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Jñāna yoga

2026-05-30T00:19:51Z

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{{Short description|One of three classical paths for moksha in Hinduism}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Hinduism_small}}

'''Jnana yoga''' ({{IAST3|Jñāna yoga}}), also known as '''jnana''' '''''marga''''' ({{IAST|jñāna mārga}}), is one of the [[Three Yogas|three classical paths]] (''[[Spirituality#Hinduism|margas]]'') for [[moksha]] (liberation)<ref name="rajup7">{{cite book |author=P.T. Raju |title=Structural Depths of Indian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju |url-access=registration |year=1985 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-139-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/7 7]–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jeaneane D. Fowler |title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C&pg=PA89 |year=2012 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-346-1 |pages=89–93}}</ref> in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], which emphasizes the "path of knowledge"{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=127}} or the "path of self-realization".<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p321">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n393 321], 93–94}}</ref> The other two are [[karma yoga]] (path of action, ''karma-mārga'') and [[bhakti yoga]] (path of loving devotion to a personal god, ''bhakti-mārga'').<ref name="rajup7"/>{{sfn |Matilal |2005 |p=4928}}<ref name="Klostermaier2007p119">{{cite book |author=Klaus K. Klostermaier |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&pg=PA119 |year= 2007 |publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4 |pages=119–120}}</ref> Modern interpretations of Hindu texts have led the fourfold classification to include [[Raja yoga]], that is, meditation as described in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roderick Hindery |title=Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC |year=1978 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0866-9 |pages=26–27}}</ref>

''Jñāna yoga'' is a spiritual practice that pursues knowledge through questions such as 'Who am I?' and 'What am I?' among others.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Dewey Mann |title=The Light of Consciousness: Explorations in Transpersonal Psychology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAALjKE7npkC&pg=PA21 |year=1984 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-87395-905-6 |pages=21–25}}</ref><ref name=ravi3/> The practitioner studies usually with the aid of a [[guru]], meditates, reflects, and reaches liberating insights on the nature of the Self (Atman, soul) and its relationship to the metaphysical concept called [[Brahman]] in Hinduism.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p321"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Phillips |title=Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |year=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14485-8 |pages=178–182}}</ref><ref name=ravi3>'''[a]''' {{cite book |author=Ravi Dykema |title=Yoga for Fitness and Wellness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuYgIFkhBsQC&pg=PA10 |year=2011 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=978-0-8400-4811-0 |pages=10–11}}; '''[b]''' {{cite book |author1=Orlando O. Espín |author2=James B. Nickoloff |title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA676 |year=2007 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7 |page=676}}; '''[c]''' {{cite book |author=John M. Rector |title=The Objectification Spectrum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMykAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935542-6 |pages=198–201}}</ref> The ''jñāna-mārga'' ideas are discussed in ancient and medieval-era [[Hindu]] scriptures and texts such as the [[Upanishads]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p321"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Jean Varenne |title=Yoga and the Hindu Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meUWxDDqzuAC&pg=PA234 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0543-9 |page=234}}</ref><ref name=perrett45>{{cite book |author=Roy W. Perrett |title=Indian Philosophy of Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDWSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-009-2458-1 |pages=44–51}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[Jnana]], sometimes transcribed as ''gyaan'' or ''gnan'', means "[[knowledge]]" in [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Apte|1965|p=457}} The root [[:wikt:ज्ञान|jna-]] is cognate to the English ''[[:wikt:know|know]]'', as well as to the Greek [[:wikt:γιγνώσκω|γνώ-]] (as in γνῶσις ''[[gnosis]]''). Its antonym is ''ajnana'' "ignorance".

==Definition==
''Jnana'' is knowledge, which refers to any cognitive event that is correct and true over time. It particularly refers to knowledge inseparable from the total experience of its object, especially about reality (non-theistic schools) or a supreme being (theistic schools).<ref name="brittanica on jnana">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304133/jnana |title=jnana (Indian religion) |work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> In Hinduism, it is knowledge which gives [[Moksha]], or spiritual liberation while alive ([[jivanmukti]]) or after death ([[videhamukti]]).{{sfn|Matilal|2005|p=4928}} Jñāna yoga is the path towards attaining ''jnana''.

It is one of the three classical types of [[yoga]] mentioned in [[Hindu]] philosophies, the other two being [[karma yoga]] and [[bhakti]].{{sfn|Matilal|2005|p=4928}} In modern classifications, [[classical yoga]], being called [[Raja yoga]], is mentioned as a fourth one, an extension introduced by Swami [[Vivekananda]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}}

[[Classical yoga]] emphasizes the practice of [[Dhyana in Hinduism (Self-knowledge)|dhyana]] (meditation), and this is an element of all three classical paths in Hinduism, including ''jñāna yoga''.{{sfn|Matilal|2005|p=4928}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=73}} In the Bhagavad Gita, ''jnana'' is equated with [[samkhya]] (yoga), the discernment of [[purusha]], pure consciousness, as different from [[prakriti]], matter and material desires. This discernment is possible when the mind has been calmed by the practice of ''dhyana'', meditation.

According to Jones and Ryan, ''jnana'' in ''jnana yoga'' context is better understood as "realization or gnosis", referring to a "path of study" wherein one knows the unity between self and ultimate reality called Brahman in Hinduism. This explanation is found in the ancient [[Upanishad]]s and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=2, 215}} This is typical for Advaita Vedanta, where ''jnana'' involves the recognition of the identity of ''jivatman'' and Brahman. According to Bimal Matilal, ''jnana yoga'' in [[Advaita Vedanta]] connotes both primary and secondary sense of its meaning, that is "self-consciousness, awareness" in the absolute sense and relative "intellectual understanding" respectively.{{sfn|Matilal|2005|p=4928}} While contemporary Advaita Vedanta and neo-Vedanta incorporate meditation, Adi Shankara relied on insight alone, based on the [[Mahavakya]]. Neo-Advaita also emphasizes direct insight.{{refn|group=note|See for example [[H. W. L. Poonja]], who regarded knowledge alone to be enough for liberation.}}

Of the three different paths to liberation, ''jnana marga'' and ''karma marga'' are the more ancient, traceable to Vedic era literature.<ref name="Klostermaier2007p119"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> All three paths are available to any seeker, chosen based on inclination, aptitude and personal preference,<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|pages=371–373}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=nadkarni45>{{cite book|author=M. V. Nadkarni|title=The Bhagavad-Gita for the Modern Reader: History, interpretations and philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x_EwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT46| year=2016|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-315-43898-6|pages= 45–46}}</ref> and typically elements of all three to varying degrees are practiced by many Hindus.<ref name="Klostermaier2007p119"/><ref name="Fowler2012xl">{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C|year=2012|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-346-1|pages=xxviii, xl–xliv}}</ref>

The path of knowledge is intended for those who prefer philosophical reflection, and it requires study and meditation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|pages=334–335, 371–373}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=nadkarni45/><ref>{{cite book|author=Yuvraj Krishan|title=The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC |year=1997|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=978-81-208-1233-8|pages=112–114}}</ref>

Jnana yoga encourages its adepts [[Illeism|to think and speak of themselves in the third person]] as a way to distance themselves from the Ego and detach their [[Immortality|eternal]] self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]) from the body related one ([[Maya (illusion)|maya]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Maya? |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/what-is-maya-1#:~:text=Maya%2C%20the%20material%20energy%2C%20is,spiritual%20or%20the%20material%20energy. |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT |access-date=3 November 2020 |date=28 January 2011}}</ref>

==Upanishads==
In the [[Upanishads]], ''jnana yoga'' aims at the realization of the oneness of the individual self (Atman) and the ultimate Self (Brahman).{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=511}} These teachings are found in the [[Principal Upanishads|early Upanishads]].<ref name=ravi3/> According to Chambliss, the mystical teachings within these Upanishads discuss "the way of knowledge of the Self", a union, the realization that the Self (Atman) and the Brahman are logical.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.J. Chambliss|title=Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzKTbwprbqYC&pg=PA271 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51168-4|page=271}}</ref>

The teachings in the Upanishads have been interpreted in a number of ways, ranging from non-theistic monism to theistic dualism.<ref name=perrett45/><ref name=horosz257/> In former, rituals are not necessary, and a path of introspection and meditation is emphasized for the correct knowledge (''jnana'') of self. In latter, it is the full and correct knowledge of a Vishnu avatar or Shiva or Shakti (Goddess) that is emphasized. In all its various interpretations, the paths are not necessarily mutually exclusive. A ''Jnana yogi'' may also practice ''Karma yoga'' or ''Bhakti yoga'' or both, and differing levels of emphasis.<ref name=perrett45/><ref name=horosz257>{{cite book|author1=W. Horosz|author2=Tad Clements|title=Religion and Human Purpose: A Cross Disciplinary Approach|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o5-hBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|year= 2012|publisher= Springer Science|isbn=978-94-009-3483-2|pages=257–258}}</ref>

According to Robert Roeser, the precepts of Jnana yoga in Hinduism were likely systematized by about 500 BCE, earlier than Karma yoga and Bhakti yoga.<ref>Robert W. Roeser (2005), An introduction to Hindu Indiaís contemplative psychological perspectives on motivation, self, and development, in M.L. Maehr & S. Karabenick (Eds.), ''Advances in Motivation and Achievement'', Volume 14: Religion and Motivation, Amsterdam: Elsevier, {{ISBN|978-07623-12-597}}, pp 305-308</ref>

==Bhagavad Gita==
In the Bhagavad Gita, ''jnana yoga'' is also referred to as ''buddhi yoga'' and its goal is self-realization.<ref>{{cite book |author=M.V. Nadkarni |title=The Bhagavad-Gita for the Modern Reader: History, interpretations and philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_EwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT266 |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-43898-6 |page=266}}</ref> The text considers ''jnana marga'' as the most difficult, slow, confusing for those who prefer it because it deals with "formless reality". It is the path that intellectually oriented people tend to prefer.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eknath Easwaran|title=Essence of the Bhagavad Gita: A Contemporary Guide to Yoga, Meditation, and Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcvJAAAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=Nilgiri Press|isbn=978-1-58638-068-7|pages=118, 281}}</ref>

The chapter 4 of the ''Bhagavad Gita'' is dedicated to the general exposition of Jnana yoga, while chapters 7 and 16 discuss its theological and [[Value theory|axiological]] aspects.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeaneane D. Fowler |title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C&pg=PA88 |year=2012 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-346-1 |pages=72–90}}</ref><ref name="Chapple2009xxviii">{{cite book|author=Winthrop Sargeant |editor=Christopher Key Chapple |title=The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JoicgCMZ5cC |year=2009 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0 |pages=xiii-xvii, xxviii–xxix, 223–241, 610–612}}</ref><ref name="Robinson2014">{{cite book |author=Catherine A. Robinson |title=Interpretations of the Bhagavad-Gita and Images of the Hindu Tradition: The Song of the Lord |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKHKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |year=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-134-27891-6 |pages=50–57, 117–119}}</ref> [[Krishna]] says that jñāna is the purest, and a discovery of one's [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]:

{{blockquote|
Truly, there is nothing here as pure as knowledge.
In time, he who is perfected in yoga finds that in his own Atman.
|''Bhagavad Gita 4.38''|Translator: Jeaneane D. Fowler<ref>{{cite book |author=Jeaneane D. Fowler |title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C&pg=PA88 |year=2012 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-84519-346-1 |page=89}}</ref>}}

==Traditions==
The [[Advaita]] philosopher [[Adi Shankara]] gave primary importance to jñāna yoga for the "knowledge of the absolute" ([[Brahman]]), while the [[Vishishtadvaita]] commentator [[Ramanujar]] perceived knowledge only as a condition of devotion.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=127}}

===Classical Advaita Vedanta===

====Behaviors====
Classical Advaita Vedanta emphasises the path of Jnana Yoga to attain [[moksha]]. It consists of fourfold attitudes,<ref name=maharaj82/> or behavioral qualifications:{{sfn|Puligandla|1997|pp=251–254}}<ref name=davis38>{{cite book |author=Leesa S. Davis |title=Advaita Vedanta and Zen Buddhism: Deconstructive Modes of Spiritual Inquiry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_kHcG0tspgC&pg=PA38 |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-2068-8 |pages=38–39}}</ref>
# Discrimination (''{{IAST|Nityānitya vastu viveka}}'' (नित्यानित्य वस्तु विवेकम्), or simply ''viveka'') — The ability to correctly discern ([[viveka]]) between the unchanging, permanent, eternal (''nitya'') and the changing, transitory, temporary (''[[impermanence|anitya]]'').
# Dispassion of fruits (''{{IAST|Ihāmutrārtha phala bhoga virāga}}'' (इहाऽमुत्रार्थ फल भोगविरागम्), or simply ''[[vairagya]]'') — The dispassionate indifference (''[[vairagya]]'') to the fruits, to enjoyments of objects (''artha phala bhoga'') or to the other worlds (''amutra'') after rebirth.
# Six virtues (''{{IAST|Śamādi ṣatka sampatti}}'' (शमादि षट्क सम्पत्ति), or simply ''satsampat'') —
## ''Śama'', [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]] of mind
## ''Dama'', temperance of sense organs (voluntary self-restraints{{refn|group=note|Example self-restraints mentioned in Hindu texts: one must refrain from any violence that causes injury to others, refrain from starting or propagating deceit and falsehood, refrain from theft of other's property, refrain from sexually cheating on one's partner, and refrain from avarice.<ref name=mhws>Heim, M. (2005), Differentiations in Hindu ethics, in William Schweiker (Editor), The Blackwell companion to religious ethics, {{ISBN|0-631-21634-0}}, Chapter 35, pp 341-354</ref><ref name=jlh>James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing New York, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 777</ref><ref>Rao, G. H. (1926), The Basis of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, 37(1), pp 19-35</ref>}})
## ''[[Uparati]]'', withdrawal of mind from sensory objects{{refn|group=note|''nivartitānāmeteṣāṁ tadvyatiriktaviṣayebhya uparamaṇamuparatirathavā vihitānāṁ karmaṇāṁ vidhinā parityāgaḥ''[Vedāntasāra, 21]}}
## ''[[Titiksha|Titikṣa]]'', forbearance
## ''[[Śraddhā]]'', faith
## ''[[Samadhana|Samādhāna]]'', concentration of mind
# Drive, longing (''{{IAST|Mumukṣutva}}'' (मुमुक्षुत्वम्)) — intense yearning for ''moksha'' from the state of ignorance<ref name=maharaj82>{{cite journal |last=Maharaj |first=A |title=Śrī Harṣa contra Hegel: Monism, Skeptical Method, and the Limits of Reason |journal=Philosophy East and West |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=64 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=88, context: pp. 82–108 |doi=10.1353/pew.2014.0010 |s2cid=170532752 |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/MAHRHC}}</ref>

====Practices====
''Jnanayoga'' for Advaitins consists of three practices:<ref name=davis38/> ''sravana'' (hearing), ''manana'' (thinking) and ''nididhyasana'' (meditation).{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=xvii}} This three-step methodology is rooted in the teachings of chapter 4 of the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'':<ref name="RaoParanjpe2015p6"/><ref>{{cite book |author=John A. Grimes |title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&pg=PA99 |year=1996 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5 |pages=98–99}}</ref>
*''Sravana'' literally means hearing, and broadly refers to perception and observations typically aided by a counsellor or teacher ([[guru]]),{{sfn|Deutsch |1973|pp=106–110}} wherein the Advaitin listens and discusses the ideas, concepts, questions and answers.{{sfn|Mayeda |1992|p=xvii}}<ref name="RaoParanjpe2015p6"/>
*''Manana'' refers to thinking on these discussions and contemplating over the various ideas based on ''svadhyaya'' and ''sravana''.<ref name="RaoParanjpe2015p6">{{cite book |author1=K. Ramakrishna Rao |author2=Anand C. Paranjpe |title=Psychology in the Indian Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4KBCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-2440-2 |pages=6–7, 177–178, 215}}</ref>{{sfn|Deutsch |1973|pp=106–110}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert P. Waxler|author2=Maureen P. Hall|title=Transforming Literacy: Changing Lives Through Reading and Writing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dB7gXgmOhR4C&pg=PA105 |year=2011 |publisher=Emerald |isbn=978-0-85724-628-8 |pages=105–106}}</ref>
*''Nididhyāsana'' refers to meditation,<ref group=web>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100234232 Oxford Index, ''nididhyāsana'']</ref> realization and consequent conviction of the truths, non-duality and a state where there is a fusion of thought and action, knowing and being.{{sfn|Dalal|2009|p=16}}<ref name="RaoParanjpe2015p6"/>

These practices, with the help of a [[guru]] are believed to lead to correct knowledge, which destroys ''avidya'', psychological and perceptual errors related to Atman and Brahman.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Śaṅkarācārya|author2=Sengaku Mayeda|title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-8120827714|pages=78–79}}</ref>

===Shaivism===
Both the theistic and monistic streams of [[Shaivism]] include ''jnana yoga'' ideas, along with those related to ''karma yoga'', and in the case of Saiva Siddhanta ideas related to ''bhakti yoga''. The Shaivism traditions do not consider renunciation necessary for practicing jnana yoga, leaving ascetic yogi lifestyle optional.<ref name="Sivaraman1973p392"/> Spirituality can be pursued along with active life (''karma''), according to Shaiva traditions, and it believes that this does not hinder ones ability to journey towards self (Shiva within) realization. The traditions dwell into this integration of karma yoga with jnana yoga, such as by ranking daily behavior and activity that is done by choice and when not necessary as higher in spiritual terms than activity that is impulsive or forced.<ref name="Sivaraman1973p392">{{cite book|author=K. Sivaraman|title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C|year=1973|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1771-5|pages=371, 392–397}}</ref>

The methodology of sravana, manana and nididhyasana similar to Advaita Vedanta are also found in various traditions of Shaivism. However, ''nistha'' or ''samadhi'' is sometimes added in Shaiva methodology.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. Sivaraman|title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C|year=1973|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1771-5|pages=384, 388–391}}</ref> The meditational aspects of Shaivism focus on the [[Nirguna Brahman|nirguna]] form of Supreme Reality (Shiva).<ref name="Schomer1987p57"/>

===Vaishnavism===
The ''Pancharatra'' ([[Agama (Hinduism)|agama]]) texts of [[Vaishnavism]], along with its Bhagavata (Krishna, Rama, Vishnu) tradition, are strongly influenced by ''jnana yoga'' ideas of the Upanishads.<ref name="Schomer1987p57">{{cite book|author1=Karine Schomer|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC&pg=PA57| year=1987| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0277-3|pages=57, 42–43, 140–141}}</ref> However, Vaishnavism also incorporates Bhakti yoga concepts of loving devotion to the divine Supreme personally selected by the devotee, in [[Saguna Brahman|saguna]] form, both in silent meditational and musical expressive styles.<ref name="Schomer1987p57"/>

The aim of jnana yoga in Vaishnavism differs from that in other schools. Advaita, for example, considers jnana yoga as the path to nondual self-knowledge and moksha. Vaishnavism, in contrast, considers it a condition of devotion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/127 127]}}</ref>

===Shaktism===
The Shaktism literature on goddess such as ''Kularnava Tantra'' highlight ''jnana marga'' as important to liberation. It differentiates between two kinds of ''jnana'': one it calls knowledge that comes from Agama texts, and another it names ''viveka'' (insight). The Shaktism literature then adds that both lead to the knowledge of Brahman, but the first one is in the form of sound (''shabdabrahman''), while the insight from within is the ultimate truth (''parabrahman'').<ref>{{cite book|author=June McDaniel|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA98 |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5|pages=98–99}}</ref>

Some Shakta texts, such as the ''[[Sita Upanishad]]'', combine yoga of action and knowledge as a path to liberation. The ''[[Devi Gita]]'', a classic text of Shaktism, dedicates chapter 4 to ''Jnana yoga'', stating that a Jnana yogi understands and realizes that there is no difference between the individual soul and herself as the supreme Self.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheever Mackenzie Brown|title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC&pg=PA161 |year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5|pages=161–162, for full context and translations: 150–163}}</ref> The discussion of Jnana yoga continues through the later chapters of the ''Devi Gita''.<ref>{{cite book|author=C. Mackenzie Brown|title=Song of the Goddess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_RbuTCk2BAC&pg=PA18|year= 2012|publisher= State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8851-5|pages=18–23}}</ref>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bhakti yoga]]
* [[Diamond Sutra]] Perfection of Wisdom
* [[Ramana Maharshi]]
* [[Yoga Vasistha]]
* [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |year=1965 |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0567-4 }} (Fourth revised and enlarged edition).
* {{Cite journal |last=Basu |first=Asoke |date=June 2004 |title= Advaita Vedanta and Ethics|journal= Religion East and West|issue=4 |pages= 91–105 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Dalal |first=Neil|year=2009|title=Contemplative Practice and Textual Agency in Advaita Vedanta|journal=Method and Theory in the Study of Religion|volume=21|pages=15–27|doi=10.1163/157006809X416788 }}
* {{Citation |last=Deutsch |first=Eliot |year=1973 |title=Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0271-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice |year=2001 |publisher=Hohm Press |location=Prescott, Arizona |isbn= 1-890772-18-6}} (Unabridged, New Format Edition).
* {{Citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Flood |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43878-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
* {{Citation |editor-last1=Jones |editor-first1=Constance |editor-last2=Ryan |editor-first2=James D. |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing}}
* {{Citation |last=Mayeda |first=Sengaku |year=1992 |chapter=An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Sankara |editor-first=Sengaku |editor-last=Mayeda |title=A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara |publisher=State University of New York City Press |isbn=0-7914-0944-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/thousandteaching00sank }}
* {{Citation |last=Matilal |first=Bimal Krishna |year=2005 |chapter=Jnana |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |title=MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions |publisher=MacMillan}}
* {{Citation |last=De Michelis |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth de Michelis |year=2005 |title=A History of Modern Yoga |publisher=Continuum}}
* {{cite book |last=Puligandla |first=Ramakrishna |year=1985 |title=Jñâna-Yoga—The Way of Knowledge (An Analytical Interpretation)|publisher=University Press of America|location=New York |isbn=0-8191-4531-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Puligandla |first=Ramakrishna |year=1997 |title=Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy |place=New Delhi |publisher=D.K. Printworld }}
* {{cite book |last=Varenne |first=Jean |author2=Derek Coltman |title= Yoga and the Hindu Tradition |year=1976 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-85114-1}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web}}













{{Yoga}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Yoga paths]]

Kalai Kathiravan

2026-05-07T14:30:28Z

Antoniojaw: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalai Kathiravan
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
| predecessor = S. Palani Nadar
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Kalai Kathiravan''' is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]] representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.Kalai Kathiravan(DMK):Constituency- TENKASI(TENKASI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1335 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kathiravan won the [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]] seat in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He received 79,699 votes and defeated S. Selva Mohandas Pandian of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by a margin of 10,299 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tenkasi Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Tamil Nadu (Tenkasi) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tenkasi-election-result-live-updates-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-results-winner-10669785/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenkasi Assembly Election 2026: Candidates List, MLA, Seat Details, Results & Vote Share |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu/tenkasi-constituency-result-33222 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathiravan, Kalai}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Hiranna Nimal

2026-05-06T20:22:52Z

Antoniojaw: Creating - done

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name=
|image=H M NIMAL.jpg
|birth_date={{birth date|1935|08|20|df=yes}}
|birth_place=
|death_date={{death date and age|2010|06|14|1935|08|20|df=yes}}
|death_place=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
|height=
|position=
|currentclub=
|youthclubs1=
|youthyears1=
|clubs1=
|years1=
|caps(goals)1=
|nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalyears1=
|nationalcaps(goals)1=
|updated=
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field Hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[1962 Asian Games|1962 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|Team]]}}
}}
{{referenced|date=April 2012}}

'''Hiranna M. Nimal''' (20 August 1935 – 14 June 2010) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player from [[Maharashtra]].

==Family==
Hiranna Nimal came from a family of field hockey players. He was the son of Mogalanna Nimal. He was born and brought up in Pune and later moved to Mumbai in 1957.

==Career==

===International level===
1957 Represented Indian Camp for [[Moscow Youth Festival]].

1958 Represented I.H.F. for all India Tour.

1959 Represented India for [[East Africa Tour]], WINNER.

1959 Represented Indian Hockey Camp for [[Europe Tour]].

1960 Represented India Camp for [[I.H.F]]. Presidents Eleven for Rome Olympics.

1961 Represented Maharashtra state for [[Ceylon Tour]], Gold Medal.

1962 Represented India for International Hockey Tournament held at Ahmedabad, WINNER.

1962 Represented India for Tours of Malaysia and Singapore, WINNER.

1962 Represented (IV) [[1962 Asian Games]], Jakarta, Indonesia, SILVER MEDALIST.

===National level===

1953–1956, Represented Maharashtra state for National Hockey Championship, three consecutive years. Winners.

1956 Represented Maharashtra as captain of Junior Team in the National Hockey Championship. Winners.

1956 Represented Kirkeeans for Maharashtra League Championship. Winners.

1956 Represented Poona Police Hockey Team for D.J.Spencer Cup. Runner-up.

1957 Represented Indian Railways in for Dhyanchand Memorial Hockey Tournament held at Delhi. Runner-up.

1957 Represented Asian Railway Games – Delhi.

1958 Represented Western Railway for Aga Khan Tournament. Winner.

1958 Represented Indian Railways for Rangaswami Cup. Winner.

1959 Represented Western Railway for 25th National Hockey Championship organized by "Railway Sports Control Board"

1957–1966 Represented National Tournaments held by Indian Railways.

1962 Represented Western Railways for Home Ministers Cup. Winner.

1962–64 Represented Western Rly. As captain of Hockey Team.

1957–66 Member of Indian Railways Hockey Team.

1965 Represented Bombay XI in Nehru Memorial Hockey Tournament held at Delhi. Winner.

In 1965 while Nimal was playing domestic tournament against Tata Sports Club he suffered a complex Fracture of his left hand, which was a major blow to his career, but he continued playing.

1966 Represented Indian Railways for National Hockey Championship held at Pune. Winner.

1970 Represented Western Rly. For 75th Beighton Cup. Winner.

1970 Represented Western Rly. For Inter Railway Hockey Tournament. Runner-up.

===Appointments on Ad Hoc Committee ===

1977 Member of selection committee of [[Indian Railways Hockey Board]]

1977 Manager of Junior team of Indian Railways for National Championship held at Madras.
Appointed as coach of Maharashtra state.

1991 Manager for Indian Railways women's Hockey Team for [[Gangotri Devi All India Hockey Tournament]] held at Gorakhpur. Winners.

=== Legacy ===
Nimal played primarily as a left half and was active in competitive field hockey for approximately 17 years. In addition to his professional career, he contributed to the development of the sport by providing voluntary coaching to schools and colleges.

[http://zeenews.india.com/news/sports/former-hockey-international-nimal-passes-away_634268.html Obituary]

{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927225150/http://www.espnstar.com/other-sports/news/detail/item454477/Former-hockey-player-Nimal-passes-away/ Obituary]}}

==References==
*[http://www.hockeyindia.org/ Hockey India Official Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101011449/http://www.indfy.com/maharashtra/sports.html]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085416/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130814/sports-other-sports/gallery/greatest-indian-athletes-independence]

{{India FH Squad 1962 Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nimal, Hiranna}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

Binodiini (film)

2026-05-04T16:20:18Z

Antoniojaw: starting the info basic info.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali biographical drama film by Ram Kamal Mukherjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan
| image = Binodiini - Ekti Natir Upakhyan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
| producer = Prateek Chakravorty [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
| story = Priyanka Poddar '''Additional screenplay:''' Ram Kamal Mukherjee
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rukmini Maitra]]|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]|[[Rahul Bose]] |[[Om Sahani]]}}
| music = Sourendro Soumyojit
| narrator = [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
| cinematography = Soumik Halder
| editing = Pronoy Dasgupta
| studio = Dev Entertainment Ventures Pramod Films [[Assorted Motion Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|01|23}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = {{INR|1.50}} [[crore]]<ref name=":0"/>
| gross = {{INR|2.55}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=বিনোদিনী নাকি সত্যি বলে সত্যি কিছু নেই, জানুয়ারিতে বাংলা বক্স অফিসে বাজিমাত কার? সৃজিত না রুক্মিণী |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bengali-box-office-collection-which-movie-collection-is-more-binodiini-vs-sotti-bole-sotti-kichu-nei-31738411873270.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
}}

'''''Binodiini''''', stylized as '''''Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan''''' ({{translation|'''''Binodini: Tale of a Theater Artist'''''}}), is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[biographical drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] in his directorial debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halve |first1=Anushka |title=Raj Kamal Mukherjee on 'Binodiini - Ekti Natir Upakhyan' and How the 19th-Century Actress Finally Got the Honour She Deserved |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/raj-kamal-mukherjee-on-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-and-how-the-19th-century-actress-finally-got-the-honour-she-deserved |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=24 January 2025}}</ref> Produced by [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and Prateek Chakraborty under the banners of Dev Entertainment Ventures and Pramod Films respectively, in association with [[Assorted Motion Pictures]], it stars [[Rukmini Maitra]] in the [[Title character|titular role]] with [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Mir Afsar Ali]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] and [[Om Sahani]] in another pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Dev Entertainment Ventures unveils poster of film Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan |url=https://e2india.com/news/entertainment/dev-entertainment-ventures-unveils-poster-of-film-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Employment & Education |language=en-US |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124055057/https://e2india.com/news/entertainment/dev-entertainment-ventures-unveils-poster-of-film-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film narrates the life of the renowned theatre artist [[Binodini Dasi]], celebrated for defying societal norms and conventions, and chronicles her journey from a courtesan to the queen of Bengali theatre, highlighting her struggles, passions, betrayals, and triumphs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Rahul Bose, Kaushik Ganguly, Mir and Om join Ram Kamal's Binodiini biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rahul-bose-kaushik-ganguly-mir-and-om-join-ram-kamals-binodiini-biopic/articleshow/97597428.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was announced in 2018,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Halder |first=Deep |date=2024-12-14 |title=Bengali theatre 'betrayed' Binodini Dasi. Bangla film promises to do her justice |url=https://theprint.in/feature/bengali-theatre-betrayed-binodini-dasi-bangla-film-promises-to-do-her-justice/2401215/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> with [[principal photography]] commencing in February 2023 and concluding by the end of March the same year. Filming primarily took place in [[Kolkata]], with some portions being filmed in [[Varanasi]]. The cinematography is helmed by Soumik Halder, while the musical score is composed by the duo Sourendro–Soumyojit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Ram Kamal's next magnum opus Binodiini is the biggest from Bengal - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ram-kamals-next-magnum-opus-binodiini-is-the-biggest-from-bengal-138390.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

''Binodiini'' was released on 23 January 2025, coinciding with [[Netaji Jayanti]] alongside ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Binodiini - Ekti Natir Upakhyan' trailer: Rukmini Maitra plays Bengali theatre icon |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-portrays-first-celebrated-actress-of-bengali-theatre-in-ram-kamal-mukherjee-directed-biopic/cid/2076910 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rukmini Maitra]] as [[Binodini Dasi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-05 |title=Rukmini Maitra to star in Binodini Dasi biopic, co-produced by rumoured boyfriend Dev Adhikari |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rukmini-maitra-to-star-in-binodini-dasi-biopic-backed-by-rumoured-boyfriend-dev-101662376090477.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331120743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rukmini-maitra-to-star-in-binodini-dasi-biopic-backed-by-rumoured-boyfriend-dev-101662376090477.html |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>
** Swara Bhattacharya as Puti (younger Binodini)
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]] as [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Ranga Babu
* [[Mir Afsar Ali]] as Gurumukh Rai
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as [[Ramakrishna|Ramkrishna Paramhansa]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Chandan Roy Sanyal on his role in Binodiini: 'It's a divine call' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/chandan-roy-sanyal-bengali-film-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-is-a-divine-calling-23457801 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Om Sahani]] as Kumar Bahadur
* Gautam Halder as Dasu Neogi
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Ganga Bai
* Rupsa Chatterjee as Kanaklata
* Tapati Munshi as Binodini's grandmother
* Swati Mukherjee as Binodini's mother
* Ashim Roy Chowdhury as Rasaraj Amritalal}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement ===
The film was first announced by Ram Kamal Mukherjee in 2018. In September 2022, it was revealed that [[Rukmini Maitra]] had been cast in the lead role. The official announcement was made with a motion poster featuring Rukmini as [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], one of the iconic characters portrayed by [[Binodini Dasi]] on stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rukmini Maitra on Binodiini – Ekti Natir Upakhyan: It's a dream-come-true project for me |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rukmini-maitra-on-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-its-a-dream-come-true-project-for-me/f9505395f0555 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মহাপ্রভু চৈতন্যের অবতারে রুক্মিণী, রামকমলের পরিচালনায় 'নটী বিনোদিনী' তে বড় চমক প্রযোজক দেবের |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/bengali-cinema/rukmini-maitra-becomes-ram-kamal-mukherjee-s-film-binodiini-first-poster-out-brd-rhq5xh/articleshow-r6dcil |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Asianet News Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> To prepare for the role, Rukmini learned Indian classical dance and studied several books about women of that era.<ref>{{Cite web |author=A. O. L. Staff |date=2022-09-05 |title=Rukmini Maitra to Lead Ram Kamal Mukherjee's Bengali Theater Actor Biopic 'Binodiini' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://www.aol.com/rukmini-maitra-lead-ram-kamal-040000151.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.aol.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Director [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]] spent two years securing the necessary budget to bring this project to life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-09-05 |title=Rukmini Maitra to Lead Ram Kamal Mukherjee's Bengali Theater Actor Biopic 'Binodiini' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/rukmini-maitra-bengali-theater-actor-biopic-binodiini-1235359667/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Subrata |title=Dev Entertainment Ventures unveils special poster of Binodiini – Ekti Natir Upakhyan starring Rukmini Maitra {{!}} Northeast Herald |url=https://www.neherald.com/showbiz/dev-entertainment-ventures-unveils-special-poster-of-binodiini--ekti-natir-upakhyan-starring-rukmini-maitra |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Dev Entertainment Ventures unveils special poster of Binodiini – Ekti Natir Upakhyan starring Rukmini Maitra {{!}} Northeast Herald |language=English}}</ref> He also finalized the film's title by keeping only the first part of her name, as he wanted to challenge the traditional social structure in Bengal that labeled [[Bengali Brahmin|Brahmins]] as "Devi" and non-Brahmins as "Dasi." Mukherjee aimed to remove the term "Dasi" because, to him, she was not just a servant but a star in her own right.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Ram Kamal Mukherjee On Binodini Ekti Natir Upakhyan: First Thing I Did Was Remove Dasi From Her Name - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ram-kamal-mukherjee-on-binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-first-thing-i-did-was-remove-dasi-from-her-name-exclusive-article-117236953 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> A Hindi biopic on Dasi was also planned by the late filmmaker [[Pradeep Sarkar]], with [[Kangana Ranaut]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangana Ranaut to portray theatre superstar Noti Binodini in Pradeep Sarkar directorial |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-portray-theatre-superstar-noti-binodini-in-pradeep-sarkar-directorial20221019123213/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> However, the project was shelved following Sarkar’s death in March 2023.<ref name=":0" /> The production design was managed by Tanmay Chakraborty, while the costumes were curated by Suchishmita Dasgupta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Kamal Mukherjee's Upcoming Film 'Binodiini' Set to Be Bengal's Grandest Cinematic Spectacle |url=https://everythingexperiential.com/article/ram-kamal-mukherjees-upcoming-film-binodiini-set-to-be-bengals-grandest-cinematic-spectacle-537881 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Everything Experiential |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Many speculation surrounded the casting of other key roles until February 2023, when the filmmakers announced that [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Mir Afsar Ali]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], and [[Om Sahani]] would play pivotal characters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=রামকমলের 'বিনোদিনী' ছবিতে বড় চমক, রুক্মিণী মৈত্র ছাড়াও অভিনেতাদের তালিকায় চার বড় নাম! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/rahul-bose-kaushik-ganguly-mir-and-om-sahani-joins-magnum-opus-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref> Although shooting was initially scheduled to begin in 2019, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] caused significant delays.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-04 |title=Portraying role of legendary stage actress Nati Binodini a dream come true for me: Rukmini |url=https://theprint.in/feature/portraying-role-of-legendary-stage-actress-nati-binodini-a-dream-come-true-for-me-rukmini/2430741/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] eventually commenced on February 12, 2023, accompanied by the release of a poster featuring Rukmini in a striking portrayal of Binodini Dasi, seated against a regal backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2023-02-12 |title=Director Ram Kamal Mukherjee reveals the iconic look of Binodiini played by Rukmini Maitra |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/Feb/12/director-ram-kamal-mukherjee-reveals-the-iconic-look-of-binodiini-played-by-rukmini-maitra-47186.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Ranita |date=2023-02-13 |title=পরনে বেনারসি শাড়ি, খোঁপায় লাগানো ঘোমটা, পুরোদস্তর বিনোদিনী হয়ে এলেন রুক্মিণী |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-ram-kamal-mukherjee-reveals-the-iconic-look-of-rukmini-maitra-playing-binodiini-31676259211232.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123131249/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/director-ram-kamal-mukherjee-reveals-the-iconic-look-of-rukmini-maitra-playing-binodiini-31676259211232.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> To achieve this iconic look, a customized hair extension made from real hair sourced from the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati temple]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] was used.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-13 |title=Rukmini Maitra's iconic look as 'Binodiini': Here's everything you need to know about how it all happened |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rukminis-iconic-look-as-binodini-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-it-all-happened/articleshow/97853719.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In March 2023, production faced another challenge when the entire cast and crew contracted viral fever, temporarily halting the shoot. However, filming resumed a week later in [[North Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-13 |title=Shooting of 'Binodiini Ekti Natir Upakhyan' stopped, entire team down with viral fever |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shooting-of-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-stopped-entire-team-down-with-viral-fever/articleshow/98600254.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=Exclusive! Check out these INSIDE pics of Rukmini, Dev and others from the 'Binodiini' wrap party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/exclusive-have-you-seen-these-inside-photos-of-rukmini-dev-and-others-from-the-binodiini-wrap-party/articleshow/98933135.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The shoot was officially wrapped on 12 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-22 |title=It's a wrap for Binodiini biopic, Rukmini says 'dream turned into reality' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-binodiini-biopic-rukmini-says-dream-turned-into-reality/articleshow/98900704.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Additionally, [[Shreya Ghoshal|Shreya Ghosal]] recorded the song "Kanha" at [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Studios]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-01-09 |title=Shreya Ghoshal creates magic in Ram Kamal's magnum opus Binodiini : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shreya-ghoshal-creates-magic-ram-kamals-magnum-opus-binodiini/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sourendro–Soumyojit
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = Studio Vibrations BBAY Studio S & S Music Room
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Bengali]]
| producer =
| misc =
}}

The music for the film is composed by the music duo Sourendro–Soumyojit, and the lyrics are penned by [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]. Ivy Banerjee and Tannishtha Sengupta have sung for the background score of this film, including tracks like "Binodini Theme" and "Ami Chai Na Re Tor", which is originally written by Binodiini herself.

The first single "Kanha" rendered by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] was released on 8 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shreya Ghoshal creates magic in Ram Kamal's magnum opus Binodiini |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shreya-ghoshal-creates-magic-ram-kamals-magnum-opus-binodiini/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> The second song "Aaji Borosharo Raate" was released on 15 January 2025. The initial mukhda of the song has been adapted from an original composition of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], titled ''Shaono Gagane Ghor''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The second track from Binodini — Ekti Natir Upakhyan is a passionate love song |url=https://t2online.in/tech/interviews/the-second-track-from-binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-is-a-passionate-love-song/1297317 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=17 January 2025}}</ref> The third single titled "Hori Mon Mojaye" is release on 19 January 2025. Originally composed by Girish Chandra Ghosh and penned by Jatileswar Mukherjee, the song has been recreated by Sourendro–Soumyojit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title='গায়ে কাঁটা দিচ্ছে', হরিনামের সঙ্গে রামকৃষ্ণ স্তুতি মিশে একাকার! সুচিস্মিতার কণ্ঠে 'হরি মন মজায়ে' শুনে অভিভূত নেটপাড়া |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-starrer-binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-new-song-hori-mon-mojaye-out-now-sung-by-shuchismita-chakraborty-31737287871717.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119133610/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-starrer-binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-new-song-hori-mon-mojaye-out-now-sung-by-shuchismita-chakraborty-31737287871717.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=19 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> "Bhaishya Zaibo" was released on 12 February 2025, post the theatrical release of the film.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kanha
| length1 = 5:48
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title2 = Aaji Borosharo Raate
| length2 = 3:42
| extra2 = Soumyojit Das, [[Anweshaa|Anwesshaa Datta Gupta]]
| title3 = Hori Mon Mojaye
| length3 = 4:52
| extra3 = Shuchismita Chakraborty
| title4 = Bhaisa Zaibo
| length4 = 3:52
| extra4 = Rekha Bhardwaj
}}

== Marketing ==
The teaser for ''Binodini: Ek Natir Upakhyan'' was released on the auspicious occasion of [[Diwali]], on October 31, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=অভিনেত্রী হয়ে ওঠা থেকে রক্ষিতা হওয়ার প্রস্তাব, প্রতারণা! দেখুন বিনোদিনী-র টিজার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-starrer-binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-film-teaser-is-out-now-31730353411423.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112001012/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-starrer-binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-film-teaser-is-out-now-31730353411423.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> The teaser received praise for Maitra's powerful performance and dialogues, with the film drawing comparisons to [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2024-10-31 |title=Ram Kamal Mukherjee's 'Binodiini', starring Rukmini Maitra, unveils a dazzling teaser on Diwali! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Oct/31/ram-kamal-mukherjees-binodiini-starring-rukmini-maitra-unveils-a-dazzling-teaser-on-diwali |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> To mark the [[New Year]], Sanyal's character poster was unveiled, featuring him as the Indian religious leader [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramhansa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=কল্পতরুর দিনই 'বিনোদিনী'র রামকৃষ্ণ অবতারে চন্দন, পরমহংস লুকে বাজিমাত বলিউড অভিনেতার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/on-the-kalpataru-utsav-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-ramkrishna-look-out/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref> The poster was revealed at the iconic [[Star Theatre, Kolkata|Star Theatre]], which was later renamed Binodini Theatre in honor of the legendary actress [[Binodini Dasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-01-01 |title=পর্দার 'বিনোদিনী' রুক্মিণীর অনুরোধ রাখেন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী, আর কী বললেন অভিনেত্রী ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/rukmini-maitra-talks-about-bengali-film-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-and-name-change-of-star-theatre-west-bengal-news-wbs25010104178 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=WATCH {{!}} Rukmini Maitra: মিলছিল না প্রযোজক, পিছু হটেন পরিচালকও, সিনেমার জন্য 'বিনোদিনী'র মতোই লড়েন রুক্মিনী! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-stars-in-the-film-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-today-director-ram-kamal-mukherjee-and-music-composers-sourendro-soumyojit-were-present_558441.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |language=bn}}</ref> The film's first song, "Kanha," was released at a grand event at Ahindra Mancha in Kolkata, where Rukmini Maitra performed a live Kathak dance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-09 |title=Kanha Tose Hryday Na Jorungi – A Timeless Tribute to Binodini Dasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kanha-tose-hryday-na-jorungi-a-timeless-tribute-to-binodini-dasi/articleshow/117079116.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The three-minute-long trailer was subsequently unveiled on 11 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title='আজকে আসল স্টার বিনোদিনীই', ট্রেলার প্রকাশ্যে আসতেই রুক্মিণীর প্রশংসায় পঞ্চমুখ দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-official-trailer-out/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=2025-01-11 |language=bn}}</ref> In a groundbreaking moment for Bengali cinema, [[Chittaranjan Tripathy|Chittanranjan Tripathy]], the Dean of the [[National School of Drama]], sent an official invitation letter to the director and lead actor, making it the first time a director has received such an invitation to promote a film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Director Ram Kamal and Rukmini Maitra to Showcase Binodiini Ekti Natir Upakhyan at NSD - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/director-ram-kamal-and-rukmini-maitra-to-showcase-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-at-nsd-140152.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Binodiini-Ekti Natir Upakhyan' becomes first Bengali film to be invited to National School of Drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitras-upcoming-period-drama-film-becomes-first-bengali-film-to-be-invited-at-national-school-of-drama/cid/2078057 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 January 2025}}</ref> A special private screening was held at White Apple Studios in [[Mumbai]] a week prior to the release, where actor-director [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] and his wife [[Sunita Gowariker]] were the invited guests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-01-13 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ashutosh Gowariker on Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan, "It's a heartfelt tribute to the legacy of Indian theatre and its unsung heroes" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ashutosh-gowariker-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-heartfelt-tribute-legacy-indian-theatre-unsung-heroes/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on [[Pohela Boishakh]] 2023, the Bengali New Year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-06 |title=This is how Rukmini transformed into Binodiini in the last two years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/this-is-how-rukmini-transformed-into-binodiini-in-the-last-two-years/articleshow/94021189.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the makers announced a new release date in October 2024 with the unveiling of a motion poster. The film was finally released on 23 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghatak |first= Anuska |date=2024-10-03 |title=Rukmini Maitra's Binodini: A New Year's Gift to Cinema Lovers |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/rukmini-maitras-binodini-a-new-years-gift-to-cinema-lovers/2024/10/03 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=পুরুষতান্ত্রিক সমাজে স্বপ্ন দেখার স্পর্ধা! রামকমলের 'বিনোদিনী দাসী' রূপে লা-জবাব রুক্মিণী |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-trailer-starring-rukmini-maitra-kaushik-ganguly-out-now-31736582633105.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120190800/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/binodini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-trailer-starring-rukmini-maitra-kaushik-ganguly-out-now-31736582633105.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Agnivo Niyogi of [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']] reviewed the film and noted "On paper, the story has everything going for it: a woman struggling to assert herself amid social prejudice, and a culturally rich backdrop. But the execution is uneven, with the performances and the tone sometimes veering towards melodrama. Maitra's delivery is often theatrical but she shines in the moments of quiet reflection." He applauded the cinematography by Halder but criticised the modern diction and accent of the actors which feels out of place, the over opulent visuals which are a distraction and the underwhelming music by Sourendro–Soumyojit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan' is a visually stunning but uneven portrait of a theatre icon starring Rukmini Maitra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/visually-stunning-but-uneven-portrait-of-a-theatre-icon-starring-rukmini-maitra/cid/2079600 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

Saptarshi Roy of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 8/10 stars and reviewed the film as an imaginary letter from Binodiini Dasi if she would have watched the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=রায় |first1=সপ্তর্ষি |title='কৃতজ্ঞ থাকিব রামকমলবাবু, রুক্মিণী দেবী, দেববাবুর নিকট', বিনোদিনীর চিঠি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-of-the-bengali-film-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-starring-rahul-boserukmini-maitrachandan-roy-sanyal-directed-by-ram-kamal-mukherjee-dgtl/cid/1576787 |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=23 January 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|8|10}}</ref> Subhasmita Kanji of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and opined "Rukmini Maitra has not only portrayed but lived the character of Binodiini Dasi in this film. The strong points of the film are its music, background score and the dialogues." She also applauded all the remaining cast who were apt in their roles, specially Chandrayee Ghosh, Kaushik Ganguly and Om Sahani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Binodini Review: নটীর জীবনের নিপাট কোলাজ 'বিনোদিনী'! সকলকে ছাপিয়ে গেলেন রুক্মিণী |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 January 2025 |language=bn}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "The director has a rather dramatic vision of late 19th century Bengal. The story leaves out a lot of Binodini’s early struggles as an actress and focuses on the phase where she is already well-established. Rukmini Maitra is brilliant in parts as Binodini." She also praised Halder's cinematography as well as the well orchestrated music and gave a mixed opinion on the portrayal of the remaining cast.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Binodiini - Ekti Natir Upakhyan Movie Review : Ambitious but flawed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan/movie-review/117511530.cms |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=24 January 2025}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and highlighted "Rukmini is the spine of the film, finely carved out by Ram Kamal Mukherjee."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=বিরলতম নায়িকা সংবাদ, কেমন হল 'বিনোদিনী: একটি নটীর উপাখ্যান'? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/rukmini-maitras-binodiini-ekti-natir-upakhyan-review/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=23 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Best Director, Best Actress, and Audience Choice Best Film at the South Asian International Film Festival of Florida (SAIFF) in 2025
*Best Critics Choice Award at the Indian International Film Festival of Boston, 2025.
*The Spirit of Bengal Award at the 8th London Bengali Film Festival, 2025.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt21981402}}

{{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}

[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language biographical films]]
[[Category:2025 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Koratty

2026-05-04T12:55:02Z

Antoniojaw: Created some stub from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Korattymuthy Church
| fullname = Shrine of Our Lady of Koratty
| other name = Lourdes of Kerala
| native_name = Koratty Muthy കൊരട്ടി മുത്തിയമ്മ
| native_name_lang = Malayalam<ref name=korattymuthy.com>{{cite web |title=St. Mary's Forane Church |url=http://www.korattymuthy.com/ |website=www.korattymuthy.com |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318153740/http://korattymuthy.com/ |archive-date=Mar 18, 2023 |location=[[Kerala]], [[India]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
| image = Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5467.JPG
| imagesize = 260
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| caption = Korattymuthy
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| location = [[Koratty, Thrissur, Kerala]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Catholic]]
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| membership = 7760
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| founded date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1381|10|01}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/korattu-church-thrissur/388|title=St. Mary's Forane Church, Koratty, Thrissur}}</ref> - but see note below
| founder =
| dedication = Saint Mary
| dedicated date = 1381
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| parish = St. Mary's Forane Church, Koratty
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| archdiocese = Eranakulam - Angamaly
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| diocese = Eranakulam - Angamaly
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| synod = Syro Malabar
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| district = Thrissur
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| archbishop = Mar George Cardinal Alencherry
| bishop = Antony Kariyil
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| vicar = Fr. Johnson kakkatt
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| asstpriest = Fr. Albin , Fr.Nikhil, Fr.Paul Kallookkaran (residential priest)
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'''Korattymuthy''' at '''Koratty Church '''<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourist Link KorattyMuthy|url=http://www.touristlink.com/india/koratty/overview.html|publisher=Tourist Link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Korattymuthy shrine|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/485262928569742291/|publisher=Pinterest}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Koratty Muth's Feast Festival|url=http://www.proud2bindian.in/festivals-india/8019-koratty-muthy-s-feast-festival.html#.UrahSSfpzFg|publisher=Proud 2b Indian|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111350/http://www.proud2bindian.in/festivals-india/8019-koratty-muthy-s-feast-festival.html#.UrahSSfpzFg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Korattymuthy's Feat - Festivals of Kerala|url=http://www.justkerala.in/culture/festivals-of-kerala/koratty-muthys-feast|publisher=Just Kerala}}</ref> is the locally known name of [[Hail Mary]] or Mother Mary of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]] community at [[Koratty]] in [[Kerala]] State, India. Korattymuthy's Shrine is famous for its annual feast with 'Poovankula' (a special [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]]), Muttilizhayal (walking on knee) offerings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://festivals.tourisminbharat.com/event/koratty-muthy-festival/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007101945/festivals.tourisminbharat.com/event/koratty-muthy-festival/|archive-date=2019-10-07|title=Koratty Muthy Festival}}</ref>

Korattymuthy is also known as Our Lady of the Rosary <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_MTUUMFI_U</ref> (Poovankula Matha). The shrine is also known as ''the Lourdes of Kerala''. It is believed that the shrine was established in 1381. However, its proven existence dates back only to the reign of [[Sakthan Thampuran]] (1775–1790).<ref name=korattymuthy.com/>

==Background information==
''St. Mary’s Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Koratty'',''<ref name="korattymuthy.com" />'' in the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly]], is the most revered Marian Pilgrim Centre in India after [[Velankanni]]. It is also the largest Marian pilgrimage travel and Catholic tour travel destination of Kerala. Millions of devotees throng to this [[Marian apparition]] of India every year. Many miracles have been attributed to Our Lady at this shrine. The ill and the infirm and the distressed, damsels who yearn for partners in life, and parents who long for a child, will flock to this shrine to seek solace.
[[File:Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5479.JPG|270px|right]]

== History ==
[[Kodungallur]], [[Angamaly]] and Ambazhakad were the ancient Christian centers of [[Kerala]] and their history is associated with [[Hindu]] feudal lords and the Thampuratty (Queen) of the Kingdom of Koratty (Koratty Swaroopam). There were many landlords, also known as 'swaroopams', in the [[Kochi]] region; they had their own armies and could rule independently. They could judge people and even pronounce the [[death sentence]], as long as they were loyal to the king. [[Koratty]] Kaimal and [[Kodassery]] Kartha were the two major feudal lords of the Kochi royal family, and they fought each other.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-29|title=Together in celebrations|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151229/nation-current-affairs/article/together-celebrations|access-date=2020-07-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

Ambazhakad Church was established in AD 300 and was the parish of the [[St Thomas Christians|Christians]] of Koratty. The church was under the administrative rule of Kodassery Kartha. Christians had acquired military training and went to the church with a [[sword]] and [[shield]]. The position, eminence, humbleness and truthfulness of Christians in business, agriculture and military service were the reasons they were regarded trustworthy by Hindu rulers.

Koratty was the administrative region of Koratty Kaimal. In military service, the [[Nairs]] were under Kartha and Christians were under Kaimal. There were constant battles between the two armies. Kodassery Kartha far surpassed in military power Koratty Kaimal. The Christian Sri Kavalakkadan Kochu Vareeth was the chief commander of Kaimal's army. His leadership and military strategies led the Kaimal's party close to victory, but then he was [[killed in action]] by Kartha's army. But the Thampuratty (the queen), the ruler of the Koratty Swaroopam, bravely led Kaimal's army and won the battle, as she was so shook by the death of Kochu Vareeth. Thampuratty gave orders to conduct the funeral according to the Christian rituals and in full military honours. The chief commander's dead body was taken to Ambazhakad church for the funeral. As Ambazhakad parish was under the administrative area of Kodassery, due to his interference, the vicar did not give his permission to bury the body there. They were asked to take the coffin from that place. In the return procession, carrying the coffin to Koratty region, the weary pallbearers placed the coffin down. After rest, they could not lift the coffin from there. When they informed Thampuratty about the situation, an order was given to bury the body there. In reverence to the chief commander, a cross in granite, of around 20 feet high and 12 inches width, was posted there. This is the granite cross that stands in front of the church today. Kochu Vareeth's has descendants still recognized by their family name 'Kavalakatt'.

The Thampuratty constructed a church near the burial place of her chief commander, for the spiritual needs of the Christians living in that region. Land free from taxes was given to support the church activities and rituals. Construction work began on 15 August 1381 and was completed with the consecration on 8 September 1382. The altars and the artworks above it dated back to the 15th century.

This church came to be known as the Marian Pilgrim Centre of Koratty Muthy.<ref>[http://www.thrissurruralpolice.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=119 "Koratty Muthy", Thrissur Rural Police]</ref>

Now Korattymuthy is one of the major pilgrim centre of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Santoro|first=Nicholas Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXWRgP-0KBkC&q=marian+apparitions+koratty&pg=PA442|title=Mary in Our Life: Atlas of the Names and Titles of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and Their Place in Marian Devotion|date=2011-08-12|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4620-4022-3|language=en}}</ref>

== Story behind the name – Our Lady with Poovan Bananas ==
[[File:Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5484.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Korattymuthy – Shrine of Our Lady with Poovan Bananas (Poovankula Matha)|alt=]]
The main story was that a pilgrim from Meloor near Koratty was carrying a bunch of a special variety of plantain fruit, namely ''''Poovan Bananas'''', as an offering to the Koratty Muthy. On the way, he had to pass through a paddy field where a hungry man was sitting. On seeing the basket of bananas, he asked the pilgrim to hand him two bananas. The pilgrim refused, explaining that it was an offering to be placed before the Koratty Mutthy. But he forcibly took out two bananas from the basket and ate them. As soon as he had eaten the bananas, the man started writhing with intense pain in his stomach. Medicines could not cure the pain and the landlord realized that it had been some divine intervention; he immediately gave away a golden statue of banana as an offering to the Koratty Muthy. The moment he did this, the pain subsided. Since that day, pilgrims come from all over Kerala with bananas as an offering to the Koratty Muthy. Now 'Poovankula Matha' is also the Virgin Mary shrine as Korattymuthy.

==Other Marian events in Koratty==
The [[Koratty railway station]] is also part of a popular tale. During one of the annual feasts and festivals of the Koratty Muthy, a train which never had a stop in Koratty came to a mysterious halt when it reached Koratty. They found out it wasn't the cause of a mechanical fault, and they couldn't start the train again. The passengers joined in the celebrations at the Koratty Muthy Church and gave offerings to the Muthy. Later, when they came back, the mechanical fault was mysteriously rectified and the train could proceed. Sensing divine intervention, the authorities immediately made arrangements for a railway station at Koratty; that is how the present day Koratty Angadi Railway Station came to be.

The Madura Coats Factory has a similar awe-inspiring tale. The area where the factory is situated at present was originally planned to be an airport. Work was in full swing for the airport but kept being hindered in one way or other by a mysterious lady with a child in hand. The hindrances grew to such an extent that the plan for an airport was abandoned and instead the Madura Coats Factory was built, which employs over 1000 employees today.

St. Mary's Forane Church at Koratty, in the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]], is the most revered Marian pilgrim centre in India after [[Velankanni]] (Vailankanni). Millions of devotees from far and wide come to this shrine, which is one of the biggest [[Marian apparitions|apparition sites]] in India.

==Location==
*Situated close to the National Highway, 47,9 km from Angamaly and 5 km from [[Chalakudy]] in [[Trichur]] ( otherwise known as [[Thrissur]] or Trissur) [[Kerala]] State, South India
*15 km from the Cochin (or Kochi) International Airport at Nedumbassery. Adjacent to the Koratty Angady Railway Station. Nearest big Railway Stations are [[Chalakudy]] and [[Trichur]]. Three km South of Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor, Chalakudy, along National Highway 47 (NH 47 between Trichur and Cochin in southern part of India)
[[File:Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5477.JPG|thumb|Thulabhaaram Nercha (offering counter)|alt=]]
[[File:Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5504.JPG|thumb|Poovankula Nercha (offering counter)|alt=]]
[[File:Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5461.JPG|thumb|
Poovankula Muththa (Adortion of Poovankula)
|alt=]]
[[File:Koratty Muthy Thirunaal IMG 5448.JPG|thumb|Nilavilakku]]

==Devotion to Our Lady==
[[File:Koratty_church_back_view.jpg|thumb]]

=== Devotees include ===

*The ill and the infirm
*Distressed damsels yearning for their partners in life
*Parents longing for children

=== Offerings ===
*Offering "'''Poovankula'''", the famous offering of Korattymuthy Shrine with "Poovan" Variety of banana, which grows in southern India. The offering (or 'Nercha') is made in single or in bunch. For this reason, Korattymuthy is known as "'''Our Lady With The Poovan Bananas'''" or "'''Poovankula Matha'''" in Malayalam. This offering is very much related to the myths associated with Korattymuthy Shrine. Many blessings and favours are evident from the thanks offerings given by the devotees.
*"'''Thulabharam'''" – an offering symbolizing total surrender of the self before Our Lady whereby devotees weigh their body weight in "'''Poovan Kula'''", a special variety of Plantain.
*"'''Neendal Nercha'''" – also known as "'''Muttilizhayal'''" – a ritual symbolizing penance for the sins committed, whereby a devotee crawls from the Main Entrance of the Church to the feet of Koratty Muthy.
*Offering "'''Bhajana'''" – a ritual in devotion to Our Lady, whereby the devotee sits at the feet of Our Lady in prayer and fasting to get imbibed with the spirit of Our Lady.

==Annual feast and festival==
*Every year, Our Lady's Feast is celebrated in the month of October<ref>{{cite web|title=Koratty Feast days|url=http://www.justkerala.in/culture/festivals-of-kerala/koratty-muthys-feast|publisher=Just Kerala}}</ref> – Saturday and Sunday following 10 October followed for 14 days – with great pomp and fanfare. Bishops, priests, religious sisters and people from every caste and creed from around the country attend the feast and seek Our Lady's Blessings. The offerings include cash, candles and other valuables. The Mass is followed by pageantry. The newly built church is magnificently illuminated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Feast News 2011|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article353755.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114610/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article353755.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*Octave – the following Sunday

== Marian prayer to Korattymuthy – Our Lady with the Poovan Bananas ==
*Virgin full of goodness, Mother of Mercy, KORATTYMUTHY, I entrust to you my body and soul, my thoughts, my actions, my life and my death.
*O my mother Korattymuthy, deliver me from all the snares of the devil. Obtain for me the grace of loving my Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, with a true and perfect love, and after him. O Mary, Korattymuthy, to love you with all my heart and above all things.
*O my Korattymuthy, Mother of God, help me in obtaining all the favors I now need and seek especially ......... ... ''(mention your personal prayers)''

Amen.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Koratty Muthy Thirunaal}}
*[http://www.korattymuthy.com Korattymuthy Official]
*[http://www.korattymuthy.org Korattymuthy.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407072227/http://korattymuthy.org/ |date=7 April 2008 }}
*[http://korattymuthy.com/homestay.html Homestay Facility for Pilgrims and Travellers]
*[https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=0B63ms7vUHnfKNXFlWkFaNzFUVUk Prayer in Malayalam]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Koratty}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic shrines]]

Single Papa

2026-04-30T12:54:31Z

Antoniojaw: Created new entry more to come

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Single Papa.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| creator = [[Neeraj Udhwani]] [[Ishita Moitra]]
| showrunner = [[Shashank Khaitan]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Neeraj Udhwani
* Ishita Moitra
* Shruti Madan
}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Shashank Khaitan
* Hitesh Kewalya
* Neeraj Udhwani
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kunal Khemu]]
* [[Prajakta Koli]]
* [[Manoj Pahwa]]
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]]
}}
| composer = Aman Pant
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = Shashank Khaitan
| producer = Aditya Pittie Samar Khan
| cinematography = Pratik Deora
| editor = Manann A Sagar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 32–45 minutes
| company = Juggernaut Productions
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=y}}
}}

'''''Single Papa''''' ({{Literal translation|Single Dad}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] television series created by [[Neeraj Udhwani]] and [[Ishita Moitra]] for [[Netflix]]. It features [[Kunal Khemu]] as Gaurav Gehlot, a lovable, confused man-child learning fatherhood after an unexpected adoption, alongside [[Manoj Pahwa]], [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] and [[Prajakta Koli]].<ref name="NetflixInterview">{{Cite web| last=Nayak| first=Kripa| date=20 November 2025| title=Between Laughter, Love and a Whole Lot of Pandemonium, Netflix’s 'Single Papa' Navigates the Great Indian Family in All Its Glory|
url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/between-laughter-love-and-a-whole-lot-of-pandemonium-netflixs-announces-single-papa| website=[[Netflix]]| access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=2 December 2025| title=Single Papa trailer: A man-child comes of age as a father in this comedy
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Dec/02/single-papa-trailer-a-man-child-comes-of-age-as-a-father-in-this-comedy| website=[[Cinema Express]]| access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=2 December 2025| title='Single Papa' trailer out: Kunal Kemmu is seen as a chaotic yet charming dad
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/single-papa-trailer-out-kunal-kemmu-is-seen-as-a-chaotic-yet-charming-dad/articleshow/125721339.cms| website=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series follows Gaurav "GG" Gehlot, whose life takes an unexpected turn when he adopts a baby soon after his [[divorce]]. His decision disrupts the dynamics of the Gehlot family, leading to a mix of conflicts, adjustments and emotional growth as they navigate the challenges of sudden parenthood.<ref name="NetflixInterview"/>

== Cast ==
* [[Kunal Khemu]] as Gaurav Gehlot
* [[Prajakta Koli]] as Namrata, Gaurav's sister
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Jatin Gehlot, Gaurav's father
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as Romilla Nehra
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Poonam Gehlot, Gaurav's mother
* [[Ankur Rathee]] as Anand "Goldie" Aggarwal
* [[Isha Talwar]] as Aparna Gehlot, Gaurav's ex-wife
* [[Dayanand Shetty]] as Parbat Singh
* [[Suhail Nayyar]] as Pawan, Gaurav's best friend
* [[Aisha Ahmed]] as Shreya Aggarwal
* Hami Ali as Amul
* [[Ishitta Arun]] as Meenu Minocha
* Azinkya Mishra as Shlok
* Priyam Galav as Sharanya
* [[Tuhina Das]] as Saoni Ghosh
* Naresh Gosain as Mishra Ji

== Episodes ==
{{Expand section|1=episode summaries|small=no|date=December 2025}}
{{Episode table |background=#8D441F |overall= |title= |director= |directorR= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Dekho, Mujhe Kya Mila?
| DirectedBy = [[Shashank Khaitan]]
| WrittenBy = [[Neeraj Udhwani]], [[Ishita Moitra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary = 
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Love Nahi, Lovest!
| DirectedBy = Hitesh Kewalya
| WrittenBy = Neeraj Udhwani, Ishita Moitra
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Dikha Denge Apni Power!
| DirectedBy = Neeraj Udhwani
| WrittenBy = Neeraj Udhwani, Ishita Moitra, Shruti Madan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Asli Single Papa
| DirectedBy = Neeraj Udhwani, Hitesh Kewalya
| WrittenBy = Neeraj Udhwani, Ishita Moitra
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Chattan Nahi, Parbat!
| DirectedBy = Neeraj Udhwani, Hitesh Kewalya
| WrittenBy = Neeraj Udhwani, Ishita Moitra
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Papa Bola!
| DirectedBy = Shashank Khaitan, Hitesh Kewalya
| WrittenBy = Ishita Moitra, Neeraj Udhwani
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|12|12|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 8D441F
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Single Papa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 11 December 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 23:53
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video |type = soundtrack |header = Official audio
| {{Youtube|WH-SpploL0s|Single Papa (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = GG Ki Ghaintness
| lyrics1 = Shubh Khillari
| music1 = Aman Pant
| extra1 = Aman Pant
| length1 = 2:21
| title2 = Single Papa Title Track
| lyrics2 = [[Kunal Khemu]]
| music2 = Kunal Khemu, Raghav Meattle, Khwaab
| extra2 = Kunal Khemu
| length2 = 2:42
| title3 = Ib Na Jaane
| lyrics3 = Akhil Tiwari, Aman Pant
| music3 = Aman Pant, Soumya M, Shobin Shaji Joy
| extra3 = Aman Pant
| length3 = 2:44
| title4 = Ajab Yeh Ishq
| lyrics4 = [[Shashank Khaitan]], Akhil Tiwari
| music4 = Neil Andrew
| extra4 = Saaj Bhatt
| length4 = 3:35
| title5 = Chura Loon Saare Taare
| lyrics5 = Akhil Tiwari
| music5 = Aman Pant, Shobin Shaji Joy
| extra5 = Amant Pant
| length5 = 3:36
| title6 = Tu Hi Sahiba
| lyrics6 = Dridha, Aman Pant
| music6 = Aman Pant, Neil Andrew, Shobin Shaji Joy
| extra6 = Dridha, Saaj Bhatt
| length6 = 3:35
| title7 = Ghotala
| lyrics7 = Akhil Tiwari
| music7 = Aman Pant
| extra7 = Aman Pant, Siddharth Sen, Akhil Tiwari
| length7 = 2:31
| title8 = Ajab Yeh Ishq (Reprise)
| lyrics8 = Shashank Khaitan, Akhil Tiwari
| music8 = Aman Pant
| extra8 = Saaj Bhatt
| length8 = 2:49
| total_length = 23:53
}}

== Release ==
The trailer was released on 2 December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web| date=3 December 2025| title=‘Single Papa’ trailer: Kunal Kemmu plans to adopt and raise a baby in quirky family-drama
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/single-papa-trailer-kunal-kemmu-plans-to-adopt-and-raise-a-baby-in-quirky-family-drama/article70352145.ece
|website=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last=Paul| first=James| date=2 December 2025| title=Single Papa Trailer: Parenthood Pandemonium Led By Kunal Kemmu, Prajakta Koli & Co In This New Netflix Series
|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/103117/single-papa-trailer-parenthood-pandemonium-led-by-kunal-kemmu-prajakta-koli-co-in-this-new-netflix-s| website=[[Mashable India]]| access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref> and the series premiered on 12 December 2025 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web| date=19 November 2025| title=‘Single Papa’: Kunal Kemmu to headline comedy-drama series; release date out
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kunal-kemmu-to-headline-comedy-drama-series-single-papa-first-look-release-date-out/article70298334.ece| website=[[The Hindu]]| access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the series 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Despite a few loose ends, ''Single Papa'' is indeed an enjoyable ride. Sometimes, the show does get loud trying to portray the lavish Gurugram culture, but at the end of the day it is thoughtful entertainment."<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix’s ‘Single Papa’ Review: Kunal Kemmu, Manoj Pahwa & Prajakta Koli’s comedy show is Netflix’s ‘Single Papa’ Review: Kunal Kemmu, Manoj Pahwa & Prajakta Koli’s web -series make us believe comedy can be thought-provoking |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-single-papa-review-kunal-kemmu-manoj-pahwa-prajakta-kolis-web-series-make-us-believe-comedy-can-be-thought-provoking-13959089.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=12 December 2025}}</ref> Shreyas Pande of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "There is a fun, feel-good and festive vibe to the show, even though the sets and production design carry a sense of plasticity. It is a Netflix series after all and the grandness is up for show."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Shreyas |title=‘Single Papa’ series review: Kunal Kemmu anchors a heartfelt family affair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/single-papa-series-review-kunal-kemmu/article70388225.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote, "It’s messy, stretched, sometimes clumsy. But it has its heart in the right place. And in a world where we’re still arguing over who should change the diaper, a show that spotlights men nurturing, crying, softening – and still being strong – feels like a conversation worth having."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Single Papa review: Kunal Kemmu sitcom has vibe of Mehmood's classic Kunwara Baap |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/single-papa-review-kunal-kemmu-sitcom-has-vibe-of-mehmoods-classic-kunwara-baap-2834882-2025-12-12 |work=India Today |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The premise of Kunal Kemmu show is interesting, and the setting is ripe for excavating societal hypocrisies revolving around parenthood, and while it’s at it, hoovering up issues like adoption, women’s rights, and of course, patriarchy."<ref>{{cite news |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Single Papa review: Kunal Kemmu doesn’t slip up in the show that tries to do too much |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/single-papa-review-kunal-kemmu-doesnt-slip-up-in-the-show-that-tries-to-do-too-much-10416722/ |work=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "Despite a fun cast, the six-episode Netflix comedy is happy to be a rehashed portrait of single parenthood."<ref>{{cite news |first=Rahul|last=Desai|title=‘Single Papa’ Series Review: Kunal Kemmu's Comedy is a Flimsy Revision of the Man-Child Template |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/single-papa-series-review-kunal-kemmus-comedy-is-a-flimsy-revision-of-the-man-child-template|work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "On the whole, SINGLE PAPA is a rare, clean, family-friendly web show that impresses thanks to its subject, performances, comic dialogues and emotional moments."<ref>{{cite news |title=Web Series Review: SINGLE PAPA impresses due to its subject, performances, comic and emotional moments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-single-papa-impresses-due-subject-performances-comic-emotional-moments/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and noted out that "In the midst of crime and cop shows all over, a family comedy comes as a relief."<ref>{{cite news |first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title=Single Papa Review: Daddy Humour |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/single-papa-review/20251212.htm|work=Rediff.com |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said that "The sitcom-like humour is haphazard by design as well as without meaning to be. Single Papa is all over the place, but sharp casting, committed actors who have some great lines, and an excellent lead actor keep the show on the rails."<ref>{{cite news |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title=‘Single Papa’ review: Kunal Kemmu shines in amiable, scattershot parenting comedy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1089087/single-papa-review-kunal-kemmu-shines-in-amiable-scattershot-parenting-comedy|work=Scroll.in |date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Troy Ribeiro of ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said that "Single Papa is not groundbreaking, but it is undoubtedly heartwarming. It offers a fresh Indian twist on single-parenting stories, blending melodrama with humour and emotion in equal measure.<ref>{{cite news |first=Troy|last=Rebeiro|title=Single Papa Review: Kunal Kemmu Shines In This Breezy, Big-Hearted Take On Single Parenting|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/single-papa-review-kunal-kemmu-shines-in-this-breezy-big-hearted-take-on-single-parenting|work=Free Press Journal|date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt37062070}}
* {{Netflix title|81728970}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian family drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about adoption]]
[[Category:Television series about single parent families]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]

Suraj Govindaraj

2026-04-23T08:46:41Z

Antoniojaw: Created basic article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Judge of Karnataka High Court}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suraj Govindaraj
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start = 23 September 2019
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjam Gogoi Sharad Arvind Bobde N V Ramana]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| birth_name = Suraj Govindaraj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|05|14}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| spouse = Vinitha Suraj
| children = Shravanthi Vishnu Arya
| parents = V Govindaraj Surya Prabha
| alma_mater = National Law School of India University, 
MES College of Arts, Science and Commerce
| image =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Mr. Justice
}}

'''Suraj Govindaraj''' (born 14 May 1973) is an additional [[judge]] of the [[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]], in India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/4-additional-judges-sworn-in-for-karnataka-high-court/articleshow/71262150.cms|title=4 additional judges sworn in for Karnataka High Court|work=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> and he took the oath on 23 September 2019 and was appointed as Permanent Judge on 1 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Suraj Govindaraj |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/sitting_judges/sgrj.htm |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/four-new-judges-join-high-court-of-karnataka/article29503381.ece|title=Four new judges join High Court of Karnataka|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 September 2019|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>

He has practiced in the field of Civil, Commercial Litigation, Contracts, Property Law, Arbitration, Company Law, Intellectual Property Rights, Constitution Matters, Debt Recovery, Environmental Law, Revenue Matters under local land laws, Consumer Law, RERA among others.

== Early life and education ==

{{Empty section|date=October 2023}}

== Career ==

{{Empty section|date=October 2023}}

== Family ==

{{Empty section|date=October 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindaraj, Suraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century judges]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:National Law School of India University]]
[[Category:Judges of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Prema Chaudhary

2026-04-20T08:43:46Z

Antoniojaw: creating new post basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Prema Choudhary.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2000
| term_end1 = 2005
| office2 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2010
| constituency2 = [[Patepur Assembly constituency]]
| constituency1 = [[Patepur Assembly constituency]]
| office3 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 2015
| term_end3 = 2020
| constituency3 = [[Patepur Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor1 =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Prema Chaudhary''' (born 1945)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Chaudhary(RJD):Constituency- PATEPUR (SC)(VAISHALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1353 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Bihar. She is a three time former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Patepur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Vaishali district]]. She last won the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Patepur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patepur-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Patepur (SC) Election 2020: Get Latest News Updates of the Patepur Constituency Seat in Bihar Assembly Election 2020. |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/patepur-constituency/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chaudhary is from [[Patepur]], Vaishali district, Bihar. She married Doman Mahto. She completed her graduation at a college affiliated with [[Bhagalpur University]], Bhagalpur in 1988.

== Career ==
Chaudhary first became an MLA winning the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Patepur Assembly constituency representing the Rashtriya Janata Dal. She polled 60,572 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Mahendra Baitha]] of Janata Dal (United), by a margin of 12,115 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2021 |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 2000 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2000-election-results.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> In the [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], she lost to Baitha. But she regained the seat in the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], defeating JD (U)’s Baitha this time around. Again she lost the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] election to the same opponent by was elected for the third time winning the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patepur Election 2020: Get Latest News Updates of the PATEPUR (SC) Constituency Seat in Bihar Assembly Election 2020. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/patepur-constituency/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She was expelled by RJD for six years for allegedly indulging in anti party activities. Hours later, on 17 August 2020, she joined [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-17 |title=Bihar: Three RJD MLAs join Nitish Kumar-led JD(U) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/three-rjd-mlas-join-nitish-kumar-led-jdu/articleshow/77595787.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> But for the 2020 Assembly polls, she was denied a ticket and in September 2021, she quit JD (U) alleging that she was not treated properly in the party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-05 |title=Bihar: Former Patepur MLA Prema Choudhary quits ruling JD(U), set to return to RJD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-former-patepur-mla-prema-choudhary-quits-ruling-jdu-set-to-return-to-rjd/articleshow/85956841.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Prema}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:People from Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Meerapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:10Z

Antoniojaw: New first post w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Meerapur
| map_image = 16-Meerapur.svg
| mla = [[Mithlesh Pal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Muzaffarnagar]]
| reservation = None
|constituency_no=16
| type= SLA
| incumbent_image =
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]]
}}
'''Meerapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency came into existence in the year 2008.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 27 July 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=27 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=27 July 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerapur.html}}</ref>

==Wards / areas==
Extent of Meerapur Assembly constituency is KCs Meerapur, Bhopa, PCs Salarpur, Jatwara, Kawal, Dhansari, Jolly, Kheri Ferozabad, Roorkali Talabali, Nagla Bujurg, Kamheda, Tissa, Kakrauli, Tewda of Jansath KC, Meerapur NP & Bhokerheri NP of Jansath Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Year
! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Meerapur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Jamil Ahmad Qasmi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Chandan Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color |Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
| [[Mithlesh Pal]]
|}
^ denotes bypoll

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Meerapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mithlesh Pal]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 84,304
|percentage = 45.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sumbul Rana
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 53,508
|percentage = 28.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zahid Hussain
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = 22,661
|percentage = 12.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arshad Rana
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = 18,869
|percentage = 10.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 501
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,796
|percentage = 16.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,85,550
|percentage = 57.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Meerapur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Chandan Chauhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107421}}
|percentage = 49.57
|change = {{increase}}38.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prashant Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:80041}}
|percentage = 36.94
|change = {{increase}}3.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Salim Qureshi
|votes = {{formatnum:23797}}
|percentage = 10.98
|change = {{decrease}}8.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:888}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = {{decrease}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27380}}
|percentage = 12.63
|change = {{increase}}12.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216692}}
|percentage = 68.88
|change = {{decrease}}0.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title=2017 General Elections: Meerapur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69035}}
|percentage = 33.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Liyakat Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:68842}}
|percentage = 33.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Nawazish Alam Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:39689}}
|percentage = 19.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mithlesh Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:22751}}
|percentage = 11.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1090}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:193}}
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204405}}
|percentage = 69.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = 5.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Meerapur<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = '''[[Jamil Ahmad Qasmi]]'''
|votes = '''56,802'''
|percentage = '''33.66'''
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mithlesh Pal
|votes = 44,069
|percentage = 26.12
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Veerpal Nirwal
|votes = 25,689
|percentage = 15.22
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mehrajuddin
|votes = 21,083
|percentage = 12.49
|change = -
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,733
|percentage = 7.55
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 168742
|percentage = 61.76
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}
Source:<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=27 July 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Muzaffarnagar district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kaligandaki (TV series)

2026-04-18T10:16:59Z

Antoniojaw:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = Thriller
| writer = P F Mathews, N.P Sajeesh<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nY0uAAyLKh0&list=PLHtT4bsKkiCc6VpdtbSKE5apXXIaxBU9i</ref>
| director = Madhupal
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Madupal
*Krishna Balakrishna
*Abhilash Vijay
*Arjun
*Kiran
*Neeraja
*Jaya Geetha
*Dhanya Mery Varghese
*V K Baiju
*[[Vindhuja Vikraman]]}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| producer = Inspire Global Media
| camera = Multi Camera
| runtime = 22 Minutes
}}

'''''Kaligandaki''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television mega thriller drama series. The show premiered on general entertainment channel [[Amrita TV]] from13 February 2017 from 08:00 to 08:30 pm IST (Monday–Friday) . Prominent Malayalam television film actors [[Madhupal]], [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]], Kiran Aravind, Aravind Mohan , V.K.Baiju, Krishnan Balakrishnan, Neeraja Das, [[Vindhuja Vikraman]] appeared in the lead roles of the TV series.

== Plot ==
The plot focuses on a beautiful girl named Ramunni, who is fond of paintings. Ramunni is given a job as a caretaker of a building that houses old paintings. One day she is found murdered and the police try to find out her murderer, which forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==

* [[Madhupal]]
* [[Dhanya Mary Varghese|Dhanya Mery Varghese]]
* Kiran Aravind
* Neeraja Das
* [[Vindhuja Vikraman]]
* Aravind Mohan
* Krishnan Balakrishnan as Guard Nakulan
* V.K Baiju
* Abhilash Vijay as Driver Shekharan

== Awards and reception ==
{{moresources|section|date=November 2023}}
'''26th Kerala State Television Awards (2017)'''

Kaligandaki was nominated and won 7 out of 28 awards of the Kerala State Television Awards, an award given by the Government of Kerala for best tv series and shows.

The detailed award breakdown is as given below:-

Best Director : Madhupal

Best Story writer : G.R Indugopan

Best Cameraman : Noushad Shereef

Best music director : Kallara Gopan

Best Actor: Krishnan Balakrishnan

Best art director : Ajith Krishnan

Best male dubbing artist : R.Radhakrishnan

== References ==

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/A-novel-narrative/article17311419.ece|title=A novel narrative|first=Athira|last=M|date=16 February 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-state-television-awards-2017-announced/articleshow/63899251.cms|title=Kerala State Television Awards 2017 announced - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/state-television-awards-2017/|title=Kerala State Television Awards 2017 Winners Amrita Bagged 19|date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/amrita-tv-sweeps-26th-kerala-television-awards-with-19-awards-89949.html|title=Amrita TV sweeps 26th Kerala television Awards with 19 awards - Exchange4media}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2018/04/26th-kerala-state-television-awards.html|title=26th Kerala State Television Awards 2017- Winners List | Nilavum Nakshatrangalum best serial}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]

Qasim Razvi

2026-04-17T17:44:31Z

Antoniojaw:

{{Short description|Pakistani milita leader (1902–1970)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Qasim Razvi
| image = Qasim Razvi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Razvi during Operation Polo
| birth_name = Syed Muhammad Qasim Razvi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1902|7|17}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]]{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=69}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|1|15|1902|7|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| resting_place = [[Paposh Nagar Graveyard]]
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| parents = Syed Ahmad Khan Razvi
| children = 10 (5 sons & 5 daughters) (Sarwar Sultana, Syed Ahmed Kazim Razvi, Syed Ahmed Asif Razvi, Syed Ahmed Arif Razvi, Zakia, [[Fouzia Ejaz Khan|Fouzia]], Razia, Tayyaba, Syed Ahmed Nasir Razvi, Syed Ahmed Farooq Razvi)
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| occupation = Lawyer, politician
}}
'''Syed Muhammad Qasim Razvi''' (17 July 1902 – 15 January 1970) was a politician in the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. He was the president of the [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] party from December 1946 until the state's [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Annexation]] by India in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/day-year-how-hyderabad-became-part-union-india-88407|title=This day, that year: How Hyderabad became a part of the union of India|date=16 September 2018 }}</ref> He was also the founder of the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakar]] militia in the state. He held the levers of power with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/accession-of-hyderabad-when-a-battle-by-cables-forced-the-nizams-hand/article24956708.ece|title=Accession of Hyderabad: When a battle by cables forced the Nizam's hand|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 September 2018 |last1=Nanisetti |first1=Serish }}</ref> blocking the possibilities of his accommodation with the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/telangana-polls-bjp-borrows-from-hyderabad-history-to-recast-pm-as-vallabhbhai-patel-paints-kcr-as-new-nizam-5194911.html|title=Telangana polls: BJP borrows from Hyderabad history to recast Modi as Vallabhbhai Patel, paints KCR as 'new Nizam'|date=17 September 2018 }}</ref>

According to scholar Lucien Benichou, "[Razvi] can arguably be considered to have been the political figure whose influence and unrealistic vision proved the most detrimental to the interests of the State in the crucial years of 1947–48."{{sfn|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 5}}<ref name=Ashraf>{{cite news| author = Ajaz Ashraf | title = Hidden history of the Owaisis: What MIM doesn't want you to know | url = http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hidden-history-owaisis-aimim-doesnt-want-know-1817267.html | newspaper = Firstpost | date = 23 November 2014 | accessdate = 29 August 2017 }}
</ref>

==Early life and career==
Qasim Razvi was born in [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=69}}<ref name=geni>[https://www.geni.com/people/Syed-Qasim-Rizvi/6000000030949636127 Syed Qasim Husain Rizvi], Geni database, 20 January 2015.</ref> and studied law at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He migrated to state of Hyderabad after graduation and did a short apprenticeship with Mohammad Ali Fazil in the Hyderabad city. Then he settled down as a lawyer in [[Latur]], Osmanabad district, where he had contacts through his father-in-law, Abdul Hai, who was a former [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]].{{sfn|Hyder, October Coup|2012|loc=Chapter 2: Qasim Rizvi}}

According to former Hyderabad civil servant Mohammad Hyder, Latur had loose law and order. Razvi amassed a small fortune in shady dealings. After joining the [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (''Ittehad''), Razvi is said to have donated all his property to the party, which made him famous and earned him the title of ''Siddique-e-Deccan''.{{sfn|Hyder, October Coup|2012|loc=Chapter 2: Qasim Rizvi}}

After the premature death of Nawab [[Bahadur Yar Jung]] (the founding leader) in 1944, the ''Ittehad'' party fell into fractious extremism. Razvi tried to establish his distinctiveness by advocating political reforms, even though they were not palatable to the ''Ittehad'' membership.{{sfn|Hyder, October Coup|2012|loc=Chapter 2: Qasim Rizvi}} Then he established his own association in Latur, named ''Majlis-e-Islah Nazm-o-Nasq'', ostensibly to bring about reforms but more likely to establish his own independent following away from the mainstream of the party.{{sfn|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 5}}

In February 1946, the extremists in the party led by Abdur Rahman Rais staged a violent protest over the reconstruction of a mosque, burning down the house of the prime minister [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari|Nawab of Chhatari]] and Sir [[Wilfrid Grigson]], the minister for revenue and police. The incident led to the resignation of the leader of the ''Ittehad''. In the ensuing contest for the new president, Qasim Razvi defeated Rais to emerge as the leader of the ''Ittehad''. His extremism matched that of Rais and the moderates in the party distanced themselves from both the candidates. From this point on, Razvi called the shots in Hyderabad politics.{{sfn|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 5}}

==Leadership of ''Ittehad''==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2010}}

The Razakars were Muslim separatists who advocated the continuation of Nizam's rule and tried to convince the Nizam to accede to Pakistan. After accession to Pakistan proved impossible owing to the distance of Hyderabad from Pakistan, Razvi encouraged the Nizam to take a hardline stance and ordered the Razakars to resist the accession of Hyderabad to the newly formed Government of India. Razvi even traveled to [[Delhi]] and had a stormy meeting with Indian leader [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]. He is quoted to have said "Death with the sword in hand, is always preferable to extinction by a mere stroke of the pen", prompting the Indian government to call him "the Nizam's [[Frankenstein monster]]".<ref name="lubar">{{cite magazine |last=Lubar |first=Robert |date=30 August 1948 |title=Hyderabad: The Holdout |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076,00.html |magazine=Time |page=26 |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413184100/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799076,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> P. V. Kate characterizes him as a religious Muslim fanatic who "insisted on the right of Muslims to enslave the Hindu."<ref name="Kate, P. V. 1948, p. 752">Kate, P. V., Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p. 75.</ref> Razvi launched criminal attacks on the Hindu population, leading to military action by India.<ref name="Kate, P. V. 1948, p. 752" /> He was also implicated in the murder of patriotic progressive Muslims such as Shoebullah Khan who condemned Razvi's Razakars and advocated merger with India.<ref>Rao, P. R., History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times to 1991, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 2012. p. 284.</ref>
[[File:Hyderabad Kasim Razvi Jail.jpeg|left|thumb|190px|Request from Qasim Razvi for withdrawing money from frozen bank account to buy cigarettes]]
After [[Operation Polo]], in which the [[Indian Army]] defeated the Razakars and annexed Hyderabad, merging it with India, Razvi was placed under house arrest and tried under Indian laws on seditious activities and inciting communal violence. He was jailed from 1948 to 1957 at [[Trimulgherry jail]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/razakar-leader-sought-money-to-take-his-essential-puff/article36506387.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Razakar leader sought money to take his ‘essential’ puff|first=Syed|last=Mohammed|date=2021-09-17|access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> He was released from prison only on an undertaking that he would migrate to Pakistan within forty-eight hours of his release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hate-speech-not-new-for-Owaisi-clan/articleshow/17963124.cms|title=Hate speech not new for Owaisi clan|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2013 }}</ref> He agreed to migrate to [[Pakistan]] as a condition of his release from prison, where he died in 1970. His family had been residing there since 1949.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracing Razakar legacy: When Razvi's granddaughter visited Hyderabad |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2021/09/30/tracing-razakar-legacy-when-razvis-granddaughter-visited-hyderabad.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=The Week |agency=The Week |date=September 30, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Qasim Rizvi was not in favour of cross-border conflict and maintained that his goal was self-defence and the preservation of the Hyderabad State:<blockquote>"[I]f the Razakars attack the Indian territories they will not help the cause of the Hyderabad State nor its Muslims. Why should the Muslims of Hyderabad unnecessarily want to destroy themselves and others? For what purpose will Hyderabad indulge in such useless actions? It is the Indian Union, in contrast, which has every reason to attack Hyderabad."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking Majlis' politics: Pre-1948 Muslim concerns in Hyderabad State|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|year=2018 |volume=55|pages=48|doi=10.1177/0019464617745929 |last1=Moid |first1=M. A. |last2=Suneetha |first2=A. |s2cid=149328603 |doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>According to the Former Prime Minister of Hyderabad state [[Mir Laiq Ali]], many "anti-social elements" joined the Razakars and regretfully stated that with the expansion of the movement Qasim Rizvi was no longer able to control the Razakars.<ref name=":0"/>

==Personal life==
Qasim had 10 children (5 sons & 5 daughters) including a "professor, doctor, fashion designer, [and] counsellor" who have settled in various countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracing Razakar legacy: When Razvi's granddaughter visited Hyderabad |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2021/09/30/tracing-razakar-legacy-when-razvis-granddaughter-visited-hyderabad.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hyderabad massacres]]
* [[Annexation of Hyderabad]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first=Lucien D.|last=Benichou|title=From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Loiq3YrFy40C|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1847-6|ref={{sfnref|Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration|2000}}}}
*{{citation|first=Mohammed|last=Hyder|title=October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad|publisher=Roli Books|year=2012 |isbn=978-8174368508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdumBAAAQBAJ|ref={{sfnref|Hyder, October Coup|2012}}}}
*{{citation|last=Raghavan|first=Srinath|authorlink=Srinath Raghavan|title=War and Peace in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA69|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00737-7|ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|last=Kamat|first=Manjiri N.|chapter=Border incidents, internal disorder and the ''nizam'''s claim for an independent Hyderabad|editor1=Waltraud Ernst|editor2=Biswamoy Pati|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA212|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|pages=212–224|ref={{sfnref|Kamat, Border incidents, internal disorder and the nizam's claim|2007}}}}
*{{citation|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Patel, A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990 |publisher=Navajivan Pub. House|ref={{sfnref|Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life|1990}}}}
*{{webarchive|url=//web.archive.org/web/20030729181146/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/04/27/stories/2003042700081500.htm|date=29 July 2003|title="Holding them captive?"}} opinion in ''The Hindu'' 27 April 2003

{{DEFAULTSORT:Razvi, Qasim}}
[[Category:Military history of the princely states of India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:History of Latur]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People extradited from India]]
[[Category:People from Latur]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]

Thanlon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:57Z

Antoniojaw: Created new data basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thanlon
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| district = [[Pherzawl district|Pherzawl]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| mla = Vacant<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2026 |title=Manipur BJP MLA Vungzagin Valte Passes Away |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/breaking-news-manipur-bjp-mla-vungzagin-valte-passes-away/ |access-date=21 February 2026 |work=Northeast Live}}</ref>
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| electors = {{formatnum:18042}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Thanlon''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Churachandpur district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Goukhenpao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2"|N. Gouzagin || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="3"|T. Phungzathang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="3"|Songchinkhup || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || V. Hangkhanlian || {{Full party name with color|Manipur People's Party }}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Vungzagin Valte]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|71.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|49.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|57.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|45.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|49.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|53.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|51.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.87}}
}}
===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#State Legislative Assembly by-elections|2026 Thanlon by-election]]: Thanlon
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=National People's Party (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vungzagin Valte]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,863 |percentage=36.45% |change=-34.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khanthang Tonsing |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,112 |percentage=30.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langkhanpau Guite |party=Independent politician |votes=2,789 |percentage=20.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhosei Guite |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=797 |percentage=5.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalhlunsang Sungte |party=Shiv Sena |votes=658 |percentage=4.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhangin |party=Lok Janshakti Party(Ram Vilas) |votes=71 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=751 |percentage=5.63% |change=-46.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,340 |percentage=73.94% |change= -1.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,042 |change =-0.19% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -34.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vungzagin Valte]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,752 |percentage=71.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chinkholal Thangsing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,583 |percentage=18.87% |change=-24.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhangin |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=795 |percentage=5.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nengzakham Tombing |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=413 |percentage=3.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Khamsanglian |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,169 |percentage=52.38% |change=48.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,687 |percentage=75.72% |change= 32.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,076 |change =-2.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 27.95% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vungzagin Valte]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,486 |percentage=43.30% |change=40.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Hangkhanlian |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,195 |percentage=39.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuanzalian |party=Communist Party of India |votes=962 |percentage=11.95% |change=4.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chinkhansuan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=233 |percentage=2.89% |change=-6.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkholal Thangsing |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=103 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nengzakham Tombing |party=Jai Maha Bharath Party |votes=71 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=291 |percentage=3.61% |change=-34.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,050 |percentage=43.63% |change= -37.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,452 |change =-4.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= -6.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Hangkhanlian |party=Manipur People's Party|votes=7,695 |percentage=49.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zabiaksang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,709 |percentage=10.96% |change=10.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Songchinkhup |party=People's Democratic Alliance |votes=1,508 |percentage=9.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Songlianlal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,399 |percentage=8.97% |change=-16.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tuanzalian |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,152 |percentage=7.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Paochindou |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,067 |percentage=6.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Zatawn |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=610 |percentage=3.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John K. Ngaihte |party=Indian National Congress |votes=418 |percentage=2.68% |change=-33.60% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,986 |percentage=38.40% |change=30.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,588 |percentage=80.71% |change= 0.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,313 |change =15.36% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Songchinkhup |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,825 |percentage=36.28% |change=30.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John K. Ngaihte |party=Samata Party |votes=3,817 |percentage=28.70% |change=-6.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chin-Gouthang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,416 |percentage=25.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailal Suantak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,123 |percentage=8.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangchinkham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=117 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,008 |percentage=7.58% |change=-15.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,298 |percentage=80.36% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,741 |change =0.73% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= -9.68% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Songchinkhup |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=8,864 |percentage=57.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Than |party=Samata Party |votes=5,329 |percentage=34.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John K. Ngaihte |party=Indian National Congress |votes=935 |percentage=6.10% |change=-27.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thuamson |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=204 |percentage=1.33% |change=-44.64% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,535 |percentage=23.06% |change=10.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,332 |percentage=92.88% |change= 10.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,620 |change =6.10% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 11.85% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Songchinkhup |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,854 |percentage=45.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Phungzathang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,250 |percentage=33.37% |change=-14.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Than |party=Independent politician |votes=2,430 |percentage=19.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,604 |percentage=12.60% |change=3.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,735 |percentage=82.73% |change= -0.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,665 |change =-5.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.00% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Phungzathang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,522 |percentage=47.96% |change=5.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Songchinkhup |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,231 |percentage=38.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhangin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,687 |percentage=12.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Rose |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,291 |percentage=9.49% |change=-6.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,598 |percentage=83.66% |change= 0.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,531 |change =18.29% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.58% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Phungzathang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,801 |percentage=42.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Gouzagin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,979 |percentage=26.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhangin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,650 |percentage=23.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangkhum |party=Independent politician |votes=785 |percentage=6.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paudomang |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,822 |percentage=16.08% |change=-2.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,328 |percentage=82.96% |change= 3.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,975 |change =3.55% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -7.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Phungzathang |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=5,264 |percentage=49.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhangin |party=Independent politician |votes=3,344 |percentage=31.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Sangkhum |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=1,945 |percentage=18.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,920 |percentage=18.19% |change=11.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,553 |percentage=79.69% |change= 1.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,496 |change =25.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= -3.26% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Gouzagin |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=4,337 |percentage=53.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tunzakham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,824 |percentage=46.86% |change=23.68% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=513 |percentage=6.29% |change=-19.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,161 |percentage=77.93% |change= 13.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,757 |change =31.39% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.87% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Gouzagin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,677 |percentage=51.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nengkhosuan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,334 |percentage=25.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kaigou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,210 |percentage=23.18% |change=-8.70% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,343 |percentage=25.72% |change=20.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,221 |percentage=64.85% |change= -6.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,187 |change =-57.34% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Thanlon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Goukhenpao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,198 |percentage=31.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piangchinkhan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,492 |percentage=26.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhupereng |party=Independent politician |votes=2,650 |percentage=20.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamkhanthang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,582 |percentage=12.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vungkhom |party=Independent politician |votes=987 |percentage=7.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaikunga |party=Independent politician |votes=262 |percentage=1.99% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=706 |percentage=5.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,171 |percentage=70.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,191 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Churachandpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.27|93.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Kabitirtha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:51Z

Antoniojaw: Stub - done

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kabitirtha
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 147
| established = 1967
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Kabitirtha Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Kabitirtha Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf|title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 October 2010|work = West Bengal|publisher = Election Commission of India|archive-date = 18 September 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref>

It was part of [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Watgaunge||Kali Mukherjee||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 14 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095211/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Ekbalpore||Narendranath Sen||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006032945/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Narendranath Sen||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =19 October 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101006192934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||Kabitirtha||B.B.Paul||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080357/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1969||||[[Kalimuddin Shams]]||[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work = Constituency-wise Data| publisher = Election Commission| access-date = 19 October 2014| archive-date = 12 January 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Ram Peary Ram||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 12 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052412/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Ram Peary Ram||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 7 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007094829/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Kalimuddin Shams||All India Forward Bloc<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 7 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062834/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Kalimuddin Shams||All India Forward Bloc<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 6 October 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Ram Pyare Ram||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020807/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Kalimuddin Shams||All India Forward Bloc<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work = Constituency-wise Data| publisher = Election Commission| access-date = 19 October 2014| archive-date = 6 October 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Ram Peary Ram||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-date = 13 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180713084900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Ram Peary Ram||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =19 October 2014 | archive-date =7 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Ram Peary Ram||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =19 October 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101006232430/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> state assembly elections, Ram Pyare Ram of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the 147 Kabitirtha assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Moinuddin Shams of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] in all the three years. [[Kalimuddin Shams]] of Forward Bloc defeated Ram Pyare Ram of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Ram Pyare Ram of Congress defeated Kalimuddin Shams of Forward Bloc in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Kalimuddin Shams of Forward Bloc defeated [[Saugata Roy]] of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Ram Pyare Ram of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp147.htm |title = 147 - Kabitirtha Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Ram Peary Ram of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Kalimuddin Shams of Forward Bloc won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> B.B.Paul of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/>

===1951-1962 Ekbalpore-Watgunge===
In [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]],<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> there was a seat at Ekbalpore. Narendra Nath Sen of Congress won in both the years. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election in 1951]] Kali Mukherjee of Congress won the Watgunge seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{coord|22.5437|N|88.3242|E|display=|region:IN_type:city|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Sonepur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:44Z

Antoniojaw: Created the post v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency in Odisha|its eponymous assembly constituency in Bihar|Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|its eponymous town|Subarnapur, Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonepur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 65
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Niranjan Pujari.jpg
| mla = [[Niranjan Pujari]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,56,007{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Sonepur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Subarnapur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311105401/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=65|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Sonepur (65) District : Subarnapur|accessdate= 11 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]], [[Tarbha]], Sonepur block, Tarbha block, Dunguripali block and two [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Julunda and Mahada) of Binika block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp112.htm|title= 112 - Sonepur (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 10 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.03}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.78}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.70}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.09}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.11}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.26}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|37.56}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.61}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.37}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|66.23}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|49.32}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date. It was a 2 member constituency in 1957.

Elected members from the Sonepur constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Sonepur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/sonepur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 10 March 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sonepur Assembly Election Results 2024: Sonepur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/sonepur-constituency-result-18065 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Niranjan Pujari]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Binod Patra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Kunduru Kushal
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Achyuta Biswal
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dhaneswar Kumbhar
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Debaraj Seth
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Daulat Bagh
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Swatantra Party}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Nilambar Raiguru
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Daulata Ganda
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Anantaram Nanda
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
|Daulata Ganda
|-
||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Anantaram Nanda
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20th May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Niranjan Pujari]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pramod Kumar Mahapatra by a margin of 15,239 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Sonepur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Niranjan Pujari]]
|votes = 98,202
|percentage = 46.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Mahapatra
|votes = 82,963
|percentage = 38.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Priyabrata Sahu
|votes = 20,508
|percentage = 9.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,905
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,239
|percentage = 7.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,13,366
|percentage = 83.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Niranjan Pujari]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Ashok Kumar Pujari by a margin of 25,726 votes.<ref name="election2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/sonepur-election-result-s18a065/|title=Sonepur Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Sonepur Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News.|website=News18|access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonepur<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Niranjan Pujari]]
|votes = 99,073
|percentage = 48.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Pujari
|votes = 73,347
|percentage = 36.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chittaranjan Mishra
|votes = 23,326
|percentage = 11.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,597
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,726
|percentage = 12.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,03,103
|percentage = 81.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Niranjan Pujari]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pramod Kumar Mahapatra by a margin of 51,485 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=8 June 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Sonepur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Sonepur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1865.htm?ac=65|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014n Constituency: Sonepur (65)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=65|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140608102530/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=65|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=8 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Niranjan Pujari]]
|votes = 93,534
|percentage = 51.7
|change = {{up}}8.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Mahapatra
|votes = 42,049
|percentage = 23.24
|change = {{down}}2.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sarbeswar Purohit
|votes = 35,795
|percentage = 19.79
|change = {{down}}2.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bimala Naik
|votes = 2,408
|percentage = 1.33
|change = {{down}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aama Odisha Party
|candidate = Amareswar Mishra
|votes = 1,686
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Giridhari Khura
|votes = 1,480
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Kranti Dal
|candidate = Nandighosh Meher
|votes = 1,192
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,756
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 51,485
|percentage = 28.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,900
|percentage = 78.1
|change = 5.24
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,31,614
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Niranjan Pujari]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Nabakrushna Danta by a margin of 28,307 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=28307 |accessdate=10 March 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Sonepur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Niranjan Pujari]]
|votes = 68,844
|percentage = 43.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nabakrushna Danta
|votes = 40,537
|percentage = 25.39
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jitendra Patnaik
|votes = 36,044
|percentage = 22.57
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,307
|percentage = ''17.73''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,681
|percentage = 72.86
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Subarnapur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.84|83.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Pattikada Pattanama

2026-04-02T05:09:43Z

Antoniojaw: creating initial data w/ infobox

{{short description|1972 film by P. Madhavan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pattikada Pattanama
| image = Pattikada Pattanama poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| story = Bala Murugan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}}
| producer = P. Madhavan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Arun Prasad Movies
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1972|5|6}}
| runtime = 150 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=228}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pattikada Pattanama''''' ({{translation|Village or Town?}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film produced and directed by [[P. Madhavan]] and written by Bala Murugan. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]. The film deals with Kalpana, an urban woman who marries a villager Mookaiyan. After marriage, differences of opinion arise between the couple as Mookaiyan raises objections about city culture, leading to their separation. The rest of the film is whether Kalpana reforms and the couple reunite or not.

''Pattikada Pattanama'' is based on the [[William Shakespeare]] comedy ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]''.<ref name="Pattikada">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arivaali-1963/article3021937.ece | title=Arivaali (1963) | last=Guy | first=Randor | author-link=Randor Guy | date=18 September 2009 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref> It was released on 6 May 1972. The film was commercially successful, running for over 175 days in theatres, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. It is the only black and white Tamil film to cross the {{INRConvert|1|c}} mark in collections in the history of [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=மதுரையில் முதல்முறை 5 லட்சம் வசூலித்த திரைப்படம் எது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-pattikada-pattanama-full-movie-sivaji-ganesan-and-jayalalitha-1972-released-movie-pattikada-pattanama-collection-madurai-sre-jbr-742120.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507065811/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-pattikada-pattanama-full-movie-sivaji-ganesan-and-jayalalitha-1972-released-movie-pattikada-pattanama-collection-madurai-sre-jbr-742120.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> It also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]], and two [[Filmfare Awards South]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] (Jayalalithaa).

== Plot ==
Mookkaiyan belongs to a well-to-do family and lives in the village [[Sholavandan]]. He is held in high esteem by the villagers for his prowess. One day, his uncle Chockalingam, Chockalingam's wife Bama and their foreign-educated daughter Kalpana come to Sholavandan to participate in the [[Mariamman]] festival. Kalpana is fascinated by Mookaiyan's prowess; her mother disapproves of Kalpana's emotional reaction while her father is happy. Bama settles a young man of Madurai to marry Kalpana. Moved by the pleas of Chockalingam, Mookaiyan goes to the bridegroom's house and brings back Kalpana, saying that he has the right by birth to marry her.

Married life starts well for Mookaiyan and Kalpana, but before long differences arise because of their different backgrounds. At Kalpana's birthday party, Mookaiyan objects to drinking and dancing by her [[hippie]] friends. He beats Kalpana, and she leaves him to join her mother. A lawyer's notice for divorce is received. Mookaiyan futilely tries to make Bama understand the situation. The mother and daughter are adamant and Mookaiyan returns home determined to teach them a lesson.

Kalpana, having been impregnated by Mookaiyan some time earlier, gives birth to a child. In her anxiety to save Kalpana from further involvements, Bama leaves the child in an orphanage. Kalpana is shocked by this act of her mother. By the time she goes to recover the child, Mookaiyan has already taken it away. Kalpana beseeches her father to get the child from Mookaiyan. Unexpectedly, Mookaiyan comes there to deliver an invitation card for his marriage with his cousin Rakkamma. Kalpana and her parents are now repentant.

Kalpana goes alone to Mookaiyan's house and asks her husband to leap over their child and then tie the ''[[Mangala sutra|thali]]'' to another girl. To her surprise, Kalpana discovers that the marriage being celebrated is that of a different man named Mookaiyan, while her husband did no injustice to her; she falls at her husband's feet and the family reunites.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Mookkaiya Servai/Mukesh<ref name="48 years" />
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Kalpana<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=7 December 2016 |title=Off-screen deity, on-screen goddess |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/article16772323.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211031425/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Off-screen-deity-on-screen-goddess/article16772323.ece |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Rakkamma<ref name="48 years" />
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Mookkaiya's grandmother<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2019 |title=செல்லுலாய்ட் பெண்கள் |trans-title=Celluloid girls |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=6633 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502055543/https://www.dinakaran.com/Ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=6633 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Vellaiyammal's friend
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Sokkalingam<ref name="48 years" />
* [[Sukumari]] as Bama<ref name="48 years" />
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Minor<ref name="48 years" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Vellaiyammal<ref name="48 years" />
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as a villager
* [[Samikannu]] as Butler Kanthasamy<ref name="48 years" />
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as the [[rickshaw]] man<ref name="48 years" />
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Puliyotharai
* [[Pattom Sadan]] as Thivitti
* Veeraragavan as Rathnam
* Papji as Sankar
}}

== Production ==
''Pattikada Pattanama'' was produced and directed by [[P. Madhavan]],<ref name="20thaward" /> and based on the [[William Shakespeare]] comedy ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]].''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=18 September 2009 |title=Arivaali 1963 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arivaali-1963/article3021937.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005611/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/arivaali-1963/article3021937.ece |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=19 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sruthi |date=23 April 2018 |title=400 years later, Shakespeare still remains relevant in Indian cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181204165729/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's title was derived from a song from ''[[Mattukkara Velan]]'' (1970).<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 May 2020 |title=அப்போது பி.மாதவன்; இப்போது கவுதம் வாசுதேவ்மேனன் - பாட்டுவரியை படத்தலைப்பாக்கிய இயக்குநர்கள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/553290-p-madhavan-gouthamvasudevmenan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320104217/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/553290-p-madhavan-gouthamvasudevmenan.html |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actress [[Sukumari]] appeared as the mother of [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] in the film, despite being older than Jayalalithaa by only a few years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeeta |date=4 July 2008 |title=Mother of all roles |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mother-of-all-roles/article1434744.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125160820/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mother-of-all-roles/article1434744.ece |archive-date=25 January 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=2 April 2013 |title=Sukumari, a tribute |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/sukumari-a-tribute-1.1165979 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118163237/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/sukumari-a-tribute-1.1165979 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=18 November 2017 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], in portraying her character, spoke in [[Madurai]] dialect.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2015 |title=Actor Manorama – She ruled the screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-manorama-she-ruled-the-screen/article10153128.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181204170110/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-manorama-she-ruled-the-screen/article10153128.ece |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=12 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[P. N. Sundaram]] and the editing by R. Devarajan. The film's final length was {{Convert|4395|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=151–160 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp16.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023415/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp16.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattikada Pattanama Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by MS Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pattikada-pattanama-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044939/https://mossymart.com/product/pattikada-pattanama-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ms-viswanathan/ |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pattikada Pattinama (1972) |url=https://mio.to/album/Pattikkada+Pattanama+%281972%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181204164803/https://mio.to/album/Pattikkada+Pattanama+(1972) |archive-date=4 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> The song "Adi Ennadi Rakkamma" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Shanmukhapriya]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=121}} Rajakavi played the ''{{ill|pambai|simple}}'' for the song.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuwIiDwInG8|title=
NADIGAR SANGAM {{!}} MEMBERS VIDEO {{!}} PAMBAI RAJAKAVI - 2520.mp4|date=7 October 2016|work=[[Nadigar Sangam]]|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref> It was well received and remains a cult classic. The song was later remixed by [[D. Imman]] in ''[[Vaadaa]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2008 |title=Double delight for Sundar C |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Double-delight-for-Sundar-C/articleshow/3522318.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410113351/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Double-delight-for-Sundar-C/articleshow/3522318.cms |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=19 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> D. Karthikeyan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' writing about T. M. Soundararajan mentioned that his "folksy number Ennadi Rakkamma Pallakku from ''Pattikada Pattanama'' still makes people go crazy with its rustic beats and beautiful rendition and the song is a must in cultural festivals in Madurai".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=17 July 2012 |title=TMS, the unsung hero of Tamil film world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/tms-the-unsung-hero-of-tamil-film-world/article3647404.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125160820/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/tms-the-unsung-hero-of-tamil-film-world/article3647404.ece |archive-date=25 January 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Kettukodi" was remixed by Kavi Periyathambi in ''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=4 August 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pandi-oliperukki-nilayam/article3727596.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823063233/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pandi-oliperukki-nilayam/article3727596.ece |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:34 
| title1 = Ambikaiye Easwariye
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Adi Ennadi Rakkamma
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length2 = 2:50
| title3 = Adi Ennadi Rakkamma
| note3 = sad
| writer3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length3 = 3:37
| title4 = Kettukodi Urumi
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length4 = 4:27
| title5 = Muthu Solai
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 = 3:47
| title6 = Nalvazhthu Naan Soluvaen
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length6 = 3:29
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pattikada Pattanama'' was released on 6 May 1972,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |trans-title=List of films starring Jayalalithaa |url=http://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922120949/http://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=22 September 2018 |access-date=22 September 2018 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> and distributed by [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 1972 |title=பட்டிக்காடா பட்டணமா |trans-title=Village or Town? |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film became a commercial success, running for over 175 days in theatres, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref>{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=242}} Politician [[K. Kamaraj]] praised the film, saying it demonstrated the need to practice one's culture and the traditions of "one wife for one husband". The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in a review dated 28 June 1972, praised Ganesan's energetic performance and the outdoor cinematography, but called the film a usual old wine in new bottle story.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=229}} The film won two [[Filmfare Awards South]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]<ref>https://archive.org/details/20th-filmfare-best-film-winners</ref> and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] (Jayalalithaa),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=488 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234 |access-date=8 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref name="20thaward" />{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=246}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="48 years">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 May 2020 |title=சோழவந்தான் மூக்கையா சேர்வையைத் தெரியும்தானே? – 'பட்டிக்காடா பட்டணமா' 48 வருடங்கள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/553239-pattikkaada-pattanama-48.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510222445/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/553239-pattikkaada-pattanama-48.html |archive-date=10 May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="20thaward">{{Cite web |title=Twentieth National Awards for Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=20 February 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |location=India}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1445083}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{P. Madhavan}}
{{The Taming of the Shrew}}

[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on The Taming of the Shrew]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Virasena

2026-03-29T11:13:33Z

Antoniojaw:

{{Short description|Indian mathematician and Jain scholar (750–825)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] Shri
| honorific-suffix = Ji Maharaj
| image = Virsena Acharya.jpg
| alt = Virasena
| caption = [[Acharya]] Virasena
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = ''[[Digambara]]''
| birth_date = 750
| death_date = 825
| teacher = Aryanandi
| disciples = [[Jinasena]], Dasharayaguru, Vinayasena, Shripal, Padmasena, Devasena, [[Kumudendu Muni]]
| works = ''[[Dhavala]]''
| predecessor = [[Aryanandi (8th century)|Aryanandi]]
| successor = [[Jinasena]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Acharya Virasena''' (750–825CE),{{sfn|Jaini|1991|p=111}} also spelt as '''Veerasena''', was a Jain monk and belonged to the lineage of Acharya [[Kundakunda]].<ref name="Indranandi" /> He was an [[Indian mathematician]] and Jain philosopher and scholar of Digambar sect. He was also known as a famous orator and an accomplished poet.<ref name="Jinasena" /> He is renowned for his work on the monumental Jain commentary series on the <nowiki>''Shatkhandagama'', known as the ''</nowiki>''[[Dhavala]]''<nowiki>''</nowiki> texts.<ref>Satkhandagama : Dhavala (Jivasthana) Satparupana-I (Enunciation of Existence-I)
An English Translation of Part 1 of the Dhavala Commentary on the Satkhandagama of Acarya Pushpadanta & Bhutabali Dhavala commentary by Acarya Virasena English tr. by Prof. Nandlal Jain, Ed. by Prof. Ashok Jain {{ISBN|9788186957479}}</ref> The late Dr. Hiralal Jain places the completion of this treatise in 816.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Nagrajji
|first = Acharya Shri
|title = Agama and Tripitaka: Language and Literature
|publisher = [[Concept Publishing Company]]
|year = 2003
|page = 530
|isbn = 9788170227311
}}</ref> He played a critical role in the development of Digambara scholasticism and is considered one of the greatest Jain scholars of early medieval India.

==Life==
Virasena was a disciple of the Jain acharya [[Aryanandi (8th century)|Aryanandi]] and flourished during the [[Rashtrakuta]] King [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] and [[Govinda III]].<ref name="jaini1979">Jaini, Padmanabh S. The Jaina Path of Purification. University of California Press, 1979, p. 118.</ref> He was based in the Deccan region and attracted several prominent disciples, including Jinasena I and Gunasena, later known as Jinasena II.<ref name="upadhye">Upadhye, A.N. “Virasena and the Dhavala Tradition.” In Studies in Jaina History and Culture, ed. P.S. Jaini, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999.</ref>

Virasena was proficient in astrology, grammar, logic, mathematics and prosody. He wrote ''[[Dhavala]]'', a commentary on Jain canon ''[[Shatakhandagama]]''. He also started the work on ''Jayadhavalaa'' which was completed by his disciples. He was among the jewels of [[Rashtrakuta]] Emperor Dhruva dharavarsha and Govinda III, it is also says that he also present at the time of [[Amoghavarsha]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=31}}

His lineage started with Chandrasena who initiated Aryanandi.{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|1951|pp=30-31}} Aryanandi initiated Virasena and [[Jayasena (Jain monk)|Jayasena]].{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|1951|pp=30-31}} Virasena initiated six disciples who were Dasharayguru, [[Jinasena]], Vinayasena, Shripal, Padmasena and Devasena.{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|1951|pp=30-31}} Dasharayguru and Jinasena initiated Gunabhadra who later initiated Lokasena.{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|1951|pp=30-31}} Vinayasena initiated Kumarasena who started the [[Kashtha Sangha]].{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|1951|pp=30-31}}

== Works ==

=== Dhavala and Related Texts ===
Virasena is primarily known for initiating the commentary project on the ''Shatkhandagama'', one of the most revered canonical texts in Digambara [[Jainism]]. This massive commentary is collectively referred to as the ''[[Dhavala]]'' series, and it includes:

•⁠ ⁠''Dhavala''

•⁠ ⁠''Jayadhavala''

•⁠ ⁠''Mahadhavala''

While Virasena began the ''Dhavala'', he was unable to complete it in his lifetime. The work was carried forward by his disciples Jinasena II (Gunasena) and others.<ref name="cort2010">Cort, John E. Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History. Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 115–116.</ref>

These texts are not only commentaries but also rich repositories of Jain philosophy, cosmology, and metaphysics.

==Mathematics==
Virasena was a noted mathematician. He gave the derivation of the [[volume]] of a [[frustum]] by a sort of infinite procedure. He worked with the concept of ''ardhachheda'': the number of times a number can be divided by 2. This coincides with the [[binary logarithm]] when applied to [[powers of two]], but gives the [[p-adic order|2-adic order]] rather than the logarithm for other integers.<ref>See, e.g., {{citation|title=Cryptographic Applications of Analytic Number Theory: Complexity Lower Bounds and Pseudorandomness|volume=22|series=Progress in Computer Science and Applied Logic|first=Igor|last=Shparlinski|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=2013|isbn=978-3-0348-8037-4|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z635BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35}}.</ref><ref>{{citation| contribution=History of Mathematics in India|title=Students' Britannica India: Select essays|editor1-first=Dale|editor1-last=Hoiberg|editor2-first=Indu|editor2-last=Ramchandani|first=R. C.|last=Gupta|page=329|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000| contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&q=Virasena+logarithm&pg=PA329|language=en}}</ref>

Virasena gave the approximate formula ''C'' = 3''d'' + (16''d''+16)/113 to relate the circumference of a circle, ''C'', to its diameter, ''d''. For large values of ''d'', this gives the approximation π ≈ 355/113 = 3.14159292..., which is more accurate than the approximation π ≈ 3.1416 given by [[Aryabhata]] in the ''[[Aryabhatiya]]''.<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Mishra
| first1 = V.
| last2 = Singh
| first2 = S. L.
| title = First Degree Indeterminate Analysis in Ancient India and its Application by Virasena
| url = http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5d_127.pdf
| journal = Indian Journal of History of Science
| volume = 32
| issue = 2
| pages = 127–133
| date = February 1997
| access-date = 17 September 2014
| archive-date = 29 November 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129100731/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5d_127.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

== Disciples ==
Virasena mentored several disciples who carried forward his intellectual legacy:
•⁠ ⁠'''[[Jinasena]]''': Author of the ''Adi Purana'', an epic Jain text on Rishabhanatha and Bharata.
•⁠ ⁠'''Gunasena (Jinasena II)''': Successor of Jinasena I, and co-author of the ''Dhavala'' commentary series.

== Legacy ==
Acharya Virasena is revered as a pioneering figure in the Digambara tradition for his scholarship and rigorous analysis of Jain doctrine. His contributions to Jain literature and mathematics mark him as a significant figure in early medieval Indian intellectual history. The ''Dhavala'' series continues to be studied by Jain scholars and remains a cornerstone of Digambara exegesis.

==See also==
*[[Indian mathematics]]
*[[Umaswami]]
*[[Hemachandra]]
*[[Shatkhandagama]]
*[[Jainism in Karnataka]]
*[[Rashtrakuta literature]]

==References==
===Citations===
<references>
<ref name="Jinasena">Jinasena. ''Ādi Purāņa''</ref>
<ref name="Indranandi">Indranandi. ''Shrutāvatāra''</ref>
</references>

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Pannalal |editor-link=Pannalal Jain |title=Mahapurana Adipurana of Bhagavata Jinasenacharya |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.327048 |year=1951 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanapitha]] |ref={{sfnref|Pannalal Jain|1951}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRA-uoUFz3MC |date=1991 |isbn=0-520-06820-3 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* ⁠Cort, John E. Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History. Oxford University Press, 2010. ISBN 9780195385021.
*⁠ Dundas, Paul. The Jains. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2002. ISBN 9780415305940.
* ⁠Jaini, Padmanabh S. The Jaina Path of Purification. University of California Press, 1979. ISBN 9780520039944.
* ⁠Upadhye, A.N. “Virasena and the Dhavala Tradition.” In Studies in Jaina History and Culture, ed. P.S. Jaini, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Cite web|first=A. N.|last=Singh|place=Lucknow University| title=Mathematics of Dhavala|url=http://www.jainworld.com/JWHindi/Books/shatkhandagama-4/02.htm}} Translation of part of the ''Dhavala''.

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:750 births]]
[[Category:825 deaths]]
[[Category:Digambara Acharyas]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category: Rashtrakuta people]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:9th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Digambara monks]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Jain writers]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}
{{asia-mathematician-stub}}
{{Jainism-stub}}

Ghazwatul Hind

2026-03-21T15:48:02Z

Antoniojaw: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia#Ideological foundations]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to section}}
{{R with history}}
}}

Australian Defence Force

2026-03-20T01:04:59Z

Antoniojaw: basic reworked content per sources based on references

{{short description|National military force of Australia}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Australian Defence Force
| native_name =
| image = Ensign of the Australian Defence Force.svg
| alt =
| caption = The [[Australian Defence Force Ensign]]
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
| founded = {{start date|df=y|1901|03|01}} (as the [[Australian Army]] and [[Commonwealth Naval Force]])
| current_form = {{start date|df=y|1976|02|09}} (as the unified Australian Defence Force)
| disbanded =
| branches = {{plainlist|
* {{navy|Australia}}
* {{army|Australia}}
* {{air force|Australia}}}}
| headquarters = [[Russell Offices]] and [[Campbell Park, Canberra|Campbell Park]], [[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]]
| flying_hours =
| website = 

| chief minister = [[Anthony Albanese]]
| chief minister_title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]
| minister = [[Richard Marles]]
| minister_title = [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]]
| commander = Admiral [[David Johnston (admiral)|David Johnston]]
| commander_title = [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]]

| age = {{plainlist|
* 16.5 years (for selection)
* 17 years (to serve)
* 18 years (to deploy)
* 19 years (for special forces deployment)}}
| conscription = [[Conscription in Australia|Wartime only]]<ref name="DAs60">{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|da190356|Defence Act 1903|60}}</ref>
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age =
| active = 58,909 (30 June 2025)
| ranked =
| reserve = 33,269 (30 June 2025)
| deployed =

| amount = {{AUD}}55.7 billion (2024–25) (~{{USD}}36.8 billion)<ref name="Budget">{{cite news |last1=Arthur |first1=Gordon |title=Australia unveils record $37 billion defense budget |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2024/05/15/australia-unveils-record-37-billion-defense-budget/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[Defense News]] |publisher=[[Sightline Media Group]] |date=16 May 2024}}</ref> ([[List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures|ranked 13th]])
| percent_GDP = 2.02% (2024/25)<ref name="Budget"/>

| domestic_suppliers = [[Defence industry of Australia]]
| imports =
| exports = Around {{AUD}}2 billion (2018)<ref name="Dziedzic defence exports">{{cite news|last1=Dziedzic|first1=Stephen|title=Federal Government accused of contributing to global arms race with defence exports push|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-29/aid-groups-lash-coalition-plan-to-become-major-weapons-exporter/9369962|access-date=29 January 2018|work=ABC News|date=29 January 2018|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130065022/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-29/aid-groups-lash-coalition-plan-to-become-major-weapons-exporter/9369962|url-status=live}}</ref>

| history = [[Military history of Australia]]
| ranks = [[Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia]]
}}

The '''Australian Defence Force''' ('''ADF''') is the [[Armed forces|military organisation]] responsible for the defence of [[Australia]] and its [[national interests]]. It consists of three [[Military branch|services]]: the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN), the [[Australian Army]] and the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF). The ADF has a strength of just over 90,000 personnel and is supported by the [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] alongside other civilian entities also members of the [[Australian Defence Organisation]].

During the first decades of the 20th century, the [[Australian Government]] established the armed services as separate organisations, with each service having an independent [[chain of command]]. In 1976, the government made a strategic change and established the ADF to place the services under a single headquarters. Over time, the degree of integration has increased, and tri-service headquarters, logistics, and training institutions have supplanted many single-service establishments. The ADF has been deployed around the world in combat, [[peacekeeping]] and disaster-relief missions.

The ADF is technologically sophisticated but relatively small for its landmass. The ADF has 58,909 full-time active-duty personnel and 33,269 active [[military reserve force|reservists]]. The ADF has the largest military in Oceania, although it is smaller than most Asian military forces. The ADF is supported by a significant budget by worldwide standards and is well equipped and trained, with defence spending at 2.02% of GDP.

==History==
{{Main|Military history of Australia|History of the Royal Australian Navy|History of the Australian Army|History of the Royal Australian Air Force}}

===Formation===
[[Image:HMAS Melbourne (R21) and USS Midway (CV-41) underway, 16 May 1981 (6380752).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=An aerial photo of an aircraft carrier with several aircraft on her flight deck. Another carrier is visible in the background.|The retirement of the aircraft carrier {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}} without replacement in 1982 marked a shift away from the policy of "forward defence".{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=55}}]]
By 1870, each of the then Australian colonies [[Colonial forces of Australia|maintained their own military forces]]. On 1 January 1901, the colonies [[Federation of Australia|federated into a new nation]] and on 1 March 1901, these colonial forces were amalgamated to establish the [[Australian Army]] and Commonwealth Naval Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Australian Army |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-structure/army |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg |first=Swinden |date=2011-06-14 |title=Australasian Naval Forces and Commonwealth Naval Forces |url=https://navyhistory.au/australasian-naval-forces-and-commonwealth-naval-forces/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Naval Historical Society of Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref>{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=67}} In 1911, the government established the [[Royal Australian Navy]], which absorbed the Commonwealth Naval Force.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=467}} The Army established the [[Australian Flying Corps]] in 1912 which was separated to form the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] in 1921.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=61, 457}} The services were not linked by a single chain of command, as they each reported to their own separate Minister and had separate administrative arrangements. The three services saw action around the world during [[Military history of Australia during World War I|World War I]] and [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II]], and took part in conflicts in Asia during the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Horner|2007|pp=145–150}}

The importance of [[joint warfare]] was made clear to the Australian military during World War II when Australian naval, ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands. Following the war, several senior officers lobbied for the appointment of a [[commander in chief|commander-in-chief]] of the three services. The government rejected this proposal and the three services remained fully independent.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=42}} The absence of a central authority resulted in poor coordination between the services, with each service organising and operating under different [[military doctrine]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=44}}

The need for an integrated command structure received more emphasis due to inefficient arrangements [[Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War|during the Vietnam War]] which at times hindered the military's efforts.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=44}} In 1973, the Secretary of the [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]], [[Arthur Tange]], submitted a report to the Government that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service under a single ''Department of Defence,'' and the creation of the position of Chief of the Defence Force Staff. The government accepted these recommendations, and the Australian Defence Force was established on 9 February 1976.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=47}}

===Defence of Australia era===
[[Image:Kangaroo 89.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A group of men wearing green military uniforms walking across barren ground.|Australian soldiers lead a column of American troops during Exercise Kangaroo '89, which was held in northern Australia.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=65}}]]
Until the 1970s, Australia's military strategy centred on the concept of "forward defence", in which the role of the Australian military was to co-operate with allied forces to counter threats in Australia's region. In 1969, when the United States began the [[Guam Doctrine]] and the British withdrew [[east of Suez]], Australia developed a defence policy which emphasised self-reliance and the defence of continental Australia. This was known as the [[Defence of Australia Policy]]. Under this policy, the focus of Australian defence planning was to protect Australia's northern maritime approaches (the Air-Sea Gap) against enemy attack.{{sfn|Tewes|Rayner|Kavanaugh|2004}} In line with this goal, the ADF was restructured to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases and to counter raids on continental Australia. The ADF achieved this by increasing the capabilities of the RAN and RAAF and relocating regular Army units to northern Australia.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=72}}

At this time, the ADF had no military units on operational deployment outside Australia. In 1987, the ADF made its first operational deployment as part of [[Operation Morris Dance]], in which several warships and a rifle [[Company (military)|company]] deployed to the waters off [[Fiji]] in response to the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état]]. While broadly successful, this deployment highlighted the need for the ADF to improve its capability to rapidly respond to unforeseen events.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=225–227}}

Since the late 1980s, the Government has increasingly called upon the ADF to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world. While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists, several led to the deployment of hundreds of personnel. Large peacekeeping deployments were made to [[Australian contribution to UNTAG|Namibia]] in early 1989, [[Australian contribution to UNTAC in Cambodia 1992–1993|Cambodia]] between 1992 and 1993, [[Operation Solace|Somalia]] in 1993, [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|Rwanda]] between 1994 and 1995 and [[Bougainville Province|Bougainville]] in 1994 and from 1997 onwards.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=228–255}}

The [[Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War]] was the first time Australian personnel were deployed to an active war zone since the establishment of the ADF. Although the warships and [[Clearance Diving Team (RAN)|clearance diving team]] deployed to the [[Persian Gulf]] did not see combat, the deployment tested the ADF's capabilities and command structure. Following the war the Navy regularly deployed a [[List of recent Australian warship deployments to the Middle East|frigate to the Persian Gulf or Red Sea]] to enforce the [[Iraq sanctions|trade sanctions imposed on Iraq]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=231–237}}

===East Timor deployment===
[[File:Australian C-130 H being unloaded at Tallil Air Base in April 2003.jpeg|thumb|alt=Rear view of a propeller-driven plane on the ground with its cargo door open and propellers still spinning|A RAAF C-130 Hercules being unloaded at Tallil Air Base, Iraq, during April 2003]]

In 1996, [[John Howard]] led the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party's]] election campaign and became prime minister. Subsequently, there were significant reforms to the ADF's force structure and role. The new government's defence strategy placed less emphasis on defending Australia from direct attack and greater emphasis on working in co-operation with regional states and [[Foreign relations of Australia|Australia's allies]] to manage potential security threats.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=95–96}} From 1997 the Government also implemented a series of changes to the ADF's force structure to increase the proportion of combat units to support units and improve the ADF's combat effectiveness.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=93–95}}

The ADF's experiences during the [[International Force for East Timor|deployment to East Timor in 1999]] led to significant changes in Australia's defence policies and, an enhancement of the ADF's ability to conduct operations outside Australia. This successful deployment was the first time a large ADF force had operated outside of Australia since the Vietnam War and revealed shortcomings in its ability to mount and sustain such operations.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jenny |last=Sinclair |title=Operation Chaos |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/19/1037490107525.html |work=[[The Age]] |date=19 December 2002 |access-date=6 July 2007 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429222024/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/19/1037490107525.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2000, the Government released a new Defence White Paper, ''Defence 2000 – Our Future Defence Force'', that placed a greater emphasis on preparing the ADF for overseas deployments. The Government committed to improve the ADF's capabilities by improving the readiness and equipment of ADF units, expanding the ADF and increasing [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|real]] Defence expenditure by 3% per year;{{sfn|Thomson|2005|p=11}} in the event, expenditure increased by 2.3% per annum in real terms in the period to 2012–13.{{sfn|Thomson|2012|p=25}} In 2003 and 2005, the ''Defence Updates'' emphasised this focus on expeditionary operations and led to an expansion and modernisation of the ADF.{{sfn|Thomson|2006|pp=7–8}}

===Iraq and Afghanistan===
Since 2000, the ADF's expanded force structure and deployment capabilities have been put to the test on several occasions. Following the [[11 September attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]] on the United States, Australia committed a [[special forces]] task group and an [[air-to-air refuelling]] aircraft to operations in [[Afghanistan]], and naval warships to the Persian Gulf as [[Operation Slipper]].{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=8–9}} In 2003, approximately 2,000 ADF personnel, including a special forces task group, three warships and 14 [[F/A-18 Hornet]] aircraft, took part in the [[Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]].{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=248}}

The ADF was subsequently involved in the reconstruction of Iraq. From 2003 until 2005 this was mainly limited to a [[Security Detachment Iraq (Australia)|Security Detachment]] which protected the Australian embassy, the attachment of officers to multi-national headquarters, small numbers of transport and maritime patrol aircraft, and teams of air traffic controllers and medical personnel.<ref name="Fielding Concluding Australia's Military Commitment in Iraq">{{cite web|last1=Fielding|first1=Marcus|title=Concluding Australia's Military Commitment in Iraq|url=http://www.mhhv.org.au/?p=340|publisher=Military History and Heritage Victoria|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170415/http://www.mhhv.org.au/?p=340|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2005 until 2008 a [[battalion]]-sized Australian Army battle group (initially designated the [[Al Muthanna Task Group]], and later [[Overwatch Battle Group (West)]]) was stationed in southern Iraq. In addition, teams of ADF personnel were deployed to train Iraqi military units. In line with a 2007 election commitment, the [[Rudd government (2007–10)|Rudd government]] withdrew combat-related forces from Iraq in mid-2008, and most of the remaining Australian units left the country the next year.<ref name="Fielding Concluding Australia's Military Commitment in Iraq" /><ref name="SBS Iraq timeline">{{cite web|title=Timeline: Australian troops in Iraq|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2008/06/02/timeline-australian-troops-iraq|website=SBS News|publisher=SBS|access-date=31 December 2016|date=23 August 2013|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002610/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2008/06/02/timeline-australian-troops-iraq|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Five ASLAVs in Afghanistan during March 2011.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Colour photo of five military armoured fighting vehicles driving through dusty terrain|Australian Army [[ASLAV]] armoured vehicles in Afghanistan during 2011]]

The ADF also undertook several operations in Australia's immediate region during the 2000s. In 2003, elements of all three services were dispatched to [[Solomon Islands]] as part of the [[Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands]]. Regular deployments of Australian forces continued to the islands until 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Malley|first1=Nick|title=As RAMSI ends, Solomon Islanders look to the future|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/as-ramsi-ends-solomon-islanders-look-to-the-future-20170621-gww2g1.html|access-date=14 January 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 June 2017|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114113447/http://www.smh.com.au/world/as-ramsi-ends-solomon-islanders-look-to-the-future-20170621-gww2g1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between December 2004 and March 2005, 1,400 ADF personnel served in Indonesia as part of [[Operation Sumatra Assist]], which formed part of Australia's response to the devastating [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]].{{sfn|Bullard|2017|p=512}} In May 2006, approximately 2,000 ADF personnel deployed to East Timor in [[Operation Astute]] following unrest between elements of the [[Timor Leste Defence Force]].{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=193}} This deployment concluded in March 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last1=AAP|title=East Timor Operation Astute formally ends|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/east-timor-operation-astute-formally-ends/news-story/ebd5a598fa73c0a97aecfa064036f4c2?sv=da978007173976bf54becf03bd690bb0|access-date=14 January 2018|work=The Australian|date=27 March 2013}}</ref>

From 2006 until 2013 a battalion-sized Australian Army task force operated in [[Urozgan Province]], Afghanistan; this unit was primarily tasked with providing assistance for reconstruction efforts and training Afghan forces, but was frequently involved in combat. In addition, Special Forces Task Groups were deployed from 2005 to 2006 and 2007 until 2013. Other specialist elements of the ADF, including detachments of [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47 Chinook]] helicopters and RAAF radar and air traffic control units, were also periodically deployed to the country.<ref name="APH Afghanistan chronology as of 2010">{{cite web|last1=Brangwin|first1=Nicole|last2=Rann|first2=Anne|title=Australia's military involvement in Afghanistan since 2001: a chronology|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/MilitaryInvolvementAfghanistan|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=31 December 2016|date=16 July 2010|archive-date=17 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917020242/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/MilitaryInvolvementAfghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="APH Afghanistan facts and figures as of 2013">{{cite web|last1=Church|first1=Nathan|title=Australia at war in Afghanistan: updated facts and figures|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/AfghanistanFactsUpdated|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=31 December 2016|date=13 December 2013|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170408/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/AfghanistanFactsUpdated|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 40 ADF personnel were killed in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2013, and 262 wounded.<ref name="Defence Battle casualties in Afghanistan">{{cite web|title=Battle casualties in Afghanistan|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/operations/afghanistan/personnel.asp|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114060656/http://defence.gov.au/Operations/Afghanistan/personnel.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the withdrawal of the combat forces in 2013, ADF training teams have continued to be stationed in the country to train Afghan forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation HIGHROAD|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/operations/afghanistan/|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001248/http://www.defence.gov.au/operations/afghanistan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Australian Labor Party]] (ALP) governments led by prime ministers [[Kevin Rudd]] and [[Julia Gillard]] between 2007 and 2013 commissioned two defence white papers, which were published in 2009 and 2013. The 2009 document, ''[[Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030]]'', had a focus on responding to China's rapidly growing influence. It included commitments to expand the RAN, including acquiring twelve submarines, and increasing defence spending by three percent per year in real terms. This increase in spending did not occur, however.{{sfn|Edwards|2016|pp=20–21}} The ''Defence White Paper 2013'' had similar strategic themes, but set out a more modest program of defence spending which reflected the government's constrained finances. As part of an election commitment, the [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal–National Coalition]] [[Abbott government]] commissioned a further defence white paper that was published in 2016.{{sfn|Edwards|2016|p=21}} This document also included a commitment to expand the ADF's size and capabilities.{{sfn|Thomson|2016|p=vi}} There has generally been [[bipartisan]] agreement between the ALP and the Liberal–National Coalition on the ADF's role since the mid-1970s. Both political groupings currently support the ADF's focus on expeditionary operations, and the broad funding target set out in the ''2016 Defence White Paper''.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=7}} The ADF's broad [[force structure]] has also experienced little change since the 1980s. For instance, throughout this period the Army's main combat formations have been three [[brigade]]s and the RAAF has been equipped with around 100 combat aircraft. Most of the equipment used by the services has been replaced or upgraded, however.{{sfn|Jennings|2016|pp=114, 137}}
[[File:RAAF F-35 taking off during the Australian International Airshow and Aerospace & Defence Exposition 2017.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour photograph of a modern jet fighter aircraft taking off from a runway|The Australian Government intends to buy at least 72 [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35A Lightning II]] aircraft to re-equip the RAAF's air combat force<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Stephen L.|title=Australia gets its first public display of the new F-35 Joint Strike Fighter|url=https://theconversation.com/australia-gets-its-first-public-display-of-the-new-f-35-joint-strike-fighter-73832|website=The Conversation|access-date=7 January 2018|date=8 March 2017|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107232955/https://theconversation.com/australia-gets-its-first-public-display-of-the-new-f-35-joint-strike-fighter-73832|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
It is stated in the ''2016 Defence White Paper'' that Australia's changing security environment will lead to new demands being placed on the Australian Defence Force. Although it is not expected that Australia will face any threat of direct attack from another country, terrorist groups and tensions between nations in East Asia pose threats to Australian security. More broadly, the Australian Government believes that it needs to make a contribution to maintaining the rules-based order globally. There is also a risk that [[climate change]], weak economic growth and social factors could cause instability in South Pacific countries.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=16–17}}

The ADF has developed strategies to respond to Australia's changing strategic environment. The ''2016 Defence White Paper'' states that "the Government will ensure Australia maintains a regionally superior ADF
with the highest levels of military capability and scientific and technological sophistication". To this end, the government intends to improve the ADF's combat power and expand the number of military personnel. This will include introducing new technologies and capabilities. The ADF is also seeking to improve its intelligence capabilities and co-operation between the services.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=18–20}}

Beginning in August 2014, RAAF combat forces, an Army special forces task force and an Army training unit were deployed to the Middle East during [[Operation Okra]] as part of the international [[war against the Islamic State]]. The RAAF aircraft conducted air strikes in Iraq and Syria and provided airborne command and control and air-to-air refuelling for the coalition forces. The special forces advised the [[Iraqi Army]] and the training unit trained Iraqi soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Westra |first1=Renee |title=Syria: Australian military operations |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1718/SyriaMilitaryOps |website=Parliamentary Library |publisher=Parliament of Australia |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en-AU |date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The RAAF combat aircraft completed operations in January 2018, and the other aircraft were withdrawn in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=RAAF completes last strike mission over Iraq |url=https://australianaviation.com.au/2018/01/raaf-completes-last-strike-mission-over-iraq/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=Australian Aviation |date=16 January 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australian aircraft complete Middle East mission |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/lreynolds/media-releases/australian-aircraft-complete-middle-east-mission |website=Media release |publisher=Senator the Hon Linda Reynolds CSC |access-date=9 September 2020 |date=25 April 2023}}</ref> The Army training force departed in mid-2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Task Group Taji operation a success |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-news/media-releases/task-group-taji-operation-success |website=Media release |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=25 April 2023 |date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

===2020–present===
[[File:President Joe Biden, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the AUKUS meeting in San Diego, California, March 13, 2023 - 230313-D-TT977-0319.jpg|thumb|left|Australian Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]], US President [[Joe Biden]] and British Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] during a meeting held in March 2023 to announce the details of Australia's plans to acquire nuclear attack submarines as part of the [[AUKUS]] partnership]]
The Australian Government believes that the country's strategic circumstances are worsening due to the threat posed by China. This has led to decisions to expand the ADF and enhance its ability to participate in high intensity combat. The ''2020 Defence Strategic Update'' called for the ADF's efforts to be focused on the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. It also concluded that there was no longer a ten-year period of strategic warning before Australia could be involved in a major war. The document stated that the ADF's funding would be expanded, and its capacity to strike at targets from a long distance be improved.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldrick |first1=James |title=Defence Strategic Update 2020: A first assessment {{!}} Lowy Institute |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/defence-strategic-update-2020-first-assessment |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=lowyinstitute.org |date=2 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, Australia entered into the [[AUKUS]] trilateral security partnership with the United Kingdom and United States. As part of this partnership, Australia will obtain [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|nuclear attack submarines]] to significantly improve the RAN's capabilities - this replaced a plan to acquire 12 conventionally powered [[Attack-class submarine|''Attack''-class submarines]] in partnership with France. The three AUKUS countries also agreed to collaborate on a range of military technologies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58564837 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=BBC News |date=16 September 2021}}</ref>

An investigation of allegations of Australian war crimes in Afghanistan was completed in November 2020. The [[Brereton Report]] found that there was evidence that 25 Australian special forces personnel committed war crimes on 25 occasions, resulting in the deaths of 39 people and the mistreatment of two others. General [[Angus Campbell (general)|Angus Campbell]] accepted all of the 143 recommendations made in the report.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grattan |first1=Michelle |title=Evidence of war crimes found against 25 Australian soldiers in Afghanistan |url=https://theconversation.com/evidence-of-war-crimes-found-against-25-australian-soldiers-in-afghanistan-150377 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=19 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The government announced the implementation of 139 of the recommendations in 2024, with the remaining relating to ongoing criminal investigations by the newly created Office of the Special Investigator.<ref>{{cite news|title=Defence commanders stripped of medals after Afghanistan war crimes investigation ends|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-12/afghanistan-war-crimes-inquiry-ends-commanders-medals-stripped/104341114|date=2024-09-12|work=ABC News }}</ref> The office charged a first soldier with war crimes in March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title=Australian defence chief warns further criminal charges could be laid over alleged war crimes in Afghanistan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/11/defence-chief-flags-more-allegations-of-afghanistan-war-crimes-made-against-australian-soldiers |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=11 April 2023}}</ref>

During August 2021, RAAF aircraft participated in [[2021 Kabul airlift|an international airlift]] to evacuate people from Kabul in Afghanistan after it fell to the Taliban. An Army infantry company was deployed to Kabul as part of this operation. More than 3,500 people were evacuated by the RAAF.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dziedzic |first1=Stephen |title=Australia's Afghanistan evacuation mission ends in one of ADF's 'finest moments' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-09/afghan-refugees-australia-evacuation-mission-ends/100448160 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=ABC News |date=9 September 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diggers on a mission like no other |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2021-09-09/diggers-mission-no-other |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=25 April 2023 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022 Australia provided military assistance to Ukraine. {{As of|April 2023}}, this included the transfer of military equipment from the ADF worth $A475 million and the deployment of an Army training team to the United Kingdom to train Ukrainian soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Invasion of Ukraine by Russia |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/crisis-hub/invasion-ukraine-russia |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The election of the ALP [[Albanese government]] in May 2022 did not significantly change Australia's defence posture, as the ALP and Coalition parties have broadly similar defence policies. This includes an agreement on China posing a threat to Australia's security. The main difference is that the ALP sees [[climate change]] as an important security issue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |title=Peter Dutton casts Coalition as stronger than Labor on defence as election nears – so how different are they? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/19/peter-dutton-casts-coalition-as-stronger-than-labor-on-defence-as-election-nears-so-how-different-are-they |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=18 March 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=216}} After coming to power, the Albanese government commissioned the [[Defence Strategic Review]] that was publicly released in April 2023. The review found that the security challenges facing Australia had continued to worsen, and called for the ADF to be restructured to meet the threats. This includes transitioning the ADF from its traditional structure of a "balanced force" capable of a range of activities to a "focused force" tailored mainly to protecting Australia from military attack or [[coercion]]. As part of this change, the review recommended reducing the planned size of the Army's mechanised forces and expanding its long-range firepower. The review also identified climate change as a threat to Australia and called for a "whole of nation effort" to defending Australia that goes beyond the ADF.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blaxland |first1=John |author1-link=John Blaxland (historian) |title=The much-anticipated defence review is here. So what does it say, and what does it mean for Australia? |url=https://theconversation.com/the-much-anticipated-defence-review-is-here-so-what-does-it-say-and-what-does-it-mean-for-australia-204267 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=24 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The government accepted most of the review's recommendations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |title=Defence strategic review: Australia will build longer range military power amid 'radically different' security environment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/24/australia-defence-strategic-review-missile-production-corvette-warships-adf-australian-military-news |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

==Structure==
The Australian Defence Force and Department of Defence make up the [[Australian Defence Organisation]] (ADO), which is often referred to as "Defence".<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are and what we do|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111060554/http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[diarchy]] of the [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]] (CDF) and the Secretary of the Department of Defence administers the ADO.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=2–3}} The Department of Defence is staffed by both civilian and military personnel, and includes agencies such as the [[Defence Intelligence Organisation]] (DIO) and [[Defence Science and Technology Group]] (DST Group).{{sfn|Khosa|2010|pp=50–51}}

===Command arrangements===
{{See also|Current senior Australian Defence Organisation personnel|Senior Australian Defence Organisation Positions}}
The ADF's command arrangements are set out in the ''Defence Act 1903'' and subordinate legislation.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} The act refers to the [[Australian Constitution|constitution]], which vests the governor-general with the command-in-chief of the Defence Force.<ref>''Australian Constitution'' [https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s68.html s 68].</ref> This power is only exercised on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of government ministers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameron |url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n3911/pdf/book.pdf |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |date=2018 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-155-3 |location= |pages=92–6 |language=en}}</ref> The act also states that the Minister for Defence "has general control and administration of the Defence Force" and that the CDF and the Secretary of the Department of Defence must "comply with any directions of the Minister".<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|da190356|Defence Act 1903|8}}</ref> The leaders of the ADO are also responsible to the junior ministers who are appointed to manage specific elements of the defence portfolio.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} Under the [[First Albanese ministry|Albanese Ministry]] two cabinet-level ministers have been responsible for the Defence portfolio since May 2022: the position of Minister for Defence held by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Richard Marles]], and [[Matt Keogh]] is the [[Minister for Defence Personnel]] and the [[Minister for Veterans' Affairs]]. In addition, there are two junior ministers: [[Matt Thistlethwaite]] is the Assistant Minister for Defence and Assistant Minister for Veterans' Affairs and [[Pat Conroy (politician)|Pat Conroy]] is the [[Minister for Defence Industry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Defence Ministers |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310102102/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/ |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=Department of Defence}}</ref>

The CDF is the most senior appointment in the ADF and commands the force.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}} The CDF is the only four-star officer in the ADF and is a [[General (Australia)|general]], [[Admiral (Australia)|admiral]] or [[Air chief marshal (Australia)|air chief marshal]]. As well as having command responsibilities, the CDF is the Minister for Defence's principal military adviser.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=3}} [[Admiral (Australia)|Admiral]][[David Johnston (admiral)| David Johnston]] is the current CDF, and assumed this position on 10 July 2024.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |author2=Prime Minister Anthony Albanese |title=Appointment of Australian Defence Force senior leadership |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-04-09/appointment-australian-defence-force-senior-leadership |website=Department of Defence Ministers |date=9 April 2024 |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral David Lance Johnston |url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/biography/admiral-david-lance-johnston |website=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> In 2006 [[Hugh White (strategist)|Hugh White]], a prominent academic and former Deputy Secretary in the Department of Defence, criticised the existing and prior Defence ministers for not providing the CDF and Secretary of Defence with enough authority to manage the ADF, with the minister playing too large a role in managing the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |first=Hugh |last=White |title=The real battle is far from the battlefield |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/White%2C_The_real_battle_1.pdf |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=25 May 2006 |access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175620/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pubfiles/White%2C_The_real_battle_1.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Conversely, in 2024 associate professor James Connor found that Defence ministers have been too reliant on advice from the Defence department, partially due to fast turnover of defence ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niesche |first=Christopher |date=2024-11-12 |title=Defence's culture problem: Where do we start? |url=https://www.themandarin.com.au/281021-defences-culture-problem-where-do-we-start/ |access-date= |website=The Mandarin |language=en-US}}</ref>

Under the current ADF command structure the day-to-day management of the ADF is distinct from the command of military operations.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=13}} The services are administered through the ADO, with the head of each service (the [[Chief of Navy (Australia)|Chief of Navy]], [[Chief of Army (Australia)|Chief of Army]] and [[Chief of Air Force (Australia)|Chief of Air Force]]) and the service headquarters being responsible for raising, training and sustaining combat forces. Each chief is also the CDF's principal adviser on matters concerning the responsibilities of their service. The CDF chairs the Chiefs of Service Committee which comprises the service chiefs, [[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]] and the [[Chief of Joint Operations (Australia)|Chief of Joint Operations]] (CJOPS).{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=12–13}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp |title=Who we are and what we do |author= |publisher=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Australian Government Department of Defence]] |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810044711/http://www.defence.gov.au/AboutUs.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The CDF and service chiefs are supported by an integrated ADF Headquarters, which replaced separate service headquarters on 1 July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joining the forces|url=http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=153871#folio=2|access-date=25 January 2018|work=Army|publisher=Department of Defence|date=29 June 2017|page=2|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012654/http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=153871#folio=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the individual members of each service ultimately report to their service's Chief, the Chiefs do not control military operations. Control of ADF operations is exercised through a formal command chain headed by the CJOPS, who reports directly to the CDF. The CJOPS commands the [[Headquarters Joint Operations Command (Australia)|Headquarters Joint Operations Command]] (HQJOC) as well as temporary joint task forces. These joint task forces comprise units assigned from their service to participate in operations or training exercises.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=14}}{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=35}}

===Joint forces===
[[File:Soldiers with a LHD Landing Craft in May 2018.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour photograph of three men wearing green military uniforms kneeling on a beach near a grey ship. A green truck is driving off the ship, and a large grey ship is visible on the horizon.|Australian Army soldiers providing security for a RAN [[LCM-1E|LHD Landing Craft]] during a joint exercise in 2018]]
Operational command of the ADF is exercised by HQJOC, which is located at a purpose-built facility near [[Bungendore, New South Wales|Bungendore]], New South Wales. This is a joint headquarters comprising personnel from the three services and includes a continuously manned Joint Control Centre. HQJOC's main role is to "plan, monitor and control" ADF operations and exercises, and it is organised around groups of plans, operations and support staff. HQJOC also monitors the readiness of the ADF units which are not assigned to operations and contributes to developing Australia's military doctrine.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=14}}

As well as HQJOC, the ADF has permanent joint operational commands responsible to the CJOPS. Joint Operations Command (JOC) includes the two headquarters responsible for patrolling Australia's maritime borders on a day-to-day basis, [[Northern Command (Australia)|Northern Command]] and [[Maritime Border Command (Australia)|Maritime Border Command]]. Other JOC units include the Joint Movements Group and the Air and Space Operations Centre. Individual ADF units and Joint Task Groups are assigned to JOC during operations, and HQJOC includes officers responsible for submarine and special operations forces.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|pp=13–15}}

The [[Joint Capabilities Group]] manages the ADF's space, cyber, information operations, logistics and joint training functions. It also includes an element that undertakes planning for mobilising Australia's economy. It was established in 2017, and the group now has several elements that integrate units previously assigned to individual services, including [[Cyber Command (Australia)|Cyber Command]] and [[Space Command (Australia)|Space Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Capabilities Group |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/about/who-we-are/organisation-structure/joint-capabilities-group |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Arya |first1=Cleo |title=Eight-year evolution tracks demands of modern warfare |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2025-07-02/eight-year-evolution-tracks-demands-modern-warfare |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=21 December 2025 |date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

The ADF includes a number of joint operational and training units. These include the [[Joint Military Police Unit (Australia)|Joint Military Police Unit]] and the [[Joint Helicopter Aircrew Training School]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ADF Joint Helicopter Aircrew Training School commences training|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/01/adf-joint-helicopter-aircrew-training-school-commences-training/|access-date=24 February 2018|work=Australian Aviation|date=17 January 2018|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205160156/http://australianaviation.com.au/2018/01/adf-joint-helicopter-aircrew-training-school-commences-training/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Devlin |first1=Dave |title=Joint Service Police Group launched |url=https://news.navy.gov.au/en/Jun2017/Events/3794/Joint-Service-Police-Group-launched.htm |website=Navy Daily |publisher=Royal Australian Navy |access-date=27 July 2020 |date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727105823/https://news.navy.gov.au/en/Jun2017/Events/3794/Joint-Service-Police-Group-launched.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Royal Australian Navy===
{{Main|Royal Australian Navy}}
The Royal Australian Navy is the [[navy|naval branch]] of the Australian Defence Force. The RAN operates just under 50 [[Ship commissioning|commissioned warships]], including [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[submarine]]s, [[patrol boat]]s and auxiliary ships, as well as a number of non-commissioned vessels. In addition, the RAN maintains a force of combat, logistics and training helicopters.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Fleet|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/fleet|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220222249/http://www.navy.gov.au/fleet|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are two parts to the RAN's structure. One is an operational command, [[Fleet Command (Australia)|Fleet Command]], and the other is a support command, [[Navy Strategic Command]].{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=9–11}} The Navy's assets are administered by five "forces" which report to the [[Commander Australian Fleet]]. These are the [[Fleet Air Arm (RAN)|Fleet Air Arm]], the Mine Warfare, Clearance Diving, Hydrographic, Meteorological and Patrol Force, Shore Force, [[Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service|Submarine Force]] and Surface Force.{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|p=13}}

===Australian Army===
[[File:Australian Army organization 2025.png|thumb|right|640px|Australian Army organisation 2025 (click to enlarge)]]

{{Main|Australian Army}}
The Army is organised into three main elements which report to the Chief of Army; the Headquarters of the [[1st Division (Australia)|1st Division]], [[Special Operations Command (Australia)|Special Operations Command]] and [[Forces Command (Australia)|Forces Command]].<ref name="Army orbat Dec 2017">{{cite web|title=Army Order of Battle|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-order-of-battle|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103814/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-order-of-battle|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, approximately 85% of Army personnel were in units assigned to Forces Command, which is responsible for preparing units and individuals for operations. Headquarters 1st Division is responsible for high-level training activities and is capable of being deployed to command large scale ground operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Units|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208085752/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units|url-status=live}}</ref> Only a small number of units are permanently assigned to the 1st Division; these include the [[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] which forms the pre-landing force for the Australian Amphibious Force, a signals regiment and three training and personnel support units.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doran|first1=Mark|title=Amphibious Display|url=http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=154755#folio=12|work=Army|publisher=Department of Defence|page=12|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170201/http://armynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=154755#folio=12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Army orbat Dec 2017" />

The Australian Army's main combat forces are grouped in brigades. Its main conventional forces are three regular combat brigades which are organised on a common structure; the [[1st Brigade (Australia)|1st]], [[3rd Brigade (Australia)|3rd]] and [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th Brigades]].{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=9, 16}} Support for the units in these formations is provided by an aviation brigade ([[16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)|16th Aviation Brigade]]), a combat support and [[ISTAR]] brigade ([[6th Brigade (Australia)|6th Brigade]]) and a logistics brigade (the [[17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia)|17th Sustainment Brigade]]).{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=25–30}} Under a restructure of the Army's health capability, a new health brigade, designated the 2nd Health Brigade, will be raised in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defence.gov.au/service/boost-army-health |title=A boost for Army health |author=Bickerstaff, Fiona |date=19 November 2021 |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> In addition, there are six Army Reserve brigades; these brigades are administered by the [[2nd Division (Australia)|2nd Division]] and "paired" with the three regular combat brigades.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=35–36}} The Army's main tactical formations are [[combined arms]] [[battlegroup (army)|battlegroups]] made up of elements drawn from different units.{{sfn|Davies|2010|p=3}}{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|p=12}}

The Special Operations Command commands the Army's special forces units. It comprises the [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|Special Air Service Regiment]], the [[2nd Commando Regiment (Australia)|2nd Commando Regiment]], the reserve [[1st Commando Regiment (Australia)|1st Commando Regiment]] and the [[Special Operations Engineer Regiment (Australia)|Special Operations Engineer Regiment]] as well as logistics and training units.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|p=32}} The Army's special forces units have been expanded since 2001 and are well equipped and capable of being deployed by sea, air or land.{{sfn|Davies|2010|p=6}} As of 2014, Special Operations Command comprised approximately 2,200 personnel.{{sfn|Davies|Jennings|Schreer|2014|p=13}}

===Royal Australian Air Force===
{{Main|Royal Australian Air Force}}
The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air power branch of the ADF. The RAAF has modern [[Military aircraft|combat]] and [[Cargo aircraft|transport aircraft]] and a network of bases in strategic locations across Australia.{{sfn|Pittaway|2014|pp=76–80}}

The RAAF has a single operational command, [[RAAF Air Command|Air Command]].{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|p=26}} Air Command is the operational arm of the RAAF and consists of [[Air Combat Group RAAF|Air Combat Group]], [[Air Mobility Group RAAF|Air Mobility Group]], [[Surveillance and Response Group RAAF|Surveillance and Response Group]], [[Combat Support Group RAAF|Combat Support Group]], [[Aerospace Operational Support Group RAAF|Air Warfare Centre]] and [[Air Force Training Group RAAF|Air Force Training Group]].{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|p=40}} Each group consists of several [[Wing (air force unit)|wings]].{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|pp=44–45}}

The RAAF has [[List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons|nineteen flying squadrons]]; five combat squadrons, two maritime patrol squadrons, six transport squadrons, six training squadrons (including three [[Operational Conversion Unit]]s and a forward air control training squadron) as well as one [[Airborne Early Warning & Control]] squadron and a [[Joint Terminal Attack Controller]] squadron. The ground units supporting these flying squadrons include three expeditionary combat support squadrons, three [[Airfield Defence Guards|security force squadrons]] and a range of intelligence, air traffic control, communications, radar and medical units.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Wilson|Pittaway|2017|p=15}}

==Logistic support ==
[[File:CHC Helicopter S-76 helicopter during Exercise Pitch Black in August 2016.jpg|thumb|alt=A helicopter painted red and white flying with two people wearing military uniforms hanging from a rope attached to the helicopter|[[CHC Helicopter]]s has been contracted to provide search and rescue and crash response services to all three branches of the ADF<ref>{{cite news|title=CHC secures Navy SAR contract|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/chc-secures-royal-australian-navy-contract/|access-date=26 January 2018|work=Australian Aviation|date=8 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514143743/http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/05/chc-secures-royal-australian-navy-contract/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{{see also|Defence industry of Australia}}
The ADF's [[military logistics|logistics]] are managed by the Department of Defence's Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group (CASG). The CASG was established in 2015 from the previously semi-independent [[Defence Materiel Organisation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=DMO, CDG to be abolished under First Principles review|url=http://adbr.com.au/dmo-cdg-to-be-abolished-under-first-principles-review/|access-date=2 January 2017|work=Australian Defence Business Review|date=1 April 2015|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102174529/http://adbr.com.au/dmo-cdg-to-be-abolished-under-first-principles-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|title=Defence's executive clear-out after Defence Materiel Organisation abolished|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/public-service/defences-executive-clearout-after-defence-materiel-organisation-abolished-20150806-gitnkb.html|access-date=2 January 2017|work=The Canberra Times|date=10 August 2015|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228214842/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/public-service/defences-executive-clearout-after-defence-materiel-organisation-abolished-20150806-gitnkb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> CASG is responsible for the acquisition of all materiel (except guided weapons and explosive ordnance) and services used by the ADF and maintaining this equipment throughout its life of type.<ref>{{cite web|title=About CASG|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/casg/AboutCASG/|website=Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206042827/http://www.defence.gov.au/casg/AboutCASG/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomson|first1=Mark|title=The demise of the Defence Materiel Organisation|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-demise-of-the-defence-materiel-organisation/|website=The Strategist|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|access-date=2 January 2017|date=17 April 2015|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002441/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-demise-of-the-defence-materiel-organisation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

CASG is not directly responsible for supplying deployed ADF units; this is the responsibility of the [[Joint Logistics Command]] (JLC) and the single service logistic units,<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Logistics Command|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jlc/|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223091951/http://www.defence.gov.au/JLC/|url-status=live}}</ref> instead CASG has responsibility for the supply and transport of materiel from manufacturers to supply depots. These units include the Navy's Strategic Command and replenishment ships, the Army's 17th Sustainment Brigade and Combat Service Support Battalions, and the [[Combat Support Group RAAF]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=273}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy Strategic Command|url=http://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea5_lfz99_120.&organizationalUnit&eef17f11-b887-4f65-be14-546d46176913|website=directory.gov.au|publisher=Department of Finance|access-date=2 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103093821/http://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea5_lfz99_120.&organizationalUnit&eef17f11-b887-4f65-be14-546d46176913|archive-date=3 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ADF maintains stockpiles of ammunition, fuel and other supplies. Since the late 1990s, ammunition for the three services has been stored in a network of facilities managed by the JLC.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2017|p=1}} The creation of a GWEO Group moved the responsibility of acquisition and sustainment of Explosive Materiel within the ADF from JLC and CASG to itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guided Weapons and Explosive Ordnance Enterprise {{!}} Business & Industry {{!}} Defence |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/business-industry/industry-capability-programs/guided-weapons-explosive-ordnance-enterprise |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=defence.gov.au}}</ref> The ADF also holds several months' worth of fuel for the Navy's vessels and several weeks' worth for aircraft and vehicles. A number of defence analysts have raised concerns over the adequacy of the fuel stockpile, especially as Australia is largely dependent on imports which could be disrupted in the event of war.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tillett|first1=Andrew|title=Defence experts call for boost to fuel reserves over fears of shortages|url=http://www.afr.com/news/defence-experts-call-for-boost-to-fuel-reserves-over-fears-of-shortages-20180104-h0df4n|access-date=6 January 2018|work=Australian Financial Review|date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071319/http://www.afr.com/news/defence-experts-call-for-boost-to-fuel-reserves-over-fears-of-shortages-20180104-h0df4n|archive-date=6 January 2018}}</ref>

The increasing role of the [[private sector]] forms an important trend in the ADF's logistics arrangements. During the 1990s many of the ADF's support functions were transferred to the private sector to improve the efficiency with which they were provided. Since these reforms most of the "garrison" support services at military bases have been provided by [[Private military company|private firms]]. The reforms also led to many of the ADF's logistics units being disbanded or reduced in size.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=265–279}} Since this time private firms have increasingly been contracted to provide critical support to ADF units deployed outside Australia. This support has included transporting equipment and personnel and constructing and supplying bases.{{sfn|Thomson|2005a|pp=30–32}}

==Military intelligence and surveillance==
The Australian Defence Force's [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] collection and analysis capabilities include each of the services' intelligence systems and units, two joint civilian-military [[List of intelligence gathering disciplines|intelligence gathering]] agencies and two strategic and operational-level [[intelligence analysis]] organisations.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=150}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Australian Intelligence Community|url=https://www.igis.gov.au/australian-intelligence-community|publisher=Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020420/https://www.igis.gov.au/australian-intelligence-community|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:A9-757 Lockheed AP-3C Orion RAAF (9687341571).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A grey, four engined aircraft viewed from below while it is in flight|A Royal Australian Air Force AP-3C Orion aircraft. These aircraft are fitted with advanced signals intelligence and electronic signals intelligence equipment.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=McLaughlin|first=Andrew|title=Quiet Achievers. RAAF Orions on patrol|magazine=Australian Aviation|date=December 2007|issue= 245|pages=41–42|publisher=Phantom Media|location=Canberra|issn=0813-0876}}</ref>]]

Each of the three services has its own intelligence collection assets.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=150}} RAN doctrine stresses the importance of collecting a wide range of information and combining it to inform decisions. It also notes that the [[Collins-class submarine|''Collins''-class submarines]] are particularly effective sources of "acoustic, electromagnetic and environmental information".{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=19, 165}} The Army's intelligence and surveillance units include the [[1st Intelligence Battalion (Australia)|1st Intelligence Battalion]], [[7th Signal Regiment (Australia)|7th Signal Regiment (Electronic Warfare)]], [[20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery|20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment]], three [[Regional Force Surveillance Units]] and the [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|Special Air Service Regiment]].{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=8–9, 27}} The RAAF monitors the airspace of Australia and neighbouring countries using the Vigilare system, which combines input from the service's [[Jindalee Operational Radar Network]], other ADF air defence radars (including airborne and naval systems) and civilian air traffic control radars.{{sfn|Pittaway|2014|p=76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerr|first=Julian|title=Vigilare up and running|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/vigilare-up-and-running/story-e6frg8yo-1225940235791|access-date=5 April 2014|newspaper=The Australian|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> The RAAF's other intelligence assets include [[No. 87 Squadron RAAF|No. 87 Squadron]] and the [[Lockheed AP-3C Orion|AP-3C Orion]] aircraft operated by [[No. 92 Wing RAAF|No. 92 Wing]].{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=31–35}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Warfare Centre|date=3 November 2017|url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/structure/air-command-headquarters/air-warfare-centre|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143208/https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/structure/air-command-headquarters/air-warfare-centre|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] radar and a telescope located at [[Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt]] provide a space situational awareness capability, which includes tracking space assets and debris.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2016|p=41}} Australia also provides personnel to the US [[Joint Space Operations Center]] in Colorado Springs which tracks and identifies any man-made object in orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/space/2015/04/14/us-certifies-canadian-jspoc-chief/25785147/|title=US Certifies Canadian JSpOC Chief|last=Mehta|first=Aaron|journal=Defense News|date=14 April 2015|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

The [[Defence Intelligence and Security Group|Defence Strategic Policy and Intelligence Group]] within the Department of Defence supports the services and co-operates with the civilian agencies within the [[List of Australian intelligence agencies|Australian Intelligence Community]]. This Group consists of the [[Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation]] (AGO), [[Australian Signals Directorate]] (ASD) and [[Defence Intelligence Organisation]] (DIO). The AGO is responsible for [[GEOINT|geospatial intelligence]] and producing maps for the ADF, the ASD, originally the Defence Signals Directorate, is Australia's [[signals intelligence]] agency, and the DIO is responsible for the analysis of intelligence collected by the other intelligence agencies. The three agencies are headquartered in Canberra, though the AGO has staff in [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and the ASD maintains permanent signals collection facilities in other locations.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=125}}

The ASD also includes the [[Australian Intelligence Community#Australian Cyber Security Centre|Australian Cyber Security Centre]] (ACSC) which is responsible for protecting Defence and other Australian Government agencies against [[cyberwarfare]] attacks. The ACSC was established in January 2010 and is jointly staffed by the ASD and personnel from the [[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Attorney-General's Department]], [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]], and [[Australian Federal Police]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyber Security Operations Centre |url=http://www.dsd.gov.au/_lib/pdf_doc/csoc_brochure.pdf |publisher=Defence Signals Directorate |access-date=9 October 2010 |page=5 |date=January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219185940/http://www.dsd.gov.au/_lib/pdf_doc/csoc_brochure.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Berkovic |first=Nicola|title=Defence on a cyber war footing|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/defence-on-a-cyber-war-footing/story-e6frg6nf-1225820171172|access-date=9 October 2010|newspaper=The Australian|date=16 January 2010}}</ref> Unlike the United States military, the ADF does not class cyberwarfare as being a separate sphere of warfare.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Dylan|title=Cyber soldiers|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/cyber-soldiers-20101008-16c7e.html|access-date=26 January 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=9 October 2010|archive-date=13 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013074112/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/cyber-soldiers-20101008-16c7e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017 an Information Warfare Division was raised, tasked with both defensive and offensive cyber operations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Austin|first=Greg|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/explaining-australias-sharp-turn-to-information-warfare/|title=Explaining Australia's Sharp Turn to Information Warfare|work=The Diplomat|date=8 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709205400/http://thediplomat.com/2017/07/explaining-australias-sharp-turn-to-information-warfare/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jcg/iwd.asp|title=Information Warfare Division|work=Joint Capabilities Group|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822100540/http://www.defence.gov.au/jcg/iwd.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McGhee|first=Ashlynne|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/cyber-warfare-unit-to-be-launched-by-australian-defence-forces/8665230|title=Cyber warfare unit set to be launched by Australian Defence Forces|work=ABC News|date=30 June 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710163827/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-30/cyber-warfare-unit-to-be-launched-by-australian-defence-forces/8665230|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Australian Secret Intelligence Service]] (ASIS) has been involved in ADF operations since the Vietnam War including East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan.<ref name="ASIS speech">{{cite speech|title=ASIS at 60|author=Director-General Nick Warner|date=19 July 2012|location=Canberra|url=http://www.asis.gov.au/about-us/speech.html|institution=Lowy Institute for International Policy|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002438/http://www.asis.gov.au/about-us/speech.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the Director-General of ASIS stated that the service's agents had saved the lives of Australian soldiers, enabled special forces operations and that "it's difficult to see a situation in the future where the ADF would deploy without ASIS alongside".<ref name="ASIS speech" /> It has been reported that one of the Special Air Service Regiment's [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]] works with ASIS and has undertaken independent covert intelligence-collection operations outside Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Epstein|first1=Rafael|last2=Welch|first2=Dylan|title=Secret SAS teams hunt for terrorists|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/secret-sas-teams-hunt-for-terrorists-20120312-1uwhy.html|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=13 March 2012|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114054803/http://www.smh.com.au/national/secret-sas-teams-hunt-for-terrorists-20120312-1uwhy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personnel==
[[File:16th Air Defence Regiment soldiers posing with RBS-70 July 2011.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of eight people wearing camouflage uniforms posing with a rocket launcher. Several camouflaged trucks are visible in the background.|Personnel from the Army's [[16th Air Land Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery|16th Air Land Regiment]] with one of the unit's [[RBS 70]] systems]]
The Australian military has been an [[Volunteer military|all-volunteer force]] since [[Conscription in Australia|the abolition of conscription in 1972]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Conscription|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription|website=Encyclopedia|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120159/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription|url-status=live}}</ref> Both men and women can enlist in the ADF, with women being able to apply for all roles. Only Australian citizens and permanent residents who are eligible for Australian citizenship can enlist. Recruits must be aged at least 17, and meet health, educational and aptitude standards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quick eligibility check|url=https://www.defencejobs.gov.au/joining/can-i-join/eligibility-check|website=Defence Jobs Australia|publisher=Manpower Services (Australia)|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061906/https://www.defencejobs.gov.au/joining/can-i-join/eligibility-check|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF is one of the few areas of the Australian Government to continue to have [[Mandatory retirement|compulsory retirement]] ages: permanent personnel must retire at 60 years of age and reservists at 65.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Australian Law Reform Commission|title=Recruitment and Employment Law|url=http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/2-recruitment-and-employment-law/compulsory-retirement|website=Grey Areas – Age Barriers to Work in Commonwealth Laws (DP 78)|publisher=Australian Law Reform Commission|access-date=31 December 2016|date=2012|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231170721/http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/2-recruitment-and-employment-law/compulsory-retirement|url-status=live}}</ref> Both permanent and reserve personnel can work through flexible arrangements, including part-time hours or remotely from their duty station, subject to approval.{{sfn|Defence People Group|2017|p=20}} Discipline of defence personnel is guided by the ''Defence Force Discipline Act'' ''1982'', ultimately overseen by the [[Judge Advocate General (Australia)|Judge Advocate General]] of the ADF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/jag/ |title=About the Judge Advocate General |work=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] |date=4 September 2014 |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=18 January 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127065637/http://www.defence.gov.au/jag/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Demographics of Australia|Australian demographic trends]] will put pressure on the ADF in the future.{{sfn|Henry|2005|p=19}} Excluding other factors, the ageing of the Australian population will result in smaller numbers of potential recruits entering the Australian [[labour market]] each year. Some predictions are that population ageing will result in slower economic growth and increased government expenditure on pensions and health programs. As a result of these trends, the ageing of Australia's population may worsen the ADF's manpower situation and may force the Government to reallocate some of the Defence budget.{{sfn|Henry|2005|pp=22–23}} Few young Australians consider joining the military and the ADF has to compete for recruits against private sector firms which are able to offer higher salaries.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=280}}

===Personnel numbers===
{{asof|2025|6|30|post=,}} the ADF comprised 58,909 permanent (full-time) and 33,269 active reserve (part-time) personnel.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025a|p=119}} Compared to 57,036 permanent and 24,028 active reserve personnel eleven years prior in June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Annual Report 2013-14 |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/about/accessing-information/annual-reports}}</ref> The Army is the largest service, followed by the RAAF and RAN. The ADO also employed 20,545 civilian [[Australian Public Service]] (APS) staff as at 30 June 2025.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025a|p=119}} During the 2024–25 financial year 6,228 people enlisted in the ADF on a permanent basis and 4,562 left, representing a net gain of 1,664 personnel.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025a|p=119}}

The distribution of ADF personnel between the services and categories of service on 30 June 2025 was as follows:{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025a|p=119}}

{| class=wikitable
!Service||Permanent||Active Reserve||Total
|-
|Navy||align=right|15,123|| align="right" |4,763|| align="right" |'''19,886'''
|-
|Army||align=right|27,701|| align="right" |22,146|| align="right" |'''49,847'''
|-
|Air Force||align=right|16,085|| align="right" |6,360|| align="right" |'''22,445'''
|-
|'''Total'''||align=right|'''58,909'''|| align="right" |'''33,269'''|| align="right" |'''92,178'''
|}

[[File:Australian Defence Force permanent force personnel strengths 2002-03 to 2015-16.jpg|thumb|The average permanent strengths of the services between the 2002–03 and 2015–16 financial years{{sfn|Thomson|2016|p=61}}]]

The number of ADF personnel has changed over the last 20 years. During the 1990s the strength of the ADF was reduced from around 70,000 to 50,000 permanent personnel as a result of budget cuts and the outsourcing of some military functions. The ADF began to grow from 2000 after the defence white paper released that year called for an expansion to the military's strength, though the size of the military decreased between the 2003–04 to 2005–06 financial years due to problems with attracting further recruits. By 2009–10 the ADF was above its budgeted size, leading to reductions until 2014–15. The size of the ADF grew between the 2014–15 and 2016–17 financial years.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=64}} The ADF has not met its recruitment targets over the period since the 1995–96 financial year.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=65}}

Whilst the ADF is the largest military in Oceania,{{sfn|Hardy|2013|p=195}} it is small compared to most Asian military forces ranking 8th out of 27 countries in Asia in 2024 according to the [[Lowy Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vyas |first1=Heloise |title=Australia has become more powerful in Asia as Russia's influence falters. Here's how it ranks in eight key capabilities |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-04/australia-ranking-asia-power-index-eight-key-capabilities/104384382 |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> According to a 2021 Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade parliamentary report, the "Committee [was] concerned that the ADF is too small to credibly field sufficient rotational combat forces for protracted high-end combat operations, either as a lead or contributing nation".{{sfn|Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade|2021|p=37}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Helena |title=Australia’s Defence Force is dangerously small, warns new report |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/australias-defence-force-is-dangerously-small-warns-new-report/news-story/2ffb8b5906670e0f33cd5a8d9be52120 |access-date=10 November 2025 |work=[[news.com.au]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

Both the number of personnel in the ADF and the share of the Australian population this represents is smaller than that in many countries in Australia's immediate region. Several [[NATO]] member countries, including France and the United States, also have a higher share of their population in the military.{{sfn|Thomson|2005|pp=4–5}} This is a continuation of long-term trends, as outside of major wars Australia has always had a relatively small military. The size of the force is a result of Australia's relatively small population and the military being structured around a maritime strategy focused on the RAN and RAAF rather than a manpower-intensive army.{{sfn|Thomson|2005|p=5}}{{sfn|Australian Government|2014|p=33}}

In March 2022, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that by 2040 the strength of the ADF would grow by around 30% to be almost 80,000 permanent personnel. The expansion is estimated to cost at least A$38 billion which includes increasing the number of APS personnel.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Prime Minister Scott Morrison |title=Defence workforce to grow above 100,000 |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/defence-workforce-grow-above-100000 |website=Prime Minister of Australia |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hellyer |first1=Marcus |title=Where will Defence find 18,500 more people? |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/where-will-defence-find-18500-more-people/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=The Strategist |publisher=The Australian Strategic Policy Institute |date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

In June 2024, the government announced a new policy to grow the ADF as outlined in the ''National Defence Strategy'' released in April 2024.<ref name="ADFpermresidents">{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |author2=Minister for Defence Personnel Matt Keogh |title=Australian Defence Force opens recruitment to non-Australian citizens |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-06-04/australian-defence-force-opens-recruitment-non-australian-citizens |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |title=2024 National Defence Strategy |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2024-04-17/2024-national-defence-strategy |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=17 April 2024}}</ref> Under the policy, [[Australian permanent resident|permanent residents]] who have lived in Australia for 12 months from countries in the [[Five Eyes]] alliance will become eligible to join the ADF.<ref name="ADFpermresidents"/><ref name="ABCpermresidents">{{cite news |last1=Manfield |first1=Evelyn |last2=Lowrey |first2=Tom|title=Australian Defence Force recruitment to be opened to foreign citizens, causes government confusion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-06-04/foreign-citizen-australian-defence-force-recruitment-opened/103931146 |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=4 June 2024}}</ref> From July 2024, [[New Zealand]] permanent residents will be eligible to join the ADF.<ref name="ADFpermresidents"/> From January 2025, permanent residents from the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]] and [[Canada]] will be eligible to join the ADF.<ref name="ADFpermresidents"/> Once the person has served 90 days in the ADF they will become eligible for Australian citizenship and would be expected to apply.<ref name="ABCpermresidents"/>

===Reserves===

Each of the branches of the ADF has a reserve component. These forces are the [[Royal Australian Naval Reserve]], [[Australian Army Reserve]] and [[Royal Australian Air Force Reserve]].{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=11}} The main role of the reserves is to supplement the permanent elements of the ADF during deployments and crises, including [[natural disaster]]s. This can include attaching individual reservists to regular units or deploying units composed entirely of reserve personnel.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=29}} As reservists serve on a part-time basis, they are less costly to the government than permanent members of the ADF, but the nature of their service can mean that reservists have a lower level of readiness than regular personnel and require further training before they can be deployed.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=30}} It has historically proven difficult to set a level of training requirements which allows reservists to be rapidly deployable yet does not act as a disincentive to recruitment and continued participation.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=46}} Successive governments since the 1960s have also been reluctant to use the "call out" powers to require reservists to undertake active service.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Hugh|title=A 'total force' at last? Change in the Defence workforce|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-total-force-at-last-change-in-the-defence-workforce/|website=The Strategist|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|access-date=7 January 2018|date=5 December 2013|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062359/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-total-force-at-last-change-in-the-defence-workforce/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:5-6 RVR ANZAC Day 2008.JPG|thumb|left|Members of the Army Reserve [[5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment]] marching through Melbourne on [[Anzac Day]] 2006]]

There are two main categories of reserve personnel; those in the active reserve and those in the standby reserve.<ref name="Year_Book_Aust_2009-10_people">{{cite web |author=Australian Bureau of Statistics |year=2010 |title=People |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6D4CD661FDBA3226CA25773700169C59?opendocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312161143/http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6D4CD661FDBA3226CA25773700169C59?opendocument |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 July 2010 |work=Year Book Australia, 2009–10 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |location=Canberra}}</ref> Members of the active reserve have an annual minimum training obligation.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=31}} Reservists can volunteer to undertake more than the minimum periods of training and active service.{{sfn|Defence People Group|2017|p=6}} Members of the standby reserve are not required to undertake training, and would only be called up in response to a national emergency or to fill a specialised position. Most standby reservists are former full-time members of the ADF.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|p=58}}{{sfn|Defence People Group|2017|p=11}}

While Australian Naval Reserve personnel are assigned to permanent units, most members of the Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve are members of reserve units. Most of the RAAF's reserve units are not intended to be deployed, and reserve personnel are generally attached to regular air force units during their periods of active service.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2001|pp=36, 61, 65, 76}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Force Reserves|date=3 November 2017|url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/our-people/careers/reserves|publisher=Royal Australian Air Force|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084046/https://www.airforce.gov.au/our-people/careers/reserves|url-status=live}}</ref> The Army Reserve is organised into permanent combat and support units, though most are currently manned at levels well below their authorised strengths and are not capable of deploying as formed units.{{sfn|Smith|2014|pp=42–43}}

The ADF's increased activities since 1999 and shortfalls in recruiting permanent personnel has led to reservists being more frequently called to active service.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=280}} This has included large scale domestic deployments, which have included providing security for major events such as the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and responding to natural disasters. Large numbers of reserve personnel have also been deployed as part of ADF operations in Australia's region; this has included the deployment of Army Reserve [[Company (military unit)|rifle companies]] to East Timor and the Solomon Islands. Smaller numbers of reservists have taken part in operations in locations distant from Australia.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2009|p=90}} Notably, companies of the Army Reserve 1st Commando Regiment were regularly deployed to Afghanistan as part of the Special Operations Task Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Commando Regiment|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/1st-commando-regiment|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103353/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/1st-commando-regiment|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Training===
[[File:ADFA Aerial.jpg|thumb|The Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra]]
Individual training of Australian servicemen and women is generally provided by the services in their own training institutions. Each service has its own training organisation to manage this individual training. Where possible, however, individual training is increasingly being provided through tri-service schools.{{sfn|Horner|2001|p=281}}

Military academies include {{HMAS|Creswell}} for the Navy, [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]], for the Army, and the [[Officers' Training School RAAF|Officers' Training School]] for the Air Force. The [[Australian Defence Force Academy]] is a tri-service university for officer cadets of all services who wish to attain a university degree through the ADF. Navy recruit training is conducted at {{HMAS|Cerberus|naval base|6}}, Army recruits are trained at the [[Army Recruit Training Centre]] and Air Force recruits at [[RAAF Base Wagga]].{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=294–301}}

===Women in the ADF===
{{Main|Women in the Australian military}}
Women first served in the Australian military during World War II when each service established a separate female branch. The RAAF was the first service to fully integrate women into operational units, doing so in 1977, with the Army and RAN following in 1979 and 1985 respectively.{{sfn|Horner|2001|pp=321–324}} The ADF initially struggled to integrate women, with integration being driven by changing Australian social values and Government legislation rather than a change in attitudes within the male-dominated military.{{sfn|Beaumont|2001|p=357}}
[[File:Able Seaman Maritime Logistics-Support Operations Codie-Lee Reid on HMAS Canberra at RIMPAC 2016.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A woman wearing a camouflaged military uniform on the deck of a ship|A female sailor assigned to HMAS ''Canberra'' in 2016]]

The number of positions available to women in the ADF has increased over time. Although servicewomen were initially barred from combat positions, these restrictions began to be lifted in 1990.{{sfn|Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Group|2000}} In September 2011 Minister for Defence Stephen Smith announced that the Cabinet had decided to remove all restrictions on women serving in combat positions, and that this change would come into effect within five years. This decision was supported by the CDF and the chiefs of the services.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Jeremy|title=Women cleared to serve in combat|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-27/women-on-the-frontline/2946258|date=27 September 2011|access-date=27 September 2011|newspaper=ABC News|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927222526/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-09-27/women-on-the-frontline/2946258|url-status=live}}</ref> Serving women became able to apply for all positions on 1 January 2013 except special forces roles in the Army which became open to women in January 2014.<ref name="Lifting of gender restrictions">{{cite press release|title=Lifting of gender restrictions in the Australian Defence Force|url=http://news.defence.gov.au/2013/02/01/lifting-of-gender-restrictions-in-the-australian-defence-force/|publisher=Department of Defence|date=1 February 2013|access-date=3 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324001506/http://news.defence.gov.au/2013/02/01/lifting-of-gender-restrictions-in-the-australian-defence-force/|archive-date=24 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Johnston2014">{{cite speech |author1=Minister for Defence, Senator David Johnston |title=Minister for Defence – Opening address - Defence Women in Peace and Security Conference |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/david-johnston/speeches/minister-defence-opening-address-defence-women-peace-and-security |event=2014 Defence Women in Peace and Security Conference |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424214941/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/david-johnston/speeches/minister-defence-opening-address-defence-women-peace-and-security |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2016, civilian women became able to be directly recruited to all positions.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Landmark moment for women in the ADF |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/news-centre/office-women/landmark-moment-women-adf |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |access-date=15 March 2021 |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314153441/https://pmc.gov.au/news-centre/office-women/landmark-moment-women-adf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the expansion in the number of positions available to women and other changes which aim to encourage increased female recruitment and retention, the growth in the proportion of female permanent defence personnel has been slow.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=80}} In the 1989–1990 financial year women made up 11.4% of the ADF personnel. In the 2008–2009 financial year women occupied 13.5% of ADF positions. During the same period the proportion of civilian positions filled by women in the Australian Defence Organisation increased from 30.8% to 42.8%.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=79}} In 2023–2024, women made up 20.7% of the ADF's permanent force. The proportion of women in the permanent force differs by service: 15.3% of members of the Army are women, compared to 24.1% of the RAN and 27% for the RAAF.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025b|p=9}} In 2024, the ADF adopted targets to increase the proportion of women in the ADF's permanent force to 25% by 2030 and the proportion of women in the services by 2030 of: 28% in the RAN, 18% in the Army and 35% in the RAAF.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025b|p=11}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Powell |first1=Sian |title=ADF aims for more women to serve by 2030 |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/defence/adf-aims-for-more-women-to-serve-by-20300/news-story/1fc1f9405e17dfcef28b9bbd9b20669a |access-date=9 November 2025 |work=[[The Australian]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

There continue to be concerns over the incidence of sexual abuse and gender-based discrimination in the ADF. In 2014 the [[Defence Abuse Response Taskforce]] estimated that around 1,100 currently-serving ADF personnel had abused other members of the military, and recommended that a [[royal commission]] be conducted to investigate long-running allegations of sexual abuse and assault of servicewomen at the Australian Defence Force Academy.<ref name="Government to seriously consider call for royal commission">{{cite news|last1=Wroe|first1=David|title=Defence abuse: Government to 'seriously' consider call for royal commission into abuse at the Australian Defence Force Academy|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/defence-abuse-government-to-seriously-consider-call-for-royal-commission-into-abuse-at-the-australian-defence-force-academy-20141126-11u1jq.html|access-date=5 December 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 November 2014|archive-date=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128184620/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/defence-abuse-government-to-seriously-consider-call-for-royal-commission-into-abuse-at-the-australian-defence-force-academy-20141126-11u1jq.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 Chief of Army General David Morrison publicly released a video in which he warned against gender-based discrimination, and stated that he would dismiss members of the Army who engaged in such conduct.<ref name="Morrison tells troops to respect women or get out">{{cite news|title=Chief of Army David Morrison tells troops to respect women or 'get out'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-14/chief-of-army-fires-broadside-at-army-over-email-allegations/4753208|access-date=5 December 2014|work=ABC News|date=14 June 2014|archive-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104021115/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-14/chief-of-army-fires-broadside-at-army-over-email-allegations/4753208|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ethnic and religious composition===
[[File:RAAF airman constructing a Joint Direct Attack Munition in February 2017.jpg|thumb|alt=A man wearing a blue T-shirt with a military logo working on a green bomb|A RAAF airman assembling a bomb]]
A high percentage of ADF personnel are drawn from the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] portion of Australia's population. In 2011 the proportion of ADF personnel born in Australia and the other predominately Anglo-Celtic countries was higher than this population group's share of both the Australian workforce and overall population.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|pp=77–79}} As a result, analyst Mark Thomson has argued that the ADF is unrepresentative of Australia's society in this regard and that recruiting more personnel from other ethnic backgrounds would improve the ADF's language skills and cultural empathy.{{sfn|Thomson|2009|pp=47–49}} In 2013, the ADF launched the ''Defence Diversity and Inclusion Strategy 2012-2017'' to recruit more volunteers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and to improve statistics collection.{{sfn|Defence People Group|2014|pp=18–19}}

On 30 June 2025, 3.9% of ADF permanent personnel and 3.0% of Reserves were [[Indigenous Australians]].{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025a|p=147}} The ''[[Reconciliation Action Plan|Defence Reconciliation Action Plan 2019-2022]]'' had aimed to increase the number of Indigenous Australians the ADF recruits and to improve their retention rate, and had set a target of 5% Indigenous representation by 2025.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2020|p=105}} Restrictions on Indigenous Australians' ability to enlist in the military existed until the 1970s, though hundreds of Indigenous men and women had joined the military when restrictions were reduced during the world wars. By 1992 the representation of Indigenous Australians in the ADF was equivalent to their proportion of the Australian population, though they continue to be under-represented among the officer corps. Two of the Army's three Regional Force Surveillance Units ([[NORFORCE]] and the [[Far North Queensland Regiment|51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment]]) are manned mostly by Indigenous Australian reservists.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=3–5}} In 2015 Indigenous Australians made up around 2% of ADF personnel, which was smaller than the Indigenous share of the total Australian population.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|pp=78–79}}

In line with trends across the broader Australian population, the proportion of ADF personnel who are not religious has increased considerably over recent years. The proportion of ADF personnel who reported that their religion was Christianity in service censuses and human relations databases decreased from around 66% in 2003 to just over 52% in 2015. Over this period, the proportion who stated that they do not have a religious affiliation increased from 31% to 47%. Only 1% of ADF members reported having a non-Christian religious affiliation in 2015.{{sfn|Hoglin|2016|pp=20–23}} In 2023 it was reported that 80% of new ADF recruits did not have religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shepherd |first1=Tory |title=ADF has 108 evangelical chaplains with each representing just 15 members |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/30/adf-has-108-evangelical-chaplains-with-each-representing-just-15-members |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=30 July 2023}}</ref>

===Sexuality and gender identity===
[[File:Australian Army Soldiers marching in the 2020 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour photo of men and women marching down a street while wearing green military uniforms|Soldiers marching in the 2020 [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]]. An official Defence contingent was permitted to begin marching in the parade during 2008, and its personnel have worn military uniforms since 2013.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/03/07/largest-ever-defence-contingent-to-march-in-mardi-gras-parade/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315025356/http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/03/07/largest-ever-defence-contingent-to-march-in-mardi-gras-parade/|archive-date=15 March 2015|date=7 March 2015|publisher=Australian Government|author=Department of Defence|title=Largest ever Defence contingent to march in Mardi Gras parade}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Sexual orientation and gender identity in the Australian military}}
Australia allows gay men and lesbians to serve openly. Openly gay and lesbian personnel were banned from the ADF until November 1992 when the Australian Government decided to remove this prohibition. The heads of the services and most military personnel opposed this change at the time, and it caused considerable public debate.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=275}}{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=264}} Opponents of lifting the ban on gay and lesbian personnel argued that doing so would greatly harm the ADF's cohesiveness and cause large numbers of resignations. This did not eventuate, and the reform caused few problems.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|pp=264–265}} A 2000 study found that lifting the ban on gay service did not have any negative effects on the ADF's morale, effectiveness or recruitment and retention, and may have led to increased productivity and improved working environments.{{sfn|Belkin|McNichol|2000|pp=2–3}} Few members of the ADF [[Coming out|came out]] as lesbian, gay or bisexual until the late 1990s, however, and those who did were not always welcomed by their comrades.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|pp=36–38}}

ADF personnel in same-sex relationships experienced discriminatory treatment until the 2000s. This included Defence not recognising same-sex spouses, which prevented these couples from receiving the financial entitlements available to opposite-sex couples and could be a barrier to the spouse being treated as their partner's [[next of kin]].{{sfn|Riseman|2018|p=38}} The ADF officially recognised same-sex relationships in 2005, and since 1 January 2009 these couples [[Same-sex unions and military policy#Australia|have had the same access]] to military retirement pensions and superannuation as opposite-sex couples.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|p=41}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Defence law changes recognise same-sex couples|url=http://abc.gov.au/news/stories/2008/12/18/2450532.htm?site=news|access-date=5 September 2010|work=ABC News|date=18 December 2010|archive-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105154651/http://abc.gov.au/news/stories/2008/12/18/2450532.htm?site=news|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Transgender]] personnel have been permitted to serve in the ADF since 2010, and are provided with support when necessary.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|pp=42–43}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Farr|first=Malcolm|title=Army leader General David Morrison wants to defeat sexism|url=http://www.news.com.au/national-news/army-leader-general-david-morrison-wants-to-defeat-sexism-after/story-fncynjr2-1226663795362|access-date=16 June 2013|newspaper=News.com.au|date=14 June 2013|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022637/http://www.news.com.au/national-news/army-leader-general-david-morrison-wants-to-defeat-sexism-after/story-fncynjr2-1226663795362|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the removal of restrictions on gay and lesbian personnel, harassment and discrimination continued to occur; for instance a 2013 survey found that 10% of gay soldiers had experienced discrimination and more than 30% hid their sexuality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McPhedran|first1=Ian|title=Gay soldiers safe from harassment but hide sexuality, survey finds|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/gay-soldiers-safe-from-harassment-but-hide-sexuality-survey-finds/news-story/fd40b4ae74f3409ebe33a332675ff45f|access-date=1 January 2018|work=news.com.au|date=9 September 2013|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015172513/http://www.news.com.au/national/gay-soldiers-safe-from-harassment-but-hide-sexuality-survey-finds/news-story/fd40b4ae74f3409ebe33a332675ff45f|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF has actively encouraged the inclusion of LGBTI personnel since the mid-2010s, with its leadership highlighting the importance of the issue and the military justice system being strongly used to prevent harassment and discrimination. Defence Force Recruiting also encourages LGBTI people to enlist.{{sfn|Riseman|2018|pp=29, 43–44}} As of 2023, 4.8 percent of ADF personnel identified as members of the [[LGBT community|LGBTI+ community]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brewer |first1=Peter |title=ADFA cadets march into college, and in Sydney, Defence personnel join WorldPride week, Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8097648/cadets-march-into-college-serving-military-on-the-march-at-mardi-gras/?cs=14329 |access-date=25 February 2023 |work=The Canberra Times |date=24 February 2023 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Defence expenditure and procurement==
[[File:HMAS Hobart under construction April 2015.JPG|thumb|alt=Colour photograph of a large ship out of the water|The ''Hobart''-class destroyer {{HMAS|Hobart|DDG 39|6}} under construction in 2015]]

===Current expenditure===
{{See also|Australian federal budget}}

The Australian Government allocated {{AUD|55.7 billion}} to the Australian Defence Organisation in the 2024–25 financial year. This level of expenditure is equivalent to approximately 2.02% of Australian Gross Domestic Product (GDP).<ref name="Budget" />

Australia's defence expenditure is much larger in dollar terms to that of most countries in Australia's immediate region.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|p=180}} The share of GDP Australia spends on defence is also larger than that in most developed economies and major South-East Asian countries.<ref name="SIPRI GDP 31 Dec 2016" /> China allocates approximately the same proportion of GDP to Defence as Australia does, and has been rapidly increasing its nominal expenditure.{{sfn|Thomson|2017|pp=174–175}} The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] has estimated that Australia's defence spending in 2017 was the 13th highest of any country in real terms.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2018|title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2018 | SIPRI|website=www.sipri.org|date=April 2019|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308193539/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2018|url-status=live|last1=Wezeman|first1=Siemon T.|last2=Tian|first2=Nan|last3=Fleurant|first3=Aude|last4=Kuimova|first4=Alexandra|last5=Wezeman|first5=Pieter D.}}</ref> As a proportion of GDP Australia's defence spending ranks as 49th of the countries for which data is available.<ref name="SIPRI GDP 31 Dec 2016">{{cite web|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|website=Share of GDP table|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502184705/https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=November 2025}}

===Long term expenditure===

In 2024, the Australian Government released the ''National Defence Strategy'' which plans to lift defence spending to {{AUD|100.4 billion}} by 2033-34 which would represent 2.4% of GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greene |first1=Andrew |last2=Crowley |first2=Tom |title=Richard Marles unveils $50 billion defence spending increase over next decade |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-17/richard-marles-unveils-50b-defence-spending-increase/103734300 |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=17 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brangwin |first1=Nicole |title=Rising global defence expenditure |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/Research/FlagPost/2025/June/Rising_global_defence_expenditure |website=Parliamentary Library |publisher=Parliament of Australia |access-date=14 November 2025 |date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

==Equipment==
{{See also|List of active Royal Australian Navy ships|List of equipment of the Australian Army|Royal Australian Air Force#Equipment|l3=Current aircraft of the RAAF}}
[[File:HMAS Canberra arrives at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam for RIMPAC 2016.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A grey warship sailing near the shoreline.|''Canberra''-class landing helicopter dock [[HMAS Canberra (L02)|HMAS ''Canberra'']]]]
The ADF seeks to be a high-technology force.{{sfn|Thomson|2005|pp=9–10}} Although most of the ADF's weapons are only used by single service, there is an increasing emphasis on commonality. The three services use the same [[small arms]] and the [[SIG Sauer P320]] is the ADF's standard hand gun, the [[Steyr AUG#EF88 Austeyr|EF88 Austeyr]] the standard rifle, the [[F89 Minimi]] the standard light support weapon, the [[FN MAG|FN Herstal MAG-58]] the standard light machine gun and the [[M2 Browning machine gun|Browning M2HB]] the standard heavy machine gun.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=39}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bellman |first1=Corporal Luke |title=New ADF pistol unveiled |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2025-04-04/new-adf-pistol-unveiled |website=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EF88 Austeyr |url=https://www.navy.gov.au/capabilities/weapons/ef88-austeyr |website=[[Royal Australian Navy]] |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

The ADF is equipped with [[conventional weapon]]s only. Australia [[Australia and weapons of mass destruction|does not possess]] [[weapons of mass destruction]] and has ratified the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], [[Chemical Weapons Convention]] and [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].{{sfn|Khosa|2011|pp=98–99}} The Australian Government is committed to encouraging [[nuclear disarmament]] internationally.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuclear Weapons |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/nuclear-weapons |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Australia is also a party to international agreements which prohibit [[land mine]]s and [[cluster munition]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mine action|url=http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/conventional-weapons-missiles/mine-action/pages/mine-action.aspx|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175100/http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/conventional-weapons-missiles/mine-action/pages/mine-action.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2025}}, the Royal Australian Navy operated a large number of ships and submarines. The Navy's main surface combatants were seven [[Anzac-class frigate|''Anzac''-class]] frigates and three [[Hobart-class destroyer|''Hobart''-class destroyers]]. The RAN's submarine force had six [[Collins-class submarine|''Collins-class'']] submarines. There were three [[Armidale-class patrol boat|''Armidale''-class]] and ten [[Cape-class patrol boat|''Cape-class'']] patrol boats for border security and fisheries patrol duties in Australia's northern waters. The RAN's amphibious force comprises the two [[Canberra-class landing helicopter dock|''Canberra''-class]] landing helicopter docks and the dock landing ship {{HMAS|Choules|L100|6}}. The Navy's minesweeping force is equipped with three [[Huon-class minehunter|''Huon''-class]] minehunters. Two [[Supply-class replenishment oiler|''Supply''-class replenishment oilers]] support these combatants. The RAN also operated one survey vessel the [[Leeuwin-class survey vessel|''Leeuwin'']]. Non-commissioned ships operated by the RAN include the sail training ship [[STS Young Endeavour|''Young Endeavour'']]. There were also four auxiliary ships operated by private companies on behalf of the RAN. The Fleet Air Arm's helicopter force comprised 23 [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk|MH-60R Seahawk]] anti-submarine and a training force equipped with 15 [[Eurocopter EC135|EC 135T2+]] helicopters.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|pp=232-233}}

The Australian Army is equipped with a wide range of equipment in order to be able to employ [[combined arms]] approaches in combat.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|p=4}} {{As of|2025}}, the Army's [[armoured fighting vehicle]] holdings included 27 [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams]] main battle tanks, 416 [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113AS4]] armoured personnel carriers, 221 [[ASLAV]] armoured reconnaissance vehicles and 25 [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer]] combat reconnaissance vehicles.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=233}} The Army had approximately 875 [[Bushmaster PMV|Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicles]] in service and had 1,098 [[Hawkei]] protected mobility vehicles.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=233}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Final Hawkei PMV-L enters service |url=https://www.australiandefender.com.au/new/shop/accessallareas/intel/2%2025%20intel/250918final%20hawkei%20delivery/2509final%20hawkei%20delivery.html |work=Australian & NZ Defender Magazine |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=1 October 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Army's artillery holdings consisted of 48 155 mm towed [[M777 howitzer]]s, 2 [[M142 HIMARS]] multiple rocket launchers, 176 81 mm [[M252 mortar|M252A1]] mortars, 7 [[NASAMS|NASAMS-3]] medium range surface-to-air missile systems and [[FGM-148 Javelin]] anti-tank missiles.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=233}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Auditor-General |title=2023–24 Major Projects Report: Department of Defence |date=2024 |publisher=[[Australian National Audit Office]] |location=Canberra |isbn=9781760339968 |series=Auditor-General Report No. 20 2024–25 |url=https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-12/Auditor-General_Report_2024-25_20.pdf |pp=187,190 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |author2=Minister for Defence Industry Pat Conroy |title=Government delivers first Australian HIMARS |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2025-03-24/government-delivers-first-australian-himars |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=24 March 2025}}</ref> [[Australian Army Aviation]] operated several different models of helicopters. These included 22 [[Eurocopter Tiger]] armed reconnaissance helicopters, 14 [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47F Chinook]], 17 [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|UH-60M Black Hawks]] and 5 [[Eurocopter EC135|EC 135T3+]] leased from the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|United Kingdom]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=232}}<ref>{{cite press release |title=Black Hawks soar over NSW for counter-terrorism training |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2025-10-28/black-hawks-soar-over-nsw-counter-terrorism-training |website=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=28 October 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Department of Defence|2025a|p=193}} The Army also operated 15 [[AAI RQ-7 Shadow|RQ-7B Shadow 2000]] uncrewed aerial vehicles.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=232}} The Army's fleet of watercraft at this time included 15 [[LCM-8]] landing craft.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=232}}
[[File:RAAF (A35-009) Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II display at the 2019 Australian International Airshow (IMG 3022).jpg|thumb|An RAAF F-35A at the 2019 Australian International Airshow in Avalon, Victoria]]
The Royal Australian Air Force operates combat, maritime patrol, transport and training aircraft. {{As of|2025}}, the combat aircraft force comprised 63 [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35A Lightning IIs]], 24 [[Super Hornet|F/A-18F Super Hornet]]s and 12 [[Boeing EA-18G Growler|EA-18G Growlers]]. The intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance force was equipped with 12 [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8 Poseidon]] maritime patrol aircraft and 6 [[Boeing 737 AEW&C|E-7A Wedgetail]] AEW&C aircraft. The air transport force operated 12 [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J-30 Super Hercules]], 8 [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster IIIs]] and 10 [[Alenia C-27J Spartan|C-27J Spartans]]. A further 12 [[Beechcraft Super King Air|Super King Air 350s]] were used in both the transport and training roles. The RAAF also operated 3 [[Bombardier Challenger 600|Challenger]] and 2 [[Boeing 737]] aircraft as [[Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft|VIP transports]]. The RAAF had seven [[Airbus A330 MRTT|KC-30 Multi-Role Tanker Transports]]. The RAAF's training units were equipped with 49 [[Pilatus PC-21|PC-21s]] and 33 [[Hawker-Siddeley Hawk|Hawk 127s]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2025|p=233}} The RAAF was also equipped with 3 [[Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton|MQ-4C]] unmanned aerial vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walliss |first1=Flight Lieutenant Kayla |title=Australia’s second and third Tritons touch down |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2025-06-27/australias-second-third-tritons-touch-down |website=[[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] |access-date=11 November 2025 |date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

==Bases==
[[File:Map of major Australian Defence Force bases in Australia in 2025.png|thumb|alt=Map of Australia with various locations marked|A map of the ADF's main bases in Australia, as of 2025]]
{{Main|List of Australian military bases}}
The Australian Defence Force maintains 60 major bases and many other facilities across all the [[states and territories of Australia]]. These bases occupy millions of hectares of land, giving the ADO Australia's largest real estate portfolio. [[Defence Housing Australia]] manages around 19,000 residences occupied by members of the ADF.<ref name="Year_Book_Aust_2009-10_people" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Defence Housing Australia|title=Housing portfolio|url=https://www.dha.gov.au/annual-reports/2016-2017/dha-overview/housing-portfolio/|website=Defence Housing Australia Annual Report 2016–17|publisher=Defence Housing Australia|access-date=7 January 2018|date=2017|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313191302/https://www.dha.gov.au/annual-reports/2016-2017/dha-overview/housing-portfolio/|url-status=live}}</ref> While most of the Army's permanent force units are based in northern Australia, the majority of Navy and Air Force units are based near Sydney, [[Brisbane]] and [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. Few ADF bases are currently shared by different services.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|pp=16–35}} Small Army and RAAF units are also located at [[RMAF Base Butterworth|Royal Malaysian Air Force Base Butterworth]].{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=232}} The administrative headquarters of the ADF and the three services is located in [[Canberra]] alongside the main offices of the Department of Defence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defence|url=https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/defence/department-defence|website=directory.gov.au|date=25 May 2017|publisher=Department of Finance|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114205331/https://www.directory.gov.au/portfolios/defence/department-defence|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Royal Australian Navy has two main bases; [[Fleet Base East]] (HMAS ''Kuttabul'') in Sydney and [[Fleet Base West]] (HMAS ''Stirling'') near Perth. The Navy's operational headquarters, Fleet Headquarters, is located adjacent to Fleet Base East. The majority of the Navy's patrol boats are based at {{HMAS|Coonawarra}} in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Northern Territory, with the remaining patrol boats and the hydrographic fleet located at {{HMAS|Cairns|naval base|6}} in [[Cairns]]. The [[Fleet Air Arm (RAN)|Fleet Air Arm]] is based at {{HMAS|Albatross|air station|6}} near [[Nowra, New South Wales|Nowra]], New South Wales.{{sfn|Chief of Navy|2017|pp=195–203}}
[[File:HMAS Kuttabul, 2007 (03).JPG|thumb|left|alt=Colour photo of two grey-painted warships moored alongside wharfs. A large crane and several buildings are visible behind the ships.|''Adelaide'' class frigates {{HMAS|Newcastle|FFG 06|6}} and {{HMAS|Melbourne|FFG 05|6}} moored at Fleet Base East]]

The Australian Army's regular units are concentrated in a few bases, most of which are located in Australia's northern states. The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]] in Sydney. Most elements of the Army's three regular brigades are based at [[Robertson Barracks]] near Darwin, [[Lavarack Barracks]] in [[Townsville]], Queensland, and [[Gallipoli Barracks]] in Brisbane. The 1st Division's Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks. Other important Army bases include the [[Oakey Army Aviation Centre|Army Aviation Centre]] near [[Oakey, Queensland|Oakey]], Queensland, [[Holsworthy Barracks]] near Sydney, [[Woodside Barracks]] near [[Adelaide, South Australia|Adelaide]], South Australia, and [[Campbell Barracks (Australia)|Campbell Barracks]] in Perth. Dozens of [[Australian Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] depots are located across Australia.{{sfn|Australian Army|2014|pp=52–54}}

The Royal Australian Air Force maintains several air bases, including three which are only occasionally activated. The RAAF's operational headquarters, [[RAAF Air Command|Air Command]], is located at [[RAAF Base Glenbrook]] near Sydney. The Air Force's combat aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Amberley]] near [[Ipswich, Queensland|Ipswich]], Queensland, [[RAAF Base Tindal]] near [[Katherine, Northern Territory|Katherine]], Northern Territory, and [[RAAF Base Williamtown]] near [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], New South Wales. The RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Edinburgh]] near Adelaide and most of its transport aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Richmond]] in Sydney. RAAF Base Edinburgh is also home to the control centre for the [[Jindalee Operational Radar Network]]. Most of the RAAF's training aircraft are based at [[RAAF Base Pearce]] near Perth with the remaining aircraft located at [[RAAF Base East Sale]] near [[Sale, Victoria|Sale]], Victoria, and RAAF Base Williamtown. The RAAF also maintains a network of bases in northern Australia to support operations to Australia's north. These bases include [[RAAF Base Darwin]] and [[RAAF Base Townsville]] and three [[RAAF Bare Bases|'bare bases']] in [[Queensland]] and Western Australia.{{sfn|Air Power Development Centre|2015|pp=31, 44–45, 57}} Of the RAAF's operational bases, only Tindal is located near an area in which the service's aircraft might feasibly see combat. While this protects the majority of the RAAF's assets from air attack, most air bases are poorly defended and aircraft are generally hangared in un-hardened shelters.{{sfn|Peacock|von Rosenbach|2011|p=28}}

In 2026, it was announced that up to 67 military properties will be sold following a review of all bases and properties across Australia.<ref name="v321">{{cite web | last=Godsell | first=Oscar | title=Defence Minister Richard Marles reveals sale of military properties will 'lend themselves to housing' | website=Sky News Australia | date=2026-02-08 | url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/defence-minister-richard-marles-reveals-sale-of-military-properties-will-lend-themselves-to-housing/news-story/0abada9ed2f6a7009fcabbf6c378e64d?nk=bce86292cf4ad1548c90d7464d87b374-1770650689 | access-date=2026-02-09}}</ref>

==Legal standing==
[[Section 51(vi) of the Constitution of Australia|Section 51(vi)]] of the [[Australian Constitution]] gives the [[Australian Parliament]] the power to make laws regarding Australia's defence and defence forces and section 114 prevents the [[States and territories of Australia|states]] from raising armed forces without the permission of the Commonwealth. Under [[Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia|section 119]] the Commonwealth is assigned responsibility for defending Australia from invasion.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=2}}

[[Section 68 of the Constitution of Australia|Section 68 of the Constitution]] states that the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] is the commander-in-chief of the ADF.<ref name="ACs682">{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|coaca430|Australian Constitution|68}}.</ref> In practical terms, this power is largely ceremonial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Twomey |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Twomey (academic) |date=3 September 2024 |title=Explainer: the governor-general is also commander-in-chief of the defence forces. What does this mean in practice? |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-the-governor-general-is-also-commander-in-chief-of-the-defence-forces-what-does-this-mean-in-practice-237959 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> The governor-general may only exercise this power on the advice from the prime minister, other ministers or through the [[Federal Executive Council (Australia)|Federal Executive Council]].<ref name=":1" /> The elected government also controls the ADF through the minister for Defence, who has the power under section 8 of the ''[[Defence Act 1903]]'' over the "general control and administration of the Defence Force" and may make directions to the chief of Defence Force that must be complied with.{{sfn|Khosa|2011|p=2}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|da190356|Defence Act 1903|8}}</ref>

For practical purposes, the decision to commit the ADF to armed conflict is a decision of the elected government, made by the prime minister following deliberations of the [[National Security Committee (Australia)|National Security Committee of Cabinet]] (NSC).<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=27 November 2024 |title=Memorandum on Government Conventions Relating to Overseas Armed Conflict Decision Making |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/memorandum-government-conventions-armed-conflict |access-date=24 December 2024 |website=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref>{{sfn|McKeown|Jordan|2010|p=2}} The NSC may refer its decision to the full [[Cabinet of Australia|Cabinet]] for its endorsement.{{sfn|PM&C|2022|p=41}} However, the precise legal mechanism for the exercise of this war-making power [[Legality of the Iraq War#Australia|is unclear]].{{efn|It is largely accepted that the power to go to war is a prerogative power falling under [[Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia#Section 61: Executive power|section 61 of the Constitution]].{{sfn|McKeown|Jordan|2010|p=2}}{{sfn|JSCFADT|2023|pp=9–10}} While the use of the ADF for [[Military aid to the civil power#Australia|internal security]] is largely governed by statute,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Cameron |url=https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n3911/pdf/book.pdf |title=Crown and Sword: Executive Power and the Use of Force by the Australian Defence Force |date=2018 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-155-3 |location= |page=167 |language=en}}</ref> the external deployment power has not been codified. In particular, it is disputed whether this external power may be validly exercised without the involvement of the governor-general, which has been the contemporary practice at least since the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sampford |first=Charles |title=Supplementary Submission to JSCFADF Inquiry into International Armed Conflict Decision Making |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=728daf2d-926d-4057-91da-306f1d92ed88&subId=726476 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Parliament of Australia |id=109.2 Supplementary to submission 109}}</ref> Alternatively, it is possible that forces can be committed using ministerial powers granted under section 8 of the ''[[Defence Act 1903]]''.{{Sfn|Sampford|Palmer|2009|pp=363–4}}{{sfn|JSCFADT|2023|pp=11–14}}}} The Commonwealth Government has never been required by the Constitution or legislation to seek [[Parliament of Australia|parliamentary]] approval for decisions to deploy military forces overseas or go to war.{{sfn|McKeown|Jordan|2010|p=1}}{{sfn|Nelson|2015|p=3}}
==Domestic responsibilities==
[[File:Australian Army truck being used in the flood clean-up.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of a large truck in front of a house|An Army truck being used to clean up damage caused by flooding in Brisbane during [[Operation Queensland Flood Assist]] in 2011]]
In addition to its military role, the ADF contributes to domestic security as well as disaster relief efforts in Australia and overseas. These functions are primarily the responsibility of civilian agencies, and the ADF's role in them requires specific justification and authorisation.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=178}}

Elements of the ADF are frequently [[Military aid to the civil power|called out]] to contribute to relief efforts following natural disasters in Australia or overseas. The ADF's role in these efforts is set out in Australia's emergency management plans. The ADF typically contributes specialist capabilities, such as engineers or transport, to support the civil authorities.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2014|pp=11–13, 39}} For major disasters, this can involve a large-scale deployment of personnel and assets. While the ADF has a commitment to assist relief efforts, several defence white papers have specified that this is a secondary responsibility to the force's focus on maintaining combat capabilities. As a result, requests for assistance have to be balanced against military priorities.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2014|pp=30–31}} No elements of the ADF are specifically tasked with or equipped for disaster relief efforts.{{sfn|Australian National Audit Office|2014|p=39}}

The ADF can also be tasked with providing aid to civil authorities outside of natural disasters; for instance in response to [[industrial action]] or to assist civilian police maintain law and order. This rarely occurs, however, and most Australians consider the use of military personnel to break strikes or undertake law enforcement to be inappropriate.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ward|first1=Elizabeth|title=Call Out the Troops: an examination of the legal basis for Australian Defence Force involvement in 'non-defence' matters|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98rp08|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=1 January 2017|date=1997|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232155/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9798/98rp08|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Sutton|2017|pp=42}} Due to the political sensitivities associated with strike breaking, the ADF conducts little planning or other preparations for this role and the ''Defence Act'' explicitly states that reservists may not be called out or deployed in response to industrial action.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=179}}
[[File:HMAS Albany 2010.jpg|thumb|alt=A grey warship underway. Land is visible in the background.|left|The Navy's ''Armidale'' class patrol boats ({{HMAS|Albany|ACPB 86|6}} pictured) are mainly used for border and fisheries patrol tasks<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seapower Centre – Australia|title=Welcome to the Armidale Class|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Semaphore_2006_4.pdf|website=Semaphore|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|access-date=8 January 2018|date=February 2006|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233417/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Semaphore_2006_4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Over recent years, the ADF has been frequently committed to disaster relief. This has included deployments of large numbers of personnel to support fire fighting efforts during the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season]] and to assist state police and healthcare services during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The scale of these deployments and the disruption they have caused to military training has led to suggestions that either elements of the Army Reserve be dedicated to disaster relief or a separate civilian organisation be established to take on the duties the ADF is undertaking.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heanue |first1=Siobhan |title=Putting troops on the frontline of pandemics, natural disasters means less time to train for war |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-27/troops-on-pandemic-bushfire-frontline-cant-train-for-war/12593126 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=ABC News |date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117191624/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-27/troops-on-pandemic-bushfire-frontline-cant-train-for-war/12593126 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=RMIT ABC Fact Check |title=How is the Australian Defence Force assisting states during COVID-19? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-12/fact-check-defence-force-coronavirus-fact-file-hotel-quarantine/12522492?nw=0 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=ABC News |date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828143206/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-12/fact-check-defence-force-coronavirus-fact-file-hotel-quarantine/12522492?nw=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ADF makes a significant contribution to Australia's domestic maritime security. ADF ships, aircraft and Regional Force Surveillance Units conduct patrols of northern Australia in conjunction with the [[Australian Border Force]] (ABF). This operation, which is code-named [[Operation Resolute]], is commanded by the [[Maritime Border Command (Australia)|Maritime Border Command]] which is jointly manned by members of the ADF and ABF. This operation involves a considerable proportion of the ADF's assets, with the forces assigned typically including two major naval vessels, multiple patrol boats, Regional Force Surveillance Unit patrols and AP-3 Orion aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Resolute|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Operations/BorderProtection/default.asp|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113191911/http://defence.gov.au/Operations/BorderProtection/default.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF also often contributes to [[search and rescue]] efforts coordinated by the [[Australian Maritime Safety Authority]] and other civilian agencies.{{sfn|Dennis et al|2008|p=178}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Search and rescue arrangements in Australia|url=https://www.amsa.gov.au/safety-navigation/search-and-rescue/search-and-rescue-arrangements-australia|publisher=Australian Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117132735/https://www.amsa.gov.au/safety-navigation/search-and-rescue/search-and-rescue-arrangements-australia|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the ADF does not have a significant nation-building role, it provides assistance to remote [[Indigenous Australian]] communities through the [[Army Aboriginal Community Assistance Program]]. Under this program, which has been conducted since 1997, an [[Royal Australian Engineers|engineer squadron]] works with one community for several months each year to upgrade local infrastructure and provide training.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Indigenous Initiatives|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-indigenous-community/army-indigenous-initiatives|publisher=Australian Army|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135258/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/army-indigenous-community/army-indigenous-initiatives|url-status=live}}</ref> The ADF also took part in the [[Northern Territory National Emergency Response|intervention in remote Northern Territory Indigenous communities]] between June 2007 and October 2008. During this operation more than 600 ADF personnel provided logistical support to the Northern Territory Emergency Response Task Force and helped conduct child health checks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military to end role in NT intervention|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/military-to-end-role-in-nt-intervention-20081031-5f8i.html|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=31 October 2008|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082433/http://www.smh.com.au/national/military-to-end-role-in-nt-intervention-20081031-5f8i.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ADF shares responsibility for [[counter-terrorism]] with civilian law enforcement agencies. Under ''Australia's Counter-Terrorism Strategy'', the [[Law enforcement in Australia|state and territory police]] and emergency services have the primary responsibility for responding to any terrorist incidents on Australian territory. If a terrorist threat or the consequences of an incident are beyond the capacity of civilian authorities to resolve, the ADF may be called out to provide support following a request from the relevant state or territory government. The Commonwealth Government has responsibility for responding to offshore terrorist incidents.{{sfn|Council of Australian Governments|2015|p=17}} ADF liaison officers are posted to civilian law enforcement agencies, and the military offers specialised training to police counter-terrorism teams.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greene|first1=Andrew|title=Defence Force to take greater role in responding to domestic terrorism|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-17/defence-to-take-greater-role-in-domestic-terrorism-response/8713868|access-date=31 December 2017|work=ABC News|date=17 July 2017|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125122907/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-17/defence-to-take-greater-role-in-domestic-terrorism-response/8713868|url-status=live}}</ref> To meet its counter-terrorism responsibilities the ADF maintains two elite [[Tactical Assault Group (Australia)|Tactical Assault Groups]], the Special Operations Engineer Regiment as well as a company-sized high readiness group in each [[Australian Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] brigade and the [[1st Commando Regiment]]. ADF intelligence assets also work with other Australian Government and police agencies to counter foreign terrorist threats.{{sfn|Smith|Bergin|2006|p=7}}{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|p=72}} While these forces provide a substantial counter-terrorism capability, the ADF does not regard domestic security as being part of its "core business".{{sfn|Smith|Bergin|2006|p=13}}

==Foreign defence relations==
{{See also|Foreign relations of Australia}}
[[File:RAF RAAF USAF C-17s 2007.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of people wearing overalls standing together in front of three grey aircraft are visible in the background.|Australian, British and United States C-17 Globemasters and aircrew in Britain during 2007]]
The Australian Defence Force cooperates with militaries around the world. Australia's formal military agreements include the [[ANZUS|ANZUS Alliance]] with the United States, the Closer Defence Program with New Zealand, the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] with [[Malaysia]], Singapore, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and the [[ABCA Armies|ABCA Armies Standardisation Program]] with the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand.{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=97}}{{sfn|Blaxland|2014|p=12}} Australia has also established a partnership with NATO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relations with Australia|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/topics_48899.htm|publisher=NATO|access-date=7 January 2018|date=12 December 2017|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175150/https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/topics_48899.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ADF activities under these agreements include participating in joint planning, intelligence sharing, personnel exchanges, equipment standardisation programs and joint exercises.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=117–120}} Australia is also a member of the [[UKUSA Agreement|UKUSA]] signals intelligence gathering agreement.{{sfn|Beaumont|2001|p=457}} Members of the ADF are posted to [[List of diplomatic missions of Australia|Australian diplomatic missions]] around the world as [[Military attaché|defence attachés]]; in 2016 the role of these officers was expanded to include promoting export sales for the Australian defence industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expanding the role of Australia's Defence Attaches to support Defence exports|url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/christopher-pyne/media-releases/expanding-role-australias-defence-attaches-support-defence|website=Media release|publisher=The Hon Christopher Pyne MP|access-date=16 March 2018|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152723/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/christopher-pyne/media-releases/expanding-role-australias-defence-attaches-support-defence|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''2016 Defence White Paper'' stated that the Government will seek to further expand the ADF's international engagement.{{sfn|Australian Government|2016|pp=118–120}}

Singapore and the United States maintain military units in Australia. Two [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] pilot training squadrons with a total of 230 personnel are based in Australia.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=232}} The [[Singapore Armed Forces]] also uses the [[Shoalwater Bay|Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area]] in Queensland for large-scale exercises; under the terms of a bilateral agreement, these run for up to 18 weeks each year and involve as many as 14,000 Singaporean personnel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Initiatives/ASMTI/Overview.asp|website=Australia-Singapore Military Training Initiative|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082351/http://www.defence.gov.au/Initiatives/ASMTI/Overview.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Philippines Soldiers and Australian Special Forces Soldier, clear a room during close quarters battle training in support of Balikatan 2017 at Fort Magsay in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija, May 12, 2017.jpg | thumb|left|alt=Colour photo of two soldiers armed with rifles inside a building|An Australian commando (at left) training with a Filipino soldier in 2017]]

The United States maintains intelligence and communications facilities in Australia which are staffed by 1,700 personnel. The intelligence facilities comprise the [[Pine Gap]] satellite tracking station near [[Alice Springs]] and Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt near [[Exmouth, Western Australia|Exmouth]], Western Australia.{{sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2023|p=232}} Pine Gap is jointly operated by Australian and United States personnel and Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt has been an exclusively Australian-operated facility since 1999.{{sfn|Ball|Robinson|Tranter|2016|pp=53–54}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tranter|first1=Richard|title=Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt (North West Cape)|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/naval-communication-station-harold-e-holt-north-west-cape/|website=Australian Defence Facilities|publisher=Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=8 March 2011|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155416/https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/naval-communication-station-harold-e-holt-north-west-cape/|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2007 the Australian Government approved the construction of a new US communications installation at the Defence Signals Directorate [[Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station]] facility near [[Geraldton, Western Australia|Geraldton]], Western Australia, to provide a ground station for the US-led [[Wideband Global SATCOM|Wideband Global System]] which Australia is partly funding.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tranter|first1=Richard|title=Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station, Kojarena|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/australian-defence-satellite-communications-station-kojarena/|website=Australian Defence Facilities|publisher=Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=6 October 2014|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155422/https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/defence-facilities/australian-defence-satellite-communications-station-kojarena/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=Cameron|title=WA spy station to target terror|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/wa-spy-station-to-target-terror/news-story/f3d2a722366a8def79b58e251f485293|access-date=31 December 2017|work=The Australian|date=8 July 2014}}</ref> The [[United States Military]] also frequently uses Australian exercise areas and these facilities have been upgraded to support joint Australian-United States training.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Craig Skehan |author2=Wilkinson, Marian |author3=Murdoch, Lindsay |title=New bases for US forces in far north Australia |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295713.html?from=storylhs |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=9 July 2004 |access-date=7 April 2007 |archive-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013072629/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/08/1089000295713.html?from=storylhs |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2011, the Australian and American Governments announced plans to base on rotational basis a [[United States Marine Corps]] [[Marine Air-Ground Task Force]] in the Northern Territory for training and exercise purposes and increase rotations of [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) aircraft through northern Australia.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Prime Minister |title=Australia-United States Force Posture Initiatives |url=http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/australia-united-states-force-posture-initiatives |website=Prime Minister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122083953/http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/australia-united-states-force-posture-initiatives |archive-date=22 November 2011 |date=16 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Brendan|title=Elite northern unit gives US access in a crisis|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/obama-in-australia/elite-northern-unit-gives-us-access-in-a-crisis/story-fnb0o39u-1226197274548|access-date=20 November 2011|newspaper=The Australian|date=17 November 2011|archive-date=19 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119015951/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/obama-in-australia/elite-northern-unit-gives-us-access-in-a-crisis/story-fnb0o39u-1226197274548|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of this agreement, the [[Marine Rotational Force – Darwin]] has been deployed to Australia for six months each year since 2012. It is planned for this force to eventually comprise around 2,500 personnel with supporting aircraft and equipment.{{sfn|Joint Standing Committee on Treaties|2014|p=3}} The expanded rotations of USAF units to Australia began in early 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=USAF F-22s arrive in Australia for joint training exercises with the RAAF|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/02/usaf-f-22s-head-to-australia-for-joint-training-exercises-with-the-raaf/|access-date=31 December 2017|work=Australian Aviation|date=10 February 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231212100/http://australianaviation.com.au/2017/02/usaf-f-22s-head-to-australia-for-joint-training-exercises-with-the-raaf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ADF provides assistance to militaries in Australia's region through the Defence Cooperation Program. Under this program the ADF provides assistance with training, infrastructure, equipment and logistics and participates in joint exercises with countries in South East Asia and Oceania. The Pacific Patrol Boat Program is the largest Defence Cooperation Program activity and supports 22 [[Pacific class patrol boat]]s operated by twelve South Pacific countries. Other important activities include supporting the development of the [[Timor Leste Defence Force]] and [[Papua New Guinea Defence Force]] and supplying watercraft to the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]].{{sfn|Khosa|2010|p=111}} Australia also directly contributes to the defence of Pacific countries by periodically deploying warships and aircraft to patrol their territorial waters; this includes an annual deployment of RAAF AP-3 Orions to the region as part of a multi-national maritime surveillance operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Orion casts its net in fisheries op|url=http://australianaviation.com.au/2011/11/orion-casts-its-net-in-fisheries-op/|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=Australian Aviation|date=24 November 2011|archive-date=8 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308211513/http://australianaviation.com.au/2011/11/orion-casts-its-net-in-fisheries-op/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Operation Kurukuru catches illegal ships|url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/9020--operation-kurukuru-catches-illegal-ships|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223105737/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/9020--operation-kurukuru-catches-illegal-ships|access-date=5 December 2011|newspaper=Solomon Star|date=16 November 2011|archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Under an informal agreement Australia is responsible for the defence of [[Nauru]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nauru|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru/|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085812/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nr.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the signing of the Japan-Australia Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement, the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and Australia, and the [[Reciprocal Access Agreement]] between Japan and Australia, the Australian Defence Force has been working closely with the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] on various joint operations, training exercises, and strategic initiatives. These agreements have significantly enhanced bilateral defence cooperation, improving interoperability, mutual support, and coordination in regional security matters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=日豪防衛協力・交流）|url=http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/exchange/nikoku/pacific/australia/index.html |publisher=防衛省・自衛隊|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121181812/http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/exchange/nikoku/pacific/australia/index.html |accessdate=2015-10-21|archive-date=21 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=日豪ＡＣＳＡ（日・豪物品役務相互提供協定）|url= http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/exchange/nikoku/pacific/australia/acsa.html |publisher=防衛省・自衛隊|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130127113417/http://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/exchange/nikoku/pacific/australia/acsa.html |accessdate=2015-10-21|archive-date= 27 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=日豪首脳「円滑化協定」に署名安全保障や防衛面での協力拡大 |publisher=NHK NEWS WEB |date=2022-01-06 |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20220106/k10013418221000.html |accessdate=2022-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106092007/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20220106/k10013418221000.html |archivedate=2022-01-06}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Australia|Military history of Australia
}}
* [[List of military equipment of Australia]]
* [[Defence Space Command]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works consulted ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
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* {{cite book |title=Air Force Capability Guidebook |year=2016 |author=Air Power Development Centre |location=Canberra |publisher=Royal Australian Air Force |oclc=950573401 |url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Air-Force-Capability-Guide |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103404/http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Air-Force-Capability-Guide |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web|author=Australian Army|title=The Australian Army: An Aide-Memoire|url=https://www.army.gov.au/sites/g/files/net1846/f/aide_memoire.pdf|publisher=Australian Army|location=Canberra|date=2014|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411114723/https://www.army.gov.au/sites/g/files/net1846/f/aide_memoire.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|author=Australian Government|title=Defence Issues Paper|date=2014|publisher=Department of Defence|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-9925662-0-3|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/WhitePaper/docs/DefenceIssuesPaper2014.pdf|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912070503/http://www.defence.gov.au/Whitepaper/docs/DefenceIssuesPaper2014.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Australian Government|title=2016 Defence White Paper|date=2016|publisher=Department of Defence|location=Canberra|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Whitepaper/|isbn=978-0-9941680-5-4|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=1 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501041336/http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Australian National Audit Office|title=Australian Defence Force Reserves|date=2001|publisher=Australian National Audit Office|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-642-44257-4|url=https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/australian-defence-force-reserves|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103943/https://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit/australian-defence-force-reserves|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Australian National Audit Office|title=Emergency Defence Assistance to the Civil Community|date=2014|publisher=Australian National Audit Office|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-642-81437-1|url=https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/g/files/net616/f/AuditReport_2013-2014_24.pdf|access-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232326/https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/g/files/net616/f/AuditReport_2013-2014_24.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite report |author=Australia. Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade |title=Inquiry into international armed conflict decision making |date=March 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |location=Canberra |isbn=9781760924874 |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/reportjnt/RB000023/toc_pdf/Inquiryintointernationalarmedconflictdecisionmaking.pdf |ref={{sfnref|JSCFADT|2023}} |access-date=18 August 2024}}
* {{cite web |author = Australian Parliamentary Library |url = http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/fad/women_armed.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062427/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/intguide/fad/women_armed.htm |title = Women in the Armed Forces: The Role of Women in the Australian Defence Force |publisher = Parliament of Australia |date = 22 December 2000 |access-date = 16 December 2006 |archive-date = 7 February 2012 }}
* {{cite web|last1=Ball|first1=Desmond|last2=Robinson|first2=Bill|last3=Tranter|first3=Richard|title=Australia's participation in the Pine Gap enterprise|url=http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Australias-Participation-in-the-Pine-Gap-Enterprise.pdf|publisher=Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=2016|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221023920/http://nautilus.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Australias-Participation-in-the-Pine-Gap-Enterprise.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Beaumont|first=Joan|author-link = Joan Beaumont |year = 2001 |title = Australian Defence Sources and Statistics |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Melbourne |isbn = 978-0-19-554118-2}}
* {{cite web |last1=Belkin |first1=Aaron |title=The Effects of Including Gay and Lesbian Soldiers in the Australian Defence Forces: Appraising the Evidence |url=http://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Australia_Final_Report.pdf |publisher=Palm Center |access-date=14 January 2018 |last2=McNichol |first2=Jason |year=2000 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184034/http://www.palmcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Australia_Final_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Blaxland|first=John |title=The Australian Army from Whitlam to Howard |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Port Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=978-1-107-04365-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Bullard|first=Steven|title=In their Time of Need: Australia's Overseas Emergency Relief Operations 1918-2006|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|series=Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations|isbn=978-1-107-02634-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Chief of Navy|title=Australian Maritime Operations|date=2017|publisher=Sea Power Centre – Australia|location=Canberra|isbn=978-0-9925004-1-2|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Australian_Maritime_Operations_2017.pdf|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231155441/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Australian_Maritime_Operations_2017.pdf|url-status=live}}
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* {{Cite journal |last = Khosa |first = Raspal |title = Australian Defence Almanac 2010–2011 |journal = Australian Defence Almanac |year = 2010 |publisher = Australian Strategic Policy Institute |issn = 1449-9355 |url = https://ad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/import/4_12_35_PM_Aust_Defence_Almanac_2010-11.pdf |location = Canberra |access-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120214/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/australian-defence-almanac-2010-2011 |url-status = live }}
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* {{cite web |last1= McKeown |first1= Deirdre |last2= Jordan |first2= Roy |title=Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas |url= https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fprspub%2F5M8W6%22 |website=Background note |publisher=Department of Parliamentary Services |date=22 March 2010 |archive-date=21 June 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140621131801/http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/pol/parliamentaryinvolvement.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Brendan |author-link1=Brendan Nelson |title=The Role of Government and Parliament in the Decision to Go to War |journal=Papers on Parliament Lectures in the Senate Occasional Lecture Series, and Other Papers |date=July 2015 |issue=63 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/05_About_Parliament/52_Sen/Publications_and_resources/Papers_and_research/Papers_on_Parliament/pop63/pop63.pdf |access-date=18 August 2024 |publisher=Department of the Senate, Parliament House |location=Canberra |issn=1031-976X}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Peacock|first1=Lindsay |last2 = von Rosenbach |first2 = Alexander |title = Jane's World Air Forces, Issue Thirty Four |journal = Jane's World Air Forces |year = 2011 |publisher = IHS Jane's |location = Coulsdon, UK |issn = 1748-2526}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Pittaway|first = Nigel |title = Small, but deadly : Australia's Forces |magazine = Air Forces Monthly |date = February 2014 |issue = 311 |pages = 74–84}}
* {{cite book|last1=Riseman |first1=Noah |editor1-last=Moss |editor1-first=Tristan |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=Tom |title=Beyond Combat: Australian Military Activity Away from the Battlefield |date=2018 |publisher=UNSW Press |location=Sydney |isbn=978-1-74223-590-5 |chapter=From witch-hunts to pride balls: the ADF and LGBTI service personnel}}
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* {{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Andrew|last2=Bergin|first2=Anthony|title=Strategic Insights 31 – Australian domestic security: The role of Defence|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/strategic-insights-31-australian-domestic-security-role-defence|publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|date=2006|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082351/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/strategic-insights-31-australian-domestic-security-role-defence|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last = Smith |first = Mark |title = Focusing the Army Reserve: force structuring as an operational rather than strategic reserve |journal = Australian Defence Force Journal |date = 2014 |issue = 193 |pages = 40–55 |url = http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_193/193_2014_Mar_Apr.pdf |access-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-date = 7 January 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174846/http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/adfj/Documents/issue_193/193_2014_Mar_Apr.pdf |url-status = live }}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Beaumont |first1=Joan |title=Australian military historiography |journal=War & Society |date=2 January 2023 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=99–121 |doi=10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Australian Defence Force}}
* {{Official website|http://www.defence.gov.au/}} of the Australian Defence Organisation
* [https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-history/official-histories Official histories from the Australian War Memorial]

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[[Category:Australian Defence Force| ]]
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Mawphanlur

2026-03-18T07:43:56Z

Antoniojaw: New basic info w/ infobox

{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mawphanlur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = NW Mawphanlur Lakes West Khasi Hills Oct24 A7CR 04235.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mawphanlur from the northwest
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.546115|N|91.453226|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1,840
| population_total = 189
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 793119
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|https://s34c27cea8526af8cfee3be5e183ac9605.s3waas.gov.in/|s3waas.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mawphanlur''' is a village in the [[Eastern West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]].

==Description==
Mawphanlur is a small village near the crest of the West Khasi Hills.<ref name="OSM_Mawphanlur"/> Nestled with seven artificial lakes in grass-covered hills at an elevation of {{Convert|1,840|m|ft|abbr=on}}, Mawphanlur is a picturesque tourist attraction.<ref name="PragNews25"/> The mainstay of the economy is tourism.

== History ==
[[File:Memorial Bani Lyngkhoi Mawphanlur Oct24 A7CR 04269.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Drenly K. Bani and Rina Lyngdoh Lyngkhoi, responsible for the lakes of Mawphanlur]]
Drenly K. Bani and Rina Lyngdoh Lyngkhoi conceptualised the lakes of Mawphanlur in 1973. They worked to make the concept a reality, turning the village into a tourist attraction.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Geography ==
[[File:Dusk West Khasi Hills Mawphanlur Oct24 A7CR 04274.jpg|thumb|West Khasi Hills east of Mawphanlur at dusk]]
Mawphanlur is situated in the West Khasi Hills at an elevation of {{Convert|1,840|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="OSM_Mawphanlur">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Mawphanlur |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/7162274353 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> The distance from Mawphanlur to Nongstoin, the District Headquarter is 25 Kms and Mairang is {{Convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Mawphanlur - Mairang route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=25.5461199%2C91.4532208%3B25.6734009%2C91.6414272#map=12/25.5958/91.5330&layers=C |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> [[Shillong]], the capital of Meghalaya, is {{Convert|72|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Mawphanlur - Shillong route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=25.5461199%2C91.4532208%3B25.5760446%2C91.8825282#map=11/25.5239/91.6573&layers=C |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Expand section|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Osbeckia Chinensis Flower West Khasi Hills Oct24 A7CR 04312.jpg|thumb|''Osbeckia chinensis'' flowering in October]]
With rolling, grass-covered hills and seven lakes, Mawphanlur is cool in summer.<ref name="PragNews25"/>

== Demographics ==
In 2011, the total population was 189 in 28 households. Among these 51.9% were female. There were no [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] while 99.5% belonged to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]]. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] was 52.9%.<ref name="CensusWestKhasiB">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/873/download/36360/DH_2011_1704_PART_B_DCHB_WEST_KHASI_HILLS.pdf |first=|title=Meghalaya: District Census Handbook: West Khasi Hills -- Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=2 Part XII B|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=116–118}}

== Governance ==
Mawphanlur village is located in the Rambrai [[Community development block|Community & Rural Development (C&RD) block]] in the West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya.<ref name="Syllad2022"/><ref name="CensusWestKhasiA">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/872/download/36356/DH_2011_1704_PART_A_DCHB_WEST_KHASI_HILLS.pdf |first=|title=Meghalaya: District Census Handbook: West Khasi Hills -- Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=2 Part XII A|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=331}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=West Khasi Hills District: Tourism - Places of Interest |url=https://westkhasihills.gov.in/places-of-interest/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=[[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi Hills district administration]]}}</ref> It falls in the [[Rambrai-Jyrngam Assembly constituency]]<ref name="Syllad2022">{{Cite news |date=9 November 2022 |title=After Rambrai-Jyngrgam Assembly Constituency now Rambrai C&RD Block |url=https://www.syllad.com/after-rambrai-jyrngam-assembly-constituency-now-rambrai-c-rd-block/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=Syllad {{!}} The Rising Meghalaya}}</ref> and in the [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Amenities==
As of 2011, pre-primary, primary and middle schooling were available in Mawphanlur. For secondary school and higher education, students had to commute more than {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The village has piped water supply. The village [[Postal Index Number|pincode]] is 793119 and the nearest post office is {{Convert|5-10|km|mi|abbr=on}} distant.<ref name="CensusWestKhasiA"/>{{rp|page=284,286–8}}

==Economy==
The economy is largely dependant on tourism.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Transport==
Taxis and vans are available for hire.<ref name="CensusWestKhasiA"/>{{rp|page=288}} The nearest railway station and airport are in [[Guwahati]], Assam, at distances of {{Convert|129|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|146|km|mi|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Mawphanlur - Guwahati airport route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_car&route=25.5461199%2C91.4532208%3B26.1113723%2C91.5830728#map=10/25.8141/91.5539&layers=C |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Mawphanlur - Railway Station, Guwahati route |url=https://maps.apple.com/directions?destination=Guwahati+Railway+Station+Parking+4%2C+GS+Road+Paltan+Bazar+Guwahati%2C+781008+Assam+India&source=Mawphanlur%2C+Mawphanlur+Mawthadraishan+Eastern+West+Khasi+Hills%2C+793119+Meghalaya+India&mode=driving |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Apple Maps]]}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Boats Lake Mawphanlur Meghalaya Oct24 A7CR 04265.jpg|thumb|Boating for tourists]]
Nestled with seven artificial lakes in grass-covered hills at an elevation of {{Convert|1,840|m|ft|abbr=on}}, Mawphanlur is a picturesque tourist attraction. Situated on top of a range of hills, it has cool breezes in summer.<ref name="PragNews25">{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Kabita |date=23 April 2025 |title=Offbeat North-East: 5 Underrated Places to Visit This Summer |url=https://pragnews.com/ne/offbeat-summer-northeast |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[Prag News]]}}</ref> In 2024, Mawphanlur was one of 11 less-developed locations selected by the Government of Meghalaya for development of tourism infrastructure. The total amount budgeted was Rs. 200 [[crore]]s (Rs. 2 billion).<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2024 |title=Govt aiming to establish direct flight connectivity from Bangalore, Mumbai and Chennai to Meghalaya |url=https://www.syllad.com/govt-aiming-to-establish-direct-flight-connectivity-from-bangalore-mumbai-and-chennai-to-meghalaya/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=Syllad {{!}} The Rising Meghalaya}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eastern West Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Meghalaya]]

Oru Adaar Love

2026-03-14T04:52:35Z

Antoniojaw: fixed article as per guidelines and improved wording

{{short description|2019 film by Omar Lulu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Adaar Love
| image = Oru Adaar Love (2018) Poster.jpg
| alt = The poster features Priya Prakash Varrier and Roshan Abdul Rahoof
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Omar Lulu]]
| producer = Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Sarang Jayaprakash
* Lijo Panadan
}}
| story = Omar Lulu
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Roshan Abdul Rahoof]]
*[[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
*Siyadh Shajahan
*[[Noorin Shereef]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Shaan Rahman]]
| Sathyajith
| '''Score:'''
| Shaan Rahman
}}
| cinematography = Sinu Sidharth
| editing = Achu Vijayan
| studio = Ousepachan Movie House
| distributor = Ousepachan Screen Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|02|14}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7387300/|title=Oru Adaar Love|via=www.imdb.com|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416075147/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7387300/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|5 crore}}<ref name="gross" />
| gross = {{INR|12 crore}}<ref name="gross" />
}}

'''''Oru Adaar Love''''' ({{translation |"A Fantastic Love"}}) is a 2019 [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Omar Lulu]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Soman|first1=Deepa|title=Omar Lulu's next film is 'Oru Adaar Love'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/omar-lulus-next-film-is-oru-adaar-love/articleshow/60531587.cms|access-date=12 February 2018|work=The Times of India|date=January 2018|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106220256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/omar-lulus-next-film-is-oru-adaar-love/articleshow/60531587.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The screenplay was written by Sarang Jayaprakash and Lijo Panadan from a story by Lulu, and produced by Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy under his production company Ousepachan Movie House.<ref name="manorama"/> The film features [[Roshan Abdul Rahoof]], [[Priya Prakash Varrier]] and [[Noorin Shereef]] in the prominent roles.

The story deals with [[Teen film|high school romance]]. The movie gained worldwide attention due to a clip which went viral, from the song "[[Manikya Malaraya Poovi]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkTlfPa_E8A|title=Priya Varrier: The actress whose wink stopped India|date=12 March 2018|publisher=BBC News|via=YouTube|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421024900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkTlfPa_E8A|url-status=live}}</ref> It prompted the makers to make changes in script, which delayed production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/oru-adaar-love-reshoot-increase-length-character/|title="Oru Adaar Love" reshoot to increase length of Character|date=9 April 2018}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was released on 14 February 2019. It was dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same title, in [[Kannada]] as ''Kirik Love Story''<ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/priya-prakash-varriers-kannada-dubbed-version-of-oru-adaar-love-to-release-on-valentines-day/articleshow/67349022.cms|title=Priya Prakash Varrier's Kannada dubbed version of 'Oru Adaar love' to release on valentine's day|date=2019-02-01|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924044401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/priya-prakash-varriers-kannada-dubbed-version-of-oru-adaar-love-to-release-on-valentines-day/articleshow/67349022.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Lover's Day''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-arjun-be-special-guest-lover-s-day-audio-launch-95459|work=The Newsminute|title=Allu Arjun to be special guest at 'Lover's Day' audio launch|date=22 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123121627/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-arjun-be-special-guest-lover-s-day-audio-launch-95459|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

The story revolves around the journey of [[Higher Secondary School]] kids from the time they first meet in class 11 until their [[graduation|passing out]] in class 12. Roshan woos Priya with the help of Gadha and his other friends. One evening Roshan and his friends get drunk and one of them accidentally sends explicit videos from Roshan's phone to the school's WhatsApp group. Roshan ends up being ridiculed by fellow schoolmates and gets suspended for a week by the School's Principal. But he still accepts it all instead of blaming his friend for it. This causes a rift between Roshan and Priya. She tells him that she's breaking up with him. But thanks to Gadha, a Police SI helps Roshan in getting his suspension cancelled soon.

Roshan and Gadha then pretend to be in love to make Priya jealous, but they end up having feelings for each other. Priya approaches Roshan and says that she has forgiven him and they can start to be in a relationship again. But Roshan is unable to forget Gadha, which comes to be known by Priya. Heartbroken, she tells Roshan that Gadha can be a perfect partner for him, not Priya and they end their relationship.

On graduation day, Roshan decides to propose Gadha on top of the mountain. Just as Roshan is about to propose to Gadha, they are attacked by a bunch of goons who were antagonized by Roshan and Gadha earlier as part of an [[eve teasing]] incident. Gadha is about to be raped and Roshan gets thrashed brutally to death. The film ends there while Roshan and Gadha have flashbacks of their lives with each other.

===Alternate ending (Reshot due to criticism)===

Just as Roshan is about to propose to Gadha, they are attacked by a bunch of goons who were antagonized by Roshan and Gadha earlier as part of an [[eve teasing]] incident. Gadha is about to be raped and Roshan gets thrashed brutally before they are saved by their friends. Although Roshan is brutally wounded and Gadha is abused physically, they still beat the goons. In the end, Roshan and Gadha are seen on a bike and they ride with their friends happily.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
Principal members of the cast are:<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title=Trolling worked to our advantage, says 'Oru Adaar Love' producer Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/17/everything-has-turned-out-well-1912401.html|access-date=14 February 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=17 December 2018|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214175901/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/17/everything-has-turned-out-well-1912401.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Roshan Abdul Rahoof]] as Roshan
* Mathew Joseph as Mathew
* Siyadh Shajahan as Francis E. Manavalan
* Vaishak Pavanan as Vishakh Pavanan aka 'Pavanna'
* Dilruba Aswad Alqamar as Sana
* [[Priya Prakash Varrier]] as Priya Varrier
* [[Noorin Shereef]] as Gadha John
* Arun A Kumar as Arun
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Unmesh Sir, P. T. Teacher
* [[Althaf Salim]] as Manikandan Sir, Chemistry Teacher
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as School Principal
* [[Aneesh G Menon]] as Shibu Sir, Maths Teacher(Thallu Shibu)
* Roshna Ann Roy as Sneha Miss, Biology Teacher
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Principal's Secretary
* Vishnu Govindan as the school peon
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as English Teacher
* Pareekutty Perumbavoor as Senior Firoz
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala|SI]] Jose Panadan, Gadha's uncle (Cameo)
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as [[Constable]] Diwakaran
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Manavalan (Cameo)
* Michelle Ann Daniel as Michelle
* Suhaid (Kukku) as Akku
* [[Niyas Backer]]as Gadha's father
{{colend}}

==Production==
Filming started on 15 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/oru-adaar-love-omar-lulus-next-chunkzz-starts-rolling/|title=Oru Adaar Love: Omar Lulu's next after Chunkzz starts rolling!|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|website=Onlookers|date=15 January 2018|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407074928/http://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/oru-adaar-love-omar-lulus-next-chunkzz-starts-rolling/|url-status=live}}</ref> Malayalam film producer Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy, impressed with Omar Lulu's ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' and ''[[Chunkzz]]'' decided to finance his third project, ''Oru Adaar Love''. The primary cast was selected through audition. Ousepachan Vaalakuzhy said he likes to promote newcomers, as has he done with his previous films.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 January 2018 |title=ഒമര്‍ ചിത്രത്തെ ഞാന്‍ കാണുന്നത് ഒരു പ്രസ്റ്റീജ്യസ് സിനിമയായി- നിര്‍മ്മാതാവ് ഔസേപ്പച്ചന്‍ അഭിമുഖം |language=Ml |publisher=South Live |url=https://southlive.in/movie/interview-movie/ousepachan-interview/ |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021612/https://southlive.in/movie/interview-movie/ousepachan-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After Priya Prakash Varrier's wink in the song "Manikya Malaraya Poovi" became a viral hit, the makers altered the script to give prominence to her, thus sidelining the role played by Noorin Shereef, who had initially been cast in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2019 |title=Priya Prakash Varrier's viral wink sidelined my lead role, claims 'Oru Adaar Love' actress Noorin Shereef |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/priya-prakash-varrier-s-viral-wink-sidelined-my-lead-role/videoshow/68101365.cms |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/priya-prakash-varrier-s-viral-wink-sidelined-my-lead-role/videoshow/68101365.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
The film music and score were composed by [[Shaan Rahman]].<ref name="Shaan">{{cite news |author=Manoj Kumar R |date=13 February 2018 |title=I wanted Vineeth Sreenivasan's voice to be the highlight of Manikya Malaraya Poovi: Oru Adaar Love composer Shaan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/oru-adaar-love-composer-global-hit-jmalayalam-song-priya-prakash-varrier-5060924/ |editor=G.S VASU |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213030348/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/oru-adaar-love-composer-global-hit-jmalayalam-song-priya-prakash-varrier-5060924/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "[[Manikya Malaraya Poovi]]" sung by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], a revised modern version of a [[Mappila Songs|Mappila song]], was uploaded on 9 February 2018 on [[YouTube]] as part of the promotions. It became a [[viral video]] at number 1 position garnering over one million views and 50,000 likes in 20 hours.<ref name="manorama">{{cite news|title=This song from 'Oru Adaar Love' is a hit, social media go bonkers, the heroine of this movie Priya Prakash Varrier is a sensational trend on Twitter and Youtube|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/02/11/this-song-from-oru-adaar-love-is-a-hit-social-media-go-bonkers.html|access-date=12 February 2018|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=11 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083357/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/02/11/this-song-from-oru-adaar-love-is-a-hit-social-media-go-bonkers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The original version of "Manikya Malaraya Poovi" was written by P. M. A. Jabbar with music composition by Thalassery K. Refeeque in 1978.<ref name="Original Song">{{cite news |author=Express Web desk |date=14 February 2018 |title=Here is the story behind Manikya Malaraya Poovi and the man who wrote it |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/manikya-malaraya-poovi-oru-adaar-love-real-story-5064253/ |editor=G.S VASU |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214194748/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/manikya-malaraya-poovi-oru-adaar-love-real-story-5064253/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Oru Adaar Love
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 28:05
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[9 (2019 film)|9]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|oVhr7fekTY8|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:07
| title1 = [[Manikya Malaraya Poovi]]
| extra1 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| lyrics1 = {{ill|P. M. A. Jabbar|ml|പി.എം.എ. ജബ്ബാർ|vertical-align=sup}}
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Freak Penne
| extra2 = Sathyajith, Neethu Naduvathettu
| lyrics2 = Sathyajith
| length2 = 3:21
| title3 = Munnale Ponaale
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics3 = [[Pearle Maaney]]
| length3 = 3:52
| title4 = Thanananana Penne
| extra4 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]], Sruthy Sivadas
| lyrics4 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| length4 = 2:47
| title5 = Forever Friend
| extra5 = [[Sachin Warrier]]
| lyrics5 = Sathyajith
| length5 = 3:27
| title6 = Aarum Kaanaathinnen
| extra6 = Vineeth Sreenivasan
| lyrics6 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| length6 = 3:00
| title7 = Maahiya
| extra7 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], Jeenu Nazeer
| lyrics7 = B. K. Harinarayanan
| length7 = 4:20
| all_writing =
| title8 = Manichettan Song
| length8 = 4:35
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| extra8 = Sachin Raj
}}

==Release==
''Oru Adaar Love'' was released on 14 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|title=Oru Adaar Love (OAL) movie review and rating by audience: Live updates|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/oru-adaar-love-osl-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-791897|access-date=14 February 2019|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=14 February 2019|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174706/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/oru-adaar-love-osl-movie-review-rating-by-audience-live-updates-791897|url-status=live}}</ref> It was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same title, in [[Kannada]] as ''Kirik Love Story'' and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Lover's Day''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oru Adaar Love: A perfect film for Valentine's Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-a-perfect-film-for-valentines-day-oru-adaar-love-review/articleshow/67979619.cms|access-date=14 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214233336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-a-perfect-film-for-valentines-day-oru-adaar-love-review/articleshow/67979619.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
As of 9 March 2019, the film has grossed more than {{INR|12 crore}} in India. It was made on a budget of {{INR|5 crore}}.<ref name="gross">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/omar-lulu-lashes-out-priya-prakash-varrier-says-he-not-touch-actress-793486|title=Omar Lulu lashes out at Priya Prakash Varrier, says he is not in touch with actress|first=Nirmal|last=Narayanan|date=9 March 2019|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315070213/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/omar-lulu-lashes-out-priya-prakash-varrier-says-he-not-touch-actress-793486|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
S.R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Oru Adaar Love on a Valentine's Day seems to be the handiwork of the culture police, for love hardly ever got such a shabby treatment on screen. If only a wink could save this experiment in mediocrity", referring to a scene from a song in the movie where the lead female actor winks, that went viral on the internet before the movie's release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oru-adaar-love-review-an-experiment-in-mediocrity/article26283386.ece|title='Oru Adaar Love' review: An experiment in mediocrity|website=The Hindu|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206053619/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oru-adaar-love-review-an-experiment-in-mediocrity/article26283386.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love seems like a quickly put together movie trying to cash in on the rather unexpected publicity that came its way. There are unpredictable twists in the tale, however, that may keep viewers hooked till the end."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-adaar-love/movie-review/67991076.cms|title=ORU ADAAR LOVE MOVIE REVIEW|website=Times of India|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526025635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/oru-adaar-love/movie-review/67991076.cms|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>
''[[India Today]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love's lacklustre story and underdeveloped character arcs struggle hard to entertain the audience throughout the film."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-roshan-abdul-steals-the-show-in-priya-prakash-varrier-film-1456091-2019-02-14|title=Oru Adaar Love Movie Review: Roshan Abdul and Noorin are stars in Priya Prakash Varrier film|website=India Today|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206054202/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-roshan-abdul-steals-the-show-in-priya-prakash-varrier-film-1456091-2019-02-14|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars, stating: "The film appears to say that the wrongs that men do aren't really all that wrong. The misogyny doesn't even try to hide behind any ‘larger’ story like in some movies."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-adaar-love-review-priya-prakash-varier-s-wink-can-t-save-disaster-96721|title='Oru Adaar Love' review: Priya Prakash Varier's wink can't save this disaster|website=The News Minute|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=22 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222154808/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-adaar-love-review-priya-prakash-varier-s-wink-can-t-save-disaster-96721|url-status=live}}{{Rating|1|5}}</ref>
''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "The film does no justice to the title but you can watch it to reminisce about your high school days and your first crushes. But when it comes to high school romances, I would still prefer watching Trisha Krishnan-Vijay Sethupathi's [['96 (film)]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-not-priya-prakash-varrier-but-roshan-abdul-rahoof-is-the-star-of-omar-lulus-film/365760|title=Oru Adaar Love movie review: Not Priya Prakash Varrier but Roshan Abdul Rahoof is the star of Omar Lulu's film|first=Anusha|last=Iyengar|website=Times Now|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206055426/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-not-priya-prakash-varrier-but-roshan-abdul-rahoof-is-the-star-of-omar-lulus-film/365760|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>
''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars, stating: "One of the oft used cliches when reviewing a movie is 'old wine in new bottle'. In Omar Lulu's case, he has just a bottle and filled with some water that has the colour of wine."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/02/14/Oru-Adaar-Love-review-No-you-would-not-want-to-take-this-ride.html|title=Oru Adaar Love review: No, you would not want to take this ride|website=The Week|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206055726/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2019/02/14/Oru-Adaar-Love-review-No-you-would-not-want-to-take-this-ride.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|1|5}}</ref>

''[[News18]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Everything has been planned conveniently to suit a violent ending. What could have turned into an engaging tale of teenage realisation ends up nowhere. It's a lost opportunity."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/oru-adaae-love-movie-review-priya-prakash-varriers-viral-wink-goes-in-vain-2036387.html|title=Oru Adaar Love Movie Review: Priya Prakash Varrier's Viral Wink Goes In Vain|website=News18|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206055851/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/oru-adaae-love-movie-review-priya-prakash-varriers-viral-wink-goes-in-vain-2036387.html|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>
''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love has no plot as such except for a predictable romantic triangle that plays out between Priya Prakash Varrier, Roshan Abdul Rahoof and Noorin Shereef. The point the film tries to make hasn't been fleshed out fully to last a two-hour long narration. The entire movie feels like one big set up to achieve a moment that's fashioned to make the audience sob."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-priya-prakash-varrier-rating-5584130/|title=Oru Adaar Love movie review: Where's the plot?|website=The Indian Express|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229080605/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/oru-adaar-love-movie-review-priya-prakash-varrier-rating-5584130/|url-status=live}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>
''Sify'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, stating: "Oru Adaar Love provides some unexpected surprises but you would require real patience to sit through until then. It's a no brainer, often offensive school kid romance that uses every technique to entertain. If that is your idea of fun, you may find this one fine."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/oru-adaar-love-review-low-brow-entertainer-review-malayalam-tcovvehjbhfec.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215061321/http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-adaar-love-review-low-brow-entertainer-review-malayalam-tcovvehjbhfec.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2019|title=Oru Adaar Love review: Low brow entertainer|website=[[Sify]]|date=2019-02-14|access-date=2019-12-06}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7387300}}
* {{Facebook|OruAdaarLove}}

[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Indian teen comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s teen comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Omar Lulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

Gayatri Bhardwaj

2026-03-08T20:22:31Z

Antoniojaw:

{{short description|Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| image = Gayatri-Bhardwaj-snapped-attending-the-YOLO-Foundation-Initiative (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhardwaj in 2023
| name = Gayatri Bhardwaj
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|6|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| height = {{cvt|1.68|m}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|Model|Beauty pageant Title holder}}
| alma_mater =
| title = ''Femina Miss India United Continents 2018''
| competitions =
* ''[[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss India Delhi 2018]] (Winner)''
* ''[[Femina Miss India 2018]] (Top 5)''
* ''[[Miss United Continents| Miss United Continents 2018]] (Top 10)''
| hair_colour = [[Brown hair|Brown]]
| eye_colour = [[Eye colour#Brown|Brown]]
}}
'''Gayatri Bhardwaj''' (born 17 June 1995) is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant title holder who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She represented the state of [[New Delhi]] at the [[Femina Miss India 2018]] pageant, where was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Miss United Continents 2018]] and represented India at [[Miss United Continents]] pageant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gayatri-bhardwaj-i-feel-honoured-to-represent-delhi/videoshow/63861657.cms |title=Gayatri Bhardwaj: I feel honoured to represent Delhi | Beauty Pageants - Times of India Videos |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820173111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gayatri-bhardwaj-i-feel-honoured-to-represent-delhi/videoshow/63861657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/bollywood-news/miss-united-continents-india-2018-gayatri-bhardwaj-talks-about-her-bollywood-plans-bollywood-news/9022 |title=Miss United Continents India 2018 Gayatri Bhardwaj Talks About Her Bollywood Plans! | Bollywood News |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820171609/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/bollywood-news/miss-united-continents-india-2018-gayatri-bhardwaj-talks-about-her-bollywood-plans-bollywood-news/9022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, she acted in an Indian [[YouTube]] comedy web-series named ''[[Dhindora]]'' which marked her acting debut.

==Early life==
Gayatri Bhardwaj was born on 17 June 1995 in Delhi, India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/miss-india-united-continents-2018-gayatri-bhardwaj-marks-her-birthday-by-distributing-food-masks-in-gurgaon/articleshow/76462040.cms |title=Miss India United Continents 2018 Gayatri Bhardwaj marks her birthday by distributing food, masks in Gurgaon |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 June 2020}}</ref> She did her primary education from [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]].<ref name="education" >{{cite web |title=Gayatri Bharadwaj’s bold and most stylish black outfits are a must see |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/photo/Gayatri-Bharadwajs-bold-and-most-stylish-black-outfits-are-a-must-see-77584/3 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> She began her modelling career with ''Campus Princess 2018'',<ref>{{cite web |title=NCR girls take a step closer towards the crown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/three-finalists-selected-from-delhi-auditions-for-femina-miss-india-2018/articleshow/63677018.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 April 2018}}</ref> while pursuing her graduation in [[Dentistry]] from Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College, Pune.<ref name="education" /> Later, she participated in [[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss India Delhi 2018]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-delhi-2018-gayatri-bhardwaj/videoshow/64302089.cms |title=Colors femina miss india delhi: Introducing FBB Colors Femina Miss India Delhi 2018 Gayatri Bhardwaj | Beauty Pageants - Times of India Videos |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820173110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/introducing-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-delhi-2018-gayatri-bhardwaj/videoshow/64302089.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Femina Miss India 2018]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/femina-miss-india-2018-sub-contests-anukreethy-vas-5225406/ |title=Miss India 2018: Anukreethy Vas won Beauty with a Purpose, here are other sub-contest winners |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820171608/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/femina-miss-india-2018-sub-contests-anukreethy-vas-5225406/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is a [[bharatanatyam]] dancer and played [[Association football|football]].<ref name="education" />

==Career==
In 2018, she was chosen as the female lead for Telugu romantic drama ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]'' starring alongside [[Akash Puri]]. The makers were looking for a fresh face alongside the male lead and they chose Bhardwaj because of her modelling career and her being comfortable in front of a camera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/281118/delhi-girl-gayatri-bharadwaj-bags-a-role-in-tollywood.html |title=Delhi girl Gayatri Bharadwaj bags a role in Tollywood |date=27 November 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820182729/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/281118/delhi-girl-gayatri-bharadwaj-bags-a-role-in-tollywood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, she was replaced with [[Ketika Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/romantic-movie-review-voyeuristic-drama/article37246993.ece |title='Romantic' movie review: Voyeuristic dram |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Bharadwaj made her acting debut with ''[[Dhindora]]'' portraying Dr. Tara Rumpum opposite [[Bhuvan Bam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gayatri-bhardwaj-makes-an-impressive-screen-debut-with-dhindora |title=Gayatri Bhardwaj makes impressive screen debut with 'Dhindora' |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821024529/https://telanganatoday.com/gayatri-bhardwaj-makes-an-impressive-screen-debut-with-dhindora |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/he-is-the-funniest-person-gayatri-bharadwaj-shares-her-experience-of-working-with-bhuvan-bam-in-dhindora |title='He is the funniest person': Gayatri Bharadwaj shares her experience of working with Bhuvan Bam in 'Dhindora' |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716033539/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/he-is-the-funniest-person-gayatri-bharadwaj-shares-her-experience-of-working-with-bhuvan-bam-in-dhindora |url-status=live }}</ref> Her name in the web series is a word play on the 2007 Hindi film titled ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]''.

In 2022, Bhardwaj also made her [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film debut with [[Laxman Utekar]]'s ''[[Ittu Si Baat]]'', which co-starred [[Bhupendra Jadawat]] and featured her as Sapna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-gayatri-bhardwaj-in-times-when-love-is-so-accessible-ittu-si-baat-will-remind-viewers-of-shiddat-wala-pyaar/e6f3cc4500177 |title=Exclusive! Gayatri Bhardwaj: In times when love is so accessible, Ittu Si Baat will remind viewers of 'shiddat wala pyaar' |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821025623/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-gayatri-bhardwaj-in-times-when-love-is-so-accessible-ittu-si-baat-will-remind-viewers-of-shiddat-wala-pyaar/e6f3cc4500177 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bhardwaj next paired opposite [[Ritvik Sahore]] in ''Ishq Express'' as Tanya and in ''[[Highway Love]]'' as Inaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gayatrii-bhhardwaj-ritvik-sahore-share-their-experience-of-working-on-ishq-express |title=Gayatrii Bhhardwaj, Ritvik Sahore share their experience of working on 'Ishq Express' |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821031819/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/gayatrii-bhhardwaj-ritvik-sahore-share-their-experience-of-working-on-ishq-express |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gayatri-bhardwaj-walks-down-the-memory-lane-with-highway-love/536d9b898b915 |title=Gayatri Bhardwaj walks down the memory lane with Highway Love |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821033123/https://www.ottplay.com/news/gayatri-bhardwaj-walks-down-the-memory-lane-with-highway-love/536d9b898b915 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]'' opposite [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Nupur Sanon (actress)|Nupur Sanon]] thereby making her [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] debut. She played the role of Mani who is Tiger's wife.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130823/will-tiger-nageswara-rao-revive-ravi-career.html |title=Ravi Teja Pins Hopes on Real-life Story |date=13 August 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821034951/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130823/will-tiger-nageswara-rao-revive-ravi-career.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-tejas-tiger-nageswara-rao-to-release-on-october-20/article66674655.ece |title=Ravi Teja's 'Tiger Nageswara Rao' to release on October 20 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821035409/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-tejas-tiger-nageswara-rao-to-release-on-october-20/article66674655.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview on 17 October, she revealed that the director Vamsee had seen her performance in ''[[Dhindora]]'' and according to him, right from when he saw her first scene in the series, she matched the description of Mani's image he had in mind and after he met her to discuss about her role in the film, she was selected for it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/X_SXBP9jLG4?feature=shared|title='Bollywood doesn't have the same comfort as Tollywood' - Actress Gayatri Bharadwaj Exclusive Interview - Tiger Nageswara Rao - Mana Stars Plus|website=YouTube}}</ref> The film released on 20 October 2023 and it was a box-office success but received mixed reviews.

In 2024, she acted in another Telugu film named ''[[Buddy (2024 film)|Buddy]]'' where she was paired opposite [[Allu Sirish]]. The film is a remake of a Tamil film ''[[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]''. The film released on 2 August and it received mixed reviews. She also acted in a Hindi-language web series called ''Mohrey'' where she plays a lawyer named Rachel Pinto. The web series was released on [[MX Player]] and [[Prime Video]] on 6 December.

==Media==
Bharadwaj was ranked 5th in ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]''{{'}}s 50 Most Desirable Women 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/times-50-most-desirable-women-2018/articleshow/69479300.cms |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2018 | Photogallery - ETimes}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ittu Si Baat]]''
| Sapna Mathur
| [[Hindi]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.bombaytimes.com/pageants/grand-international/gayatri-bhardwajs-next-ittu-si-baat-to-release-this-june/amp_articleshow/91741584.cms |title=Ittu si baat: Gayatri Bhardwaj's next, 'Ittu Si Baat' to release this June! - Bombaytimes on Mobile |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820172558/https://m.bombaytimes.com/pageants/grand-international/gayatri-bhardwajs-next-ittu-si-baat-to-release-this-june/amp_articleshow/91741584.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''
| Mani
|rowspan="3"| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/gayatri-bhardwaj-to-play-second-female-lead-in-ravi-tejas-tiger-nageswara-rao-4935653.html |title=Gayatri Bhardwaj to Play Second Female Lead in Ravi Teja's Tiger Nageswara Rao |date=2 April 2022 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820173852/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/gayatri-bhardwaj-to-play-second-female-lead-in-ravi-tejas-tiger-nageswara-rao-4935653.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Buddy (2024 film)|Buddy]]'' || Pallavi ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 August 2024 |title=‘Buddy’ movie review: Barring the bear, there is not much to root for in this Allu Sirish, Gayatri Bhardwaj starrer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/buddy-movie-review-barring-the-bear-there-is-not-much-to-root-for/article68477009.ece |access-date=11 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821005525/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/buddy-movie-review-barring-the-bear-there-is-not-much-to-root-for/article68477009.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|Cult}}|| TBA ||
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Dhindora]]''
| Dr. Tara Rumpum
|rowspan="4"|Hindi
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhindora-review-bhuvan-bams-show-works-when-he-plays-to-his-strengths-but-only-then-10209611.html |title=Dhindora review: Bhuvan Bam's show works when he plays to his strengths - but only then |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130063518/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhindora-review-bhuvan-bams-show-works-when-he-plays-to-his-strengths-but-only-then-10209611.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ishq Express]]''
| Tanya
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-ishq-express-is-a-must-watch-10829481.html |title=5 reasons why Ishq Express is a must-watch |date=23 June 2022 |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930234850/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-ishq-express-is-a-must-watch-10829481.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Highway Love]]''
| Inaya
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-dhindora-fame-gayatri-bhardwaj-talks-about-her-weakest-days-and-biggest-fear-miss-india-3048346 |title=Highway Love star Gayatri Bhardwaj talks about her weakest days, biggest fears, says 'my story just started' | Exclusive |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820175817/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-dhindora-fame-gayatri-bhardwaj-talks-about-her-weakest-days-and-biggest-fear-miss-india-3048346 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Mohrey''
|Rachel Pinto
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mohrey Season 1 Review : A familiar feud of gangster-cop rivalry with solid performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/mohrey/mohrey-season-1/seasonreview/116040084.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''Call''
| rowspan="2" | D Soldierz
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/videos/songs/d-soldierzs-call-is-the-new-peppy-number-you-cannot-miss-32542.html |title=D Soldierz's Call is the new peppy number you cannot miss |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820180859/https://m.filmfare.com/videos/songs/d-soldierzs-call-is-the-new-peppy-number-you-cannot-miss-32542.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Level''
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/d-soldierz-drop-the-new-party-track-level-34619.html |title=D Soldierz drop the new party track – Level |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820181123/https://m.filmfare.com/features/d-soldierz-drop-the-new-party-track-level-34619.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Patola''
| [[Brijesh Shandilya]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-ultimate-party-track-patola-38057.html |title=Presenting the ultimate party track Patola |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820181231/https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/presenting-the-ultimate-party-track-patola-38057.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''Jawaab''
| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/badshah-releases-surprise-birthday-single-jawaab-watch-here-8667499.html |title=Badshah Releases Surprise Birthday Single 'Jawaab'; Watch Here |date=18 November 2023 |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309053643/https://www.news18.com/movies/badshah-releases-surprise-birthday-single-jawaab-watch-here-8667499.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
[[File:Gayatri Bhardwaj graces Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2021.jpg|thumb|right|Bhardwaj during Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2021]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Debut Actress]]
| [[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Gayatri Bhardwaj gets nominated for Best Debutant Actress at SIIMA 2024 |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gayatri-bhardwaj-gets-nominated-for-best-debutant-actress-at-siima-2024/articleshow/112199952.cms |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm12745887}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama|gayatri-bharadwaj}}
*{{Instagram|id=gayatribhardwaj__|name=Gayatri Bhardwaj}}
*{{Facebook|id=bgayatri|name=Gayatri Bhardwaj}}

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[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
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Dharmaguptaka

2026-03-04T09:52:22Z

Antoniojaw: starting basic article with sources.

{{Short description|Early Buddhist school}}
[[Image:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Central Asian [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] teaching a Chinese monk. [[Bezeklik Caves]], 9th–10th century; although [[Albert von Le Coq]] (1913) assumed the [[blue eyes|blue-eyed]], [[red hair|red-haired]] monk was a [[Tocharians|Tocharian]],<ref>von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en ''Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan'']. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en Tafel 19]. Accessed 3 September 2016.</ref> modern scholarship has identified similar [[Caucasian race|Caucasoid]] figures of [[:File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg|the same cave temple]] (No. 9) as ethnic [[Sogdia]]ns,<ref name="gasparini 2014 pp134-163">Gasparini, Mariachiara. "[http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32 A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin]", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), ''Transcultural Studies'', Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp. 134–163. {{ISSN|2191-6411}}. See also [http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32 endnote #32]. Accessed 3 September 2016.</ref> an [[Eastern Iranian people]] who inhabited [[Turfan]] as an ethnic minority community during the phases of [[Tang dynasty|Tang Chinese]] (7th–8th century) and [[Kingdom of Qocho|Uyghur rule]] (9th–13th century).<ref>Hansen, Valerie (2012), ''The Silk Road: A New History'', Oxford University Press, p. 98, {{ISBN|978-0-19-993921-3}}.</ref>]]
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
{{Chinese Buddhism}}

The '''Dharmaguptaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: धर्मगुप्तक; {{zh|c=法藏部|p=Fǎzàng Bù}}; {{CJKV|v=Pháp Tạng bộ}}) is one of the eighteen or twenty [[early Buddhist schools]], depending on the source. They are said to have originated from another sect, the [[Mahīśāsaka]]s. The Dharmaguptakas had a prominent role in early [[Central Asia]]n and [[Chinese Buddhism]], and their [[Prātimokṣa]] (monastic rules for [[bhikkhu|bhikṣus]] and [[bhikkhuni|bhikṣuṇīs]]) are still in effect in East Asian countries to this day, including [[China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Korea]], and [[Japan]] as well as the [[Philippines]]. They are one of three surviving [[Vinaya]] lineages, along with that of the [[Theravada|Theravāda]] and the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]].

==Etymology==
''Guptaka'' means "preserver"<ref>[http://sanskritdictionary.com/guptaka/72982/1 "Guptaka" in the ''Sanskrit Dictionary''].</ref> and ''[[dharma]]'' "law, justice, morality", and, most likely, the set of laws of Northern Buddhism.<ref>[http://sanskritdictionary.com/dharma/109288/1 "Dharma" in the ''Sanskrit Dictionary''].</ref>

==Doctrinal development==

===Overview===
The Dharmaguptakas regarded the path of a [[śrāvaka]] (''[[śrāvakayāna]]'') and the path of a [[bodhisattva]] (''bodhisattvayāna'') to be separate. A translation and commentary on the ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'' reads:<ref>《異部宗輪論述記》：謂佛雖在僧中所攝，然別施佛果大，非僧（果大）。於窣堵波興供養業獲廣大果。佛與二乘解脫雖一，而聖道異。無諸外道能得五通。阿羅漢身皆是無漏。餘義多同大眾部執。</ref>
{{quote|They say that although the Buddha is part of the Saṃgha, the fruits of giving to the Buddha are especially great, but not so for the Saṃgha. Making offerings to stūpas may result in many extensive benefits. The Buddha and those of the [[Yana (Buddhism)|Two Vehicles]], although they have one and the same liberation, have followed different noble paths. Those of outer paths (i.e. heretics) cannot obtain the [[Abhijñā|five supernormal powers]]. The body of an arhat is without outflows. In many other ways, their views are similar to those of the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s.}}
According to the ''[[Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra|Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra]]'', the Dharmaguptakas held that the [[Four Noble Truths]] are to be observed simultaneously.

[[Vasubandhu]] states that the Dharmaguptakas held, in agreement with Theravāda and against Sarvāstivāda, that realisation of the Four Noble Truths happens all at once (''ekābhisamaya'').<ref>{{citation |last=Sujato |first=Bhante |title=Sects and Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |page=131 |year=2012 |publisher=Santipada |isbn=9781921842085 |author-link=Bhante Sujato}}.</ref>

The Dharmaguptaka are known to have rejected the authority of the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] [[Prātimokṣa]] rules on the grounds that the original teachings of the Buddha had been lost.<ref name="Baruah, Bibhuti 2008. p. 52">Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.'' 2008. p. 52.</ref>

===Twelve Aṅgas===
The Dharmaguptaka used a twelvefold division of the Buddhist teachings, which has been found in their ''[[Dirgha Agama|Dīrgha Āgama]]'', their ''Vinaya'', and in some [[Mahāyāna sūtras]].<ref name="Williams, Paul 2004. p. 184">Williams, Paul. ''The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.'' 2004. p. 184.</ref> These twelve divisions are: ''[[sutra|Sūtra]]'', ''Geya'', ''Vyākaraṇa'', ''[[Gatha (India)|Gāthā]]'', ''Udāna'', [[Nidana|''Nidāna'']], [[Jataka tales|''Jātaka'']], ''Itivṛttaka'', ''Vaipulya'', ''Adbhūtadharma'', ''[[avadana|Avadāna]]'', and ''[[Upadeśa]]''.<ref name="Williams, Paul 2004. p. 184"/>

==Appearance and language==

===Robes===
Between 148 and 170 CE, the [[Parthia]]n monk [[An Shigao]] came to China and translated a work which described the color of monastic robes (Skt. ''[[Kasaya (clothing)|kāṣāya]]'') utilised in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called ''Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi'' ({{zh|大比丘三千威儀}}).<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. p. 55">Hino, Shoun. ''Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.'' 2004. p. 55.</ref> Another text translated at a later date, the ''Śāriputraparipṛcchā'', contains a very similar passage with nearly the same information.<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. p. 55"/> However, the colors for Dharmaguptaka and [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] are reversed. In the earlier source, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing deep red robes, while the Dharmaguptaka are described as wearing black robes.<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. pp. 55-56">Hino, Shoun. ''Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.'' 2004. pp. 55–56.</ref> The corresponding passage found in the later ''Śāriputraparipṛcchā'', in contrast, portrays the Sarvāstivāda as wearing black robes and the Dharmaguptaka as wearing deep red robes.<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. pp. 55-56"/>

During the [[Tang dynasty]], Chinese Buddhist monastics typically wore grayish-black robes and were even colloquially referred to as ''Zīyī'' ({{zh|緇衣}}), "those of the black robes."<ref>Kieschnick, John. ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture.'' 2003. pp. 89–90.</ref> However, the [[Song dynasty]] monk Zanning (919–1001 CE) writes that during the earlier [[Han dynasty|Han]]-[[Cao Wei|Wei]] period, the Chinese monks typically wore red robes.<ref>Kieschnick, John. ''The Eminent Monk: Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography.'' 1997. p. 29.</ref>

According to the Dharmaguptaka [[Vinaya]], the robes of monastics should be sewn out of no more than 18 pieces of cloth, and the cloth should be fairly heavy and coarse.<ref>Kieschnick, John. ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture.'' 2003. pp. 91–92.</ref>

===Language===
A consensus has grown in scholarship which sees the first wave of Buddhist missionary work as associated with the [[Gāndhārī language]] and the [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]] script and tentatively with the Dharmaguptaka sect.<ref name="Heirman"/>{{rp|97}} However, there is evidence that other sects and traditions of Buddhism also used Gāndhārī, and further evidence that the Dharmaguptaka sect also used Sanskrit at times:

{{quote|It is true that most [[manuscripts]] in Gāndhārī belong to the Dharmaguptakas, but virtually all schools — inclusive [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] — used some Gāndhārī. Von Hinüber (1982b and 1983) has pointed out incompletely [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritised]] Gāndhārī words in works heretofore ascribed to the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins]] and drew the conclusion that either the sectarian attribution had to be revised, or the tacit dogma "Gāndhārī equals Dharmaguptaka" is wrong. Conversely, Dharmaguptakas also resorted to [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=Heirman>{{cite book|editor1-last=Heirman|editor1-first=Ann|editor2-last=Bumbacher|editor2-first=Stephan Peter|title=The Spread of Buddhism|date=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004158306}}</ref>{{rp|99}} }}

Starting in the first century CE, there was a large trend toward a type of Gāndhārī which was heavily [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritised]].<ref name="Heirman" />{{rp|99}}

==History==

===In Northwest India===

The [[Gandharan Buddhist texts]], the earliest Buddhist texts ever discovered, are apparently dedicated to the teachers of the Dharmaguptaka school. They tend to confirm a flourishing of the Dharmaguptaka school in [[Northwest India]] around the 1st century CE, with Gāndhārī as the canonical language, and this would explain the subsequent influence of the Dharmaguptakas in [[Central Asia]] and then [[East Asia]]. According to Buddhist scholar [[A. K. Warder]], the Dharmaguptaka originated in [[Aparanta|Aparānta]].<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 278">Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 278.</ref>

According to one scholar, the evidence afforded by the Gandharan Buddhist texts "suggest[s] that the Dharmaguptaka sect achieved early success under their Indo-Scythian supporters in Gandhāra, but that the sect subsequently declined with the rise of the [[Kushan Empire|Kuṣāṇa Empire]] (c. mid-first to third century A.D.), which gave its patronage to the Sarvāstivāda sect."<ref>"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review by Enomoto Fumio. ''The Eastern Buddhist'', Vol. NS32 Issue I, 2000, p. 161.</ref>

===In Central Asia===
Available evidence indicates that the first Buddhist missions to [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] were carried out by the Dharmaguptaka sect:<ref name="Heirman"/>{{rp|98}}
{{quote|[T]he Khotan ''[[Dhammapada|Dharmapada]]'', some orthographical devices of [[Saka language|Khotanese]] and the not yet systematically plotted Gāndhārī loan words in Khotanese betray indisputably that the first missions in Khotan included Dharmaguptakas and used a Kharoṣṭhī-written Gāndhārī. Now all other manuscripts from Khotan, and especially all manuscripts written in Khotanese, belong to the Mahāyāna, are written in the [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī script]], and were translated from Sanskrit.}}
A number of scholars have identified three distinct major phases of [[missionary]] activities seen in the history of [[Buddhism in Central Asia]], which are associated with the following sects, chronologically:<ref>Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett. ''Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism.'' 1997. p. 126.</ref>
# Dharmagupta
# [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]]
# [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]]

In the 7th century, [[Xuanzang]] and [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] both recorded that the Dharmaguptakas were located in [[Oddiyana|Oḍḍiyāna]] and Central Asia, but not in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Baruah, Bibhuti 2008. p. 52"/> Yijing grouped the Mahīśāsaka, Dharmaguptaka, and [[Kāśyapīya]] together as sub-sects of the Sarvāstivāda, and stated that these three were not prevalent in the "five parts of India," but were located in the some parts of Oḍḍiyāna, Khotan, and [[Kucha]].<ref>Yijing. Li Rongxi (translator). ''Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia.'' 2000. p. 19.</ref>

===In East Asia===
[[File:Chinese Bhiksuni Taiwan Vesak Festival.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|Full [[bhiksuni|bhikṣuṇī]] ordination is common in the Dharmaguptaka lineage. [[Vesak]] festival, [[Taiwan]].]]

The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India, to areas such as [[Iran]], [[Central Asia]], and China, and they had great success in doing so.<ref name="Warder, A.K. 2000. p. 278"/> Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya and ordination lineage for bhikṣus and bhikṣuṇīs. According to A. K. Warder, in some ways the Dharmaguptaka sect can be considered to have survived to the present in those East Asian countries.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 489.</ref> Warder further writes:<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism.'' 2000. pp. 280–281.</ref>

{{quote|It was the Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia. They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from Aparānta north-west into [[Iran]] and at the same time into Oḍḍiyāna (the [[Swat District|Suvastu Valley]], north of Gandhāra, which became one of their main centres). After establishing themselves as far west as [[Parthia]] they followed the "[[Silk Road|silk route]]", the east-west axis of Asia, eastwards across Central Asia and on into China, where they effectively established Buddhism in the second and third centuries A.D. The Mahīśāsakas and Kāśyapīyas appear to have followed them across Asia into China. [...] For the earlier period of Chinese Buddhism it was the Dharmaguptakas who constituted the main and most influential school, and even later their ''Vinaya'' remained the basis of the discipline there.}}

During the early period of Chinese Buddhism, the Indian Buddhist sects recognised as important, and whose texts were studied, were the Dharmaguptakas, Mahīśāsakas, Kāśyapīyas, Sarvāstivādins, and the Mahāsāṃghikas.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism.'' 2000. p. 281.</ref>

Between 250 and 255 CE, the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was established in China when Indian monks were invited to help with ordination in China.<ref name="Mohr"/> No full Vinaya had been translated at this time, and only two texts were available: the Dharmaguptaka Karmavācanā for ordination, and the Mahāsāṃghika Prātimokṣa for regulating the life of monks. After the translation of full Vinayas, the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was followed by most monks, but temples often regulated monastic life with other Vinaya texts, such as those of the Mahāsāṃghika, the Mahīśāsaka, or the Sarvāstivāda.<ref name="Mohr">{{cite book |title=Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns |date=2010 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0861715886 |editor1-last=Mohr |editor1-first=Thea |location=Boston |editor2-last=Tsedroen |editor2-first=Jampa}}, pp. 187–189.</ref>

In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in [[Guanzhong]] (the region around [[Chang'an]]), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the [[Yangtze]] area and further south.<ref name="Mohr"/> In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticised by prominent Vinaya masters such as [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] and [[Dao An]] (654–717). In the early 8th century, Dao An gained the support of [[Emperor Zhongzong of Tang]] and an imperial edict was issued that the [[Sangha]] in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka vinaya for ordination.<ref>pp. 194–195.</ref>

==Texts==

===Gandhāran Buddhist texts===
The [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]] (the oldest extant Buddhist manuscripts) are attributed to the Dharmaguptaka sect by Richard Salomon, the leading scholar in the field, and the British Library scrolls "represent a random but reasonably representative fraction of what was probably a much larger set of texts preserved in the library of a monastery of the Dharmaguptaka sect in [[Nagarāhāra]] Afghanistan."<ref>"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review by Enomoto Fumio. ''The Eastern Buddhist'', Vol. NS32 Issue I, 2000, p. 160.</ref><ref>Richard Salomon. ''Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragments'', with contributions by Raymond Allchin and Mark Barnard. Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library, 1999. p. 181.</ref>

Among the Dharmaguptaka Gandhāran Buddhist texts in the [[Schøyen Collection]], is a fragment in the Kharoṣṭhī script referencing the Six [[Pāramitā]]s, a central practice for bodhisattvas in Mahāyāna doctrine.<ref>{{Cite episode | title = Eurasia Episode III - Gandhara, the Renaissance of Buddhism | series = Eurasia| credits = Presenters: Patrick Cabouat and Alain Moreau| network = France 5 / NHK / [[Point du Jour International]]| airdate = 2004| number = 3| minutes = 11:20}}</ref>

===Vinaya translation===
In the early 5th century CE, Dharmaguptaka [[Vinaya]] was translated into [[Chinese language|Chinese]] by the Dharmaguptaka monk Buddhayaśas (佛陀耶舍) of [[Kashmir]]. For this translation, Buddhayaśas recited the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya entirely from memory, rather than reading it from a written manuscript.<ref>Scharfe, Harmut. ''Education in Ancient India.'' 2002. pp. 24–25.</ref> After its translation, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya became the predominant vinaya in Chinese Buddhist monasticism. The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, or monastic rules, are still followed today in China, Vietnam and Korea, and its lineage for the ordination of monks and nuns has survived uninterrupted to this day. The name of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in the East Asian tradition is the "Vinaya in Four Parts" ({{zh | c=四分律| hp=Sìfēn Lǜ}}), and the equivalent Sanskrit title would be ''Caturvargika Vinaya''.<ref>Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul. ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 3.'' 2004. p. 209.</ref> Ordination under the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya only relates to monastic vows and lineage (''Vinaya''), and does not conflict with the actual Buddhist teachings that one follows (''Dharma'').

===Āgama collections===
The ''Dīrgha Āgama'' ("Long Discourses," 長阿含經 ''Cháng Āhán Jīng'') ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka|T]]. 1)<ref name="entry on 阿含經">Muller, Charles. ''Digital Dictionary of Buddhism'', [http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?96.xml+id('b963f-542b-7d93') Entry on 阿含經].</ref> corresponds to the ''[[Digha Nikaya|Dīgha Nikāya]]'' of the Theravāda school. A complete version of the ''Dīrgha Āgama'' of the Dharmaguptaka sect was translated by Buddhayaśas and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念) in the [[Later Qin]] dynasty, dated to 413 CE. It contains 30 sūtras in contrast to the 34 suttas of the Theravādin ''Dīgha Nikāya''.

The ''[[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara Āgama]]'' ("Incremental Discourses," 增壹阿含經 ''Zēngyī Āhán Jīng'') ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka|T]]. 125) corresponds to the ''[[Anguttara Nikaya|Aṅguttara Nikāya]]'' of the Theravāda school. It was translated into Chinese by Dharmanandi in 384 CE, and edited by Gautama Saṃghadeva in 398 CE. Some have proposed that the original text for this translation came from the Sarvāstivādins or the Mahāsāṃghikas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sujato|first=Bhikkhu|author-link=Bhante Sujato|url=http://ekottara.googlepages.com/about|title=About the EA|website=ekottara.googlepages.com|access-date=2013-02-11|archive-date=2007-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703171909/http://ekottara.googlepages.com/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, according to A. K. Warder, the ''Ekottara Āgama'' references 250 Prātimokṣa rules for monks, which agrees only with the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya. He also views some of the doctrine as contradicting tenets of the Mahāsāṃghika school, and states that they agree with Dharmaguptaka views currently known. He therefore concludes that the extant ''Ekottara Āgama'' is that of the Dharmaguptakas.<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism.'' 2000. p. 6.</ref>

===Abhidharma===
The ''[[Śāriputrābhidharma|Śāriputra Abhidharma Śāstra]]'' (舍利弗阿毘曇論 ''Shèlìfú Āpítán Lùn'') ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka|T]]. 1548) is a complete [[Abhidharma]] text that is thought to come from the Dharmaguptaka sect. The only complete edition of this text is in Chinese. Sanskrit fragments have been found in [[Bamiyan]], [[Afghanistan]], and are now part of the [[Schoyen Collection|Schøyen Collection]] (MS 2375/08). These manuscripts are thought to have been part of a monastery library of the Mahāsāṃghika [[Lokottaravāda]] sect.

===Additional Piṭakas===
The Dharmaguptaka ''[[Tripiṭaka]]'' is said to have contained two extra sections that were not included by some other schools. These included a [[Bodhisattva]] Piṭaka and a [[Mantra]] Piṭaka ({{lang|zh|咒藏}} ''Zhòu Zàng''), also sometimes called a [[Dhāraṇī]] Piṭaka.<ref name="Baruah, Bibhuti 2008. p. 52"/> According to the fifth-century Dharmaguptaka monk Buddhayaśas, the translator of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya into Chinese, the Dharmaguptaka school had assimilated the "Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka" ({{lang|zh|大乘三藏}} ''Dàchéng Sānzàng'').<ref name="Walser, Joseph 2005. pp. 52-53">Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. pp. 52–53.</ref>

===''Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra''===

The Dharmaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive of all classical biographies of the Buddha, and is entitled ''Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra''. Various Chinese translations of this text date from between the 3rd and 6th century CE.

==Relationship to Mahāyāna==
[[Image:Chinese Buddhist Monks Ceremony Hangzhou.jpeg|thumb|[[bhikkhu|Bhikṣu]]s performing a traditional Buddhist ceremony in [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]] province, China]]

===Kushan era===
It is unknown when some members of the Dharmaguptaka school began to accept the Mahāyāna sūtras, but the ''Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' records that [[Kanishka|Kaniṣka]] (127–151 CE) of the [[Kushan Empire|Kuṣāṇa Empire]] presided over the establishment of [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] doctrines in the northwest of India.<ref name="Ray, Reginald 1999. p. 410">Ray, Reginald. ''Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.'' 1999. p. 410.</ref> [[Taranatha|Tāranātha]] wrote that in this region, 500 bodhisattvas attended the council at Jālandhra monastery during the time of Kaniṣka, suggesting some institutional strength for Mahāyāna in the northwest during this period.<ref name="Ray, Reginald 1999. p. 410"/> [[Edward Conze]] goes further to say that Prajñāpāramitā had great success in the northwest during the Kuṣāṇa period, and may have been the "fortress and hearth" of early Mahāyāna, but not its origin, which he associates with the Mahāsāṃghika branch.<ref>Ray, Reginald. ''Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.'' 1999. p. 426.</ref>

===''Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra''===
[[Jan Nattier]] writes that available textual evidence suggests that the Mahāyāna ''[[Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra]]'' circulated in Dharmaguptaka communities during its early history, but a later translation shows evidence that the text later circulated amongst the Sarvāstivādins as well.<ref>Nattier, Jan. ''A Few Good Men: Based on the Ugraparipṛcchā, a Mahāyāna Sūtra.'' 2007. pp. 46–47.</ref> The ''Ugraparipṛcchā'' also mentions a fourfold division of the Buddhist canon which includes a Bodhisattva Piṭaka, and the Dharmaguptaka are known to have had such a collection in their canon.<ref>Nattier, Jan. ''A Few Good Men: Based on the Ugraparipṛcchā, a Mahāyāna Sūtra.'' 2007. p. 46.</ref> Nattier further describes the type of community depicted in the ''Ugraparipṛcchā:''<ref>Nattier, Jan. ''A Few Good Men: Based on the Ugrapariprccha, a Mahayana Sutra.'' 2007. pp. 46–47.</ref>

{{quote|[T]he overall picture that the ''Ugra'' presents is quite clear. It describes a monastic community in which scriptures concerning the bodhisattva path were accepted as legitimate canonical texts (and their memorization a viable monastic specialty), but in which only a certain subset of monks were involved in the practices associated with the Bodhisattva Vehicle.}}

===''Ratnarāśivyākaraṇa Sūtra''===
The Mahāyāna ''Ratnarāśivyākaraṇa Sūtra'', which is part of the ''[[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]]'', is believed by some scholars to have a Dharmaguptaka origin or background, due to its specific regulations regarding giving to the Buddha and giving to the Saṃgha.<ref>Silk, Jonathan. ''The Maharatnakuta Tradition: A Study of the Ratnarasi Sutra. Volume 1.'' 1994. pp. 253–254.</ref>

===Prajñāpāramitā sūtras===
According to Joseph Walser, there is evidence that the ''[[Prajnaparamita#The Main Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras|Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra]]'' ("The Perfection of Wisdom in 25,000 lines") and the ''Śatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' ("… in 100,000 lines") have a connection with the Dharmaguptaka sect, while the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' ("… in 8000 lines") does not.<ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.'' 2008. p. 6.</ref> Instead, Guang Xing assesses the view of the Buddha given in the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' as being that of the Mahāsāṃghikas.<ref name="Guang Xing 2004. p. 66">Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. p. 66.</ref>

===Buddhayaśas===
The translator Buddhayaśas was a Dharmaguptaka monk who was known to be a Mahāyānist, and he is recorded as having learned both [[Hīnayāna]] and Mahāyāna treatises. He translated the ''Dharmaguptaka Vinaya'', the ''Dīrgha Āgama'', and Mahāyāna texts including the ''[[Ākāśagarbha]] Bodhisattva Sūtra'' (虛空藏菩薩經 ''Xūkōngzàng Púsà Jīng''). The preface written by Buddhayaśas for his translation of the ''Dharmaguptaka Vinaya'' states that the Dharmaguptakas had assimilated the Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka.<ref name="Walser, Joseph 2005. pp. 52-53"/>

===Buddhist canon===
The Dharmaguptakas were said to have had two extra sections in their canon:<ref name="Baruah, Bibhuti 2008. p. 52"/>

# Bodhisattva Piṭaka
# Mantra Piṭaka or Dhāraṇī Piṭaka

In the 4th century Mahāyāna Abhidharma work ''[[Abhidharmasamuccaya]]'', [[Asanga|Asaṅga]] refers to the collection which contains the Āgamas as the ''Śrāvakapiṭaka'', and associates it with the śrāvakas and [[pratyekabuddha]]s.<ref name="autogenerated199">Boin-Webb, Sara (tr). Rahula, Walpola (tr). Asanga. ''Abhidharma Samuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching.'' 2001. pp. 199–200.</ref> Asaṅga classifies the Mahāyāna sūtras as belonging to the ''Bodhisattvapiṭaka'', which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas.<ref name="autogenerated199"/>

===Paramārtha===
[[Paramartha|Paramārtha]], a 6th-century CE Indian monk from [[Ujjain]], unequivocally associates the Dharmaguptaka school with the Mahāyāna, and portrays the Dharmaguptakas as being perhaps the closest to a straightforward Mahāyāna sect.<ref>Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 52.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Buddhism in Central Asia]]
* [[Schools of Buddhism]]
* [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[Richard Foltz|Foltz, Richard]], ''Religions of the Silk Road'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-230-62125-1}}.
* {{cite book | last = Heirmann, Ann | title = Rules for Nuns According to the Dharmaguptakavinaya | publisher = Motilal Barnasidass, Delhi | year = 2002 | isbn = 81-208-1800-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Ven. Bhikshuni Wu Yin | title = Choosing Simplicity | publisher = Snow Lion Publications | year = 2001 | isbn = 1-55939-155-3 }}
* Heirman, Ann (2002). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528905 Can We Trace the Early Dharmaguptakas?], T'oung Pao, Second Series 88 (4/5), 396–429 {{JSTOR|4528905}} {{Subscription required}}.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510020253/http://www.ebmp.org/ The Gandharan texts and the Dharmaguptaka]

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Sthaviravāda]]
[[Category:Buddhism in China]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Japan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Korea]]
[[Category:Buddhism in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Gandhara]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Religion in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Vinaya]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]
[[Category:Indian royal advisors]]
[[Category:Dharmaguptaka]]

Sawan Aya Re

2026-03-03T23:11:06Z

Antoniojaw: Updated entries and formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sawan Aya Re
| image = Sawan Aya Re.jpg
| caption = Screen shot from ''Sawan Aya Re''
| director = [[Kishore Sahu]]
| producer = Kishore Sahu
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Kishore Sahu|[[Ramola Devi]]|[[David (actor)|David]]|[[Mohana Cabral]]}}
| music = [[Khemchand Prakash]]
| cinematography = K. H. Kapadia
| editing = Kantilal B. Shukla
| distributor =
| studio = Hindustan Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1949}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sawan Aya Re''''' (The Monsoon Has Come) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1949|1949]] [[Hindi]] romantic drama film, directed by [[Kishore Sahu]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA19-PA1988|accessdate=15 March 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=19–}}</ref><ref name="IndianCinema">{{cite book|title=Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uJkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=15 March 2015|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=India|isbn=978-81-230-0646-8|page=106}}</ref> Produced by Sahu under his "Hindustan Chitra" banner,<ref name="TOIDirectory">{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf0TAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=15 March 2015|year=1953|publisher=Bennett, Coleman.|page=781}}</ref> it had [[Khemchand Prakash]] as the music director.<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Sawan Aya Re (1949)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sawan-aya-re-movie/1959|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> The cast included Kishore Sahu, [[Ramola Devi (Actress)|Ramola Devi]], [[David (actor)|David]], Pratima Devi, Ramesh Gupta, Sofia and Mohana.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Sawan Aya Re|url=http://www.citwf.com/film307065.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

The film was a romantic triangle set against the backdrop of a hill station, [[Nainital]]. A family arrives on a holiday, but the father is more keen on finding bridegrooms for his three daughters.

==Plot==
Anand ([[Kishore Sahu]]) lives in Nainital with his mother (Pratima Devi). They meet the Mathur family who have recently arrived there for holidays. The father wants to get his three daughters Asha, Sudha and Rama married and is hoping to find some suitable boys for them. When Asha and Anand meet they form a friendship, which is readily accepted by the two families who decide to get them married. However, Asha finds out that Anand and Sudha are in love with each other.

==Cast==
* [[Kishore Sahu]] as Anand
* [[Ramola Devi]] as Asha
* [[David (actor)|David]] as Ranvir Khanna
* [[Mohana Cabral]]
* Ramesh Gupta
* Sofia
* Gulab
* Pratima Devi as Anand's mother
* Anant Prabhu
* Promoth Bose

==Box-office And Reception==
The film did well commercially, with [[Baburao Patel]] of ''[[Filmindia]]'' remarking in the 1949 May edition that Sahu's estimate had risen due to the "original treatment" he gave to an "otherwise ordinary" story.<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Filmindia|journal=Filmindia|date=May 1949|volume=15|issue=5|pages=74|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194915unse#page/n463/mode/2up/search/Rhim+Jhim|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music director was [[Khemchand Prakash]]. The notable songs were "Ae Dil Na Mujhe Yad Dila" sung by Khan Mastana, "Mein Toh Gawan Chali" by Shamshad Begum, and "Nahin Faryaad karte Hum" also sung by [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref name=Tripod>{{cite web|title=Nahin Faryad Karte-Khemchand Prakash|url=http://members.tripod.com/oldies_club/KCParkash.htm|website=members.tripod.com|publisher=Tripod|accessdate=15 March 2015|ref=Oldies Club}}</ref> The four lyricists were Gulshan Jalalabadi, Arzoo Lakhnavi, Rammurti Chaturvedi and [[Bharat Vyas]]. The playback singers were Shamshad Begum, [[Amirbai Karnataki]], Laita Devulkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]] and Khan Mastana.<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web|title=Sawan Aya Re (1949)|url=https://myswar.co/album/sawan-aya-re-1949|website=myswar.co|publisher=MySwar}}</ref>

===Song list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer !! Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Nahin Fariyad Karte Hum"
| Shamshad Begum
| Bharat Vyas
|-
| 2
| "Baagon Mein Haule Haule Bole Maina"
| Shamshad Begum
| Bharat Vyas
|-
| 3
| "Main To Chanda Si Gori Naar"
| Shamshad Begum
| Gulshan Jalalabadi
|-
| 4
| "Thandi Thandi Raat Mein"
| Shamshad Begum
| Bharat Vyas
|-
| 5
| "Ae Dil Na Mujhe Yaad Dila"
| Shamshad Begum, Mohammed Rafi
| Bharat Vyas
|-
| 6
| "Khushi Ki Aas Rahi Dil Ko"
| Khan Mastana
| [[Arzoo Lakhnavi]]
|-
| 7
| "Pehne Peeli Rang Saari"
| Amirbai Karnataki
| Rammurti Chaturvedi
|-
| 8
| "Aaya Aaya Re Aaya Re Saawan"
| Lalita Devulkar
| Rammurti Chaturvedi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0268621 |title =Sawan Aya Re}}

{{Kishore Sahu}}

[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:1949 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Sahu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Khemchand Prakash]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1949 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]

Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary

2026-02-22T17:39:58Z

Antoniojaw: starting the entry with sources.

{{Short description|Bird sanctuary in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Information center.JPG
| map = India Kerala#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Peringottukurussi Grampanchayat]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|42|52|N|76|28|20|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|3.42|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}
| established = 2007
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Department of forests, [[Government of Kerala]]
}}
'''Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary''' is a [[bird sanctuary]] located in [[Chulanur]] village in [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]] state, [[south India]]. The place where sanctuary is located is locally known as '''Mayiladumpara''', which literally means "the rock where peacocks dance".<ref name=":0" /> {{As of|2022}}, it is the only [[peafowl]] sanctuary in Kerala.

==History==
As per government order numbered G.O.(P) 24/2007/F&WLD, Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary was established on 15 May 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162 |website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Description==
It's located in [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-13 |title=Choolannur; The lesser known sanctuary for the national bird of India |url=https://www.tourismnewslive.com/2021/03/13/choolannur-the-lesser-known-sanctuary-for-the-national-bird-of-india/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Tourism News Live |language=en-US}}</ref> This bird sanctuary is under the jurisdiction of the Peechi Forest Division and was established in the memory of the famous Indian ornithologist and writer [[K. K. Neelakantan|Induchoodan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=കേരളത്തിലെ ഏക മയിൽ സംരക്ഷണ കേന്ദ്രമായ ചൂളന്നൂർ മയിൽ സങ്കേതത്തിലേക്ക് ഒരു യാത്രയായാലോ ! |url=https://www.sathyamonline.com/travel-674141-2/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Sathyam Online |language=ml}}</ref>

The peafowl sanctuary covers an area of {{convert|5|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="keralatourism">{{Cite web |title=മയിലാടുംപാറ :കേരളത്തിലെ ഏക മയിൽ സങ്കേതം കേരള വിനോദ സഞ്ചാര വകുപ്പ്. |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/malayalam/destination/mayiladumpara-peacock-sanctuary/513 |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=Department of tourism, Government of Kerala |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=ml}}</ref> Apart from peafowl, hundreds of other species of birds can also be seen here.<ref name="keralatourism"/> {{As of|2022}}, it is the only peafowl sanctuary in Kerala.<ref name="keralatourism"/>

==Society and culture==
When Rajasthan High Court Justice Mahesh Chandra Sharma made the highly controversial remark that peacocks do not mate and that female peacocks conceive from the tears of male peacocks, the number of visitors to the peacock sanctuary increased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ജഡ്ജിയുടെ പരാമർശത്തിന് ശേഷം മയിലുകൾ ഇണചേരുന്നത് കാണാൻ വൻതിരക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/visitors-flock-kerala-peafowl-sanctuary-to-see-if-rajasthan-hc-judge-was-right/articleshow/59139204.cms |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=The times of India |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2007]]

List of programs broadcast by DD National

2026-02-22T05:59:35Z

Antoniojaw: small refine layout per sources additionally and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}

This is a list of original television programming currently and formerly broadcast by [[DD National]].

==Current broadcasts==
===Original series===
{|Class=wikitable sortable
! Premiere date
! Show
!Ref.
|-
|1 July 2024
|''Hum To Middle Class Hai Ji ''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Irshad |date=2024-07-01 |title=Subhash Ghai reveals he had this Bollywood actress in mind when he first wrote Janki Pipa News - PiPa News |newspaper=Pipa News |url=https://pipanews.com/subhash-ghai-reveals-he-had-this-bollywood-actress-in-mind-when-he-first-wrote-janki-pipa-news/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902181314/https://pipanews.com/subhash-ghai-reveals-he-had-this-bollywood-actress-in-mind-when-he-first-wrote-janki-pipa-news/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4 August 2024
|''Cyber Crime Ki Duniya, Bach Ke Rehna''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=The420.in |date=2024-08-16 |title=Amit Dubey Shines in India's First Cyber Crime TV Show, Directed by Dilip Sood |url=https://the420.in/amit-dubey-cyber-crime-tv-show-dd-national/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The420.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 1 September 2024
|''Suron Ka Eklavya Season 2''
|<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Ananya | title=Fauji 2 trailer unveiled on Shah Rukh Khan's 59th birthday, his iconic character Abhimanyu Rai to return. Watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=2 November 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/fauji-2-trailer-unveiled-on-shah-rukh-khans-59th-birthday-his-iconic-character-abhimanyu-rai-to-return-watch-101730535634253.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |18 November 2024
|''[[Fauji 2]]''
|<ref>{{cite web | title=दूरदर्शन पर सालों बाद आएगा भूतिया शो 'भेद भरम', खतरनाक ट्रेलर से हवा हो जाएगी टाइट | website=Jagran | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-dd-national-horror-show-bhed-bharam-trailer-out-to-premiere-on-18-november-23830579.html | language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kakabhushundi Ramayan – Anasuni Kathayein|Kakbhushundi Ramayan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=दूरदर्शन पर अब दिखेगी राम-सीता की अनकही कहानियां, रामानंद सागर के पोते लेकर आए काकभुशुण्डि रामायण |url=https://ndtv.in/television/doordarshan-will-show-the-untold-stories-of-ram-sita-ramanand-sagar-grandson-brings-kakbhushundi-ramayana-6974170 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=NDTV India |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|4 August 2025
|''Himachal se Olympic Tak Ka Safar''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshy Mishra to play negative lead in TV show Himachal Se Olympic Tak Ka Safar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akshy-mishra-to-play-negative-lead-in-tv-show-himachal-se-olympic-tak-ka-safar/articleshow/123092840.cms |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Reruns===
*''[[Anudamini]]''
*''[[Chitrahaar]]''
*''[[Galli Galli Sim Sim]]''
*''[[Rangoli (TV series)|Rangoli Vividh Bharti Ke Sath]]''
*''[[Sanskar]]''

===Acquired series===
*''[[Baal Krishna]]''
*''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1482375654712963073|user=DDNational|title=Watch the saga of undauntable heroism of the great king of ancient India, the great warrior Porus. #Porus from 17t…|date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Shree Ganesh]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/mythological/tv-show-shree-ganesh-returns-to-doordarshan-after-19-years-210616|title=TV show Shree Ganesh returns to Doordarshan after 19 years|date=16 June 2021|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902181320/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-shows/mythological/tv-show-shree-ganesh-returns-to-doordarshan-after-19-years-210616|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Former broadcasts==
===Animated series===
*''[[Bongo (Indian TV series)|Bongo]]''
*''[[Chhota Bheem]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/you-can-watch-chhota-bheem-on-dd-national-from-april-17-at-2pm/articleshow/75195087.cms|title=Chhota Bheem will be a part of Doordarshan along with Mahabharata's real Bheem|website=Business Insider|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723200743/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/you-can-watch-chhota-bheem-on-dd-national-from-april-17-at-2pm/articleshow/75195087.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Ghayab Aya]]''
*''[[Vartmaan]]''
*''[[Little Singham]]''<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/discovery-kids-showcases-select-episodes-of-its-popular-shows-on-dd-106862.html|title=Discovery Kids showcases select episodes of its popular shows on DD - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=17 August 2020 }}</ref>
*''Kisna''<ref name="auto12"/>
*''Sheikh Chilli and Friendz'' <ref name="auto12"/>

===Hindi dubbed shows===
*''[[101 Dalmatians: The Series]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/nov/nov144.htm|title=Disney takes up weekend branded block on DD|date=15 November 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
*''[[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]]''<ref name=Dis/>
*''[[Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures]]''<ref name="thg"/>
*''[[Fushigi no Kuni no Alice|Alice In Wonderland]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rangoon-new-song-tippa-full-is-a-rehash-of-alice-in-wonderland-track/story-JFC2gaszmGbkeLExoGxCGN.html|title=Rangoon new song: Tippa Full is a rehash of Alice In Wonderland track|date=2 February 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="thg"/>
*''[[Chamatkari Telephone]]''
*''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]''<ref name=CN>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/july/july25.htm|title=CN gets on to DD with new branded block|date=4 July 2006|access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Denver, the Last Dinosaur]]'' (''Danu Danasur'')<ref name="thg">[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Gulzar-a-specialist-in-poetry-for-children/article14576159.ece Gulzar, a specialist in poetry for children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713145833/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Gulzar-a-specialist-in-poetry-for-children/article14576159.ece |date=13 July 2021 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''.</ref>
*''[[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ducktales-hindi-title-track-shaan-theme-song-video-5354480/|title=DuckTales Hindi title track: Shaan and his son's song is a sweet dose of nostalgia|date=13 September 2018|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109002914/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ducktales-hindi-title-track-shaan-theme-song-video-5354480/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Flintstones]]''<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19931015-teletalk-756243-1993-10-15|title=Teletalk|first1=Madhii|last1=Adhii|first2=Amit|last2=Agarwal|date=15 October 1993|website=India Today|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165352/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19931015-teletalk-756243-1993-10-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Guchche'' (''Stories from My Childhood'')<ref name="thg"/>
*''[[Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli|The Jungle Book]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/this-is-not-the-mowgli-you-know-5-reasons-to-watch-the-jungle-book/story-YrE2sEhv6vNt53QL06qfKM.html|title=This is not the Mowgli you know: 5 reasons to watch The Jungle Book|date=7 April 2016|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824022723/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/this-is-not-the-mowgli-you-know-5-reasons-to-watch-the-jungle-book/story-YrE2sEhv6vNt53QL06qfKM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thg"/>
*''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]''<ref name=Dis/>
*''Lok Gatha''<ref name="siasat"/>
*''[[Meena (character)|Meena]]''
*''Mickey Mouse and Friends''<ref name=Dis>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/disney-signs-deal-with-doordarshan-to-reach-out-to-the-non-cs-audience_18609.html|title=Disney signs deal with Doordarshan to reach out to the non C&S audience|date=16 November 2005|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005652/http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/disney-signs-deal-with-doordarshan-to-reach-out-to-the-non-cs-audience_18609.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Nandu Apna'' (''Kattile Kannan'')<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=5 September 2001|title=First Malayalam animated serial on DD|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/first-malayalam-animated-serial-on-dd/articleshow/1774234665.cms|access-date=2021-05-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/first-malayalam-animated-serial-on-dd/articleshow/1774234665.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nandu Apna|url=https://indiancine.ma/CQAL/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213140645/https://indiancine.ma/CQAL/info|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Spider-Man (1967 TV series)|Spider-Man]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/our-journey-with-the-friendly-neighbourhood-web-slinger-on-screen/cid/1433233|title=Our journey with the friendly neighbourhood web-slinger on screen|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824022716/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/our-journey-with-the-friendly-neighbourhood-web-slinger-on-screen/cid/1433233|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[TaleSpin]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/golden-era-doordarshan-evergreen-dd-shows-we-miss-even-today-241387.html|title=Golden Era of Doordarshan! Evergreen DD Shows That We Miss Even Today!|date=17 September 2016|website=filmibeat|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329074928/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/golden-era-doordarshan-evergreen-dd-shows-we-miss-even-today-241387.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]''<ref name=Dis/>
*''[[Tom and Jerry]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19971208-tv-channels-dub-popular-english-serials-for-indian-viewers-831022-1997-12-07|title=TV channels dub popular English serials for Indian viewers|website=India Today|date=8 December 1997 |access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213231056/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19971208-tv-channels-dub-popular-english-serials-for-indian-viewers-831022-1997-12-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Children's/teen series===
*''[[Aadha Full]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Case-in-point/article16080394.ece|title=Case in point|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 October 2016|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301043215/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Case-in-point/article16080394.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha]]''
*''Brahmand''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quest (Jidnyasa) : Episode no. 1 | date=9 August 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHgm0Bw0K1E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pHgm0Bw0K1E |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[IUCAA|IUCAA Library]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Chaat Pani''<ref name="iek">{{cite web |title=As Kamini Kaushal turns 90, the celebrated actor says she was 'bullied' into cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/veteran-actor-kamini-kaushal-taking-the-lead-4617115/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=18 April 2017 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430113022/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/veteran-actor-kamini-kaushal-taking-the-lead-4617115/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Chand Sitare''<ref name="iek"/>
*''Chandamama''<ref name="iek"/>
*''Ek Do Teen Char''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/48558086.cms|title=What TV celebs were before they were actors|date=20 August 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720184730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/48558086.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Faster Fene (series)|Faster Fene]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/bicycle-hero/articleshow/61168522.cms|title=Bicycle Hero|date=22 October 2017|website=www.mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709162517/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/bicycle-hero/articleshow/61168522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Haddi Raja''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/doordarshan-kal-aaj-aur-kal|title=Doordarshan: Kal, Aaj Aur Kal!|date=14 September 2015|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528090734/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/doordarshan-kal-aaj-aur-kal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Pakistani TV shows are detergents to wash away Indian soap operas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/parthian-shot/pakistani-tv-shows-are-detergents-to-wash-away-indian-soap-operas/ |website=Times of India Blog |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520170900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/parthian-shot/pakistani-tv-shows-are-detergents-to-wash-away-indian-soap-operas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Galli Galli Sim Sim]]''
*''[[Junior G]]''
*''[[DD National Kidz Island]]''
*''[[M.A.D. (Indian TV programme)|M.A.D.]]''<ref name=CN/>
*''[[Neev (Doordarshan)|Neev]]''
*''[[Potli Baba Ki]]''<ref name="thg"/>
*''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''
*''[[Shaktimaan]]''
*''School Days''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19990628-tv-serial-school-days-cast-intends-to-start-literacy-movement-in-real-life-781219-1999-06-28|title=TV serial School Days cast intends to start literacy movement in real life|date=28 June 1999|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626165216/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19990628-tv-serial-school-days-cast-intends-to-start-literacy-movement-in-real-life-781219-1999-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Stone Boy (TV series)|The Stone Boy]]''
*''Tarang''<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ddnational|number=464625831361662976|title= #Tarang #nowplaying on @DDNational NCERT and CIET bring this wonderful educative, participative and informative series for school children.}}</ref>
*''[[Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar]]''

====Hindi dubbed shows====
*''[[Bananas in Pyjamas]]''<ref name=Aus>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/terrestrial/dd-to-air-australian-pre-school-kids-series-bananas-in-pyjamas-150417|title=DD to air Australian pre-school kids series "Bananas in Pyjamas"|date=17 April 2015|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916214234/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/terrestrial/dd-to-air-australian-pre-school-kids-series-bananas-in-pyjamas-150417|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Giggle and Hoot]]''<ref name=Aus/>

===Comedy series===
*''[[Aashiq Biwi Ka]]''
*''Aisa Bhi Hota Hai''<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/mar/mar162.htm|title=Samvaad to air two new shows on DD metro|date=29 March 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520170912/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/mar/mar162.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Appu Aur Pappu''<ref>{{cite book|title=Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AL9QAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|page=33|location=India}}</ref>
*''[[Bajega Band Baaja]]''
*''[[Bunty Bubbly Ki Mummy]]''
*''Colgate Top 10''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun27/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401170653/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun27/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Daane Anaar Ke]]''
*''Daftarnama''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar28/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126042725/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99mar28/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]''
*''[[Flop Show]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/802006/the-dd-files-would-jaspal-bhattis-satire-flop-show-be-banned-today|title=The DD Files: Would Jaspal Bhatti's satire 'Flop Show' be banned today?|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=18 January 2016|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042052/https://scroll.in/reel/802006/the-dd-files-would-jaspal-bhattis-satire-flop-show-be-banned-today|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Full Tension]]''
*''[[Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-will-shilpa-quit-hari-mirchi-1135669|title=Will Shilpa quit 'Hari Mirchi'?|first=Sapana Patil|last=Poojary|date=26 November 2007|website=DNA India|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824020959/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-will-shilpa-quit-hari-mirchi-1135669|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Hum Hain Naa (TV series)|Hum Hain Naa]]''
*''[[Idhar Udhar]]''
*''[[Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu]]''
*''[[Kana Phoosi (TV series)|Kana Phoosi]]''
*''[[Phatichar]]''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''Mr. Funtoosh''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/54554/silence-please-its-time-gutur.html|title=Silence Please, it's time for 'Gutur Gu'|date=24 February 2010|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720125223/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/54554/silence-please-its-time-gutur.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mr Ya Mrs''<ref>{{cite web |title=First of Many: Archana Puran Singh revisits Mr Ya Mrs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/archana-puran-singh-acting-debut-tv-show-mr-ya-mrs-doordarshan-first-of-many-6483359/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=1 July 2020 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711164547/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/archana-puran-singh-acting-debut-tv-show-mr-ya-mrs-doordarshan-first-of-many-6483359/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Oh Darling Yeh Hai India(TV series)|Oh Darling Yeh Hai India]]''
*''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (TV Series)|Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]''
*''[[Padosan (TV series)|Padosan]]''
*''[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|Shrimaan Shrimati]]''
*''Sohni Mahiwal''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/dd-national-gains-big-in-week-45-of-tam-ratings-141119|title=DD National gains big in week 45 of TAM ratings|date=19 November 2014|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004915/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/dd-national-gains-big-in-week-45-of-tam-ratings-141119|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Truck Dhina Dhin''<ref>{{cite LIIofIndia|litigants=Jaidev vs Prasar Bharti And Ors.|court=INDLHC|year=2001|num=|parallelcite|courtname=auto}}</ref>
*''Tu Tota Main Maina''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/june/junerel54.htm|title=New serial on DD1 'To Tota Main Maina'|date=24 August 2006|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107162832/https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/june/junerel54.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Ulta Pulta''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/savita-bhatti-jaspal-bhatti-first-meeting-marriage-photos-facebook-post-flop-show-6452707/|title=Savita Bhatti reminisces meeting Jaspal Bhatti for the first time|date=11 June 2020|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011925/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/savita-bhatti-jaspal-bhatti-first-meeting-marriage-photos-facebook-post-flop-show-6452707/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/815580/the-dd-files-wagle-ki-duniya-never-underestimated-the-power-of-the-common-man|title=The DD Files: 'Wagle Ki Duniya' never underestimated the power of the common man|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=3 September 2016|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720115941/https://scroll.in/reel/815580/the-dd-files-wagle-ki-duniya-never-underestimated-the-power-of-the-common-man|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/800858/the-dd-files-kundan-shahs-yeh-jo-hai-zindagi-raised-the-bar-for-sitcoms|title=The DD Files: Kundan Shah's 'Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi' raised the bar for sitcoms|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=21 December 2015|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042053/https://scroll.in/reel/800858/the-dd-files-kundan-shahs-yeh-jo-hai-zindagi-raised-the-bar-for-sitcoms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]''

====Hindi dubbed shows====
*''[[Didi's Comedy Show]]''<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/may/may46.php|title=Jetix brings back 'Didi's comedy show'|date=4 May 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908055838/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/may/may46.php|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Diff'rent Strokes]]''<ref name="auto9">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19850215-entertainment-boom-sweeps-away-cobwebs-from-doordarshan-programming-769794-2013-11-26|title=Entertainment boom sweeps away cobwebs from Doordarshan programming|author=Simran Bhargava Coomi Kapoor |date=November 26, 2013 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
*''[[Here's Lucy]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/everybody-loves-lucy-the-legendary-first-lady-of-television-sitcoms-writes-deepa-gahlot|title=Everybody loves Lucy, the legendary First Lady of television sitcoms, writes Deepa Gahlot|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207053340/https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/everybody-loves-lucy-the-legendary-first-lady-of-television-sitcoms-writes-deepa-gahlot|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Yes Minister]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1368490/Time-for-a-passage-to-India-Yes-Minister.html|title=Time for a passage to India? Yes Minister|first=Oliver|last=Poole|date=30 September 2000|via=www.telegraph.co.uk|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1368490/Time-for-a-passage-to-India-Yes-Minister.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Drama series===
*''[[1857 Kranti (TV series)|1857 Kranti]]''
*''Aa Bael Mujhe Maar''<ref name="scroll"/>
*''Aahuti''<ref name="atb">{{cite book|title=Business World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haJaAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Limited|page=29|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407070814/https://books.google.com/books?id=haJaAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Aaina''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Cfntv9-Ja4C|year=1986|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited|page=49|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124083018/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Cfntv9-Ja4C|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Aakhri Daao''<ref>{{cite book|title=India Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NB3VAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Living Media India Pvt. Limited|page=95}}</ref>
*''[[Aankhen (TV series)|Aankhen]]''
*''Aap Beeti''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/jan/jan14.htm|title=DD forays into supernatural territory with 'Aap Beeti'|date=5 January 2002|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520172502/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/jan/jan14.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Aarohan]]''
*''[[Abhimaan (TV series)|Abhimaan]]''
*''Ados Pados''<ref name="scroll"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/803590/the-dd-files-ados-pados-and-the-next-door-charms-of-amol-palekar|title=The DD Files: 'Ados Pados' and the next-door charms of Amol Palekar|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=16 February 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042051/https://scroll.in/reel/803590/the-dd-files-ados-pados-and-the-next-door-charms-of-amol-palekar|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Agneepath (TV series)|Agneepath - Hai Yehi Zindagi]]''
*''Air Hostess''
*''Akbar The Great''<ref>{{cite book|author=Manimugdha Sharma|title=Allahu Akbar: Understanding the Great Mughal in Today's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOOqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT262|date=18 October 2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-86950-54-3|pages=262–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akbar Khan to play grown-up emperor in his own serial, Akbar the Great |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19960630-akbar-khan-to-play-grown-up-emperor-in-his-own-serial-akbar-great-833280-1996-06-30 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=30 June 1996 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122181417/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19960630-akbar-khan-to-play-grown-up-emperor-in-his-own-serial-akbar-great-833280-1996-06-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Akhand Saubhagyawati Bhava''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eCpENmSkZM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1eCpENmSkZM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Watch "Akhand Saubhagyavati Bhav" Monday to Wednesday at 11 AM only on DD National|date=21 May 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Albeli Kahaani Pyaar Ki''<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/doordarshan-fuels-up-its-prime-time-with-four-new-tv-shows/articleshow/49381484.cms?from=mdr|title=Doordarshan fuels up its prime time with four new TV shows|date=15 October 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520235456/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/doordarshan-fuels-up-its-prime-time-with-four-new-tv-shows/articleshow/49381484.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Alif Laila]]''
*''[[Amrapali (TV series)|Amrapali]]''
*''[[Amaravati ki Kathayein|Amravati Ki Kathayein]]''
*''Amir Khusro''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=15 June 1988 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Anudamini]]''
*''Anveshan''<ref name="auto9"/>
*''Aparajita''<ref>{{cite book|title=Limca Book of Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeJtAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=[[Limca Book of Records|Bisleri Beverages Limited]]}}</ref>
*''Apradhi Kaun''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JvviTFa-I8C|year=1986|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited|page=51|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720131929/https://books.google.com/books?id=2JvviTFa-I8C|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Apne Aap''<ref name="bhushan"/>
*''Ardhangini''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun13/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=A tear-jerker?|website=The Tribune}}</ref>
*''[[Aur Bhi Gham Hain Zamane Mein]]''
*''Aurat,'' starring [[Mandira Bedi]]; the series, that aired in the late 1990s, focuses on challenges faced by women in society<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghadially |first=Rehana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTpgAT0_hYYC |title=Urban Women in Contemporary India: A Reader |date=2007-04-04 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3520-9 |language=en}}</ref>
*''Bahadur Shah Zafar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/debashree-roy-to-varsha-usgaonkar-film-stars-who-made-their-tv-debut-in-br-chopra-s-mahabharat-1674951-2020-05-06|title=Debashree Roy to Varsha Usgaonkar, film stars who made their TV debut in BR Chopra's Mahabharat|first1=Amit|last1=Tyagi|date=6 May 2020|website=India Today|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165352/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/debashree-roy-to-varsha-usgaonkar-film-stars-who-made-their-tv-debut-in-br-chopra-s-mahabharat-1674951-2020-05-06|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Bano Begum''<ref>{{cite book|title=Organiser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m04_AQAAIAAJ|date=February 1992|publisher=Bharat Prakashan.|page=2|volume=43}}</ref>
*''Barrister Roy''<ref name="Naqvi2007">{{cite book|author=Hena Naqvi|title=Journalism and Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|year=2007|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7482-108-9|page=107}}</ref>
*''[[Bas Thode Se Anjane]]''
*''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''
*''[[Betaal Pachisi (TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]''
*''Bharatiya Natya Sastra''<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharatiya Natya Sastra : EP #01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPMWCnApnhc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IPMWCnApnhc |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=11 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Bhootnath (TV series)|Bhootnath]]''
*''[[Bible Ki Kahaniya]]''
*''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]''
*''[[Buniyaad]]''
*''Bul Bul Bagh''<ref>{{cite book|title=India Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGZDAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=[[Living Media India Limited|Thomson Living Media India Limited]]|page=85|volume=24}}</ref>
*''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (1993 TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
*''[[Captain Vyom]]''
*''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]''
*''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''
*''[[Chandramukhi (TV series)|Chandramukhi]]''<ref name="doordarshan"/>
*''Chapte Chapte''<ref name="bhushan"/>
*''Charitraheen''<ref>{{cite book|author=Shoma A. Chatterji|title=The Cinema of Bimal Roy: An ′Outsider′ Within|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxtBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78|date=22 May 2017|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-86062-87-1|page=78}}</ref>
*''Chekhov Ki Duniya''<ref>{{cite book|author=Prajñā|title=Nukkaṛa Nāṭaka: Racanā aura Prastutī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvJkAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=[[National School of Drama|Rāshṭrīya Nātya Vidyālaya]]|isbn=978-81-8197-014-5|page=206}}</ref>
*''Chhatrapati Shivaji''<ref>{{cite web |title=Shivaji serial off the air |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/shivaji-serial-off-the-air/articleshow/573677537.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=15 Sep 2001}}</ref>
*''Chhoti Badi Baatein''<ref name="siasat">{{cite web |title=Indian animation expert Bhimsain Khurana dead |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/indian-animation-expert-bhimsain-khurana-dead-1344022/ |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=18 April 2018|via=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>
*''Chhote Babu''<ref>{{cite book|title=Media Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-e4AAAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre|page=42}}</ref>
*''[[Chunauti]]''
*''Chunni''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19901031-punjab-serials-disappointing-avalanche-of-punjab-programmes-813210-1990-10-31|title=Punjab serials: Disappointing avalanche of Punjab programmes|first=Madhu|last=Jain|date=31 October 1990|website=India Today}}</ref>
*''[[Chupaun Kaise Laga Chunri Mein Daag]]''
*''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/829785/the-dd-files-shah-rukh-khans-first-steps-under-the-big-top-in-circus|title=The DD Files: Shah Rukh Khan's first steps under the big top in 'Circus'|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=20 February 2017 }}</ref>
*''Corporate Sarpanch – Beti Desh Ki''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reel and real life Jodi Rohit Mehta and Rajeshwari Datta got busy in their next Serial corporate Sarpanch |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/reel-and-real-life-jodi-rohit-mehta-and-rajeshwari-datta-got-busy-in-their-next-serial-corporate-sarpanch/81848145.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
*''Dada Dadi Ki Kahaniyan''<ref>{{cite book|author=Eric S. Pruitt|title=When Little Traditions Modernize?: Mass Media and the Future of Folk Traditions in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8NfAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Madison Press|University of Wisconsin-Madison]]|page=44|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182013/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8NfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Darpan''<ref name="scroll"/><ref name="Mahadevan"/>
*''Dastaan-e-Hatimtai''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khanzada |first1=Farida |title=PVR to release animation film Adventures of Sinbad |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pvr-to-release-animation-film-adventures-of-sinbad/1060773/ |website=[[Indian Express]] |date=18 January 2013 |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121128/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pvr-to-release-animation-film-adventures-of-sinbad/1060773/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Dastoor]]''
*''[[Dayasagar]]''
*''[[Deewar (TV series)|Deewar]]''
*''Dil Dariya''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/good-news-iconic-show-ramayana-to-re-telecast-starting-tomorrow/articleshow/74840124.cms|title=Good News! Iconic show 'Ramayana' to re-telecast starting tomorrow|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182019/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-winner-siddharth-shukla-makes-roti-and-cooks-sabzi-at-home-see-video/articleshowajax/74824350.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=74788924&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Dil Apna Preet Parayee''
*''Dard Ka Rishta''
*''[[Dishayen]]''
*''[[Doosra Keval]]''
*''Ehsaas''
*''[[Ek Din Achanak (TV series)|Ek Din Achanak]]''
*''Ek Kahaani''<ref name="scroll"/>
*''Ek Kahani Aur Mili''<ref>{{cite web |title=Paoli Dam and Parambrata pair up for Yaara Silly Silly : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/paoli-dam-and-parambrata-pair-up-for-yaara-silly-silly/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182029/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ajax-imagnary/?tagname= |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Ek Prem Katha''<ref name="Mahadevan">{{cite book|author=Ananth Mahadevan|title=Once Upon A Prime Time: My Journey on Indian Television|date=20 July 2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KioKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|publisher=Embassy Books|isbn=978-93-89995-09-1|pages=60–|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182015/https://books.google.com/books?id=KioKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Prem Katha - Ek Mulakat Ep# 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwVpiQQfZL4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/rwVpiQQfZL4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=13 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Ek Se Badkar Ek]]''
*''[[Ek Tha Rusty]]''
*''[[Farmaan]]''
*''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/800500/the-dd-files-when-shah-rukh-khan-stole-hearts-and-the-show-in-fauji|title=The DD Files: When Shah Rukh Khan stole hearts and the show in 'Fauji'|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=7 December 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182622/https://scroll.in/reel/800500/the-dd-files-when-shah-rukh-khan-stole-hearts-and-the-show-in-fauji|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Faujji...The Iron Man]]''
*''[[Ganadevta]]''
*''Gayatri Mantra''<ref>{{cite book|author=William Elison|title=The Neighborhood of Gods: The Sacred and the Visible at the Margins of Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duF0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238|date=10 December 2018|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-49506-4|page=238|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182606/https://books.google.com/books?id=duF0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Geetanjali]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=GITANJALI - Episode 1: SHRADHANJALI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fEbBW4dZlw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5fEbBW4dZlw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=25 March 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Geeta Rahasya''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/10nitish.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Election Interview/Nitish Bharadwaj|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182621/https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/sep/10nitish.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Ghutan (TV series)|Ghutan]]''
*''The Great Experiment''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaoNY7vmmwc&list=PLqtVCj5iilH5y6R2xPElCXZ-HY2HF09pW |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UaoNY7vmmwc |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=The Great Experiment | Episode 01|date=November 2017 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[The Great Maratha]]''
*''Grihdaah''<ref name="doordarshan">{{cite web |title=Schedule from 03.06.2019 to 09.06..2019 |url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/sites/default/files/03.06.2019%20to%2009.06..2019-converted.pdf |website=[[Doordarshan]] |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182532/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/get-apps/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]''<ref name="doordarshan"/>
*''Guldasta''<ref name="Mahadevan"/>
*''[[Gul Gulshan Gulfaam]]''
*''[[Gul Sanobar]]''
*''Habba Khatoon''<ref>{{cite web |title=Habba Khatoon - Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrviItoa2ak |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IrviItoa2ak |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=29 August 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Hamare Gaurav''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamare Gaurav (हमारे गौरव): EP #01 - Kasturba |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffzPv-vmKwg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ffzPv-vmKwg |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |language=en |date=29 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Hello Bombay''<ref name="int"/>
*''[[Hello Inspector]]''
*''Humsafar:The Train ''
*''[[Hello Zindagi]]''
*''Himalaya Darshan''<ref>{{cite book|title=Himalaya Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Himalaya Today Publications|page=36|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182524/https://books.google.com/books?id=RiBuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Honee Anhonee''<ref name="toi"/>
*''Hum Hindustani''<ref>{{cite book|author=Rammesh|title=Human Cinema: The Films of Hrishikesh Mukherjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azlpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT226|date=17 August 2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64324-955-1|page=226|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902182519/https://books.google.com/books?id=azlpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT226|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Hum Log (television series)|Hum Log]]''<ref name="hb">[https://scroll.in/reel/808304/the-dd-files-hum-log-versus-buniyaad The DD Files: ‘Hum Log’ versus ‘Buniyaad’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183026/https://scroll.in/reel/808304/the-dd-files-hum-log-versus-buniyaad |date=2 September 2023 }}. ''[[Scroll.in]]''.</ref>
*''Hum Honge Kamyab''<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWcdAQAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited|volume=108}}</ref>
*''[[Humrahi]]''
*''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/08/movies/review-film-festival-dostoyevsky-s-idiot-by-way-of-bombay.html|title=Review/Film Festival; Dostoyevsky's 'Idiot,' by Way of Bombay|first=Stephen|last=Holden|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 October 1992|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183025/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/08/movies/review-film-festival-dostoyevsky-s-idiot-by-way-of-bombay.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Imtihaan (TV show)|Imtihaan]]''
*''[[Indradhanush]]''
*''Intezaar''<ref name="itn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19880331-intezaar-retains-nukkad-cast-but-with-a-different-setting-797097-1988-03-31|title=Intezaar retains Nukkad's cast but with a different setting|first=Salil|last=Tripathi|date=31 March 1988|website=India Today|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183547/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19880331-intezaar-retains-nukkad-cast-but-with-a-different-setting-797097-1988-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Intezaar Aur Sahi''<ref name="auto6"/>
*''[[IPS Diaries]]''<ref name="auto4"/>
*''Isi Bahane''<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Taves|title=P.G. Wodehouse and Hollywood: Screenwriting, Satires and Adaptations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UsfvxcEAssC&pg=PA127|year=2015|publisher=[[McFarland (publisher)|McFarland]]|isbn=978-0-7864-8443-0|page=127|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183603/https://books.google.com/books?id=8UsfvxcEAssC&pg=PA127|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Itihaas (TV series)|Itihaas]]''
*''Jaan-e-Alam''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Muzaffar |title=Sensitisation drive must for Lucknow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110502-lucknow-a-drive-towards-sensitisation-745779-2011-04-22 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=22 April 2011 |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902183548/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110502-lucknow-a-drive-towards-sensitisation-745779-2011-04-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Jap Tap Vrat''<ref>{{cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara, Volume 8, Issues 1-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iRuAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication|page=92}}</ref>
*''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''
*''Jai Mata Ki''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/executive/premsagar04.htm|title="For the last 10 years, we decided not to market the epic serial. We wanted 'Ramayan' to resurface for the new generation": Sagar Arts Marketting [sic] Director Prem Sagar|newspaper=Indian Television Dot Com |date=20 November 2004|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420085216/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k4/executive/premsagar04.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Jai Ganga Maiya''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Ganga Maiya: A Mega TV Serial: The Greatest Mythological Spectacle 'Ganga' The Living Goddess (Set of 10 DVDs with English Subtitles) |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/audiovideo/jai-ganga-maiya-mega-tv-serial-greatest-mythological-spectacle-ganga-living-goddess-set-of-10-dvds-with-english-subtitles-ICQ014/ |website=Exotic India |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120174133/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/audiovideo/jai-ganga-maiya-mega-tv-serial-greatest-mythological-spectacle-ganga-living-goddess-set-of-10-dvds-with-english-subtitles-ICQ014/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Jai Mahalaxmi''<ref name="Sabha2000">{{cite book|author=[[Parliament of India]]|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXBPAQAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=[[Lok Sabha Secretariat]]|page=121}}</ref>
*''[[Jannat (Indian TV series)|Jannat]]''
*''Jantar Mantar''<ref name="toi"/>
*''Janki Jasoos''<ref name="wmm"/>
*''[[Jasoos Vijay]]''
*''Jeevan Ek Rang Anek''<ref name="fhf">{{cite web |title=Bhagwati Charan Verma |url=https://www.facebook.com/filmheritagefoundation/photos/a.1395431170743816/2711730779113842/ |publisher=[[Film Heritage Foundation]] |date=6 March 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130120611/https://www.facebook.com/filmheritagefoundation/photos/a.1395431170743816/2711730779113842/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Jeevan ke Rang''<ref name="fhf"/>
*''Jhansi Ki Rani''<ref>{{cite book |title=Jhansi Ki Rani |oclc=40740813 }}</ref>
*''Jo Kahunga Sach Kahunga''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/truth-goes-on-the-air/article3199165.ece|title=Truth goes on the air|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 September 2006|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106012745/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/truth-goes-on-the-air/article3199165.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]''
*''[[Kaanch Ke Rishte]]''
*''Kab Tak Pukaru''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/movers-and-shakers-of-the-early-days-of-doordarshan/story-Pwz53Pf6r0gTQH5yzWzN2O.html|title=Movers and shakers of the early days of Doordarshan|date=18 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103120924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/movers-and-shakers-of-the-early-days-of-doordarshan/story-Pwz53Pf6r0gTQH5yzWzN2O.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Kab Tak Pukaroon''<ref>{{cite web |title=A dream role |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-dream-role-85200 |website=[[Tribune India]] |language=en |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520173904/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-dream-role-85200 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Kabeer''<ref name="dff2">{{cite book|title=National Film Festival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA2LcQwI1DsC|year=1994|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|page=109|volume=41}}</ref>
*''Kabhi Door Kabhi Paas''<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Mrinal Sen]] |title=Kabhi Door Kabhi Paas |url=http://mrinalsen.org/kabhi_door_kabhi_paas.htm |website=mrinalsen.org |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719172326/http://mrinalsen.org/kabhi_door_kabhi_paas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Kacchi Dhoop''<ref name="scroll"/>
*''[[Kahan Gaye Woh Log]]''
*''Kahani Saat Pheron Ki''
*''Kahani Shahjahanabad Ki''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kahani Shahjahanabad Ki {{!}} Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN9GysGyikc |publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=1 Sep 2017 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165355/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN9GysGyikc |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Kahkashan]]''
*''[[Kakaji Kahin]]''
*''Kal Hamara Hai''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kal Hamara Hai - Episode # 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOWQ-7QjVgU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hOWQ-7QjVgU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |language=en |date=13 Feb 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Kalpana (TV series)|Kalpana]]''
*''[[Kamrup Ki Kahani]]''
*''[[Kanoon (TV series)|Kanoon]]''
*''[[Karamchand]]''
*''Karam Yudh''<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan's serial Karam Yudh starts April 15 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/apr/16/doordarshans-serial-karam-yudh-starts-april-15-148639.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719181825/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/apr/16/doordarshans-serial-karam-yudh-starts-april-15-148639.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Kasak''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Kasak/dp/B0932DV2VM|title=Kasak|via=Amazon|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719131401/https://www.amazon.com/Kasak/dp/B0932DV2VM|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Kashish (TV show)|Kashish]]''
*''[[Kashmakash Zindagi Ki]]''
*''[[Katha Sagar]]''<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Chandrima |title=The DD Files: 'Katha Sagar', 'Darpan', 'Ek Kahaani' and the time when the idiot box became a library |url=https://scroll.in/reel/811584/the-dd-files-katha-sagar-darpan-ek-kahaani-and-the-time-when-the-idiot-box-became-a-library |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122013636/https://scroll.in/reel/811584/the-dd-files-katha-sagar-darpan-ek-kahaani-and-the-time-when-the-idiot-box-became-a-library |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Katha Sarita''<ref>{{cite book|author=Bhawana Somaaya|title=Fragmented Frames: Reflections of a Critic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ3Yi9VPU8QC&pg=PP174|year=2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1016-0|page=174}}</ref>
*''Kati Patang Hai Life Yaaron''<ref name="lii">{{Cite LIIofIndia|court=INDLHC|year=2008|litigants=Cinevistaas Limited vs Prasar Bharati|courtname=auto}}</ref>
*''[[Kayaamat]]''
*''[[Khandaan (TV series)|Khandaan]]''
*''[[Khwabon Ke Darmiyan]]''
*''[[Khushiyan]]''
*''[[Kirdaar]]''
*''[[Kissa Kathmandu Ka]]''
*''[[Kisi Ki Nazarr Na Lage]]''
*''Koi To Ho Ardhnarishwar''<ref>{{cite book|author=Krishna Copywala|title=Pots of Honey and Poison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d47ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PP5|date=5 February 2020|publisher=BecomeShakespeare.com|isbn=978-93-89759-75-4|page=5}}</ref>
*''Kile Ka Rahasya''<ref name="wmm">{{cite book|author=Barun Roy|title=Enter The World Of Mass Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up7rxtHN_2oC&pg=PT42|date=September 2009|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1080-1|page=42|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185133/https://books.google.com/books?id=up7rxtHN_2oC&pg=PT42|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule]]''
*''[[Kshitij Ye Nahi]]''
*''[[Kuch Reh Jeewiyal Pall]]''
*''Kuntee''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMtxrxYa7_g |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ZMtxrxYa7_g |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Kuntee - Episode 1 - Full Episode|date=2 October 2013 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Lekin Wah Sach Tha''<ref name="atb"/>
*''Ladoo Singh Taxiwala''<ref name="auto8">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/doordarshan-turns-60-here-is-a-nostalgic-look-at-the-broadcasters-milestones/landmark-shows/slideshow/71241733.cms|title=Doordarshan turns 60: Here is a nostalgic look at the broadcaster's milestones - Iconic Logo|website=The Economic Times|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927134416/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/doordarshan-turns-60-here-is-a-nostalgic-look-at-the-broadcasters-milestones/landmark-shows/slideshow/71241733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Lady Inspector: Thrills and spills''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613052918/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030119/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Lal Kothi Alvida''<ref>{{cite book|author=Śarata Kumāra|title=Farewell Red Mansion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T8OPwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Stellar Publishers|isbn=978-81-904559-5-4|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185134/https://books.google.com/books?id=5T8OPwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Lifeline''<ref name="JoshiDudrah2016"/>
*''Lohit Kinare''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjukta |title=The love story of Kalpana Lajmi |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/k0ofLccCFd4BKro9ixzdnJ/The-love-story-of-Kalpana-Lajmi.html |website=mint |language=en |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126033657/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/k0ofLccCFd4BKro9ixzdnJ/The-love-story-of-Kalpana-Lajmi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''London Ki Ek Raat''<ref>{{cite web |title=London Ki Ek Raat |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXVpeqe-H2o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KXVpeqe-H2o |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=DDURDU CPC |date=21 Oct 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Luv Kush]]''
*''[[Maan (Indian TV series)|Maan]]''
*''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
*''[[Mahabharat Katha]]''
*''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/raj-babbar-s-serial-on-maharaja-ranjit-singh-to-debut-on-tv_58544.html|title=Raj Babbar's serial on Maharaja Ranjit Singh to debut on TV|date=11 April 2010|website=Zee News|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165355/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/raj-babbar-s-serial-on-maharaja-ranjit-singh-to-debut-on-tv_58544.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Maharana Pratap''<ref>{{cite book|title=Rashtriya Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=[[Sahara India|Sahara India Mass Communication]]|page=148|volume=6}}</ref>
*''Maharathi Karna''<ref>{{cite web |title=MAHARATHI KARNA (52 EPISODES) - 2003 - Rights |url=http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/5805-maharathi-karna-52-episodes |website=[[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Media and Entertainment Pvt Ltd.]] |language=en |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027001836/http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/5805-maharathi-karna-52-episodes |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Maila Anchal|Maila Aanchal]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Original copy of "Maila Aanchal" authored by Phanishwar Nath 'Renu' stolen |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/crime-bihar-literature/2182921.html |website=[[United News of India]] |date=30 Sep 2020 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165354/http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/crime-bihar-literature/2182921.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Main Dilli Hoon]]''
*''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/801068/the-dd-files-once-upon-a-time-in-malgudi-days|title=The DD Files: Once upon a time in 'Malgudi Days'|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=28 December 2015 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720115951/https://scroll.in/reel/801068/the-dd-files-once-upon-a-time-in-malgudi-days|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mashaal''<ref name="auto4"/>
*''Maulana Abul Kalam Azad''<ref name="dff">{{cite book|title=National Film Festival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syhSS1-5RV4C|year=1993|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|page=125|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185135/https://books.google.com/books?id=syhSS1-5RV4C|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mirch Masala''<ref name="int">{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Amit |title=Euphoria and Uncertainty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930831-euphoria-and-uncertainty-756133-1993-08-31 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=1993-08-31 |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719155859/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930831-euphoria-and-uncertainty-756133-1993-08-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Meera]]''
*''[[Meher (TV series)|Meher]]''
*''Milestone Stories''<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestone Stories - Apradh by Sanjiv |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoNrW-5bRHE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/PoNrW-5bRHE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=11 Sep 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]''
*''[[Miss India (TV series)|Miss India]]''
*''Mitti Ke Rang''<ref name="Mahadevan"/>
*''Munshi Premchand's Guldasta''<ref>{{cite web |title=Munshi Premchand's Collection of Short Stories - Guldasta Vol : 1, 2 & 3) |url=https://www.amazon.in/Munshi-Premchands-Collection-Short-Stories/dp/B002Y88GRU |website=[[amazon.in]] |publisher=[[Shemaroo]] |language=hi |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128144308/https://www.amazon.in/Munshi-Premchands-Collection-Short-Stories/dp/B002Y88GRU |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Munshi Premchand ki Kahani''<ref>{{cite web |title=Munshi Premchand ki Kahani - Bade Ghar Ki Beti |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u9uOIgOwgQ |publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=14 Sep 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*''Miya Khoji Ke Karnamey''<ref>{{cite web |title=Miya Khoji Ke Karnamey: Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GQ7d0b9vGg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1GQ7d0b9vGg |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=4 Oct 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[A Mouthful of Sky]]''
*''[[Mr. Yogi (TV series)|Mr. Yogi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/804761/the-dd-files-12-possible-brides-for-a-fortunate-nri-in-the-hilarious-mr-yogi|title=The DD Files: 12 possible brides for a fortunate NRI in the hilarious 'Mr Yogi'|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=8 March 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042055/https://scroll.in/reel/804761/the-dd-files-12-possible-brides-for-a-fortunate-nri-in-the-hilarious-mr-yogi|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mrignayani''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6R1g9aQqm0C|year=1990|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]]|page=61|volume=111|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185647/https://books.google.com/books?id=I6R1g9aQqm0C|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mrinal Sen's Stories''<ref name="dff2"/>
*''[[Mrityunjay (TV series)|Mrityunjay]]''
*''Morarji''<ref>{{cite web |title=Morarji (मोरारजी) : EP #01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mgzp-TC28do |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Mgzp-TC28do |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=28 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Mujrim Hazir]]''
*''[[Mulla Nasiruddin]]''
*''Mumkin''<ref name="HarrodPaszkiewicz2017">{{cite book|author1=Mary Harrod|author2=Katarzyna Paszkiewicz|title=Women Do Genre in Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238|date=30 October 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-52607-2|pages=238–|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719155859/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/810744/the-dd-files-mungerilal-ke-haseen-sapne-features-the-original-muffler-man|title=The DD Files: 'Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne' features the original Muffler Man|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=28 June 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042046/https://scroll.in/reel/810744/the-dd-files-mungerilal-ke-haseen-sapne-features-the-original-muffler-man|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Muskurahat''<ref>{{cite web |title=Muskurahat (मुस्कुराहट): EP #01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bT1PcojRTxQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bT1PcojRTxQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=14 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Nanhi Si Kali Meri Ladli''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_t7WZhWF_vU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/_t7WZhWF_vU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Nanhi Si Kali Meri Ladli Episode 01|date=16 October 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Nargis''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p90-UGCv0B8&list=PLUiMfS6qzIMzMM1wOfEk01fMOdLyMjnrh |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/p90-UGCv0B8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Nargis - Ep. # 1|date=7 May 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Natkhad Narad''<ref>{{cite book|location=India|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGgwAAAAMAAJ|date=5 May 1986|publisher=[[Lok Sabha Secretariat]]|page=109|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185648/https://books.google.com/books?id=vGgwAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Neem Ka Ped]]''
*''[[Nirmala (novel)|Nirmala]]''<ref>{{cite book|author=Hena Naqvi|title=Journalism and Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|year=2007|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7482-108-9|page=116|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902185649/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhqnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Noopur''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hema-malini-on-maati-ki-banno-tv/20101227.htm|title=Hema Malini: I like the current rural trend on TV|website=Rediff|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001457/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/hema-malini-on-maati-ki-banno-tv/20101227.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Noorjahan (TV series)|Noorjahan]]''
*''[[Nukkad]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/853638/the-dd-files-nukkad-brought-the-streets-of-mumbai-into-the-living-room|title=The DD Files: 'Nukkad' brought the streets of Mumbai into the living room|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=15 October 2017 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720115948/https://scroll.in/reel/853638/the-dd-files-nukkad-brought-the-streets-of-mumbai-into-the-living-room|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="itn"/>
*''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]''
*''Pachpan Khambein Lal Deewarein''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arora |first1=Nandini |title=5 TV Shows From the 80s You Need to Revisit |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/5-tv-shows-from-the-80s-you-need-to-revisit |website=[[TheQuint]] |language=en |date=19 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165356/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/5-tv-shows-from-the-80s-you-need-to-revisit |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Paltan''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BDIBhoLlRc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7BDIBhoLlRc |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Paltan - Ep #01|date=14 January 2015 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Panaah (TV series)|Panaah]]''
*''[[Panchtantra]]''
*''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra]]''
*''Parsai Kahte Hai''<ref>{{cite book |title=परसाई कहते हैं |publisher=Prasar Bharati, Doordarshan Archives |date=2008|oclc=857779416 }}</ref>
*''[[Pariksha Guru]]''<ref>{{Citation|publisher=DD National|author=Amit Kumar|title=Pariksha Guru - EP 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0mFtH4yXF0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/v0mFtH4yXF0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|language=en|date=18 March 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Pavitra Bandhan]]''
*''[[Paying Guest (TV series)|Paying Guest]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Paying Guest - Episode 1 | date=23 July 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6F_LQtbukrg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/6F_LQtbukrg |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Rajshri]] |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Peehar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20uryEvSw2k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/20uryEvSw2k |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Watch Peehar Monday to Friday at 10:30 am on DD NATIONAL|date=6 June 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Pehchaan (DD1 TV series)|Pehchaan]]''
*''[[Phir Subah Hogi]]''
*''[[Phir Wahi Talash]]''
*''[[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (TV series)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]''
*''[[Phoolwanti (TV series)|Phoolwanti]]''<ref name="doordarshan"/>
*''[[Piya Ka Aangan]]''
*''Police File Se''<ref>{{cite book|title=Nirnay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6OOAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Sardar Patel Institute of Public Administration, Government of Gujarat|page=55}}</ref>
*''Poornima''<ref>{{cite book|title=Bombay: The City Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ivnCBinIUC|year=1986|publisher=Living Media India.|page=88|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902190202/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-ivnCBinIUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Prahari''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZilHnWjxqYC|year=1991|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited|page=56|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902190259/https://books.google.com/books?id=XZilHnWjxqYC|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Prasad Ki Charchit Kahaniyan''<ref>{{cite web |title=Prasad Ki Charchit Kahaniyan : EP #01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghDAhJdYtDk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ghDAhJdYtDk |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=12 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Pratham Pratishruti''<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Serials |url=http://www.madhuent.com/index.php/indian-serials/hindi-serials-list |website=madhuent.com |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418212913/http://madhuent.com/index.php/indian-serials/hindi-serials-list |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Puraskar''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIbdNvLBCOUC|year=1987|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited|page=49|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902190203/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIbdNvLBCOUC|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Raag Darbari (novel)|Raag Darbari]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='Dilli Doordarshan Ast': Recollections of a Boy From Assam |url=https://thewire.in/media/dilli-doordarshan-ast-recollections-of-a-boy-from-assam |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122172310/https://thewire.in/media/dilli-doordarshan-ast-recollections-of-a-boy-from-assam |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Raashi Villa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dk-films-jammu-makes-to-prime-time-prog-of-doordarshan/|title=DK Films Jammu makes to Prime Time Prog of Doordarshan|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=16 June 2016|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719131404/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dk-films-jammu-makes-to-prime-time-prog-of-doordarshan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Raghukul Reet Sada Chali Aayi]]''
*''[[Raja Aur Rancho]]''
*''Raju Aur Udantashtari''<ref name="AMROHVI2017">{{cite book|author=Bhuvnesh Kumar Sharma|title=Amroha Ke Gourav|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWesDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA500|date=14 May 2017|publisher=Bhuvan Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5268-578-3|page=500|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902191224/https://books.google.com/books?id=XWesDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA500|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Raja Ka Baja''<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB5VAAAAYAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Parliament of India|page=147|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902191729/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB5VAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Rajani (TV series)|Rajani]]''
*''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
*''Ranbheri''<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan re-hauls programming; to launch 5 new shows |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/terrestrial/doordarshan-re-hauls-programming-to-launch-5-new-shows-150813 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |date=13 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929041241/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/terrestrial/doordarshan-re-hauls-programming-to-launch-5-new-shows-150813 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Rani Ketki Ki Kahani''<ref>{{cite web |title=Rani Ketki Ki Kahani: Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSFEwLbQJww |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/qSFEwLbQJww |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=10 Oct 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Reporter''<ref name="Naqvi2007"/>
*''[[Stree Teri Kahani]]''
*''Saat Vachan Saat Phere''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFcbmDVP6ec|title=SAAT VACHAN SAAT PHERE - Episode 02|date=27 July 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*''Sabka Malik Ek Hai''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Names of the Serials Telecast on Doordarshan |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/29970/1/11_V_31071997_p91_p92_t162.pdf |website=eparlib.nic.in |pages=91–92 |date=31 July 1997 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165356/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/29970/1/11_V_31071997_p91_p92_t162.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Sabse Bade Ladaiya''<ref>{{cite tweet |number=341527038466875392 |user=ddnational |title=Friends of Doordarshan ...ALHA-UDAL - SABSE BADA LADAIYA...back on the screen by popular demand! Don't miss tonight |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Samandar (TV show)|Samandar]]''
*''Sammaan Ek Adhikar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Di-GEPW1UIQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Di-GEPW1UIQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Samman Ek Adhikar every Monday at 9 pm on DD National|date=26 June 2014 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Sangursh''<ref>{{cite book|title=India Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn1DAAAAYAAJ|date=March 1993|publisher=Living Media India Pvt. Ltd.|page=93|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328044714/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn1DAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Sankat Mochan Hanumaan]]''
*''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''
*''[[Satyajit Ray|Satyajit Ray Presents]]''
*''Sauda''<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|page=1994|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>
*''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]''
*''Shakti''
*''Shalini''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvLGE_c0JGQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/GvLGE_c0JGQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Shalini Serial Episode 09|date=16 February 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Shanti (TV series)|Shanti]]''
*''Shershah Suri''<ref>{{cite web |title=Shershah Suri - Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iczbpmS53vM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/iczbpmS53vM |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=14 Sep 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Shiv Mahapuran''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=Mythological serials flood TV as producers see profitable alliance in godland and adland |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19970531-mythological-serials-flood-tv-as-producers-see-profitable-alliance-in-godland-and-adland-831478-1997-05-31 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=31 May 1997 |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429101414/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19970531-mythological-serials-flood-tv-as-producers-see-profitable-alliance-in-godland-and-adland-831478-1997-05-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Shikwah''<ref name="auto6"/>
*''Shree Brahma Vishnu Mahesh''<ref name="Cooper-Chen2006">{{cite book|author=Anne Cooper-Chen|title=Global Entertainment Media: Content, Audiences, Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96-QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT191|date=21 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-60782-1|pages=191–|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902193802/https://books.google.com/books?id=96-QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT191|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|Shri Krishna]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-27 |title=After 'Ramayan' and 'Mahabharat', now 'Shri Krishna' is returning to Doordarshan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan/articleshow/75400171.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*''[[Shrikant (TV series)|Shrikant]]''
*''Sindhugatha''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sindhugatha - Episode-1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2rcjEJqOFY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/y2rcjEJqOFY |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=14 June 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Singhasan Battisi]]''
*''[[Space City Sigma]]''
*''[[Subah (TV series)|Subah]]''
*''Sunehre Din''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=291HGnDhLCoC|year=1990|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman|Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited]]|page=73|volume=111|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902193804/https://books.google.com/books?id=291HGnDhLCoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Suno Kahani''<ref>{{cite web |title=Suno Kahani on DD National tomorrow |url=http://www.uniindia.com/suno-kahani-on-dd-national-tomorrow/india/news/1016732.html |date=13 Oct 2017 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128005045/http://www.uniindia.com/suno-kahani-on-dd-national-tomorrow/india/news/1016732.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Suraag - The Clue]]''
*''[[Surabhi (TV series)|Surabhi]]''
*''[[Shama (TV show)|Shama]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Shama # Episode - 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9BVIfY3yxI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/p9BVIfY3yxI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=2 Jan 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Surdas''<ref>{{cite web |title=Surdas (सूरदास) : EP #01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiOW85weUFI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/HiOW85weUFI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=1 Jul 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Super Six''<ref name="Sabha1988">{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnUwAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Parliament of India|page=229|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902193820/https://books.google.com/books?id=XnUwAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Swabhimaan]]''
*''Swaraj''<ref name="toi"/>
*''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj – Bharat Ke Swatantrata Sangram Ki Samagra Gatha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=DD's historical series on Swaraj to commence on August 14 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dds-historical-series-on-swaraj-to-commence-on-august-14-8087289/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902181311/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dds-historical-series-on-swaraj-to-commence-on-august-14-8087289/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Swaraj Nama''<ref name="toi"/>
*''Tales of Panchtantra''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tales of Panchtantra Set of 2 DVD's |url=https://www.amazon.in/Tales-Panchtantra-Set-2-DVDs/dp/B0087B1V98 |website=[[amazon.in]] |language=hi |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165353/https://www.amazon.in/Tales-Panchtantra-Set-2-DVDs/dp/B0087B1V98 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]''
*''[[Talaash (Indian TV series)|Talaash]]''
*''Thhoda Sa Aasmaan''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deeptinaval.com/actor-thhoda-sa-aasmaan.htm|title=Welcome to www.deeptinaval.com|website=www.deeptinaval.com|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115652/http://deeptinaval.com/actor-thhoda-sa-aasmaan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Jataka Tales''<ref>{{cite web |title=Tales of Lamaas |url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddnational/tales-lamaas-2 |website=Doordarshan |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122015943/https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddnational/tales-lamaas-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/802490/the-dd-files-peer-into-the-heart-of-darkness-with-govind-nihalanis-tamas|title=The DD Files: Peer into the heart of darkness with Govind Nihalani's 'Tamas'|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=26 January 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804034826/https://scroll.in/reel/802490/the-dd-files-peer-into-the-heart-of-darkness-with-govind-nihalanis-tamas|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Tane Bane''<ref name="dff"/>
*''[[Tehkikaat]]''
*''Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040815/spectrum/main6.htm|title=Gulzar's vision of timeless classics|date=15 August 2004|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021134049/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040815/spectrum/main6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Terah Panne]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/when-hema-malini-played-rani-padmini-2067632.html|title=When Hema Malini played Rani Padmini|date=18 December 2017|website=Zee News|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203072417/https://zeenews.india.com/people/when-hema-malini-played-rani-padmini-2067632.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Tenali Rama''<ref name="Asthana">{{cite book|author=Sanjay Asthana|title=India's State-run Media: Broadcasting, Power, and Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|date=9 May 2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48170-0|page=144|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902193803/https://books.google.com/books?id=MoOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Thumri Ek Parampara''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avpWXZs68_c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/avpWXZs68_c |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Thumari : Ek Parampara - Ep #01|date=25 June 2016 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Trayodashi''<ref>{{cite web |title=TV programme listings (12/11/2013) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article5339128.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=12 November 2013}}</ref>
*''[[Tum Dena Saath Mera (2009 TV series)|Tum Dena Saath Mera]]''
*''[[Trishna (TV series)|Trishna]]''
*''[[Udaan (1989 TV series)|Udaan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/803191/the-dd-files-kalyani-singh-in-udaan-remains-our-favourite-heroine-in-khaki|title=The DD Files: Kalyani Singh in 'Udaan' remains our favourite heroine in khaki|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=8 February 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902194307/https://scroll.in/reel/803191/the-dd-files-kalyani-singh-in-udaan-remains-our-favourite-heroine-in-khaki|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Ujale Ki Or''<ref name="JoshiDudrah2016">{{cite book|author1=Priya Joshi|author2=Rajinder Dudrah|title=The 1970s and its Legacies in India's Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RggfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=6 May 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-92759-3|page=45}}</ref>
*''Uppanyas''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=Doordarshan running out of programmes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19920531-doordarshan-running-out-of-programmes-766371-2013-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=1992-05-31 |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719155901/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19920531-doordarshan-running-out-of-programmes-766371-2013-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Upanishad Ganga''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dirk Johannsen|author2=Anja Kirsch|author3=Jens Kreinath|title=Narrative Cultures and the Aesthetics of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRfUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|year=2020|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=978-90-04-42167-7|page=188}}</ref>
*''Upasana''<ref>{{cite web |title=Upasana : EP#01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6_4JF0_TY4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/J6_4JF0_TY4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=12 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Uttar Katha''<ref name="doordarshan"/>
*''[[Luv Kush|Uttar Ramayan]]''
*''Ved Vyas Ke Pote''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ved Vyas ke Pote: Episode 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPmJO_vYKt0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/EPmJO_vYKt0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=7 Nov 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Vidroh''<ref>{{cite book|author=P. J. O. Taylor|title=A Companion to the "Indian Mutiny" of 1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uituAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563863-9|page=409}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vidroh : EP #01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUkg25aHfRg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OUkg25aHfRg |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=14 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/803957/the-dd-files-the-terrifically-tacky-vikram-aur-betaal|title=The DD Files: The terrifically tacky 'Vikram aur Betaal'|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=22 February 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042043/https://scroll.in/reel/803957/the-dd-files-the-terrifically-tacky-vikram-aur-betaal|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''
*''[[Vishwamitra (TV series)|Vishwamitra]]''
*''Vividha''<ref>{{cite web |title=Vividha - Rajtika |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djil9Wsxt-0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/djil9Wsxt-0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=11 Dec 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Wah Janaab]]''
*''Woh Hue Na Hamare''<ref>{{cite book|author=Shekh Moinuddin|title=Media Space and Gender Construction: A Comparative Study of State Owned and Private Channels in the Post Liberalisation Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYInBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=13 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2535-1|page=28|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719131402/https://books.google.com/books?id=UYInBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Women of India''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hema-malini-returns-to-tv/story-Os6LY22VtiRKUPY8nl69GN.html|title=Hema Malini returns to TV|date=31 October 2010|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127234921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hema-malini-returns-to-tv/story-Os6LY22VtiRKUPY8nl69GN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Yatra (1986 TV series)|Yatra]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/800696/the-dd-files-shyam-benegals-yatra-packed-all-of-india-in-a-train | title=The DD Files: Shyam Benegal's 'Yatra' packed all of India in a train | date=14 December 2015 | access-date=20 July 2021 | archive-date=25 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725155254/https://scroll.in/reel/800696/the-dd-files-shyam-benegals-yatra-packed-all-of-india-in-a-train | url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Yeh Dil Mannge More]]''
*''[[Yeh Duniyan Gazab Ki]]''
*''Ye Hawayein''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ye Hawayein (ये हवायें) - Episode # 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVEIXkg2KQ4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WVEIXkg2KQ4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=22 Jan 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Yeh Zindagi Hai Gulshan]]''
*''[[Your Honour (Indian TV series)|Your Honour]]''
*''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]''
*''Yugantar''<ref>{{cite web |title=Yugantar (Old Doordarshan TV Serial) |url=https://www.freeonlineindia.in/yugantar-old-doordarshan-tv-serial/ |website=Free Online India |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127211840/https://www.freeonlineindia.in/yugantar-old-doordarshan-tv-serial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Zameen Aasman''<ref name="bhushan">{{cite book|author=Ravi Bhushan|title=Reference India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLgZAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Rifacimento International|page=144}}</ref><ref name="HarrodPaszkiewicz2017"/>
*''Zindagi''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/producer/premkishen.htm|title="DD needs to understand that the channel-producer relationship is equivalent to that of husband-wife. Both need each other": Prem Kishen Television and film producer|date=19 July 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720130722/https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/producer/premkishen.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Sardar: The Game Changer'' (2024)<ref name=MK>{{cite news|url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/k-c-bokadias-historic-serial-sardar-the-game-changer-to-air-on-dd-national-from-march-10th/ |title=K.C. Bokadia's Historic Serial 'Sardar: The Game Changer' to Air on DD National from March 10th |date=7 March 2024|work=Morning Kashmir|access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

====Hindi dubbed shows====
*''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (TV series)|The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/801615/the-dd-files-meet-the-only-sherlock-holmes-who-matters|title=The DD Files: Meet the only Sherlock Holmes who matters|first=Chandrima|last=Pal|website=Scroll.in|date=10 January 2016 |access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003042046/https://scroll.in/reel/801615/the-dd-files-meet-the-only-sherlock-holmes-who-matters|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]''<ref name="auto10"/>
*''[[Bodyline (miniseries)|Bodyline]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-cricket-drama-that-brings-back-the-kerry-packer-days/story-uSnyFLEFrTTStLGd9WYsRK.html|title=The cricket drama that brings back the Kerry Packer days|date=22 December 2012|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824020006/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-cricket-drama-that-brings-back-the-kerry-packer-days/story-uSnyFLEFrTTStLGd9WYsRK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[All My Children]]''<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19970728-creation-of-day-time-tv-viewing-slot-rakes-in-the-big-bucks-830414-1997-07-27|title=Creation of day-time TV viewing slot rakes in the big bucks|website=India Today|date=28 July 1997 |access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207230207/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19970728-creation-of-day-time-tv-viewing-slot-rakes-in-the-big-bucks-830414-1997-07-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Days of Our Lives]]''<ref name="auto11"/>
*''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]''<ref name="wmm"/>
*''[[Guiding Light]]''<ref name="auto11"/>
*''[[Oshin]]''<ref name="Asthana"/>
*''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/27/arts/india-tv-boom-star-trek-reruns-and-politics.html|title=India Tv Boom, 'Star Trek' Reruns and Politics|first=William K.|last=Stevens|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 September 1984|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165353/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/27/arts/india-tv-boom-star-trek-reruns-and-politics.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reality/non-scripted programming===

*''Aap Aur Hum''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''Anmol Ratan''<ref name="Sabha1991">{{cite book|author=|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVtPAQAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=481|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727171531/https://books.google.com/books?id=UVtPAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anmol Ratan |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfrc4Vx9Ts71nyd1tjhk_CSMTop5ww-78 |website=Broadcast Imaging |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727171532/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfrc4Vx9Ts71nyd1tjhk_CSMTop5ww-78 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''A Tryst with the People of India''<ref>{{cite web |title=A TRYST WITH THE PEOPLE OF INDIA EPISODE 01 |publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=Apr 3, 2018}}</ref>
*''Baaje Payal''<ref>{{cite web |title=Baaje Payal - Meenakshi Seshadri EP 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OC3stq_Bno8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/OC3stq_Bno8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |language=en |date=10 Nov 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DD to commemorate India's 50th anniversary in big-budget style |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19971222-dd-to-commemorate-indias-50th-anniversary-in-big-budget-style-831091-1997-12-22 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=1997-12-22}}</ref>
*''[[Bharat ki Chhap]]''
*''[[Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star]]''
*''[[Business Batein]]''
*''[[Coke Studio (Indian TV series)|Coke Studio]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/aug/aug96.php|title=Doordarshan, MTV to telecast Coke Studio|newspaper=Indian Television Dot Com |date=17 August 2013|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916214234/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/aug/aug96.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Ghoomta Aaina''<ref>{{cite book|title=Limca Book of Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_xtAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=[[Bisleri|Bisleri Beverages Limited]]|page=76| isbn=9788190044547 }}</ref>
*''[[Krishi Darshan]]''<ref name="auto8"/>
*''[[Krazzy Kiya Re]]''
*''[[Kalakarz]]''
*''[[Laajawab Talent Show]]''
*''[[Living on the Edge (Indian TV series)|Living on the Edge]]''
*''Mashoor Mahal''<ref name="auto9"/>
*''Mirza Ghalib: The Playful Muse''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirza Ghalib: The Playful Muse (1989) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CLLL/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165351/https://indiancine.ma/CLLL/info |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Money Matters''<ref name="ip">{{cite book|title=Indian Panorama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEQ15_uDrvsC|year=2004|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|page=29}}</ref>
*''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]''
*''Phool Khile Hai Gulshan Gulshan''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''Quiz Time''<ref name="tiq">{{cite web |title=Quiz Time once again on DD |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/quiz-time-once-again-on-dd/cid/509131 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>
*''[[Rag Rag Mein Ganga]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/doordarshan-to-air-travelogue-series-rag-rag-mein-ganga-from-feb-2/articleshow/67774629.cms|title=Doordarshan to air travelogue series 'Rag Rag Mein Ganga' from Feb 2|date=31 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222221720/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/doordarshan-to-air-travelogue-series-rag-rag-mein-ganga-from-feb-2/articleshow/67774629.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Rangarang''<ref>{{cite web |title=Spectrum - Television |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030914/spectrum/tv.htm |website=[[Tribune India]]|date=2003-09-14}}</ref>
*''[[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]]''
*''Sports Ka Superstar''<ref name="tiq"/>
*''[[Superhit Muqabla]]''
*''[[Stree Shakti]]''
*''Sur Sagar''<ref name="auto4"/>
*''Taana Baana''<ref name="ip"/>
*''[[Turning Point (1991 TV series)|Turning Point]]''
*''What's The Good Word?''<ref name="auto1"/>
*''Wheel Smart Shrimati''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/07/wheel-smart-shrimati-southern-edition-soon-1218116096.html|title='Wheel Smart Shrimati' Southern edition soon|date=7 August 2008|website=OneIndia|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165353/https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/07/wheel-smart-shrimati-southern-edition-soon-1218116096.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Zubaan-e-Ishq''<ref>{{cite web |title=Zubaan-e- Ishq - Firaq Gorakhpuri | date=9 September 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgCVS9I7VMw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/dgCVS9I7VMw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====Hindi dubbed shows====
*''[[Telematch]]''<ref name="auto5"/>

===Films===
*''A Monk''/''Bodhidharma''<ref>{{cite web |title=A Monk I Bodhidharma I Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThWUwlRXa60 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ThWUwlRXa60 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=30 May 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''[[Aadmi Aur Aurat]]''
*''Atmajaa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011202/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831140904/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011202/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Bhagat Singh''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramanand Sagar's Bhagat Singh to premiere on DD1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramanand-sagars-bhagat-singh-to-premiere-on-dd1/articleshow/28595167.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=17 Nov 2002 |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ramanand-sagars-bhagat-singh-to-premiere-on-dd1/articleshow/28595167.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''[[Chatrapati Sivaji (film)|Chatrapati Sivaji]]''
*''Chhote Bade''<ref name="scroll"/>
*''Dakini''<ref name="auto7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/telefilms-narrate-plight-of-women-doordarshan-to-air-two-projects-that-highlight-society-s-role/cid/605354|title=Telefilms narrate plight of women - Doordarshan to air two projects that highlight society's role|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520171012/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/telefilms-narrate-plight-of-women-doordarshan-to-air-two-projects-that-highlight-society-s-role/cid/605354|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Damyanti''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr. Muzaffar Ali |url=http://iafaonline.com/muzaffar_ali.php |website=Indo-American Friendship Association |access-date=6 May 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121945/http://iafaonline.com/muzaffar_ali.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Ek Pal Ka Sukh''<ref name="auto7"/>
*''Hindola''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Doordarshan-brings-out-rare-telefilm-to-honour-Farooque-Shaikhs-memory/articleshow/28530449.cms|title=Doordarshan brings out rare telefilm to honour Farooque Shaikh's memory | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 January 2014 |access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Doordarshan-brings-out-rare-telefilm-to-honour-Farooque-Shaikhs-memory/articleshow/28530449.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]]''
*''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]''
*''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/when-the-news-on-dd-was-deferred-due-to-a-mahesh-bhatt-film-661338.html|title=When the news on DD was deferred due to a Mahesh Bhatt film|website=News18|date=12 January 2014|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520165354/https://www.news18.com/news/india/when-the-news-on-dd-was-deferred-due-to-a-mahesh-bhatt-film-661338.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mitro Marjani''<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19890831-doordarshan-out-to-shed-its-frumpy-home-movie-image-to-produce-commercial-films-816454-1989-08-31|title=Doordarshan out to shed its frumpy home-movie image, to produce commercial films|first=Madhu|last=Jain|date=31 August 1989|website=India Today|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520170859/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19890831-doordarshan-out-to-shed-its-frumpy-home-movie-image-to-produce-commercial-films-816454-1989-08-31|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Sadgati]]''
*''[[Sookha]]''
*''Panch Parmeshwar''<ref>{{cite web |title=Panch Parmeshwar (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AOVV/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001071522/https://indiancine.ma/AOVV/info |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Pathrai Aankhon Ke Sapne''<ref>{{cite web |title=Telefilm based on Rajasthani Folktale 'Pathrayee Aankhon Ke Sapne' |url=https://www.darpanvideoindia.com/telefilm-pathrayee-aankhon-ke-sapne/ |website=Darpan Video India |date=8 October 2019 |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429105702/https://www.darpanvideoindia.com/telefilm-pathrayee-aankhon-ke-sapne/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Picnic''<ref name="auto3"/>
*''Prem Daan''<ref name="auto3"/>
*''Seva Sadan''<ref>{{cite web |title=Munshi Premchand's Seva Sadan Part 01 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArnBZm7YAjo |publisher=Prasar Bharati Archives |date=26 Oct 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*''Somebody Else's Kids''<ref name="auto3"/>
*''Thoda Sa Roomani Ho Jayen''<ref name="auto2"/>
*''Titli''<ref name="auto3"/>
*''Tulsi''<ref name="auto3"/>
*''Vilvamangal Ki Pratigya''<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan Kendra-Delhi Complete List Of Tapes |url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/sites/default/files/DDK-DELHI%20COMPLETE%20LIST%20OF%20TAPES.pdf |website=doordarshan.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DD National Shows}}
{{Children television series in India}}
{{Lists of television programs by genre}}
{{Lists of TV programs by country}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|DD National]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|DD National]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]

Bara Thermal Power Station

2026-02-21T14:43:54Z

Antoniojaw: new.

{{Short description|Coal power station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name =Prayagraj Power Generation Company Limited ( Bara Thermal Power Station )
| name_official =
| image = Bara Thermal Power Plant Under Construction - PPGCL - Shankargarh - Allahabad 2014-07-04 5657.JPG
| image_caption = Bara Thermal Power Station under construction in 2014.
| image_alt =
| coordinates = 
| country = India
| location = [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| status = O
| operator = TATA POWER
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 3
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1980 MW
| commissioned = 2015
}}

'''Prayagraj Power Generation Company Limited''' is a coal-based, 3×660 MW, super critical thermal power plant located in Bara Tehsil in [[Prayagraj district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The power plant is owned by Renascent Power, a subsidiary of the Tata Power. The total cost of the project was INR 12,000 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/no-more-dark-days/ |title=No more Dark days? |date=3 January 2015 |first1=Maulshree |last1=Seth |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> In November 2019 Resurgent Power Ventures Pte. Limited (Resurgent Power) has announced closing the deal for acquiring 75 per cent stake in Jaiprakash Associates Ltd's Prayagraj Power.
<ref>{{cite news | title=Tata Power-backed Resurgent Power closes deal for 75% in Prayagraj Power | work=[[The Hindu]] BusinessLine | date=15 November 2018 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/renascent-power-to-acquire-75-stake-in-prayagraj-power-generation/article25502122.ece#! | access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

==Capacity==
The planned capacity of the power plant is 3 × 660 MW.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/bhel-commissions-another-660-mw-thermal-unit-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/54778266.cms |title=BHEL commissions another 660 MW thermal unit in Uttar Pradesh |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of COD
|-
| 1st || 1 || 660 || 28 February 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/bhels-600-mw-prayagraj-unit-in-up-on-stream/article8042398.ece |title=BHEL's 600 MW Prayagraj unit in UP on stream |date=29 December 2015| work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1st || 2 || 660 || 10 September 2016
|-
| 1st || 3 || 660 || 26 May 2017
|-
|}

[[File:Bara Thermal Power Project (39418033715).jpg|thumb|none|Bara Thermal Power Project, 2015]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Bara_Thermal_Power_Project Bara Thermal Power Project] at [[SourceWatch]]

{{Power Plants of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2015]]

St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar

2026-02-21T10:05:36Z

Antoniojaw: small changes

{{Afd-merge to|St. Johns Educational Trust|St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar|13 February 2026}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Alwarthirunagar
| logo = St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Badge.JPG
| logo_size = 150px
| image = St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar 1-8-2015 2-56-10 PM.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = School building in 2015.
| motto = Arise and Shine
| established = 1974
| type = [[Co-educational]], private
| affiliation =
| district =
| grades = [[Kindergarten]] to Grade 12
| president =
| trust = [[St. Johns Educational Trust|Saint John's Educational Trust (SJET)]]
| principal = K.Santhosh Kumar
| head_of_school =
| headmistress = Manoranjitham
| dean =
| staff =
| enrollment =
| athletics =
| athletic_conference =
| colours =
| mascot =
| campus_type =
| avg_class_size = 40
| houses = Blue, green, red, yellow
| campus_size = Medium
| free_label = Medium of instruction
| free_text = English
| free_label2 = Founder
| free_text2 = D John Ponnnudurai
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| location = [[Chennai]]
| country = [[India]]
| information =
| website = [http://www.stjohnsatnagar.com www.stjohnsatnagar.com]
}}

'''St John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School''' is a school in [[Alwarthirunagar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher Secondary Schools in Chennai |url=http://www.chennaieducation.net/Schools/highersecondary.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228200429/http://www.chennaieducation.net/Schools/highersecondary.aspx |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en}}</ref> which had its beginnings in the early 1980s. The school was founded by D John Ponnudurai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2004 |title=Obituary |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/26/16hdline.htm |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812095458/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/26/16hdline.htm |archive-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This school is part of IYAP<ref>[http://www.iaypdukeaward.in/school_award.html The International Award For Young People, India]</ref> consortium. The school follows Matriculation Syllabus for students between Grade 1 to Grade 10 and Tamil Nadu State Board for grades Eleven and Twelve. It has branches in [[Porur]], [[Triplicane]] and a sister school in the name of the Good Shepherd in [[Alwarthirunagar]]. The medium of education is English with Tamil, Hindi and French as second languages.

== History ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2026}}

== Admissions ==
Tuition centres to which the students can go are primarily Namadurai Coaching centre (Sri Krishna Institute of Individuality development (SKIID)), Devi Institute of Mathematics (DIM) and KD CN Tuition centre. The students of X and XII students go to tuition centres for additional revisions of the syllabus.

This school has a good record of getting 100% first class in the board exams. The students who do not get good marks in school exams are sent to the Triplicane branch of this school before X and XII board exams.

== School structure ==

=== Teachers ===
The class teacher does management activities such as attendance, exam reports management, complaints handling and resolution, and parent-teacher meets. Some class teachers teach all the subjects for the lower grade classes. Mostly, subjects such as English and Moral Science are taught by the class teachers.
[[Image:St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Principal.JPG|thumb|Ambika Suresh (''Head Mistress'') and John Ponnudurai (''Principal'') during 1990]]

=== Staff ===
'''Principal/Founder/Chairman''': John Ponnudurai(Late)
'''correspondent''': Vinod Diraviyaraj(Late)(s/o John Ponnudurai) '''Principal''': James Satyaraj

== Curriculum ==
The school has Matriculation syllabus till X standard and State Board from XI standard with English Medium. The science subject is split into Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology in VI standard. Maths is split into Maths I and II in VIII standard. English and Hindi are split into I and II parts. There are practicals in Biology, Physics and Chemistry which involves doing experiments in the Laboratory.

Groups during XI and XII standard are:
* '''I Group''' – Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English and Second Language (Hindi or Tamil or French)
* '''II Group''' – Physics, Chemistry, computer science, English and Second Language (Hindi or Tamil or French)(''primarily Maths is absent and Botany and Zoology are present instead'')
* '''III Group''' – Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, English and Second Language (Hindi or Tamil or French)(''Science, Maths and Computer Science are primary subjects'')
* '''IV Group'''-Commerce, Accountancy, Economics, English and Second Language (Hindi or Tamil or French)(''not a Science group'').

French is considered to be a scoring subject in comparison to Hindi and Tamil. Moral Science is a standard subject till IXth standard.

The exams are I Mid Term, Quarterly, II Mid Term, Half yearly, III Mid term and Annual exam in order. For Xth and XIIth the additional exams there are three revision tests before the board exams. 10-day study leave is provided before the board exams.

== Campus ==
The school has three floors with the top floor being thatched. It has a creche and more classrooms across the street. The competition comes from Balalok, Avichi and A V Meiyappan. The school uses the R K Ground nearby for games and sports.

The main building was constructed in 1984. The school has laboratories for Physics, Chemistry and Biology. The school has a small playground, but for a larger playground students go to the Ramakrishna Nagar Ground. Transportation such as bus, van and cycle rickshaw are provided at additional charge.

The school runs Project Day where the students do experimental and art preparations which are displayed in the school. The students display and explain to the visitors. This is financed by students themselves; some teachers also provide finance.

The school celebrates Annual Day where students perform dance or sing songs on the stage and awards are given to first, second rank holders and most disciplined student by a guest. The most disciplined student is selected by a class teacher. Previous guests have been celebrities like Vijayakant. A souvenir is provided to the students which contains the pictures of first, second and third rank holders and also contains articles and poems composed by the school students.

Students who fail in subjects are given coaching classes, where they stay after normal timings and study.
[[File:St._John's_Matriculation_Higher_Secondary_School_Alwarthirunagar_Building.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|St. John's School]]

==Notable alumni==
* [[Tippu (singer)|Ekambaram]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] is a popular singer. 1995 batch
* Music Directors [[Srikanth Deva]] and [[Bobo Shashi]] at 'Shashi Kanth' who composed music for [[Kulir 100 Degrees]].
* Actor [[Dhanush]] known as Venkatesh Prabhu by then (his real name) studied XI and XII from 1999–2001.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St. John%27s Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Class II A 1984 Batch.jpg | II std A Sec, 1984–85. The old uniforms can be seen.
File:St. John%27s Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Class V A 1986 Batch.jpg |
File:St. John%27s Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Class VII 1997 Passing out Batch.jpg | VII Std 1991-92. Maths Teacher.Maragadhavalli 1st from left
File:St. John%27s Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Class XII B 1995 Batch 2.jpg | Class XII B 1995 Batch, with Names
File:St. John%27s Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Class XII B 1995 Batch.jpg | Class XII B 1995 Batch
File:St. John%27s Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar Class XII C 1994 Batch.jpg | Class XII C 1995 Batch
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Commons category|St. John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar}}
{{reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}{{coord|13.047519|N|80.187353|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John's Matriculation Higher Secondary School Alwarthirunagar}}
[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]

Humans in the Loop (film)

2026-02-17T20:55:32Z

Antoniojaw: Entry

{{Short description|2024 Hindi-Kurukh film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Humans in the Loop
| image = Humans in the Loop.jpg
| caption =
| director = Aranya Sahay
| producer = [[Mathivanan Rajendran]] Shilpa Kumar Sarabhi Ravichandran
| starring = [[Sonal Madhushankar]]
| writer = Aranya Sahay
| cinematography = Harshit Saini Monica Tiwari
| editing = Swaroop Reghu Aranya Sahay
| studio = Storiculture Museum of Imagined Futures SAUV Films
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|||MAMI|2025|09|05|ref2=<ref>{{cite web|title='Humans in the Loop': Award-winning feature on Adivasi AI data-labeller to release on this date|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/humans-in-the-loop-fipresci-india-award-adivasi-ai-data-labeller-kiran-rao-biju-toppo/article70003538.ece|date=2 September 2025|website=The Hindu}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 72 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi Kurukh
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Humans in the Loop''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Independent film|independent]] [[drama]] film written and directed by Aranya Sahay and produced by [https://www.thestoriculturecompany.com Storiculture]'s Museum of Imagined Futures. The film follows an [[Adivasi]] woman, Nehma, from [[Jharkhand]] who unexpectedly finds herself interacting with [[artificial intelligence]], unraveling its hidden biases and ethical dilemmas. Inspired by a 2022 article by journalist Karishma Mehrotra in Fifty Two (52) titled "Human Touch",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Touch |url=https://fiftytwo.in/story/human-touch/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Fifty Two (52)}}</ref> the film sheds light on AI bias and its disproportionate impact on women in technology. It highlights the contributions of women in the field of [[data annotation]] and [[algorithm]]ic development while questioning the growing intersection of AI and [[Social exclusion|marginalised communities]].

The film received the Film Independent Sloan Distribution Grant. The grant, administered by Film Independent and the [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation]], supports narrative features that engage meaningfully with science or technology themes, providing strategic release support to help films reach wider audiences. The Sloan Film program has backed more than 850 screenplays, short films and features over the past two decades, including “[[The Imitation Game]],” “[[Hidden Figures]],” “The Man Who Knew Infinity” and “[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]].” The award makes director Aranya Sahay and producer [[Mathivanan Rajendran]] Film Independent Fellows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-11-17 |title=AI Drama ‘Humans in the Loop’ Receives Film Independent’s Sloan Distribution Grant, Enters Oscar Race (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ai-drama-humans-in-the-loop-oscar-race-1236582975/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was released on limited screens all across major cities in India on 5 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|title='Humans In The Loop': How Aranya Sahay's Indie Film Darling Cracked Its Commercial Release with Kiran Rao|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/humans-in-the-loop-how-aranya-sahays-indie-film-darling-cracked-its-commercial-release-with-kiran-rao|date=30 October 2025|website=Variety}}</ref> The film premiered at [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] in 2024 and globally on [[Netflix]] on 31 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web|first=Prathyush|last=Parasuraman|title=AI Impact Drama 'Humans in the Loop' Lands U.S. Theatrical Release and Netflix Pact, Unveils Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ai-drama-humans-in-the-loop-netflix-us-theatrical-release-1236566448/|date=15 September 2025|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aranya Sahay's 'Humans in the Loop' debuts on Netflix, explores the human side of artificial intelligence|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aranya-sahays-humans-loop-debuts-netflix-explores-human-side-artificial-intelligence/|date=31 October 2025|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==Plot==

Nehma, an Adivasi woman of the [[Kurukh people |Oraon tribe]], returns to her native village in Jharkhand from [[Ranchi]], with her daughter Dhaanu and infant son Guntu after the breakdown of her ‘dhuku’ marriage (live-in relationship). To support her family, Nehma takes up work at a local [[Labeled data |data-labelling]] centre, where employees annotate images and videos to train artificial intelligence systems for international clients. Soon she starts noticing a troubling gap between the rigid categories demanded by the AI system and the ecological wisdom of her own community.

Meanwhile, her daughter Dhaanu struggles to adjust to the family’s new life in the village, missing the urban world she has left behind. She even makes a futile attempt to escape from the village. <ref>[https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/humans-in-the-loop-taak-film-technology-marginalised-udit-khurana-aranya-sahay-11749395810057.html mint] </ref>

''Humans in the Loop'' is a social film that happens to be about AI: With its focus on indigenous women’s labour and the mother-daughter relationship, it insists that the ethics of AI cannot be separated from questions of caste, gender, and geography. The film asks us to recognise that intelligence – artificial or otherwise – carries the imprint of its teachers. And if those teachers are invisible, uncredited or culturally misunderstood, the intelligence learnt will only reproduce their absence. <ref>{{Cite web |title=6 |url=https://thefederal.com/films/aranya-sahay-humans-in-the-loop-oscar-adivasi-data-labelling-jharkhand-ai-tribal-216946}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sonal Madhushankar]] as Nehma
*Ridhima Singh as Dhaanu
*Gita Guha as Nehma's Supervisor
*Vikas Gupta
*Prayrak Mehta
*Anurag Lugun

==Release==
''Humans in the Loop'' premiered at the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI]] before being screened at the [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]]. It received critical acclaim for its compelling storytelling and unique perspective on gender representation in AI. The film also received a nomination for Gender Sensitivity from the Film Critics Guild.

The film was developed as part of the Storiculture Impact Fellowship, which supports socially relevant storytelling in media. It was produced by the [http://museumofimaginedfutures.com/ Museum of Imagined Futures] (MOIF), a speculative media space that brings creators and technologists together to reimagine the future and create media at the intersection of tech, culture, and impact.

The film released worldwide on 31 October 2025 by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Humans In The Loop OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Kiran Rao's Indian indie film online|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/humans-in-the-loop-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-kiran-raos-indian-indie-film-online/cb4fb33584319|date=31 October 2025|website=OTT Play}}</ref>

=== U.S. Film Launch ===
The US film launch of Humans in the Loop took place in Los Angeles over a week-long theatrical screening. Director Aranya Sahay was present from November 7–13 in the Beverly Hills area at the Lumière Cinema. This venue, known for showcasing independent films, has long been a staple of the Los Angeles community and a respected space for independent cinema. Executive Producer Misaq Kazimi directed the launch strategy which included three distinct elements: onboarding the support of 10 local organizations who brought their communities, inviting 10 panelists to explore the topics of the film after the screenings, and highlighting local talent by playing 7 short films by local LA filmmakers that played before the evening screenings.

The audience came from a wide range of communities, including the South Asian community, the technology/AI community, and those interested in Indigenous culture and voices.

Two unique elements helped bring these communities together. First, the screening of a short film by a Los Angeles–based filmmaker before the main feature, creating a valuable opportunity for short filmmakers to have their work shown on a large cinema screen, an experience that is often rare for short films. This also allowed their audiences to discover Humans in the Loop, creating a meaningful cross-pollination of viewership.

Second, the inclusion of daily panel discussions held after each film. These panels included academic professors, industry professionals from the film and technology sectors, technologists, and artists such as muralists and mixed-media creators alongside the director. These conversations grounded the film in the social and technological landscape of the US, making it both locally relevant and globally impactful.

Several audience members returned multiple times and brought friends and family, demonstrating how deeply they connected with the film’s subject matter and wanted to expand the conversation. Los Angeles, being the central hub of the American film industry, marked the film’s first major presentation in the United States to audiences beyond the South Asian community. People from all walks of life attended, helping the film expand its reach and establish a meaningful presence within the city.

The film's launch also partnered with local organizations who helped bring their audiences: IFFLA, Film Independent, and Artists of LA. Supporting organizations included Astralab, Rangeela Dance Company, Tasveer Film Festival, American South Asian Network, and UCLA Department of Information Technology.

== ''Humans in the Loop'' Festivals & Accolades ==
Following its US theatrical release and meeting other eligibility criteria, ''Humans in the Loop'' officially qualified to be a contender for the 98th Academy Awards. It will compete to be nominated in the Best Original Screenplay category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/humans-in-the-loop-receives-film-independents-sloan-distribution-grant-enters-oscar-race}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=9 |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/ai-drama-humans-in-the-loop-oscar-race-1236582975/}}</ref>

* Film Independent's 'Sloan Distribution Grant';
* FIPRESCI Award for Best Feature Film (International Critic's Guild Award), 2025 jointly shared with '[[All We Imagine as Light|All We Imagine As Light]]';
* [[New York Indian Film Festival]] (NYIFF '25);
* Won 'Best Debut Film' Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles (IFFLA '25);
* Won the Grand Jury Award for Best Feature Film International Film Festival of Bengaluru (BIFFes '25);
* Won 'Best Film' and FIPRESCI Award Best Film at Celebrating India Film Festival;
* International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK, '24);
* Cinevesture International Film Festival;
* Dialogue Film Festival of Kerala '24;
* Bhubaneshwar Film Festival '24;
* Mumbai Film Festival (MAMI '24);
* Nominated for the Gender Sensitivity Award

== Reception ==
[[File:HITL 1.jpg|thumb|Humans in the Loop premiere at MAMI 2024]]
The film received widespread critical acclaim for its thought-provoking narrative and strong visual storytelling. Critics praised its nuanced exploration of AI biases and the gendered implications of technology. ''High on Films'' rated it 4.5/5, calling it "an essential and timely film on the intersection of ethics and technology."<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Aswin |date=2024-12-26 |title=Humans in the Loop (2024) Movie Review: Introspecting the Narrative of Social Learning |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/humans-in-the-loop-2024-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=High On Films |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' highlighted its "sharp social critique wrapped in a visually immersive experience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oommen |first=Nainu |date=2024-12-20 |title=IFFK 2024: 'Humans in the Loop' cautions against Artificial Intelligence driven by dominant narratives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffk-2024-humans-in-the-loop-movie-about-artificial-intelligence-biases/article69007960.ece |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Indian Express'' praised its "meticulous research and emotionally compelling storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=FTII alumni connects the dots between AI future, colonial past with debut feature film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ftii-alumni-ai-future-colonial-past-short-film-9681869/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film holds an 85% rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on early festival reviews.

''Deccan Herald'' described it as "an ode to the women who are redefining technology from behind the screens."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranya Sahay's ode to the women of Jharkhand's data centres |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/aranya-sahay-s-ode-to-the-women-of-jharkhand-s-data-centres-3327356 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of the ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Humans in the Loop suggests that Indians can domesticate all manner of beasts, whether personified or machine-led."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title='Humans in the Loop' review: A thoughtful look at new AI tech and age-old fault lines|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086161/humans-in-the-loop-review-a-thoughtful-look-at-new-ai-tech-and-age-old-fault-lines |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Scroll.in|date=5 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Director Aranya Sahay, who also appears briefly as a government officer in the film, occasionally slips into preachy moments, but when the film simply observes, it feels like a fresh voice—a story about AI that is profoundly human."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Abhishek|last=Srivastava|title='Humans In The Loop Movie Review: A touching dive into AI's human side, with occasional bumps|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/humans-in-the-loop/movie-review/123705570.cms|access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' writes in his review that "Most film-makers might have rested on the multitudes of this premise. The movie itself might have felt incidental, like a medium to platform all those blatant metaphors. But Aranya Sahay crafts a thoughtful, curious and wonderfully observed narrative that marries the language of storytelling with the grammar of living."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Humans in the Loop' Movie Review: A Profound Take on Artificial Intelligence and Natural Order|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/humans-in-the-loop-movie-review-a-profound-take-on-artificial-intelligence-and-natural-order|date=1 April 2025|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>

Sahir Avik D’souza of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated it 4 stars out of 5 and wrote that "the film is dedicated to the women of Jharkhand. It highlights the unsung human labour that quietly powers the global artificial intelligence industry."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sahir Avik|last=D'souza|title='Humans in the Loop': A Thoughtful Film About the Human Intelligence Behind AI|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/humans-in-the-loop-review-ai-theatrical-release#read-more|date=5 September 2025|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=The Quint|language=en}}</ref>
Alaka Sahani, writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated that "Humans in the Loop reminds us that though we are not unfamiliar with the threat that AI algorithms pose to cultural homogeneity, we still have to get rid of our existing biases."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Alaka|last=Sahani|title=Humans in the Loop explores how AI clashes with traditional belief systems|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/humans-in-the-loop-explores-how-ai-clashes-with-traditional-belief-systems-9980634/|date=3 May 2025|access-date=31 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt33581992}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films about artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Jharkhand]]

Ramdev Singh

2026-02-10T02:54:29Z

Antoniojaw: creating new bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Socialist and Trade Union leader (1935–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Mazdoor_neta_ramdev_singh_1.jpg
|alt =
|birth_name = Ramdev Singh
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|10|8}}
|birth_place = Kausar village, [[Siwan District]], Bihar, [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|04|14|1935|10|8}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uphindinews.in/2022/04/19/popular-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-the-messiah-of-laborers-is-no-more-know-about-him/|title=मजदूरों के मसीहा लोकप्रिय नेता रामदेव सिंह नहीं रहे, जानिए उनके बारे में|date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
|death_place = [[Renukoot]], Uttarpradesh, Republic of India
|known_for = First Trade Union Leader of [[Hindalco Industries|HINDALCO]], Renukoot<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/personality/story-of-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-who-shook-hindalco-management-on-labor-day|title=मजदूर दिवस पर मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी जिन्होंने हिंडाल्को मैनेजमेंट की चूलें हिला दीं|date=30 April 2022|website=Prabhasakshi}}</ref>
|organization = Rashtriya Shramik Sangh
|spouse = Sunaina Singh
|children = 4, including [[Manoj Bhawuk]]
|parents =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Ramdev Singh''' (8 October 1935 – 14 April 2022) was the first trade union leader (''mazdoor neta'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnapost.com/?p=117371|title=Patna Post|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=20 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120183334/https://www.patnapost.com/?p=117371|url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Hindalco Industries|Hindalco Industries Limited, Renukoot]] of [[Aditya Birla Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/labor-day-2022-babu-ramdev-singh-was-an-example-of-struggle/403835|title=Labour Day 2022: संघर्ष की मिसाल थे मजदूर नेता बाबू रामदेव सिंह, मजदूर दिवस पर जानिए उनकी प्रेरणाप्रद कहानी|date=1 May 2022|website=www.timesnowhindi.com}}</ref> The union leader who represented the workers of Hindalco and other factories in Sonbhadra and Mirzapur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sonebhadralive.in/?p=271858|title=नहीं रहे हिंडाल्को के लोकप्रिय मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह|date=19 April 2022}}</ref> He was known among workers between 1963 and 1977. Workers referred to him as 'Neta ji' and looked to him as a leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2022/5/1/Article-International-Labour-Day-Special-.php|title=मजदूर दिवसः याद आया रामदेव बाबू का जुझारूपन!|website=www.hindusthansamachar.in}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://rashtranayaknews.com/?p=129207|title=राम ही नहीं रामदेव को भी चौदह साल बनवास रहना पड़ा|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/others/sonbhadra-hindalco-renukoot-trade-union-leader-ramdev-singh-latest-news-update/articleshow/91496353.cms|title=हिंडाल्को के महाराणा प्रताप थे मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह, चमचमाते बाजार बसाए लेकिन खुद टीनशेड में रहे|website=www.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/the-story-of-ramdev-babu-who-strived-for-labour-welfare | title=The Story of Ramdev Babu who Strived for Labour Welfare }}</ref> He organized multiple strikes involving thousands of workers against Hindalco management to address labor conditions.

==Early life==
Singh left home to earn his livelihood at the age of 12. He couldn’t go to school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.specialcoveragenews.in/top-stories/story-of-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-who-shook-hindalco-management-on-labor-day-delhi-labor-day-labor-day-special-story-of-labor-leader-on-labor-day-1181159|title=Labor Day Special: मजदूर दिवस पर मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी जिन्होंने हिंडाल्को मैनेजमेंट की चूलें हिला दीं|first=Shiv Kumar|last=Mishra|date=1 May 2022|website=www.specialcoveragenews.in}}</ref>

==Early history & trade union==
Singh came to [[Gorakhpur]] in search of a job. At 18, he became a supervisor in a company. His salary was 70 rupees monthly. He was the sole breadwinner in his family, so this amount was not enough. He had to go to Shivpur coalfield of [[Jharia]] to earn more money. Ramdev Singh was a born leader and tactful in making relations. He used to get close with officers and influential people easily. He got in touch with a famous leader and activist [[Raj Narain]] ji who went on to become a health minister in U. P. govt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unanews.in/story-of-majdoor-leader-ramdev-singh-on-majdoor-divas-special/|title=मजदूर दिवस विशेष:मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी|first=U. N. A.|last=News|date=1 May 2022}}</ref> Raj Narain ji was the only person who defeated [[Indira Gandhi]] in the general elections of 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-50933248|title=वो राज नारायण जिन्होंने इंदिरा गांधी को धूल चटाई थी|date=31 December 2019|website=BBC News हिंदी}}</ref>

When Singh’s mother realised that he was working in dreadful conditions in the coal-field, she persuaded him to leave that job. He was close to his mother, so he resigned. Singh went to J.K. Nagar, where he learned about Hindalco. Many workers were shifting to Renukoot where Hindalco was opening their operations.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} It was 1962, when Singh too shifted to Renukoot and joined Hindalco as a wager. He was assigned to work in pot room where furnaces were emitting unbearable heat. All wagers had to work in miserable and dangerous conditions. They were treated like animals.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} They had to leave their food on plates, if officers called them. There were no proper rooms and facilities for wagers provided by factory management. 20-30 wagers had to live in tiny tin-shades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/world-labour-day-special-labour-leader-ramdev-singh-fight-with-hindalco-management-for-labour-right-271441.html|title=मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह ने हिला दी थीं हिंडाल्को मैनेजमेंट की चूलें|website=News Nation}}</ref> After observing this mismanagement, Ramdev Singh fumed at Hindalco officers. A few days after joining the factory, he went straight to talk to the foreman of his shift. The foreman asked him to do only what he ought to do. He didn’t back his stand. He then tried to talk to other senior staff. One officer threatened to expel him from the company. He told Singh to go and earn crores of rupees, then come to question the Birla group. Singh replied that if there are crores in Birla's treasury, it is because we are working hard to make him rich. This very sentence irked that officer. He talked to his superiors and issued a chargesheet to Ramdev Singh. Ramdev Babu lit his cigarette and burnt that paper into ashes before him just like films. Ramdev Babu was terminated that day without prior information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhadas4media.com/majdur-neta-ramdev-singh-shraddhanjali-sabha/|title=हिंडाल्को के मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की श्रद्धांजलि सभा में किसने क्या कहा, पढ़ें यहाँ | No. 1 Indian Media News Portal|website=www.bhadas4media.com|date=29 April 2022 }}</ref>

Next day, when he went to the factory, he was stopped by security guards at the entry gate.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} Then workers learned that Ramdev Singh was stopped at the gate for questioning the management. They started gathering at the gate in support of him. Almost all workers of Hindalco sat at the gate demanding entry of Ramdev Singh into the factory. They started sloganeering, if you will not let him in, we’ll not work. That was the moment when workers got their voice in the name of Ramdev Babu. He became their leader on that day only. Management hurriedly let Singh come into the factory and work. But he became a target of the company management. After some months, Singh made the first trade union in Hindalco and built an office by raising wooden planks and putting tin shade over it. He named his trade union ‘Rashtriya Shramik Sangh’. He started fighting more vigorously with management for betterment of workers. And after some months, management terminated him without any reason. He came out of Hindalco but did not give up on his fight for workers; however he started meeting with leaders and influential people to get support in this movement. Hindalco management deployed a team to keep their eyes on him. Ramdev Singh used to change his locations to dodge them. They plotted arrests of many close associates of Ramdev Babu. Even Ramdev Babu went to jail several times. There are various testimonies in the media that some top officers of Hindalco hired assassins to get rid of him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.badalav.com/the-story-of-revolutionary-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-in-the-words-of-his-companions/ | title=हिंडाल्को को हिला देने वाले क्रांतिकारी मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी उनके साथियों की जुबानी | date=30 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabarbhojpuri.com/remembering-forgotten-labour-leader-ramdev-singh-on-labour-day-article-by-vinay-bihari-singh/|title=भुलाइल-बिसरल एगो श्रमिक नेता रामदेव सिंह के त्याग, तपस्या - खबर भोजपुरी|date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/story-a-labor-leader-is-becoming-prime-minister-and-a-labor-leader-has-gone-through-lifelong-failure-and-oblivion-6528239.amp.html | title=एल्यूमिनियम कंपनी हिंडाल्को के पहले मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह को किया गया याद | date=22 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Strikes of 1963 and 1966==
After constant talks and meetings with the Hindalco management over the interests of workers, Singh decided to go on strike. On the very night of 1963, at 11 pm, hundreds of workers gathered and started a strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/siwan/news/ramdev-singh-of-siwan-fought-a-long-battle-against-exploitation-in-renukoot-in-1963-and-1966-129741683.html|title=कार्यक्रम: शोषण के खिलाफ 1963 और 1966 में रेणुकूट में सीवान के रामदेव सिंह ने लड़ी थी लंबी लड़ाई|date=1 May 2022|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref> It lasted for three days. Hindalco management came with a settlement clause of no victimization.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

Ramdev Singh with his party members again called for strike in 1966.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} On 12 August, thousands of laborers sat in agitation.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} This strike was also to demand a proper solution for their problems. It was a bigger and longer strike than the former strike. It lasted for several months. On the call of Ramdev Singh, all the workers of Hindalco left their job and joined his strike. Asia’s biggest aluminum producing factory had to shut down its operation for 2 months. People often say, it was historic and it happened for the first and last time when chimneys of Hindalco stopped emitting smoke. Company Management conspired to end the strike. They terminated 318 people from the job and published their names on notice boards and local newspapers. Slowly, many workers started going to work due to fear of losing their job. But the strike continued. One of the strike leaders, Rakesh Chaturvedi had started publishing the newspaper ‘Swatantra Senani’ in Robertsganj to support the strike. Author and senior journalist Ajay Shekhar was also part of that newspaper. Management forcefully stopped the publication just after two issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/c/67779339|title=Clipping of Prabhat Khabar - MUZAFFARPUR - City|website=epaper.prabhatkhabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindimedia.in/story-of-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-who-shook-hindalco-management-on-labor-day/|title=मजदूर दिवस पर मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी जिन्होंने हिंडाल्को मैनेजमेंट की चूलें हिला दीं – Hindi Media|first=अरुण|last=तिवारी|website=hindimedia.in|date=2 May 2022 }}</ref>

Rakesh Chaturvedi contested legislative elections in 1967 and became M.L.A. After thirteen and half months, he again had dialogues with Hindalco management and got most of the workers re-recruited. Still 14 workers were not taken on board, Ramdev Singh was one of them. He was the main leader of that strike and management never wanted him back in to the factory. Ramdev Singh remained unemployed until 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaonkelog.com/not-only-ram-ramdev-also-had-to-live-in-exile-for-fourteen-years/|title=राम ही नहीं रामदेव को भी चौदह साल बनवास रहना पड़ा|date=7 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shrinaradmedia.com/not-only-ram-ramdev-also-had-to-live-in-exile-for-fourteen-years/|title=राम ही नहीं रामदेव को भी चौदह साल बनवास रहना पड़ा|date=29 April 2022}}</ref>
Ramdev Singh also went against Hindalco management to establish markets in the vicinity of the factory. He united the traders and worked day and night to settle them. Eventually, Renukoot turned into a shining market. Ramdev Singh founded ‘Vyapar Mandal’ and became its first chairman.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

==Political influence==
Ramdev Singh never stopped his agitations for laborers’ welfare. He widened his area and started fighting for other factory workers’ strikes. This was the reason he attracted several influential leaders of that era like former Prime Minister [[Charan Singh|Ch. Charan Singh]], [[Chandra Shekhar]], socialist leader [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[George Fernandes]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} Former Union minister Raj Narain was his close friend who always stood beside Ramdev Singh. He started attending various political meetings and laborers’ jan sabha.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} He came to [[Bihar]] to join the [[JP Movement|J.P. movement]] in 1974. He was becoming popular. Several influential leaders started coming to his home in Pipari (Renukoot), which scared the management badly.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voiceofbihar.in/hindalcos-popular-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-passes-away-at-the-age-of-87/amp/ | title=हिंडाल्को के लोकप्रिय मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह नहीं रहे, 87 वर्ष की उम्र में निधन | date=20 April 2022 }}</ref> Ramdev Singh had got an appointment to meet the then Prime minister Shri [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Meanwhile, Shastri ji went for Tashkent agreement but unfortunately never returned. He was political mentor of former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]. Once in his older age, Ramdev babu fell seriously ill and was admitted at a hospital in [[Lucknow]]. When Ram Naresh ji learned about his political guru's health, he hurriedly came to meet him without caring about any protocol.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dinmantimes.com/hindalko-ke-majdur-neta-ramdev-singh-ka-nidhan-kabhi-rahe-mukhjymantri-ke-rajnaitik-guru/ | title=हिंडाल्को के मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह का निधन, कभी रहे मुख्यमंत्री के राजनैतिक गुरु | date=19 April 2022 }}</ref>

Some top officers plotted an attack on Ramdev Singh. One of his companions, [[Madan Pandey]], was injured by 17 knife strikes. He was saved in time. He later joined the Congress and became a Member of Parliament. Ramdev Singh’s office was burnt by management, where several documents related to his movements got burnt. One of the attackers was an admirer of Ramdev Babu. He later met him and apologized for his deed. Ramdev Babu learned from the attacker about the whole conspiracy made for his murder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aainanewz.com/?p=3919|title=मजदूर पर दिवस विशेष मजदूर दिवस पर मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी जिन्होंने हिंडाल्को मैनेजमेंट की चूलें हिला दीं|first=Aaina|last=News|date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sarthaksamay.com/hindalco-labor-leader-ramdev-singh-of-bihar-is-no-more-19731 | title=हिंडाल्को के मजदूर नेता बिहार के रामदेव सिंह नहीं रहे | date=19 April 2022 }}</ref>

Ramdev Singh was very fierce and fearless, so was [[Raj Narain]] ji.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} This was the main reason for their strong bond. When Raj Narain found out about this, he came to meet his long time friend Ramdev Singh.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} It was 1977, he asked Hindalco president to meet him. Ramdev Babu got the job at his behest. So, after 14 years of being unemployed, he was finally re-recruited by Hindalco. His family lived in miserable conditions. Their children were growing up and their future was being sacrificed by the revolution of the father. After persuasion by many people including Raj Narain ji, Ramdev Babu agreed to join the factory. Though he was working under Hindalco management but never bowed before them. He got many offers to enter politics which he softly rejected. Even he refused to contest general elections on congress ticket. He was a true socialist and remained a lifelong benefactor of society and laborers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shrinaradmedia.com/when-ramdev-babu-of-siwan-forced-hindalco-management-to-bow-down-in-terms-of-labor-interest/ | title=जब सीवान के रामदेव बाबू ने मजदूर हित के संदर्भ में हिंडाल्को प्रबंधन को झुकने पर कर दिया था मजबूर! | date=May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://7rang.in/hindalco-maharana-pratap-and-trade-union-leader-ramdeo-singh/ | title=हिंडाल्को के महाराणा प्रताप थे मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह | 7 Rang }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Babu Ramdev Singh.jpg|thumb|left|Singh in his old age]]

Singh's father had nine sons from three marriages.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} His father left his mother alone with three sons.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} She brought up all three children on her own. Singh soon left home to take the responsibility. His elder brother [[Jang Bahadur Singh]] is a folk singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bhojpuri-news/bhairavi-singer-jang-bahadur-babu-102-birth-anniversary-know-life-story-bhojpuri-manoj-bhawok-4247796.html|title=102 बरिस के हो गइनी भैरवी के बेजोड़ गायक जंग बहादुर बाबू|website=hindi.news18.com|date=11 May 2022 }}</ref> Ramdev Singh was married to Sunaina Devi. Ramdev Singh had three sons: Umesh, Manoj, [[Dharmendra]] and a daughter Durgesh. His second son [[Manoj Bhawuk|Manoj Singh]] (known as [[Manoj Bhawuk]]) is carrying on his father's social legacy. He is a poet, TV personality and film actor. His youngest son Dharmendra Singh is a singer and entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upuklive.com/article/Article-International-Labour-Day-Special-php/cid7296426.htm|title=मजदूर दिवसः याद आया रामदेव बाबू का जुझारूपन!|date=1 May 2022|website=upuklive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsakhada.com/2022/05/01/labour-day-per-majdoor-neta-ramdev-singh-ki-kahani/|title=मजदूर दिवस विशेष : मजदूर दिवस पर मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह की कहानी, जिन्होंने हिंडाल्को मैनेजमेंट की चूलें हिला दीं|date=May 2022 }}</ref> His elder brother-in-law Prof. Rajgrih Singh is a famous writer and social activist and the younger one [[Rajnath Singh]] Rakesh is a poet. Ramdev Singh died at the age of 87 on 14 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livenews24.in/2022/04/live-news-24_95.html|title=हिंडाल्को के मजदूर नेता रामदेव सिंह का हुआ निधन, पूर्ण सीएम के थे राजनैतिक गुरु, पिपरी में हुआ अंतिम संस्कार // LIVE NEWS 24|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publiclokpal.com/en/news/shri-ramdeo-singh-the-popular-labour-leader-of-hindalco-renukoot-passed-away|title=Shri Ramdeo Singh, the popular labour leader of Hindalco, Renukoot, passed away|first=Public|last=Lokpal|website=publiclokpal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.specialcoveragenews.in/top-stories/workers-mourn-the-death-of-ramdev-singh-father-of-popular-labor-leader-and-poet-manoj-bhavna-hindi-news-1180118|title=लोकप्रिय मजदूर नेता और कवि मनोज भावुक के पिता रामदेव सिंह के निधन से मजदूरों में शोक|first=Shiv Kumar|last=Mishra|date=20 April 2022|website=www.specialcoveragenews.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/when-showed-the-labourers-story-in-hindi-movies-like-kgf-manoj-bhawok-bhojpuri-4231337.html | title=Bhojpuri: फिल्मी सुग्गा- मजदूरन के जीवन-संघर्ष के खूब देखावल गइल बा हिंदी फिल्मन में | date=3 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Singh's second son Manoj Bhawuk announced a trust in his father’s name which will honor a person every year who has made a valuable contribution to the welfare of laborers or in the field of labor. He will write a biography of his father to tell the world about his life's journey and struggle dedicated to laborers. Manoj also announced plans to make a documentary on his father's struggle for which he would interview his father’s living companions and eyewitnesses and do in-depth research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/sonbhadra/story-labor-leader-ramdev-was-remembered-6396091.html|title=मजदूर नेता रामेदव को याद किया गया|website=Hindustan |date=May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiavistar.com/labour-day-know-the-story-of-ramdev-singh-on-labor-day-who-shook-the-company-management/|title=Labour day: मजदूर दिवस पर जानिए रामदेव सिंह की कहानी जिन्होंने इस कंपनी प्रबंधन की चूलें हिला दीं|first=India|last=Vistar|date=30 April 2022|website=India Vistar}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sbnlive.net/?p=100512|title=राम ही नहीं रामदेव को भी चौदह साल बनवास रहना पड़ा|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ramdev}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Siwan, Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:People from Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Sukanasa

2026-02-07T21:14:24Z

Antoniojaw: cleanup section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Feature for the entrance of a temple}}
[[File:Pattadakal si1479.jpg|thumb|Sukanasa with [[Shiva Nataraja]], Jambulinga Temple, [[Pattadakal]].<ref>Michell, 105</ref>]]
In [[Hindu temple architecture]], a '''sukanasa''' ({{langx|sa|शुकनास}}, [[IAST]]: śukanāsa) or '''sukanasi''' is an external ornamented feature over the entrance to the [[garbhagriha]] or inner shrine. It sits on the face of the [[sikhara]] tower (in South India, the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]) as a sort of [[antefix]].<ref>Kramrisch, 240–241</ref> The forms of the sukanasa can vary considerably, but it normally has a vertical face, very often in the form of a large [[gavaksha]] or "window" motif, with an ornamental frame above and to the sides, forming a roughly triangular shape.<ref>Harle, 140</ref> In discussing temples in [[Karnataka]] local authors tend to use "sukanasi" (the preferred form in these cases) as a term for the whole structure of the [[antarala]] or ante-chamber from the floor to the top of the sukanasa roof above.<ref>Krishna Murthy</ref>

It often contains an image of the deity to whom the temple is dedicated inside this frame, or other figurative subjects. The vertical face may be the termination of a horizontally-projecting structure of the same shape,<ref>Harle, 147</ref> especially in temples with an [[antarala]] or ante-chamber between the [[mandapa]] or public worship hall and the garbhagriha. In these cases the projection is over the antarala.<ref>Hardy, 34</ref> Some temples have large gavaksha motifs, in effect sukanasas, on all four faces of the shikara, and there may be two tiers of sukanasa going up the tower. Sukasanas are also often found in [[Jain]] temples.<ref>Krishna Murthy</ref>
[[File:Hoysala crest on sukanasi in Kedareshvara temple at Balligavi (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[Hoysala]] crest of warrior fighting a lion, on the roof of the sukanasa projection, [[Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi]]]]

The name strictly means "parrot's beak", and is often referred to as the "nose" of the temple superstructure, as part of the understanding of the temple as representing in its various parts the anatomy of the deity.<ref>Kramrisch, 240</ref> Various early texts set out proportions for the shape of the sukasana, centred on a circular gavaksha, and its size in proportion to the rest of the temple, especially the height of the shikara. They vary and in any case are not always followed.<ref>Kramrisch, 240–242</ref>

Especially in the south, the sukanasa may be topped by a [[kirtimukha]] head, the open-mouthed monster swallowing or vomiting the rest of the motif below.<ref>Kramrisch, 241</ref> As with the gavaksha, the motif represents a window through which the light of the deity shines out across the world.<ref>Kramrisch, 241</ref>

==History==
The sukanasa appears to develop from later forms of the large "chaitya arch" on the outside facade of [[Buddhist]] [[chaitya]] halls. Initially these were a large practical window admitting light to the interior, and reflecting the shape of the curved internal roof, based on timber and thatch predecessors. Later, these large motifs developed into a setting for sculpture that was largely "blind" or not actually an opening in the wall. Both phases now only survive in rock-cut "cave temples" at sites such as the [[Ajanta Caves]], where the first type can be seen at Caves 9, 10, 19, and 26, and [[Ellora]], where Cave 10 shows the second type.

According to [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Adam Hardy]], "possibly the first use of a sukanasa in a Dravida temple" is the [[Parvati temple, Sandur]] (7–8th century), using his terminology where "Karnataka Dravida" architecture is treated as a form of [[Dravidian architecture]]; others describe this as [[Badami Chalukya architecture]] or similar terms.<ref>Hardy, 74–75</ref>

In [[Hoysala architecture]], the sukanasa is typically brought forward over an antarala, and the royal emblem of the [[Hoysala Empire]], the mythical founder Sala stabbing a lion (according to the legend a tiger, but the two are not distinguished in [[Indian art]]), often stands over the barrel roof as sculpture in the round.<ref>Foekema, 22</ref> Among other places, this can be seen at the [[Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala]], both temples at the [[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale]], and the [[Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi]].<ref>Harle, 257</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Shrine Wall Sculpture at Bucesvara Temple at Koravangala.jpg|[[Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala]] from the side. Projecting sukanasa with free-standing sculpture on the top of the Hoysala emblem.
File:Big Temple Thanjavur.jpg|[[Brihadisvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]]
File:Pattadkallu04 (cropped).jpg|The partly dismantled [[Pattadakal#Galaganatha Temple|Galaganatha Temple, Pattadakal]], where the antefix stones of the sukanasa are missing.
File:Mukteswar Temple, stone work.jpg|[[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteswar Temple]], [[Bhubaneswar]], with [[kirtimukha]]
Image:Khajuraho3.jpg|[[Latina (architecture)|Latina]] shikhara of [[Adinatha temple, Khajuraho]], with very elaborate sukanasa.
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{commonscat}}
* Foekema, Gerard, ''A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples'', Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=puhKEqJpElEC google books]
* [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Hardy, Adam]], ''Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries'', 1995, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|8170173124}}, 9788170173120, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PA183 google books]
* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* Krishna Murthy, M.S., [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163432/http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=628&cat=42 "Jaina Monuments In Southern Karnataka"], Ahimsa Foundation (www.jainsamaj.org)
* [[Stella Kramrisch|Kramrisch, Stella]], ''The Hindu Temple'', Volume 1, 1996 (originally 1946), {{ISBN|8120802225}}, 9788120802223, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC google books]
* Michell, George, ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1989, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]

Travancore fanam

2026-01-30T12:42:52Z

Antoniojaw:

{{Short description|Obsolete currency of Travancore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
The '''fanam''' was a type of money that was issued by the Kingdom of [[Travancore]], now mostly encompassing the modern day state of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. The fanams (also spelt ''fanoms'') and chuckrams (or ''chakrams'') were known to be some of the smallest coins in the world{{cn|date=December 2025}}. Historically, the fanam and chuckram coins were the regular unit of currency in medieval Travancore and appear to have been extensively used for trading in the region. The words fanam and ''panam'' mean "money" in certain [[Dravidian languages]] like [[Malayalam]] which was the most spoken language in the kingdom.

[[File:Fanam1.jpg|thumb|Travancore Fanam (front) – Malayalam era 1116]]
[[File:Fanam2.JPG|thumb|Travancore Fanam (reverse)]]

==History==

The ''Panam'' ({{lit|fanam}}) coins were part of the traditional coinage in ancient Kerala and the time when these coins were issued is not verifiably known. ''Panam'' coins rose in popularity some time in the 13th century and remained as one of the most popular currencies in circulation in the following centuries.<ref>Traversing Travancore through the ages on coins ''by B. Sarasan'' (2008), p. 24.</ref> Other versions of the Fanams are also known to have been minted in Kerala by the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Calicut kingdom|Calicut]]. The adjoining States in modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Sri Lanka]] are also known to have had their own versions of the Fanams. By the 18th century, the reduction in precious metal content had rendered the Travancore Fanam coins so small that they had become difficult to count. They were counted by pouring them in a pile onto a counting board (called ''palakas'') and shaking them into the holes on the surface of the board.<ref>''British and Native Cochin'', C. A. Lawson (1861), p. 146.</ref>

The modern version of the Travancore Fanams were introduced into circulation around the year 1800 (975 ME) with a value equal to 4 Chuckrams.<ref>''Travancore State Manual'', V. Nagam Aiya (1908), p. 172.</ref> These modern versions were minted in [[Trivandrum]] (now called Thiruvananthapuram) with the aid of stamping presses obtained from [[Madras Presidency]]. Later issues were minted using presses procured from England. While the older versions of the Fanams were based on gold or silver, these newer coins were primarily based on silver. They were issued until 1946–47 remaining in circulation until 1949 before being replaced by the [[Indian Rupee]] and Anna system.

==Inscriptions==

Older issues of the ''Panam'' coins are inscribed with various symbols representing religious deities or nature, but issues since the 1860s often had the names or insignia of the reigning monarch in English. The Fanam coins, when written in English, appear to display something similar to an Anglo-Germanic sound shift (termed as [[Grimm's law]]) from the traditional term "Panam".

The year, when printed on the Fanam coins was based on the [[Malayalam calendar]] (and corresponding Malayalam Era – ME) which begins circa 825 AD. Therefore, the year of issue of the coin can be found by adding 825 to it. For example, the year of issue of a coin showing 1000 ME, will be 1825 AD. Therefore, the year of issue of the coin with year 1116, will be 1940–41.

Seven fanams made up one [[Travancore Rupee|rupee]], while the fanam was composed of 4 chuckrams. These chuckrams were further divided into 16 cash.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit !! Equivalent Sub-units
|-
| 1 Travancore Rupee || 7 Fanams
|-
| 1 Fanam || 4 Chuckrams
|-
| 1 Chuckram || 16 Cash
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==

{{Portal|Money|History|Numismatics|India}}

* [[Travancore]]
* [[Travancore rupee]]
* [[Indian rupee]]
* [[Madras fanam]]
{{Historic Indian currency and coinage}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Travancore Fanam}}
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]

South Asians in Hong Kong

2026-01-27T01:12:01Z

Antoniojaw: adjust structure to improve readability for clarity

{{short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = South Asians in Hong Kong 南亞人
| population = At least '''101,969'''<ref name="2021Census"/> (1.4% of the population) (2021)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/keystat_dashboard.html | title=Main Tables | 2021 Population By-census}}</ref>
| popplace = [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Kowloon]] and South [[New Territories]]
| langs = [[Hong Kong English|English]] and [[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]]; also [[Hindi–Urdu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Pashto]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Baháʼí Faith]], [[Christianity]]
| related-c = [[Overseas Pakistani]], [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]], [[Non Resident Nepali]]
| footnotes = The numbers of [[Bangladesh]]is and [[Sri Lanka]]ns were not individually broken out in the 2006 By-Census Thematic Report on Ethnic Minorities, from which the above statistics originate. The total population of "Other Asians", which may include members of those two groups, was 7,851.
}}
{{Ethnic Hong Kong sidebar}}

'''South Asians in Hong Kong''' form a significant part of the city's society. According to the 2021 by-census, there were at least 101,969 people of [[South Asian diaspora|South Asia]]n descent living in the city.<ref name="2021Census">{{cite journal|title=Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities|url=http://www.bycensus2006.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_962/06bc_em.pdf|date=28 December 2007|access-date=23 January 2008|issue=xvi|journal=Publications and Products of the 2006 Population By-census|publisher=Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong}}</ref> Many have traced their roots in [[Hong Kong]] for over a century, dating back to the period when both [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and the [[British Raj|Indian subcontinent]] were under British colonial rule. Their presence is also a legacy of the [[British Empire]], and issues around nationality and citizenship remain complex for many.

Some South Asians in Hong Kong continue to hold [[Indian citizenship]], while others have acquired [[Chinese nationality law|Chinese nationality]] and hold a [[HKSAR passport]], usually after obtaining [[Hong Kong resident|permanent residency]]. Despite differences in nationality, a large majority speak [[Hong Kong Cantonese|Cantonese]] fluently, integrating linguistically into Hong Kong society while maintaining distinct cultural identities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erni |first1=John Nguyet |last2=Leung |first2=Lisa Yuk-ming |title=Understanding South Asian minorities in Hong Kong |date=2015 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=[[Hong Kong]] |isbn=978-988-8208-34-0 |url=https://hkupress.hku.hk/image/catalog/pdf-preview/9789888208357.pdf |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

==Nationality and right of abode==
South Asians in Hong Kong include citizens of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and a small number of [[statelessness|stateless]] persons and naturalised citizens of the People's Republic of China. As a result, many of them also become [[British National (Overseas)]] or [[British citizens]].

===British nationality===
{{See also|British nationality law and Hong Kong}}
[[File:Old-hongkong-bp.jpg|thumb|400 px|Many people of Indian origin once held [[British passport]]s like this, issued to British Dependent Territories Citizens]]
According to the statistics of the Republic of India's High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora, among Hong Kong residents there are 22,000 Indian citizens and 28,500 non-citizen Persons of Indian Origin (people with origins in [[British India]], including places which lie outside today's Republic of India, and having citizenships of countries other than the Republic of India. Note that this number may include people who consider themselves as [[Pakistanis in Hong Kong|Pakistanis]], [[Nepalis in Hong Kong|Nepalis]], or other South Asian nationalities).<ref>Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, 2000. See specifically [http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/part1-est.pdf Part I] page xlvii; as well see [http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter21.pdf Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora, Chapter 21] pages 281–283.</ref> The citizenship of Hong Kong residents of Indian descent who lacked Republic of India citizenship was a major point of contention in the years leading up to the handover. Many Indians had settled in Hong Kong, taking it as their only home and naturalising as [[Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies|Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies]] (CUKCs). This status initially made no distinctions between residents of the United Kingdom and elsewhere, but from the 1960s onwards a number of nationality acts successively scraped away the privileges it offered, creating a class of CUKCs who had no [[Right of Abode (United Kingdom)|right of abode in the United Kingdom]] itself. Eventually in 1981, these restrictions were codified in a new class of British citizenship, the [[British Dependent Territories Citizen]]ship (BDTC). Furthermore, as this status would cease to be effective after the 1997 handover, the British government created the new status of [[British National (Overseas)|British National]], a restricted form of British nationality which also did not grant right of abode in the United Kingdom. By 1985, out of about 14,000 Indians settled in Hong Kong, 6,000 were BDTCs.<ref name="LegCo">{{cite web |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr85-86/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h851204.pdf|title=Official Report of Proceedings|date=12 April 1985|access-date=25 May 2011|publisher=Hong Kong Legislative Council}}</ref>

Unlike the majority people of Chinese descent, who were seen by the incoming Chinese administration as always having been Chinese citizens, the ethnic minorities, including South Asians, would be left only with BN(O) status, which amounted to effective statelessness due to the lack of guarantee of returnability to the United Kingdom or anywhere else and the lack of ability to pass the status on to descendants beyond one generation.<ref name="Reuters">{{citation |title=HONG KONG'S ETHNIC MINORITIES TO BE GRANTED BRITISH PASSPORTS |url=http://www.nfo.ac.uk/collections/records/0017-0004-0168-0000-0-0000-0000-0.html |work=Reuters TV|date=4 February 1997|access-date=28 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008155522/http://www.nfo.ac.uk/collections/records/0017-0004-0168-0000-0-0000-0000-0.html|archive-date=8 October 2011|df=dmy-all |via=[[EDINA]]}}</ref><ref name="ABC">{{cite news|title=Britain considers offering citizenship to HK ethnic minorities|date=31 March 2009|access-date=28 May 2011|url=http://www.abc.net.au/ra/asiapac/stories/200903/s2531541.htm|periodical=Radio Australia}}</ref> With their citizenship in limbo, by the 1990s many Indians in Hong Kong reportedly would not even marry among themselves, preferring to look overseas for potential spouses with foreign passports.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-953766.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106011719/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-953766.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=1 July 1993|access-date=28 May 2011|last=Deane|first=Daniela|title=Hong Kong Minorities Fear Their Stateless Future}}</ref> Some rich South Asians were granted full British citizenship under the [[British Nationality Selection Scheme]], but the [[Home Office]] opposed a blanket grant for fears of the precedent it might set. Younger Indians formed lobbying groups such as the Indian Resources Group to press their case with the British government. They emphasised that their members had not applied for emigration to other countries such as Canada or the United States, and would be unlikely to settle in Britain were they granted citizenship; instead, they intended to remain in Hong Kong and believed that British citizenship would facilitate this aim.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/03hong.htm|periodical=Rediff News|first=Aravind|last=Vidyadharan|title=Indians anxious about Chinese takeover of Hong Kong|access-date=28 May 2011|year=1996}}</ref>

In the end, the British government formally agreed to grant citizenship to any BN(O), BDTC, or other British subject who had no other citizenship on 4 February 1997. Thus, most stateless people of Indian origin were able to obtain British citizen passports.<ref name="Reuters"/> However, confusion over the interaction of British and Indian nationality laws effectively rendered this promise useless in roughly 200 cases, all minors who had acquired Indian citizenship at birth and later became BN(O)s by registration. [[Indian nationality law]] provides that any Indian citizen acquiring foreign citizenship by naturalisation or registration loses his citizenship of India; only Indians who acquired foreign citizenship by reason of birth could hold dual citizenship. The Indian government stated that people who had acquired BN(O) status by birth remained Indian citizens until age 18. However, BN(O) status is not acquired by birth, meaning that every single Indian adult or minor who registered as a BN(O) lost his Indian citizenship. Notwithstanding that, the British Home Office used the Indian government's statement as a basis for denying full British citizenship to people who were minors on 4 February 1997; the Home Office misunderstood India's dual citizenship provisions to mean that they were still entitled to Indian citizenship on that date, when in fact they were not.<ref name="Avebury">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishcitizen.info/CitizenshipDenied_HO_Submission.pdf|author=The Lord Avebury|author2=Tameem Ebrahim|date=6 December 2004|access-date=28 May 2011|title=Citizenship Denied: The stateless British children of Hong Kong}}</ref> More than a decade after the handover, they have not naturalised as Chinese citizens; instead, they continue to hold only BN(O) passports in hopes of being able to attain the full British citizenship that was promised to them.<ref name="ABC"/>

===Chinese nationality===
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right"
|+ Naturalisation approval rates of different groups, July 1997 − November 2012<ref name="Legco20121212">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201212/12/P201212120342.htm|author=Claudia Mo|author2=Lai Tung-kwok|author2-link=Lai Tung-kwok|title=LCQ2: Applications for naturalisation as Chinese nationals|website=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]|date=12 December 2012|access-date=9 April 2013|author-link=Claudia Mo}}; the statistical tables may be found in the two annexes linked in the right sidebar</ref>
! Nationality
! Applications
! Approvals
! Approval rate
|-
| Total
| 15,518
| 12,658
| 81.6%
|-
| Pakistani
| 4,536
| 3,411
| 75.2%
|-
| Indian
| 3,224
| 2,487
| 77.1%
|-
| Vietnamese
| 1,593
| 1,115
| 70.0%
|-
| Filipino
| 570
| 387
| 67.9%
|-
| Others
| 5,595
| 5,258
| 94.0%
|-
|}

A small proportion of Indians have availed themselves of [[Nationality law of the People's Republic of China#Hong Kong|naturalisation as Chinese citizens]], which according to law can be requested by any Hong Kong permanent resident who has Chinese relatives, who has settled there, or who has other legitimate reasons, and who is willing to renounce all foreign citizenships.

The Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China began to apply in the HKSAR when it was established on 1 July 1997 in accord with [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] Article 18 and Annex III, with some differences from the application of the same law in mainland China, due to explanations of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]].<ref>[http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/chnnationality_2.htm Explanations of some questions by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress concerning the implementation of the Nationality Law of the PRC in the HKSAR] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223191333/http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/chnnationality_2.htm |date=23 February 2007 }}.Immigration Department.</ref> That put the Immigration Department in charge of administering the Nationality Law within the SAR.

Although China did not agree to a blanket grant of citizenship to South Asians settled in Hong Kong, it empowered the [[Hong Kong Immigration Department]] to naturalise Hong Kong residents as Chinese citizens. Prior to 2002, the Hong Kong Immigration Department discouraged South Asians and other ethnic minorities from taking this course, with immigration officers reportedly refusing to even give them the forms to fill in (thus they would not show up in rejection statistics). It took until December 2002 to see the first case of successful naturalisation application by an ethnic minority resident with no Chinese relatives, an Indian girl,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/399383/hk-born-indian-parents-vehka-now-chinese|title=HK-born to Indian parents, but Vekha is now Chinese; Nationality and a passport granted to girl in the first case of its kind|last=Shamdasani|first=Ravina|date=2 December 2002|access-date=28 May 2011|work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> followed by a Pakistani man.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-95518483/first-hong-kong-pakistani.html|work=South China Morning Post|last=Shamdasani|first=Ravina|title=First Hong Kong Pakistani gets Chinese nationality|date=15 December 2002|access-date=28 May 2011}}</ref>

Other high-profile South Asians such as aspiring politician [[Abdull Ghafar Khan]] and the wife of [[Gill Mohindepaul Singh]] have continued to experience rejections of their naturalisation applications as well, leading to an August 2012 letter of concern from then-[[Equal Opportunities Commission (Hong Kong)|Equal Opportunities Commissioner]] [[Eden Lam]] to the Immigration Department.<ref name="MingPao20120814">{{cite news|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/3/1/1/2744005/1.html|title=香港仔巴漢申特區護照被拒 (Aberdeen Pakistani man's application for SAR passport refused)|work=[[Ming Pao]]|date=14 August 2012|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130107210240/http://news.sina.com.hk/news/3/1/1/2744005/1.html|archive-date=7 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Several affected South Asian residents contacted their legislators seeking relief, leading to a Legislative Council question later that year by [[Claudia Mo]] of the [[Civic Party]] to [[Secretary for Security]] [[Lai Tung-kwok]]. Lai's response revealed that from July 1997 to November 2012, Pakistanis and Indians formed more than half of the applicants for naturalisation and had an approval rate higher than Vietnamese or Filipinos, but far lower than the applicant pool excluding those four groups.<ref name="Legco20121212"/>

Immigration Department statistics provided to the Legislative Council at various times show that from July 1997 to April 2005, only 552 Indian citizens applied for naturalisation as Chinese citizens, while from May 2005 to November 2012, nearly five times as many (2,672) applied. In total, among the 3,224 Indians who applied for naturalisation from July 1997 to November 2012, 2,487 (77.1%) had their applications accepted.<ref name="Legco20121212"/><ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2005|access-date=28 May 2011|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200505/18/05180179.htm|work=Info.gov.hk|title=Applications for naturalisation as Chinese nationals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/110112/4/m6uf.html|periodical=Ming Pao|date=12 January 2011|access-date=28 May 2011|title=本港去年729人入中國籍}}</ref> Persons of Indian origin who are citizens of China, or any of whose ancestors were ever citizens of China, are not eligible to obtain a [[Persons of Indian Origin Card]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=61&SubMenuId=38|title=Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) Card Scheme|publisher=Embassy of India|location=Beijing|access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref>

Those who are born in Hong Kong to stateless parents are entitled to Chinese nationality at birth under Article 6 of the Chinese nationality law.

==Languages==
The South Asians of Hong Kong are usually [[multilingual]], with many attaining trilingual fluency or more. Most are fluent in both English and a mother tongue (such as [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], or [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) and many are fluent in [[Hindustani language|Hindi–Urdu]] as well. In addition, some may also study [[Sanskrit]], [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]], or [[Avestan]] for religious reasons. The command of [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] is more variable; one 2006 survey of South Asian parents with children attending school in Hong Kong showed that more than 80% were illiterate in Chinese, while 60% could not speak Cantonese at all.<ref name="MingPao">{{cite news|title=社工﹕南亞裔家長遇語言問題學校「你死你賤」缺支援|url=http://hk.news.yahoo.com/060723/12/1qdo5.html|publisher=[[Ming Pao]]|date=24 July 2006|access-date=11 December 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105112445/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/060723/12/1qdo5.html|archive-date=5 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Among respondents to the 2011 Census who self-identified as Indian, 37.2% stated that they spoke English as their usual language, 4.6% Cantonese, and 57.9% some other language. With regards to additional spoken languages other than their usual language, 52.0% stated that they spoke English, 30.7% Cantonese, and 7.0% Mandarin. (Multiple responses were permitted to the latter question, hence the responses are non-exclusive.) 10.8% did not speak English as either their usual language nor an additional language, while the respective figures for Cantonese and Mandarin were 64.7% and 93.0%.<ref name="CensusLanguage">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11200622012XXXXB0100.pdf#page=54|chapter=Table 4.5: Proportion of ethnic minorities aged 5 and over able to speak selected languages/dialects, 2011|url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11200622012XXXXB0100.pdf|title=2011 Census Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities|publisher=Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department|date=December 2012|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

== Occupational history ==
Some famous Indians are [[Hormusjee Naorojee Mody]], [[Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala]], [[Hari Harilela]] and [[Jehangir Hormusjee Ruttonjee]] who arrived independently in the course of trade from Bombay, Gujarat and Karachi (Sindh).

In the pre-war period, most of the Indians took part in the army. Before the [[Second World War]], nearly 60% of the [[history of Hong Kong Police|police force]] were Sikhs. Also, some Indians have established businesses in Hong Kong. The Harilela family runs one of the best-known business groups.<ref>Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).''Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong''.P.30</ref>

After the war, the number of Indians taking up positions at government sections had declined as most of the Indians were no longer citizens of the [[crown colony|British colony]] after India gained independence in 1947. A large number of Sikh policemen left Hong Kong and about 150 [[Punjabi people|Punjab]]i Muslim and [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] worked in the police force in 1952.<ref name="Kwok S. T. 2003 P.60">Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).''Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong''.P.60</ref> Meanwhile, other Indian communities such as [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] and [[Tamil Muslim]]s came to Hong Kong for trading.

More Indians stepped into the fields like international companies, banking, airlines, [[travel agent]]s, medical, media and insurance sector.<ref name="Kwok S. T. 2003 P.60"/> The banking and [[financial sector]] had the strongest presence of Indian professionals{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}. Information technology and [[telecommunications]] have also interested highly qualified Indians. In the 1950s, [[Hong Kong Tailors|tailoring]] had become an industry that was popular with Indians and around 200 tailoring shops were owned by them at that time.

After 2005, there have been a growing number of diamond merchants from Gujarat who have settled in Hong Kong{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}. Since 2019, Hong Kong banks have closed many business accounts of Gujarati diamond merchants due to fraud and money laundering. It has now become difficult for new diamonds merchants to open business bank accounts. One high-profile example includes [[Nirav Modi]]. Nirav Modi group's exposure was not limited to only Punjab National Bank's Brady House branch in Mumbai, as the firms had availed loans from its Hong Kong and Dubai branches too, according to an internal report of the bank submitted to investigative agencies. As per the report, Nirav Modi group's companies Firestar Diamond Ltd Hong Kong and Firestar Diamond FZE Dubai had availed some credit facilities from the Hong Kong and Dubai branches of Punjab National Bank (PNB) as well. Hong Kong banks have been closely monitoring their diamonds business accounts after these cases.

=== Life in Hong Kong ===
{{See also|Kabaddi in Hong Kong}}
South Asians are scattered and live and work in different areas of Hong Kong. According to the 2021 Census, 40.1% lived in Kowloon, 43.2% in New Territories, and 16.7% on Hong Kong Island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Population Census - District Profiles |url=https://www.census2021.gov.hk/en/district_profiles.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.census2021.gov.hk}}</ref>

Many South Asians of Indian origin have formed sports and cultural clubs around the subcultures from which they originate in India. The Consulate General of India in Hong Kong maintains a webpage with a list of these [https://cgihk.gov.in/page/list-of-indian-community-associations-in-hong-kong/ Indian Community Associations in Hong Kong].

== Diversity of work ==
For most South Asians in Hong Kong, occupations vary according to their education level and family status. The majority of them are managers, administrative officers, and specialists in technological fields like engineers.<ref>2001年政府統計處. (2006). 香港南亞裔概況, P.15</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Positions
! Indians
! Pakistanis
! Nepalese
! Working force of HK
|-
| Managers and Administrative officers
| 31.2%
| 9.2%
| 1.1%
| 10.7%
|-
| Professionals/ assistant professionals
| 22.3%
| 6.9%
| 4.3%
| 20.9%
|-
| Clerk, tertiary industry
| 18.1%
| 14.2%
| 20.7%
| 31.3%
|-
| [[Artisan|Craftsmanship]] / Machine control related
| 4.9%
| 24.4%
| 29.2%
| 17.2%
|-
| Non technological fields
| 23.2%
| 45.2%
| 44.6%
| 19.5%
|}(Source: “香港南亞裔概況”, the Census and Statistics Department, 2001)

The percentage of Indians earning less than $4,000 per month or more than $30,000 per month is higher than that in the total working force of Hong Kong, or other South Asian nationalities. This reveals a [[bimodal distribution|bimodal]] [[income distribution]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Salary range
! Indians
! Pakistanis
! Nepalese
! Working force of HK
|-
| <4000
| 11.9%
| 2.9%
| 7.3%
| 10.4%
|-
| 4,000-9,000
| 24.7%
| 51.4%
| 41.1%
| 32.8%
|-
| 10,000-14,999
| 15.6%
| 27.8%
| 37.1%
| 23%
|-
| 15,000-19,999
| 9.8%
| 6.4%
| 11%
| 11.5%
|-
| 20,000-24,999
| 8.2%
| 4.5%
| 2.2%
| 7.8%
|-
| 25,000-29,999
| 4.2%
| 1.3%
| 0.8%
| 3.4%
|-
| ≧30,000
| 25.6%
| 5.8%
| 0.6%
| 11.1%
|}(Source: “香港南亞裔概況”, the Census and Statistics Department, 2001)

== Labour legislation in Hong Kong ==
The Employment Agencies Administration of the Labour Department is responsible for administering Part XII of the Employment Ordinance and the Employment Agency Regulations.<ref>Employment Agencies Administration. (2009). Labour Department of Hong Kong. Retrieved April, 29, from http://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/service/content4_2.htm</ref> They co-operate with some Individual Consulate Generals in Hong Kong to process contracts for workers while the absence of the participation of India may make it more difficult for the Indians to get a job in Hong Kong through the institutions.

Local Indians have integrated well in Hong Kong. They are not only physically rooted in Hong Kong, but also a part of Hong Kong society. They engage in talk shows, dramas, art exhibitions or TV programs. Also, there is a group of Sikhs who set up the Sahib Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Educational Trust for the local Indians.

== History ==
Historic links between the India and Hong Kong can be traced back to the founding days of [[British Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Faure|editor-first1=David|title=Society|date=1997|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9789622093935|pages=[https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00davi/page/47 47,49,127,146–148]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00davi/page/47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wordie|first1=Jason|title=Streets : exploring Hong Kong Island|date=2002|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-9622095632|pages=4,57,83,85,87,128,132,135,157,177,192,292}}</ref>

Sikhs soldiers participated at the flag raising ceremony at [[Possession Point]], Hong Kong in 1841 when the [[Charles Elliot|Captain Elliot]] declared Hong Kong a British possession. Sikhs, Parsis and other South Asians made many contributions to the well-being of Hong Kong. The earliest policemen in Hong Kong were Indians (Sikhs) and the present police force still have some few South Asians, as well as Europeans. The top Hong Kong civil servant was once an Indian, [[Harnam Singh Grewal]] (a Sikh), whose family history in Hong Kong dates back to the late 1800s, was the Secretary for Transport and the Secretary for Civil Service in the 1980s.

Many of Hong Kong's century old institutions have been founded with considerable South Asian participation, as the following examples suggest. The [[University of Hong Kong]] was founded on funds partially provided by an Indian, Sir H.N. Mody, a close friend of the then governor. The 100-year-old Star Ferry was founded by Dorabji Naorojee. South Asians also founded the [[Ruttonjee Hospital]], Emmanuel Belilos (a [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi Jew]]) was one of the founders of [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]], while Sir Lawrence Kadoorie owned the China Light and Power Company. Hari Harilela (a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]]) owned the Holiday Inn Golden Mile, while the Chellaram family is in the shipping industry.

===Early history===
Indian traders and the [[British East India Company]] had already commenced commercial activities in [[Macau]] (1654)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=John M.|title=Edge of empires : Chinese elites and British colonials in Hong Kong|url=https://archive.org/details/edgeempireschine00carr|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=Harvard university press|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|isbn=9780674017016|pages=[https://archive.org/details/edgeempireschine00carr/page/n33 19], 24|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref> and [[Guangdong|Canton]] (1771) long before Hong Kong became a British colony in 1841.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ngo|editor-first1=Tak-Wing|title=Hong Kong's history : state and society under colonial rule|url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongshistory00ngot|url-access=limited|date=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-20305-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongshistory00ngot/page/n27 15]|edition=1. publ.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=9|year=2014}}</ref> At the time when the [[Union Jack]] flag was hoisted in January 1841 there were around 2,700 soldiers and 4 merchants from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).''Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong''.P.18</ref> Indian troops and traders played an important role in the early development of Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=John M.|title=Edge of empires : Chinese elites and British colonials in Hong Kong|url=https://archive.org/details/edgeempireschine00carr|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=Harvard university press|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|isbn=9780674017016|pages=[https://archive.org/details/edgeempireschine00carr/page/n24 10], 11,44,54,81,92,137,163|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref> In the early years of British Hong Kong, the Indian gold [[mohur]] and the [[rupee]] were legal tender. [[Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] (HSBC) was created in 1864 with 2 Parsees and 1 Indian Jew among the 13 founding committee members. In 1877, 43.24% of goods imported into Hong Kong were from India and 17.62% of exports from Hong Kong went to India. By 1913, trade with India had effectively collapsed with Hong Kong importing just 13.78% from India while exports from Hong Kong were reduced to 2.30%.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Ngo|editor-first1=Tak-Wing|title=Hong Kong's history : state and society under colonial rule|url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongshistory00ngot|url-access=limited|date=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-20305-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongshistory00ngot/page/n47 35]|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Indian businessmen were engaged in society building in Hong Kong through significant philanthropic contributions: Hormusjee Nowrojee Mody<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kuruvilla|first1=P.K.|title=Making an enduring mark in distant lands|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/making-an-enduring-mark-in-distant-lands/article8433755.ece|access-date=19 June 2017|work=The Hindu|date=5 April 2016|language=en}}</ref> figured prominently in the founding of [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wordie|first1=Jason|title=Streets : exploring Hong Kong Island|date=2002|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-9622095632|pages=17}}</ref><ref>Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).''Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong''.P.32</ref><ref>Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003).''Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong''.P.22</ref> [[Star Ferry]] was founded by Abdoolally Ebrahim in 1842 and developed by Dorabjee Naorojee from 1888. Staff for the engineering services of the [[Kowloon–Canton Railway]] were recruited from India. Prior to [[World War II]], 60% of the police force were Sikhs from Punjab. In 1949, Jehangir Hormusjee Ruttonjee founded [[Ruttonjee Sanatorium]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grantham|first1=Alexander|title=Via ports : from Hong Kong to Hong Kong|date=2012|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9789888083855|pages=100|edition=New}}</ref> Large number of Indians served in the military, police and prison services of British Hong Kong till India gained independence from Britain on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2005|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9622097790|pages=218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=19,31,66,119,120,144,145|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Narain|first1=Siu-tong Kwok, Kirti|title=Co-prosperity in cross-culturalism : Indians in Hong Kong|date=2003|publisher=Chinese University Press|location=[Hong Kong]|isbn=9620763254|pages=18, 19|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wordie|first1=Jason|title=Streets : exploring Hong Kong Island|date=2002|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-9622095632|pages=127, 128}}</ref> In 1952 business leaders of the Indian community founded the Indian Chamber of Commerce Hong Kong (ICCHK). It aims to promote and improve the image of Indian trade in Hong Kong and Southern China. As early as 1955, India was asked by Governor [[Alexander Grantham]] to weigh-in on China as to the well-being of Hong Kong residents when the colony would revert to China.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grantham|first1=Alexander|title=Via ports : from Hong Kong to Hong Kong|date=2012|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9789888083855|pages=180|edition=New}}</ref>

===Indian Army in Hong Kong===
{{Further|The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|}}
Soldiers of the East-India Company, [[British Raj]] and [[Princely States]] in the Indian subcontinent were crucial in securing and defending Hong Kong as a crown colony for Britain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=13,16,31,165,166,171,186|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="Harvard university press">{{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=John M.|title=Edge of empires : Chinese elites and British colonials in Hong Kong|url=https://archive.org/details/edgeempireschine00carr|url-access=limited|date=2005|publisher=Harvard university press|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|isbn=9780674017016|pages=[https://archive.org/details/edgeempireschine00carr/page/n24 10], 44,137,182|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exhibition reveals history of the Hong Kong Military Service Corps (with photos)|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201312/12/P201312120376.htm|website=www.info.gov.hk|publisher=Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Banham|first1=Tony|title=Not the slightest chance : the defence of Hong Kong, 1941|date=2003|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0774810449|page=187,301}}</ref> Examples of troops from the Indian sub-continent include the 1st Travancore Nair Infantry, 59th Madras Native Infantry, 26th Bengal Native Infantry, 5th Light Infantry, 40th Pathans, 6th Rajputana Rifles, 11th Rajputs, 10th Jats, 72nd Punjabis, 12th Madras Native Infantry, 38th Madras Native Infantry, Indian Medical Service, Indian Hospital Corps, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 59th Regiment Madras Native Infantry|url=http://www.militarysunhelmets.com/2013/the-59th-regiment-madras-native-infantry|website=www.militarysunhelmets.com|publisher=Military Sun Helmets|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The King's Indian Orderly Officers 1939|journal=Picture Post|date=13 May 1939|url=http://www.king-emperor.com/Photographs%20-%20King%27s%20Indian%20Orderly%20Officers%201939.html}}</ref> Large contingents of troops from India were garrisoned in Hong Kong right from the start of British Hong Kong and until after World War II.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marston|first1=Daniel|title=The Indian Army and the end of the Raj : decolonising the subcontinent|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Univ Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-89975-8|page=244}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guha on Marston, 'The Indian Army and the End of the Raj'|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews/111357/guha-marston-indian-army-and-end-raj|website=networks.h-net.org|language=en}}</ref> Contributions by the Indian military services in Hong Kong suffer from the physical decay of battle-sites,<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence of Hong Kong - Shing Mun Redoubt and the Gin Drinker's Line|url=http://www.hksw.org/Shing%20Mun.htm|website=www.hksw.org|publisher=Hong Kong Society of Wargamers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=150 pillboxes and counting: Hong Kong historians want city's second world war relics conserved|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1859551/pillbox-full-history-hong-kong-historians-wants|access-date=21 June 2017|work=South China Morning Post|agency=SCMP|date=19 September 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong explorers offer rare look into underground air raid tunnels|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2058423/hong-kong-explorers-offer-rare-look-underground|access-date=21 June 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=31 December 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Lui|first1=Kevin|title=There Is a Part of Hong Kong That Is Forever Canada|url=https://time.com/4635638/battle-of-hong-kong-canada-winnipeg-grenadiers-royal-rifles/|access-date=26 June 2017|magazine=Time|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> destruction of documentary archives and sources of information,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong, 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2006|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0773536302|pages=147, 148, 150}}</ref> questionable historiography, conveniently lopsided narratives,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banham|first1=Tony|title=Not the slightest chance : the defence of Hong Kong, 1941|date=2003|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0774810449|page=333}}</ref> unchallenged confabulation of urban myths<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wordie|first1=Jason|title=Hong Kong urban myths: why the truth should get in the way of a good story|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1983579/hong-kong-urban-myths-why-truth-should-get-way-good-story|access-date=26 June 2017|work=South China Morning Post|agency=SCMP|date=1 July 2016}}</ref> and incomplete research within academic circles in Hong Kong,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=XV,266|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The battle of Hong Kong 1941 - A note on the literature and effectiveness of the defense|url=http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B38630229.pdf|website=HKU Libraries|publisher=Faculty of Architecture|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref> Britain<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheffield on Roy, 'The Indian Army in the Two World Wars'|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews/167770/sheffield-roy-indian-army-two-world-wars|website=networks.h-net.org|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> and India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banham|first1=Tony|title=Not the slightest chance : the defence of Hong Kong, 1941|date=2003|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0774810449|page=317,318,397}}</ref><ref name="Harvard university press"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Banham|first1=Tony|title=Not the slightest chance : the defence of Hong Kong, 1941|date=2003|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0774810449|page=8}}</ref> Despite high casualties among troops from the British Raj during the [[Battle of Hong Kong]], their contributions are either minimised or ignored.<ref>{{cite news|title=History buffs re-enact Battle of Hong Kong on the streets to remind city of home-grown heroes' defence against Japanese|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2055214/history-buffs-re-enact-battle-hong-kong-streets-remind-city-home-grown|access-date=21 June 2017|work=South China Morning Post|agency=SCMP|date=18 December 2016}}</ref> One exception to this is an article by Chandar S. Sundaram, which details the December 1940 mutiny of Sikh gunners of the Hong Kong and Singapore Royal Artillery (HKSRA). This mutiny was caused by Major-General A.E. Grassett, the officer Commanding British Forces in China ordering all troops under his command to carry and possibly wear steel helmets. At this, Sikhs, whose martial identity was predicated on unshorn hair tied up in a turban, mutinied peacefully. Although the tense situation was defused, anti-British disaffection was found to be present amongst Sikh policemen in Hong Kong. Two of the Sikh "troublemakers" rounded-up by the authorities escaped. Making their way to Japanese-occupied Canton, they asked for transport to Bangkok, where they could join their colleagues in the Indian Independent League, an organization, mainly of expatriate Sikhs, who were dedicated to the expulsion of the British from India, by violent means if need be. This connection eventually led to the formation of the Japanese-sponsored [[Indian National Army]].<ref>Sundaram, Chandar S., "Seditious Letters and Steel Helmets: Disaffection among Indian Troops in Singapore and Hong Kong, 1940-41, and the Formation of the Indian National Army", in Roy, K. ed, Wr and Society in Colonial India, 1807-1945, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006</ref> The use of generic words such as "Allied", "British", "Commonwealth" fails to highlight that a significant number of soldiers who defended Hong Kong were from India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Active Royal Air Force pilots pay homage to fallen at Hong Kong Sai Wan War Cemetery|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2041241/active-royal-air-force-pilots-pay-homage-fallen|work=South China Morning Post|date=29 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Craig S.|title=A Doomed Battle for Hong Kong, With Only Medals Left 75 Years Later|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/world/canada/a-doomed-battle-for-hong-kong-with-only-medals-left-75-years-later.html|work=The New York Times|date=23 December 2016}}</ref> [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) [[Sai Wan War Cemetery]] references the graves of Indian troops as "Commonwealth" soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=SAI WAN WAR CEMETERY|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2000320/SAI%20WAN%20WAR%20CEMETERY|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC)|access-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> War office records about the Battle of Hong Kong are yet to be fully released online. Transcripts of proceedings from war tribunals held in Hong Kong from 1946 to 1948 by British Military Courts remain mostly confined to archives and specialised museums.<ref>{{cite web|title=Michigan War Studies Review - book reviews, literature surveys, original essays, and commentary in the field of military studies|url=http://www.miwsr.com/2014-107.aspx|website=www.miwsr.com|publisher=Michigan War Studies Review of University of Michigan}}</ref>

====Hong Kong Happy Valley Hindu and Sikh Cremation Memorial====

Located on the hillside behind the Hindu Temple at 1B Wong Nei Chong Road (opposite side from the Happy Valley Racecourse) there exists a [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) memorial to 8 Hindu and Sikh soldiers whose mortal remains were cremated at the cremation ground behind the Hindu temple. A large white granite obelisk bearing the names of eight Indian soldiers who served in Hong Kong to assist with colonial defence of the Hong Kong garrison during the First World War.<ref>{{cite web|title=HONG KONG HINDU AND SIKH CREMATION MEMORIAL IN HAPPY VALLEY|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2000319/HONG%20KONG%20HINDU%20AND%20SIKH%20CREMATION%20MEMORIAL|website=CWGC.ORG|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commissions (CWGC)|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref> As with Commonwealth War Graves Commissions (CWGC) memorials all over the world, the military memorial is open to the general public and access is through the staircase at the rear of the Hindu Temple.

====Hong Kong Happy Valley Muslim Cemetery====

The Happy Valley Muslim Cemetery contains 24 graves of South Asians from the Indian sub-continent who died during World War I and World War II. Section 1 of the cemetery at Happy Valley contains a special memorial to Muslims who died during both World Wars.<ref>{{cite web|title=HONG KONG (HAPPY VALLEY) MUSLIM CEMETERY|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/49431/hong-kong-(happy-valley)-muslim-cemetery/|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

====World War II====
{{main|Battle of Hong Kong}}
{{Further|Gin Drinkers Line|The Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|Wong Nai Chung Gap}}
{{See also|Sai Wan War Cemetery|Stanley Military Cemetery|Ma Tau Chung|Sham Shui Po Barracks|Lei Yue Mun Fort|Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple|Lei Yue Mun Park and Holiday Village|}}
[[File:Mount Davis Battery F2.jpg|thumb|{{center|Indian gunners manning a 9.2-inch gun artillery position at Mount Davis Battery<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Matthews|editor-first1=Clifford|editor-last2=Cheung|editor-first2=Oswald|title=Dispersal and renewal: Hong Kong University during the war years|date=1998|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-9622094727|pages=195}}</ref> on Hong Kong Island}}]]
During World War II, soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] were involved in the [[Battle of Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=165, 166, 173, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 188, 193–195, 197, 198, 201–203, 205, 208, 211, 215–217, 219|year=2014}}</ref> Indian troops were also incorporated within several overseas regiments as for example the Hong Kong Singapore Royal Artillery Regiment which had Sikh gunners.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=144, 145|year=2014}}</ref>

[[United States Consulate General Hong Kong|US Consul]] [[Robert Ward (diplomat)|Robert Ward]], the highest ranking US official posted to Hong Kong at the outbreak of hostilities, bluntly evaluated the performance of Hong Kong Garrison in December 1941: "when the real fighting came it was the British soldiery that broke and ran. The Eurasians fought well and so did the Indians but the Kowloon line broke when the Royal Scots gave way. The same thing happened on the mainland".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Horne|first1=Gerald|title=Race war : white supremacy and the Japanese attack on the British Empire|date=2004|publisher=New York University. The failure of Britain to fully honour promises made prior to World War I: to permit [[self-rule|self-determination]] in India immediately after [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] and grant independence ty Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0814736418|pages=76}}</ref>

=====Political context=====
Public sentiment in the Indian subcontinent, solely preoccupied with gaining independence from Britain, made it impossible for the [[Viceroy of India]] to obtain political consensus for entry into World War II by British India thereafter; the Indians were reluctant to be drawn into war in Europe and elsewhere for the defence of Britain's colonial territories.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Gajendra|title=The testimonies of Indian soldiers and the two world wars : between self and sepoy|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|location=London, England|isbn=9781780936277|pages=23,131,147,173,177,248–249}}</ref> The unilateral declaration of India's entry into the war by Viceroy [[Lord Linlithgow]], without consultation with elected leaders of the provincial assemblies in India, led to civil disobedience campaigns and calls for immediate independence from Britain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorn|first1=Gary|title=End of empires : European decolonisation 1919-80|date=2001|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=London|isbn=0340730447|pages=[https://archive.org/details/endofempireseuro0000thor/page/23 23, 24, 39, 40]|edition=1. publ., [Nachdr.].|url=https://archive.org/details/endofempireseuro0000thor/page/23}}</ref> Some Indians, including soldiers serving overseas as personnel of the British Indian Army, were receptive to calls by Congress President [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] to join the [[Indian National Army]] of the [[Indian Independence League]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=231, 245|year=2014}}</ref> Sikhs serving with the British Indian Army had customarily been permitted to retain their turbans in accordance to their religious traditions. Orders to wear steel helmets issued to Sikh soldiers of the British Indian Army sent to serve in Hong Kong with the 12th heavy regiment of the [[Royal Artillery]] Hong Kong Battery - ended in revolt in 1941 with many troops being charged with [[mutiny]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macri|first1=Franco David|title=Clash of empires in South China : the Allied nations' proxy war with Japan, 1935-1941|date=2012|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence|isbn=978-0-7006-1877-4|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Roy|editor-first1=Kaushik|title=War and society in colonial India, 1807-1945|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198068310|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Jeffreys|editor-first1=Alan|editor-last2=Rose|editor-first2=Patrick|title=The Indian Army, 1939-47 : experience and development|date=2012|publisher=Ashgate|location=Farnham, Surrey, England|isbn=9781409435532}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wenzell|first1=Brown|title=Hong Kong Aftermath|publisher=Smith & Durrell|pages=156–157|edition=1943}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100801/spectrum/main3.htm|access-date=26 June 2017|work=www.tribuneindia.com|publisher=The Tribune|date=1 August 2010}}</ref> British India participated in the [[war effort]] both at the planning stages ([[Eastern Group Supply Council]]) and in combat operations throughout Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kwong Chi Man|first1=Tsoi Yiu Lun|title=Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840-1970|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789888208715|pages=151|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=India and World War II War - Armed Forces, and Society, 1939–45|date=25 August 2016|publisher=OUP|isbn=9780199463534}}</ref>

=====Battle of Hong Kong=====
The 5th Battalion of the [[7th Rajput Regiment]] and 2nd Battalion of the [[14th Punjab Regiment]] suffered the heaviest combat losses amongst all troop formations of the [[British Empire]] when the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] overran Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banham|first1=Tony|title=Not the slightest chance : the defence of Hong Kong, 1941|date=2003|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0774810449|page=314,316}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Recollections of the Battle of Hong Kong|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch|date=2008|volume= 48|pages=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Horne|first1=Gerald|title=Race war : white supremacy and the Japanese attack on the British Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/racewarwhitesupr00horn|url-access=limited|date=2004|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0814736418|page=[https://archive.org/details/racewarwhitesupr00horn/page/n90 70]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2005|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9622097790|pages=137, 255}}</ref> Imperial Japanese Army committed atrocities against Indian civilians and soldiers during the Battle of Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Emerson|first1=Geoffrey Charles|title=Hong Kong internment, 1942-1945 : life in the Japanese civilian camp at Stanley|date=2011|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-9888028535|page=47,171,224}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Banham|first1=Tony|title=Not the slightest chance : the defence of Hong Kong, 1941|date=2003|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0774810449|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2005|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9622097790|pages=171}}</ref>

=====Internment camps in Hong Kong for Indian POWs=====
[[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]] saw Indians interred in significant numbers at [[Sham Shui Po Barracks]], [[Argyle Street Camp]], [[Ma Tau Chung]], [[Stanley Internment Camp]], [[North Point Camp]] and [[Gun Club Hill Barracks]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2005|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9622097790|pages=171, 191, 204, 205, 233, 243, 252, 255, 258}}</ref> Indian civilians sent food parcels to POWs interred at [[Stanley Internment Camp]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Emerson|first1=Geoffrey Charles|title=Hong Kong internment, 1942-1945 : life in the Japanese civilian camp at Stanley|date=2011|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9789888028535|pages=11,214}}</ref> Indians were posted on guard duty as sentries at internment camps.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Emerson|first1=Geoffrey Charles|title=Hong Kong internment, 1942-1945 : life in the Japanese civilian camp at Stanley|date=2011|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9789888028535|pages=159–161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2005|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9622097790|pages=177}}</ref> At the end of February 1942, the Japanese government stated that it held 3829 Indian [[prisoners of war]] in Hong Kong out of a total of 10947.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=L-VXAAAAYAAJ&q=%225072+Canadian+1689+Indian+3829+others+357%22 Official Report of the Debates of The House of Commons of The Dominion Of Canada (Volume 2) 1942 (page 1168)]</ref> Noteworthy Indian POWs who distinguished themselves during internment include Captain [[Mateen Ansari|Mateen Ahmed Ansari]] of 5/7 Rajput Regiment and Subedar-Major Haider Rehinan Khan of 2/14 Punjab Regiment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Oliver Lindsay; with the memories of John R.|title=The battle for Hong Kong, 1941-1945 : hostage to fortune|date=2006|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0773536302|pages=205, 250}}</ref> The stories of Indian survivors of the Battle of Hong Kong are yet to be published.

==Hongkongers of South Asian origin==
*[[Hari Harilela]], chairman of the Harilela Group
*[[Vivek Mahbubani]], stand-up comedian and TV presenter
*[[Anjali Rao (journalist)|Anjali Rao]] - journalist & TV news program host
*[[Hormusjee Naorojee Mody|Sir Hormusjee Naorojee Mody]] (12 October 1838 – 16 June 1911), businessman; donated a large sum of money to help establish [[the University of Hong Kong]]
*[[Dorabjee Naorojee Mithaiwala]], founder of the [[Star Ferry]]
*[[Gill Mohindepaul Singh]], actor
*[[Paul Chater]], businessman and philanthropist
* [[Nabela Qoser]], first non-ethnic Chinese reporter and presenter of Chinese-language news

==See also==
*[[Hinduism in Hong Kong]]
*[[Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple]]
*[[Pakistanis in China]]
*[[Sindhi diaspora]]
*[[Battle of Hong Kong]] (Contribution of troops from the Indian subcontinent to the defense of Hong Kong)
*[[Ruttonjee Hospital]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal| author=Champa Detaramani and Graham Lock | title=Multilingualism in Decline: Language Repertoire, Use and Shift in Two Hong Kong Indian Communities | journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development | year=2003 | volume=24 | issue=4 | pages=249–273| doi=10.1080/01434630308666501| s2cid=144745340 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231515/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/024/0249/jmmd0240249.pdf]
*{{cite journal| author=Caroline Plüss | title=Constructing Globalized Ethnicity: Migrants from India in Hong Kong | journal=International Sociology | year=2005 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=201–224 | doi=10.1177/0268580905052369| s2cid=144394491 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529040216/http://iss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/20/2/201]
*{{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Anita M.|title=South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong: Creation of a 'Local Boy' Identity|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume= 25|date=July 1991|pages=417–453|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013895|issue= 3|s2cid=145350669 }}
*{{cite book|first=Barbara-Sue|last=White|year=1994|title=Turbans and Traders: Hong Kong's Indian Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=9780195852875}}
*Kwok S. T., Narain, K. (2003). ''Co-Prosperity in Cross-Culturalism: Indians in Hong Kong''. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press (H.K.) Ltd. {{ISBN|962-07-6325-4}}
*香港明愛青少年及社區服務九龍社區中心. (2006). 香港南亞裔概況. 香港: 香港明愛青少年及社區服務九龍社區中心. {{ISBN|978-988-98441-4-1}}
*Rubinoff, Janet A. "Indians in Hong Kong: Citizenship After 1997?" ''[[Canada and Hong Kong Update]]'' (加港研究通訊 P: ''Jiā Gǎng Yánjiū Tōngxùn'') 4 (Spring 1991). p. 9–10 (PDF document: p. 59-60/224). PDF version (Archive), txt file (Archive).

==External links==
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6716095.stm HK marchers demand more English]
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1153151 'Top Chinese comedian in Hong Kong is an Indian'], by Venkatesan Vembu, [[Daily News & Analysis]], 27 February 2008.
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1129254 'An Indian show-biz star in Hong Kong'], by Venkatesan Vembu, [[Daily News & Analysis]], 23 October 2007.

{{Hong Kongers}}
{{Overseas Pakistani}}
{{Sri Lankan diaspora}}
{{Nepalese Over Seas}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Asians In Hong Kong}}
[[Category:Society of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:South Asian diaspora]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of Asian descent| ]]

D. D. Bhawalkar

2026-01-09T05:17:55Z

Antoniojaw: starting a post w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian Optical Physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = D. D. Bhawalkar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1940|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Laser physicist
| yearsactive = 1962-present
| known for = [[Lasers]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] Goyal Prize [[H K Firodia awards|Firodia Award]] [[Homi Bhabha Award]]
}}
'''Dilip Devidas Bhawalkar''' is an Indian optical physicist and the founder director of the [[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]] (CAT), an institute under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]], serving as a centre for higher studies in the fields of [[lasers]] and [[particle accelerators]].<ref name="CAT Director gets extension for two years">{{cite web | url=http://www.cat.gov.in/newsletter/news/oct0001.html | title=CAT Director gets extension for two years | publisher=Centre for Advanced Technology | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208211226/http://www.cat.gov.in/newsletter/news/oct0001.html | archive-date=8 February 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is credited with pioneering research in [[optics]] and [[lasers]] in India and is reported to have contributed in making CAT a partner in the [[International Linear Collider]] and [[Large Hadron Collider]] experiments of the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN).<ref name="Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT">{{cite web | url=http://www.cat.ernet.in/newsletter/news/oct0302.html | title=Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT | publisher=Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115821/http://www.cat.ernet.in/newsletter/news/oct0302.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a recipient of the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], the highest Indian award in science and technology.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=409 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Council of Science and Industrial Research | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2000.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Bhawalkar, born on 16 October 1940 at [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] city of [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]], in the Central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], completed his graduate (BSc) in 1959 and postgraduate (MSc) studies in 1961 at [[Sagar University]], topping the examinations for which he received ''Chintamanrao Gold Medal'' from the university. He continued his studies at [[Southampton University]], securing a master's degree (MSc) in electronics and a doctoral degree (PhD) in [[lasers]] and started his career as a member of faculty at the same university in 1966.<ref name="Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT" /> His career at Southampton was short-lived as he returned to India in 1967 and accepted the job of a scientific officer at the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) to continue his work on lasers. He stayed at BARC mainstream till 1987 during which period, he became the section head in 1973 and the division head in 1984.<ref name="INSA Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N90-1046 | title=INSA Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812233506/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N90-1046 | archive-date=12 August 2016 }}</ref>

Bhawalkar was appointed as the founder director when [[Centre for Advanced Technology]] was started by the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] in 1987. In 2000, when he was due for his statutory superannuation, the government extended his service for a further period of two years, till October 2002.<ref name="CAT Director gets extension for two years" /> After his retirement in 2002, he joined ''Quantalase'', an organization manufacturing industrial and medical lasers, as its director and holds the post till date.<ref name="About Director">{{cite web | url=http://quantalase.in/about_us/about_director | title=About Director | publisher=Quantalase Enterprises | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Bhawalkar is one of the pioneers of laser in India and one of the early doctoral scholars in the technology when the discipline was at its nascent stage.<ref name="Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT" /> He initiated research on lasers at BARC, has been one of the key figures in the establishment of the [[Centre for Advanced Technology]] of the DAE at BARC and was involved with the institution from its beginning till his superannuation. During this period, he was instrumental in setting up of various laboratories and facilities of CAT<ref name="Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT" /> and developing a ''National Laser Programme'' for the country.<ref name="About Director" /><ref name="LASER TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe1298/f1512981.html | title=LASER TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> His efforts are reported behind the establishment of research infrastructure and courses on [[lasers]] and [[particle accelerators]] at BARC training school and behind the introduction of R&D programmes at the Laser Division of BARC.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He also mentored 18 research scholars, including two from [[Southampton University]], in their studies.<ref name="INSA Fellow" />

Bhawalkar is credited with pioneering research on Lasers in India and was the initiator of a new method for measuring ''weak lensing in gases'' by employing a [[Gaussian beam]] which has since been incorporated in [[Photothermal spectroscopy]].<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> His development of an ''Nd Glass laser chain'' for generating 10GW of pulsed power has assisted the subsequent experiments on [[Plasma acceleration|laser-produced plasmas]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He has also contributed to the development of biological and medical applications of lasers.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He founded a prototype production facility at CAT which is reported to have supplied over 50 lasers for DAE researches and to the industry. The team led by him<ref name="CENTRE FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY">{{cite web | url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/nf/ws2001/india/cat-dae.html | title=CENTRE FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY | publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> is known to have contributed for the setting up of INDUS 1, the first [[Synchrotron Radiation Source]] in India and the precursor of [[Indus 2]].<ref name="Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT" /> It was during his tenure as the director, CAT started its participation in the [[International Linear Collider]]<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> and [[Large Hadron Collider]] experiments of [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]] (CERN).<ref name="Dr.D.D.Bhawalkar retires as Director, CAT" /> His researches have been documented by over 80 scientific and organizational<ref name="LASER TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA" /> articles, published in national and international peer reviewed journals.<ref name="INSA Fellow" />

== Positions ==
Bhawalkar is a distinguished scientist of the [[Centre for Advanced Technology]] and a distinguished honorary professor of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].<ref name="About Director" /> He served as the coordinator of DAE=CERN collaboration and the ''Integrated Long Term Programme of Cooperation'', an Indo-Russian joint venture on lasers and accelerators and as a member of the steering committee of the [[International Linear Collider]] programme.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He is the founder president of the ''Indian Laser Association''.<ref name="Earlier Executive Committees">{{cite web | url=http://www.ila.org.in/ | title=Earlier Executive Committees | publisher=Indian Laser Association | work=2015 | access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> He is a member of the ''Indian Physics Association'',<ref name="About Director" /> and a former member of the ''Asian Committee for Future Accelerators'' and the ''International Committee for Future Accelerators''.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> He chaired the ''Asian Committee for Future Accelerators'' (ACFA) and the Advanced Technology Committee of ''Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences'' of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] and is a member of [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics#Committees and governance|C-13 Committee]] of [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]].<ref name="About Director" />

== Awards and honours ==
The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected Bhawalkar as its Fellow in 1986.<ref name="IAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows | title=IAS Fellow | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA)<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) followed suit in 1990.<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717005033/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B | archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> He was elected as a Fellow of the [[Optical Society of America]] in 1998<ref name="Optical Society of America Fellow">{{cite web | url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/connect/fellows_directory/ | title=Optical Society of America Fellow | publisher=Optical Society of America | date=2015 | access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> and was, subsequently, selected as the Foreign Fellow of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], the highest Indian award in the science and technology category in 1984,<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> the same year, as he was selected as the UGC lecturer by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission of India]]. He received the ''Goyal Prize'' of the [[Kurukshetra University]] in 1999<ref name="Goyal Prize">{{cite web | url=http://kuk.ac.in/userfiles/file/news/goyal%20prize%202008.pdf | title=Goyal Prize | publisher=Kurukshetra University | date=2015 | access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> and he was included in the 2000 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]], by the Government of India.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He received one more award, [[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia Award]], in 2000.<ref name="H K Firodia awards">{{cite web | url=http://hkfmindq.org/awards_2.html | title=H K Firodia awards | publisher=H K Firodia Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=5 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023035/http://hkfmindq.org/awards_2.html | archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Large Hadron Collider]]
* [[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]]
* [[Synchrotron Radiation Source]]
* [[International Linear Collider]]
* [[Large Hadron Collider]]
* [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhawalkar, Dilip Devidas}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of Optica (society)]]
[[Category:People from Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Southampton]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]

Apurva Motiwale

2025-12-10T14:44:43Z

Antoniojaw: new

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Apurva Motiwale
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1985|12|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], India
| occupation = [[Film editing|Film editor]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Apurva Motiwale - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/apurva-motiwale/IEIN035691 |website=BookMyShow |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref>
| years_active = 2008 – present
}}

'''Apurva Motiwale''' is an Indian editor,<ref>{{cite web |title=अपूर्वा मोतीवाले |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/mp-ind-hmu-mat-latest-indore-news-024005-2258894-nor.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |accessdate=30 October 2019 |language=hi |date=25 March 2017}}</ref> who works in Hindi, Marathi and Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Motiwale |first1=Apurva |title=Editor |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/apurva-motiwale |website=MovieBuff |accessdate=28 September 2019}}</ref> As a frequent collaborator with Ashish Mhatre, she has edited more than 40 films. Her first film as an editor was Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Goshta (2010).

==Career==
Apurva started her career as an assistant editor with the films ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' in 2008, ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]'' in 2009 and ''[[Chillar Party]]'' 2011.<ref name="tnn1">{{cite news |title=Mastram editor produces Marathi play - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Mastram-editor-produces-Marathi-play/articleshow/45270041.cms |accessdate=30 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> She edited milestone films like ''[[Duniyadari]]'', ''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]'' (2018). She received [[MICTA]], International Marathi Film Festival Awards and Sanskruti Kala Darpan Awards for best editing for the film ''[[Duniyadari]]'', and the Zee Marathi Gaurav Award for ''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Marathi Gaurav Awards: झी मराठी गौरव पुरस्कारात यांनी मारली बाजी... वाचा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-gaurav-awards-2019-winners/ |website=Lokmat |accessdate=30 October 2019 |date=3 April 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award Show !! Title !! Film
|-
| [[MICTA]] || Best Editor || ''Duniyadari''
|-
| Sanskruti Kala Darpan || Best Editor || ''[[Duniyadari]]''
|-
|Zee Marathi Guarav || Best Editor<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-gaurav-awards-2019-winners/ | title=Zee Marathi Gaurav Awards: झी मराठी गौरव पुरस्कारात यांनी मारली बाजी... वाचा संपूर्ण यादी | date=3 April 2019 }}</ref> || [[Ye_Re_Ye_Re_Paisa | ''Ye Re Ye Re Paisa'']]
|-
| Saakal Premiere Awards || Best Chief Editor || ''Khari Biscuit''
|-
|}

==Filmography==
===Marathi===
* Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosth
* Zakaas
* Sanshay Kallol
* [[Duniyadari]]
* Vakratund Mahakay
* [[Pyaar Vali Love Story|Pyar Wali Love Story]]
* [[Lokmanya: Ek Yug Purush|Lokmanya Ek Yug Purush]]
* [[Balkadu]]
* [[Kaakan]]
* [[Online Binline]]
* [[Tu Hi Re|TuHiRe]]
* [[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]
* [[Guru (2016 film)|Guru]]
* One Way Ticket
* Vithhala Shappath
* Chaand Priticha
* [[Ye_Re_Ye_Re_Paisa | Ye Re Ye Re Paisa]]
* Lagn Mubarak
* Pushpak Viman
* Ani Dr Kashinath Ghanekar
* Thackeray
* Sarv Line Vyast Ahet
* Mi Pan Sachin
* [[Luckee]]
* Surr Sapata
* 15 August
* Khari Biscuit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/khari-biscuit-offers-an-emotion-filled-story-of-a-brother-and-his-blind-sister.php|title = 'Khari Biscuit' offers an emotion filled story of a brother and his blind sister|date = 3 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Asha (film)|Asha]]

===Hindi===
* [[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Movies of Apurva Motiwale |url=https://wogma.com/cast-crew/apurva-motiwale/basic/ |website=wogma.com |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref>
* [[Mastram]]<ref name="tnn1"/>
* [[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]<ref name="tnn1"/>
* [[Purani Jeans]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Apurva Motiwale Complete Movies List from 2013 to 2012 |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/apurva-motiwale/28498 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref>
*''[[Adipurush]]''

=== Telugu ===

* ''[[Adipurush]]''(Dubbed)

===Short film===
* Quarter by ''Navjyot Bandiwadekar''
* Anekant
* Adnyat
* Dry Dreams
* Fuddu Boys
* Mohan Mutton

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4383186}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motiwale, Apurva}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Marathi film editors]]
[[Category:Indian film editors]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:Telugu film editors]]

Jarjangi

2025-11-28T01:05:03Z

Antoniojaw: Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian village}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jarjangi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5013956|84.1317126|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532195
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Srikakulam]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tekkali]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jarjangi'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jarjangi, Kotabommili Village information {{!}} Soki.In|url=https://soki.in/jarjangi-kotabommili-srikakulam|access-date=2022-02-22|website=soki.in}}</ref> is a [[Panchayath]] village in [[Kotabommali]] mandal (formerly [[Narasannapeta]] taluk),<ref>[http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2811/1/21656_1961_SRI.pdf Census 1961 - Andhra Pradesh District Census Handbook: Srikakulam District, pp. 43, 215, 431]</ref> [[Srikakulam]] district, in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[Postal Index Code]] of this village is 532195.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JARJANGI PIN code in KOTABOMMALI MANDAL, SRIKAKULAM, ANDHRA-PRADESH. Postal Pincode in JARJANGI|url=https://www.postalpincodefor.com/Jarjangi-PIN-code-Kotabommali-Mandal-in-Srikakulam|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.postalpincodefor.com}}</ref>

Jarjangi village is located on [[National Highway 16 (India)]] and Andhrapradesh SH 106.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jarjangi Pindruvada Rd - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?cds=2&cs=0&hl=en-GB&output=search&q=Jarjangi+Pindruvada+Rd&ludocid=7993193475640551717&gsas=1&v=12.47.14.23.arm64&lsig=AB86z5XNEHmriZGwTgm3BVhDOa5S&kgs=178c768c5b8b7995&shndl=-1&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.google.com}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Jarjangi is located at {{Coord|18.5013956|N| 84.1317126|E|display=inline}} longitude and latitudes. This village is 28 metres above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weather forecast in Jarjangi|url=https://world-weather.info/forecast/india/jarjangi/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=World-Weather.info|language=en}}</ref> Jarjangi village is nearer to [[Bay of Bengal]] . [[Summer season]], [[Rainy season]], [[winter season]] are the three main seasons occur in this village.

== Demography ==
The local language is [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Jarjangi village's total population is 1051 and the number of houses is 279. The female population is 52.4%. The village literacy rate is 62.2% and the female literacy rate is 26.0%. The total male population is 500; the total female population is 551.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jarjangi Population (2020/2021), Village in Kotabommili Mandal|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Srikakulam/Kotabommili/Jarjangi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721132429/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/Srikakulam/Kotabommili/Jarjangi|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 July 2021|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.indiagrowing.com}}</ref>

== Transportation ==

Jarjangi is well connected by [[APSRTC]] buses, autos and taxis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/jarjangi/transportation-service/jarjangi-bus-stop | title=Jarjangi Bus Stop in the city Jarjangi }}</ref> APSRTC runs bus services through this village to [[Palasa]], [[Tekkali]], [[Kotabommali]], [[Narasannapeta]], and [[Srikakulam]].

Jarjangi Junction is located on [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] and State Highway 106.

Jarjangi Junction is a main junction for changing towards [[Srimukhalingam]], [[Challavanipeta]], [[Jalumuru]], [[Saravakota]], [[Pathapatnam]], [[Parlakimidi|Parlakimaidi]], [[Narasannapeta]], [[Srikakulam]], [[Kotabommali]], [[Tekkali]], [[Palasa]], [[Palakonda]], [[Komanapalle|Komanapalli]], [[Sarubujjili]], [[Hiramandalam]], Parapuram Kotturu, Battili, Bhamini, Amadalavalsa, Parvathipuram, Gunupur, Rayagada and [[Gotta village]].

The nearest railway stations are [[Kotabommali railway station]] (KBM), [[Harishchandrapuram railway station]] (HCM), [[Tilaru railway station]] (TIU), [[Palasa railway station]] (PSA), [[Srikakulam Road railway station]] (CHE), [[Naupada railway station]] (NWP) and Tekkali Railway station (TEK).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nearest Railway Stations to Jarjangi Jarjangi Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam - Search Nearest Railway Stations of Any Place|url=https://trainspy.com/nearestrailwaystations/1178966/Jarjangi-Jarjangi-Andhra-Pradesh-Srikakulam|access-date=2022-02-23|website=trainspy.com}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Jarjangi_Junction_(NH16_and_Andhrapradesh_State_Highway_106).jpg|[[National Highway 16 (India)]] and (Jarjangi - [[Mukhalingam|Srimukhalingam]] - Pindruvada) State Highway 106 merging at Jarjangi Junction.
File:A_Signboard_of_Jarjangi_Village.jpg|A [[Signboard]] of Jarjangi Village on [[National Highway 16 (India)]]
File:Jarjangi_Junction_(Road_to_Challavanipeta_,_Jalumuru_,_Srimukhalingam).jpg|[[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] and State Highway 106 Merging at Jarjangi Junction.
File:Jarjangi Sri Sri Sri uma Phaneeswara Swamy Shivalayam temple.jpg|Jarjangi Sri Sri Sri Uma Phaneeswara Swami Vaari Devalayam
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://maps.mapmyindia.com/eloc/N83OGB MapMyIndia.com]

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]

Sanjay Kute

2025-11-25T07:22:28Z

Antoniojaw: Created a data needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Dr. Sanjay Kute
| office = Minister of Labour [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 16 June 2019
| term_end = 8 November 2019
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor = [[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]
| successor = [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency Created''
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Jalgaon (Jamod) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Krushnrao Ingle
| successor2 = ''Constituency Abolished''
| constituency2 = [[Jalamb Assembly constituency|Jalamb]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Madakhed, Tq. [[Jalgaon Jamod]], [[Buldhana District]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = B.A.M.S
| alma_mater = [[Amravati University]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Aparna Kute
| children = Abhishek Kute Shantanu Kute
| father = Shreeram Kute
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

Dr. '''Sanjay Kute''' is a member of 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the [[Jalgaon (Jamod) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon (Jamod)]] Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> Kute was a member of the 11th and 12th Assemblies too, and has been president of [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]] district Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name="TarunBharat ">{{cite news|url=http://www.tarunbharat.net/Encyc/2013/12/2/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A6-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE.aspx?NB=&lang=3&m1=&m2=&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=&PageType=N|title=जळगाव जामोदसह १४० गावांसाठी २२२ कोटींची पाणीपुरवठा योजना|date=2013-12-02|work=Tarun Bharat|accessdate=5 June 2015}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ECI-2004">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_MH_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|date=2004|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=5 June 2015}}</ref> In July, 2007, Kute was arrested during an agitation for compensation to rain hit farmers.<ref name="OneIndia-20070711">{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/10/bjp-mla-sanjay-kute-in-magisterial-custody-1184160311.html|title=BJP MLA Sanjay Kute in magisterial custody |date=2007-07-11|work=One India|accessdate=5 June 2015}}</ref>

==Political career==

Sanjay kute is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*General Secretary, Maharashtra State [[BJP]] (2014)
*District President, Jalgaon Jamod, [[BJP]] (2003-2006)
*President [[BJP]] Buldhana District (Since 2010)
*Vice President of [[BJP]] Maharashtra (2020){{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kute Sanjay Shriram}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ramji Srinivasan

2025-11-07T22:06:00Z

Antoniojaw: further refined details after review per standard format

{{Short description|Indian cricket coach}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Ramji Srinivasan''' is the former Head [[Strength and Conditioning]] Coach of the [[India national cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suresh|first=Anirudh|date=2020-03-31|title=Getting players fit and launching them into greatness - The Ramji Srinivasan way|url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2020/mar/31/getting-players-fit-and-launching-them-into-greatness-the-ramji-srinivasan-way|access-date=2020-06-23|website=SportsCafe.in|language=en}}</ref> He is the first one who served World Cup-winning Indian cricket team as Strength and Conditioning(S&C) coach.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=27 April 2020|title=Fitness activity without chance to perform is waste of time: Former Team India trainer Ramji Srinivasan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/fitness-activity-without-chance-to-perform-is-waste-of-time-former-team-india-trainer-ramji-srinivasan/articleshow/75402911.cms|access-date=2020-06-23|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramji Srinivasan|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/profile/author/Ramji-Srinivasan-15855/|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Ramji Srinivasan with F1 Racer Narain Karthikeyan.jpg|thumb|alt=|Ramji Srinivasan with F1 Racer Narain Karthikeyan]]

Ramji Srinivasan was born in [[Chennai]] on 24 August 1967 to an orthodox [[Brahmin]] family. His parents are professor Srinivasan and Radha.

Srinivasan was educated at Asan Memorial Senior Secondary School and a college in Loyola, with physics as major. He went on to study resistance training in [[Adelaide]], Australia, and [[Swiss Ball]] training from [[Paul Chek]] and [[periodisation technique]] at [[Tudor Bompa]] Institute

He is married to Vidya and has two daughters named Malaveeka and Nayonathara.

Srinivasan was a state- and national-level sprinter with {{Convert|100|metres|feet|abbr=out}} and [[long jump]] as his main events, in which he was a champion in both events at the national level. He was considered one of the best in India in his age group.

Srinivasan currently owns Sports Dynamix sports performance centre in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Vishal|date=2020-06-24|title=Ramji Srinivasan, the man who keeps India's ace athletes fit, aims to work with olympic team|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ramji-srinivasan-the-man-who-keeps-india-ace-athletes-fit-aims-to-work-with-olympic-team-146075.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.mykhel.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Srinivasan helped improve the fitness of the [[Indian cricket team]] and several leading athletes, including [[Virat Kohli]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[MS Dhoni]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Sharath Kamal]] and [[Sathiyan Gnanasekaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Indo-Asian News|date=2019-05-21|title=Ramji Srinivasan and Gregory Allen King, the two men behind MS Dhoni's supreme fitness|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ramji-srinivasan-and-gregory-allen-king-the-two-men-behind-ms-dhonis-supreme-fitness-846525|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the former strength and conditioning coach of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) team [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Fitness training is waste of time without a chance to perform: Former India trainer R Srinivasan|url=https://scroll.in/field/960341/fitness-training-is-waste-of-time-without-a-chance-to-perform-former-india-trainer-r-srinivasan|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.sportsdynamix.in/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Ramji}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Strength and conditioning coaches]]

Nirmala Sheoran

2025-10-17T17:52:13Z

Antoniojaw: creating initial article w/ refs

{{short description|Indian sprinter}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Nirmala Sheoran
| image = Nirmala Sheron (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Sheoran with a subsequently disqualified gold medal in 400m at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]]
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[400 metres]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|7|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bhiwani district]], [[Haryana]], India
| height=
| weight=
| pb = '''400m''': 51.48s ([[Hyderabad ]] 2016)
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|DQ|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres|400 m]]}}
{{Medal|DQ|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 x 400m Relay]]}}
}}

'''Nirmala Sheoran''' (born 15 July 1995) is an Indian [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] who specializes in the [[400 metres]] event.

Sheoran is currently serving an eight year competition ban due to failing anti-doping regulations with an end date of August 2031.

==Early life==
Sheoran was born in Chehad Khurd village of [[Haryana]]'s [[Bhiwani district]].<ref name="Das, 2016">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Indraneel |title='This will last for a few days, after that I will be forgotten... that's life' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sports/olympics/2016/aug/13/this-will-last-for-a-few-days-after-that-i-will-be-forgotten...-thats-life-1508704.html |access-date=27 August 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180827215807/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sports/olympics/2016/aug/13/This-will-last-for-a-few-days-after-that-I-will-be-forgotten...-thats-life-1508704.html |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Career==
Sheoran qualified for two events at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]]: the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres|women's 400 metres]] and the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|women's 4 × 400 metres relay]].

Sheoran qualified for the women's 400 metres event at the Olympics by clocking 51.48 seconds, her personal best time, at the National Inter-State Senior Athletics championships in [[Hyderabad]] in July 2016. She finished well below the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Qualification#Men's 400 m|Olympics qualification mark]] of 52.20 seconds and also surpassed the previous best time at the meet of 51.73 seconds set by [[M. R. Poovamma]] in 2014. Sheoran's time in the heats of the same event was 52.35 seconds, while her previous personal best of 53.94 seconds was set in 2013 at [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rio 2016: Nirmala Sheoran sets championship record to qualify for Olympics in 400m|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-rio-2016-nirmala-sheoran-sets-championship-record-to-qualify-for-olympics-in-400m-2230206|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=DNA India|date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nirmala Sheoran achieves Olympic qualification|url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/16675313/nirmala-sheoran-achieves-olympic-qualification|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ESPN.in|date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

Sheoran also qualified for the Olympics in the women's 4 × 400 metres relay event. The quartet of Sheoran, Poovamma, [[Tintu Lukka]] and [[Anilda Thomas]] clocked 3:27.88 at [[Bangalore]] in July 2016, finishing with the 12th best time in the world as top 16 relay teams qualified for the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ninan|first1=Susan|title=Indian men's, women's 4x400 relay teams seal Rio spots|url=https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/16952867/indian-mens-women-4x400-relay-teams-seal-rio-spots|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ESPN.in|date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ninan|first1=Susan|title=4x400 women's relay team a strong medal hope: Usha|url=https://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/16973485/usha|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ESPN.in|date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

Although at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] Sheoran was awarded the gold medal in both the 400m and 4×400m races, she was subsequently disqualified and stripped of the medals in 2019 after being issued with an anti-doping ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/asian-athletics-championships-2017-deconstruction-of-the-gold-standard-4746739/|title=Asian Athletics Championships 2017: Deconstruction of the gold standard|date=2017-07-12|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Doping bans==
In 2019, Sheoran received a four-year competition ban for testing positive for drostanolone and metenolone along with irregulaties with her athlete biolological passport. In addition all her results from August 2016 to 2018 were voided including her medal winning efforts in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cyriac |first1=Biju Babu |title=Nirmala Sheoran gets four-year ban for doping |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/nirmala-sheoran-gets-four-year-ban-for-doping/articleshow/71515653.cms |accessdate=10 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-process/en/AIU-18-224-Sheoran-Nirmla-Decision.pdf |title=DECISION OF THE ATHLETICS INTEGRITY UNIT IN THE CASE OF MS SHEORAN NIRLMA |publisher=Athletics Integrity Unit |date=7 October 2019 |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022160906/https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-process/en/AIU-18-224-Sheoran-Nirmla-Decision.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

In February 2024, Sheoran received a second competition ban issued by the Indian [[National Anti-Doping Agency (India)|National Anti-Doping Agency]] with an eight years duration after testing positive for anabolic androgenic steroids and testosterone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/nirmala-sheoran-eight-year-ban-nada-doping-fail-test |title=Athlete Nirmala Sheoran handed eight-year ban by NADA after second doping infraction |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/quartermiler-nirmala-sheoran-gets-8-year-ban-for-second-doping-violation/articleshow/107565136.cms |title=Quartermiler Nirmala Sheoran gets 8-year ban for second doping violation |work=Times of India |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Footer Asian Champions women's 400 metres}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheoran, Nirmala}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Olympic women sprinters]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]

Tritomaria ferruginea

2025-10-05T11:36:47Z

Antoniojaw: Created basic entry first draft

{{Short description|Species of liverwort}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Bryophyte Specialist Group |year=2000 |title=''Andrewsianthus ferrugineus'' |volume=2000 |article-number=e.T39206A10174683 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39206A10174683.en |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Tritomaria
| species = ferruginea
| authority = ([[Riclef Grolle|Grolle]]) [[Jiří Váňa|Váňa]]
| synonyms = *''Andrewsianthus ferrugineus'' Grolle
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WFO>{{cite web |title=''Tritomaria ferruginea'' (Grolle) Váňa |url=https://wfoplantlist.org/taxon/wfo-1000009116-2024-06 |website=[[World Flora Online]] |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tritomaria ferruginea''''' is a species of [[Marchantiophyta|liverwort]] in the family [[Lophoziaceae]]. It is an [[endangered species]] [[endemic]] to the [[eastern Himalayas]].

==Taxonomy and history==
''Andrewsianthus ferrugineus'' was described by [[Riclef Grolle]] in 1966 based on a [[type specimen]] collected in 1962 by Austrian botanist [[Josef Poelt]] from a ''[[Rhododendron]]'' forest near [[Ringmo]], Nepal.<ref name=Grolle>{{cite book |last1=Grolle |first1=Riclef |chapter=Die Lebermoose Nepals |author1-link=Riclef Grolle |year=1966 |title=Khumbu Himal — Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya |pages=275–277 |language=de, la |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-92914-4_5|isbn=978-3-540-03579-4 }}</ref> This species was transferred to the genus ''[[Tritomaria]]'' on the basis of morphological characteristics in 2013, becoming ''Tritomaria ferriguniea''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Váňa |first1=Jiří |last2=Söderström |first2=Lars |last3=Hagborg |first3=Anders |last4=Konrat |first4=Matt Von |year=2013 |title=Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 32. New synonyms in ''Andrewsianthus'' and a transfer to ''Tritomaria'' (Lophoziaceae, Marchantiophyta) |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |volume=81 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.81.1.8 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2013Phytx..811.1.8V }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
Endemic to the [[temperate]] eastern Himalayas,<ref name=Hattori>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=D.G. |last2=Grolle |first2=R. |author2-link=Riclef Grolle |year=1990 |title=Hepaticaceae of Bhutan II |journal=The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=68 |pages=393, 431 |issn=0073-0912 |doi=10.18968/jhbl.68.0_381 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Tritomaria ferruginea'' is known from [[Bhutan]], [[India]] ([[Sikkim]]), and [[Nepal]].<ref name=IUCN/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Smita |last2=Srivastava |first2=S. C. |last3=Rawat |first3=K. K. |year=2013 |title=Status of Family Lophoziaceae (Hepaticae) in India |journal=Nelumbo |volume=55 |pages=113–152 |doi=10.20324/nelumbo/v55/2013/73297 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260273433}}</ref><ref name=Long>{{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=David G. |year=2005 |title=Notes on Himalayan Hepaticae 2: New records and extensions of range for some Himalayan Leafy Liverworts |journal=Cryptogamie, Bryologie |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289660903 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> In western Bhutan it has been found growing in damp [[coniferous forest]]s dominated ''[[Abies]]'' and ''[[Juniperus]]'' at {{cvt|3440|m}} [[above sea level]],<ref name=Hattori/> while in India it has been found growing in both [[moorland]] and on rocky river banks at altitudes of {{cvt|4070-4075|m}} above sea level.<ref name=Long/> In Nepal it has been found growing in ''Rhododendron'' forests and [[alpine meadow]]s at around {{cvt|4000|m}} above sea level,<ref name=Grolle/> in coniferous forests at {{cvt|3610|m}} above sea level,<ref name=Third>{{cite book |last1=Kitagawa |first1=Naofumi |editor1-last=Ohashi |editor1-first=Hiroyoshi |editor1-link=Hiroyoshi Ohashi |title=Flora of Eastern Himalaya: Third Report |chapter=Lophoziaceae |date=1975 |publisher=[[University of Tokyo Press]] |location=Tokyo |page=212 |isbn=978-0-86008-143-2}}</ref> and alongside a rocky stream at {{cvt|4020|m}} above sea level.<ref name=Long/>

==Description==
''Tritomaria ferruginea'' is green to rusty in colour with overlapping, three-lobed leaves that measure {{cvt|1-2|mm}} wide. The fragile, frequently branched stems are green to yellow-brown and measure up to {{cvt|2|cm}} long. The [[rhizoid]]s are short and pale. It is a [[dioicous]] species, however, mature plants have not been described.<ref name=Grolle/>

==Ecology==
''Tritomaria ferruginea'' has been observed as an [[epiphyte]] growing on tree trunks (including ''Juniperus'' species) and as a [[lithophyte]] growing on rocks (including [[calcareous]] rocks).<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Hattori/><ref name=Long/><ref name=Third/> It has been found growing among [[peat]] and other [[moss]]es and alongside [[Herbertaceae]] species.<ref name=Grolle/><ref name=Hattori/>

==Conservation status==
''Tritomaria ferruginea'' is listed as [[Endangered species|endangered]] by the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] under criteria B1 and B2cd, based on its small area of occupancy and risk of [[habitat destruction]] due to [[deforestation]].<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q130748257|from2=Q4759123}}

[[Category:Jungermanniales]]
[[Category:Endangered flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1966]]
[[Category:Flora of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Lithophytes]]

Human rights issues in Northeast India

2025-10-02T15:02:03Z

Antoniojaw: revise

{{Short description|Sushanta Chowdhury (Minister of Tripura)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{infobox
| bodyclass = geography
| above = Northeast India
| image = [[File:India-locator-map-NE.svg|235px|border|Location of Northeast India]]
| caption = Location of Northeast states within India
| label1 = [[Population]]
| data1 = 38,857,769
| label2 = [[Geography of India|Area]]
| data2 = {{convert|262,230|km2|abbr=on}}
| label3 = [[Population density]]
| data3 = {{convert|148|/km2|abbr=on}}
| label4 = [[Time zone]]
| data4 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])
| label5 = [[Altitude]]
| data5 =
| label6 = [[States and territories of India|States and territories]]
| data6 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]]
| label7 = [[List of big cities in North East India|Largest cities]] (2008)
| data7 = [[Guwahati]], [[Dimapur]], [[Agartala]], [[Shillong]], [[Aizawl]],
| label8 = [[Official languages of India|Official languages]]
| data8 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[English language|English]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Kokborok]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Pnar language|Pnar]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
| label9 = [[Religion]]
| data9 = [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]]
}}
'''Human rights issues in northeast India''' have been widely reported in the press and by human rights activists.<ref name=Bendangjungshi>{{cite book|last=Bendangjungshi|title=Confessing Christ in the Naga Context: Towards a Liberating Ecclesiology|year=2012|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3643900715|page=60}}</ref><ref name=Chakma>{{cite book|last=Chakma|first=Suhas|title=Racism Against Indigenous Peoples|year=2001|publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs|isbn=978-8790730468|editor=Marianne Jensen|page=204}}</ref> [[Northeast India]] refers to the north-easternmost region of [[India]] consisting of the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Tripura]], as well as parts of northern [[West Bengal]] (districts of [[Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri]], and [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]]).

==Background==
An ongoing separatist struggle has continued in the region since the late 1940s, making it the longest running separatist struggle in [[South Asia]]. There are multiple parties involved in the struggles including different ethnic groups and states, some of whom want total independence from India while others call for a restructuring of the states.<ref name=Nepram>{{Cite report
|author=Binalakshmi Nepram
|title=Gender Based Violence in Conflict Zones : Case Study of India's Northeast
|url=http://cequinindia.org/pdf/Special_Reports/GENDER-BASED%20VIOLENCE%20IN%20CONFLICT%20ZONES%20by%20Binalakshmi_Nepram.pdf
|publisher=Centre for Equity and Inclusion
|page=2
|accessdate=21 June 2012
}}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

There are existing territorial conflicts within the Northeastern states, including [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]], Nagaland and Assam, Meghalaya and Assam, and Mizoram and Assam. These are often based on historical border disputes and differing ethnic, tribal or cultural affinities.{{citation needed |date=August 2012}} There has been a number of [[Insurgency|insurgent activities]] and regional movements in all parts of the northeast, often unique in character to each state. Military action by the armed and paramilitary forces and political action have led to the intensity of these insurgencies fluctuating and to the resolution of the insurgency in Mizoram.{{citation needed |date=August 2012}}

Human rights abuses on the part of Indian forces in the area are frequently traced to immunity granted to Indian security forces under the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]]. The act has been criticized by [[Human Rights Watch]] as a "tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination".<ref name=CouncilForeignRelations>[http://www.cfr.org/publication/17155/crisis_in_kashmir.html "Crisis in Kashmir"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111165624/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17155/crisis_in_kashmir.html |date=11 January 2011 }} [[Council on Foreign Relations]] </ref>

[[Human Rights Documentation Centre|The South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre]] argues that the governments' call for increased force is part of the problem.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/17/india-repeal-armed-forces-special-powers-act India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act; 50th Anniversary of Law Allowing Shoot-to-Kill, Other Serious Abuses. Human Rights Watch]</ref>
{{quotation|"This reasoning exemplifies the vicious cycle which has been instituted in the North East due to the AFSPA. The use of the AFSPA pushes the demand for more autonomy, giving the people of the North East more reason to want to secede from a state which enacts such powers and the agitation which ensues continues to justify the use of the AFSPA from the point of view of the Indian Government."<ref>[http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/resources/armed_forces.htm AFSPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410183225/https://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/resources/armed_forces.htm |date=10 April 2023 }} South Asian HRDC</ref>}}

A report by the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis points to multiple occurrences of violence by security forces against civilians in Manipur since the passage of the Act.<ref name=IDSAmAFSPA>[http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/ManipurandArmedForcesSpecialPowerAct1958_akamboj_1004 Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, 'Manipur and Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958'] "the alleged rape and killing of Manjab Manorama", "security forces have destroyed homes", "arrests without warrants", "widespread violations of humane rights", "The cases of Naga boys of Oinam village being tortured before their mothers by Assam rifles Jawans in July 1987; the killing of Amine Devi and her child of Bishnupur district on April 5, 1996 by a CRPF party; the abduction, torture and killing of 15-year-old Sanamacha of Angtha village by an Assam Rifles party on 12th February 1998; the shooting dead of 10 civilians by an Assam Rifles party in November 2000 are some of the glaring examples that are still fresh in the mind of Manipuris."</ref> The report states that residents believe that the provision for immunity of security forces urge them to act more brutally.<ref name=IDSAmAFSPA1>[http://www.idsa.in/publications/strategic-analysis/2004/oct/Anil%20Khamboj.pdf Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, 'Manipur and Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712213448/http://www.idsa.in/publications/strategic-analysis/2004/oct/Anil%20Khamboj.pdf |date=12 July 2007 }}</ref>

==Examples==
{{see also|Human rights abuses in Assam|Human rights abuses in Manipur}}

Violence broke out between [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribes and Bengali-speaking [[Muslim]] migrant settlers in the [[Kokrajhar]] district of Assam<ref>{{cite web|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|title=Five days in Assam|website=The Hindu|date=2012-10-03|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Five-days-in-Assam/article12543702.ece|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref> on 20 July 2012, leaving at least 40-45 people dead and approximately 1,70,000 displaced in the month of July.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam’s sorrow|website=The Hindu|date=2012-07-25|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/assams-sorrow/article3683327.ece|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], the fighting has led to a strict curfew, with police being given "shoot at sight" orders for curfew violators.<ref>Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/27/india-rescind-shoot-sight-orders-assam India: Rescind "Shoot at Sight" Orders in Assam], 27 July 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India's Assam issues 'shoot on sight' orders amid violence|website=BBC News|date=2012-07-24|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18964870|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref> Multiple police shootings were reported after the order was given.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Assam violence: 4 killed in police firing; toll reaches 25|website=Business Standard |date=2012-07-24|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-violence-4-killed-in-police-firing-toll-reaches-25-112072400454_1.html|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=9 killed, 12 hurt in Assam violence, Curfew imposed|website=Hindustan Times|date=2012-07-21|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/9-killed-12-hurt-in-assam-violence-curfew-imposed/story-Sg5iK6AiylgjGukxhIvT2N.html|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref>

==Allegations of sexual assault==

Women are mostly raped or sexually assaulted<ref>{{cite web|last=Parashar|first=Utpal|title=Assam records highest cases of sexual violence by armed forces in 20 years: NGO|website=Hindustan Times|date=2020-11-01|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-records-highest-cases-of-sexual-violence-by-armed-forces-in-20-years-ngo/story-1xgc3y8MIIgHDh7SDIwhiN.html|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref> during military crackdowns where men of the villages or towns are gathered outside their homes and women are forced to stay indoors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Denyer|first=Simon|title=In India’s remote northeast, civilians challenge rape, killing by security forces.|website=Washington Post|date=2013-02-19|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-indias-remote-northeast-civilians-challenge-rape-killing-by-security-forces/2013/02/18/53cfd894-75ca-11e2-aa12-e6cf1d31106b_story.html|access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref> Furthermore, most of the raped go unreported due to the social stigma and fear of backlash.<ref name="Yengkhom">{{cite journal|date=4 October 2002|title=Fear of rape: The experience of women in Northeast India|url=http://alrc.asia/article2/2002/10/fear-of-rape-the-experience-of-women-in-northeast-india/|journal=Article 2|publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission|volume=1|issue=5|issn=1811-7023|author2=Meihoubam Rakesh|accessdate=21 June 2012|author=Nonibala Devi Yengkhom|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105161716/http://alrc.asia/article2/2002/10/fear-of-rape-the-experience-of-women-in-northeast-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{bcn|date=November 2024}}

== See also ==
*[[Insurgency in North East India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Social issues in India}}
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Human rights by region]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]

Kadma, Jamshedpur

2025-09-05T16:49:28Z

Antoniojaw: Done

{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Kadma
| official_name = Kadma
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Residential area in Jamshedpur
| image_skyline = Kadma Sonari Link Road.jpg
| nickname =
| motto = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|48|21|N|86|09|57|E|region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = City
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jamshedpur]]
| subdivision_name2 = 
| established_title = Uliyan, Bhatia Basti, Farm Area, Kadma Market, Shastri Nagar
| established_date = 
| seat_type =
| seat =
| parts_type =
| parts_style = 
| parts = 
| p1 =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = Tata company quarters' area are governed by JUSCO, while large part of residential areas are governed by JNAC.
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| unit_pref =
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| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
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| population_total = 100,000
| population_as_of =
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| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_note =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 831005
| area_code =
| website =
| footnotes = |
| image_size = 275px
| p2 = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| timezone = GMT + 0530
| utc_offset =
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
}}

'''Kadma''' is a neighbourhood in the city of [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], India. It is a residential area. The area has both the residential quarters of [[Tata Steel]] and private residential apartment buildings.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Kadma.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Bistupur]]
*[[Sakchi]]
*[[Sonari, Jamshedpur]]
*[[List of neighbourhoods of Jamshedpur]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Solan Municipal Corporation

2025-08-17T03:07:58Z

Antoniojaw: stub

{{Short description|Local civic body in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Solan Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2016}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Usha Sharma ([[Independent politician|IND]])<ref name="Solan MC Election 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.himachalheadlines.com/news/solan-municipal-corporation-gets-new-mayor-deputy-mayor/|title=Solan Municipal Corporation gets new mayor, deputy mayor|work=Himachal Headlines|date=7 December 2023 |accessdate=7 December 2023}}</ref>
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Meera Anand ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref name="Solan MC Election 2023"/>
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Rajgarh Rd, Ward Number 7, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173212.Phone : 01792-220656
E mail: dc-sol-hp@nic.in
| website = {{url|https://www.mcsolan.in/}}
| motto =
| last_election1=
}}

'''Solan Municipal Corporation''' (SMC) is the municipal corporation of [[Solan District]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], and is the chief nodal agency for the administration of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal to have 5 MCs, 3 new for Solan, Palampur & Mandi|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/himachal-to-have-5-mcs-3-new-for-solan-palampur-mandi-422383|access-date=2020-10-29|website=millenniumpost News Service|date=29 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Solan Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Solan Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== History and administration ==

Solan Municipal Corporation was formed in to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="so2">{{cite news |title=From April 1, deposit tax online in Solan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/from-april-1-deposit-tax-online-in-solan-376803 |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Solan Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.

Solan Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Mrs. Poonam Grover<ref name="so3">{{cite news |title=Herbal garden inaugurated at Shoolini varsity |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/herbal-garden-inaugurated-at-varsity-401646 |access-date=22 June 2022 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=22 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner Mr. Zaffar Iqwal.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="So11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="So12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="So13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mcsolan.in/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Solan]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Himachal Pradesh]]

Danapur railway division

2025-08-08T09:19:31Z

Antoniojaw: expanded content

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name = Danapur railway division
| logo_filename =East Central Railway Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| system_map =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| marks = DNR
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| locale = [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| start_year = 1925<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/danapur-divn-to-complete-100-years-in-january-next/articleshow/116439621.cms|title=Danapur Division to complete 100 years in 2025}}</ref>
| end_year = present
| predecessor_line = [[East Indian Railway Company]] (1925–52) [[Eastern Railway zone]] (1952–2002)
| successor_line = [[East Central Railway zone]] (2002–present)
| gauge = Broad
| old_gauge = Metre
| electrification =
| length = {{convert|752|km}}
| hq_city = [[Danapur]], Patna
| website = [http://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,335 ecr.indianrailways.gov.in]
}}

'''Danapur railway division''' is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[East Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> It is located in [[Danapur]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. The other railway divisions are Sonpur, Samastipur, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and [[Dhanbad railway division|Dhanbad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cm-manjhi-launches-swachh-bharat-drive-in-bihar/article6468185.ece | title=CM Manjhi launches Swachh Bharat drive in Bihar | work=The Hindu | date=2 October 2014 | access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> The division's revenue for the 2014–15 fiscal year was ₹900 crore (US$110 million).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/4-more-escalators-at-Patna-railway-station-by-month-end/articleshow/46640590.cms | title=4 more escalators at Patna railway station by month-end | work=The Times of India | date=21 March 2015 | access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref>

==History==
It was formed as one of the six divisions of the [[East Indian Railway Company]] on 1 January 1925 along with [[Howrah]], [[Asansol]], [[Danapur]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Lucknow]], and [[Moradabad]]. The Eastern Railway was established on 14 April 1952 and Danapur division came under the control of Eastern Railway. After the formation of [[East Central Railway zone]], the division was integrated into it on 1 October 2002.<ref name="AB">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1322028578826-Salient%20features%20of%20%20the%20division.doc |title=Salient features of Danapur Division |publisher=East Central Railways |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213120/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1322028578826-Salient%20features%20of%20%20the%20division.doc |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
It has about {{convert|752|km}} of route length in [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,335 | title=Danapur — background | publisher=East Central Railway | access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> The division includes twelve districts of the state of Bihar which are ''Buxar, Bhojpur, Patna, Luckeesarai, Jamui, Nawadah, Sheikhpura, Jehanabad, Nalanda'' and two districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] which are ''Ghazipur and Chandauli''.
Presently the Danapur division's jurisdiction includes following sections:<ref name="AB" />
* Jhajha to Kuchman
* [[Patna–Gaya line|Patna to Gaya]] (excluding)
* [[Gaya–Kiul line|Kiul to Gaya]] (excluding)
* Dildarnagar to Tarighat
* [[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line|Bakhtiyarpur to Rajgir]]
* Mokama to Simaria (excluding)
* Patna Sahib to Patna Ghat
* [[Patna–Digha Ghat line]]
* [[Fatuha–Tilaiya line|Fatwa-Islampur]]
* [[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line|Rajgir-Tilaya]]
* Bihar Sharif to Daniyawan
* Mokama to Mokama Ghat (but not in operation now).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No !! Section !! Route Kilometer
|-
| 1 || Jhajha-Patna (Main Line) || 177.12
|-
| 2 || Patna-Mughalsarai (Main Line) || 211.80
|-
| 3 || Patna-Gaya || 91.75
|-
| 4 || Kiul-Gaya || 129.29
|-
| 5 || Bakhtiyarpur-Rajgir || 53.00
|-
| 6 || Mokama-Simaria || 18.43
|-
| 7 || Dildarnagar-Tarighat || 18.67
|-
| 8 || Fatuha-Islampur || 42.67
|-
| 9 || Patna Sahib-Patna Ghat || 0.87
|-
| 10 || R’Block-Digha || 8.58
|-
| 11 || Rajgir-Tilaya || 46.08
|-
| 12 || Bihar Sharif-Daniyawan || 38
|-
| 13 || Patliputra Extension || N/A
|}

[[File:Danapur Railway Station 10.JPG|thumb|200px|Danapur Railway Station]]

==Stations under Division==

As of 2014, Division has 232 stations out of which only [[Patna Junction railway station]] is categorized as A1 station<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140811/jsp/bihar/story_18707353.jsp#.VN-v3uaUdH4 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814003128/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140811/jsp/bihar/story_18707353.jsp#.VN-v3uaUdH4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 August 2014 | title=Free Wi-Fi awaits passengers on station premises | publisher=The Telegraph | date=11 August 2014 | access-date=15 February 2015 | author=AMIT BHELARI}}</ref> & nine are categorized as A stations based earnings.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,335,414 | title=Categorization of stations (BASED ON EARNINGS) | publisher=ecr.indianrailways.gov.in | access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
!! style="background:#ffd750;"| Category of station
!! style="background:#ffd750;"| No. of stations
!! style="background:#ffd750;"| Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''A-1''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Patna Junction]]
|- Patliputra Junction
| style="text-align:center;"| '''A''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ara railway station|Ara]], Buxar, [[Danapur railway station|Danapur]], {{rws|Rajendra Nagar Terminal}}, [[Bakhtiyarpur railway station|Bakhtiyarpur]], {{rws|Mokama}}, {{rws|Jamui}}, {{rws|Kiul}} & {{rws|Patna Sahib}}.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''B''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center;"| {{rws|Dildarnagar}}, {{rws|Dumraon}}, [[Barh railway station|Barh]], {{rws|Hathidah}}, [[Harnaut railway station|Harnaut]], {{rws|Lakhisarai}}, {{rws|Jhajha}}, {{rws|Bihar Sharif Junction}}, {{rws|Rajgir}}.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''C''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 00
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''D''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bihta railway station|Bihta]], [[Fatuha Junction railway station|Fatuha]], [[Bihiya railway station|Bihiya]], {{rws|Gulzarbagh}}, {{rws|Jehanabad}}, [[Nawada railway station|Nawadah]], {{rws|Sheikhpura}}, {{rws|Zamania}}, {{rws|Barahiya}}, {{rws|Islampur}}, {{rws|Ekangarsarai}}, {{rws|Gidhaur}}, {{rws|Jehanabad Court}}, {{rws|Khusropur}}, {{rws|Manpur}}, {{rws|Raghunathpur}}, {{rws|Taregna}} & [[Warisaliganj railway station|Warisaliganj]] .
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''E''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 54
| style="text-align:center;"| Athmalgola, Banahi, Bakaghat, Bansipur, Baruna, Bela, Bhadaura, Chakand, Chusa, Dheena, Gahmar, Hilsa, Karauta, Karisath, Kashi chak, Kuchman, Kulharia, Makhdumpur, Mankatha, More, Nadaul, Nalanda, Neora, Parsa Bazar, {{rws|Phulwari Sharif}}, Pothi, Punarakh, Punpun, Rajendrapul, Rampurdumra, Sakaldiha, Sirari, Tarighat, Tehta, [[Tilaiya Junction railway station|Tilaiya]], Twiningganj, [[Wazerganj railway station|Wazirganj]], WENA, Baghi bardiha, Daniyawan, Garsanda, Hardashbigha, Jamuawan, Karjara, Koilwar, Sadisopur, Salimpurbihar, SILO, Tekabigha, Tulsi Ashram, Nateshar, Jethian and Oro Dumari.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''F''' Category
| style="text-align:center;"| 125
| style="text-align:center;"| halts
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''216'''
| style="text-align:center;"| -
|}

# ''Rest are not in operation''.

==See also==
*[[East Central Railway zone]]
*[[Divisions of Indian Railways]]
*[[Danapur railway station|Danapur Railway Station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|1=https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,335,422}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danapur railway division}}
[[Category:Danapur railway division| ]]
[[Category:Patna district]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]

Jail industry

2025-08-05T05:23:31Z

Antoniojaw: Details

{{Short description|none}}
The "'''jail industry'''" in India refers to the system of [[Prisons in India|prisons]] and correctional institutions run by the [[Government of India|Indian government]]. This system is responsible for the detention, rehabilitation, and reintegration of individuals who have been convicted of crimes. It is a system of [[Vocational education|vocational]] training for [[Prisoner|inmates]] in order to develop their skills and [[Occupational rehabilitation|rehabilitate]] them after their release, with the goal of rehabilitating convicted inmates. Prisoners in India are increasingly being utilized as a source of labor by private sector companies, producing products such as textiles and food.

== History ==
During the colonial era in India, correctional facilities were referred to as "houses of industries" rather than centers of rehabilitation. The disciplinary system within these institutions prioritized the attainment of financial gain through the implementation of various forms of forced labor and severe punishment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Dimpy |last2=Sarma |first2=Barnali |date=2020-06-29 |title=Prison Labour in Colonial India: A Case Study of Assam |url=https://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/621 |journal=Space and Culture, India |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=91–100 |doi=10.20896/saci.v8i1.621 |s2cid=225664337 |issn=2052-8396|doi-access=free }}</ref> The 1850s saw the inception of remunerative jail industries, granting prisoners the opportunity to receive wages for their labor during incarceration. This progress was credited to [[Frederic J. Mouat]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udfaCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jail+industry%22+India+-wikipedia&pg=PA213 |title=Global Convict Labour |date=2015-06-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28502-6 |pages=213 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reforms and rehabilitation ==
The latest theory of [[punishment]] posits that [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]] is the primary goal, with the aim of providing offenders with treatment and education to enable them to reintegrate into society and abide by the law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punishment - Rehabilitation {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/punishment/Rehabilitation |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] emphasized that any reforms made to the prison system must be based on the principle that the goal of incarceration is not to inflict punishment, but rather to rehabilitate and reintegrate individuals into society as productive citizens. The implementation of this viewpoint would require a comprehensive revision of the prison system.<ref>Srivastava, Meenu. (2019). Entrepreneurship development through Niwar products among prisoners of Udaipur. </ref>

The jail industry in India is governed by the Prisons Act, 1894, and the Prison Manual, which outline the rules and regulations for the operation of prisons. Inmates serving their sentences are expected to perform labour in the facility's workshops or industries. Training is provided to convicted individuals in a variety of trades, including textile manufacturing, which involves the weaving of fabric, niwar, durries, and carpets among other things. In addition to that, they are engaged in iron work and carpentry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prison Industries |url=https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/jaildepartment/reformationfacilities/prisonindustries.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=home.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Henry D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmMuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Jail+industry%22+India+-wikipedia&pg=PA252 |title=British India with Notes on Ceylon, Afghanistan, and Tibet |date=1915 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref>

== Mentions of jail industry and its products ==
Jail industries were prevalent in India prior to independence. In his book "''Handbook of the Manufactures and Arts of the Punjab''," [[Baden Henry Powell]] refers to many [[Textile|textile products]] produced in rural cottage and jail industries in the Punjab region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baden-Powell |first=Baden Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg_JAAAAMAAJ |title=Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government |date=1872 |publisher=Punjab printing Company |language=en}}</ref>

Different [[States and union territories of India|State]] [[Gazetteer|Gazetteers]] of India cite the production of various goods in the jail industry within their respective states.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AdDAAAAYAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Mathura |date=1968 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=B.D. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3288 |title=Rajasthan, District Gazetteers: Jodhpur |date=1979 |publisher=Jaipur, Government Central Press}}</ref><ref>Babel, R., & Srivastava, M. Entrepreneurship development through Niwar products among prisoners of Udaipur.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mukerjee |first1=Radha Kamal |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2995 |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bareilly |last2=Narain |first2=A. K. |last3=Agarwal |first3=A. N. |last4=Singh |first4=Baljit |last5=Prasad |first5=B. G. |last6=Singh |first6=Hira Lai |last7=Naseer Khan |first7=Mohd. |last8=Hasan |first8=Nurul |date=1968 |publisher=Lucknow, Department of District Gazetteers}}</ref>

== Tihar jail factory products ==
[[File:Tihar Jail Products Muffin and Brownie.jpg|thumb|right| Tihar jail products]]
The Central Jail Factory, a subunit of the Delhi Prisons Department, is a prominent establishment that employs around 400 inmates in various units. The factory focuses on the all-around welfare, including reformation, rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates, who are trained in skilled trades such as carpentry, chemical, paper, weaving and tailoring. The factory also provides training in various skilled trades based on the interests of the inmates and using state-of-the-art machinery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Central Jail Factory {{!}} Official Website of Central Jail, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India |url=http://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/central-jail-factory |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in |archive-date=2023-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103102119/http://tiharprisons.delhi.gov.in/central-jail-factory |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== TJ brand ===
Tihar Jail, one of the largest and most overcrowded prisons in India, has started using its brand TJ to sell goods at showrooms. The products sold under the TJ brand include snacks, food products, furniture, handicrafts, garments, and other items made by the inmates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2009 |title=Tihar Jail's brand TJ to sell goods at showrooms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/tihar-jails-brand-tj-to-sell-goods-at-showrooms/articleshow/4838391.cms |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The TJ's: Multi-million dollar business by Prisoners |url=https://insider.finology.in/business/tjs-tihar-jail-brand |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=insider.finology.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Prison band ==
Prison band groups have been established at various correctional facilities, including Central Prison Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, and Kota in [[Rajasthan]], providing inmates with instruction in band instrumentation and the opportunity to perform at private events.<ref name=":1" />

== Yerawada jail textiles ==
[[Yerawada Central Jail]] has a textile factory that produces various clothing products, such as Khadi and cotton clothes, and also supplies these clothes to film production houses. The jail's inmates produce nearly 5,000 clothes per day, which are distributed to jails throughout the state. In [[Madhur Bhandarkar|Madhur Bhandarkar's]] film [[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]], the clothing worn by a few characters bears the label "Made in Yerawada." The inmates stitched those clothes that, include the clothes and uniforms of cooks, guards, convicts, undertrials, superintendents, wardens, night security guards, and warders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authentic prison touch for Madhur Bhandarkar's 'Jail' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-authentic-prison-touch-for-madhur-bhandarkar-s-jail-1308278 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Source of labor ==
Prisoners are increasingly being utilized as a source of labor by private sector companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2016 |first=Joeanna |last=Rebello |title=Private sector goes to prison - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/private-sector-goes-to-prison/articleshow/51960286.cms |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> During a [[recruitment]] drive held at the [[Tihar Jail]] premises, a total of 66 inmates who are nearing the completion of their sentences were offered employment by private companies. The [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta]] and IDEIM India Pvt Ltd provided the most job offers, and the Taj Mahal Group extended the highest salary package to an inmate named Raju Parasnath, who has been incarcerated for over eight years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2014 |title=Recruitment drive in Tihar jail: Inmate offered Rs 35,000 per month {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/recruitment-drive-in-tihar-jail-inmate-offered-rs-35000-per-month/articleshow/34745638.cms |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Insufficient labor opportunities across Indian prisons==
It has been observed that in various prisons, convicts who have been sentenced to rigorous imprisonment may in fact be serving simple imprisonment. This is due to the lack of available work opportunities within the prison system. According to a 2011 report by the [[Hindustan Times]], the majority of convicts sentenced to "rigorous imprisonment" in India do not engage in work as most prisons in the country lack sufficient demand for prison labor. Specifically, the report indicates that 99% of convicts receiving these sentences do not undertake work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-24 |title=How rigorous is rigorous imprisonment? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/how-rigorous-is-rigorous-imprisonment/story-iI9IUQGLwcZsoGckuIb3IL.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Penal labour|Prison labor]]
*[[Forced labour]]
*[[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation]]
*[[California Prison Industry Authority]]
*[[Penal slavery]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Prisons in India]]

Suresh Menon (sports writer)

2025-07-19T04:19:00Z

Antoniojaw: reworked details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian sportswriter}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Suresh Menon
| image = Suresh Menon (Columnist).jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| occupation = Writer, sports writer and journalist
| language =
| ethnicity =
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genres =
| subjects =
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| signature =
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| years_active =
}}

'''Suresh Menon''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] journalist, author and sports writer. He became known as the youngest sports editor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-28 |title=Suresh Menon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/suresh-menon/article4344214.ece |access-date=2024-01-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> even younger than Manas Rajagopal<ref>[https://cricketbettingapp.in/author/manas-rajagopal/ Manas Rajagopal]</ref> and was the editor of [[The Indian Express]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/suresh-menon/article4344214.ece|title=Suresh Menon|date=2013-01-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-joys-of-vernacular/article7070655.ece|title=The joys of vernacular|last=Kumar|first=K. C. Vijaya|date=2015-04-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/books/pataudi-nawab-of-cricket-review-an-elegy-for-pataudi-as-he-was-532235.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> He is best known for works ''Champions! How the World Cup was Won'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Champions!: how the World Cup was won|last=Menon|first=Suresh|date=2011|publisher=Harper Sport|isbn=978-93-5029-156-6|location=Noida|language=English|oclc=756820833}}</ref> ''Bishan: Portrait of a Cricketer''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22294635/bishan-portrait-cricketer|title=The many facets of Bedi|date=2011-10-16|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> and the edits to ''Sachin: Genius Unplugged''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22446683/sachin-genius-unplugged|title=A mixed bag of tributes|date=2011-05-01|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref>

Menon married sculptor Dimpy Menon and they have a son, Tushar. They live in Bangalore.[https://www.harpercollins.com/]

==Notable works==
* ''Wisden India Almanack 2019 & 2020'' (editor)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/wisden-india-almanack-2019-20-9789387457867/ | title=Wisden India Almanack 2019 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury India]] | author=Suresh Menon | date=14 November 2019 | pages=924 | isbn=978-9-3874-5786-7}}</ref>
* ''[[Wisden India Almanack]] 2018'' (editor)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Arrackistan/wisden-india-almanack-the-joy-of-six/ | title=Wisden India Almanack: The joy of six | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=March 8, 2018 | accessdate=August 27, 2019 | author=Cheeran, John }}</ref>
* ''Wisden India Almanack 2017'' (editor)
* ''Wisden India Almanack 2016'' (editor)
* ''Wisden India Almanack 2015'' (editor)
* ''Wisden India Almanack 2014'' (editor)
* ''Wisden India Almanack 2013'' (editor)
* ''Champions! How the World Cup was Won''
* ''[[Sachin Tendulkar|Sachin]]: Genius Unplugged'' (editor)
* ''[[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Pataudi]]: Nawab Of Cricket'' (editor)
* ''[[Bishan Bedi|Bishan]]: Portrait of a Cricketer''
* ''Dream Team India: The Best World Cup Squad Ever''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dream team India: the best world cup squad ever!|last=Menon|first=Suresh|date=2006|publisher=Puffin Books|isbn=978-0-14-333015-8|location=New Delhi, India|language=English|oclc=297209944}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Suresh}}
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian sportswriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Guru Tegh Bahadur Public School Durgapur

2025-05-29T17:53:07Z

Antoniojaw: New - done

{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox school
|name=Guru Tegh Bahadur Public School
|image=Guru Teg Bahadur Public School Durgapur.jpg
|address=Kazi Nazrul Islam Road A-Zone
|city=[[Durgapur]]
|state=[[West Bengal]]
|country=India
|coordinates = {{coord|23|33|55.62|N|87|17|07.34|E|display=inline,title}}
|established=1977
|category=Co-educational
|principal=Sutapa Acharya
|affiliation=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
|campus=Urban
}}
'''Guru Tegh Bahadur Public School''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gtbpsdgp.org/mainsite|publisher=DTBPS|title=Main site|accessdate=16 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mondaymorninglive.in/guru-deg-bahadur-birth-annivarsary-celebrated-in-gurudeg-bahadur-school-durgapur/|title=गुरु नानक जयंती पर तेग बहादुर स्कूल में हुये कई |date=12 May 2019 }}</ref> [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] is an English-medium senior secondary, co-ed, [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated school in the heart of Durgapur steel city in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.

==History==
Guru Teg Bahadur Public School, [[Durgapur]] was started in the year 1977 on a plot of four acres in the heart of Durgapur Steel City. With the passage of time the school has upgraded in size and stature. Today it is a multi-storied complex catering to the requirement of over two thousand seven hundred students, represented by all the levels of the society, up to Senior Secondary Level. School is affiliated (2430042) to CBSE, New Delhi.

==See also==
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{official website|http://www.gtbps.edu.in}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]

Palam (music)

2025-01-02T06:29:13Z

Antoniojaw: creating basic post more to come

{{Short description|Limbu folk song genre}}
{{Distinguish|Palam, Delhi}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Palam
| native_name = {{lang|ne|पालाम}}
| image = Kirati Limbu women performing Kelang dance.jpg
| alt = Women in traditional Limbu outfit
| caption = Women in traditional Limbu outfit
| stylistic_origins = [[Folk music]]
| cultural_origins = [[Limbuwan|Limbuwan region]]
}}

'''''Palam''''' ({{Langx|ne|पालाम}}) is a [[Music of Nepal|Nepalese folk song]] of the [[Limbu people|Limbu community]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=‘गीत गाउन... अनुरोध गरेँ है !’ |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/saturday/2020-10-03-23902 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> It is sung in various cultural gatherings and events such as marriage, festivals, carnivals. etc. It is typically sung while dancing [[Dhan Nach]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=लिम्बू समुदायको लोकप्रिय ‘धान नाच’ लोप हुँदै |url=https://sancharkarmi.com/news-details/16124/2019-10-01 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=sancharkarmi |language=ne}}</ref> It is sung step by step as a question and answer session between the boy and the girl. It contains various subjects such as origin of creation, from the evolution of human civilization to love.<ref>{{Cite web |title=धाननाच जोगाउने चिन्ता |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/dhaannaac-jogaaune-cintaa-134332 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=धाननाच जोगाउने चिन्ता |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, no instrument were used while singing ''Palam'' but nowadays, modern as well as traditional instruments are used.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* ''[[Dohori]]''
* [[Deuda (genre)|''Deuda'']]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nepalese folk music]]
[[Category:Limbu culture]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical genres]]
[[Category:Culture of Koshi Province]]

{{Nepal-music-stub}}

Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1982–83

2024-12-06T06:51:27Z

Antoniojaw: Data

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2012}}

{{Infobox cricket tour |
series_name = Indians in Pakistan in 1982–83 |
team1_image = Flag of India.svg |
team1_name = India |
team2_image = Flag of Pakistan.svg |
team2_name = Pakistan |
from_date = 27 November 1982|
to_date = 4 February 1983 |
team1_captain = [[Sunil Gavaskar]]|
team2_captain = [[Imran Khan]]|
no_of_tests = 6|
team1_tests_won = 0|
team2_tests_won = 3|
team1_tests_most_runs = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] (584) |
team2_tests_most_runs = [[Mudassar Nazar]] (761) |
team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Kapil Dev]] (24) |
team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Imran Khan]] (40) |
player_of_test_series = |
no_of_ODIs = |
team1_ODIs_won = |
team2_ODIs_won = |
team1_ODIs_most_runs = |
team2_ODIs_most_runs = |
team1_ODIs_most_wickets = |
team2_ODIs_most_wickets = |
player_of_ODI_series = |
}}
The [[India national cricket team]] toured the [[Pakistan]] during the 1982–83 cricket season. They played six [[Test cricket|Test]] matches against the [[Pakistan cricket team]], with Pakistan winning the series 3–0.

==Test matches==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date =10–15 December 1982
| team1 ={{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =485 (143.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Zaheer Abbas]] 215 (254)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Dilip Doshi]] 5/90 (32.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =379 (124.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 109[[Not out|*]] (284)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 4/63 (31.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =135/1 (46 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 101[[Not out|*]] (161)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Dilip Doshi]] 1/57 (15 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires =[[Amanullah Khan (umpire)|Amanullah Khan]] (Pak) and [[Mahboob Shah]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63329.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to field
| rain =
| motm=[[Zaheer Abbas]] (Pak)
| notes =13 December was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].
*''[[Sunil Gavaskar]] (Ind) became the fifth batsman to pass 7,000 Test runs.''
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date =23–27 December 1982
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 ={{cr|PAK}}

| score-team1-inns1 =169 (53.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 73 (53)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]] 4/67 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =452 (109.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Zaheer Abbas]] 186 (246)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 5/102 (28.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =197 (60.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 79 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Imran Khan]] 8/60 (20.1 overs)

| result =Pakistan won by an innings and 86 runs
| venue =[[National Stadium, Karachi]]
| umpires =[[Khizer Hayat]] (Pak) and [[Shakoor Rana]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63330.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and decided to field
| rain =
| motm=[[Imran Khan]] (Pak)
|notes= 26 December was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date =3–8 January 1983
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 ={{cr|PAK}}

| score-team1-inns1 =372 (85.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Sandeep Patil]] 84 (99)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Imran Khan]] 6/98 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =652 (142.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Zaheer Abbas]] 168 (176)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 7/220 (38.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =286 (94.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 127[[Not out|*]] (262)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Imran Khan]] 5/82 (30.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =10/0 (2.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 8[[Not out|*]] (7)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 0/4 (1 overs)

| result =Pakistan won by 10 wickets
| venue =[[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]]
| umpires =[[Mahboob Shah]] (Pak) and [[Shakeel Khan (umpire)|Shakeel Khan]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63331.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and decided to field
| rain =
| motm=[[Imran Khan]] (Pak)
|notes= [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] (Ind) made his Test debut, the youngest for India at the time.
*''6 January was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
*''[[Zaheer Abbas]] became the first Pakistan batsman to score centuries in three successive innings.''
*''[[Imran Khan]] became the first Pakistan bowler to pick 200 wickets.''
}}

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date =14–19 January 1983
| team1 ={{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =581/3[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (166 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Javed Miandad]] 280[[Not out|*]] (460)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Balwinder Sandhu]] 2/107 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =189 (56.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Balwinder Sandhu]] 71 (88)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Imran Khan]] 6/35 (17.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =273 (111.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 64 (210)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 4/85 (30 overs)

| result =Pakistan won by an innings and 119 runs
| venue =[[Niaz Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]
| umpires =[[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[Khizer Hayat]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63332.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=[[Javed Miandad]] (Pak)
| notes =17 January was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].
*''[[Zaheer Abbas]] became the first Pakistan batsman to pass 4,000 runs in Tests.''
*''The partnership of [[Javed Miandad]] and [[Mudassar Nazar]] of 451 in the first innings equalled the record for highest partnership for any wicket.''
*''It was the first instance for Pakistan and fifth overall of two batsmen scoring [[Century (cricket)|double centuries]] in the same innings.''
}}

===5th Test===
{{Test match
| date =23–28 January 1983
| team1 ={{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =323 (103.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Mudassar Nazar]] 152[[Not out|*]] (296)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 8/85 (30.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =235/3 (81.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 120 (200)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Imran Khan]] 2/45 (18 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires =[[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[Khizer Hayat]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63333.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to field
| rain =Rain prevented play on dayes four and five.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fifth Test Match, PAKISTAN v INDIA 1982–83|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152287.html|access-date=29 June 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| motm=[[Kapil Dev]] (Ind)
| notes =[[T. A. Sekhar]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''26 January was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].''
*''[[Gundappa Viswanath]] (Ind) beat the record held by [[Garfield Sobers]] for most consecutive tests played (86).''
}}

===6th Test===
{{Test match
| date =30 January–4 February 1983
| team1 ={{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 ={{cr|PAK}}

| score-team1-inns1 =393/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (136 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 128 (327)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Imran Khan]] 3/65 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =420/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (117.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Mudassar Nazar]] 152 (308)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Balwinder Sandhu]] 2/87 (28.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =224/2 (68 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 103[[Not out|*]] (188)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Imran Khan]] 2/41 (16 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[National Stadium, Karachi]]
| umpires =[[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[Khizer Hayat]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63334.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| motm=[[Mudassar Nazar]] (Pak)
| notes =2 February was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#rest day|rest day]].
*''Play on the afternoon of day four was abandoned due to politically motivated rioting, which included an attempt to damage the [[Pitch (cricket)|pitch]].''
*''[[Wasim Bari]] became the fourth wicket-keeper to effect 200 dismissals.''
*''[[Mudassar Nazar]]'s 761 runs in the series was the most by a Pakistan batsman, beating [[Hanif Mohammad]]'s 628.''
*''[[Imran Khan]]'s 40 wickets in the series was the most by any Pakistan bowler in a single Test series.''
}}

==One Day Internationals (ODIs)==

Pakistan won the Wills Series 3–1.

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 December 1982
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 224/4 (40 overs)
| runs1 = [[Javed Miandad]] 106[[not out|*]] (106)
| wickets1 = [[Madan Lal]] 2/39 (8 overs)

| score2 = 210/6 (40 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] 56[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]] 2/36 (8 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-1982-83-62329/pakistan-vs-india-1st-odi-64197/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala|Municipal Stadium]], [[Gujranwala]]
| umpires = [[Amanullah Khan (umpire)|Amanullah Khan]] and [[Shakeel Khan (cricketer, born 1952)|Shakeel Khan]]
| motm = [[Javed Miandad]] (PAK)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Balwinder Sandhu|BS Sandhu]] (IND) made his ODI debut.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17 December 1982
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 263/2 (40 overs)
| runs1 = [[Zaheer Abbas]] 118 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 1/42 (8 overs)

| score2 = 226/7 (40 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sandeep Patil|SM Patil]] 84 (60)
| wickets2 = [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]] 2/21 (4 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 37 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-1982-83-62329/pakistan-vs-india-2nd-odi-64198/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium]], [[Multan]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[Shakoor Rana]]
| motm = [[Zaheer Abbas]] (PAK)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 December 1982
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 252/3 (33 overs)
| runs1 = [[Javed Miandad]] 119[[not out|*]] (77)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Shastri|RJ Shastri]] 1/39 (7 overs)

| score2 = 193/4 (27 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sunil Gavaskar|SM Gavaskar]] 69 (76)
| wickets2 = [[Mudassar Nazar]] 2/13 (2 overs)

| result = India won by 18 runs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Miscellaneous/Rain_Rule_Methods.html#cbc|title = CA details}}</ref>
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-1982-83-62329/pakistan-vs-india-3rd-odi-64199/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[Shakoor Rana]]
| motm = [[Javed Miandad]] (PAK)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = The match was reduced before play started to 33 overs per side.
| notes = When play was halted India needed to have scored 176 runs to win. Pakistan were 175/2 after 27 overs.
*''[[Shahid Mahboob]] (PAK) made his ODI debut.''
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January 1983
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}

| score1 = 197/6 (40 overs)
| runs1 = [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|K Srikkanth]] 48 (76)
| wickets1 = [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 3/31 (8 overs)

| score2 = 198/2 (35 overs)
| runs2 = [[Zaheer Abbas]] 113 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Balwinder Sandhu|BS Sandhu]] 2/38 (7 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-1982-83-62329/pakistan-vs-india-4th-odi-64200/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[Mahboob Shah]]
| motm = [[Zaheer Abbas]] (PAK)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[T. A. Sekhar|TA Sekhar]] and [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] (both IND) made their ODI debuts.
}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Events/2/India_in_Pakistan_1982-83.html Cricarchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62329.html Tour page ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/62329.html?view=records Record ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1982-83}}
[[Category:1982 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1983 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1982 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:1983 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Pakistan|1982-83]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1980–81 to 1985]]

Acrocercops hierocosma

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State Information Commission (India)

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Antoniojaw: Created basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Statutory body in India}}
'''State Information Commission (India)''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] bodies to be constituted as per [[Right to Information Act, 2005|The Right to Information Act, 2005]] by the [[State governments of India|State Governments in India]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]]. The commission will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (IC) to be appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] as Chairperson, the [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a state [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] nominated by the Chief Minister.

== History and Objective ==

State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

State Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public

== Composition ==

State Information Commission members should consist of a:<ref name="sic ref3">{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Parita |title=State Information Commission |url=http://kanoon.nearlaw.com/2017/12/22/state-information-commission/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=kanoon.nearlaw.com}}</ref>

1. State Chief Information commissioner and

2. Not more than ten State Information Commissioners.

The Chief and other members of State Information Commission are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a state Cabinet Minister. The members of State Information Commission should be of eminence in public life<ref name="sic ref7" /> and are not permitted to hold any other office of profit or any position which is connected with any political party and are also barred from carrying on any business or continuing any profession in any field.

== Tenure and Service ==

The tenure of the State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner for holding office will be a term of 3 years or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier and will not be eligible for reappointment on completion of tenure.<ref name="sic ref2">{{cite news |title=Information Commissioners' Tenures, Salaries Now Firmly in Centre's Hands |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-rti-act-information-commissioners-tenure-salary-retirement-benefits |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 October 2019}}</ref>
Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and Functions ==

The State Information Commission prepares report on the implementation of the provisions of State Information Commission act and submits an annual report to the state government which is placed by the later before the state legislature.<ref name="sic ref9">{{cite news |title=Over 2.5 Lakh RTI Appeals, Plaints Pending with 26 Information Commissions across India |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/over-25-lakh-rti-appeals-plaints-pending-with-26-information-commissions-across-india/65422.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=moneylife.in |date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref1" /><ref name="csic ref13">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Only State To File Annual Reports Under RTI Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-only-state-to-file-annual-reports-under-rti-act-uttar-pradesh-does-none-2115539 |access-date=18 January 2022 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

The commission on reasonable grounds can order inquiry into any matter related to the Act.

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.
The commission can call for and examine any record which it considers necessary and is under the possession of the public authority and any such record should not be withheld from it on any grounds during the inquiry of a complaint.

The commission has the power of the civil court during the course of enquiry and in respect of the following matters:

Any complaint which requires the discovery and inspection of documents relating to it.

Powers exercised for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped affidavit.

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to Central Vigilance Commission.<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Due to shortage of available staff and vacancies not being filled, there is backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> The maximum number of appeals and complaints pending as per October 2014 records were in state of Uttar Pradesh. However, some states like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, State Information Commissions have a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== Information Commission for different states ==

The Information commission for different states of India are

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || State || Information Commission
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh Information Commission]]
|-
|2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Information Commission]]
|-
|3
|[[Assam]]
|[[Assam Information Commission]]
|-
|4
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh State Information Commission]]
|-
|5
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Gujarat State Information Commission]]
|-
|6
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Haryana State Information Commission]]
|-
|7
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Karnataka State Information Commission]]
|-
|8
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kerala State Information Commission]]
|-
|9
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh State Information Commission]]
|-
|10
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Meghalaya State Information Commission]]
|-
|11
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Mizoram Information Commission]]
|-
|12
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Nagaland Information Commission]]
|-
|13
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Odisha State Information Commission]]
|-
|14
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Punjab State Information Commission]]
|-
|15
|[[Sikkim]]
|[[Sikkim State Information Commission]]
|-
|16
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Uttarakhand Information Commission]]
|-
|17
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh Information Commission]]
|-
|}

== See also ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cic.gov.in/links-to-state-information-commissions Official Website]
* [https://rti.gov.in/rti/states.asp RTI Links]


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]