debendra Pradhan
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Shriballav Panigrahi
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Rabi Narayan Pani
|-

!19
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Tathagata Satapathy
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Kamakshya Prasad Singhdeo
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Sarat Kumar Mishra
|-

!20
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jual Oram
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sunil Kumar Singhdeo
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!21
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Upendranath Nayak
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Madhaba Sardar
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
| Saharai Oram
|-

|}

==Election Voter Turnout==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! #
! Constituency Name
! Turnout
|-
|1
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj (ST)]]
|65.25%
|-
|2
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|66.62%
|-
|3
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak (SC)]]
|60.80%
|-
|4
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
|54.98%
|-
|5
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|59.88%
|-
|6
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|56.95%
|-
|7
|[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|64.15%
|-
|8
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|61.80%
|-
|9
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|53.20%
|-
|10
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|51.02%
|-
|11
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
|50.76%
|-
|12
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput (ST)]]
|47.34%
|-
|13
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nowrangpur (ST)]]
|55.89%
|-
|14
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
|61.14%
|-
|15
|[[Phulbani Lok Sabha constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
|56.22%
|-
|16
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|58.18%
|-
|17
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|59.79%
|-
|18
|[[Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency|Deogarh]]
|59.80%
|-
|19
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|54.43%
|-
|20
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh (ST)]]
|58.68%
|-
|21
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|62.42%
|-
|}

== Results by Party/Alliance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| 36,69,825
| 27.50
| {{new}}
| 12
| 9
| {{new}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 28,28,709
| 21.19
| {{increase}} 7.77
| 9
| 7
| {{increase}} 7
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 64,98,534
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 48.69
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 21
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 16
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 54,77,410
| 41.04
| {{decrease}} 3.86
| 21
| 5
| {{decrease}} 11
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
!rowspan="4" style="background:#E5FFDA"|[[Janata Dal|JD+]]
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD]]
| 6,57,790
| 4.93
| {{decrease}} 25.12
| 16
| 0
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 1,32,089
| 0.99
| {{increase}} 0.65
| 2
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 54,217
| 0.41
| {{decrease}} 1.28
| 2
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5FFDA" | Total
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 8,44,096
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 6.33
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | {{steady}}
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 20
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | 0
! style="background:#E5FFDA" | {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| colspan="3"|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| 2,83,943
| 2.13
| {{increase}} 0.58
| 2
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 1,87,133
| 1.40
| {{steady}}
| 50
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 55,156
| 0.41
| {{decrease}} 5.27
| 21
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 1,33,46,272
! 100%
! -
! 135
! 21
! -
|}

Source: <ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/</ref><ref>https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1998/orissa/12/6#:~:text=IndiaVotes%20PC:%20Orissa%201998,NDA%20UPA%20THIRD%20FRONT%20OTHERS</ref>

==Detailed Results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj (ST)]]
|[[Salkhan Murmu]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,49,255
|42.09
|[[Sushila Tiriya|Susila Tiria]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,74,936
|29.54
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|74,319
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12.55
|-

!2
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
|[[M. A. Kharabela Swain]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,21,068
|53.17
|[[Kartik Mohapatra]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,37,066
|42.56
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|84,002
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10.61
|-

!3
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak (SC)]]
|[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,50,322
|49.99
|[[Muralidhar Jena]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,16,744
|45.20
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|33,578
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|4.79
|-

!4
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
|Rama Chandra Mallick
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,83,455
|45.72
|[[Jagannath Mallick|Jagannath Mallik]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|1,91,591
|30.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|91,864
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.82
|-

!5
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
|[[Prabhat Kumar Samantaray]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|2,82,736
|43.27
|[[Archana Nayak]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,74,911
|42.07
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|7,825
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1.20
|-

!6
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
|[[Bhartruhari Mahtab|Bhartruhari Mahatab]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,50,314
|52.89
|[[Syed Mustafiz Ahmed]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,37,620
|35.87
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1,12,694
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|17.02
|-

!7
|[[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
|[[Ranjib Biswal]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,37,492
|44.84
|[[Trilochan Kanungo]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,17,563
|42.19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|19,929
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2.65
|-

!8
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
|[[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,58,978
|51.51
|[[Pinaki Misra|Pinaki Mishra]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,06,433
|43.97
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|52,545
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|7.54
|-

!9
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Prasanna Kumar Patasani|Prasamna Kumar Patasani]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,78,849
|57.61
|Saumya Ranjan Pattanaik
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,50,941
|38.16
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|1,27,908
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|19.45
|-

!10
|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,10,751
|53.89
|[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu|Chandra Sekhar Sahoo]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,24,540
|38.94
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|86,211
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|14.95
|-

!11
|[[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
|[[Jayanti Patnaik]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,71,044
|49.05
|[[Gopinath Gajapathi Naryandeo|Gopinath Gajapati Narayandeo]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,35,804
|42.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35,240
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.37
|-

!12
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput (ST)]]
|[[Giridhar Gamang]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,67,425
|53.92
|[[Jayaram Pangi]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|1,85,909
|37.48
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|81,516
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16.44
|-

!13
|[[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nowrangpur (ST)]]
|[[Khagapati Pradhani]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,80,444
|50.06
|[[Parsuram Majhi]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,06,509
|36.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|73,935
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.20
|-

!14
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
|[[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,44,703
|56.55
|[[Bhakta Charan Das]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,24,789
|36.88
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,19,914
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|19.67
|-

!15
|[[Phulbani Lok Sabha constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
|[[Padmanabha Behera|Padmanava Behera]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,32,786
|54.95
|[[Mrutyunjaya Nayak]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,41,714
|39.91
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|91,072
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|15.04
|-

!16
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
|[[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo|Sangeeta Kumari Singhdeo]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,60,575
|61.75
|[[Sarat Pattanayak]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,02,044
|34.60
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,58,531
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|27.15
|-

!17
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
|[[Prasanna Acharya]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|3,10,870
|45.77
|[[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,86,102
|42.12
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|24,768
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|3.65
|-

!18
|[[Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency|Deogarh]]
|[[Debendra Pradhan]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,46,820
|52.34
|[[Sriballav Panigrahi|Shriballav Panigrahi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,41,393
|36.43
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,05,427
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.91
|-

!19
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
|[[Tathagata Satpathy|Tathagata Satapathy]]
|{{Party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|2,99,156
|51.02
|[[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo|Kamakshya Prasad Singhdeo]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,66,645
|45.48
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|32,511
|style="background:{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|5.54
|-

!20
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh (ST)]]
|[[Jual Oram]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,16,069
|47.71
|Sunil Kumar Singhdeo
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,90,041
|28.69
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,26,028
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|19.02
|-

!21
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
|[[Upendra Nath Nayak|Upendranath Nayak]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,47,906
|54.09
|[[Madhab Sardar|Madhaba Sardar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,61,631
|40.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|86,275
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.41
|-

|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Orissa==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|[[Naveen Patnaik]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr98/l0398/PIBR200398.html
|title=Shri Naveen Patnaik Assumes Charge as Union Minister for Steel & Mines
|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Archived)
|language=en
}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
|rowspan="2"|Cabinet Minister
|[[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
|rowspan="2"|19 March 1998
|rowspan="4"|13 Oct 1999
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|2
|rowspan="2"|[[Dilip Ray]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/ex-nda-minister-dilip-ray-gets-three-years-imprisonment-in-coal-scam-case-164968
|title=Ex-NDA Minister Dilip Ray Gets Three Years Imprisonment in Coal Scam Case
|website=LiveLaw
|language=en
|access-date=2020-10-26
}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|Rajya Sabha (Odisha)
|MoS(I/C)
|[[Ministry of Coal|Coal]]
|20 March 1998
|-
|MoS
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
|22 May 1998
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:1998 Indian general election by state or union territory|Orissa]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]

Sitanshu Kotak

2026-03-05T05:02:54Z

Antoniomec: starting new details more to come

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sitanshu Hargovindbhai Kotak
| image =
| image_size =
| country = India
| fullname = Sitanshu Hargovindbhai Kotak
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|10|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| club1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| year1 = 1992–2012
| family =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 130
| runs1 = 8,061
| bat avg1 = 41.76
| 100s/50s1 = 15/55
| top score1 = 168*
| deliveries1 = 4,937
| wickets1 = 70
| bowl avg1 = 39.24
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/81
| catches/stumpings1 = 107/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 89
| runs2 = 3,083
| bat avg2 = 42.23
| 100s/50s2 = 3/26
| top score2 = 122*
| deliveries2 = 1,680
| wickets2 = 54
| bowl avg2 = 25.64
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 7/43
| catches/stumpings2 = 41/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 9
| runs3 = 133
| bat avg3 = 16.62
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 27
| deliveries3 = 12
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 5/–
| date = 24 November
| year = 2014
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/sitanshu-kotak-30125 Cricinfo
}}
'''Sitanshu Hargovindbhai Kotak''' (born 19 October 1972) is an Indian retired [[first-class cricket]]er and coach.

==Playing career==
A left-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]], he has been a prolific [[Run (cricket)|run]] scorer for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]. He scored 8061 runs in 130 first class match with average of 41.76. He also took 70 wickets while playing for Saurastra.

==Coaching career==
As head coach, He led Saurashtra to the victory in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy|2020 Ranji Trophy Final]]. After the appointment of [[Rahul Dravid]] as the head of the [[National Cricket Academy]] in August 2019, Kotak was appointed as Dravid's successor as the head coach of the [[India A cricket team|India A]] team.

In Jan 2025, he was added as the batting coach of the senior Indian cricket team for the limited overs series against England at Home.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Devendra |title=Sitanshu Kotak added as batting coach to India team ahead of England white ball tour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sitanshu-kotak-batting-coach-india-team-england-tour-9782156/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express |date=17 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=30125}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kotak, Sitanshu}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Saurashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Warwickshire Cricket Board cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Naxal (film)

2026-03-04T00:27:49Z

Antoniomec: correct references additionally

{{Short description|2015 Indian Bengali film}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naxal
| image = File:Naxal_poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Debaditya Bandyopadhyay
| writer = Debaditya Bandhyopadhyay
| story = Debaditya Bandhyopadhyay
| screenplay = Padmanabha Dasgupta Pulok Das
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] [[Shankar Chakraborty]]
| producer = Mainakh Saha, Blue Coffee Moviez & Entertainment In association with The Kraft House
| editing = Md. Kalam
| music = [[Rupam Islam]] & Allan Ao
| cinematography = Bijoy Anand
| distributor = The Kraft House
| released = {{Film date|2015|06|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 1 Hour 49 Minutes
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Naxal''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by Debaditya Bandyopadhyay, starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2015 |title=Mithun to play a Naxal in upcoming Bengali film, but won't promote it|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/mithun-to-play-a-naxal-in-upcoming-bengali-film-but-wont-promote-it/article1-1352295.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529030134/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/mithun-to-play-a-naxal-in-upcoming-bengali-film-but-wont-promote-it/article1-1352295.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Naxal Theatrical Trailer - Bengali Movie 2015 |url= http://www.banglamovies.in/2015/05/naxal-theatrical-trailer-bengali-movie.html |work= Bangla Movies |archive-date= 4 November 2019 |access-date= 9 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191104110224/http://www.banglamovies.in/2015/05/naxal-theatrical-trailer-bengali-movie.html |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 2014 |title=Mahurat of Naxal takes place |url=http://www.gomolo.com/news-mahurat-of-naxal-takes-place/12825 |work=Gomolo |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104110223/http://www.gomolo.com/news-mahurat-of-naxal-takes-place/12825 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2015 |title= Filmmaker: Films on Naxalite movement need realism-fiction balance |url=http://www.nyoooz.com/kolkata/111526/filmmaker-films-on-naxalite-movement-need-realismfiction-balance |work=NYOOOZ}}</ref>

The backdrop of the film is the Naxal Amol or Naxal Period. It was a period in the history of the state of West Bengal that began with the infiltration of the ideas of the socialist movements in the western world (especially Latin America) into the psyche of many Bengali youths. [[Mithun Chakraborty]] plays the lead role in this film as a [[Naxalite]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2014 |title=Mithun Chakraborty turns a Naxalite |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Mithun-Chakraborty-turns-a-Naxalite/articleshow/29149889.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Chakroborty a Naxalite? |url=http://www.saharasamay.com/gallery/photo-gallery/mithun-chakroborty-a-naxalite-/676486039/86443.html |work=Sahara Samay}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2014 |title= Naxal will see Mithun Chakrabarty and Dhritiman Chatterjee in pivotal roles |url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/naxal-will-see-mithun-chakrabarty-and-dhritiman-chatterjee-in-pivotal-roles.html |work=Tollywood Dhamaka}}</ref>

==Plot==
'''1971''': The story opens on the 21st May with the escaping of a few Naxalite youths. The most prominent among them is Anirban Sen. On that day, one of them named Samar dies while Anirban and their leader Sankar Da go absconding.

'''2013''': After nearly 42 years, one fine morning a FAX arrives at the Kolkata Metro Railways Headquarters. It says that today Anirban will commit suicide under the last Metro. Questions regarding his identity and demands start emerging as the news has taken centre stage in the city. This news shake the entire city from Kolkata Police Headquarters (Lalbazar) to the news channels, while Anirban rattles the administration with one FAX after the other. On the other hand, Siddhartha Chowdhury, CEO of the number-one Bengali News Channel engages himself in using this incident to boost his channel's TRP. Shubhankar, a journalist with Siddhartha's channel, while searching for Anirban, discovers that one of those persons who went missing on 21 May 1971, Sankar Da is still alive and is living in Kolkata with a new name, who was none other than Siddhartha Chowdhury himself. Siddhartha, in the meanwhile, announces that he will telecast Anirban's Suicide LIVE on television, which in turn has plummeted the commercial value of his channel. On the other way, he realises that Anirban knows a lot about him after hearing the story from Anirban, comes to realise that Anirban is to be finished at any cost, and so he takes his revolver out from safety locker to finish him off, making to prove that he was a ruthless criminal, and not a real hero.

Then, how Anirban and Siddhartha settle their scores among themselves in [[Maidan metro station]] and Anirban avenge the death of his true friends after 42 years, killing Siddhartha and thus becoming a hero, forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Anirban Sen<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/mithun-to-play-a-naxal-in-upcoming-bengali-film-but-wont-promote-it/article1-1352295.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529030134/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/mithun-to-play-a-naxal-in-upcoming-bengali-film-but-wont-promote-it/article1-1352295.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2015|title=Mithun to play a Naxal in upcoming Bengali film, but won't promote it|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref>
*[[Total Dadagiri| Pathikrit Basu]] as teenage Anirban Sen
*[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as Siddhartha Chowdhury (Owner of a News Channel)/ Shankar Da (in 1971)
*[[Gargi Roychowdhury]] as Reena Sen
*[[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Minister Arijit Mitra
*Nishita Goswami
*[[Kapil Bora]] as Rohoni sen
*[[Kanchana Moitra]]
*Padmanabha Dasgupta
*[[Parthosarathi Deb]]
*[[Sagnik]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|4796654}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erZCJLZft8M Official trailer] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/NaxalMovie Official Facebook Page] on [[Facebook]]

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films set in 1971]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Films about mass media owners]]
[[Category:Bengali-language films based on actual events]]

Parampara (1990 film)

2026-03-03T21:24:36Z

Antoniomec: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Parampara
|image = Parampara 1990 poster.jpg
|director = [[Sibi Malayil]]
|story = [[S. N. Swamy]]
|screenplay = S. N. Swamy
|writer = S. N. Swamy
|starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Sumalatha]]
|cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
|editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1990|12|20|df=y}}
|runtime =
|language = Malayalam
|country = India
|music = [[Mohan Sitara]]
|gross =
}}
'''''Parampara''''' (meaning ''the succession'') is a 1990 [[Malayalam film]], directed by [[Sibi Malayil]],<ref name="cinemas">{{Cite book|title=The cinemas of India|author=Yves Thoraval|publisher=Macmillan India|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ|page=389|isbn=9780333934104}}</ref> written by [[S. N. Swamy]], and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Sumalatha]]. Mammootty plays two roles in the film, portraying both Johnny, the protagonist, and Lawrence, his father.<ref name="double">{{Cite news|newspaper=Times of India|title=Mammootty and double role connection! |author=Benson Philip |date=2016-06-18|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/mammootty-and-double-role-connection/photostory/52809393.cms}}</ref> The film was a commercial failure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=In conversation with SN Swamy, man behind Malayalam cinema's finest murder mysteries |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/conversation-sn-swamy-man-behind-malayalam-cinema-s-finest-murder-mysteries-163247 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=The News Minute }}</ref> The film's story was developed by Swamy on the suggestion of Mammootty after watching an English film.<ref name=":0" /> The film was loosely remade in Hindi as ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' (1991) and in Telugu as ''[[Varasudu]]'' (1993), both of which were commercial successes.

==Plot==
When his son is kidnapped by a rival gang, Johnny teams up with his estranged father, Lawrence (Johnny's mother was murdered by his father's enemies) to rescue the kidnapped child.

==Cast==
* [[Mammootty]] in a dual role as:
** Lawrence (Father)
** Johnny (Son)
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Chandu
* [[Sumalatha]] as Meera
* [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Kaliyappa Chettiyar
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Achuthan
* [[Sathaar]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Santhosh
* [[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Meera's father
* Deepak as Joemon, Johnny's son
* [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Mary, Lawrence's wife
* [[Alex Mathew]]

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack album was composed by Mohan Sithara and the lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]] and [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || ''Onnam Maanam'' || [[G. Venugopal]]
|-
| 2 || ''Kolakkuruvi'' || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 3 || ''Onnam Maanam'' || [[G. Venugopal]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271703|Parampara}}

==View the film==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VBwbKm7gFk parampara]
{{Sibi Malayil}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1990 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sibi Malayil]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-crime-film-stub}}

Kaaneyaadavara Bagge Prakatane

2026-03-03T12:20:15Z

Antoniomec: Started First Details Added Tags

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Anil Kumar
| producer = Naveen Kumar<ref>{{Cite news |title=Director Anil Kumar to helm Kaaneyadavara Bagge Prakatane | newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jul/11/director-anil-kumar-to-helm-kaaneyadavara-bagge-prakatane-2002163.html |access-date=2022-08-31 | date=11 July 2019}}</ref>
| starring = [[Rangayana Raghu]] [[Tabla Nani]] [[P. Ravishankar]] [[Ashika Ranganath]] [[Chikkanna]] [[Tilak Shekar]]
| cinematography = Shivakumar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = A. J. Talkies<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Kaneyadavara Bagge Prakatane is not just a film, it's an experience: Anil Kumar – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-kaneyadavara-bagge-prakatane-is-not-just-a-film-its-an-experience-anil-kumar/articleshow/91814614.cms |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The Times of India |last1=Lokesh |first1=Vinay }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|5|27|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title='There is no age restriction when it comes to talent' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/may/25/there-is-no-age-restrictionwhen-it-comes-to-talent-2457497.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=25 May 2022 }}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Kaneyadavara Bagge Prakatane''''' ({{lit|[[Missing person]] notice}}) is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy-drama film]] directed by Anil Kumar. It stars [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Tilak Shekar]], and [[Ashika Ranganath]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: Meet the cast of Kaneyadavara Bagge Prakatane – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-meet-the-cast-of-kaneyadavara-bagge-prakatane/articleshow/91788907.cms |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review{{!}} Kaneyadavara Bagge Prakatane is about missing people, memories and a murder |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/28/movie-review-kaneyadavara-bagge-prakataneis-about-missing-people-memories-and-a-murder-2458773.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kaaneyaadavara Bagge Prakatane Movie Review: A film that brings the plight of senior citizens to the fore |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kaaneyaadavara-bagge-prakatane/movie-review/91836673.cms |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as Rashmika
* [[Tilak Shekar]] as Yashwant
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Rangappa
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Narayanappa
* [[Chikkanna]] as Chikku
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as Krishnamurthy

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| title1 = Usire Sereyagide
| length1 = 3:12
| title2 = Bang Bang Bangkok
| length2 = 3:28
| title3 = E Badukeega kaalimane
| length3 = 2:57
| title4 = Ka kaa ko ki kee ko
| length4 = 3:14
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]

Lambasingi (film)

2026-03-03T09:14:06Z

Antoniomec: Started a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Lambasingi - A Pure Love Story.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Naveen Gandhi
| writer = Naveen Gandhi
| producer = Anand Tanniru
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Bharat Raj
* Divi Vadthya
}}
| cinematography = K Bujji
| editing = Vijay Vardhan Kavuri
| music = RR Dhruvan
| studio = Concept Films
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|3|15}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lambasingi''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Naveen Gandhi. Produced by Anand Tanniru under Concept Films, it stars Bharat Raj and Divi Vadthya.<ref name="auto" >{{cite web |title=Lambasingi Review: This Bharat Raj and Divi Vadthya-starrer's Predictable Plot is an Emotional love drama |website=News18 |date=15 March 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lambasingi-review-this-divi-vadthya-starrers-predictable-plot-falls-flat-8816980.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315122328/https://www.news18.com/movies/lambasingi-review-this-divi-vadthya-starrers-predictable-plot-falls-flat-8816980.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Bharat Raj<ref name="auto" />
* Divi Vadthya<ref name="auto" />

== Production ==
The film was announced in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |title=Bangarraju director Kalyan Krishna turns presenter for Lambasingi, starring Bharath, Divi Vadthya |website=OTTPlay |date=14 April 2022 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bangarraju-director-kalyan-krishna-turns-presenter-for-lambasingi-starring-bharath-divi-vadthya/671a9d864f854}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film commenced in [[Lambasingi]]<ref>{{cite web |title='Lambasingi outwits Araku for picturesque locales' |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 June 2023 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300623/lambasingi-outwits-araku-for-picturesque-locales.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924023458/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300623/lambasingi-outwits-araku-for-picturesque-locales.html |url-status=live}}</ref> in February 2022 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |title=â€˜Shooting in Lambasingi was an adventureâ€™ |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 May 2022 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140522/shooting-in-lambasingi-was-an-adventure.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205152641/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/140522/shooting-in-lambasingi-was-an-adventure.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lambasingi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = RR Dhruvan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2024|3|13}}<ref name="d438">{{cite web |title=EP by R.R. Dhruvan, Raghuram, Kasarla Shyam & Alaraju on Apple Music |website=Apple Music - Web Player |date=13 March 2024 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/lambasingi-a-pure-love-story-original-motion/1741902874}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=13|s=00}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| language = Telugu
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video|header=Official audio|{{YouTube|S3wAMR2ZjaU|Lambasingi Full Songs Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline= Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=13|s=00}}
| title1 = Nachchesinde Nachchesinde
| extra1 = Sid Sriram
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Dola Re
| extra2 = Mangli
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Vayyari Godari
| extra3 = Javed Ali
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Rama Silaka
| extra4 = RR Dhruvan
| length4 = 2:38
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Harish Shankar Launches Trailer Of Divi Vadthya-starrer Lambasingi |website=News18 |date=12 March 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/director-harish-shankar-launches-trailer-of-divi-vadthya-starrer-lambasingi-8812962.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319133100/https://www.news18.com/movies/director-harish-shankar-launches-trailer-of-divi-vadthya-starrer-lambasingi-8812962.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and it premiered on the streaming service from 2 April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lambasingi to have its OTT release on this date |website=Cinema Express |date=28 March 2024 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/28/lambasingi-to-have-its-ott-release-on-this-date |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408173942/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/28/lambasingi-to-have-its-ott-release-on-this-date |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Nelki Naresh Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=బిగ్‌బాస్ దివి న‌క్స‌లైట్‌గా న‌టించిన సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |date=15 March 2024 |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lambasingi-telugu-movie-review-divi-vadthya-romantic-love-drama-film-review-121710475155704.html |language=te |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421051915/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lambasingi-telugu-movie-review-divi-vadthya-romantic-love-drama-film-review-121710475155704.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Avad Mohammad of ''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' gave it {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |title=Lambasingi Review-Divi Vadthya impresses in this otherwise routine social drama |website=OTTPlay |date=15 March 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/lambasingi-review-divi-vadthya-impresses-in-this-otherwise-routine-social-drama/e2532b2203330 |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715115048/https://www.ottplay.com/review/lambasingi-review-divi-vadthya-impresses-in-this-otherwise-routine-social-drama/e2532b2203330 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31613800}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/lambasingi-a-pure-love-story/1271275982 ''Lambasingi''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Portal bar|India|Films}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Bangistan

2026-03-02T09:24:13Z

Antoniomec: improve citations to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangistan
| image = Bangistan First Look.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karan Anshuman]]
| producer = [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] [[Farhan Akhtar]]
| starring = [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Pulkit Samrat]] [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] [[Arya Babbar]] [[Tomasz Karolak]] [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
| writer = Puneet Krishna Sumit Purohit Karan Anshuman
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography = [[Szymon Lenkowski]]
| studio = [[Junglee Pictures]] [[Excel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|08|7}}
| budget =
| gross =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 135 minutes
}}
'''''Bangistan''''' is a 2015 Indian [[black comedy]] [[satirical film]] directed by [[Karan Anshuman]], produced by [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]], and starring [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Pulkit Samrat]], with [[Arya Babbar]], [[Tomasz Karolak]] and [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/bangistan-movie-review.asp |title= Bangistan Movie Review: Is BANGISTAN a comedy? |publisher=Glamsham |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] appeared in a cameo. In the film, Hafeez and Praveen, two brainwashed terrorists from conflicting religions, plan to perform a [[suicide attack]] at a religious conference in Poland. However, a turn of events saw them change their minds.

The film was scheduled to release on 31 July 2015 but was delayed to 7 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bangistan-teaser-poster-out/15441179 |title='Bangistan' teaser poster out! - Entertainment |publisher=Mid-day.com |date= 11 July 2014|accessdate=2015-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick Frater |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/bollywoods-bangistan-to-shoot-in-poland-1201160820/ |title=Bollywood's 'Bangistan' to Shoot in Poland |publisher=Variety |date=2014-04-22 |accessdate=2015-11-12}}</ref> It was banned by Pakistan's [[Central Board of Film Censors]] for depicting suicide bombers.<ref name="Mahmood 2015">{{cite web | last=Mahmood | first=Rafay | title=Bangistan gets a 'complete ban' by central censor board | website=The Express Tribune | date=6 August 2015 | url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/933432/bangistan-gets-a-complete-ban-by-central-censor-board/ | access-date=11 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810011937/http://tribune.com.pk/story/933432/bangistan-gets-a-complete-ban-by-central-censor-board/ | archive-date=10 August 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is set in Bangistan, a fictitious country divided between Muslims in the north and Hindus in the south.

Hafeez bin Ali is a Muslim call centre worker who quit his job and became a terrorist after an [[imam]] persuaded him to "reach heaven" through a suicide bombing at the World Religious Conference in [[Kraków]], Poland. To cover his identity and his relationship with the cleric, Hafeez enters Poland as a Hindu named Ishwarchand Sharma.

Praveen Chaturvedi is a Hindu ''[[Sevā|kar sevak]]'' who shows a lot of respect to [[Godman (India)|godman]] Guruji and would not hesitate to use violence on anyone who insults him. Tasked by Guruji to attack the World Religious Conference, Praveen assumes the identity of a Muslim, Allah Rakha Khan. In Kraków, he and Hafeez quickly befriended each other, lived in the same hotel and fell in love with Rosie, an Indian waitress they met in a bar.

Hafeez and Praveen buy explosives from Polish and Chinese dealers respectively, using them to make bombs in their respective hotel rooms. After Praveen realised that Hafeez's intention of terrorism is the same as his own, the two men started working together while also acknowledging the influences of their respective bosses. However, things turned sour when they revealed each other's true identities, accidentally set off the bomb after a fight and got arrested.

Meanwhile, back in Bangistan, both Guruji and Hafeez's imam discover their situation and decide to conduct the attack on their own. The latter sends a hitman to kill Hafeez in the hospital, but the police had begun sending him and Praveen to prison until they escaped along the way. Hafeez and Praveen agreed to stop the bombing from going ahead, not knowing that the latter was still in touch with Guruji.

At the conference, Hafeez sees Praveen tying bombs around his body, causing another scuffle that was resolved peacefully. He then snatches another bomb from a separate terrorist sent by the imam only for police to intervene. Amidst the chaos, the terrorist reclaims his bomb and detonates it as Hafeez and Praveen jumped away. However, the resulting blast was not powerful enough to kill them. The Polish arms dealer Hafeez met burst into laughter seeing how weak the bomb was on television: "Useless bomb, must be Chinese" – a claim proven true.

==Cast==
*[[Ritesh Deshmukh]] as Hafeez bin Ali/Ishwarchand Sharma
*[[Pulkit Samrat]] as Praveen Chaturvedi/Allah Rakha Khan
*[[Jacqueline Fernandez]] as Rosie
*[[Kumud Mishra]] as Guruji
*[[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as Tamim Iqbal
*[[Arya Babbar]] as Zulfi
*[[Tom Alter]] as the Imam
*[[Tomasz Karolak]] as Wilhelm
*[[:pl:Janusz Chabior|Janusz Chabior]] as Bobbitsky
*[[:pl:Jacek Lenartowicz (aktor)|Jacek Lenartowicz]] as Mr. Polanski
*Zachary Coffin as Stanislav<ref name="YouTube - Bangistan">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgY8ln0HxxM|title='Bangistan' movie - Comic Police Scene with Ritesh Deshmukh, Megh Pant & Zachary Coffin|date=16 January 2017 |publisher=YouTube.com|accessdate=2017-08-02}}</ref>
*Saharsh Kumar Shukla as Kaaluram

==Music==
The soundtrack of the album is composed by [[Ram Sampath]], and lyrics written by
Puneet Krishna. The Soundtrack Album of this film was released on July 11, 2015.
{{Track listing
|extra_column=Singers

|title1=Ishq Karenge
|extra1=[[Sona Mohapatra]], Abhishek Nailwal & Shadab Faridi
|length1=04:26

|title2=Hogi Kranti
|extra2=Ram Sampath & Abhishek Nailwal
|length2= 03:08

|title3= Saturday Night
|extra3=[[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]] and Janusz Krucinski
|length3= 03:40

|title4= Maula
|extra4=Ram Sampath & Rituraj Mohanty
|length4= 04:45

|title5= Meri Zidd
|extra5=Ram Sampath & [[Siddharth Basrur]]
|length5= 03:24

|title6= Is Duniya Se Ladna Hai
|extra6=[[Suraj Jagan]] & Abhishek Nailwal
|length6= 02:39

|title7= Ishq Karenge (EDM Version)
|extra7=Sona Mohapatra, Abhishek Nailwal & Shadab Faridi
|length7= 04:12

|total_length=18:20
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The film was released on 7 August. Mike McCahill gave it three stars <ref>{{cite web |title=Bangistan review – always something to chuckle at in sly suicide-bomber comedy |date=8 August 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625080233/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/aug/08/bangistan-review-suicide-bomber-comedy-bollywood |archive-date=25 June 2023 |url-status=live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/aug/08/bangistan-review-suicide-bomber-comedy-bollywood}}</ref> in The Guardian. Bangistan was released on 700 screens in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/missionimpossibleandbangistanfirstdaybusiness#.VcboBouUdyx|title=Mission Impossible And Bangistan First Day Business|publisher=Boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=2015-11-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3422462}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s satirical films]]
[[Category:Films set in Poland]]
[[Category:Films set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in Europe]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:Film censorship in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islamic comedy and humor]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Bharat (film)

2026-03-02T05:55:42Z

Antoniomec: formatting fix

{{Short description|2019 Indian film}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bharat
| image = Bharat film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Atul Agnihotri]]|[[Alvira Khan Agnihotri]]|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]|Nikhil Namit|[[Salman Khan]]}}
| writer = Ali Abbas Zafar Varun V. Sharma{{efn|Credited for screenplay and dialogue}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ode to My Father]]''|[[Yoon Je-kyoon]]}}
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|Salman Khan|[[Katrina Kaif]]|[[Disha Patani]]|[[Sunil Grover]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Score:'''|[[Julius Packiam]]|'''Songs:'''|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]}}
| cinematography = Marcin Laskawiec
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| studio = {{Unbulleted list|[[Atul Agnihotri|Reel Life Productions]]|[[Salman Khan Films]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|6|5}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bharat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mde3ntk|title=Bharat|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626102643/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bharat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mde3ntk|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes|100 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Vinayak |title=Eid 2019: Salman Khan's biggest challenge yet |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/eid-2019-salman-khans-biggest-challenge-yet-6650291.html |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=17 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527104754/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/eid-2019-salman-khans-biggest-challenge-yet-6650291.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dogra |first1=Tavishi |title=Bollywood goes big on budget! Here are the top mega budget upcoming movies of 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-goes-big-on-budget-here-are-the-top-mega-budget-upcoming-movies-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-to-aisa-laga-bharat-gully-boy-of-2019/1471764/ |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=1 February 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020050/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/bollywood-goes-big-on-budget-here-are-the-top-mega-budget-upcoming-movies-ek-ladki-ko-dekha-to-aisa-laga-bharat-gully-boy-of-2019/1471764/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross ={{INR|325.58 crore}}<ref name="bo total">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bharat/box-office/|title=Bharat Box Office Collection till Now|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 June 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183519/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bharat/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bharat''''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈbʱaːrət|pron}} {{Translation|India}}){{efn|Also the title character, who is named after the country.}} is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bharat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mde3ntk |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=10 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> directed and co-written by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]. It is jointly produced by [[Atul Agnihotri]], [[Alvira Khan Agnihotri]], [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (India)|Krishan Kumar]], Nikhil Namit and [[Salman Khan]] under the banners Reel Life Productions, [[Salman Khan Films]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The film stars [[Salman Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Sunil Grover]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Disha Patani]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. An adaptation of the South Korean film, ''[[Ode to My Father]]'' (2014), it traces India's [[History of India (1947–present)|post-independence history]] from the perspective of a common man, and follows his life from the age of 8 to 70.

''Bharat'' was theatrically released in India on 5 June 2019, on the occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr]]. It received mixed reviews from critics, who appreciated the performances of the cast, story and screenplay, criticising the second half. The film earned {{INR}}42.30 crores on its first day. It was one of the highest grossing films of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-box-office-day-1-salman-khan-opens-big-earns-rs-42-30-crore-2174409.html|title=Bharat Box Office Collection Day 1: Salman Khan-Katrina Kaif Film Gets Bumper Opening, Earns Rs 42.30 Crore|website=News18|access-date=6 June 2019|date=6 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607212002/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-box-office-day-1-salman-khan-opens-big-earns-rs-42-30-crore-2174409.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wwide"/><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/bharat-box-office-collection-day-22-salman-khan-film-breaches-rs-325-crore-mark-worldwide/story/359320.html|title=Bharat Box Office Collection Day 22: Salman Khan's film breaches Rs 325-crore mark worldwide which still resulted in losses to distributors |date=27 June 2019 |magazine=Business Today |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/bharat-day-26-salman-khan-5807858/|title=Bharat box office collection Day 26: Salman Khan starrer is facing tough competition from Kabir Singh|date=1 July 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701130240/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/bharat-day-26-salman-khan-5807858/|url-status=live}}</ref> It grossed {{INR}}325.58 crore in its lifetime theatrical run, becoming a commercial success.

== Plot ==

In 2010, Bharat Kumar, a [[shopkeeper]] in [[Delhi]] refuses to sell his store despite lucrative offers. On his 70th birthday, he tells his past to his grandniece, and the film goes into flashback.

===Partition, 1947===
Bharat, aged 7, along with his parents and siblings board a train to [[India]] with many other refugees for safety from the riots in [[Pakistan]]. He loses his baby sister "Gudia" in the chaos. Their father, Gautam, stays there to search for Gudia, after Bharat promises to care for the family. He moves to the imported goods store of Gautam's sister Jamuna and her husband Keemat Rai Kapoor, and meets a roadside circus worker, Radha. They two fall in love, and join [[Moscow State Circus|The Great Russian Circus]].

===17 years later (1964)===
Bharat has gained a lot of fame over the years he has spent at the circus. His brother Chote suffers an accident while trying to emulate him. Bharat bids a tearful goodbye to Radha. He and his friend, Vilayati, look for jobs when the country is shocked due to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s death.

===11 years later (1975)===
Bharat joins many [[Migrant workers in the Persian Gulf region#Third wave|Indian migrants]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], following an oil discovery, to earn money for his sister Mehek's marriage. There he falls in love with his chief engineer Kumud, who proposes to marry him. Bharat refuses, thinking it would come in his way of fulfilling Gautam's promise. Once the two arrive back in India, Kumud announces her love for him. They begin a [[cohabitation|live-in relationship]].

===8 years later (1983)===
Bharat starts to work as a stationmaster after Jamuna dies. During the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], Keemat decides to sell the store due to a need of money and asks Bharat to buy it. Bharat initially refuses as he hopes to keep the promise he made to Gautam, still believing he would one day come back, however he reluctantly agrees. Bharat leaves India, with his friend Vilayati, to become a sailor for 8 months and earns money to buy the store.

===12 years later (1995)===
After the [[economic liberalisation in India]], Kumud becomes the creative director of the newly formed [[Zee TV]] and runs a program to unite the relatives of people who were separated during the partition. Bharat reconnects with Meher, a [[London]] citizen adopted by a British family during the partition, and realises that she is Gudia, who returns to India. An emotional reunion ensues where Bharat learns that Janki had died, prompting Bharat to find Gautam.

===Present day (2010)===
An elderly Bharat finally decides to sell the store, something which he had stubbornly refused to do despite the store losing money. Before reaching the train, Gautam had promised Bharat that he would reunite with him at the store, which had explained why Bharat had held on to the store for all that time. Bharat concludes that Gautam is likely to have passed away as he is too old to have survived. Bharat sees a vision of him, where Gautam assures him to move on. A tearful Bharat finally decides to move on and marries Kumud.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Salman Khan]] as Bharat Kumar
**Kabir Sajid Sheikh as Young Bharat
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as Kumud Raina
* [[Sunil Grover]] as Syed Vilayati Salim Yousuf Ataullah Khan/Vilayati Khan
**[[Aryan Prajapati]] as Young Vilayati
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Gautam Darshan Kumar
* [[Disha Patani]] as Radha Mathur
**Riva Arora as Young Radha
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Meher Gautam Kumar <nowiki>''Gudiya''</nowiki>
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as [[Naval officer|Naval Officer]] Jayram Shirodkar
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Janki Devi, Bharat's mother
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Mehek's husband and Bharat's brother-in-law
* Nivin Ramani as Kayaag Zaveri
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as Suzan Vilayati Khan
* [[Shashank Arora]] as Chaman "Chote" Gautam Kumar
* [[Kashmira Irani]] as Mehek Gautam Kumar
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Keemat Rai Kapoor, Jamuna's husband
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Jamuna Darshan Kumar, Bharat's aunt
* [[Shehzad Khan|Shehzaad Khan]] as National Employment Exchange Officer
*[[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues]] as Shurlabh Gupta
* Edwin De La Renta as Pirate Gang Leader Michael Mascarenhas
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Ranjeet Chacha
* Yash Abbad as Officer
* [[Dilsher Shanky|Gurvinder Singh Malhotra]] as Zalzala Singh<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Ankit|date=7 June 2019|title=सलमान खान की फिल्म 'भारत' में डेब्यू करने वाले 7 फुट लंबे रैसलर के बारे में 5 बड़ी बातें|url=https://hindi.sportskeeda.com/wwe/cwe-wrestler-shanky-singh-bharat-moive-debut-salman-khan-katrina-kaif|access-date=14 April 2021|website=hindi.sportskeeda.com|language=hi|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414183632/https://hindi.sportskeeda.com/wwe/cwe-wrestler-shanky-singh-bharat-moive-debut-salman-khan-katrina-kaif|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
''Bharat'' is a remake of the South Korean film ''[[Ode to My Father]]'' (2014), which traces the history of [[South Korea]] parallel to a man's life, spanning from the 1950s to the 2010s.<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/salman-khan-star-india-remake-korean-hit-veteran-1203128760/|title=Salman Khan to Star in Indian Remake of Korean Hit 'Veteran'|first=Patrick|last=Frater|date=7 February 2019|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.screendaily.com/ode-to-my-father/5081361.article|magazine=[[Screen Daily]]|first=Jason|last=Bechervaise|access-date=23 April 2019|date=23 December 2014|title=Ode to My Father}}</ref>

''Bharat'' began [[principal photography]] in mid-April 2018,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-instagram-pics-you-should-not-miss/Bharat-Director-Ali-Abbas-Zafar-gives-us-a-sneak-peek-from-the-first-day-of-the-films-shoot/photostory/63794393.cms |title='Bharat': Director Ali Abbas Zafar gives us a sneak peek from the first day of the film's shoot – Bollywood celebs' Instagram pics you should not miss! |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-instagram-pics-you-should-not-miss/Bharat-Director-Ali-Abbas-Zafar-gives-us-a-sneak-peek-from-the-first-day-of-the-films-shoot/photostory/63794393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/aliabbaszafar/status/985902250919800832?lang=en|title=And it begins "Bharat" @BeingSalmanKhan . A journey of a man and a nation together . Eid 2019pic.twitter.com/nD05ca2FDE|first=ali abbas|last=zafar|date=16 April 2018|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183515/https://twitter.com/aliabbaszafar/status/985902250919800832?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> and was shot in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Spain]], [[Malta]], [[Punjab]], [[Delhi]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-bharat-eid-2019-release-4903887/|title=Salman Khan's Bharat to arrive on Eid 2019. Here's everything to know about the film|work=The Indian Express|date=24 October 2017|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053700/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-bharat-eid-2019-release-4903887/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/watch-shooting-of-indian-film-bharat-starts-in-mdina/|title=WATCH: Shooting of Indian film 'Bharat' starts in Mdina|work=TVM News Portal|date=19 August 2018|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053703/https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/watch-shooting-of-indian-film-bharat-starts-in-mdina/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Priyanka Chopra]], who was cast as one of the leading ladies, opted out of the film days before filming her scenes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-is-getting-married-to-nick-jonas-quits-salman-khan-s-bharat/story-9XlaIpUqyYOeu4MG4BIyuI.html|title=Priyanka Chopra leaves Salman Khan's Bharat to marry Nick Jonas? Ali Abbas Zafar drops a massive hint|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 July 2018|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727050024/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-is-getting-married-to-nick-jonas-quits-salman-khan-s-bharat/story-9XlaIpUqyYOeu4MG4BIyuI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nikhil Namit, CEO of Reel Life Productions, said that Priyanka quit due to her engagement to [[Nick Jonas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/irked-by-priyanka-chopras-exit-from-bharat-salman-khan-goes-into-overdrive-to-find-leading-lady/19648154|title=Irked By Priyanka Chopra's Exit From Bharat, Salman Khan Goes Into Overdrive To Find Leading Lady|work=Mid Day|date=28 July 2018|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131606/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/irked-by-priyanka-chopras-exit-from-bharat-salman-khan-goes-into-overdrive-to-find-leading-lady/19648154|url-status=live}}</ref> She was replaced by Katrina Kaif.<ref name="kaif">{{cite news|last=Coutinho|first=Natasha|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-replaces-priyanka-chopra-in-ali-abbas-zafars-bharat/articleshow/65189707.cms|title=Katrina Kaif replaces Priyanka Chopra in Ali Abbas Zafar's Bharat|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=30 July 2018|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053705/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-replaces-priyanka-chopra-in-ali-abbas-zafars-bharat/articleshow/65189707.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif shared the news on her Instagram account that filming was wrapped up on 5 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/060319/salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-wrap-bharat-with-this-lovely-post-chec.html|title=Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif wrap 'Bharat' with this lovely post; check out|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306065536/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood/060319/salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-wrap-bharat-with-this-lovely-post-chec.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BunbewGgZee/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/katrinakaif/1992682220623599518 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-access=subscription|title=And that's picture wrap of Bharat Katrina Kaif on Instagram| website=Instagram|date=5 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The climax was shot in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/bharat-movie-set-worth-rs-10-crore-to-be-destroyed-in-climax-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-starrer-amp-up-production-value| title=Bharat movie set worth Rs 10 crore to be destroyed in climax: Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif-starrer amps up production value| date=13 February 2019| access-date=21 May 2019| archive-date=11 July 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711152405/https://www.newsx.com/| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bharat
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 May 2019<ref name="jio">{{Citation |title=Bharat – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=17 May 2019 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bharat/24eTdmBZVik_ |publisher=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517125633/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bharat/24eTdmBZVik_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:32
| language = Hindi
| label = T-Series
| producer = [[Meghdeep Bose]], Abhijit Nalani
| prev_title = [[Student of the Year 2]]
| prev_year = 2019
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[War (2019 film)|War]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|98iFfw0n-Q8|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The songs featured in the film were composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], with music arranger & producer [[Meghdeep Bose]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best-kept musical secret in Bollywood – EasternEye|date=3 January 2020|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/best-kept-musical-secret-in-bollywood/|access-date=29 June 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006082334/https://www.easterneye.biz/best-kept-musical-secret-in-bollywood/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zafar wrote and composed the song "Zinda" with [[Julius Packiam]].{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} It is released under the banner T-Series.<ref name="jio"/> Devarsi Ghosh of ''Scroll.in'' positively summarised the soundtrack review as 'near-perfect.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/923901/bharat-music-review-vishal-shekhars-soundtrack-is-near-perfect|title='Bharat' music review: Vishal-Shekhar's soundtrack is near-perfect|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|website=Scroll.in|date=19 May 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607185755/https://scroll.in/reel/923901/bharat-music-review-vishal-shekhars-soundtrack-is-near-perfect|url-status=live}}</ref> Firstpost praised the song ''Chashni'' as "soul-stirringly beautiful."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bharat-music-review-vishal-shekhars-eclectic-album-doles-out-bonafide-chartbusters-suffers-from-inconsistent-writing-6744821.html|title=Bharat music review: Vishal-Shekhar's eclectic album doles out bonafide chartbusters, suffers from inconsistent writing|date=4 June 2019|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607200857/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bharat-music-review-vishal-shekhars-eclectic-album-doles-out-bonafide-chartbusters-suffers-from-inconsistent-writing-6744821.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "Chashni" song was originally sung by [[Atif Aslam]] but was replaced.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 35:32
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Slow Motion
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:07
| title2 = Chashni
| extra2 = Abhijeet Srivastava
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Aithey Aa
| extra3 = [[Akasa Singh]], [[Neeti Mohan]], Kamaal Khan
| length3 = 3:39
| title4 = Zinda
| extra4 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length4 = 2:20
| title5 = Turpeya
| extra5 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length5 = 4:34
| title6 = Aaya Na Tu
| extra6 = [[Jyoti Nooran]]
| length6 = 5:57
| title7 = Thap Thap
| extra7 = Sukhwinder Singh
| length7 = 2:53
| title8 = Chashni
| note8 = Reprise
| extra8 = [[Neha Bhasin]]
| length8 = 3:59
| title9 = Aithey Aa
| note9 = Dance Version
| extra9 = Nakash Aziz, [[Neeti Mohan]]
| length9 = 3:38
| title10 = Chashni
| extra10 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| length10 = 4:46
}}

== Release ==
[[File:Katrina Kaif promoting Bharat in 2019.jpg|thumb|upright|Kaif promoting ''Bharat'' in 2019]]
''Bharat'' was released on 5 June 2019 on the occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr]],<ref name=rel>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/Salman-Khan-books-EID-2019-for-the-release-of-his-upcoming-film-Bharat/photostory/61196930.cms|title=Salman Khan books EID 2019 for the release of his upcoming film 'Bharat'|website=Times of India|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/Salman-Khan-books-EID-2019-for-the-release-of-his-upcoming-film-Bharat/photostory/61196930.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> worldwide on 6000 screens including 4700 screens in India.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=5 June 2019|number = 1136150458991464449 |title=#Bharat screen count... India: 4700 Overseas: 1300+ Worldwide total:6000+ screens⭐️ #Bharat has released at 43 locations [60 screens] in #Germany. One of the biggest releases ever [#Hindi]. #BharatThisEid}}</ref> The film was made available for [[video on demand]] on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat|url=https://app.primevideo.com/detail?gti=amzn1.dv.gti.7cb60bdf-95dd-041b-8b7f-9a779d7fe952&ref_=atv_dp_share_mv&r=web|date=August 2019|access-date=3 August 2019|website=Amazon|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711152402/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0MJEKHZXJS0MLM79LS7ND0ADZM/ref=atv_dp_share_mv|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{RT data|as of|y|m}}, the film holds {{a or an|{{RT data|score}}}} approval rating on [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on {{RT data|count}} reviews with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bharat|title=Bharat|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608002323/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bharat|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bharat'' received positive reviews from critics on release.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Suparno |title=Bharat movie review and rating: Critics' verdict on Salman Khan's film |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bharat-movie-review-rating-critics-verdict-salman-khans-film-798959 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=International Business Times |date=4 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525001726/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bharat-movie-review-rating-critics-verdict-salman-khans-film-798959 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three and a half stars out of five, calling it "an exhausting, scattered watch despite the entertainment, humour and nobility it propagates". She concluded, "''Bharat'' is well-intentioned, entertaining and doesn't succumb to the trappings of commercial potboilers".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bharat/movie-review/69659371.cms|title=Bharat Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Renuka|last=Vyavahare|date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605071333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bharat/movie-review/69659371.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyanka Sinha Jha of [[News18]], praising Khan for his performance rates the film with three stars out of five, and feels that the script is a bit lengthy and required 'sharper' editing. In the end, She says, "For all its virtues, Bharat falls short of becoming a tour de force, but it could turn into a crowd-puller."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-plays-a-70-year-old-with-spectacular-swag-2172925.html|title=Bharat Movie Review: Salman Khan Plays Gloriously to His Strength|work=[[News18]]|first=Priyanka|last=Sinha Jha|access-date=5 June 2019|date=5 June 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605110450/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-plays-a-70-year-old-with-spectacular-swag-2172925.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Trade analyst and critic [[Taran Adarsh]] concurs with Jha on script trimming and gives four stars out of five. Declaring it "smash-hit", he praises Ali for direction, Kaif, and Khan for performance. He feels that the film is an emotional journey that wins the viewers over.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=5 June 2019|number = 1136003776047865856 |title=#OneWordReview...#Bharat: SMASH-HIT. An emotional journey that wins you over... Salman is the lifeline. He's exceptional... Katrina excels... Ali Abbas Zafar blends humor + emotions wonderfully... Slight trimming needed... Get ready for #Salmania. #BharatReview https://t.co/FVMFYZf9y0}}</ref> Manjusha Radhakrishnan of the ''[[Gulf News]]'', also says that it would have benefited from trimming so finds the film 'dull', that is likely to test the patience of the audience. And, she gives it two stars out of five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/bharat-film-review-it-will-test-your-patience-1.64408199|title='Bharat' film review: It will test your patience|website=Gulf News|first=Manjusha|last=Radhakrishnan|date=5 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611045126/https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/bharat-film-review-it-will-test-your-patience-1.64408199|url-status=live}}</ref> Ananya Bhattacharya writing for ''[[India Today]]'' praised acting of Kaif and Khan but feels that the main attraction is [[Sunil Grover]]. She also rates it with three stars out of five and concludes that Salman has given his fans 'an out-and-out entertainer'.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-eid-blockbuster-1543074-2019-06-05|title=Bharat Movie Review: Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif laugh, weep, deliver a perfect Eid blockbuster|magazine=India Today|first=Ananya|last=Bhattacharya|date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] writing for [[News18]], finds the film "unmistakably boring" and "excruciatingly long". He rates the film with two stars out of five.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-movie-review-it-exists-only-to-add-to-legend-of-salman-khan-as-selfless-provider-2173361.html|title=Bharat Movie Review: It Exists Only to Add to Legend of Salman Khan as Selfless Provider|work=News18|first=Rajeev|last=Masand|author-link=Rajeev Masand|access-date=5 June 2019|date=5 June 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605134241/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bharat-movie-review-it-exists-only-to-add-to-legend-of-salman-khan-as-selfless-provider-2173361.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' finds the film laden with weak 'humor' and 'lackluster' songs. Rating it with two stars out of five, Vetticad concludes, "Far from being a Forrest Gump with Salman Khan, Bharat is mostly a plodding trek through post-1947 to contemporary India."<ref>{{cite news |first=Anna |last=M. M. Vetticad |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bharat-movie-review-salman-khans-sometimes-heart-breaking-hesitantly-political-plodding-trek-through-history-6761361.html |title=Bharat movie review: Salman Khan's sometimes heart-breaking, hesitantly political, plodding trek through history |work=Firstpost |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608105738/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bharat-movie-review-salman-khans-sometimes-heart-breaking-hesitantly-political-plodding-trek-through-history-6761361.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' finds it 'an emotional Eid winner' and rates it with three stars out of five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-deliver-an-eid-entertainer/story-hKdFAnPahxlATb31WvineL.html|title=Bharat movie review: Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif deliver an emotional Eid entertainer|website=Hindustan Times|first=Jyoti|last=Sharma Bawa|date=5 June 2019|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711152514/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-deliver-an-eid-entertainer/story-hKdFAnPahxlATb31WvineL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave two and a half stars out of five and opines, "The good thing about the film, despite its eye-roll moments, is its attempt to create an 'ordinary' man without any particular skills.".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-5766405/|title=Bharat review: Postcard from the Past|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|date=8 June 2019|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=10 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610070639/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bharat-movie-review-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-5766405/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of Film Companion, "Madam Sir, a woman with courage and conviction, is the most memorable character in Bharat. I'd love to see contemporary history told from her perspective. This version has sweep and swagger but not enough soul."<ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat Movie Review: Sweep And Swagger But Not Enough Soul|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/bharat-movie-review-sweep-and-swagger-but-not-enough-soul/|first=Anupama|last=Chopra|publisher=Film Companion|date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190446/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/bharat-movie-review-sweep-and-swagger-but-not-enough-soul/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Bharat''{{'}}s opening day domestic collection was {{INR|link=yes}}42.30 [[crore]]. This is the highest opening day collection for Salman Khan.<ref name="bo total"/> On the second day, its screenings dipped in multiplexes, yet remained strong in single-screen theatres and earned 31 crore – raising the total to Rs 78.87 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khans-bharat-set-to-enter-rs-100-crore-club-earns-rs-73-30-crore-in-2-days-2175951.html|title=Bharat Box Office Collection Day 2: Salman Khan-Katrina Kaif Film Earns Rs 73.30 Cr|website=News18|access-date=7 June 2019|date=7 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608125744/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khans-bharat-set-to-enter-rs-100-crore-club-earns-rs-73-30-crore-in-2-days-2175951.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019|09|25}}, with a gross of {{INR}}251.27 crore in India and {{INR}}74.31 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}325.58 crore.<ref name="bo total"/>

''Bharat'' is the [[List of Bollywood films of 2019#Box office collection|fifth highest grossing Bollywood]] film of 2019.<ref name="wwide">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 July 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on domestic net collection the film is among top twenty in the [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films#Domestic net figures|list of Hindi films with highest domestic net collection]].

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7721800}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|bharat}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|bharat}}

{{Ali Abbas Zafar}}

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Unification of Nepal

2026-02-17T08:47:40Z

Antoniomec:

{{short description|Series of battles that shaped modern day Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Unification of Nepal
| image = Map of Greater Nepal (with part of ceded territory).jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = Himalayan territories unified by the Gorkhas
| native_name = नेपालको एकीकरण
| native_name_lang = ne
| date = {{nowrap|[[Battle of Nuwakot|26 September 1744]] – [[Treaty of Sugauli|4 March 1816]]}} ({{Age in years, months and days|1744|9|26|1816|3|4}})
| location = {{flag|Kingdom of Nepal}}
| type = [[:Category:National unifications|National unification]]
| outcome = Gurkhas conquered the Malla kingdoms and unified Nepal
}}
{{History of Nepal}}
The '''unification of Nepal''' ({{Langx|ne|नेपालको एकीकरण|Nēpālakō ēkīkaraṇa|translit-std=ISO}}) was the process of building the modern [[Nepal|Nepalese state]], by invading fractured [[Malla kingdom]]s including the [[Baise Rajya]]'s 22 kingdoms and the [[Chaubisi Rajya]]'s 24 kingdoms. It began in 1743 CE (1799 [[Vikram Samvat|BS]]),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulmi |first1=Amish Raj |title=The Making of the Gorkha Empire: Part I – Land |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/the-making-of-the-gorkha-empire-part-i-%E2%80%93-land |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=The Record}}</ref> by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], King of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]]. On 25 September 1768, he officially announced the creation of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] and moved his capital from [[Gorkha Municipality|Gorkha]] to a city in [[Kathmandu Valley]].{{sfn|Pradhan|1991|p= 105}}

The [[Shah dynasty]] that Prithvi Narayan Shah founded would go on to absorb the various warring Malla kingdoms that once occupied parts of present-day Nepal into a nation-state that stretched up to the [[Sutlej]] River in the west and Sikkim-Jalpaiguri in the east.{{sfn|Pradhan|1991|p= 153}}{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p= 35}} Before the Gorkha Empire, the Kathmandu Valley was known as Nepal after the Nepal Mandala, the region's name in [[Newar language]].

== Background ==
The regions that constitute present-day Nepal were scattered as numerous independent kingdoms prior to unification. The [[Kathmandu Valley]], then called [[Nepal Mandala]], alone contained three independent kingdoms: [[Kingdom of Kantipur|Kantipur]], [[Kingdom of Lalitpur|Lalitpur]], and [[Kingdom of Bhaktapur|Bhadgaon]]. [[Makwanpur District|Makwanpur]], to the south of the valley, was ruled by the Sen dynasty. To the east of the valley were two relatively larger kingdoms: Vijayapur, and Chaudandi.{{Sfn|Stiller|1973|p=37}} Both of these kingdoms once belonged to Makawanpur, but Mukunda Sena ({{Reign|1518|1553}}) had partitioned his kingdom among his sons and relatives and had divided the once large Makawanpur into various principalities.{{Sfn|Stiller|1973|p=36}}

Between the rivers [[Trishuli River|Trishuli]] and [[Bheri River|Bheri]], known as the [[Gandaki Zone|Gandaki]] region, were the [[Chaubisi Rajya|Chaubisi]] principalities. Further west, in the [[Karnali Zone|Karnali]] region, were the [[Baise Rajya|Baise]] principalities. Baise and Chaubise literally translate to twenty-two and twenty-four kingdoms respectively, but the exact number of kingdoms wasn't the same as the regions' collective names. The Baises were once a part of the [[Khasa Kingdom|Khasa]] Kingdom, ruled by the Khas Mallas from the [[Sinja Valley|Sinja]] valley, before its fragmentation.{{Sfn|Regmi|1966|p=1–2}} The Chaubisi principalities belonged to various political entities. Some belonged to the Senas, some to the Khas Mallas, and some to the Shahis.{{Sfn|Regmi|1979|p=101}}

These principalities experienced constant change and instability. Several kingdoms made leagues in order to protect themselves from foreign invasions and for mutual growth. However, due to the economic and geographic conditions prevalent at that time, disputes and battles between the kingdoms were frequent. The [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla]] kings of the valley engaged in incessant conflicts and skirmishes among themselves and had, at several instances, requested the intervention of Gorkha to settle their disputes.{{Sfn|Pradhan|1991|p=15}}{{Sfn|Stiller|1973|p=53–58}}

== Battle campaigns ==

=== Nuwakot ===
{{main article|Battle of Nuwakot}}
Prithvi Narayan Shah's annexation campaign began with the nearby kingdom of [[Nuwakot District|Nuwakot]]. Nuwakot marked the eastern boundary of the Gorkha Kingdom and was part of the trade route between Tibet and Kathmandu. It was also the western gateway to the Kathmandu Valley. [[Nara Bhupal Shah]], Prithvi Narayan Shah's father, had attempted to invade [[Nuwakot, Bagmati|Nuwakot]] in 1700, but failed. At that time, Nuwakot was under the administrative control of [[Kingdom of Kantipur|Kantipur]] (known today as [[Kathmandu]]). Kantipur supported Nuwakot against the invasion. Following his defeat, Nara Bhupal Shah gave up his efforts and handed administrative power over to his eldest son, [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] and Chandraprabhawati, his eldest queen.

In the very year of his coronation, Prithvi Narayan Shah sent Gorkhali troops under Kaji [[Biraj Thapa Magar]] to attack Nuwakot. The campaign failed.

[[File:Bamshidhar Kalu Pande.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kalu Pande]] wearing [[Khukuri]], a [[Pande family|Pande Chhetri]] aristocrat; [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] (Prime Minister and Army Chief) of [[Gorkha Kingdom]].]][[Kalu Pande]] was then made Commander-in-Chief of the Gorkhali Army. [[Jayant Rana|Jayant Rana Magar]] (former [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] of Gorkha) was made General of the kingdom of Kantipur by Jaya Prakash Malla to defend Nuwakot against Gorkha. Kalu Pande advised Prithvi Narayan Shah to raise a standing army by conscripting men from other regions. A newly fortified Gorkhali force again attacked Nuwakot in 1744 from three sides and managed to capture the hill fort on September 26, 1744. However, the next year, King [[Jaya Prakash Malla]] of Kantipur sent a force under [[Kashiram Thapa]] to retake the fort, after defeating the Gorkhali forces at Naldum. Kashiram was repelled and the Gorkhali seized permanent control of Nuwakot.{{sfn|Stiller|1973|p= 109}}

=== Tanahun ===
While Prithvi Narayan Shah was occupied with Nuwakot, Tanahun, a small kingdom to the west, took advantage of the king's absence to invade the Gorkha kingdom. Tanahun troops crossed the Chepe river and captured Sirhanchowk.{{sfn|Stiller|1973|p= 114}} But reinforcements from both Nuwakot and Gorkha managed to rout the invaders and considerably weaken Lamjung.

Prithvi Narayan Shah wanted to use the occasion to invade Tanahun and annex it. However, he was advised against an open attack as King Tribikram Sen of Tanahun was an old friend of his father's. Prithvi Narayan Shah thus invited Tribikram Sen to the banks of the Trishuli river on the pretext of a friendly visit and then took him into custody. Tribikram Sen was imprisoned in Nuwakot and Tanahun was officially annexed to the burgeoning Gorkha Empire.

=== Makwanpur and Hariharpur ===
{{Main|Battle of Makwanpur (1762)}}
As part of his goal of taking the Kathmandu Valley, Prithvi Narayan had planned to first conquer all of the kingdoms and principalities surrounding the Kathmandu Valley.

Sensing danger, King Digbardhan Sen and his minister Kanak Singh Baniya of [[Makwanpur District|Makwanpur]] sent their families to safer grounds before they were encircled by the Gorkhalis, who launched an attack on 17 August 1762. The battle lasted for around eight hours and while Makwanpur was annexed, King Digbardhan and Kanak Singh escaped to Hariharpur Gadhi.<ref name="nepalarmy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/page/history|title = Nepali Army | नेपाली सेना}}</ref>

After occupying the Makwanpur, the Gorkhali forces planned to take Hariharpur Gadhi, a strategic fort on a mountain ridge of the Mahabharat range, also south of Kathmandu. It controlled another route to the Kathmandu valley. On 4 October 1762, the Gorkhalis launched Hariharpur. The soldiers there fought valiantly against the Gorkha forces, but were ultimately forced to vacate the fort. About 500 soldiers from Hariharpur died in the battle.<ref name="nepalarmy" />

Digbardhan Sen sought the help of [[Mir Qasim]], the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]], to help defend against the Gorkhalis. Mir Qasim, sought to gain loot and plunder from the invasion, as he was using lavish gifts to get on the [[East India Company]]'s good side. In December 1762, he sent around 3,500 troops under [[Gurgin Khan (Bengal)|Gurgin Khan]] (also known as Khoja Gregory), an Armenian man who had helped train Mir Qasim's army, to launch an attack on Makwanpur, which had only recently been captured by the Gorkhalis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=S. C.|title=The Nepal Frontier in the Second Half of the 18th Century|date=1939|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=3|pages=1605–1629|jstor=44252506|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Basnyat|first=Prem Singh|title=How Nepal fought back|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/82789/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref>

Mir Qasim's forces arrived in Makwanpur in January 1763 and launched an attack on Dadhuwa Gadhi, one of three defensive positions the Gorkhalis had set up around Makwanpur fort. Gurgin Khan's 3,500 soldiers managed to capture Dadhuwa Gadhi from 400 or so Gorkha soldiers.<ref name=":2" /> On 21 January 1763, 3,300 of Gurgin Khan's soldiers launched an attack on Makwanpur palace. The Gorkhalis, under Prithvi Narayan's brother Nandu Shah, held off the invaders. Supplemented by reinforcements, the Gorkhalis counter-attacked Gurgin Khan in the dead of the night while his soldiers were asleep. The Gorkhalis managed to rout Gurgin Khan's forces, who retreated back to Bengal.<ref name=":2" />

=== Kathmandu Valley (Nepal Mandala) ===
{{Main|Battle of Kirtipur|Battle of Kathmandu|Battle of Lalitpur|Battle of Bhaktapur}}
The Shah kings had long set their sights on the Nepal Valley, now also known as [[Kathmandu Valley]], which was host to three wealthy but constantly warring city-states ruled by the [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]]. After conquering Nuwakot, which was the western gateway to the Kathmandu Valley, the Gokhalis aimed for [[Kirtipur]] as their next target. Kirtipur was a small fortified city on the outskirts of the three major city-states ruled by Newar Malla kings. [[File:Gorkha3.jpg|thumb|Gorkhali soldiers preparing war against Kathmandu Valley]]
Despite his initial assessment that the valley kings were well prepared and the Gorkhalis were not, Kalu Pande agreed to lead the battle. In 1757, The Gorkhalis set up a base on Naikap to mount their assault on Kirtipur. They were armed with swords, bows and [[musket]]s.<ref name="Vansittart, Eden 1896">Vansittart, Eden (1896). ''Notes on Nepal''. Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|978-81-206-0774-3}}. p. 34.</ref> The two forces fought on the plain of Tyangla Phant in the northwest of [[Kirtipur]]. Kalu Pande was killed in the battle while Prithvi Narayan himself narrowly escaped with his life into the surrounding hills disguised as a [[saint]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Majupuria |first=Trilok Chandra |title=Kirtipur: The Ancient Town on the Hill |url=http://www.nepal-traveller.com/index.php?action=articledetail&id=259 |access-date=18 October 2012 |newspaper=Nepal Traveller |date=March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014432/http://www.nepal-traveller.com/index.php?action=articledetail&id=259 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Wright|1877|p= 227}}

In 1764, Prithvi Narayan assaulted Kirtipur a second time. The attacking forces were under the command of Surapratap Shah, Prithvi Narayan's brother. The Gorkhalis were defeated once again and Surapratap lost his right eye to an arrow while scaling the city. A noble of Lalitpur named Danuvanta crossed over to Shah's side and let the Gorkhalis into the town.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|1811|p= 382–386}}<ref>{{cite news|date=24–30 November 2000|title=The city of good deeds|newspaper=Nepali Times|url=http://nepalitimes.com/issue/18/Culture/9018|access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>[[File:Ram Krishna Kunwar.jpg|thumb|''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]], senior military commander of Gorkhali forces]]

The victory in the Battle of Kirtipur made Shah's two-decade-long effort to take possession of the Kathmandu Valley possible.

After the fall of Kirtipur, Shah took the city-state of [[Kathmandu]] in 1768. That same year he also took possession of Lalitpur. In 1769 he took possession of [[Bhaktapur]], completing his conquest of the Nepal Valley.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|1811|p= 385}} In a letter to [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]], King Prithvi Narayan Shah was unhappy at the death of Kaji [[Kalu Pande]] in [[Kirtipur]] and thought it was impossible to conquer [[Kathmandu Valley]] after the death of Kalu Pande.{{sfn|Vaidya|1993|p=151}} After the annexation of Kathmandu Valley, King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] praised in his letter about the valour and wisdom shown by Ramkrishna in the annexation of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur (i.e. the Nepal valley at the time) in 1768-69 A.D.{{sfn|Regmi|1972|p=95}} Similarly, [[Vamsharaj Pande]], Kalu Pande's eldest son, was the army commander who led attack of Gorkhali side on the [[Battle of Bhaktapur]] on 14 April 1769 A.D.{{sfn|Vaidya|1993|p=163}}

After his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley, Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered other smaller territories south of the valley to keep other smaller fiefdoms near his Gurkha state out of British rule. After his kingdom spread from north to south, he made Kantipur the capital of the expanded country, which was then known as the Kingdom of Gorkha (Gorkha Samrajya).{{sfn|Bindloss|2010|p= 37}}<ref>[http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2016-02-28/less-of-a-hero.html Less of a hero]</ref>

=== Sen Kingdom ===
{{main|Limbuwan–Gorkha war}}
[[File:Abhiman Singh Basnyat.jpg|thumb|''[[Mulkaji]]'' [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]], a military commander and later [[Mulkaji|Chief Minister (Mulkaji)]]]]
King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] had deployed ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Ram Krishna Kunwar]] to the invasion of [[Kirant]] regional areas comprising; Pallo Kirant ([[Limbuwan]]), Wallo Kirant and Majh Kirant (Khambuwan).{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=180}} On 29 August 1772, Ram Krishna crossed the [[Koshi river|Dudhkoshi]] river to invade the lands of King Karna Sen of Kirant and the Saptari region{{sfn|Regmi|1972|p=95}} with fellow commander [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]].{{sfn|Vaidya|1993|p=165}} He crossed the [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]] to reach [[Chainpur, Kosi|Chainpur]].{{sfn|Vaidya|1993|p=167}} Later, he achieved victory over the rulers of the Kirant region.{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=181}} King Prithvi Narayan Shah bestowed 22 pairs of Shirpau (special headgear) on Ram Krishna Kunwar in appreciation of his victory over the rulers of the Kirant region.{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=181}}

==Post death of Prithvi Narayan Shah==
In 1775 A.D., the conqueror king [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], who expanded the [[Gorkha Kingdom]] into the Kingdom of Nepal died at Devighat, Nuwakot.{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=73}} [[Swarup Singh Karki]], a shrewd Gorkhali courtier from a [[Chhetri]] family of Eastern Nepal,{{sfn|Singh|1997|p=142}} marched with an army to Nuwakot to confine Prince [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal]] who was then mourning the death of his father former King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]].{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=73}} He confined Bahadur Shah and Prince [[Dal Mardan Shah]] with consent from newly reigning King [[Pratap Singh Shah]] who was considered to have no distinction of right and wrong.{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=73}} In the annual Pajani (renewal) of that year, Swarup Singh was promoted to the position of [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] along with [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]], [[Amar Singh Thapa]] and Parashuram Thapa.{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=73}} In [[Falgun]] 1832 [[Bikram Samvat|B.S.]], he succeeded in exiling Bahadur Shah, Dal Mardan Shah and Guru Gajraj Mishra on three heinous charges.{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=74}} The reign of King Pratap Singh was characterized by the constant rivalry between Swarup and [[Vamsharaj Pande]], a member of the leading [[Pande family (Nepal)|Pande family]] of Gorkha.{{sfn|Shaha|1990|p=43}} The document dated [[Bikram Samvat]] 1833 [[Bhadra]] Vadi 3 Roj 6 (i.e. Friday 2 August 1776), shows that he had carried the title of [[Dewan]] along with Vamsharaj Pande.{{sfn|Regmi|1975a|p=272}} King [[Pratap Singh Shah]] died on 22 November 1777 A.D.{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=36}} leaving his infant son [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] as the [[King of Nepal]].{{sfn|Regmi|1975a|p=285}} [[Sarbajit Rana Magar]] was made a [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] along with [[Balbhadra Shah]] and [[Vamsharaj Pande]]{{sfn|Shaha|1990|p=46}} while [[Daljit Shah]] was chosen as Chief Chautariya.{{sfn|Regmi|1975a|p=285}}{{sfn|Shaha|1990|p=46}} Historian [[Dilli Raman Regmi]] asserts that [[Sarbajit Rana Magar]] was chosen as [[Mulkaji|Chief Kazi]] (equivalent to [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]).{{sfn|Regmi|1975a|p=285}} Historian [[Rishikesh Shah]] asserts that Sarbajit Rana Magar was the head of the Nepalese government for a short period in 1778.{{sfn|Shaha|2001|p=21}} Afterwards, rivalry arose between Prince [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal]] and [[Queen Rajendra of Nepal|Queen Rajendra Laxmi]]. In the rivalry, Sarbajit Rana led the followers of the Queen opposed to Sriharsh Pant who led the followers of Bahadur Shah.<ref name="himalaya">{{cite web|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_121-122_01.pdf |title=Journal |website=himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk }}</ref> The group of Bharadars (officers) led by Sarbajit Rana poisoned the ears of Rajendra Laxmi against Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Rana|1978|p=6}} Rajendra Laxmi succeeded in the confinement of Prince Bahadur Shah with the help of her new minister Sarbajit Rana.{{sfn|Regmi|1975b|p=214}} Guru Gajraj Mishra came to rescue Bahadur Shah on the condition that Bahadur Shah should leave the country.{{sfn|Regmi|1975b|p=214}}{{sfn|T.U. History Association|1977|p=5}} Also, his rival Sriharsh Pant was branded outcast and expelled instead of execution which was prohibited for [[Brahmin]]s.<ref name="himalaya"/>

Prince Bahadur Shah confined his sister-in-law [[Queen Rajendra of Nepal|Queen Rajendra Laxmi]] on the charge of having illicit relation with [[Sarbajit Rana Magar]]{{sfn|Regmi|1975a|p=215}} on 31 August 1778.{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=36}}{{sfn|Regmi|1975a|p=294}}{{sfn|Bajracharya|1992|p=21}} Subsequently, Sarbajit was executed inside the palace by Prince Bahadur Shah{{sfn|Regmi|1975b|p=215}}{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=76}} with the help of male servants of the royal palace.{{sfn|Regmi|1975b|p=215}} Historian Bhadra Ratna Bajracharya asserts that it was actually Chautariya Daljit Shah who led the opposing group against Sarbajit Rana Magar and Rajendra Laxmi.{{sfn|Bajracharya|1992|pp=21–22}} The letter dated [[Bikram Samvat|B.S.]] 1835 [[Bhadra (Nepali calendar)|Bhadra]] Sudi 11 Roj 4 (1778 A.D.) to Narayan Malla and Vrajabasi Pande asserts the death of Sarbajit under misconduct and the appointment of Bahadur Shah as [[regent]].{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=36}} The death of [[Sarbajit Rana Magar]] is considered to have marked the initiation of court conspiracies and massacres in the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal.{{sfn|T.U. History Association|1977|p=5}} Historian [[Baburam Acharya]] points that the sanctions against Queen Rajendra Laxmi under moral misconduct was a mistake of Bahadur Shah. Similarly, the murder of [[Sarbajit Rana Magar]] was condemned by many historians as an act of injustice.{{sfn|Bajracharya|1992|p=22}}

[[Vamsharaj Pande]], once Dewan of Nepal and son of the popular commander [[Kalu Pande]], was beheaded on the conspiracy of [[Queen Rajendra of Nepal|Queen Rajendra Laxmi]] with his support.{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=46}}{{sfn|Shaha|2001|p=62}} In the special tribunal meeting at Bhandarkhal garden, east of Kathmandu Durbar, Swaroop Singh held Vamsharaj liable for letting the King of Parbat, Kirtibam Malla to run away in the battle a year ago.{{sfn|Bajracharya|1992|p=35}} He had a fiery conversation with Vamsharaj before Vamsharaj was declared guilty and was subsequently executed by beheading on the tribunal.<ref name="himalaya"/> Historian [[Rishikesh Shah]] and Ganga Karmacharya claim that he was executed in March 1785.{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=46}}{{sfn|Shaha|2001|p=62}} Bhadra Ratna Bajracharya and Tulsi Ram Vaidya claim that he was executed on 21 April 1785.{{sfn|Bajracharya|1992|p=35}}<ref name="himalaya"/> On 2 July 1785, his stiff opponent Prince Regent [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal]] was arrested and on the eleventh day of imprisonment on 13 July, his only supporter Queen Rajendra Laxmi died.{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=46}}{{sfn|Shaha|2001|p=62}} Then onwards, Bahadur Shah took over the regency of his nephew King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]]{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=10}} and on the first moments of his regency ordered Swaroop Singh who was in [[Pokhara]] to be beheaded there {{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=77}}{{sfn|Shaha|2001|p=63}} on the charges of [[treason]].{{sfn|Hamal|1995|p=81}} He had gone to Kaski to join Daljit Shah's military campaign of Kaski fearing retaliation of the old courtiers due to his conspiracy against Vamsharaj. He was executed on 24th [[Shrawan (Nepali calendar)|Shrawan]] 1842 [[Bikram Samvat|B.S]].{{sfn|Bibhag|1990|p=77}}

==Tibetan conflict==
{{Further|Sino-Nepalese War}}
After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Shah dynasty began to expand their kingdom into what is present day North India. Between 1788 and 1791, Nepal invaded [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]] and robbed the [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery]] in [[Shigatse]]. Tibet sought help from the Chinese imperial court and the [[Qianlong Emperor]] of the Chinese [[Qing dynasty]] appointed [[Fuk'anggan]] commander-in-chief of the Tibetan campaign. Heavy damages were inflicted on both sides. The Nepali forces retreated step by step back to Nuwakot to stretch Sino-Tibetan forces uncomfortably. The Chinese launched uphill attack during the daylight and failed to succeed due to strong counterattack with [[Khukuri]] at Nuwakot.<ref name="nepalarmythree">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three|title=Nepal and Tibetan conflict|publisher=Official website of Nepal Army}}</ref> The Chinese army suffered a major setback when they tried to cross a monsoon-flooded Betrawati, close to the Gorkhali palace in Nuwakot.{{sfn|Stiller|1971|p= 207}} A stalemate ensued when [[Fuk'anggan]] was keen to protect his troops and wanted to negotiate at Nuwakot. The treaty was more favorable to the Chinese side and prescribed that Nepal had to pay tributes to the Chinese emperor.<ref name="nepalarmythree"/>

==Timeline of unification==
The timeline of unification is given in the following table.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baral|first1=Leeanateshaw Sharma |title=Life and Writings of Prthvinarayan Shah |date=1964 |publisher=University of London}}</ref>
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"
|-
!Date
!Date in [[Vikram Samvat|BS]]
!class="unsortable" |Description
|-
| 1742
|1799|| Prithvi Narayan Shah (PNS) becomes King of Gorkha after death of his father
|-
| 1742
|1800|| First battle of Nuwakot. PNS loses the battle.
|-
| 1743
|1801|| PNS brings weapons from Benaras and trains army
|-
| 1743
|1801|| Unification starts
|-
| 1744
|1801|| Second battle of Nuwakot. It is annexed but returned to Kathmandu in 1745.
|-
| 1754
|1811 || Dolakha, Sindhupalchowk, Dahachowk and Naldum annexed.
|-
| 1757
|1814|| First battle of Kritipur. PNS loses the battle. Kalu Pande dies.
|-
| 1758
|1815 || Gorkha makes peace treaty with Kathmandu
|-
| 1759
|1816 || Captures Shivapuri
|-
| 1761
|1818 || Chaule and Kahule is captured
|-
| 1762
|1819 || [[Battle of Makwanpur (1762)|Makwanpur annexed]], Sindhuli annexed
|-
| 1763
|1820 || Pharping, Bisankhu, Dhulikhel, Banepa, Sanga, Ranikot, Nala, Parevakot and Kavilaspur annexed
|-
| 1764
|1821 || Second battle of Kritipur.
|-
| 1765
|1822 || Balaju, Lutikot annexed
|-
| 1766
|1823 || Kritipur captured, Salimpa annexed.
|-
| 1767
|1824 || Gurkha soldiers defeat British soldiers at Sindhuli who came to help king of Kathmandu
|-
| 1768
|1825 || British India takes possession of Bara, Parsa and Hilwal
|-
| 1768
|1825 || Gorkha repossess the territory. Annexes Bettia.
|-
| 1768
|1825|| Kathmandu, Patan is annexed
|-
| 1769
|1826|| Bhatgaun is annexed
|-
| 1769
|1826|| Kathmandu is declared as the capital
|-
| 1771
|1828 || Kaski and Sapta gandaki region are annexed
|-
| 1771
|1828 || Manpang, Chang, Darhung, Manmul, Ranrung, Jyamire, Grihakot, Kyangmi, Bhirkot, Garahu, Painyu, Dhuvakot were annexed.
|-
| 1773
|1830 || Rava, Cisankhu, Dingla was annexed
|-
| 1774
|1831 || Majuva, Kalum, Mahadinga Pauva is annexed
|-
| 1774
|1831 || Chainpur, Vijaypur, area up to Tista river annexed
|-
| 1775
|1832|| PNS dies. [[Pratap Singh Shah]] became King. Rajendra Laxmi takes the incharge of unification.
|-
| 1782
|1840||1839 BS. Lamjung and Tanahu is annexed.
|-
| 1785
|1843||Rajendra Laxmi dies in 1842 BS. [[Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal|Bahadhur Shah]] takes incharge of unification.
|-
| 1786
|1844|| Bheri ara is annexed
|-
| 1789
|1847|| Jumla is annexed
|-
| 1790
|1848|| Doti, Kumaun and Srinagar, Garwal, Hindur, Besahr, Chamba 12 and 18 Thakurai (currently India) is annexed (1847 BS)
|-
| 1792
|1850 || Nepal–Sino war starts
|-
| 1814
|1872 || British India captures Butwal. But Gurkha army takes control the next month. This causes Nepal–Anglo war. Kumaun and Gadwal comes in control of British India. (1814)
|-
| 1815
|1873 || [[Sugauli Treaty]] is signed
|-
| 1860
|1918 || Janga Bahdhur becomes successful to return part of Terai to Nepal (''[[Naya Muluk]]'') from British India
|}

==See also==
* [[History of Nepal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{citation |last=Bajracharya |first=Bhadra Ratna |title=Bahadur Shah, the regent of Nepal, 1785–1794 A.D. |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1992 |isbn=9788170416432 |location=Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oxuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131808/https://books.google.com/books?id=2oxuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |first=Puratattva |last=Bibhag |title=Ancient Nepal |volume=116–122 |year=1990 |publisher=Puratattva Bibhag (Archaeology Department) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlJQAQAAMAAJ |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131811/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlJQAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamal |first=Lakshman B. |year=1995 |title=Military history of Nepal |publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir |page=125 |oclc=32779233}}
* {{citation |last=Karmacharya |first=Ganga |title=Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775–1846 |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2005 |isbn=978-999463393-7 |location=Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131807/https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar L. |title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=9788180698132 |location=New Delhi |pages=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
* {{citation |last=Rana |first=Pramode S.J.B. |title=Rana Nepal: An Insider's View |year=1978 |publisher=R. Rana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdJBAAAAYAAJ&q=sarbajit+rana |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131808/https://books.google.com/books?id=TdJBAAAAYAAJ&q=sarbajit+rana |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |year=1972 |title=Regmi Research Series |volume=04 |publisher=Regmi Research Centre |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_04.pdf}}
* {{Citation |first=Mahesh Chandra |last=Regmi |title=Regmi Research Series |volume=7 |year=1975b |publisher=Regmi Research Centre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB3jAAAAMAAJ |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131811/https://books.google.com/books?id=cB3jAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last=Regmi |first=D.R. |year=1975a |title=Modern Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TChuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhagirath+panth |isbn=9780883864913}}
* {{Citation |last=Shaha |first=Rishikesh |title=Modern Nepal 1769–1885 |year=1990 |publisher=Riverdale Company |isbn=0-913215-64-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3NuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Shaha |first=Rishikesh |title=An Introduction of Nepal |location=Kathmandu |year=2001 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131814/https://books.google.com/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Nagendra Kr |last=Singh |title=Nepal: Refugee to Ruler: A Militant Race of Nepal |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=9788170248477 |access-date=November 7, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC}}
* {{Citation |author=T.U. History Association |title=Voice of History |volume=3 |year=1977 |publisher=Tribhuwan University History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=topdAAAAIAAJ&q=brajnath |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115131811/https://books.google.com/books?id=topdAAAAIAAJ&q=brajnath |url-status=live}}
* {{citation |last=Vaidya |first=Tulsi Ram |title=Prithvinaryan Shah, the founder of Nepal |year=1993 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=9788170417019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSVwAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pradhan, Kumar|title=The Gorkha conquests : the process and consequences of the unification of Nepal, with particular reference to eastern Nepal |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562723-7 |location=Calcutta |oclc=24874742}}
* {{Cite book|last=Whelpton, John.|title=A history of Nepal|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-80026-9|location=Cambridge|oclc=55502658}}
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Daniel|date=1877|url=https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfNepal/HistoryOfNepaldanielWright#page/n269/mode/2up|title=History of Nepal|publisher=New Delhi: Asian Educational Services|access-date=7 November 2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Kirkpatrick|first=Colonel|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ|title=An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul|publisher=London: William Miller|year=1811|access-date=17 October 2012}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stiller, Ludwig F.|title=The rise of the house of Gorkha|year=1973|isbn=978-9937-711-00-5|edition=Revised|location=Kathmandu, Nepal|oclc=1089599390}}
* {{cite book|last=Bindloss, Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiIw2_WFwC4C&pg=PA37|title=Nepal|year= 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74220-361-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |year=1979 |title=Regmi Research Series |volume=11 |publisher=Regmi Research Centre |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_11.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Regmi |first=D.R. |title=Medieval Nepal |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1966 |location=Calcutta}}

==Further reading==
* Fr. Giuseppe. (1799). ''An account of the kingdom of Nepal''. Asiatic Researches. Vol 2. (1799). pp. 307–322.
* Reed, David. (2002). ''The Rough Guide to Nepal''. DK Publishing, Inc.
* Wright, Daniel, ''History of Nepal''. New Delhi-Madras, Asian Educational Services, 1990

{{Nepal topics}}

[[Category:Unification of Nepal| ]]
[[Category:18th century in Nepal]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:National unifications|Nepal]]

Gold Flake

2026-02-13T21:10:13Z

Antoniomec: refine details for consistency to improve readability

{{short description|Indian cigarette brand}}
{{For|the American snack food brand|Golden Flake}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2007}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Gold Flake
| logo =
| image = :Gold Flake Logo.png
| caption =
| type = Cigarette
| producedby = [[ITC (company)|ITC]]
| related = Gold Flake, Gold Flake Kings, Gold Flake Kings Lights, Gold Flake Neo
| discontinued =
| website =
| footnotes = Carcinogenicity: [[IARC group 1]]
}}

'''Gold Flake''' is an Indian [[cigarette]] brand that has been on the market for over a century.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldblaze.in/top-10-best-cigarette-brands-in-india/2/|title= Top 10 best brands in India with price|date= |work= World Blaze|access-date= 2017-04-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170410215544/http://www.worldblaze.in/top-10-best-cigarette-brands-in-india/2/|archive-date= 2017-04-10|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Gold Flake is sold in a multitude of varieties, including Gold Flake Kings (84mm), Gold Flake Kings Lights (84mm), Gold Flake and Gold Flake Lights. This brand is owned, manufactured and marketed by [[ITC Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/itc/history/ITC|title= Company History|date=|work= Money Control}}</ref>

==History==
Gold Flake was first produced by [[Stephen Mitchell & Son]] of Glasgow. From 1901, [[Bristol|Bristol's]] [[W.D. & H.O. Wills]], a subsidiary of [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco]], took over production. "Gold flake" refers to cigarettes made using ''bright rich golden tobacco''. After 1912, the biggest change came in 1971 with the introduction of Gold Flake Kings, followed up with the launch of Gold Flake Kings Lights in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://listcrux.co/top-10-best-cigarette-brands/|title= Top 10 Best Cigarette Brands|work= List Crux|access-date= 2017-04-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161019051855/http://listcrux.co/top-10-best-cigarette-brands/|archive-date= 2016-10-19|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Gold Flake enjoys a large market share in [[Pakistan]] where it is sold by [[British American Tobacco Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==ITC In India==
{{Main|ITC Limited}}
ITC launched the brand Gold Flake in India in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://8ate.blogspot.in/2008/09/indian-cigarette-vintage-ads.html|title= Indian Cigarette Vintage Ads|date=|work= At The Edge}}</ref> Initial advertisements were targeted towards adult male SEC A category [[smoking|smokers]].

After the introduction of [[lights (cigarette type)|lights]] as a category, the brand introduced Honeydew Smooth – giving the brand a recognizable differentiator with a dew drop symbol. With smoothness being their biggest selling proposition, the brand used symbols like the silk scarf, feather, paint brush, violin, marble vase, hour glass, and shell as visuals to reiterate and associate themselves with smoothness.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://adage.com/article/news/dew-drop-pivotal-india-s-gold-flake-campaign/14004/|title= Dew Drop Pivotal to India's Goldflake campaign|date=25 June 2018|work= Adage}}</ref>

After this, the brand reinvented its image and positioning with a new [[Advertising campaign|campaign]] that moved away from the well-established Honeydew campaign. This was the ''Go Smooth'' campaign.

==Marketing==
[[File:Rond blik “Gold flake”, geel, objectnr 72860.JPG|thumb|Gold Flake cigarettes sold in a metal container between 1945 and 1955.]]
Many poster advertisements have been made for Gold Flake cigarettes, especially in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/gold-flake-cigarettes.html|title=Gold Flake Cigarettes Stock Photos & Gold Flake Cigarettes Stock Images|website=Alamy.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://heartranjan.com/my-gf/|title=My GF|date=26 July 2011|website=Jeartranjan.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cuttingthechai.wordpress.com/2007/06/07/indian-cigarette-ads-from-1800s-to-2000s/|title=Indian Cigarette Ads from 1800s to 2000s|date=7 June 2007|website=Cuttingthechai.wordpress.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, two characters by the names of "Mr. Gold" and "Mr. Flake" were introduced to promote the Gold Flake brand in the United Kingdom. The characters were used for about 30 years and were popular, but it did not help the sales of the brand and Gold Flake was discontinued for a short period of time.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQz8AQAAQBAJ&q=gold+flake+cigarette&pg=PA391|title=W.D. & H.O. Wills and the development of the UK tobacco Industry: 1786-1965|first=B. W. E.|last=Alford|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136584268|accessdate=28 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunnsgallery.co.uk/artists/89/651/adverts-tobacciana-smoking/gold-flake?r=artists/89/adverts-tobacciana-smoking|title=Gold Flake - Adverts Tobacciana & Smoking - Gunns Gallery|website=Gunns Gallery|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-1927-uk-magazine-gold-flake-cigarette-advert-167010415.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=4CF12F00-41F5-4A17-8979-F8C6A88D10D5&p=219395&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo=bar&st=0&pn=1&ps=100&sortby=2&resultview=sortbyPopular&npgs=0&qt=gold%2520flake%2520cigarettes&qt_raw=gold%2520flake%2520cigarettes&lic=3&mr=0&pr=0&ot=0&creative=&ag=0&hc=0&pc=&blackwhite=&cutout=&tbar=1&et=0x000000000000000000000&vp=0&loc=0&imgt=0&dtfr=&dtto=&size=0xFF&archive=1&groupid=&pseudoid=&a=&cdid=&cdsrt=&name=&qn=&apalib=0&apalic=&lightbox=&gname=&gtype=&xstx=0&simid=&saveQry=&editorial=1&nu=&t=&edoptin=&customgeoip=&cap=1&cbstore=1&vd=0&lb=&fi=2&edrf=|title=Stock Photo - 1927 UK Magazine Gold Flake Cigarette Advert|website=Alamy.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref>

==Markets==
Gold Flake is mainly sold in [[India]]. It was exported to [[Canada]], [[Jamaica]], [[Ireland]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Egypt]], [[South Africa]], the [[Palestinian territories]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref name="cigarettespedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cigarettespedia.com/index.php/BrandGold_Flake|title=BrandGold Flake - Cigarettes Pedia|website=Cigarettespedia.com|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="zigsam.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.zigsam.at/B_GoldFlake.htm|title=Gold Flake|website=Zigsam.at|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&l=6&w=GOLD+FLAKE&p=0|title=Brands|website=Cigarety.by|accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref>

==Products==
The brand has many variations, including Gold Flake Kings (84mm) and Gold Flake Kings Lights (84mm). A 10-pack of Gold Flake quad-core cigarettes costs Rs. 95.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-itc-launches-new-cigarette-variant-667607|title= ITC Launches New Cigarette Variant|date= 18 September 2014|work= NDTV Profit}}</ref> Various other variants are available at different prices, and Gold Flake is amongst the top 10 best brands in India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldblaze.in/top-10-best-cigarette-brands-in-india/2/|title= Top 10 best brands in India with price|date= |work= World Blaze|access-date= 2017-04-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170410215544/http://www.worldblaze.in/top-10-best-cigarette-brands-in-india/2/|archive-date= 2017-04-10|url-status= dead}}</ref>

As of 2013, Gold Flake has been targeting young adult smokers. It extended beyond the SEC A category to the SEC B as well. ITC has launched its smallest size which is of 64 mm and costs 60 [[Rupee]]s for a 10-pack of cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/gst-impact-on-cigarettes-wills-classic-gold-flake-navy-cut-prices-to-increase-after-new-cess/story/257063.html|title = GST impact on cigarettes: Wills Classic, Gold Flake, Navy Cut prices to increase after hike in cess| date=25 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-itc-launches-new-cigarette-variant-667607|title= ITC Launches New Cigarette Variant|date=|work= NDTV Profit}}</ref>

==Sponsorship==
Gold Flake was the main sponsor of the [[Gold Flake Open]] tennis tournament from 1997 until 2001. It was an [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] tennis tournament held in [[Chennai]], India.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/01/stories/07011028.htm] {{dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/10/sports/plus-tennis-gold-flake-open-moya-concedes-loses-shot-at-no-1.html |title=PLUS: TENNIS -- GOLD FLAKE OPEN; Moya Concedes; Loses Shot at No. 1 - the New York Times |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2018-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128190640/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/10/sports/plus-tennis-gold-flake-open-moya-concedes-loses-shot-at-no-1.html |archive-date=2018-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tournament is now known as the [[Maharashtra Open]]. The tournament was held from 6 April to 13 April.{{year missing|date=January 2023}}{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{ITC}}
{{Imperial Tobacco}}

[[Category:Indian cigarette brands]]
[[Category:Imperial Brands brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1901]]
[[Category:ITC Limited]]

64th Filmfare Awards South

2026-02-10T00:02:13Z

Antoniomec:

{{short description|Award ceremony for South Indian films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film awards
|number=64
|award=Filmfare Awards South
|award_link=Filmfare Awards South
|image=
|caption=
|date= 17 June 2017
|website= [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
|host= [[Allu Sirish]], [[Vijay Deverakonda]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]]
|preshow=
|producer= [[Jio]]
|network=
|director=
|best_picture= ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (Malayalam), ''[[Thithi (film)|Thithi]]'' (Kannada), ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (Telugu), ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'' (Tamil)
|most_wins= ''[[Kirik Party]]'' (Kannada), 5 
''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' (Kannada), 3 ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (Malayalam), 3 ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' and [[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]](Tamil), 3 ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (Telugu), 3
|most_nominations= ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' (Tamil), 9 ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (Malayalam), 8 ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' (Tamil), 8 ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' (Telugu), 7 ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' (Tamil), 7 ''[[A Aa]]'' (Telugu), 7 ''[[Kirik Party]]'' (Kannada), 7
|last = 63rd
|next = 65th
}}

The '''64th Filmfare Awards South''' ceremony honoring the winners and nominees of the best of [[South Indian film industry|South Indian cinema]] in 2016 is an event that was held on 17 June 2017 at Novotel and HICC Complex in Hyderabad. The nominations for all the main awards were declared on 8 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms |title=Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South) |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 June 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224184437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==List of winners and nominees==
===Main awards===

The winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface'''.

====Kannada cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Thithi (film)|Thithi]]'''''
** ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
** ''[[Last Bus (2016 film)|Last Bus]]''
** ''[[Rama Rama Re...]]''
** ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Rishab Shetty]]'''- '''''[[Kirik Party]]'''''
** [[Hemanth Rao]] – ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
** Narendra Babu – ''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]''
** [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] – ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''
** [[Sumana Kittur]] – ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Ananth Nag]]''' – '''''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'''''
** [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] – ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
** [[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''[[Kirik Party]]''
** [[Shiva Rajkumar]] – ''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]''
** [[Sudeep]] – ''[[Kotigobba 2]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Shraddha Srinath]]''' – '''''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]'''''
** [[Hariprriya]] – ''[[Neer Dose]]''
** [[Parul Yadav]] – ''[[Killing Veerappan]]''
** [[Shwetha Srivatsav]] – ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
** [[Sruthi Hariharan]] – ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vasishta N. Simha]]''' – '''''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'''''
** [[Achyuth Kumar]] – ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
** [[H. G. Dattatreya]] – ''[[Neer Dose]]''
** [[Roger Narayan]] – ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''
** [[Sadhu Kokila]] – ''[[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|Zoom]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Samyuktha Hegde]]''' – '''''[[Kirik Party]]'''''
** [[Aindrita Ray]] – ''[[Niruttara]]''
** Meghashree Bhagavatar – ''[[Last Bus (2016 film)|Last Bus]]''
** [[Sonu Gowda]] – ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]''
** [[Suman Ranganathan]] – ''[[Neer Dose]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath|Ajaneesh Lokanath]]''' – '''''[[Kirik Party]]'''''
** [[Anoop Seelin]] – ''[[Neer Dose]]''
** [[Arjun Janya]] – ''[[Mungaru Male 2]]''
** [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] – ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
** [[V. Harikrishna]] – ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jayant Kaikini]]''' – ''"Sariyagi Nenapide"'' from '''''[[Mungaru Male 2]]'''''
** [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] – ''"Bhoomi Bhaanu"'' from ''[[Maduveya Mamatheya Kareyole]]''
** [[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''"Katheyondu Helide"'' from ''[[Kirik Party]]''
** [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] – ''"Neene Raama"'' from ''[[Mukunda Murari]]''
** [[Yogaraj Bhat]] – ''"Haalu Kudida Makkale"'' from ''[[Dana Kayonu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Vijay Prakash]]''' – ''"Belageddu Yara Mukhava"'' from '''''[[Kirik Party]]'''''
** [[Anoop Seelin]] – ''"Alla Alla"'' from ''[[Nataraja Service]]''
** [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] – ''"Jhanak Jhanak"'' from ''[[Run Antony]]''
** [[Santhosh Venky]] – ''"Mandara Mandara"'' from ''[[Jai Maruthi 800]]''
** [[Shankar Mahadevan]] – ''"Neene Raama"'' from ''[[Mukunda Murari]]''
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Ananya Bhat]]''' – ''"Namma Kayo Devare"'' from '''''[[Rama Rama Re...]]'''''
** [[Anuradha Bhat]] – ''"Yavoora Geleya"'' from ''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]''
** [[Indu Nagaraj]] – ''"Thraas Akkathi"'' from ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ''"Neenire Saniha"'' from ''[[Kirik Party]]''
** [[Vani Harikrishna]] – ''"Neenaagi Helalilla"'' from ''[[Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film)|Happy Birthday]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
*'''[[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''[[Kirik Party]]'''''
|
* '''[[Sruthi Hariharan]] – ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'''''
|}

====Malayalam cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'''''
** ''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
** ''[[Kammatipaadam]]''
** ''[[Puli Murugan]]''
** ''[[Oppam]]''

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Dileesh Pothan]]''' – '''''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'''''
** [[Abrid Shine]] – ''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
** [[Priyadarshan]] – ''[[Oppam]]''
** [[Rajeev Ravi]] – ''[[Kammatipaadam]]''
** [[Sameer Thahir]] – ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]- ''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Nivin Pauly]]''' – '''''[[Action Hero Biju]]'''''
** [[Dulquer Salman]] – ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Fahadh Faasil]] – ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
** [[Mohanlal]] – ''[[Oppam]]''
** [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] – ''[[Pavada]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nayanthara]]''' – '''''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'''''
** [[Manju Warrier]] – ''[[Karinkunnam 6'S]]''
** [[Rajisha Vijayan]] – ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''
** [[Sai Pallavi]] – ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Shruthy Menon]] – ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vinayakan]]''' – '''''[[Kammatipaadam]]'''''
** [[Alencier]] – ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
** [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] – ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Renji Panicker]] – ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]''
** [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] – ''[[Annmariya Kalippilaanu]]''
** [[Tovino Thomas]] – ''[[Guppy]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Asha Sarath]]''' – '''''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'''''
** Abhija Sivakala – ''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]''
** [[Aparna Balamurali]] – ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
** [[Lakshmi Ramakrishnan]] – ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]''
** [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] – ''[[Guppy]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Bijibal]]''' – '''''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'''''
** [[Gopi Sunder]] – ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Jerry Amaldev]] – ''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
** [[Shaan Rahman]] – ''[[Jacobinte Swargarajyam]]''
** [[Sushin Shyam]] – ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Dr Madhu Vasudevan|Madhu Vasudevan]]''' – ''"Chinnamma"'' from '''''[[Oppam]]'''''
** [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]] – ''"Para Para"'' from ''[[Kammatipaadam]]''
** Anwar Ali – ''"Kissa Paathiyil"'' from ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]''
** B. K. Harinarayanan – ''"Minnungum"'' from ''[[Oppam]]''
** Manu Manjith – ''"Raavu Mayame"'' from ''[[Vettah]]''
** [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] – ''"Idukki"'' from ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[M. G. Sreekumar]]''' – ''"Chinnamma"'' from '''''[[Oppam]]'''''
** [[Bijibal]] – ''"Idukki"'' from ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
** Job Kurian – ''"Chillurandhal"'' from ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] – ''"Mazhaye"'' from ''[[James & Alice]]''
** [[Sooraj Santhosh]] – ''"Thaniye"'' from ''[[Guppy]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]''' – ''"Oonjalil Aadi"'' from '''''[[Action Hero Biju]]'''''
** [[Divya S. Menon]] – ''"Varthinkale"'' from ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
** [[Rinu Razak]] – ''"Raavu Mayave"'' from ''[[Vettah]]''
** [[Shweta Mohan]] – ''"Oruvela"'' from ''[[White (2016 film)|White]]''
** Varsha Vinu – ''"Melle Vannupoyi"'' from ''[[Marupadi]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor –Malayalam|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
*'''[[Dulquer Salmaan]] – ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' & ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'''''
|
* '''''No Award'''''
|}

====Tamil cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'''''
** ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
** ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
** ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
** ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** ''[[Visaranai]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sudha Kongara]]''' – '''''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'''''
** [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] – ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
** [[Pa. Ranjith]] – ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
** [[Raju Murugan]] – ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]''
** [[Vetrimaran]] – ''[[Visaranai]]''

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Madhavan (actor)|Madhavan]] – ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'''''
** [[Dhanush]] – ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
** [[Rajinikanth]] – ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
** [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''[[Iru Mugan]]''

|valign="top" |
* '''[[Ritika Singh]]''' – '''''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'''''
** [[Nayantara]] – ''[[Iru Mugan]]''
** [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** Samantha Ruth Prabhu – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] – ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]''
** [[Trisha Krishnan]] – [[Kodi (film)|''Kodi'']]

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Samuthirakani]]''' – '''''[[Visaranai]]'''''
** [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Rajendran]] – ''Theri''
** [[Sathish]] – ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
** [[Sathish Krishnan]] – ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sai Dhanshika]]''' – '''''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'''''
** [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] – ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharmadurai]]''
** [[Anupama Parameswaran]] – ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
** [[Nithya Menon]] – ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Saranya Ponvannan]] – ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|
* '''[[A. R. Rahman]]''' – '''''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'''''
** A. R. Rahman – ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
** [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] – ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
** [[Harris Jayaraj]] – ''[[Iru Mugan]]''
** [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Thamarai]]''' – ''"Thalli Pogathey"'' from '''''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'''''
** [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] – ''"Neruppu Da"'' from ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
** [[Madhan Karky]] – ''"Naan Un Azhaginile"'' from ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** [[Vairamuthu]] – ''"Endha Pakkam"'' from ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharmadurai]]''
** [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] – ''"En Suzhali"'' from ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sundarayyar]]''' – ''"Jasmine U"'' from '''''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]'''''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ''"Senjittaley"'' from ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
** [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] – ''"Neruppu Da"'' from ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
** [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]] – ''"Yedho Mayam"'' from ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]''
** [[Sid Sriram]] – ''"Mei Nigara"'' from ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Swetha Mohan]]''' – ''"Maya Nadhi"'' from '''''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'''''
** [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – ''"Naan Un"'' from ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
** [[K. S. Chithra]] – ''"Konji Pesida Venam"'' from ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]''
** [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] – ''"Un Maele Oru Kannu"'' from ''[[Rajini Murugan]]''
** [[Neeti Mohan]] – ''"Chella Kutti"'' from ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
*'''[[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]] – ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'''''
|
* '''[[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] – ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'''''
|}

====Telugu cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'''''
** ''[[A Aa]]''
** ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
** ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
** ''[[Kshanam]]''
** ''[[Oopiri]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vamsi Paidipally]]''' – '''''[[Oopiri]]'''''
** [[Koratala Siva]] – ''[[Janatha Garage]]''
** [[Ravikanth Perepu]] – ''[[Kshanam]]''
** [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] – ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
** [[Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam]] – ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
** [[Trivikram Srinivas]] – ''[[A Aa]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jr. NTR]]''' – '''''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'''''
** [[Allu Arjun]] – ''[[Sarrainodu]]''
** [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] – ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
** [[Naga Chaitanya]] – ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''
** [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] – ''[[Oopiri]]''
** [[Ram Charan Teja|Ram Charan]] – ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]''' – '''''[[A Aa]]'''''
** [[Keerthy Suresh]] – ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''
** [[Lavanya Tripathi]] – ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''
** [[Niveda Thomas]] – ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
** [[Rakul Preet Singh]] – ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
** [[Ritu Varma]] – ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jagapati Babu]]''' – '''''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'''''
** [[Arvind Swamy]] – ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
** [[Karthi]] – ''[[Oopiri]]''
** [[Mohanlal]] – ''[[Janatha Garage]]''
** [[Rao Ramesh]] – ''[[A Aa]]''
** [[Sathyaraj]] – ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nandita Swetha]]''' – '''''[[Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada]]'''''
** [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] – ''[[Kshanam]]''
** [[Anupama Parameswaran]] – ''[[A Aa]]''
** [[Priyamani]] – ''[[Mana Oori Ramayanam]]''
** [[Ramya Krishna]] – ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Devi Sri Prasad]]''' – '''''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'''''
** [[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
** [[Mickey J Meyer]] – ''[[A Aa]]''
** [[S. S. Thaman]] – ''[[Sarrainodu]]''
** [[Vivek Sagar]] – ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]''' – ''"Pranamam"'' from '''''[[Janatha Garage]]'''''
** [[Anantha Sreeram]] – ''"Thaanu Nenu"'' from ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
** [[Bhaskarabhatla]] – ''"Oka Laalana"'' from ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
** Krishnakanth – ''"Nuvvante Naa Nuvvu"'' from ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]''
** [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – ''"Oka Life'' from ''[[Oopiri]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]''' – ''"Yellipoke Shyamala"'' from '''''[[A Aa]]'''''
** Dhanunjay – ''"You Are My MLA"'' from ''[[Sarrainodu]]''
** [[NTR Jr.]] – ''"Follow Follow"'' from ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
** [[Shankar Mahadevan]] – ''"Oka Laalana"'' from ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
** [[Vijay Prakash]] – ''"Thanu Nenu"'' from ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[K. S. Chithra]]''' – ''"Ee Premaki"'' from '''''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'''''
** Amritavarshini K. C. – ''"Chinuku Taake"'' from ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
** [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – ''"Oye Meghamala"'' from ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''
** [[Padmalatha]] & Vishnupriya – ''"Pareshaanu Raa"'' from ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
** [[Ramya Behara]] & Anjana Sowmya – ''"Naidorintikada"'' from ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|'''Critics Best Actress''']]
|-
|
*'''[[Allu Arjun]] – ''[[Sarrainodu]]'''''
|
* '''[[Ritu Varma]] – ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'''''
|}

===Technical Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer – South]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Tirru]] (Tamil) –''' '''''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'''''
* '''[[P. S. Vinod]] (Telugu) –''' '''''[[Oopiri]]'''''
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* ''' [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] (Telugu) –''' '''"Apple Beauty" from ''[[Janatha Garage]]'''''
|}

===Special awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South|Lifetime Achievement]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Vijaya Nirmala]]'''
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Shirish Saravanan]]''' for ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]''
|-
!colspan=2| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]]
|-
|colspan=2|
* '''[[Manjima Mohan]] for ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' and ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'''''

|-
|}

==References==
===General===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |date=17 June 2017 |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627032040/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nominations for 64th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2017 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-nominations-for-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2017/articleshow/59065329.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614010312/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-nominations-for-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2017/articleshow/59065329.cms |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

===Specific===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/}}
* {{IMDb event|0001531|Filmfare Awards South}}

{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards South by year]]
[[Category:2017 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:June 2017 in India]]

Central India

2026-02-09T14:52:15Z

Antoniomec: cleanup

{{Short description|Group of centrally located Indian states}}
{{About|a region in North India|the Indian Agency (a type of subdivision) that existed between 1854 to 1947|Central India Agency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Central India
| other_name = Madhya Bharat
| image_map = Central India.svg
| map_caption = States commonly referred to as Central India
| map_alt = Map showing Central India region consisting of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = States
| subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Chhattisgarh]]
}}
| subdivision_type2 = Largest cities
| subdivision_name2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Bhopal]]
* [[Indore]]
* [[Jabalpur]]
* [[Raipur]]
* [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
* [[Gwalior]]
* [[Durg|Durg-Bhilai]]
* [[Ujjain]]
* [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
* [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2/2/2/2
| image1 = Dhuandhar Waterfalls.jpg
| image2 = Marble Rocks - Jabalpur.jpg
| image3 = Mahakaleshwar Temple, Ujjain.jpg
| image4 = Tiger Kanha National Park.jpg
| image5 = The Chitrakote Falls.jpg
| image6 = 1 Khajuraho.jpg
| image7 = Bhoramdeo Temple, Kawardha.jpg
| image8 = Bhimbetka Caves, Madhya Pradesh.jpg
}}
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right''': [[Dhuandhar Falls]], [[Marble Rocks]] along [[Narmada River]], [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple]], [[Kanha Tiger Reserve|Kanha National Park]], [[Chitrakote Falls]], [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]], [[Bhoramdeo Temple]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka Rock Shelters]]
|population_as_of=2011
|population_total=98137763
}}
'''Central India''' refers to a [[administrative divisions of India|geographical region]] of [[India]] that generally includes the [[states and union territories of India|states]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover Central India's iconic destinations |url=https://www.andbeyond.com/destinations/asia/india/central-india/ |website=andBeyond |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>

The [[Central Zonal Council]], established by the Government of India, includes these states as well as [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] to the north.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonal Council |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]] |access-date=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The inclusion of Uttarakhand extends the region to the Himalayan border with [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]/[[China]].
[[File:Zonal Councils.svg|thumb|Central zone of [[India]] in ''green'']]

==Other definitions==
Another approach, historically more usual, is to base "Central India" on a north-south axis, making it the part of India that is south of [[North India]] and north of [[South India]]; the definition of North India also varies hugely, but that of South India is generally agreed. This definition includes either some or all of the [[Deccan]], in particular [[Maharashtra]], and may or may not include some of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] to the north. If Maharashtra is included "Central India" includes a good part of the western coast, including [[Mumbai]], but the eastern coast is never included, as [[Odisha]] stretches down to meet [[Andhra Pradesh]], and these are counted in [[Eastern India|Eastern]] and Southern India respectively (and none of the eastern coast is part of the [[Hindi Belt]]).

Another definition is "the hill-country south of the Ganges plain", but north of the Deccan.<ref>Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', p. 187, 1994, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0 7141 1442 1}}.</ref> Some official divisions of the country do not recognise any "Central" division at all.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |title=Executive summary of month of November 2015 |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051607/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Another definition, which treats the Deccan as a different unit, defines "Central India" as Madhya Pradesh and "eastern and central [[Uttar Pradesh]]".<ref>Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', p. 138, 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}.</ref> "Madhya Pradesh" means "central province", while "Uttar Pradesh" means "northern province", though when adopted in 1950 it had the advantage of preserving the common "UP" abbreviation for what was formerly the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]. This definition is rather similar to the territories, all [[princely state]]s, grouped by the [[British Raj]] in 1854 as the [[Central India Agency]] (not to be confused with the [[Central Provinces]], bordering this to the south).

The ''Memoir of Central India'' by Sir [[John Malcolm]], [[Governor of Bombay]] begins with a definition:

<blockquote>The country termed Central India is, roughly speaking, the region lying between the [[21st parallel north|twenty-first]] and [[25th parallel north|twenty-fifth degrees]] of north latitude, and the [[73rd meridian east|seventy-third]] and [[80th meridian east|eightieth degrees]] of east longitude...<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0emFWxyNbNIC&pg=PA1 ''Memoir of Central India''], p. 1, Sir [[John Malcolm]]</ref></blockquote>

Depending on definition, [[Indore]], the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, is the largest city in the region. Other major [[list of cities in India by population|cities]] include [[Raipur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Durg|Durg-Bhilai]] and [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]. The states share many [[languages of India|linguistic]] and [[culture of India|cultural]] characteristics with [[North India]] including the predominance of [[Hindi]].

==History==
The Bhimbetka caves show evidence of [[Paleolithic]] settlements in present-day Madhya Pradesh. [[Stone Age]] tools have also been discovered at various places along the [[Narmada River|Narmada river]] valley. Chalcolithic sites have been discovered at a number of places including [[Eran]], Kayatha, Maheshwar, Nagda, and Navdatoli. Rock shelters with cave paintings, the earliest of which can be dated to 30,000 BCE, have also been discovered at a number of places. The settlements of humans in present-day Madhya Pradesh developed primarily in the valleys of rivers such as Narmada, Chambal, and Betwa. During the early Vedic period, the Vindhya mountains formed the southern boundary of the Indo-Aryan territory.

The most powerful and greatest dynasty to emerge from Central India was undoubtedly the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]. Apart from their extensive conquests, Chandelas played a more important in the national struggle against [[Muslim]] invaders. They ruled Central India for about six centuries, a period that is rather unusual in the annals of the ruling dynasties of [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA125 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 |at=Preface}}</ref>

The [[Holkars]] of [[Indore]], [[Scindia]]s of [[Gwalior]], [[Pawar|Puars]] of [[Dewas Junior]], [[Dewas Senior]] and [[Dhar State]] were powerful families of the [[Maratha Empire]] which were based in Central India. The territories that now comprises [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] were ruled by numerous [[Princely State|princes]] who entered into [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[British Raj|British]].

After [[Purna Swaraj|independence]], the states of [[Madhya Bharat]], [[Vindhya Pradesh]], and [[Bhopal]] were merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956. In 2000, the new state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was carved out of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Language==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Krishna speaking Hindi.webm|thumb|A Hindi speaker, recorded in [[Taiwan]].]]

The region is part of the [[Hindi Belt]], and [[Hindi|Modern Standard Hindi]] is the predominant language. Other Hindi belt languages such as [[Chhattisgarhi]] are also common regionally. Besides these [[Indo-Aryan languages]], the [[Munda languages|Munda-family language]] [[Korku language|Korku]] is also spoken in Central India.

== See also ==
* [[Administrative divisions of India]]
* [[East India]]
* [[North India]]
* [[Northeast India]]
* [[South India]]
* [[Western India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|width = auto
|Centre = Central India
|North = [[North India]]
|Northeast = [[East India]]
|East = [[East India]]
|Southeast = [[East India]]
|South = [[South India]]
|Southwest = [[Western India]]
|West = [[Western India]]
|Northwest = [[North India]]
}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Central India| ]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]

Atmakur, Nellore district

2026-02-08T08:52:23Z

Antoniomec: created new place

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Atmakur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Atmakuru
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6167|N|79.6167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district]]
| subdivision_name3 = Atmakur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Atmakur Municipal Council]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]

| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 58.68
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total = 30556
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=632779|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 08627
| registration_plate = AP26
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Atmakur''', natively known as '''Atmakuru''', is a town in the [[Nellore district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It functions as a [[municipality]] within the Atmakur [[mandal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Setup|url=http://nellore.ap.nic.in/revenue.htm|website=Official website of Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore District|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501012715/http://nellore.ap.nic.in/revenue.htm|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and serves as the administrative headquarters for both the mandal and the Atmakur Assembly Constituency. The town plays a key role in local governance and administration, acting as a central hub for surrounding villages and regions within the [[Nellore]] district.

== Governance ==

'''Civic administration'''

[[Atmakur Municipal Council]] is the seat of local government which administers atmakur town.

'''Politics'''

[[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)]] is an assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh. Present [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] [[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atmakur Assembly Election Results 2024: Atmakur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/atmakur-constituency-result-1115 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> from [[Telugu Desam Party]] and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] [[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellore lok sabha election results 2024: Nellore Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/andhra-pradesh/nellore-constituency-result-1522 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> from Telugu Desam party (TDP)

== Prominent people ==
Sri Abhinava Ranganatha Parakala Swami (1884–1966), renowned philosopher of Vedanta and scholar of Sanskrit, head of the Mysore Parakala Matha for 41 years. He was known earlier as Atmakur Rangacharya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atmakur |url=https://www.spsrnellore.com/2011/09/atmakur.html |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref>

Ganga China Kondaiah, freedom fighter and communist party leader, first MLA of Atmakur in Madras and Andhra joint state.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spsrnellore.com/2011/09/atmakur.html|title=Atmakur}}</ref>

Motapothula Sankar Reddy, freedom fighter and communist party leader served as a President Atmakur Grama Panchayat for 22 years. He was the founder and president of Cooperative Marketing society, Coperative Urban bank and Cooperative house building society. He also established Land Mortagage Bank (LMB), Leather society, Fisherman society and Labor Contract society etc.<ref name="auto"/>

Atmakur Venkata Subbaiah Naidu served as a Head Village Administrative Officer for 25 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spsrnellore.com/2011/09/atmakur.html | title=Atmakur }}</ref>

== Education ==

Atmakur, located in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh (PIN: 524322), is a regional educational hub for students from nearby villages and towns. The town offers a variety of educational institutions, catering to all levels of learning, from early childhood to higher education.<ref name="auto"/>

'''Schools:''' Atmakur has around 50 schools, including Anganwadi centers, primary schools, upper primary schools, and high schools. These schools serve both residential and non-residential students, ensuring access to quality education for children in the surrounding areas.

'''Colleges:''' The town is home to multiple institutions of higher learning, including:

'''10 Junior Colleges:''' Offering intermediate education across a range of streams (arts, science, commerce).

'''3 Degree Colleges:''' Providing undergraduate programs in arts, science, and commerce.

'''1 Government Polytechnic College:''' Offering diploma courses in various technical fields.

'''1 B.Ed College:''' Specializing in teacher training programs for those pursuing a career in education.

'''1 Engineering College:''' Providing undergraduate and graduate programs in engineering and technology disciplines.

'''Vocational Training:''' Atmakur also hosts 1 Industrial Training Center (ITC), which offers vocational education and hands-on training in trades.

These institutions make Atmakur an important educational center, attracting students from neighboring regions who seek quality education and professional training.<ref name="auto"/>

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date=7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

== Transport ==
The town is connected by multiple modes of transport, including bus, train, and air travel. Below are the details on how to reach Atmakur.

=== Roadways (BUS)===
Atmakur is connected to Nellore and other parts of Andhra Pradesh through an extensive road network. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) runs regular buses to and from Atmakur to major cities like [[Nellore]], [[Tirupati]], [[Chennai]], [[Vijayawada]], and [[Hyderabad]].

'''Nellore to Atmakur:''' Buses run frequently (every 20 minutes), with a travel time of approximately 1 to 1.5 hours.

'''Chennai to Atmakur:''' Buses are available, taking about 5 to 6 hours.Buses operate regularly and are available throughout the day, offering both air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned options.

'''Hyderabad to Atmakur:''' Long-distance buses connect the two cities, and the journey takes around 9 to 11 hours.Buses operate regularly and are available throughout the day, offering both air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned options.

'''Bangalore to Atmakur:'''
Direct buses are available from Bangalore, and the travel time is approximately 7 to 9 hours. Buses operate regularly and are available throughout the day, offering both air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned options

=== Railways ===
Though Atmakur itself does not have a railway station, the nearest major railway station is Nellore Railway Station, which is approximately 60 km away.

'''Nellore Railway Station:'''
Serves as a hub for trains coming from Chennai, Hyderabad, Tirupati, Vijayawada, and other parts of India. From Nellore, buses and taxis are available to reach Atmakur.

'''Atmakur Railway Station''' - Work in Progress
The Atmakur Railway Station is currently under development as part of the Nadikudi–Srikalahasti railway line, a new railway line that will significantly enhance rail connectivity in the region. Once completed, the Atmakur station will serve as an important stop along this line, connecting Atmakur to major cities in Andhra Pradesh and beyond.

The [[Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section|Nadikudi–Srikalahasti]] railway line is a new project aimed at improving transportation across Andhra Pradesh. It will connect Nadikudi in the Guntur district to Srikalahasti in the Chittoor district, passing through Atmakur in Nellore district.
This line is expected to boost the local economy by facilitating easier movement of goods and passengers.
Once completed, trains on this route will reduce travel time and improve accessibility to Atmakur.

=== Air ===
The nearest airports to Atmakur are:

[[Tirupati International Airport]] (150 km): The closest major airport with domestic flights to cities like [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], and [[Bangalore]].

[[Chennai International Airport]] (200 km): The nearest international airport, offering flights to various domestic and international destinations.

[[Nellore Airport]] (Proposed): A new airport is under construction near [[Nellore]], which will provide better air connectivity to Atmakur once operational. From these airports, you can reach Atmakur by hiring taxis or taking buses.

== See also ==
* [[List of towns in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Nellore district}}

[[Category:Towns in Nellore district]]

Karthik Gattamneni

2026-02-07T23:27:27Z

Antoniomec: Started New Stub Initial Version

{{short description|Indian cinematographer and director born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karthik Gattamneni
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1987|10|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]], [[film director|Director]], and [[editor]]
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Aeronautical Engineering]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana]]
| relatives =
| years active = 2013 - present
| title =
| awards =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karthik Gattamneni''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] and director known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his debut as a cinematographer with ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'' in 2013, and has worked on several films since his debut.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-01-31/Meet-Karthik-T-towns-Youngest-Director/128850 | title=Meet Karthik, T-town's youngest director | accessdate= 11 June 2017 |publisher=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> He is also one of the key founders of [[Pondfreaks|Pondfreaks Entertainment]], a short film production house.

==Early career==
After graduating in [[Computer Science]] from the [[Institute of Aeronautical Engineering]], Karthik aimed to become a director and tried to enter the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] in [[Pune]], but could not make it. He then decided to try cinematography as an alternative and enrolled himself in [[Rajeev Menon]]'s Mindscreen Institute for a year-long course. Later, he directed a short film titled ''Infinity'', which featured [[Harshvardhan Rane]] in the lead role. It drew critical acclaim with celebrities like [[Farhan Akhtar]] appreciating Karthik's work. This appreciation resulted in him meeting Pavan Sadineni and both of them collaborated on ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'', which marked both of their feature film debuts.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://businessoftollywood.com/exclusive-interview-cinematographer-karthik-gattamaneni/ | title=Karthik Ghattamaneni's Interview on Prema Ishq Kaadhal | accessdate= 11 June 2017 |publisher=businessoftollywood.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]''|| Debut as cinematographer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]''|| Cinematographer
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Surya vs Surya]]''|| Debut as director
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Express Raja]]''|| rowspan="10" | Cinematographer
|-
| ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
|-
|''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''
|-
|''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]''
|-
|2019
|''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]''
|-
|2020
|''[[Disco Raja]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Bloody Mary (2022 film)|Bloody Mary]]''
|-
|[[Dhamaka (2022 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
|-
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''|| Also editor; Nominated–[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]''|| Cinematographer
|-
|2024
|''[[Eagle (2024 film)|Eagle]]''|| Also director, editor and writer
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Chaurya Paatham]]'' ||Also writer
|-
|''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]'' || Also director and writer
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=6783925|name=Karthik Gattamneni}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghattamaneni, Karthik}}
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

{{cinematographer-stub}}

Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair

2026-02-07T23:17:46Z

Antoniomec: content update

{{Short description|Indian dancer (1914–1990)}}
{{For|those of a similar name|M. Krishnan Nair (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|03|27}}
| birth_place = [[Cheruthazham]], [[Kannur]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|08|15|1914|03|27}}
| death_place = [[Tripunithura]], Kerala, India
| years_active =
| birth_name =
| spouse = [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]]
| website =
| awards = {{ubl|1967: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]|1969: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]|1970: [[Padma Shri]]|1977: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]}}
}}

'''Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair''' (27 March 1914 – 15 August 1990) was a [[Kathakali]] dancer from [[Kerala]] in India.<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3230591.ece | title=Unmatched range of expressions | work=The Hindu | access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==Life==
He is a recipient of [[Padma Shri]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]],<ref name="SNA Awardees' List">{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA Awardees' List |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |date=2016 |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref> [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-a-ksna/468|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Kathakali|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-ksna/460|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship: Kathakali|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

A native of [[Cheruthazham]] in Payyanur Taluk of Kannur district in North Malabar, Kerala he was initiated into Kathakali in his early teenage years under the tutelage of Guru Chandu Panikker. By 19, he was noticed by [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] co-founder, poet [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], who inducted Krishnan Nair into his institute, then near Mulankunnathukavu, north of [[Thrissur]] in central Keralawhere that Krishnan Nair trained under [[Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon]], Thakazhi [[Kunchu Kurup]], [[Kavalappara Narayanan Nair]] and [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]].

Krishnan Nair had his higher studies on ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa-abhinaya]]'' (facial emotions which stressed on eye exercises) from the [[Kudiyattam]] maestro Natyacharya [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]], who too won the Padma Shri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/15/stories/2008081550640300.htm |title=The Hindu : Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram / Tribute : Unmatched thespian |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110064956/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/15/stories/2008081550640300.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Krishnan Nair was deeply influenced by Shri. Chakyar.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXt1AAAAIAAJ&q=koodiyattam+mani+madhava&dq=koodiyattam+mani+madhava&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VkenUfeVEYiTrgfQhoHoDA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCTgK|p131, Malayalam Literary Survey - Volume 13, Kerala Sahitya Akademi, 1991]</ref>

Krishnan Nair, towards the second half of his life, had made [[Tripunithura]] near [[Kochi]] his home.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030630185821/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300320200.htm The Hindu : In honour of the thespian couple]</ref> Kathakali was always traditionally performed by men. In 1975 a women's group was formed and they were trained by Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking Stereotypes,all-woman Kathakali Troupe Going Strong|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/feb/26/breaking-stereotypesall-woman-kathakali-troupe-going-strong-722121.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 February 2015 }}</ref> The [[Tripunithura Kathakali Kendram Ladies Troupe]] went on to national recognition.

Krishnan Nair died on 15 August 1990, aged 76.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== See also ==
* [[Kathakali]]
* [[Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon]]
* [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]]
* [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Kalamandalam Krishnan}}
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)

2026-02-04T15:35:13Z

Antoniomec:

{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = Hero Tri-Nation Series
| year = 2023
| other_titles =
| image =
| size =
| alt =
| caption =
| country = [[India]]
| dates = 22–28 March 2023
| num_teams = 3
| confederations = 1
| venues = 1
| cities = 1
| champion = India
| count = 2
| second = Myanmar
| third = Kyrgyzstan
| matches = 3
| goals = 5
| attendance =
| top_scorer = {{flagicon|MYA}} [[Aung Thu (footballer)|Aung Thu]] 
{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]] 
{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] 
{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]] 
{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kayrat Zhyrgalbek uulu]] 
[1 Goal]
| player = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| goalkeeper = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]] {{fbicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
| fair_play =
| prevseason = [[2017 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2017]]
| nextseason = [[2026 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2026]]
}}

The '''2023 Hero Tri-Nation Series''' (also '''2023 Hero Tri-Nation International Football Tournament''') was the second edition of the [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]], a 3-team [[association football]] tournament held at the [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]] in the [[India]]n city of [[Imphal]] between the 22nd and 28th of March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tri-Nation series 2023: All you need to know about India's next friendlies against Myanmar, Kyrgyzstan|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/tri-nation-series-2023-indian-football-friendly-vs-myanmar-kyrgyzstan-schedule-squads-teams-streaming-info/article66644893.ece|publisher=Sportstar|date=21 March 2023|access-date=29 March 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329180102/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/tri-nation-series-2023-indian-football-friendly-vs-myanmar-kyrgyzstan-schedule-squads-teams-streaming-info/article66644893.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Football-crazy Manipur gets ready to host Indian team for first time|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-myanmar-kyrgyzstan-tri-nation-series-friendlies-manipur-plays-host-khuman-lampak-stadium/article66645256.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|location=Imphal|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=Sportstar|date=21 March 2023|access-date=29 March 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329180102/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-myanmar-kyrgyzstan-tri-nation-series-friendlies-manipur-plays-host-khuman-lampak-stadium/article66645256.ece}}</ref> The tournament was organized by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] as part of the [[India national football team|senior men team]]'s preparation for [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=We will give everything to win the Hero Tri-Nation tournament, says Igor Stimac|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/we-will-give-everything-to-win-the-hero-tri-nation-tournament-says-igor-stimac|publisher=AIFF|access-date=15 March 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329180104/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/we-will-give-everything-to-win-the-hero-tri-nation-tournament-says-igor-stimac|url-status=live}}</ref> India won the tournament with a 2–0 win over [[Kyrgyzstan national football team|Kyrgyzstan]] on the final matchday.<ref>{{cite web|title=India too good for Kyrgyz Republic; crowned Hero Tri-Nation champions in Imphal|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-too-good-for-kyrgyz-republic-win-hero-tri-nation-tournament-in-imphal|publisher=AIFF|last1=Rawat|first1=Akhil|access-date=28 March 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328174107/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-too-good-for-kyrgyz-republic-win-hero-tri-nation-tournament-in-imphal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stability and discipline fetched Hero Tri-Nation triumph, says Igor Stimac|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/stability-and-discipline-fetched-hero-tri-nation-triumph-says-igor-stimac|publisher=AIFF|last1=Ghosh|first1=Soumo|access-date=29 March 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329131741/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/stability-and-discipline-fetched-hero-tri-nation-triumph-says-igor-stimac|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Participating nations ==
With FIFA Rankings, as of March 22, 2023.
*{{fb|IND}} (106) - ''second appearance'' - '''hosts'''
*{{fb|Kyrgyzstan}} (94) - ''first appearance''
*{{fb|Myanmar}} (159) - ''first appearance''

==Venue==
*All matches held at the [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]], [[Imphal]], India.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="20px" | [[Imphal]]
! width="20px" rowspan=5 | {{Location map+ |India3|width=300 |float=center |caption= |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=24.8136|long=93.9500|position=right |label=[[Imphal]]}}
}}
|-
| [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
|-
|{{Coord|24|48|49|N|93|57|00|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Imphal}}
|-
| Capacity: '''35,285 seats'''
|-
|
|}

==Standings==
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|name_IND={{fb|IND}}
|name_MYA={{fb|Myanmar}}
|name_SKN={{fb|Kyrgyzstan}}

|result1=C


|update=complete
|source=[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/india/13991/ GSA]

|win_IND=2 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=0 |gf_IND=3 |ga_IND=0 |status_IND=C

|win_MYA=0 |draw_MYA=1 |loss_MYA=1 |gf_MYA=1 |ga_MYA=2 |status_MYA=

|win_SKN=0 |draw_SKN=1 |loss_SKN=1 |gf_SKN=1 |ga_SKN=3 |status_SKN=


|team1=IND |team2=MYA |team3=SKN

|col_C=gold |text_C=Champion

}}</onlyinclude>

==Matches==

{{football box
| format =
| round =
| date = 22 March 2023
| time = {{UTZ|18:00|5:30}}
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| score = 1–0
| team2 = {{fb|MYA}}
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/anirudh-thapa-strikes-as-india-edge-past-myanmar-in-hero-tri-nation-opener-in-imphal
| goals1 = [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|45+1}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Imphal]], India
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| attendance = 29,431
| referee = Md Alamgir Sarker ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
}}
{{Football box
| format =
| round =
| date = 25 March 2023
| time = {{UTZ|18:00|5:30}}
| team1 = {{fb-rt|MYA}}
| score = 1–1
| team2 = {{fb|KGZ}}
| report = https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2023-03-25/myanmar-vs-kyrgyz-republic/2953309/
| goals1 = [[Aung Thu (footballer)|Aung Thu]] {{goal|82}}
| goals2 = [[Kayrat Zhyrgalbek uulu|Zhyrgalbek uulu]] {{goal|90+6}}
| location = [[Imphal]], India
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| attendance = 9,563
| referee = Nasir Uddin ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
}}
{{Football box
| format =
| round =
| date = 28 March 2023
| time = {{UTZ|18:00|5:30}}
| team1 = {{fb-rt|KGZ}}
| score = 0–2
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-too-good-for-kyrgyz-republic-win-hero-tri-nation-tournament-in-imphal
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{goal|34}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|83|pen.}}
| location = [[Imphal]], India
| stadium = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| attendance = 29,877
| referee = Md Alamgir Sarker ([[Bangladesh Football Federation|Bangladesh]])
}}

== Winners ==
{{winners|fb|2023 Tri-Nation Series champion|IND|Second}}

==Goalscorers==
;1 goal
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*{{flagicon|MYA}} [[Aung Thu (footballer)|Aung Thu]]
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
*{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kayrat Zhyrgalbek uulu]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:March 2023 sports events in India|Tri-Nation Series]]
[[Category:2022–23 in men's association football|Tri-Nation Series]]
[[Category:2023 in men's international association football|Tri-Nation Series]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]
[[Category:International association football competitions hosted by India]]

Sinthee

2026-02-03T06:21:45Z

Antoniomec: brief corrected lead as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Sinthee
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline = Sinthee More.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Sinthee More
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
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|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =


|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
|subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Sealdah Main Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
|subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
|subdivision_type6 =
|subdivision_name6 =

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|2]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = For population see linked KMC ward page
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|22|37|41|N|88|23|04|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700050
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sinthee''' or '''Sinthi''' is a neighbourhood of [[North Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Statistics|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KolkataStatistics.jsp|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East India Company]] obtained from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]], in 1717, the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement. Of these 5 lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]] and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Sinthee was one of them. It was considered to be a suburb beyond the limits of the [[Maratha Ditch]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 6-10: The History | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103-4 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 14-15, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6289|88.3871}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Sinthee
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6289|88.3871}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

Sinthee is surrounded by [[South Dum Dum]] and [[Dum Dum]] in the east, [[Dum Dum Road]] in the south, [[Baranagar]] in the north, [[Cossipore]] & [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] in the west.

===Police district===
Sinthee police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|North and North Suburban division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. Located at 145/1 South Sinthi Road, Kolkata-700050, it has jurisdiction over Sinthee neighbourhood/ [[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 2]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=3&Division=X |title = Kolkata Police |work = North and North Suburban Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, Map No. 1, D.P.publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata - 700 073.</ref>

[[Amherst Street (Kolkata)#Police district|Amherst Street Women police station]] covers all police districts under the jurisdiction of the North and North Suburban division i.e. Amherst Street, Jorabagan, Shyampukur, Cossipore, Chitpur, Sinthi, Burtolla and Tala.<ref name="police"/>

===Landmarks===
* [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
* [[B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School]]
* Birla Institute of Technology
* Department of [[Economics]], [[University of Calcutta]]

==Transport==
===Road===
[[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]] passes along the west boundary of Sinthee. Many buses ply through 'Sinthee More' on [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]]. The only bus (Private bus) which enters into Sinthee is 30A (Sinthee More - Esplanade), which runs along KC Ghosh Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

A large number of buses ply on [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]] via Sinthee More are as follows:

'''WBTC Bus'''

* AC 54 (Rathtala - Howrah Stn)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youfindgo.com/listing/ac-54-bus-services/|title=AC 54 Bus Services|publisher=You Find Go|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>
* S 9A (Dunlop - Ballygunge Stn)
* E-32 (Nilgunj Depot - Howrah Stn)
* ACT-32 (Barrackpore - Howrah Stn)
* AC-54B (Barrackpore - Howrah Stn)
* AC 20 (Barrackpore - Santragachi)
* S 32 (Barrackpore Court - Howrah Stn)
* S 11 (Nilgunj Depot - Esplanade)
* S 57 (Ariadaha - Nabanna)
* S 58 (Barrackpore - Karunamoyee)
* M-34 (Dum Dum Cant - Esplanade)

'''Private Bus'''

* 30A (Sinthee More - Esplanade)
* 34C (Noapara - Esplanade)
* K-4 (Dakshineswar - Ruby)
* 78 (Barrackpore - Esplanade)
* 78/1 (Rahara - Babughat)
* 201 (Nimta - Salt Lake Sector V)
* 214 (Sajirhat - Babughat)
* 214A (Sodepur Girja - Esplanade)
* 32A (Dakshineswar - Salt Lake Sector V)
* 222 (Bon-Hooghly - Behala Chowrasta)
* 230 (Kamarhati - Alipur Zoo)
* 234 (Belgharia - Golf Green)
* 234/1 (Belgharia - Golf Green)
* S-164 Mini (Tobin Road - BBD Bag)
* S-180 Mini (Belgharia - Howrah Fire Service)
* S-185 Mini (Nimta Paikpara - Howrah Stn)
* Nagerbazar - Salap More Bus
* Nagerbazar - Dankuni Housing Bus
* Lake Town - Dankuni Housing Bus
* Kamalgazi - Dankuni Housing Bus
* Barrackpore - Howrah Stn Bus
* Madhyamgram - Howrah Stn Bus
* Shyambazar - Bagnan Bus etc

===Train===
[[Dum Dum Junction]] is the nearest railway station of Sinthee. [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum Metro]] Station is the neighborhood subway station.

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Golara Nij

2026-01-27T22:50:39Z

Antoniomec: updated details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Golara Nij
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.0781|N|87.6461|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,001
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721434 (Manglamaro)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03220
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Patashpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patashpur]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Golara Nij''' is a village in [[Patashpur I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Contai subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|21|58|0|N|87|37|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Egra subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|21|54|0|N|87|31|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Egra | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Egra]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|3|47|N|87|36|8|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Amarshi Kasba | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Amarshi Kasba]] (CT)|shape-color2=#C40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|5|50|N|87|44|40|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Benudia | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Benudia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|3|37|N|87|47|58|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Hincha Gerya | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Hincha Gerya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#C40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|1|17|N|87|32|42|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Patashpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Patashpur]] (R)|shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|6|20|N|87|45|34|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Bhagabanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bhagabanpur]] (R)|shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|21|59|11|N|87|36|8|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Pratapdighi| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Pratapdighi]] (R)|shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|21|52|32|N|87|35|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Madhabpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Madhabpur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|2|40|N|87|48|0|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Tethi Bari| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Tethi Bari]] (R)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|1|2|N|87|48|41|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Kismat Bajkul| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kismat Bajkul]] (R)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|4|59|N|87|39|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Palpara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Palpara, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|4|41|N|87|38|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Golara Nij| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Golara Nij (R)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|21|53|29|N|87|38|26|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Gangadharbar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gangadharbar]] (R)|shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|21|48|30|N|87|29|53|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Ramchandrapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Ramchandrapur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|1|50|N|87|48|40|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kajlagarh| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kajlagarh]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22.110011|N|87.555306|E}}| label16=Haldi River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-5| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|6|39|N|87|43|24|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Paikbheri| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Paikbheri]] (H)| shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|21|49|59|N|87|27|9|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Panchrol| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Panchrol]] (H)| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|21|51|12|N|87|28|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Alangiri| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Alangiri]] (H)| shape-color19=#AA6666}}

===Location===
Golara Nij is located at {{coord|22.0781|N|87.6461|E|display=inline}}.

===Urbanisation===
96.96% of the population of Egra subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 3.04% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 April 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Golara Nij had a total population of 3,001 of which 1,542 (51%) were males and 1,459 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 278. The total number of literates in Golara Nij was 2,327 (85.46% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 11 April 2019 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Golara Nij is on Egra-Bajkul Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
The nearest degree college, [[Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya]] at [[Palpara, Purba Medinipur|Palpara]], was established in 1964.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.yspm.org/ |title = Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya |publisher= Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalay | access-date = 10 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/YogadaSatsanghaPalparaMahavidyalaya/Yogoda_Satsanga_Palpara_Mahavidyalaya.shtml |title = Yogoda Satsanga Palpara Mahavidyalaya|publisher= College Admission | access-date = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Gonara Block Primary Health Centre at Golara Nij, PO Manglamaro (with 10 beds) is the main medical facility in Patashpur I CD block. There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Borhat, PO Katranka (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district]]

{{PurbaMedinipur-geo-stub}}

Snehal Ambekar

2026-01-24T13:58:23Z

Antoniomec: brief improve information per standard format additionally

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Snehal Ambekar
| image = Raksha Mantri, Shri Manohar Parrikar unveiling of Plaque at the newly inducted facility.jpg
| caption = Snehal Ambekar in May 2016 (third from left)
|office = [[Mayor of Mumbai]]
|term_start = September 2014
|term_end = March 2017
|predecessor = [[Sunil Prabhu]]
|successor = [[Vishwanath Mahadeshwar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|7|31|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party =[[Shiv Sena]]
}}

'''Snehal Ambekar''' (born 31 July 1972) is [[Shiv Sena]] politician from Mumbai. She was the former Mayor of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="HT-20140909">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/shiv-sena-s-snehal-ambekar-elected-mumbai-s-new-mayor/article1-1262009.aspx|title=Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected Mumbai's new mayor|last=Bhalerao|first=Sanjana|date=2014-09-09|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020052410/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/shiv-sena-s-snehal-ambekar-elected-mumbai-s-new-mayor/article1-1262009.aspx|archivedate=20 October 2014}}</ref> She first [[Dalit]] woman to hold the position.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/senas-snehal-ambekar-is-first-dalit-woman-mayor-of-city/ | title=Sena’s Snehal Ambekar is first Dalit woman Mayor of city | publisher=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2014 | accessdate=18 July 2021}}</ref> There has been controversy regarding her use as mayor of a red beacon on top of her car.<ref name="MD-20141215">{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shameless-mumbai-mayor-snehal-ambekar-clings-to-red-beacon/15842195#sthash.CVFrq9ym.dpuf|title=Shameless Mumbai mayor Snehal Ambekar clings to red beacon|last=Yerunkar|first=Chetna|date=2014-12-15|work=Mid-Day|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2012: Elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation<ref>{{cite web | url=https://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/election-results/maharashtra-election-results/849-bmc-mumbai-election-result-2012-93505859.html | title=Maharashtra Election Results Live, Assembly Lok Sabha Party Constituency Wise Election Results | date=2012 | publisher=infoelections.com | accessdate=3 September 2018 }}</ref>
* 2012: Member of Architecture Committee Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* 2014: Elected as Mayor of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* 2017:Elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202100332/http://www.shivsena.org/ Shivsena Home Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151124015839/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayresume Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambekar, Snehal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra local politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

Maitri karar

2026-01-21T00:56:52Z

Antoniomec: Started new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2017}}
{{short description|Illegal traditional contract system of Gujarat}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Maitri karar''''' ([[friendship contract]]) is a traditional contract system of [[Gujarat]], now illegal,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1089323/|title=Minaxi Zaverbhai Jethva vs State Of Gujarat on 15 December, 1999
|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> that legitimizes a matrimonial-type relationship, most commonly between a married man and his unmarried mistress.<ref name="itoday">{{cite news|title=Love pacts: Just good friends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19811215-no-cumbersome-divorce-proceedings-people-of-ahmedabad-opt-for-maitri-karar-contract-773519-2013-10-24|access-date=24 August 2017|agency=India Today|date=15 December 1981}}</ref> It provides for a similar live-in relationship to the custom of ''[[nata pratha]]'' that is practiced in parts of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=To move in with married woman, ward panch marries 6-yr-old|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/to-move-in-with-married-woman-ward-panch-marries-6-yr-old/|accessdate=24 August 2017|agency=Indian Express}}</ref>

A ''maitri karar'' is commonly used to circumvent the provisions of the [[Hindu Marriage Act]], which prohibits [[bigamy]]. The contract is drawn up by a Sub-Registrar with his seal of affidavit on a stamp-paper of Rs. 10, signed by both parties with two witnesses. Each contract is customized to the needs of the two parties, and prescribes financial support by the man to his partner. Though it was never legally enforceable, and indeed is now illegal, ''maitri karar'' were meant to provide a degree of security to unmarried woman.

==References==
<References/>

[[Category:Social law]]
[[Category:Government of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in India]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Bade Achche Lagte Hain (song)

2026-01-19T18:09:22Z

Antoniomec: created a post

{{for|2011-2014 Indian TV series|Bade Achhe Lagte Hain}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox song
|name = Bade Achche Lagte Hain
|artist = Amit Kumar Ganguly
|lyricist = [[Anand Bakshi]]
|composer = [[R. D. Burman]]
|album =[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]] 1976
|genre =[[Romance film|romantic]]
|language =[[Hindi]]
|Misc =
}}
"'''Bade Achche Lagte Hain'''" ({{Translation| "I Like It So Much"}}) is a [[Hindi]] song from the Indian film ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' (1976). Actor [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] is seen in the picturisation of the song. [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]] sang it under [[R. D. Burman]]'s tune. The song became #26th song at the annual top chart of [[Binaca Geetmala]].<ref name="letters">{{cite web|url=http://www.recordsindia.com/binaca_77.html|title=Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977|accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1977 - Page 1 of 5|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1977.php|access-date=2021-12-16|website=HindiGeetMala|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1976 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Amit Kumar songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Anand Bakshi]]

1962 My Country Land

2026-01-11T19:35:19Z

Antoniomec: created entry

{{Short description|Indian English language film}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Chow Partha Borgohain
| writer = Chow Partha Borgohain
| story = Nang Tanvi Manpoong, Chow Partha Borgohain
| producer = Marbom Mai
| starring = Daniel Han
| cinematography = Chow Partha Borgohain
| editing = Amardeep Singh Khichi
| music = Rahul Prabhakaran
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|05|18|France|ref1=}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}

'''''1962 My Country Land''''' is an Indian English-language film directed and written by filmmaker Chow Partha Borgohain in 2016 and produced by Living Dreams Films Productions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Entertainment News, Latest Entertainment News and Celebrity Gossip Today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dibrugarh filmmaker movie to premiere in Cannes International Film Festival 201600516 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2016.Dibrugarh_filmmaker_movie_to_premiere_in_Cannes_International_Film_Festival_201600516 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Pranjal |date=2016-05-21 |title=New Assamese Film on the 1962 War ‘1962: My Country Land’ Creates Waves |url=https://kothasobi.com/assamese-film-1962-my-country-land/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=KothaSobi.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-16 |title=Dibrugarh filmmaker's movie to premiere at Cannes - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/top-headlines/dibrugarh-filmmakers-movie-to-premiere-at-cannes/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> The film is about the border dispute, how two nations consider reconciliation based on the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=‘1962: My Country Land’ to premiere at BVFF {{!}} The Dawnlit Post - Rise with the Post |url=https://thedawnlitpost.com/2016/07/1962-my-country-land-to-premiere-at-bvff/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=thedawnlitpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2016-05-17 |title=Arunachal Guv hails '1962: My Country Land' team on Cannes |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/arunachal-guv-hails-1962-my-country-land-team-on-cannes-116051700783_1.html |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref>

== Plot ==
At the Himalayan frontiers between [[India]] and [[Tibet]], three people engage in combat over a plot of land that is neither in China nor India. Their lives are permanently altered by the 1962 outbreak of the Indo-Sino War. Love blossoms between two, but fate separates them. The other makes a sacrifice for the two by turning against his country.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-18 |title=Dibrugarh-Based Filmmaker’s "1962: My Country Land" to Showcased at Cannes |url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2016/05/dibrugarh-1962-my-country-land-at-cannes.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.magicalassam.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Daniel Shin Han as Wong
* [[Aham Sharma]] as Army [[Lance Naik]] Luitya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=2020-08-25 |title='Emotionally it was quite challenging playing Karna' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/emotionally-it-was-quite-challenging-playing-karna-641519 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Lhakpa Lepcha<ref>{{Cite web |title=National School of Drama {{!}} Sikkim Center |url=https://sikkim.nsd.gov.in/administration |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=sikkim.nsd.gov.in}}</ref>
* Ketholeno Kense

== Production ==
''1962 My Country Land'' is an Indian film production. It has been made by Living Dreams Productions in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes from a battle zone: Partha Borgohain talks about his movie '1962: My Country Land' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-notes-from-a-battle-zone-partha-borgohain-talks-about-his-movie-1962-my-country-land-2222489 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2016
|[[Marché du Film|Marche du Film]]
|[[Cannes Film Festival]] 'OLYMPIA 07'
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2022
|[[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]]
|Official Selection
|{{Unknown}}
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=jul16 23 |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/jul16%2023.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.arunachaltimes.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=When films mirrored life |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/entertainment/when-films-mirrored-life-280226 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-23 |title=Festival brings films of the Northeast under the spotlight |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/movies/5769-festival-brings-films-northeast-under-spotlight |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==

* [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa]]: The depiction of the 1962 Indo-China War and rural life in the extraordinarily harsh terrain of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] would heighten the already strong sense of patriotism among the locals and also highlight the ongoing difficulty of resolving border disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Arunachal Governor J P Rajkhowa hails ‘1962: My Country Land’ team on Cannes screening {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/arunachal-governor-j-p-rajkhowa-hails-1962-my-country-land-team-on-cannes-screening-1192626/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}
* {{official|https://1962mycountryland.in/}}

[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian War films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Chinese people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Tibetan people]]

Sunny M. R.

2026-01-08T00:35:35Z

Antoniomec: starting some details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian music composer, music producer, sound engineer and playback singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunny M. R.
| image =
| birth_name = Sunny Sanour
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/journeyofsunny-mr-uyyalajampala.html|title=Journey of Sunny M.R. - Telugu cinema news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
| death_place =
| othername = Sunny<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogswara.in/bls/category/sunny|title=Sunny - Blogswara|website=blogswara.in}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Music producer|composer|playback singer|[[sound engineer]]}}
| yearsactive = 2001–present
}}
'''Sunny M. R.''' is an Indian music composer, music producer, sound engineer, and playback singer. He is best known for his music in the Telugu films ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' (2013) and ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (2013). He won Global Indian Music Award, [[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Award]] for the [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film, ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013), as the "Best Music Arranger cum Programmer" and "Song Programmer cum Arranger of the Year" in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5518590/awards|title=Sunny M.R.|website=IMDb}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sunny M. R. studied at St. Anne's High School in Patna, Bihar and then joined as sound engineer to assist his accomplished brother, [[Shadab Rayeen]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Sunny.m.sanour|title=Sunny Sanour|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> After 6 months, Sunny became an independent sound engineer at the age of 15. He mastered mixing, arranging, and composing various tunes primarily for Keerthana Digital Studios, in Hyderabad, Telangana, for 6 years.<ref name="idlebrain1">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/journeyofsunny-mr-uyyalajampala.html |title=Journey of Sunny M.R. – Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref>

==Career==

In Keerthana Digital studios, Sunny collaborated 350 albums mastering ragas from [[carnatic Music]]. In the initial stage, he used to hate composing with carnatic tunes, but realised afterwards, that [[jazz]] is a harmonised version of [[carnatic music]]. Then he started loving composing albums with carnatic ragas.<ref name="idlebrain1"/> Sunny moved to Mumbai to meet [[Sandeep Chowta]] and joined as a sound engineer. Late Anil Kumar (a music director) and [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]] (a lyricist) inspired Sunny to join as a music director. Sudheer Varma, the director of the Telugu film [[Swamy Ra Ra]] selected him to compose its soundtrack. Sunny is part of an innovative open music community called Blogswara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogswara.in/bls/category/sunny |title=Sunny | Blogswara |publisher=Blogswara.in |date=27 April 2011 |accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> The Blogswara team appreciated Sunny's entry as a music director.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jo |url=http://www.jocalling.com/2013/04/every-great-thing-must-come-to-an-end |title=Every great thing must come to an end | Just Jo |publisher=Jocalling.com |date=10 April 2013 |accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/sanour21|title=Sunny M.R.|website=YouTube}}</ref>

==Discography==

===As composer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:33px;"| Year
! style="width:175px;"| Title
! style="width:65px"| Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]''
| rowspan="11" |Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Rowdy Fellow]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Thanu Nenu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Dohchay]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Keshava (film)|''Keshava'']]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Husharu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| [[Super Over (film)|''Super Over'']]
|
|-
| [[3 Roses (web series)|''3 Roses'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| ''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kahan Shuru Kahan Khatam]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Roti Kapda Romance]]''
|Only background score
|}

===As arranger and record producer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:33px;"| Year
! style="width:175px;"| Title
! style="width:65px"| Language
! style="width:65px"| Music Programmer
! style="width:65px" |Music Sound Designer
! style="width:65px" |Score Mixing Engineer
! style="width:65px" |Song Mixing Engineer
! style="width:65px" |Backing Vocals
! style="width:65px" |Recording Supervisor

|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Dohchay]]''
| Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;"|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| Telugu / Tamil
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2014
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Rowdy Fellow]]''
| Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''
| Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]''
| Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Race 2]]''
| Hindi
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="5" | 2012
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Barfi!]]''
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Cocktail (2012 film)|''Cocktail'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Jannat 2]]''
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|''Agent Vinod'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Players (2011 film)|''Players'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="6" | 2011
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Desi Boyz]]''
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mausam (2011 film)|''Mausam'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|''Bodyguard'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Ready (2011 film)|''Ready'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|''Dum Maaro Dum'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Thank You (2011 film)|''Thank You'']]
| Hindi
| {{yes}}
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Housefull (2010 film)|''Housefull'']]
| Hindi
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Kedi (2010 film)|''Kedi'']]
| Telugu
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}

|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2008
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]''
| Hindi
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2007
| style="text-align:left;" |''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Hindi
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|}

===As playback singer===

* "Swamy Ra Ra (Reload)" in ''Swamy Ra Ra''<ref name="Swamy Ra Ra"/><ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5518590/|title=Sunny M.R.|website=IMDb}}</ref>
* "Mana Bandham" in ''Uyyala Jampala''<ref name="Swamy Ra Ra">[[Swamy Ra Ra]]</ref>
* "Aanati Devadasu" in ''Dohchay''<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeyeO5N9FT0|title=Aanati Devadasu -- video Song -- Dohchay -- Naga Chaitanya, Kritisanon |author=Lahari Music - T-Series |date=15 July 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>
*"Dil Udd Jaare" in ''[[Pagglait]]''

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Song
! Film
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[6th Mirchi Music Awards|2013]]
| rowspan=8 | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| "Badtameez Dil"
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Programmer & Arranger of the Year
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/|title=Mirchi Music Awards 2014 winners: Shahrukh Khan, Farhan Akhtar honoured; Aashiqui 2 wins 7 trophies|last=Parande|first=Shweta|date=2014-02-28|work=India.com|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
| "Selfie Le Le Re"
| ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
| Best Song Producer (Programming & Arranging)
| rowspan=7 {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[9th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]]
| rowspan=2 | "Dhaakad"
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
| Best Song Producer (Programming & Arranging)
| rowspan=3 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>
|-
| Best Song Engineer (Recording & Mixing)
|-
| "Bulleya"
| [[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil|''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'']]
| Best Song Engineer (Recording & Mixing)
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards|2017]]
| "Ghar"
| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
| rowspan=3 | Best Song Producer (Programming & Arranging)
| rowspan=3 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref>
|-
| "Ullu Ka Pattha"
| ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
|-
| "Radio(Film Version)"
| ''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5518590}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunny M.R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Patna]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maruti Hospital, Tiruchirappalli

2026-01-01T07:31:23Z

Antoniomec: refined intro for clarity and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Maruti Hospital
| org_group =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.8099833|78.6801677|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| location = 95, Pattabiraman Street, Tennur
| region = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare = 
| funding =
| type = Private
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron = K. Anand (promoter and Managing Director)
| network =
| standards = [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NAHB]]
| emergency =
| beds = 232
| speciality =
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| founded = 1997
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|marutihospital.in}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}

'''Maruti Hospital''' is a multi-speciality hospital located in [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trichy.com/hospitals/maruti-hospital/|title=Maruti Hospital, Trichy - Get Maruti Hospital Specialisation, Ratings and Reviews|website=Trichy.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> It was established in 1997,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/MARUTI-HOSPITAL-TIRUCHIRAPALLI-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U85110TN1997PTC039088|title=MARUTI HOSPITAL TIRUCHIRAPALLI PRIVATE LIMITED - Company, directors and contact details {{!}} Zauba Corp|website=www.zaubacorp.com|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> and offers emergency care, general medicine, interventional radiology, nephrology and andrology, neuroscience, plastic surgery, cosmetology, pulmonology, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiology, orthopedics, paediatrics and neonatology, surgical gastroenterology and ENT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marutihospital.in/Specialities.html|title=Maruti Hospital :: Specialities|website=www.marutihospital.in|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1997]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

K'un-lun po

2025-12-19T20:57:43Z

Antoniomec: Started New Data Nd Citations

{{Short description|Ancient sailing ship from Java or Sumatra}}
{{Unfocused|reason=it is not clear what the topic is, or whether the various reports of ships spanning centuries all refer to the same type of ship|talk=Unfocused|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country =
| flag =
| name = ''K'un-lun po'', ''Kun-lun po'', ''Kunlun po'', ''K'un-lun bo'', ''Kun-lun bo'', ''Kunlun bo'', ''kolandiapha'', ''kolandiapha onta'', ''kolandiaphonta'', ''kolandia'', ''colandia'',<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Coedès|first=George|title=The Indianized States of South-East Asia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1968|isbn=9780824803681|pages=29, 273}}</ref> ''崑崙舶''
| namesake =
| ordered =
| builder =
| laid_down =
| launched =
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| fate =

| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = Sailing ship
| displacement = 1667 to 2778 tons<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Averoes |first=Muhammad |date=2022 |title=Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship |url=https://archive.org/details/size-of-javanese-jong |journal=HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |doi=10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181 |s2cid=247335671|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| tons_burthen = 1000 to 1667 tons<ref name=":18" />
| length = More than {{convert|50|m|feet|2}} or {{convert|60|m|feet|2}}
| beam =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed =
| range =
| complement =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
| sail_plan = [[Tanja sail]]
}}
}}
'''K'un-lun po''' (also called '''Kun-lun po''', '''Kunlun po''', or '''K'un-lun bo'''; {{zh|c=崑崙舶}}) were ancient sailing ships used by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] sailors from [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], described by Chinese records from the [[Han dynasty]]. In the first millennium AD, these ships connected [[Austronesian maritime trade network|trade routes between India and China]]. Ships of this type were still in use until at least the 14th century.

== Description ==
The characteristics of this ship are that it is large (more than 50–60 m long), the hull is made of multiple plankings, has no [[outrigger]], mounted with many masts and sails, the sail is in the form of a tanja sail, and has a plank fastening technique in the form of stitching with plant fibers.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|27–28}}<ref name=":3" />{{rp|41}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|275}}<ref name=":2" />{{rp|262}}<ref name=":11" />{{rp|347}}

These ships are observed by the Chinese as visiting their southeastern ports and identified as ''K'un-lun po'' (or ''bo''), which means "ships of the southern people". They were not made by the people around the Malacca straits, large shipbuilding industry only existed in the eastern half of Java.<ref name=":02">Halimi, Ahmad Jelani (2023, June 20). ''Mendam Berahi: Antara Realiti dan Mitos'' [Seminar presentation]. Kapal Mendam Berahi: Realiti atau Mitos?, Melaka International Trade Centre (MITC), Malacca, Malaysia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uq3OsSc56Kk</ref>

== History ==
Greek astronomer [[Ptolemy]] said in his work ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' (ca. 150 AD) that huge ships came from the east of India. This was also confirmed by an anonymous work called ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus Marae Erythraensis]]''. Both mention a type of ship called ''kolandiaphonta'' (also known as ''kolandia'', ''kolandiapha'', and ''kolandiapha'' ''onta''),<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|title=The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times|publisher=Thurlton|year=2005}}</ref>{{rp|41}} which is a straightforward transcription of the Chinese word ''K'un-lun po''—meaning "ships of ''[[Kunlun Slave|Kun-lun]]''".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|date=July 2006|title=Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=2|issue=1|pages=23–45|doi=10.4102/td.v2i1.307|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|27–28}} K'un-lun is a rather broad term, it may be an ethnolinguistic term or a region consisting of southern mainland of Southeast Asia and the Maritime Southeast Asia, these include Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Champa, and Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donkin |first=R. A. |title=Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=2003 |isbn=9780871692481}}</ref>{{rp|153}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boussac |first=Marie-Françoise |title=Athens, Aden, Arikamedu: Essays on the Interrelations Between India, Arabia, and the Eastern Mediterranean |last2=Salles |first2=Jean-François |publisher=Manohar |year=1995 |isbn=9788173040795}}</ref>{{rp|172}}

The 3rd century book ''[[Yiwu Zhi|Strange Things of the South]]'' (南州異物志 — Nánzhōu Yìwùzhì) by Wan Chen (萬震) describes ships capable of carrying 600–700 people together with more than 10,000 ''hu'' (斛) of cargo (250–1000 tons according to various interpretations<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|date=September 1980|title=The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=266–276|doi=10.1017/S002246340000446X |s2cid=162220129 }}</ref>{{Rp|275}}—600 tons deadweight according to Manguin).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|date=1993|title=Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|pages=253–280}}</ref>{{rp|262}} These ships came from ''K'un-lun''. The ships are called ''K'un-lun po'' (or ''K'un-lun bo''), could be more than 50 meters in length and had a [[freeboard]] of 5.2–7.8 meters.<ref group="note">In the original text, the length of the ship is listed as 20 ''chang'' or more and the freeboard 2–3 ''chang''. Here 1 ''chang'' (or ''zhang'') is taken as 2.6 meters.</ref> When seen from above they resemble covered galleries.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Christie|first=Anthony|date=1957|title=An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟϕΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ"|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=19|pages=345–353|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00133105|s2cid=162840685}}</ref>{{rp|347}} Wan Chen explains the ships' sail design as follows:<ref name=":6"/>

{{blockquote|The people of foreign parts call ships ''po''. The large ones are more than fifty meters in length and stand out of the water four to five meters (...) They carry from six to seven hundred persons, with 10,000 bushels of cargo.<ref group="note">According to various interpretations, from 250 to 1000 tons</ref> The people beyond the barriers, according to the size of their ships, sometimes rig (as many as) four sails which they carry in row from bow to stern. (...) The four sails do not face directly forward, but are set obliquely, and so arranged that they can all be fixed in the same direction, to receive the wind and to spill it. Those sails which are behind the most windward one receiving the pressure of the wind, throw it from one to the other, so that they all profit from its force. If it is violent, (the sailors) diminish or augment the surface of the sails according to the conditions. This oblique rig, which permits the sails to receive from one another the breath of the wind, obviates the anxiety attendant upon having high masts. Thus these ships sail without avoiding strong winds and dashing waves, by the aid of which they can make great speed.|Wan Chen, ''[[Yiwu Zhi|Strange Things of the South]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Genius of China: 3000 Years of Science, Discovery Invention|last=Temple|first=Robert|publisher=Andre Deutsch|year=2007|location=London}}</ref>{{rp|207}}<ref name=":2" />{{rp|262}}|source=|title=}}

A 260 CE book by K'ang T'ai (康泰), quoted in ''[[Taiping Yulan]]'' (982 AD) described ships with seven sails called ''po'' or ''ta po'' (great ship or great junk) that could travel as far as [[Syria (region)|Syria]] (大秦—[[Ta-chin]], [[Roman Syria]]). These ships were used by the [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] (月支—[[Yuezhi]]) traders for transporting horses. He also made reference to monsoon trade between the islands (or archipelago), which took a month and a few days in a large ''po''.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|347}}<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 4642">Needham, Joseph (1971). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC&pg=PA464 Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics]''. Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{rp|602}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History. Volume 1, From the Fourth Millennium BCE to the Sixth Century CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-108-42456-1 |editor-last=Beaujard |editor-first=Philippe}}</ref>{{rp|406}} The word "po" might be derived from the [[Old Javanese]] ''parahu'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zoetmulder |first=P. J. |url=http://sealang.net/ojed/ |title=Old Javanese-English dictionary |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1982 |isbn=9024761786 |location=The Hague}}</ref>{{Rp|1280}} Javanese word ''prau'', or the Malay word ''[[perahu]]'', which means large ship.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sunyoto|first=Agus|url=https://archive.org/details/atlaswalisongo/page/n43/mode/2up?q=kun-lun|title=Atlas Walisongo|publisher=Pustaka IIMaN|year=2017|location=South Tangerang}}</ref>{{rp|21}} Note that in modern usage, perahu refers to a small [[boat]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rafiek|first=M.|date=December 2011|title= Kapal dan Perahu dalam Hikayat Raja Banjar: Kajian Semantik|url=|journal=Borneo Research Journal|volume=5|pages=187–200}}</ref>{{rp|193}}

[[Faxian]] (Fa-Hsien) in his return journey to China from India (413–414) embarked a ship carrying 200 passengers and sailors from ''K'un-lun'' which towed a smaller ship. A cyclone struck and forced the passengers to move into the smaller ship. The crew of the smaller ship feared that the ship would be overloaded, therefore they cut the rope and separated from the big ship. Luckily the bigger ship survived, the passengers were stranded in ''Ye-po-ti'' ([[Yawadwipa]]—Java). After 5 months, the crew and the passengers embarked on another ship comparable in size to sail back to China.<ref>Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876). "[https://archive.org/details/notes-on-the-malay-archipelago/page/n7/mode/2up?q= Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources]". Batavia: W. Bruining.</ref>{{rp|6–7}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jacq-Hergoualc'h|first=Michel|url=https://archive.org/details/malaypeninsulacr00jacq|title=The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC–1300 AD)|publisher=BRILL|year=2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malaypeninsulacr00jacq/page/n90 51]–52|isbn=9789004119734 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In ''I-ch'ieh-ching yin-i'', a dictionary compiled by [[Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)|Huei-lin]] ca. 817 AD, po is mentioned several times:<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":11" />{{rp|348}}<ref name=":2" />{{rp|262}}<ref name=":11" />{{rp|348}}

<blockquote>Ssu-ma Piao, in his commentary on Chuang Tzü, said that large ocean-going ships are called "po". According to the Kuang Ya,<ref group="note">''Kuang Ya'' was a dictionary compiled by Chang I about 230 AD, while Ssu-ma Piao lived from ca. 240 to ca. 305 AD.</ref> po is an ocean-going ship. It has a draught of 60 feet (18 m).<ref group="note">Might be a mistranslation. A ship of such draught is manifestly absurd. Instead, it may refer to the height of the ship's hull, from the keel to the open deck. [[Paul Pelliot|Pelliot]] proposed that the figure should be translated as "six or seven feet". See Pelliot, Paul. "Quelques textes chinois concernant l'Indochine hindouisśe." 1925. In: ''Etudes Asiatiques, publiées à l'occasion du 25e anniversaire de l'EFEO''. Paris: EFEO, II: 243–263. p. 258.</ref> It is fast and carries 1000 men as well as merchandise. It is also called k'un-lun-po. Many of those who form the crews and technicians of these ships are kunlun people.

With the fibrous bark of the coconut tree, they make cords which bind the parts of the ship together (...). Nails and clamps are not used, for fear that the heating of the iron would give rise to fires. The ships are constructed by assembling several thicknesses of side planks, for the boards are thin and that they fear they would break. Their length is over 60 meters (...). Sails are hoisted to make use of the winds, and these ships cannot be propelled by the strength of the men alone.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|262}}</blockquote>

Champa was assaulted by Javanese or [[Kunlun]] vessels in 774 and 787.<ref name="(Japan)1972">{{cite book |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5nWAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Memoirs of the Research Department |year=1972 |page=6}}{{cite book |author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBkkAQAAIAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library) |publisher=Toyo Bunko |year=1972 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9vaAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Proceedings of the Symposium on 100 Years Development of Krakatau and Its Surroundings, Jakarta, 23–27 August 1983 |publisher=Indonesian Institute of Sciences |year=1985 |page=8}}</ref><ref name="Society1934">{{cite book |author=Greater India Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onEZAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Journal |year=1934 |page=69}}</ref> In 774 an assault was launched on Po-Nagar in Nha-trang where the pirates demolished temples, while in 787 an assault was launched on Phang-rang.<ref name="Smith1979">{{cite book |author=Ralph Bernard Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lJuAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Early South East Asia: essays in archaeology, history, and historical geography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1979 |page=447| isbn=978-0-19-713587-7 }}</ref><ref name="Fisher1964">{{cite book |author=Charles Alfred Fisher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLhAAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography |publisher=Methuen |year=1964 |page=108| isbn=9789070080600 }}</ref><ref name="RenardFund1986">{{cite book |author1=Ronald Duane Renard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVuAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Anuson Walter Vella |author2=Mahāwitthayālai Phāyap |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Asian and Pacific Studies |others=Walter F. Vella Fund, Payap University |year=1986 |page=121}}</ref> Several Champa coastal cities suffered naval raids and assault from Java. Java armadas was called as ''Javabala-sanghair-nāvāgataiḥ'' (fleets from Java) which are recorded in Champa epigraphs.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKFhAAAAMAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |publisher=L'Ecole |year=1941 |page=263}}</ref><ref name="HallNguyễn1968">{{cite book |author1=Daniel George Edward Hall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caMLAAAAIAAJ&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Đông Nam Á sử lược |author2=Phút Tấn Nguyễn |publisher=Pacific Northwest Trading Company |year=1968 |page=136}}</ref>

''Pingzhou Ketan'' by [[Zhu Yu (author)|Zhu Yu]] (made between 1111 and 1117 AD) mentioned sea-going ships of Kia-ling (訶陵 — ''Holing'' or [[Kalingga Kingdom|Kalingga kingdom]] of Java), in which the large ships could carry several hundred men, and the smaller ones over a hundred men. The people of the Kalingga kingdom are the principal traders of Java, Sumatra, and possibly China. The ships described here were certainly not built or crewed by the Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |author=Friedrich Hirth, William Woodville Rockhill |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023289345#page/n7/mode/2up |title=Chau Ju-kua: His Work On The Chinese And Arab Trade In The Twelfth And Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï |publisher=Printing office of the Imperial academy of sciences |year=1911 |location=St. Petersburg}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp|30–31}}

[[Wang Dayuan]]'s 1349 composition ''[[Daoyi Zhilüe|Daoyi Zhilüe Guangzheng Xia]]'' ("Description of the Barbarian of the Isles") described the so-called "horse boats" at a place called Gan-mai-li in Southeast Asia. These ships were bigger than normal trading ships, with the sides constructed from multiple planks. The ships uses neither nails or mortar to join them, instead they are using coconut fibre. The ships has two or three decks, with deckhouse over the upper deck. In the lower hold they carried pressed-down [[frankincense]], above them they are carrying several hundred horses. Wang made special mention of these ships because pepper, which is also transported by them, carried to faraway places with large quantity. The normal trading ships carried less than 1/10 of their cargo.<ref name="kwee">Kwee, H. K. (1997). ''Dao Yi Zhi Lue as a maritime traders' guidebook''. Unpublished honour's thesis, National University of Singapore.</ref>{{rp|33}}<ref>{{Cite book|author1-link=John N. Miksic|last=Miksic|first=John M.|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800|publisher=NUS Press|year=2013|isbn=9789971695583}}</ref>{{rp|170}}<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 4642"/>

== Controversy ==
Indian historians usually call this ship '''[[colandia]]''' ({{langx|ta|சொழாந்தியம்}}), which they attribute to the [[Early Chola]] navy.<ref>"'''Periplus''' mentions 3 ports in Tamil country of which kaveripatnam as center, as the places from which great ships which calls '''colondia''' sailed to pacific islands" – K.M.Panikkar in "geographical factors in indian history", ப-81.</ref><ref>[http://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&q=colandia&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=2238l6956l0l7953l8l8l0l0l0l0l1362l1362l7-1l1l0&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=e120df0eaafdebbc&biw=1366&bih=646] ''The Colandia type of vessels were employed for voyages between the Coramandel coast on the one hand and the Gangetic delta and Khryse''</ref> ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus Marae Erythraensis]]'' mentioned two varieties of vessels. The first kind, known as the Sangara, includes vessels both large and small. The second variety, called kolandiaphonta, was very large in size and these types of vessels were used for voyages to the [[Ganges]] and the [[Chryse (ancient Greek placename)|Chryse]], which was the name of various places occurring in ancient Greek geography. The Indians believe Chola had voyages from the ancient port of [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] to the [[Pacific Islands]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=colandia Two kind of vessels]</ref><ref>[http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/cha.htm Naval Warfare in ancient India by Prithwis Chandra Chakravarti]</ref>

It is now generally accepted that ''kolandiaphonta'' was a transcription of the Chinese term ''Kun-lun po'', which refers to an [[Indonesia]]n vessel.<ref>Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics.'' Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. pp. 459–460.</ref> The Sangara is likely to have been derived from Indonesian twin-hulled vessels similar to Pacific [[catamaran]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|date=July 2006|title=Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|volume=2|pages=23–45|doi=10.4102/td.v2i1.307 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Borobudur ship]]
* [[Junk (ship)]]
* [[Jong (ship)]]
* [[Kunlun Nu]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101128040214/http://www.indianarmy-arichhistory.com/ancienthistory.htm Ancient history of India]
{{Austronesian ships}}{{Indonesian traditional vessels}}{{Ancient seafaring}}

[[Category:Four-masted ships]]
[[Category:Five-masted ships]]
[[Category:Six-masted ships]]
[[Category:Seven-masted ships]]
[[Category:14th-century ships]]
[[Category:Indonesian inventions]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Ships of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Merchant ships]]
[[Category:Austronesian ships]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Traditional sailboats]]

Bantumilli mandal

2025-12-12T06:28:24Z

Antoniomec: fixed content also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bantumilli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mandal map of Krishna district showing Bantumilli mandal (in Rose Colour)
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3500|N|81.2833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Bantumilli]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 125.31
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 46,370
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=364|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 16
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Bantumilli mandal''' is one of the 25 [[mandal]]s in [[Krishna district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5019-bantumilli-krishna-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Bantumilli Mandal - Krishna|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> The headquarters of this mandal is located at [[Bantumilli]] town. The mandal is bordered by [[Kalidindi mandal]] to the north, [[Kruthivennu mandal]] to the east, [[Machilipatnam mandal]] to the south and [[Pedana mandal]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Krishna Mandal map|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/andhrapradesh/tehsil/krishna.html|publisher=Maps of India|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 46,370 living in 13,335 households. The total population constituted 23,116 males and 23,254 females, for a sex ratio of 1006 females per 1000 males.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Krishna/Bantumilli|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803003152/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Krishna/Bantumilli|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 August 2013|title=Population of Bantumilli mandal|publisher=India Growing|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> There were 4,349 children in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,217 were boys and 2,132 were girls, for a sex ratio of 962. The average literacy rate stands at 67.68% with 28,439 literates, of which 14,986 are males and 13,453 are females. There were 6,638 members of [[Scheduled Caste]]s and 898 members of [[Scheduled Tribe]]s.

===Labor Statistics===
As per the report published by Census of India in 2011, 23,217 people were engaged in work activities, including 14,364 males and 8,853 females. In the census, 19,505 workers describe their work as main work, 2,274 as cultivators, 13,535 as agricultural labourers, 204 in household industry and 3,492 were involved in other works. Of these, 3,712 were marginal workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/Bantumilli-mandal-krishna-andhra-pradesh-5019|title=Bantumilli Mandal Population, Caste, Religion Data|publisher=Census 2011|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Bantumilli mandal is administered under the [[Pedana (Assembly constituency)|Pedana Assembly constituency]] of the [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=6 November 2017|pages=20, 31|format=pdf}}</ref> It is one of the twelve mandals those falls under [[Machilipatnam revenue division]].

== Towns and villages ==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], there are a total of 18 settlements in the mandal. [[Bantumilli]] is the largest and [[Narayanapuram, Krishna|Narayanapuram]] is the smallest in terms of population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlist.in/sub-district/05019.html|title=Villages in Bantumilli mandal|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are:
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:750px;|
#Amudalapalle
#Arthamuru
#Bantumilli
#Barripadu
#Chinatummidi
#Chorampudi
#Kanchadam
#Korlapadu
#Maddetipalle
#Malleswaram
#Manimeswaram
#Mulaparru
#Munjuluru
#Narayanapuram
#Peda Pandraka
#Pedatumidi
#Pendurru
#Ramavarapumodi
#Satuluru
}}

== Education ==
The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided by private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=6 November 2017|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 6,525 students enrolled in over 69 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|accessdate=6 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2816&distname=KRISHNA|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=6 November 2017|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316010417/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2816&distname=KRISHNA|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Vijayawada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishna district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Krishna district]]

Belagavi division

2025-12-08T06:45:41Z

Antoniomec: adjust details additionally and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belagavi division
| other_name = Belgaum division
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map = Karnataka-divisions-Belgaum.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Belagavi division
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates_display =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malenadu]] [[Karavali]] [[Bayalu Seeme]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = District
| seat = [[Belagavi District|Belagavi]] [[Uttara Kannada]] [[Haveri district|Haveri]] [[Bagalkot District|Bagalkot]] [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] [[Dharwad District|Dharwad]] [[Gadag District|Gadag]]
| parts_type =
| government_type = Divisional Administration
| governing_body = Belagavi Divisional Commissioner
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 44538
| area_rank = 2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13,499,721
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 2
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
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| website = {{url|https://www.karnataka.gov.in/english}}
}}
'''Belagavi division''', formerly '''Belgaum division''', is one of the four divisions of [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. The region is also called as '''Kitturu Karnataka'''. The division comprises the [[Districts of Karnataka|districts]] of [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Belagavi district|Belgavi]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Gadag District|Gadag]], [[Haveri District|Haveri]] and [[Uttara Kannada District|Uttara Kannada]]. It covers a geographical area of {{convert|44538|sqkm|sqmi}} and had a population of 13,499,721 at the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics-Census 2011 |url=https://www.regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/All-files/census-2011.pdf |website=belgaum.gov.in |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> The population density of the division was {{convert|239|/sqkm|/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2001|url=http://www.regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/geography.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915175642/http://www.regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/geography.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2008|publisher=Office of Regional officer Belagavi|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Districts of Karnataka]]
*[[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
*[[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]]
*[[North Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.regional-commissioner-belgaum.gov.in/ Official website of the Regional Commissioner of Belagavi division]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{coord|15.85|N|74.5|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Belgaum division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}

Wellington Pier, Mumbai

2025-12-04T01:13:03Z

Antoniomec: improve section per standard format and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Bombay City map (1893).jpg|thumb|230px|right|Apollo Bunder at the bottom of the map]]
'''Wellington Pier''' (formerly known as ''"Apollo Bunder"'') was an important pier for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and goods in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[India]] in the late 19th century. It is the location of the famed [[Gateway of India]]. The pier remains in operation today, used for ferry services to [[Gharapuri]].

The first name for the pier, Apollo Bunder (bunder meaning ''port'' or more correctly, ''haven'', borrowed from Hindi बंदर (bandar), from Classical Persian بندر (bandar)), was derived from the [[Ilish|''Palla'' fish]] that were sold at this spot in old times. This was corrupted to the Portuguese ''Pollem'' and finally to the English ''Apollo''. This old name was popular among Indians and is still used today instead of ''Wellington Pier''.

The pier was once a maze of wharves and docks where brisk trading took place. During the months of April and May the pier was particularly busy, with thousands of baskets of cotton being stacked ready for loading onto ships. There was frantic activity on the [[Cotton Green]], at the Customs' House and at the hydraulic presses where the raw staple was baled for export. Since incoming passengers had to disembark together with their luggage at the Customs' House which was further north near the Mazgaon dock, passenger ships would make only a short stop at these piers in order to land the mail.

Beginning in 1900, the Administration started to reclaim the area in order build the Gateway of India, designed to welcome [[King George V|Emperor George V]]. The entire area now serves as a magnet for tourists visiting the gateway and nearby Taj building, going to the [[Elephanta Caves]] or coming in remembrance of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks]].

==Literature and popular culture==
"Next day, they all went down to the sea, and there was a scene at the Apollo Bunder when Punch discovered that Meeta could not come too, and Judy learned that the ayah must be left behind. But Punch found a thousand fascinating things in the rope, block, and steam-pipe line on the big P. and O. Steamer, long before Meeta and the ayah had dried their tears." – [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s short story, ''Baa Baa Black Sheep'', published in 1888.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4" class="center">
File:The Apollo Bunder- the Gate of India.jpg|The Apollo Bunder - The Gate of India, c. 1905
File:Thane Creek and Elephanta Island 03-2016 - img36 ferry near Gateway of India.jpg|A boat at Apollo Bunder, 2016
</gallery>

==References==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=-PtCy-mR0tEC&dq=Wellington+Pier+(Apollo+Bunder)&pg=RA1-PA54 India Revisited By Edwin Arnold, p. 54]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=S7NRZidhAnEC&dq=Wellington+Pier+(Apollo+Bunder)&pg=PA336 The Charm of Bombay By R P Karkaria, p. 336]
*[https://archive.org/stream/financialchapter031192mbp/financialchapter031192mbp_djvu.txt A Financial Chapter In The History Of Mumbai City, ''Mumbai in 1864-65'']

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:19th century in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Piers in India]]

Indian martial arts

2025-11-10T05:45:39Z

Antoniomec: enhanced details for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Fighting systems of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
'''Indian martial arts''' refers to the [[martial arts|fighting systems]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. A variety of terms are used for the English phrases "Indian martial arts", deriving from ancient sources. While they may seem to imply specific disciplines (e.g. archery, armed combat), by Classical times they were used generically for all fighting systems.

Among the most common terms today, ''[[Shastar Vidya|śastra-vidyā]]'', is a compound of the words ''{{IAST|śastra}}'' (weapon) and ''{{IAST|vidyā}}'' (knowledge).<ref>attested in [[Classical Sanskrit]] only, specifically in the [[Anargharāghava]].</ref> ''Dhanurveda'' derives from the words for bow (''{{IAST|dhanushya}}'') and knowledge (''{{IAST|veda}}''), the "science of archery" in [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature, later applied to martial arts in general.<ref>attested from [[Epic Sanskrit]]; see {{cite book |last=Luijendijk |first=D.H. |title=Kalarippayat: The Essence and Structure of an Indian Martial Art |year=2008 |publisher=Oprat (LuLu.com) |isbn=978-1-58160-480-1}}{{self-published source|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} The [[Vishnu Purana]] text describes dhanuveda as one of the traditional eighteen branches of "applied knowledge" or [[upaveda]], along with ''shastrashāstra'' or [[military science]].<ref name=Zarrilli1>{{cite web|url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html |title=Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu |publisher=Spa.ex.ac.uk |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> A later term, ''yuddha kalā'', comes from the words ''yuddha'' meaning fight or combat and ''kalā'' meaning art or skill. The related term ''śastra kalā'' (lit. weapon art) usually refers specifically to armed disciplines. Another term, ''yuddha-vidyā'' or "combat knowledge", refers to the skills used on the battlefield, encompassing not only actual fighting but also battle formations and strategy. Martial arts are usually learnt and practiced in the traditional [[akhara]]s.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/23|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/23 23–4]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120805927|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|Military history of India|Origins of Asian martial arts}}

===Antiquity (pre-Gupta)===
An Indus valley civilization seal shows two men spearing one another in a duel which seem to be centered on a woman. A statue of a spear thrower was also excavated from an Indus valley site.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK3tAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan M.|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195779400|language=en}}</ref>

''Dhanurveda'', a section found in the [[Vedas]] (1500 BCE - 1100 BCE) contains references to martial arts.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Psychophysical Acting: An Intercultural Approach After Stanislavski|page=66|publisher=Routledge|author1=Phillip B. Zarrilli |author2=Peter Hulton }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|page=182|author1=Denise Cush |author2=Catherine A. Robinson |author3=Michael York |publisher=Psychology press}}</ref> [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]] contain the earliest accounts of combat, both armed and bare-handed. Most deities of the Hindu-Buddhist pantheon are armed with their own personal weapon, and are revered not only as master martial artists but often as originators of those systems themselves.<ref name="AG">{{cite journal |last=George |first=Robinn |date=2010 |title=India's insistent intensity |journal=Asian Geographic}}</ref> The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' tells of fighters armed only with daggers besting lions, and describes a prolonged battle between [[Arjuna]] and [[Karna]] using bows, swords, trees, rocks and fists.<ref name="Zarrilli1" /> Another unarmed battle in the Mahabharata describes two combatants boxing with clenched fists and fighting with kicks, finger strikes, knee strikes and headbutts.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04013.htm Section XIII: ''Samayapalana Parva''], Book 4: ''Virata Parva'', ''[[Mahabharata]]''.</ref>

The oldest recorded organized unarmed fighting art in the Indian subcontinent is [[malla-yuddha]] or combat-wrestling, codified into four forms in the [[Vedic Period]]. Stories describing [[Krishna]] report that he sometimes engaged in wrestling matches where he used knee strikes to the chest, punches to the head, hair pulling, and strangleholds.<ref name="Svinth" /> Based on such accounts, Svinth (2002) traces press-ups and squats used by Indian wrestlers to the pre-classical era.<ref name="Svinth" />

In Sanskrit literature the term ''dvandvayuddha'' referred to a duel, such that it was a battle between only two warriors and not armies. Epics often describe the duels between deities and god-like heroes as lasting a month or more. The [[malla-yuddha]] (wrestling match) between [[Bhima]] and [[Jarasandha]] lasts 27 days. Similarly, the ''dvandvayuddha'' between [[Parasurama|Parashurama]] and [[Bhishma]] lasts for 30 days, while that between [[Krishna]] and [[Jambavan]] lasts for 28 days. Likewise, the ''dvandvayuddha'' between [[Bali (Ramayana)|Bali]] and Dundubhi, a demon in the form of a [[water buffalo]], lasts for 45 days. The [[Manusmṛti|Manusmriti]] tells that if a warrior's topknot comes loose during such a fight or duel, the opponent must give him time to bind his hair before continuing.

The ''Charanavyuha'' authored by [[Shaunaka]] mentions four ''upaveda'' (applied Vedas). Included among them are archery (''dhanurveda'') and military sciences (''shastrashastra''),<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> the mastery of which was the duty (''dharma'') of the warrior class. Kings usually belonged to the [[kshatria|kshatriya]] (warrior) class and thus served as heads of the army. They typically practiced archery, wrestling, boxing, and swordsmanship as part of their education.<ref>{{cite book |title=Daily Life in Ancient India |author=Jeanine Auboyer |year=1965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie0000aubo/page/58 58] |publisher=Phoenix Press |location=France |isbn=1-84212-591-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie0000aubo/page/58 }}</ref> Examples include such rulers as [[Siddhartha Gautama]] and [[Rudradaman]]. The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] writes that the emperor [[Harsha]] was light on his feet despite his advancing age and managed to dodge and seize an assailant during an assassination attempt.<ref name=Xuanzang/>

Many of the popular sports mentioned in the [[Vedas]] and the epics have their origins in military training, such as boxing (''[[musti-yuddha]]''), wrestling (''maladvandva''), chariot-racing (''rathachalana''), horse-riding (''ashva-rohana'') and archery (''dhanurvidya'').<ref name="Timechart">{{cite book |title=The Timechart History of India |year=2005 |publisher=Robert Frederick Ltd. |isbn=0-7554-5162-7}}</ref> Competitions were held not just as a contest of the players' prowess but also as a means of finding a bridegroom. [[Arjuna]], [[Rama]] and [[Siddhartha Gautama]] all won their consorts in such tournaments.

In the 3rd century, elements from the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], as well as finger movements in the ''nata'' dances, were incorporated into the fighting arts.<ref name=Svinth>{{cite web|author=Kim Taylor |url=http://ejmas.com/kronos |title=Kronos: A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports |publisher=Ejmas.com |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> A number of Indian fighting styles remain closely connected to [[yoga]], dance and performing arts. Some of the choreographed sparring in kalaripayattu can be applied to dance<ref name="Zarrilli1998">{{cite book |last=Zarrilli |first=Phillip B. |title=When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> and [[kathakali]] dancers who knew [[kalaripayat|kalaripayattu]] were believed to be markedly better than other performers. Until recent decades, the [[chhau dance]] was performed only by martial artists. Some traditional Indian classical dance schools still incorporate martial arts as part of their exercise regimen.<ref name="Luijendijk 08">Luijendijk 2008</ref>

Written evidence of martial arts in Southern India dates back to the [[Sangam literature]] of about the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. The [[Akananuru]] and [[Purananuru]] describe the use of spears, swords, shields, bows and [[silambam]] in the Sangam era. The word [[kalari]] appears in the ''Puram'' (verses 225, 237, 245, 356) and ''Akam'' (verses 34, 231, 293) to describe both a battlefield and combat arena. The word ''kalari tatt'' denoted a martial feat, while ''kalari koḻai'' meant a coward in war.<ref>[http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829143736/http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm|date=29 August 2009}}</ref> Each warrior in the Sangam era received regular military training<ref>Subramanian, N. (1966). ''Sangam polity''. Bombay: Asian Publishing House.</ref> in target practice and horse riding. They specialized in one or more of the important weapons of the period including the spear (''vel''), sword (''val''), shield (''kedaham''), and bow and arrow (''vil ambu''). The combat techniques of the Sangam period were the earliest precursors to [[kalaripayat|kalaripayattu]].<ref name="Zarrilli1"/> References to ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'' in Sangam literature date back to the 2nd century. This referred to the [[silambam]] staff which was in great demand with foreign visitors.<ref name=Raj>{{cite book |last=Raj|first=J. David Manuel |title=The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India |year=1977 |publisher=College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Univ. of Oregon |location=Oregon |pages=44, 50, & 83}}</ref><ref name=Sports>{{cite book |last=Sports Authority of India|title=Indigenous Games and Martial Arts of India |year=1987 |publisher=Sports Authority of India |location=New Delhi|pages=91 & 94}}</ref>

The ten fighting styles of northern sastra-vidya were said to have been created in different areas based on animals and gods, and designed for the particular geography of their origin.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Tradition ascribes their convergence to the 6th-century university of [[Takshashila]],{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} ancient India's intellectual capital. Located in present-day Punjab, Pakistan, the Ramayana ascribes the city's founding to [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] who named it after his son Taksha. From the 7th to the 5th centuries BC it was held in high regard as a great centre of trade and learning,<ref name=Keay/> attracting students from throughout present-day Pakistan and northern India. Among the subjects taught were the "military sciences", and archery was one of its prime arts.

Some measures were put into place to discourage martial activity during the Buddhist period. The [[Khandhaka]] in particular forbids wrestling, boxing, archery, and swordsmanship. However, references to fighting arts are found in early [[Buddhist texts]], such as the [[Lotus Sutra]] (c. 1st century AD) which refers to a boxing art while speaking to [[Manjusri]].<ref name=Haines>Bruce A. Haines (1995). ''Karate's History and Traditions'' (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-1947-5}}.</ref> It also categorised combat techniques as joint locks, fist strikes, grapples and throws. The [[Lotus Sutra]] makes further mention of a [[martial art]] with dance-like movements called ''Nara''. Another [[Buddhist]] [[sutra]] called ''Hongyo-kyo'' (佛本行集經) describes a "strength contest" between Gautama Buddha's half-brother [[Nanda (Buddhism)|Prince Nanda]] and his cousin [[Devadatta]].<ref name=Haines/> Siddhartha Gautama himself was a champion wrestler and swordsman before becoming the [[Buddha]].<ref name=Svinth/>

===Classical period (3rd to 10th centuries)===
Like other branches of [[Sanskrit literature]], treatises on martial arts become more systematic in the course of the 1st millennium AD. [[Vajra-musti]], an armed grappling style, is mentioned in sources of the early centuries AD.<ref name=Haines/> Around this time, [[Tantra|tantric]] philosophers developed important metaphysical concepts such as [[Kundalini energy|kundalini]], [[chakra]], and [[mantra]].<ref name=Svinth/>

The ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (c. 4th century) identifies 108 vital points on the human body<ref>G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). ''Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita''.</ref> of which 64 were classified as being lethal if properly struck with a fist or stick.<ref name=Svinth/> [[Sushurata|Sushruta]]'s work formed the basis of the medical discipline [[ayurveda]] which was taught alongside various martial arts.<ref name=Svinth/> With numerous other scattered references to vital points in Vedic and epic sources, it is certain that [[Indian subcontinent]]'s early fighters knew and practised attacking or defending vital points.<ref name=Zarrilli1992>{{cite journal |author=Zarrilli, Phillip B. |year=1992 |title= To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu |url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html|journal=Journal of Asian Martial Arts |volume=1 |issue=1 }}</ref>

Around 630, King [[Narasimhavarman]] of the [[Pallava dynasty]] commissioned dozens of granite sculptures showing unarmed fighters disarming armed opponents. This is similar to the style described in the ''Agni Purana''.<ref name=Svinth/>

Martial arts were not exclusive to the [[kshatriya]] caste, though the warrior class used them more extensively. The 8th-century text ''Kuvalaymala'' by Udyotanasuri recorded fighting techniques being taught at educational institutions, where non-kshatriya students from throughout the subcontinent "were learning and practicing archery, fighting with sword and shield, with daggers, sticks, lances, and with fists, and in duels (''niyuddham'')".<ref name=Zarrilli1/> Hindu priests of the traditional [[gurukula]] still teach unarmed fighting techniques to their students as a way of increasing stamina and training the physical body.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] came into power during the 7th century and founded a kshatriya dynasty in northern India which exceeded the preceding Gupta Empire. During this period, Emperor Nagabhata I (750–780 AD) and Mihir Bhoja I (836–890) commissioned various texts on martial arts, and were themselves practitioners of these systems. ''Shiva Dhanuveda'' was composed in this era. The ''khadga'', a two-handed broad-tipped heavy longsword, was given special preference. It was even used for ''khadga-puja'', ritualised worship of the sword. The Gurjara-Pratiharas continuously fought off Arab invasions, particularly during the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]]. The Arab chronicler Sulaiman wrote of the Gurjara ruler as the greatest foe to Islamic expansion, while at the same time praising his cavalry.<ref>{{cite book
| title =History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.
| author = Radhey Shyam Chaurasia
| publisher =Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| year =2002
| page =207
| isbn = 81-269-0027-X
}}</ref>

===Middle Ages (11th to 15th centuries)===
[[File:Ramayana In carving (2444648102).jpg|210px|thumb|Locking technique shown at 12th century [[Airavatesvara Temple]] ]]
Kalaripayattu had developed into its present form by the 11th century, during an extended period of warfare between the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] dynasties.<ref name=Svinth/><ref name="Zarrilli1998"/> The earliest treatise discussing the techniques of malla-yuddha is the ''Malla Purana'' (c. 13th century), unlike the earlier ''Manasollasa'' which gives the names of movements but no descriptions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India |date=August 1992b |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley}}</ref>

Over a period of several centuries, invading Muslim armies managed to occupy much of present-day Pakistan and northern India. In response to the spread of Muslim rule,<ref name="Kannadaempire">Historians such as [[P. B. Desai]] (''History of Vijayanagar Empire'', 1936), [[Henry Heras]] (''The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara'', 1927), [[B.A. Saletore]] (''Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire'', 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (''The Hoysala Vamsa'', 1955) and Kamath (Kamath 2001, pp157–160)</ref> the kingdoms of [[South India]] united in the 14th century to found the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Physical culture was given much attention by both royalty and commoners in the empire, with wrestling being particularly popular with both men and women.<ref name=Kamath>{{cite book |author=Suryanath U. Kamath |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter Books|location= Bangalore}}</ref> Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters of Vijayanagara, and records speak of regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peacetime.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref> Royal palaces and market places had special arenas where royalty and common people alike amused themselves by watching matches such as cockfights, ram fights, and wrestling. One account describes an [[akhara]] in [[Chandragiri]] where noblemen practiced jumping exercises, [[musti-yuddha|boxing]], fencing and [[malla-yuddha|wrestling]] almost every day before dinner to maintain their health, and observed that "men as old as seventy years look only thirty".<ref>{{cite book |title= The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973 |author=Henry Heras |year=1927 |location=Madras|author-link= Henry Heras }}</ref>

The Italian traveller [[Pietro Della Valle]] wrote of cane-fighting in southern India. According to Pietro, it was the custom for soldiers to specialise in their own particular weapon of expertise and never use any other even during war, "thereby becoming very expert and well practised in that which he takes to".<ref>{{cite book |title= Pietro Della Valle – The Travels |author=Edward Grey |year=1892}}</ref>

As their ancient predecessors, swordplay and wrestling were commonly practiced by the royalty of Vijayanagara. [[Krishna Deva Raya|Krishnadevaraya]] is said to have arranged a duel between a champion swordsman and the prince of [[Odisha]] who was known for being an expert with both the sword and dagger. The prince accepted the challenge until he learned he would be fighting one not of royal blood and so killed himself rather than having to "soil his hands". [[Fernao Nunes]] and the Persian envoy Abd al-Razzaq relate that [[Deva Raya II]] survived an assassination attempt "as he was a man who knew how to use both sword and dagger better than anyone in his kingdom, avoided by twists and turns of his body the thrusts aimed at him, freed himself from him, and slew him with a short sword that he had".<ref>{{cite book | title=A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India |author=Robert Sewell |year=1924}}</ref>

===Mughal era (1526–1857)===
[[File:Archery Competition-Mughal-India.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Mughal warriors practicing horseback archery, a skill they were highly renowned for]]
{{Further|Mughal weapons|Mughal army|Pehlwani}}

After a series of victories, the [[Central Asia]]n conqueror [[Babur]] established [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in north India during the 16th century. The Mughals were patrons of India's native arts, not only recruiting akhara-trained Rajput fighters for their armies but even practicing these systems themselves.<ref>For instance, the [[Akbarnama]] tells that Emperor [[Akbar]] practiced [[gatka]] every day</ref> The ''Ausanasa Dhanurveda Sankalanam'' dates to the late 16th century, compiled under the patronage of [[Akbar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bogenloewe.de/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=1269&language=en|title= Dhanurveda: The knowledge of the bow|author=Wiethase, H|website=bogenloewe|access-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> The ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' tells that the Mughal court had various kinds of fighting men from around the [[Mughal Empire|empire]] who would demonstrate their skills every day in exchange for rewards. Among them were said to be both native and [[pehlwani|Mughal wrestlers]], slingers from [[Gujarat]], Hindustani athletes, [[musti-yuddha|boxers]], stone-throwers and many others.

<blockquote>"There are several kinds of gladiators, each performing astonishing feats. In fighting they show much speed and agility and blend courage and skill in squatting down and rising up again. Some of them use shields in fighting, others use cudgels. Others again use no means of defence, and fight with one hand only; these are called ''ek-hath''. Those who come from the eastern districts of Hindostan use a small shield called "''chirwah''". Those from the southern provinces have shields of such magnitude as to cover a man and a horse. This kind of shield is called ''tilwah''. Another class use a shield somewhat less than the height of a man. Some again use a long sword, and seizing it with both hands they perform extraordinary feats of skill. There is another famous class called Bankúlis. They have no shield but make use of a peculiar kind of sword which, though curved towards the point, is straight near the handle. They wield it with great dexterity. The skill that they exhibit passes all description. Others are skillful in fighting with daggers and knives of various forms; of these there are upwards of a hundred thousand. Each class has a different name; they also differ in their performances. At court, there are a thousand gladiators always in readiness."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ain I Akbari of Abul Fazl 'Allami |year=1993 |publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref></blockquote>

Avid hunters, a popular sport among the Mughals was ''shikar'' or tiger-hunting. While often done with arrows and later even rifles, it was considered most impressive to kill a tiger with a hand-to-hand weapon such as a sword or dagger.<ref name=Capwell>{{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia Of Knives, Daggers And Bayonets |author= Tobias Capwell |author-link=Tobias Capwell |year=2009 |publisher=Anness Publishing}}</ref> A warrior who managed to best a tiger would be awarded the title of ''Pachmar''.

In the 16th century, [[Madhusudana Saraswati]] of Bengal organised a section of the Naga tradition of armed [[sannyasi]] in order to protect Hindus from the intolerant Mughal rulers. Although generally said to abide by the principle of non-violence (''ahimsā''), these Dashanami monks had long been forming [[akhara]] for the practice of both [[yoga]] and martial arts. Such warrior-ascetics have been recorded from 1500 to as late as the 18th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9526/5/Chapter%201_1%20-%20108p.pdf|title= A history of Dasnami Naga Sanyasis, Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Sri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani, Allahabad|publisher=Dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> although tradition attributes their creation to the 8th-century philosopher [[Adi Shankara]]. They began as a stratum of [[Rajput]] warriors who would gather after harvest and arm peasants into militarised units, effectively acting as a self-defense squad. Prevalent in [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bengal]], they would give up their occupations and leave their families to live as mercenaries. Naga sadhu today rarely practice any form of fighting other than wrestling, but still carry [[trishula]], swords, canes and spears. To this day their retreats are called ''chhauni'' or armed camps, and they have been known to hold mock jousts among themselves. As recently as the 1950s, it was not unusual for Naga sadhu to strike to kill someone over issues of honour.<ref group=web>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Nagas-Once-were-warriors/articleshow/18026313.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-15/allahabad/36352194_1_naga-sadhu-akharas-hindus|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Nagas: Once were warriors|date=15 January 2013 |access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref>

There is also a 17th-century ''Dhanurveda-samhita'' attributed to [[Vasistha]].

The [[pehlwani]] style of wrestling developed in the [[Mughal Empire]] by combining native [[malla-yuddha]] with influences from Persian ''[[varzesh-e bastani]]''.<ref name=Alter1992a/><ref name=Alter1992b/>

===Maratha dynasty (1674–1859)===
[[File:Shivaji statue Mumbai.JPG|210px|thumb|Statue of [[Shivaji]], the warrior-king who brought the Maratha people and fighting style to prominence.]]
Coming from a hilly region characterized by valleys and caves, the [[Maratha]]s became expert horsemen who favoured light armour and highly mobile cavalry units during war. Known especially as masters of swords and spears, their heavily martial culture and propensity for the lance is mentioned as early as the 7th century by [[Xuanzang]].<ref name=Xuanzang>Destruction of Maharashtra and the Marathas in the first half of seventh-century "Travels of Hsuen Tsang," Vol. IV, Samual Beal, P, 449.</ref> After serving the Dakshin sultanates of the early 17th century, the scattered Marathas united to found their own kingdom under the warrior [[Shivaji]]. Having learned the native art of [[mardani khel]]a from a young age, Shivaji was a master swordsman and proficient in the use of various weapons.<ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval India |author=K. L. Khurana |year=1993 |publisher=Lakshmi Narain Agarwal |location=[[Agra]] |isbn=81-85778-15-9}}</ref> He took advantage of his people's expertise in guerilla tactics (''Shiva sutra'') to re-establish ''Hindavi Svarajya'' (native [Hindu being a term traditionally applied to the native inhabitants of India throughout antiquity] self-rule) at a time of Muslim supremacy and increasing intolerance.<ref name=Keay>{{cite book |title=India: A History |author=John Keay |year=2000 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=0-00-255717-7}}</ref> Utilizing speed, focused surprise attacks (typically at night and in rocky terrain), and the geography of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], & [[South India]]; the Maratha rulers were successfully able to defend their territory from the more numerous and heavily armed Mughals.<ref>A History of Warfare: Field-Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, William Morrow & Co; 1st edition (January 1983), {{ISBN|978-0688016456}}</ref> The still-existing [[Maratha Light Infantry]] is one of the "oldest and most renowned" regiments of the Indian Army, tracing its origins to 1768.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZux-2ZPoaIC&pg=PA86|title=The Gaysh|access-date=10 March 2015|isbn=9781874622963|last1=Edwards|first1=Frank|year=2004|publisher=Helion & Company Limited }}</ref>

===Modern period (1857—present)===
Indian martial arts underwent a period of decline after the full establishment of British colonial rule in the 19th century.<ref name=Zarrilli1992/> More European modes of organizing kings, armies and governmental institutions, and the increasing use of firearms, gradually eroded the need for traditional combat training associated with caste-specific duties.<ref name=Zarrilli1998/> The British colonial government banned [[kalaripayat|kalaripayattu]] in 1804 in response to a series of revolts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Luijendijk |first=D.H. |title=Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art |year=2005 |publisher=Paladin Press |location=Boulder |isbn=1-58160-480-7}}</ref> [[Silambam]] was also banned and became more common in the [[Malay Peninsula]] than its native Tamil Nadu. Nevertheless, traditional fighting systems persisted, sometimes even under the patronage of enthusiastic British spectators who tended to remark on the violence of native boxing and the acrobatic movements characteristic of Indian fighting styles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The British took advantage of communities with a heavily militaristic culture, characterising them as "[[martial races]]" and employing them in the armed forces. Sikhs – already known among Indians for their martial practices – were particularly valued by the colonists as soldiers and guards, and were posted throughout not only India but Southeast Asia and other parts of the British Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Members of the army were allowed to box as a way of settling disputes, provided that they were still able to carry out their duties as soldiers after a match.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Saturday Magazine|author1=Runjeet Singh |author2=Chief of Lahore |date=June 1838 |issue=248}}</ref> The particular form of boxing used by the Punjabi soldiers was ''loh-musti'',{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} as the [[kara (Sikhism)|kara]] worn by Sikhs could be wielded like [[brass knuckles]].

The resurgence of public interest in [[kalaripayat|kalaripayattu]] began in the 1920s in Tellicherry as part of a wave of rediscovery of the traditional arts throughout [[south India]] which characterised the growing reaction against British colonial rule.<ref name=Zarrilli1998/> During the following three decades, other regional styles were subsequently revived such as [[silambam]] in Tamil Nadu, [[thang-ta]] in Manipur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.indiapress.org/thang_ta.php|title=Martial Arts in India|access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref> and [[paika akhada]] in Orissa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iakoweb.com/pakhada.html|title=Welcome to IAKOWEB.COM|access-date=10 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032151/http://www.iakoweb.com/pakhada.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

==Texts==

===Agni Purana===
One of the earliest extant manual of Indian martial arts is in the [[Agni Purana]] (dated to between the 8th and the 11th century).<ref name=Zarrilli1992/> The dhanurveda section in the Agni Purana spans chapters 248–251, categorizing weapons into thrown and unthrown classes and further divided into several sub-classes. It catalogs training into five major divisions for different types of warriors, namely charioteers, elephant-riders, horsemen, infantry, and wrestlers.

The nine [[asana]]s (stances) in the fight are listed below:
#''{{IAST|samapada}}'' ("holding the feet even"): standing in closed ranks with the feet put together (248.9)
#''{{IAST|vaiśākha}}'': standing erect with the feet apart (248.10)
#''{{IAST|maṇḍala}}'' ("disk"): standing with the knees apart, arranged in the shape of a flock of geese (248.11)
#''{{IAST|ālīḍha}}'' ("licked, polished"): bending the right knee with the left foot pulled back (248.12)
#''{{IAST|pratyālīḍha}}'': bending the left knee with the right foot pulled back (248.13)
#''{{IAST|jāta}}'' ("origin"): placing the right foot straight with the left foot perpendicular, the ankles being five fingers apart (248.14)
#''{{IAST|daṇḍāyata}}'' ("extended staff"): keeping the right knee bent with the left leg straight, or vice versa; called ''{{IAST|vikaṭa}}'' ("dreadful") if the two legs are two palm-lengths apart (248.16)
#''{{IAST|sampuṭa}}'' ("hemisphere") (248.17)
#''{{IAST|swastika}}'' ("well-being"): keeping the feet 16 fingers apart and lifting the feet a little (248.19)

Then there follows a more detailed discussion of archery technique.

The section concludes with listing the names of actions or "deeds" possible with a number of weapons, including 32 positions to be taken with sword and shield (''{{IAST|khaḍgacarmavidhau}}''),<ref>
''{{IAST|(1.) bhrāntam (2.) udbhrāntam (3.) āviddham (4.) āplutaṃ (5.) viplutaṃ (6.) sṛtaṃ }}''
''{{IAST|(7.) sampātaṃ (8.) samudīśañca (9.-10.) śyenapātamathākulaṃ}}'' (251.1)
''{{IAST|(11.) uddhūtam (12.) avadhūtañca (13.) savyaṃ (14.) dakṣiṇam eva ca}}''
''{{IAST|(15.-16.) anālakṣita-visphoṭau (17.-18.) karālendramahāsakhau}}'' (251.2)
''{{IAST|(19.-20.) vikarāla-nipātau ca (21.-22.) vibhīṣaṇa-bhayānakau}}''
''{{IAST|(23–24.) samagrārdha (25.) tṛtīyāṃśapāda (26.-28.) pādardhavārijāḥ}}'' (251.3)
''{{IAST|(29.) pratyālīḍham (30.) athālīḍhaṃ (31.) varāhaṃ (32.) lulitan tathā}}'' (251.4ab)
</ref> 11 names of techniques of using a rope in fighting, along with 5 names of "acts in the rope operation" along with lists of "deeds" pertaining to the [[chakram]] (war-quoit), the spear, the ''tomara'' (iron club), the [[gada (mace)]], the axe, the hammer, the ''bhindipāla'' or ''laguda'', the [[vajra]], the dagger, the slingshot, and finally deeds with a bludgeon or cudgel. A short passage near the end of the text returns to the larger concerns of warfare and explains the various uses of war elephants and men. The text concludes with a description of how to appropriately send the well-trained fighter off to war.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC&pg=PA467 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas – Swami Parmeshwaranand|page=467 |access-date=27 September 2015|isbn=9788176252263|last1=Parmeshwaranand|first1=Swami|year=2001|publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref>

===Arthashastra===
The [[Arthashastra]], c. 4th century BCE, typically attributed to [[Chanakya]] chief advisor of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] is one of the earliest treatises on statecraft, including diverse topics such as economics, politics, diplomacy and military strategy.

===Others===
There is an extant ''Dhanurveda-Samhita'' dating to the mid-14th century, by Brhat Sarngadhara Paddhati (ed. 1888).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://libcat.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1637|title=Vasisthas Dhanurveda Samhita : (Text with English Translation)|website=Goa University Library|date=29 January 1991 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>
 Other scattered references to fighting arts in medieval texts include the:
 ''Kamandakiya Nitisara'' (c. 8th century<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/kamandakiyanitis00kamarich#page/n5/mode/2up|title=Kamandakiya Nitisara or, The Elements of polity, in English.|author=Manmatha Nath Dutt|via=Internet Archive|access-date=24 June 2014|publisher=Calcutta, Manmatha Nath Dutt|year=1869}}</ref> ed. Manmatha Nath Dutt, 1896),
 The ''[[Nitivakyamrta]]'' by [[Somadeva Suri]] (10th century),
 The ''Yuktikalpataru'' of [[Bhoja]] (11th century) and
 The ''[[Manasollasa]]'' of [[Somesvara III]] (12th century)

==Weapons and arts==
A wide array of weapons are used in the Indian subcontinent, some of which are not found anywhere else. According to P.C. Chakravati in ''The Art of War in Ancient India'', armies used standard weapons such as wooden or metal-tipped spears, swords, thatched bamboo, wooden or metal shields, axes, short and longbows in warfare as early as the 4th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Art of War in Ancient India |author=P.C. Chakravarti |year=2004 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=978-8185557472}}</ref> Military accounts of the [[Gupta Empire]] (c. 240–480) and the later Agni Purana identify over 130 different weapons.

The ''[[Agni Purana]]'' divides weapons into thrown and unthrown classes. The thrown (''mukta'') class includes twelve weapons altogether which come under four categories, viz.
[[File:Katar & sheath Art Museum SF B84W3.JPG|thumb|250px|right|The [[Katara (dagger)|katara]], the most characteristic<ref name=Capwell/> of daggers in the Indian subcontinent.]]

*''yantra-mukta'': projectile weapons such as the sling or the bow
*''pāṇi-mukta'': weapons thrown by hand such as the javelin
*''mukta-sandarita'': weapons that are thrown and drawn back, such as the rope-spear
*''mantra-mukta'': mythical weapons that are thrown by magic incantations ([[mantra]]), numbering 6 types

These were opposed to the much larger unthrown class of three categories.
*''hasta-śastra'' or ''amukta'': melee weapons that do not leave the hand, numbering twenty types
*''muktāmukta'': weapons that can be thrown or used in-close, numbering 98 varieties
*''bāhu-yuddha'' or ''bhuja-yuddha'': weapons of the body, i.e. unarmed fighting

The duel with bow and arrows is considered the noblest, fighting with the spear ranks next, while fighting with the sword is considered unrefined, and wrestling is classed as the meanest or worst form of fighting. Only a [[Brahmin]] could be an [[acharya]] (teacher) of sastravidya, [[Kshatriya]] and [[vaishya]] should learn from the Acharya, while a [[shudra]] could not take a teacher, left to "fight of his own in danger".<ref>{{cite book |title=Agni Purana |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |year=2009}}</ref>

Over time, weaponry evolved and India became famous for its flexible [[wootz]] steel. The most commonly taught weapons in the Indian martial arts today are types of swords, daggers, spears, staves, cudgels, and maces.<ref name=Draeger/>

Weapons are linked to several superstitions and cultural beliefs in the Indian subcontinent. Drawing a weapon without reason is forbidden and considered by Hindus to be disrespectful to the goddess [[Chandi]]ka. Thus the saying that a sword cannot be sheathed until it has drawn blood. It was a mother's duty to tie a warrior's sword around his waist before war or a duel. In addition, she would cut her finger with the sword and make a [[tilak]] on his head from a drop of her blood. Weapons themselves were also anointed with tilak, most often from the blood of a freshly-decapitated goat (''chatanga''). Other taboos include looking at one's reflection in the blade, telling the price or source of acquisition, throwing it on the ground or using it for domestic purposes.<ref group=web>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/departments-arms-armour.asp?lk=dp9|title=National Museum, New Delhi|access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg|thumb|100px|A southern two-handed sword]]

===Swordsmanship (Khadgavidya)===

[[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] are said to be skilled swordsmen in the [[Mahabharata]]. Sword-fighting<ref name="Traditional military practices in North India">{{cite web|title=Traditional military practices in North India|date=15 January 2014|url=https://indianfight.com/indian-technique-with-a-sword/}}</ref> is one of the common Indian fighting arts. Varieties include the curved single-edge sword, the straight double-edge sword, the two-handed longsword, the [[pata (sword)|gauntlet-sword]], and the [[urumi]] or flexible sword. Techniques differ from one state to another but all make extensive use of circular movements, often circling the weapon around the user's head. The flexible nature and lightweight of Indian swords allows for speed but provides little defensive ability, so that the swordsman must instead rely on body maneuvers to dodge attacks. Entire systems exist focusing on drawing the sword out of the opponent's body. Stances and [[kata|forms]] traditionally made up the early training before students progress to free sparring with sticks to simulate swords in an exercise called [[gatka]], although this term is more often used in English when referring to the Panjabi-Sikh fighting style. A common way to practice precision-cutting is to slice [[clove]]s or [[lemon]]s, eventually doing so while blindfolded. Pairing two swords of equal length, though considered impractical in some parts of the world, is common and was considered highly advantageous in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=Draeger/>

===Staffplay (Lathi khela)===
{{Main|Lathi khela}}

Stick-fighting ([[lathi khela]]) may be taught as part of a wider system like [[Gatka]], [[silambam]] or on its own.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} In the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' the sage [[Vātsyāyana]] enjoins all women to practice fighting with single-stick, quarterstaff, sword and bow and arrow in addition to the art of love-making. The stick (''lathi'' in [[Prakrit]]) is typically made of [[bamboo]] with steel caps at the ends to prevent it from splintering.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Wooden sticks made from Indian ebony may also be used.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} It ranges from the length of a cudgel to a staff equal to the wielder's height.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} The stick used during matches is covered in leather to cushion the impact.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Points are awarded based on which part of the body is hit. Techniques differ from system to system, but northern styles tend to primarily use only one end of the staff for attacking while the other end is held with both hands.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Southern styles like also make use of this technique but will more often use both ends of the staff to strike. The latter is the more common method of attacking in the eastern states and [[Bangladesh]], combined with squatting and frequent changes in height.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

===Spearplay===

[[Yudhishthira]] is said to be a master in spearplay warfare in ''[[Mahabharata]]'', while [[Shalya]] was also noted to be an excellent warrior in the field of spearplay. According to Hindu mythology, [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], the son of [[Shiva]], is said to be skilled in spear-fighting, by holding his divine spear called [[vel]]. The Indian spear is typically made of [[bamboo]] with a steel blade. It can be used in hand-to-hand combat or thrown when the fighters are farther apart. Despite primarily being a thrusting weapon, the wide spearhead also allows for many slashing techniques. By the 17th century, Rajput mercenaries in the Mughal army were using a type of spear which integrated a pointed spear butt and a club near the head, making it similar to a mace. On the other hand, the longer cavalry spear was made of wood, with red cloth attached near the blade to prevent the opponent's blood from dripping to the shaft. The Marathas were revered for their skill of wielding a ten-foot spear called ''bothati'' from horseback. Bothati fighting is practiced with a ball-tipped lance, the end of which is covered in dye so that hits may easily be confirmed. In solo training, the spear is aimed at a pile of stones. From this was eventually developed the uniquely Indian ''vita'' which has a {{convert|5|ft|m}} length of cord attached to the butt end of the weapon and tied around the spearman's wrist. Using this cord the spear can be pulled back after it has been thrown.<ref name=Draeger>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts |author=[[Donn F. Draeger]] and Robert W. Smith |year=1969 |publisher=Kondansha International Limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Social life in Maharashtra under the Peshwas |last=Desai |first=Sudha Vishwanath |year=1980 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |oclc= 8243834 |page=131 }}</ref>

===Archery (Dhanurvidya)===
Archery<ref name="History of Archery in India">{{cite web|title=History of Archery in India|url=https://www.iloveindia.com/sports/archery/history.html}}</ref> is noted to be one of the noblest form of defense within Indian cultural heritage. As mentioned in Vedic literature, the bow and arrow is the most applauded weapon among Kshatriyas. Siddhartha Gautama, [[Rama]], [[Arjuna]], [[Karna]], [[Bhishma]], [[Drona]] and [[Ekalavya]] were all said to be great archers.

''Dhanurveda'' is an ancient treatise on the science of archery. It describes the practices and uses of archery, the craft of bow and arrow making, training of the army, and enumerates the rules of engagement. The treatise also discusses martial arts in relation to the training of warriors, charioteers, cavalry, elephant warriors, infantry etc.
It was considered as a sin to shoot a warrior from the back and fight more than one warrior at a time.
The bow used in the Vedic period were called dhanush, and were described in detail in the Vedas. The curved shape of the bow is called vakra in the Artha Veda. The bowstring was called jya, and was strung only when needed. An arrow was called an iṣu, and a quiver was called an iṣudhi which was slung on the back.<ref>The Rig Veda/Mandala 6/Hymn 75/5</ref> Archers wore a hastaghna, which was an arm guard or shield usually worn on the left forearm and was used to protect the wearer from friction caused by the bowstring.

A ''dhanushkara'' was a bowyer, or the profession of bow crafting and arrow making, and it had become a regular profession by the early Vedic period. Others called ''jyakara'' specialized in making bowstrings.

[[Composite bow]]s made of horn, sinew, and wood were invented in the Asian Steppes and would have been an integral part of the armory of the [[Aryan]] people. As in other civilizations such as the Hittites and Persians, the use of composite bows coincides with chariot warfare. Additionally the smaller size was of the compound bow would have made it preferable on mounted warfare.

A type of Indian [[longbow]] was five to six feet long and fired a long cane arrow with metal or bone arrow heads. The Cretan chronicler [[Nearchus]] who accompanied [[Alexander the Great]] into India, had noted that the warriors would use a bamboo bow, which had to rest on the ground and steady with the feet to draw to its full length. The arrow fired from this bamboo bow could penetrate any armor used in antiquity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gabriel|first=Richard A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC|title=The Great Armies of Antiquity|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97809-9|language=en}}</ref> The Indian long bows were described as the height of their users by [[Arrian]], and [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] bows in 1518 as "long like those of England".<ref>no primary attribution, quoted in [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]]. Naukar, Rajput, & Sepoy. The ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450–1860. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications no. 43. Cambridge University Press 1990.</ref>

Traditional archery is today practiced mainly in the far northern states of [[Ladakh]] and [[Arunachal]]. One sport which has persisted into the present day is ''[[Thoda (archery)|thoda]]'' from [[Himachal Pradesh]], in which a team of archers attempt to shoot blunt arrows at the legs of the opposing team.<ref name="Timechart"/>

===Mace-fighting (Gadayuddha)===
[[File:Bhima hurled his mace with fury.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[Bhima]] dueling [[Duryodhana]]]]

[[Gada (mace)]] is the weapon of [[Hanuman]] in the [[Ramayana]]. [[Vishnu]] also carries a gada named [[Kaumodaki]] in one of his four hands. In the Mahabharata epic, the fighters [[Bhima]], [[Duryodhana]], [[Jarasandha]] and [[Balarama]] were said to be masters of the gada. In the mace combat, Bhima wins the final battle against Duryodhana by hitting his inner thigh. Such an attack below the waist was said to be against the etiquette of mace duels, implying a degree of commonality to this type of fighting. It was and still is used as training equipment by wrestlers. The traditional [[gada (mace)]] was essentially a wooden or steel sphere mounted on a handle and with a single spike at the top. An alternative mace-head was the lotus-shaped ''padam''. According to the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', the gada can be handled in twenty different ways. Due to its weight, the gada is said to be best suited to fighters with a large build or great strength. The Mughal club or mace, known as a ''gurj'' or ''gargaj'', had a head consisting of 8–10 petal-shaped blades. Fitted with basket-hilt, a spherical pommel, and a spiked top, this type of club was designed for beating down armour-clad opponents. Alternatively, some gurj had a spiked top and a hand-guard.<ref group="web">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=63&id=9&lk=dp9|title=National Museum, New Delhi|access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref>

===Wrestling (Mallayuddha) {{anchor|Wrestling}}===
{{Main|Malla-yuddha}}

[[File:Kushti (in Bharatpur March 2013).jpg|right|thumb|Wrestling match in Bharatpur, 2013.]]
Grappling arts (''malla-vidya''), practiced either as sport or fighting style, are found throughout the Indian subcontinent. True combat-wrestling is called [[malla-yuddha]], while the term [[malakhra]] refers to wrestling for sport. Malla-yuddha was codified into four forms which progressed from purely sportive contests of strength to actual full-contact fights known as ''yuddha''.<ref name=Draeger/> Due to the extreme violence, this final form is generally no longer practised. The second form, wherein the wrestlers attempt to lift each other off the ground for three seconds, persists in [[Karnataka]]. Traditional malla-yuddha is virtually extinct in the north where it has been supplanted by kusti, but another form called [[malakhra]] still exists in parts of India and [[Sindh]], Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} [[Vajra-musti]] was another old grappling art in which the competitors wrestled while wearing a horned knuckleduster. In a later style called ''naki ka kusti'' (claw wrestling), the duellists fought with [[bagh nakha]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Book Of The Sword |author=Richard F. Burton |year=1884 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=0-486-25434-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsword00burt |author-link=Richard F. Burton }}</ref> Numerous styles of folk wrestling are also found in India's countryside, such as [[mukna]] from [[Manipur]], [[Inbuan wrestling]] from [[Mizoram]] and Khomlainai among the Bodos.

===Wrestling (Pehlwani)===
{{Main|Pehlwani}}

[[Pehlwani]] is a form of wrestling from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was developed in the [[Mughal Empire]] by combining native [[malla-yuddha]] with influences from Persian ''[[varzesh-e bastani]]''.<ref name=Alter1992a>{{cite journal |first=Joseph S. |last=Alter |date=May 1992a |title=The "sannyasi" and the Indian Wrestler: The Anatomy of a Relationship |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=317–336 |issn=0094-0496 |doi=10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070}}</ref><ref name=Alter1992b>{{cite book |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India |year=1992b |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-07697-4}}</ref> One of the most famous practitioners of pehlwani was [[The Great Gama]] (Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt), who is considered one of the greatest wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=The culture and crisis of kushti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece?homepage=true|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 October 2013|access-date=2 July 2016}}</ref>

===Boxing (Mushtiyuddha)===
Boxing ([[musti-yuddha]]) is traditionally considered the roughest form of Indian unarmed combat. In ancient times it was popular throughout northern Indian subcontinent, but is rarely practiced today. Boxers harden their fists by striking stones and other hard objects. Matches may be either one-on-one or group fights. All kinds of strikes and grabs are allowed, and any part of the body may be targeted except the groin.<ref name=Draeger/> Another form of boxing was ''loh-musti'' (meaning "iron fist"), said{{By whom|date=August 2014}} to have been practiced by the deity [[Krishna]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} In this variation, boxers fought while wielding a [[kara (Sikhism)|kara]] or steel bracelet like a knuckleduster.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Grabs, kicks, biting and attacks to the groin were all legal, the only prohibition being spitting on the opponent which was considered crude and dishonourable{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The kara used for regular matches was unadorned,{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} but the form employed during war had one or more spikes around its edge.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} The kara may be paired with one on each hand,{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} but it was generally only worn on one hand so the other hand could be left free.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} In some cases the free hand could be paired with another weapon, most commonly the [[bagh nakha]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

===Kicking===
Kick-fighting (''[[Aki Kiti|aki kiti]]'') is the preserve of tribes from [[Nagaland]]. While the entire [[Naga people|Naga population]] of northeast India and northwest Myanmar was traditionally known for their skill with broadswords (''dao'') and other weapons, disputes among tribesmen and between tribes were settled with a solely kick-based form of unarmed fighting. The goal is to either drive the opponent to their knees or outside of the ring. Only the feet are used to strike, and even blocking must be done with the legs.<ref>"Nagaland Kickboxing". ''Last Man Standing''. BBC and Discovery USA. 17 July 2007</ref>

===Pugilism===
Many forms of unarmed combat (''bāhu-yuddha'' or ''bhuja-yuddha'') incorporate too wide an array of techniques to be accurately categorized. In modern times when the carrying of weapons is no longer legal, teachers of the martial arts often emphasise the unarmed techniques as these are seen to be more practical for self-defense purposes. A warrior who fights unarmed is referred to as a ''bhajanh'', literally meaning someone who fights with their arms. The bare-handed components of Indian fighting arts are typically based on the movements of animals, Hindu deities. Binot, a Central Indian art which focuses on defending against both armed and unarmed opponents, may be the earliest system of its kind. In the Mughal era, such fighters were known as ''ek-hath'' (lit. "one-hand"), so named because they would demonstrate their art using only one arm.<ref name=Draeger/>

===Balavidya===
64 different types of skills and arts existed in ancient India which led to well-developed individuals, boosting their mind, body, and intellect, making them capable of performing their responsibilities efficiently and effectively on personal, social, and national levels. These included art forms like ''muḍgala-vidyā'', ''vajramuṣṭi'', ''sūryabhedana'', ''aśva'', and various types of ''yaśvantī malla-vidyā'', using weapons like ''lāṭhī'' (iron-bound bamboo stick), ''kāṭhī'' (pole), ''pharī-gaḍga'', ''ḍorakhaṇḍa'' (rope), and ''daṇḍapaṭṭa'' (gauntlet-sword).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.slideshare.net/ashoknene/sixty-four-arts-of-ancient-india-45933958 | title=Sixty four arts of ancient india| date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

==Systems==
As in other respects of [[Indian culture]], Indian martial arts can be roughly divided into northern and southern styles. The northern systems (including Pakistan and Bangladesh) may generically be referred to as ''[[Shastar Vidiya|shastra-vidiya]]'', although this term is often used synonymously with [[gatka]]. The main difference is that [[north India|the north]] was more exposed to [[Persianate]] influence during the [[Mughal period]], while [[south India|the south]] is more conservative in preserving ancient and medieval traditions. The exception to this rule are the northeastern states which, due to their geographic location, were closed off from most pre-European foreign invaders. As a result, northeast Indian culture and fighting methods are also closely related to that of [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]]. In addition to the major division between north and south, martial systems in the Indian subcontinent tend to be associated with certain states, cities, villages or ethnic groups.<ref name=vajramushti/>

===Regional styles===
;Andhra Pradesh
Masters in Andhra Pradesh trace their lineage to the Vijayanagara empire, popular in [[Konaseema]] region. The native system of ''Chedi Talimkhana'' or ''yudhkaushalya che talim'' is often abbreviated to '''Talimkhana''' or simply '''Talim'''. The art makes use of several weapons which are used in preset forms. These include knife fighting (''baku samu''), sword fighting (''Katti samu''), and staff fighting (''[[Karra Samu|Karra samu]]'') in addition to other weapons such as the [[gada (mace)]] and [[pata (sword)|pata (guantlet sword)]].<ref group=web>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ancient-martial-art-form-still-in-vogue/article831534.ece|title=Ancient martial art form still in vogue|author=B.V.S. Bhaskar|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=10 March 2015|date=15 October 2010}}</ref><ref name=vajramushti>{{cite book |title=Vajramushti: Martial Arts of India |author=Christopher Fernandes |year=2011 |publisher=Creative House International Press}}</ref>

;Bengal and Northeast India
Bengali war-dances bear testament to the weapons once used in the Bengal region. Today most of these weapons are used only in choreographed fights, including ''dao khela'' (knife fighting) and ''fala khela'' (sword fighting).{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Traditional stick-fighting ([[lathi khela]]) is still used in free sparring today.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} The sticks may be short like a cudgel or a long staff. The former are sometimes paired with a shield.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

[[Lathi khela]] is a traditional [[Bengali people|Bengali]] martial art<ref name="RahaChattopadhyay2017">{{cite book|author1=Bipasha Raha|author2=Subhayu Chattopadhyay|title=Mapping the Path to Maturity: A Connected History of Bengal and the North-East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCtEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|date=22 December 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-03412-8|pages=102–}}</ref><ref name="Foster2009">{{cite book|author=S. Foster|title=Worlding Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re3MCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|date=10 June 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-23684-4|pages=129–}}</ref> – a kind of [[stick fighting]] practised mainly in [[Bengal]]<ref name="RahaChattopadhyay2017"/><ref name="Foster2009"/> and [[Northeast India]]. Stick fighting has an ancient history in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Rich farmers and other eminent people hired ''lathial'' for security and as a symbol of their power. Duels were used as a way to protect or take land and other possessions. A proverb in some South Asian languages is "whoever wields the lathi keeps the cow". [[Zamindar]]s (feudal lords) sent groups of ''lathial'' to forcefully collect taxes from villagers. Lathi training was at one time included in the [[Bratachari movement|Bratachari]] system of education.<ref name="RahaChattopadhyay2017"/><ref name="Foster2009"/>

;Bihar
"Pari-khanda" is a fighting form created by [[Rajputs]] and is still practised in many parts of [[Bihar]]. "Pari" means shield and "khanda" means sword according "Chhau" region, therefore this art uses sword and shield for fighting. This fighting form has given birth to a local dance form named "Chhau" dance and its martial elements have been fully absorbed by this dance. It is even practised in some parts of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]]. Chhau is the name of the traditional dance- drama of the eastern regions of India and is of three types. The three forms of "Chhau" are named after the district or village where they are performed, i.e. the Purulia Chau of [[Bengal]], the Seraikella Chau of [[Bihar]] and the Mayurbhanj Chau of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].

;Karnataka
The Kannada fighting arts are taught exclusively at traditional training halls or ''garadi mane''. Disciplines include unarmed combat (''kai varase''), staff-fighting (''kolu varase'') and sword-fighting (''katti varase'') among various other weapons. These are most often seen today only during choreographed demonstrations at festivals.<ref name=vajramushti/>

;Kashmir
Kashmiri swordsmanship is said to have an ancient history, but it was only much later that it acquired its modern name of [[sqay]]. Sqay survived a decline following the [[partition of India]] by adopting competitive methodologies of karate and taekwondo. Types of competition include sparring, breaking, and forms or ''khawankay''. Practitioners spar using fake swords called ''tora'' which are paired with a shield. Sparring is point-based, the points being awarded for successful hits with the tora or with the foot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsqay.com/|title=International Council of Sqay|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805053936/http://icsqay.com/|archive-date=5 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Kerala
[[File:Kalaripayattu.jpg|thumb|Kalaripayat stick-fighting]]
The [[Keralite]] martial of [[Kalaripayattu]], came into its present form through the [[kalari]], the local variation of the [[gurukula]] educational institution in [[Kerala]]. The most common weapons today are the staff, stick, sword, shield, spear, dagger and flexible sword, locally known as [[Urumi]].<ref name="Zarrilli1998"/> Kerala is also home to a native form of [[submission wrestling]] called [[Gatta gusthi]].

;Maharashtra
The Marathas developed their fighting style based on the state's hilly geography. [[Mardani khel]] today teaches armed techniques for use in single combat as well as defense against several opponents. Other weapons include the sword, shield, spear, dagger, kukri, double deer horns, and bow and arrow.<ref name=vajramushti/>

;Manipur
The Manipuri art of [[Huyen langlon]] was once practiced by the state's indigenous hill tribes who would engage in duels governed by strict rules of conduct. The armed component called [[thang-ta]] is named after the system's main weapons, the ''thang'' (sword) and ''ta'' (spear). Practitioners spar through ''cheibi gatka'' in which a foam sword is used together with a shield. Unarmed huyen lalong is called ''sarit-sarak'' and is used in conjunction with thang-ta when the fighter loses their weapon.<ref name=AG/>

;Nagaland
[[Aki Kiti]] is a semi-contact combat sport characterized by kicking and blocking solely using the soles of the feet. The word Aki Kiti means "kick fighting".

;Odisha
The Odishan martial art traces back to the ''paika'' class of warriors who were particularly known for their use of the ''khanda'' or double-edge straight sword. During times of peace, the paika would hone their skills through martial dances, forms-training and various acrobatics.<ref name="Odisha 2">{{cite journal |title=Paika Akheda the Martial Art of Odisha |journal=International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health |url=https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/2016/vol3issue4/PartF/3-4-30-564.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiVq_L07cjtAhW1kOYKHQDXD5sQFjADegQIFRAB&usg=AOvVaw2JgMxKsraaLHW13AQgTdOO |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> Their descendants have preserved these exercises in training halls called [[paika akhada]], and demonstrate them mainly through street performances. Their method of sword training called ''phari-khanda'' is still used as the first part of the [[chhau dance]]. Other weapons include the staff and guantlet-sword.<ref name="Odisha1">{{cite journal |title=Martial Traditions of Odisha |journal=Odisha Review |pages=47–49 |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/Dec/engpdf/48-50.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiVq_L07cjtAhW1kOYKHQDXD5sQFjABegQIAhAF&usg=AOvVaw1v53S3uIwal9wT032bYIBF |access-date=12 December 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

;North West India
Martial arts in northwest India and adjacent Pakistan were traditionally referred to by several terms but the most common today is ''[[Shastar Vidya|shastar vidya]]'' or "science of edged weapons".{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Swordsmen practiced their techniques either in routines using real swords, or freestyle sparring with wooden sticks called [[gatka]], a form of stick-fighting. Gatka is associated with the Sikh history and an integral part of an array of Rajput Shastar Vidya. During the colonial period, the term ''gatka'' was extended to mean northwestern martial arts in general.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Some aspects of the art, such as the unarmed techniques or fighting in armour, are today practiced almost exclusively by the [[Nihang]] order of Sikhs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Gatka incorporates several forms, each with their own set of weapons, strategies and footwork. In the late 18th century, this martial art further developed as a recreational game and University Lahore codified its rules for playing it as a game.

;Tamil Nadu
{{Infobox martial art
| image = Kathiravan.jpg
| name = சிலம்பம்
| aka = Silambattam
| focus = Traditional Weapons
| martialart = Silambam
| olympic = No
| origin =பாரத(தமிழ் நாடு)}}

The native Tamil martial art has come to be referred to as [[silambam]] after its main weapon, the bamboo staff. Training begins with footwork patterns before progressing to stances and subsequently fighting techniques. Aside from its namesake, silambam includes a variety of weapons such as the sword, twin sticks, double deer horns, whip, sword, shield and sword, dagger, flexible sword and sickle. Unarmed silambam (''kai silambam'') is based on animal movements such as the snake, eagle, tiger and elephant. Other Martial Arts of Tamil Nadu are [[Varma Kalai]], Adi Thadi, [[Malyutham]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Keeping Silambam spinning |author=Marco Ferrarese |journal=Penang Monthly |date=July 2014 |pages=20–22}}</ref> [[Valari]]veechu, Vaalveechu, Gusthi (Boxing form of Tamil Nadu, not to be confused with North Indian [[Kushti]] which is a [[Wrestling]] art). There are 64 various kind of arts mentioned in Tamil sangam literature and they are normally called as [[Kalā|aayakalaigal 64]] but most of them are now extinct and not in use nowadays.

==Influence==

[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|300px|right|Historic [[Indosphere]] cultural influence zone of [[Greater India]] for transmission of elements of Indian culture including martial arts.]]
With expansion of [[Indosphere]] cultural influence of [[Greater India]],<ref name="Hal1985">{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Hal|title=Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3|page=63}}</ref> through transmission of [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues | author = Guy, John | publisher = Metropolitan Museum of Art | year = 2014 | isbn = 9781588395245| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kapur|author2=Kamlesh|title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465|year=2010|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4910-8|page=465}}</ref> and the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]<ref name="college">{{cite journal |last=Fussman |first=Gérard | title= History of India and Greater India |journal=La Lettre du Collège de France |issue=4 |pages=24–25 |year=2008–2009 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/756 |access-date=20 December 2016|doi=10.4000/lettre-cdf.756 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref> leading to [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]] through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native [[Indianized kingdom]]s<ref>{{citation |first=Pierre-Yves |last=Manguin |chapter=From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia |title=25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO |year=2002 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> which adopted [[Sanskritization|sanskritized language]]<ref name="academia edu">{{citation |last=Lavy |first=Paul | title= As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |pages=21–39 |number=1 |year=2003 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |access-date=23 December 2015|doi=10.1017/S002246340300002X |s2cid=154819912 }}</ref> and other Indian elements<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar 1933-|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref> such as the [[Indian honorifics|honorific titles]], [[Indian name#Global Indian influence in names|Sanskritised naming of people]], [[Place names in India#Global Indian influence in place name|Sanskritised naming of places]], Sankritised institutional mottos, Sanskritised educational institute names, as well as adoption of [[#Influence|Indian martial arts]], [[Hindu temple architecture#Southeast Asia as part of Greater India|Indian architecture]], [[Music of India#Globalization of Indian music|Indian music and dance]], [[Clothing in India|traditional Indian clothing]], and [[Indian cuisine#Outside India|Indian cuisine]], a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of [[Indian diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933–|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref> The martial arts influenced by the Indian martial arts include [[Angampora]], [[Ankam]], [[Bokator]], [[Eskrima]], [[Krabi krabong]], [[Kbachkun Dambong-Veng]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]], [[Muay boran|Muay Boran]], [[Muay Thai]], [[Suntukan|Panatukan]], [[Pencak Silat]], [[Silat Melayu]], [[Thaing (Burmese)]], [[Vovinam]] etc.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Martial arts}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

===South Asian===
*[[Angampora]]
*[[Gatka]]
*[[Kalaripayattu]]
*[[Kuttu Varisai]]
*[[Mardani khel]]
*[[Shastar Vidya]]
*[[Silambam]]
*[[Sqay]]
*[[Varma kalai]]
*[[Thang-ta]]

===Non-South Asian===
*[[Banshay]]
*[[Bataireacht]]
*[[Bōjutsu]]
*[[Jūkendō]]
*[[Kendo]]
*[[Kenjutsu]]
*[[Krabi–krabong]]
*[[Tahtib]]

===Related topics===
*[[Indian physical culture]]
*[[Traditional games of South Asia]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=web}}

{{Indian martial arts}}{{South Asian topics}}{{India topics}}
{{Martial arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Martial Arts}}
[[Category:Indian martial arts| ]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Manavai Mustafa

2025-10-05T20:47:28Z

Antoniomec: Started a pg.

{{Short description|Patron of scientific Tamil literature (1935–2017)}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Elangakurichy|Ilangakurichchi]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|02|06|1935|06|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| awards = {{plainlist|
* {{Awards|[[Kalaimamani]]|1985||}}
* {{Awards|[[Thiru Vi Ka Award]]|1989||}}
}}
| occupation = [[writer]]
}}

'''Manavai Mustafa''' (15 June 1935 – 6 February 2017) was an Indian Tamil scholar, editor, and writer known for his contributions to scientific Tamil literature, linguistic development, and translation. His work included translating and editing key texts and promoting the use of Tamil in science and technology.

== Early life ==
Born on 15 June 1935 in [[Elangakurichy|Ilangakurichchi]] near [[Manapparai]], [[Madras Presidency]], Mustafa grew up in Pilathu, a village near [[Dindigul]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Anna Centenary Library {{!}} மணவை முஸ்தபா (1935 - 2017) |url=https://www.annacentenarylibrary.org/pages/view/153-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE--1935 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.annacentenarylibrary.org |language=ta}}</ref> After schooling, he received his bachelor's degree from [[Jamal Mohamed College|Jamal Mohamed College, Trichy]], and his master's degree from [[Annamalai University]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-15 |title=மணவை முஸ்தபா 10 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/226100-10-1.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> He was a student of Tamil scholar [[T. P. Meenakshisundaram]] at Annamalai University.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2017-02-06 |title=Manavai Mustafa, editor of UNESCO Courier is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Manavai-Mustafa-editor-of-UNESCO-Courier-is-no-more/article17206238.ece |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mustafa held several important positions throughout his career. He served as the managing director of the Southern Languages Book Trust for 40 years and as the editor of the magazine ''Book Friend'' for four years.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=காலத்தை வென்றவர்கள் : மணவை முஸ்தபா பிறந்த நாள் |url=https://theekkathir.in/News/tamilnadu/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D/winners-of-the-term-manavai-mustafa-birthday |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=theekkathir.in |language=ta}}</ref> For 35 years, he edited the Tamil edition of the [[UNESCO Courier]], an international monthly magazine.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> He also led the Tamil translation of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07 |title=The 'Father of scientific Tamil' who worked tirelessly for its cause |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Feb/07/the-father-of-scientific-tamil-who-worked-tirelessly-for-its-cause-1567835.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He presented research papers at seven [[World Tamil Conference]]s between 1968 and 1995.<ref name=":5" /> Mustafa also worked on [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] committees, including the Tamil Nadu Higher Education Tamil Creative Committee and the Independence Golden Jubilee Committee, both chaired by the Chief Minister.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> In 1986, he organized a seminar on "Science and Technology Exchange" at [[Anna University]].<ref name=":3" />

Mustafa contributed to media development by participating in radio programs since 1965 and serving as a science consultant for Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry Radio Station.<ref name=":5" /> He was also a senior member of the Tamil Nadu Government's Television Advisory Committee before television broadcasting began in the state. Additionally, he served on the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Film Censorship Committee]] from 1977 to 1986.<ref name=":3" />

Mustafa supported Tamil's recognition as a [[classical language]]. He began advocating for the status in 1975, writing in newspapers and magazines.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2004-11-04 |title=Recognising a classic |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30225244.ece |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> At the 1980 World Tamil Conference in [[Madurai]], he addressed the issue in the presence of then [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]], who asked him to submit a petition.<ref name=":6" /> Mustafa completed a detailed petition in 1982, outlining Tamil's qualifications based on its linguistic features compared to other classical languages. However, no immediate action was taken.<ref name=":6" />

He authored several books on Tamil, science, technology, and medicine,<ref name=":0" /> including ''Islamum Samaya Nallinakamum'' (Islam and Religious Harmony), which won second prize in the Philosophy, Religion, Mathematics, and Ethics category of the Tamil Development Department's Best Books of 1996.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web | date=2017-02-06 |title=தமிழறிஞர் மணவை முஸ்தபா மறைந்தார் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/79962-manavai-mustafa-passes-away |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref> His book ''Medical Terminology'' won first prize in the Special Publications category that same year.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> He has published eight glossaries on computers, medicine, and science and technology, and translated many books from English to Tamil including the history of the Indian National Army.<ref name=":4" /> He held leadership positions in several organizations, including the Tamil Writers’ Association and the International Tamil Research Council.<ref name=":3" /> He was the chairman of the Tamil Science Council (2006–2009) and the Scientific Tamil Foundation.<ref name=":5" /> He also served as a consultant for Tamil development at [[MGR Medical University]].<ref name=":5" />

== Recognition ==
[[File:Tamil_Nadu_government_Declaration_as_GO_for_nationalized_books_in_2010-Public_domain.pdf|thumb|Tamil Nadu government order to nationalise books of Manavai Mustafa]]
He has received more than 40 titles and awards, including [[Kalaimamani]] in 1985, Thiru. Vi. Ka. Award in 1989, Valar Tamil Selvar, Ariviyal Tamil Vidhagar Award in 1995, Raja Sir Muthaiah Chettiar Award in 1995, and the Chicago Tamil Mandram's Seva Ratna Award in 1998.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> On 31 March 2010, then [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Karunanidhi]] announced that Mustafa's books would be declared national property in recognition of his contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினமணி |date=2010-04-01 |title=எழுத்தாளர் மணவை முஸ்தபா நூல்கள் நாட்டுடைமை |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2010/Apr/01/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88-164020.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

== Death ==
Manavai Mustafa died on 6 February 2017 in [[Chennai]] at the age of 81.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustafa, Manavai}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Behadi

2025-09-29T19:27:23Z

Antoniomec: created info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Behadi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.611813394886763|N|76.95133005875758|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Behadi''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Behadi Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | title = harangaov police station phone number | date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police | archive-date = 30 November 2021 | access-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

Bawaria robberies

2025-09-26T09:33:14Z

Antoniomec: created new post

{{Short description|2005 Indian police operation}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Bawaria robberies
| place = [[Tamil Nadu]] and other parts of India
| date = 1995-2005
| type = [[Murder]], [[robbery]], and [[assault]]
| perpetrator = Bawaria gang
| reported injuries = 63
| reported death(s) = 15 (13 public, 2 perpetrators)
| sentence = [[Death penalty]] later commuted to [[life imprisonment]] for two (one died in custody, other released on appeal) and [[incarceration|prison terms]] for others
| arrests = Oma Bawaria and eight others
}}

'''Bawaria robberies''' were a series of [[robbery]], [[murder]], and [[assault]] that were perpetrated in residential areas along various [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] between 1995 and 2005. These cases of organised [[dacoity]] were carried out by a group of truck drivers from the [[Babaria|Bawaria community]]. The group looted about {{INRconvert|20|m}} across 24 robberies while killing 13 people, and injuring 63 others during the incidents.

The [[Tamil Nadu Police]] formed a special investigation team under the aegis of [[S. R. Jangid]] to capture the robbers who were wanted in multiple cases across India. The subsequent police operation resulted in the deaths of two, and arrest of eight others including the leader Oma Bawaria. The perpetrators were sentenced to various [[incarceration|prison terms]] by various courts of India.

== Incidents ==
On 7 June 1995, a gang attacked a house at [[Walajapet]] in [[Ranipet district]], and looted more than {{INRconvert|50000}} while killing one and injuring three others. A similar robbery event occurred in the same town next year. After a break of four years, the gang committed a robbery event at [[Avinashi]] in [[Coimbatore district]] in 2001. Three more incidents were reported from [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], and [[Salem district]]s in the same year.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bawaria-gang-that-struck-terror-in-suburbs-and-other-parts-of-state/article67230567.ece|title=Bawaria gang that struck terror in Chennai suburbs and other parts of TN|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 August 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Jangid">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357366886_IPJ_July-Sep-2020|title=Indian Police Journal July-September 2020|date=December 2021|volume=67|issue=3|journal=Indian Police Journal|pages=90-95|issn=0537-2429}}</ref>

The frequency increased progressively and the gang committed further eight robberies across the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] including six in [[Kongu Nadu|western]] part of the state and two in the outskirts of the capital [[Chennai]] in 2002. On 12 September 2002, the gang killed two people including a local politician, and injured six others during a robbery attempt at [[Salem, India|Salem]]. They took cash, and two [[firearms]] from the attacked house and escaped on trucks while the police responded to the crime. In 2003, the gang committed four robberies in the northern part of the state, which resulted in three deaths. In 2004, they perpetrated further crimes in and around Chennai, resulting in deaths of two people in [[Thiruverkadu]], and multiple injuries.<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Jangid"/>

In January 2005, the gang attacked the house of [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Sudarsanam in [[Tiruvallur district]].<ref name="Hindu2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gangs-from-north-india-that-struck-terror-on-tamil-nadu-highways/article68722917.ece|title=Robbery gangs from North India that struck terror on Tamil Nadu highways|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 October 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hindu3">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/operation-bawariaon-silver-screen-now/article20493784.ece|title=‘Operation Bawaria’ that inspired Karthi's Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407023154/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/operation-bawariaon-silver-screen-now/article20493784.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The perpetrators shot the legislator dead, and escaped with cash and [[jewellery]]. The gang also shot at other people who responded to the cries for help, while escaping in trucks parked about {{cvt|1|km}} away on the highway. The robbers committed another robbery at [[Bargur]] on the next night.<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Jangid"/> The gang was involved in 24 robberies since the first incident in 1995. They had stolen cash and valuables worth over {{INRconvert|20|m}}, and the events had resulted in the deaths of 13 people and 63 injuries.<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Jangid"/><ref name="Hindu2"/>

== Perpetrators ==
The perpetrators were a group of [[truck driver]]s belonging to the nomadic [[Babaria|Bawaria community]] from [[North India]].<ref name="Hindu2"/><ref name="Hindu3"/> The Bawarias were involved and wanted in multiple robberies, and shootings across various states in India.<ref name="Jangid"/> The group that committed the robberies in Tamil Nadu was led by Omprakash Bawaria (Oma).<ref name="Hindu1"/> Oma and his brother Jagadish Bawaria were already wanted in connection with various cases.<ref name="Jangid"/> The gang usually struck houses situated along [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] across [[South India]], committing robberies and murders.<ref name="Hindu3"/>

== Modus operandi ==
The gang committed the robberies while transporting goods by trucks from North to South India. After unloading the trucks, the gang targeted affluent houses along the way.<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Hindu2"/> The trucks were equipped with hidden compartments to conceal the weapons and stolen goods.<ref name="Jangid"/> They usually attacked on [[New Moon day]]s during the early hours. The trucks were parked at a safe distance from the target, and the perpetrators walked towards the target under the cover of darkness. While the leader stood watch outside the targeted house with a gun, the other members broke the front door using [[steel]] [[axe]]s, [[iron]] rods, and [[boulders]].<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Hindu2"/>

The gang robbed the houses of cash, and valuables. They attacked the residents of the house without any provocation with various weapons. They shot and killed any resident who resisted or interfered with the robbery attempt. They also shot at [[pet dogs]], and other people during the robberies. They usually conversed in their native language so that the residents would not understand.<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Hindu2"/>

== Investigation ==
In January 2005, a special investigation team was formed by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] under [[Director General of Police]] [[S. R. Jangid]].<ref name="Hindu1"/> The team consisted of four [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|deputy superintendent]]s, ten [[Inspector of Police|inspectors]], ten [[Sub-inspector|sub-inspectors]], three [[finger print]] analysts, and thirty other policemen.<ref name="Jangid"/> The investigative team analysed the mode of operations of the gang, and compared them with the known information about various criminal gangs across India. Teams were sent to various states across India to investigate similar incidents. Based on the language used by the criminals, and the usage of country made firearms, and iron rods, the police suspected the involvement of Bawarias.<ref name="Jangid"/><ref name="Hindu2"/>

As the Bawarias originated from the North Indian states, several teams headed by deputy superintendent were sent to the states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to try and identify the culprits.<ref name="Jangid"/><ref name="Hindu4">{{cite news|title=Dacoit, associate killed in encounter near Meerut|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Dacoit-associate-killed-in-encounter-near-Meerut/article15735905.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=20 November 2017|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120093433/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Dacoit-associate-killed-in-encounter-near-Meerut/article15735905.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the fingerprints recovered at the scene, the team tried to match them with the available criminal records. By the way of manual comparison of fingerprints with the records from the inmates of various prisons, the team identified Ashok Bawaria, whose fingerprint was recorded in 1996 when he was lodged at a prison in [[Agra]]. Based on the details, a police team was dispatched to [[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]] in Rajasthan.<ref name="Jangid"/>

== Capture ==
With aid from [[Rajasthan Police]], the special investigation team arrested Ashok Bawaria and organiser Dharam Singh Bawaria in February 2005. Based on the confessions of the arrested members, the police uncovered the mode of operations of the robbers. The police also seized four trucks that were used in the robbery from various parts of the country. The police identified the other perpetrators using the documents, and call records of the [[sim card]]s seized from the arrested.<ref name="Jangid"/>

Gudu Bawaria was arrested near [[Paliwal]] in March 2005, and based on the information provided by him, the police arrested other members of the gang including Jagadish in August 2005 in [[Pune]].<ref name="Jangid"/> The leader of the gang Oma and his wife were captured during a raid in coordination with [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] in [[Kannauj]] in September 2005.<ref name="Hindu5">{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu police arrest Oma Bawaria in U.P.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/10/stories/2005091004870400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120062945/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/10/stories/2005091004870400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2017|access-date=16 December 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/inter-state-dacoit-nabbed/articleshow/1226336.cms|title=Inter state dacoit nabbed|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2005|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Over the course of the next few years, the police team arrested more members of the gang.<ref name="Hindu4"/> About 13 people were arrested in connection with the case, while the hunt for the other accused continued.<ref name="Jangid"/>

In March 2012, the police intercepted gang members Vijay and Bsura Bawaria near [[Meerut]]. When the suspects opened fire against the police, the police returned fire and both of them were killed.<ref name="Hindu4"/> As of 2021, 14 of the accused had still not been captured.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bawaria-case-madras-hc-raps-cops-for-inaction/articleshow/80126095.cms|title=Madras HC raps cops for inaction|date=6 January 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Trial and sentencing ==
The accused were charged under sections 395 to 397 of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name="Case">{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/67441930/|title=Oma @ Omprakash & Anr vs State Of Tamilnadu on 11 December, 2012|work=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In 2006, a special sessions court awarded [[death penalty]] for Oma and Ashok Bawaria, and [[incarceration|prison terms]] for the other accused.<ref name="Hindu1"/><ref name="Jangid"/> The [[Madras High Court]] later commuted the death sentences to [[life imprisonment]].<ref name="Jangid"/><ref name="Case"/> While Oma died in custody, Ashok appealed against the verdict in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. In December 2012, the Supreme Court set aside the verdict of the lower courts due to non establishment of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. As the accused had already served eight years in prison, the court ordered his release.<ref name="Case"/> In 2021, Jagadish petitioned the Madras High Court for a release as the appeal is pending and he had served more than 15 years in prison.<ref name="TOI"/>

== In popular culture ==
The 2017 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' directed by [[H. Vinoth]] was based on the incidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-director-vinoth-talks-about-his-fascination-for-real-life-stories-4212675.html|title=Theeran Adhigaram Ondru: Director Vinoth talks about his fascination for real-life stories|work=Firstpost|access-date=20 November 2017|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224008/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/theeran-adhigaram-ondru-director-vinoth-talks-about-his-fascination-for-real-life-stories-4212675.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=‘Operation Bawaria’ that inspired Karthi's Theeran Adhyaayam Ondru|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/operation-bawariaon-silver-screen-now/article20493784.ece|accessdate=18 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2017|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116221242/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/operation-bawariaon-silver-screen-now/article20493784.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1990 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2000 crimes in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]