Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Lieutenant Governors (India)

2026-05-08T16:37:31Z

Antonioctj:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|Current
lieutenant governors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:President chairs 2024 governors conference.jpg|Several governors, lieutenant governors and administrators at the 2024 governors conference in 1- 2 August 2024.|300px|thumb|upright]]
{{Infobox official post
| post = Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
| body =
| native_name = 
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department =
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of =
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
In the [[India|Republic of India]], a [[Governor (India)|lieutenant governor]] is the constitutional head of five of the [[Union territory|eight union territories]]. They rank 11th in the [[order of precedence in India]]. The lieutenant governor is appointed by the [[President of India]] for a term of five years, and holds office at the President's pleasure. Since the union territories of [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] have a measure of self-government with an elected [[State Legislature (India)|legislature]] and [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]], the role of the lieutenant governor there is mostly a ceremonial one, akin to that of a [[States and union territories of India|state's]] [[Governor (India)|governor]]. In [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Ladakh]] however, the lieutenant governor holds more power, being both the head of state and head of government

== Oath (Lieutenant Governor) ==
“I ..... (name of the lieutenant governor), do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will faithfully
execute the office of Lieutenant Governor (or discharge the functions
of the Lieutenant Governor) of .............(name of the Union Territory) and will to
the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name
of the Union Territory).”
==List of incumbent lieutenant governors ==
'''Legend'''
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Additional Charge
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Acting
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Lieutenant Governor- designate
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Union Territory
!List
! class="unsortable" | Portrait
! Officeholder
! Took office
(term length)
! Appointed by
!Chief Minister
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|List]]
| [[File:DK Joshi official portrait.jpg|151x151px]]
| '''[[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]'''
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|10|08}}
({{ayd|2017|10|08}})
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|''No legislature''
|-
|[[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|List]]
|[[File:Taranjit Singh Sandhu, Ambassador of India to the United States at the Pentagon on December 7, 2023 (cropped).jpg|133x133px]]
|'''[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]'''
| {{dts|format=dmy|2026|03|11}}
({{ayd|2026|03|11}})
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|List]]
| [[File:Manoj Sinha Lt. Governor (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Manoj Sinha]]'''
| {{dts|format=dmy|2020|08|07}}
({{ayd|2020|08|07}})
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|-
| [[Ladakh]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh|List]]
| [[File:Vinai Kumar Saxena (cropped).jpg|135x135px]]
| '''[[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]'''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|03|13}}
({{ayd|2026|03|13}})
| rowspan="2" |[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|''No legislature''
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|List]]
| -
|'''[[Kuniyil Kailashnathan]]'''
| {{dts|format=dmy|2024|08|07}}
({{ayd|2024|08|07}})
|[[N. Rangaswamy]]
|}
== Oath (Administrators) ==
Future Administrators are required to say the below oath aloud.

{{quote|I..... [name of the Administrator], do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will faithfully execute the office of Lieutenant Governor [or discharge the functions of the Administrator] of [name of the Union Territory] and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of [name of the Union Territory]."}}

==List of incumbent Administrators==
'''Legend'''
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Additional Charge
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Acting
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Administrator- designate
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Union Territory
!List
!Portrait
!Officeholder
!Took Office
(term length)
!Appointed By
!Ref
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[List of administrators of Chandigarh|List]]
| [[File:GC Kataria.jpg|125x125px]]
|'''[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]'''
|31 July 2024
({{ayd|31 Jul 2024|}})
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
| rowspan="3"|-
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|[[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|List]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Shri Praful Khoda Patel.jpg|113x113px]]
|'''[[Praful Khoda Patel]]'''
|26 January 2020
({{ayd|26 Jan 2020|}})
|rowspan="2"|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|[[List of administrators of Lakshadweep|List]]
|'''[[Praful Khoda Patel]]'''{{note label|‡|‡|‡}}
|5 December 2020
({{ayd|5 Dec 2020|}})
|}

==See also==
* [[Governor (India)]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons]]
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]
* [[List of current Indian chief justices]]
* [[List of vice presidents of India]]

[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists|G]]
[[Category:Lists of current office-holders in India|G ]]
[[Category:Lists of lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian union territories|* ]]

Srinivasa Sethupathi

2026-05-08T06:56:58Z

Antonioctj: Started Some Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Srinivasa Sethupathi''' is an Indian politician from the state of Tamil Nadu. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|sivaganga(Tiruppattur)Assembly constituency]] as a candidate of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK) party.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharat|first=E. T. V.|date=2026-05-05|title=TVK leader wins by one vote – shock to cabinet minister – Vijay seeks Governor's appointment|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/bharat/one-vote-heartbreak-for-dmk-minister-as-tvk-snatches-tiruppattur-and-vijay-writes-letter-to-governor-government-formation-ten26050501677|access-date=2026-05-05|website=ETV Bharat News|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ABN|date=2026-05-05|title=TVK candidate wins by just one vote in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2026/videos/abn-videos/tvk-candidate-wins-by-just-1-vote-in-tamil-nadu-vijay-moves-to-form-government-suchi-1520236.html|access-date=2026-05-05|website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News|language=te}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Srinivasa Sethupathi is approximately 38 years old. He hails from [[Sivaganga district]] in Tamil Nadu. Professionally, he is founder of kochadaiyan hospital and Happtrend media karaikudi

== Political career ==
Srinivasa Sethupathi contested in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur Assembly constituency]] as a candidate of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] party, founded by actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].

In this election, he achieved a sensational victory against senior [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) leader and minister [[K. R. Periyakaruppan]]. Periyakaruppan had been winning from this constituency consecutively since 2006.

Sethupathi received 83,375 votes, while Periyakaruppan secured 83,374 votes. The result marked an exceptionally narrow victory, with a margin of just one vote.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srimathi |first=Meghna M. & Geetha |date=2026-05-05 |title=The highest and lowest margins of victory in 2026 Assembly poll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-highest-and-lowest-margins-of-victory-in-2026-assembly-poll/article70943515.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethupathi, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Greenvalley Public School

2026-05-05T06:17:37Z

Antonioctj: put up some pg first draft

{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Greenvalley Public School
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| motto = ''Service before Self''
| established = {{start date|1995}}
| closed =
| type = [[Private School|Private elementary and secondary]]
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| affiliations =
| principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label =
| founder = Molly Pradeep
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades = K–12
| address =
| city = [[Nellikuzhi]], [[Kothamangalam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0745|76.6020|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| district = Ernakulam
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus = [[Kothamangalam]]
| colors =
| colours = Green and white
| athletics =
| houses =
| mascot =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Greenvalley Public School''' is an educational institution in [[Nellikuzhi]], [[Kothamangalam]], in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]], for AISSE (Grade 10) and AISSCE (Grade 12) examinations. It was established in 1996 by Molly Pradeep, late wife of the present director, Pradeep Kuriakose. It has a sister school in [[Perumbavoor]], which provides elementary education.

== Academics ==
The school has eight periods a day, each around 40 minutes. The school day runs from 9:30 until 3:30. A snack break is held from 10:55-11:00am, lunch break from 12:55-1:20pm, and another short break from 2:45-2:50pm.

The school is open for Mothers' Pride to Grade 12 [Kindergarten to 12th standard] and the age group is from 3 years to 17 years. The school is divided into sub-juniors (kindergarten to III), juniors (III–VI) and seniors (VII-X) and super-seniors (XI and XII) classes.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/reviews/4907-Green-Valley-Public-School.aspx |title = Green Valley Public School, Kothamangalam, Kerala reviews}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
* Computer laboratory
* Mathematics laboratory
* Biology, physics and chemistry laboratories
* Library with magazines, newspaper and books
* Music, dance, jazz, yoga, sports, karate, drawing, work experience and art and crafts room
* Courts for basketball, tennis, badminton and martial arts
* First aid room with qualified nurses
* Stationery store, providing pens, pencils, books, other basics and uniform clothes
* Clean and hygienic washroom and toilets
* 15 school buses

== Club system ==
All students from classes III to X belong to one of the four clubs. The four clubs with their colours and mascots are:

* Victors - blue, [[Unicorn]]
* Legends - green, [[Lion]]
* Elites - red, [[Dragon]]
* Leaders - yellow, [[Horse]]

Each house is assigned a captain from class X, a vice-captain from class IX and three teachers-in-charge. Each house competes to win the best House Award every year. Inter-house competitions are also held throughout the year starting with floral carpet competitions during [[Onam]] celebrations. An inter-house sports tournament is also held, with [[track and field]] sports and [[chess]] competitions.

== School committee ==
The director and principal jointly choose a girl and a boy from class XII as head girl and head boy, who represent students in school programmes. The student committee is led by the head boy, the head girl and a sports captain from class XII. The house captains and vice captains are also members of the committee.

== Extra-curricular activities ==
Extra-curricular activities include football, volleyball, badminton, swimming, drawing/painting, drama, debate and quiz.

Elocution, recitation, quiz and light music are conducted on Arts Day. Indian games including [[Kho kho]] and [[kabaddi]] are also encouraged.

== School programmes ==
The school-conducted programmes include an Arts Day, Sports Day, Science/Maths/Computer Fair and celebrations on [[Christmas]] and [[Onam]]. For entertainment purposes the school conducts an anniversary celebration as well as an excursion. The school's anniversary function has been conducted biennially since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cochinsquare.com/kerala-mango-festival-in-cochin-townhall/ | title=Kerala Mango Festival in Cochin Townhall| date=9 July 2010}}</ref> The school also conducts the Kerala Mango Festival,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://keralamangofestival.com/ |title = Kerala Mango Festival presented by GRreenalley Public School}}</ref> at [[Ernakulam]] Town Hall in 2010 and at [[Kakkanad]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralaevents.in/events/kerala-mango-festival-2014-kakkanad/ |title=Kerala Mango Festival 2014 Kakkanad | Green Valley Public School presents 2nd Kerala Mango Festival » Kerala Events |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529113613/http://keralaevents.in/events/kerala-mango-festival-2014-kakkanad/ |archive-date=29 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Students from classes VII, VIII, IX and X organise the event under the guidance of the director and principal.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-feast-of-mangoes-awaits-the-visitor/article509049.ece | title=A feast of mangoes awaits the visitor| newspaper=The Hindu| date=10 July 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Kothamangalam, Kerala]]

Kesari (Marathi newspaper)

2026-05-03T10:24:28Z

Antonioctj: creating basic article more to come

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language newspaper}}
{{about|the Marathi newspaper|other uses|Kesari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Kesari
| logo = Kesari(newspaper)Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| image = Kesari(newspaper)Cover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1881|1|4|df=yes}}
| owners = Kesari Mahratta Trust<ref name="TH">{{Cite web |first=Siddesh |last=Inamdar |date=4 January 2010 |title=Tendency to dumb down journalism disturbing: N. Ram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tendency-to-dumb-down-journalism-disturbing-N.-Ram/article16835890.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221181556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tendency-to-dumb-down-journalism-disturbing-N.-Ram/article16835890.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| publisher = Kesari Mahratta Trust<ref name="TH" />
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.dailykesari.com/}}
| founder = [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
}}

'''''Kesari''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[newspaper]] which was founded on 4 January 1881 by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], a [[Swaraj|self-rule activist]] in the [[Indian independence movement]]. It is owned and managed by the Kesari Mahratta Trust, which also oversees ''Mahratta'', an English-language newspaper. Through Kesari, Tilak criticised [[British Raj|British colonial policies]], while promoting both [[Hindu nationalism]] and [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]. He was twice tried and imprisoned for [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|sedition]], in 1897 and 1908, for articles deemed inflammatory. Between 1924 and 1935, ''Kesari'' regularly published articles and editorials supporting [[Italian fascism]], [[Benito Mussolini]], and [[fascist Italy]]. By the 1940s, ''Kesari'' had become the newspaper of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Hindutva]] political party, and of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a Hindutva paramilitary organisation.

== Origins ==
[[File:KESARI.jpg|thumb|200px|The first edition of ''Kesari''.]]
''Kesari'' was established on 4 January 1881<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=Veteran scribe Dua to receive journalism award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Veteran-scribe-Dua-to-receive-journalism-award/articleshow/7198135.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815210257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/veteran-scribe-dua-to-receive-journalism-award/articleshow/7198135.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], a [[Swaraj|self-rule activist]] in the [[Indian independence movement]]. One of two weekly newspapers established by Tilak, ''Kesari'' was published in the [[Marathi language]], while its counterpart, ''Mahratta'', was published in English.{{Sfn|Tomar|Malik|2022|pages=147–167}} Tilak wrote several articles in ''Kesari'', on issues such as land tenure and revenue, war expenditure, high salaries paid to British officials, and the colonial exploitation of Indian resources.{{Sfn|Tomar|Malik|2022|pages=147–167}} A [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] who nevertheless supported [[Hindu–Muslim unity|Hindu-Muslim unity]], Tilak sought to create a Hindu public sphere. Many ''Kesari'' editorials described how this sphere was formed and mobilised through religious events, in an attempt to create a shared and cohesive national culture.{{Sfn|Seth|2006|pages=137–150}}

In 1897, Tilak was tried and imprisoned for [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|sedition]] on the basis of views he had expressed in ''Kesari''. The prosecution was triggered by his violent rhetoric in relation to the assassination of two plague officials, W. C. Rand and Charles Ayerst; the assassinations had occurred following the [[Bombay plague epidemic]], after which Tilak had counselled the "murder of Europeans".{{Sfn|Kamra|2016|pages=546–559}}{{Sfn|Upton|2017|pages=329–349}} In 1908, Tilak was again tried and imprisoned for sedition, when his articles in ''Kesari'' defended the Muzaffarpur bombings which had led to the [[Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and Others|Alipore bomb case]].{{Sfn|Upton|2017|pages=329–349}}{{Sfn|Watve|1947|page=157}} On both occasions of his imprisonment, [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]] assumed the role of editor.{{Sfn|Watve|1947|page=157}}

{{Blockquote|At one time such oppression gave rise to small insurrections in England; and it was only when the people of that country rose in rebellion, and, after dethroning the King, introduced constitutional rule that no occasion was left for them to resort to violent means for effecting administrative reform.|author=Bal Gangadhar Tilak|source=12 May 1908{{Sfn|Upton|2017|pages=329–349}}|title=''Kesari''}}

== Support of Italian fascism ==
From 1924 to 1935, ''Kesari'' regularly published articles and editorials in support of [[Italian fascism]], [[Benito Mussolini]], and [[fascist Italy]].{{Sfn|Casolari|2000|pages=219–224}} Across a series of editorials, the newspaper depicted Italy's transition from a [[Liberalism|liberal government]] to a [[Right-wing dictatorship#Europe|fascist dictatorship]] as a move from anarchy to order. Mussolini's political reforms, particularly the shift from elected [[Member of parliament|members of parliament]] to nominated ones and the substitution of [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy|parliament]] itself with the [[Grand Council of Fascism]], were also praised considerably.{{Sfn|Casolari|2000|page=219}}{{Sfn|Casolari|2020|pages=34–35}}

D. V. Tahmankar, the London correspondent of ''Kesari'', was a known admirer of Mussolini. In 1927, he published a biography entitled '<nowiki/>''Muslini ani Fashismo''<nowiki/>' ({{Literal translation|Mussolini and [[Fascism]]}}). The book detailed the organisation of the fascist state, the fascist social system, the [[Fascism and ideology|fascist ideology]], and Italy's recent history. The entirety of the final chapter was dedicated to fascist society and its institutions, notably the youth organisations.{{Sfn|Casolari|2000|page=219}}{{Sfn|Casolari|2020|pages=35–36}} A lengthy ''Kesari'' article, entitled '<nowiki/>''Italy and the Young Generations''<nowiki/>' and published on 13 August 1929, claimed that Italy's youth had taken over the leadership of the country from the older generations, resulting in what it described as a "fast ascent of Italy in every field". The discipline attributed to the Italian youth was explained as the product of strong and widespread religious sentiments, close attachment to the family, and respect for traditional values; these values were defined through the rejection of divorce and those who remained unmarried, and the denial of [[Women's suffrage|women’s right to vote]], with women depicted as having no role beyond the home.{{Sfn|Casolari|2000|page=219}}{{Sfn|Casolari|2020|page=35}}

== Association with Hindutva ==
By the 1940s, ''Kesari'' had become associated with the [[Hindutva|Hindutva movement]], serving as the newspaper of both the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] Hindutva political party, and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a Hindutva [[paramilitary]] organisation.{{Sfn|Jha|2024|page=14}}

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in India]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tomar |first=Ankit |title=Reappraising Modern Indian Thought: Themes and Thinkers |last2=Malik |first2=Suratha Kumar |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2022 |isbn=9789811914140}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Seth |first=Sanjay |year=2006 |title=The critique of renunciation: Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Hindu nationalism |journal=Postcolonial Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/13688790600657819}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kamra |first=Sukeshi |date=2016 |title=Law and Radical Rhetoric in British India: The 1897 Trial of Bal Gangadhar Tilak |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=39 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2016.1196529}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Upton |first=Robert E. |date=2017 |title='Take out a thorn with a thorn': B. G. Tilak’s legitimization of political violence |journal=Global Intellectual History |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/23801883.2017.1370240}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Watve |first1=K.N. |date=1947 |title=Sri Narasimha Chintaman "Alias" Tatyasaheb Kelkar |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=28 |issue=1/2 |jstor=44028058}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Marzia |last=Casolari |year=2000 |title=Hindutva's Foreign Tie-Up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |jstor=4408848}}
* {{Cite book |first=Marzia |last=Casolari |year=2020 |title=In the Shadow of the Swastika: The Relationships Between Indian Radical Nationalism, Italian Fascism and Nazism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780367508265}}
* {{Cite book |first=Dhirendra K. |last=Jha |year=2024 |title=Golwalkar: The Myth Behind the Man, The Man Behind the Machine |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=9788197949241}}
{{Refend}}

{{Bal Gangadhar Tilak}}
{{Fascism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kesari (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:1881 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1881]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Marathi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:20th century in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
[[Category:Fascist newspapers]]
[[Category:Fascism in India]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

Boroic languages

2026-05-01T11:20:25Z

Antonioctj:

{{Infobox language family
| name = Boroic
| altname =
| region = [[India]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]]?
| fam3 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| fam4 = [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]
| glotto = boro1284
| glottorefname = Boroic
| child1 = [[Barman language|Barman]]
| child2 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| child3 = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
| child4 = [[Kachari language|Kachari]]
| child5 = [[Kokborok]]
| child6 = [[Moran language|Moran]]
| child7 = [[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]]
}}
The '''Boroic languages''' (also simply '''Boro languages''' in a wider sense<ref>{{cite book |last1=Post |first1= W. |last2=Burling |first2=Robbins |year=2017 |chapter=The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeast India |title=Sino-Tibetan Languages |editor1=Graham Thurgood |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>) are a group within the [[Boro-Garo languages]] which are spoken in and around the [[Brahmaputra Valley|Brahmaputra basin]], [[Barak Valley]] and [[Tripura]] of present-day [[northeast India]]. They are:
*[[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
*[[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
*[[Kachari language|Kachari]]
*[[Kokborok]] (Tripuri)
*[[Tiwa language (India)|Tiwa]]

The [[Barman language|Barman]] language is a Boroic language spoken by the [[Barman Kacharis]].

''Ethnologue'' (21st edition) include ''Riang'' and ''Usoi'' as separate languages within the Kokborok language cluster.

Jacquesson (2017:112)<ref name="Jacquesson2017">Jacquesson, François and van Breugel, Seino (2017). "The linguistic reconstruction of the past: The case of the Boro-Garo languages." In ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'', 40, 90-122.{{doi|10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van}} [Note: English translation of the French original: Jacquesson, François (2006). ‘La reconstruction linguistique du passé: Le cas des language Boro-Garo’. ''Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris'' 101(1): 273–303.]</ref> also includes Bru (also known as Riang) as a Bodo language.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.
*Joseph, U.V.; and Burling, Robbins. 2006. ''Comparative phonology of the Boro Garo languages''. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Publication.
*Wood, Daniel Cody. 2008. [http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9485 ''An Initial Reconstruction of Proto-Boro-Garo'']. M.A. Thesis, University of Oregon.

==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=288-16 Ethnologue page on Bodo languages]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=BD&seq=10 Ethnologue map of languages of Bangladesh]

{{refend}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sal languages}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sal languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

[[pt:Línguas bodo]]

Pindam

2026-04-27T23:23:51Z

Antonioctj: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pindam
| image = Pindam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Saikiran Reddy Daida
| writer = Saikiran Reddy Daida
| screenplay =
| story = Kavi Siddhartha Toby Osborne
| based_on = 
| producer = Kalaahi Media Yeshwanth Daggumati Prabu Raja
| starring = [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] [[Kushee Ravi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sathish Manoharan
| editing = Sirish Prasad
| music = Krishna Saurabh Surampalli
| studio = Kalaahi Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|15}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pindam''''' ({{Translation|Fetus}}) is a 2023 [[India]]n [[Telugu language|Telugu]] horror thriller film directed by Saikiran Reddy Daida. The film stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] and [[Kushee Ravi]] in her Telugu debut with [[Easwari Rao]] and [[Srinivas Avasarala]] in supporting roles.

The film is based on a true incident that happened in a house in [[Nalgonda]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pindam-all-you-need-to-know-about-sriram-kushee-ravis-horror-drama/a9cfe4e4d6355 |title=Pindam - All you need to know about Sriram, Kushee Ravi's horror drama |date=12 December 2023 |first=Srivathsan |last=Nadadhur |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]}}</ref> The film was released on 15 December 2023 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/nov/18/pindam-gets-release-date-49669.html |title=Pindam gets release date |date=18 November 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211022420/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/nov/18/pindam-gets-release-date-49669.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=27 January 2024 |title='Pindam' in OTT: Here is the official confirmation of this horror film's digital debut |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pindam-in-ott-here-is-the-official-confirmation-of-this-horror-films-digital-debut-854233 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Sriram]] as Anthony
*[[Kushee Ravi]] as Mary
*[[Easwari Rao]] as Annamma
*[[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Loknath
*[[Ravi Varma Adduri|Ravi Varma]] as Nayudamma
*Manik Reddy
*Baby Chaitra
* Baby Leisha
* Vijayalakshmi
* Srilatha
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Krishna Saurabh Surampalli{{Cn|date=November 2024}}
| all_lyrics = Kavi Siddartha
| title1 = Jeeva Pindam
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 5:06
| title2 = Guvva Gelichindi
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 2:27
| total_length = 7:33
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]'' wrote that "''Pindam'' emerges as a true-blue horror film that not only adheres to the genre's conventions but also introduces a fresh thematic perspective. The film's success lies in its ability to blend suspense, horror, and emotional turmoil seamlessly. As audiences engage with the spectral mysteries and temporal twists, Pindam stands poised to leave a lasting imprint in the realm of horror cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/pindam-movie-review-a-spine-chilling-film-travelling-through-time-and-terror-review-105999141 |title=Pindam Movie Review: A Spine-Chilling Film Travelling Through Time And Terror |publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215065021/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/pindam-movie-review-a-spine-chilling-film-travelling-through-time-and-terror-review-105999141 |url-status=live}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' wrote that "''Pindam'' scares here and there".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/pindam-movie-review-telugu/0203/123232510 |title=Pindam movie review: 'Pindam' review... How is the horror movie |work=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215065020/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/pindam-movie-review-telugu/0203/123232510 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|29548562}}

[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Adamya Chethana Foundation

2026-04-25T19:36:09Z

Antonioctj: stub

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Adamya Chetana
| formation = 1997
| native_name = ಅದಮ್ಯ ಚೇತನ ಫೌಂಡೇಶನ್
| native_name_lang = kn
| image = AdamyaChetanaBangalore.jpg
| caption =
| map =
| founder = [[Ananth Kumar]] and [[Tejaswini AnanthKumar]]
| type = [[nonprofit organization]]
| status =
| purpose = Social welfare
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| website = www.adamyachetana.org
}}
'''Adamya Chetana''' is a non-profit [[non-governmental organization|organisation]] based in [[Bangalore, India]]. The foundation has engaged in various projects in education and social sectors in the key areas of [[food]], [[literature]], [[health]], [[nature]], and [[culture]]. It was founded in 1997 by Indian politician [[Ananth Kumar]] in memory of his mother Girija Shastri. The organization focuses on various social welfare activities. [[Tejaswini Ananth Kumar]] has been serving as the Managing Trustee since the day of inception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.adamyachetana.org/about-us/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Adamya Chetana |language=en}}</ref>

Founders Elected 6 times consecutively from Bangalore South Constituency, Mr [[Ananth Kumar|Ananthakumar]], who served as a [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Cabinet Grade Minister]] in the cabinet of Mr [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Mr [[Narendra Modi]] founded the organization "Adamya Chetana" in 1997 in memory of his mother, Mrs. Girija Shastri.

== Annapurna ==
Under the Annapurna scheme launched in 2003, in collaboration with the central and state governments, a total of 1,60,000 children are being supplied with clean and nutritious [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meals]] every afternoon from kitchen centers in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hubli]], [[Kalaburagi]] and [[Jodhpur]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Due to this scheme, attendance in schools has increased and there has been significant improvement in children's health and the quality of learning. The organization provides meals to thousands of students in various government and government-aided schools in Bangalore and other parts of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-qkmYkTg_E |title=India's First Green Kitchen & Cutlery Bank by Adamya Chethana {{!}} Tejaswini AnanthKumar {{!}} TEDxABBS |date=2023-07-31 |last=TEDx Talks |access-date=2024-07-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Sustainable initiatives ==
The use of fossil fuel has been completely banned in the Annapurna cooking center and 60 cylinders or 30 liters of diesel/petrol per day has been completely stopped since 2008. Using garbage as fuel, cooking is done entirely with renewable fossil-free fuel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adamya Chetana |url=https://issuu.com/renure/docs/20171102_mhrd_compendium_v029/s/10635277 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Issuu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

'''Garbage-free Kitchen:''' 2010 Rind boasts an indomitable spirit to be a completely garbage-free kitchen, with no waste given to the municipal corporation. Thanks to the successful zero-waste kitchen experiment, hundreds of kitchens in Bangalore have been converted into zero-waste kitchens. The water from which the rice is washed is applied to the plants without spoiling it. One vehicle has been reserved for this, besides planting trees, encouraging organic farming and promoting waste management and recycling.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-05 |title=Zero waste at Adamya Chethana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/zero-waste-at-adamya-chethana/articleshow/18351646.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Health ==
The organization conducts health camps and provides medical assistance to underprivileged communities, provides free health check-ups, distributes medicines and creates awareness about health and hygiene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Seva |title=Covid Vaccination at Adamya Chetana - Seva Bharathi |url=https://www.chetanasociety.in/covid-vaccination-at-adamya-chetana/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.chetanasociety.in/ |language=en-US}}</ref> In the context of the pandemic covid wave that shocked mankind, the organization performed its social responsibility. The kitchen was staffed by volunteers during the first wave of the COVID-19 lockdown. Every day 20,000 food packets were made and distributed to the people of Bangalore. 28,000 food packets were also distributed and more than 7,00,000 meals were provided. This food was distributed especially to homeless workers and students of North India. During the second wave of Covid 16,00 food packages and provided meals to 70,000 people every day for 40 days. Meals were delivered to the Covid fighters like doctors, nurses, lifeguards, Rudrabhoomi Sevakartas and the victims of Covid at their place of residence. 6,500 meals were provided continuously for 40 days<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth For Seva - COVID-19 Relief Activities |url=https://www.youthforseva.org/COVID-19-Relief-Activities |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.youthforseva.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Annapoorna Trust in collaboration with Adamya Chetana NGO and with support from Microfocus is providing Cooked meals to Covid Warriors - annapoorna |url=https://annapoorna.org.in/2021/06/02/annapoorna-adamya-chetana-cooked-meals/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://annapoorna.org.in/2021/06/23/impact-cooked-meals-to-medical-staff-40-hospitals-bangalore/]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEWSTRAIL {{!}} English daily published in Bengaluru & Doha |url=https://www.newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=1826 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.newstrailindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NEWSTRAIL {{!}} English daily published in Bengaluru & Doha |url=https://newstrailindia.com/inner.php?id=2046 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=newstrailindia.com}}</ref>

== Education ==
It supports education by providing school supplies, scholarships and learning resources to the needed students. Coaching classes and skill development programs are also conducted to enhance the academic results of the students<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Aishwarya |title=Field Visit To Adamya Chetana Trust |url=https://bpac.in/field-visit-to-adamya-chetana-trust/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=B.PAC |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adamya Chetana Day Care Centre - Seva Bharathi |url=https://www.chetanasociety.in/adamya-chetana-day-care-centre/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.chetanasociety.in/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Units - Seva Bharathi |url=https://www.chetanasociety.in/our-units/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.chetanasociety.in/ |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Women empowerment ==
The organization helps women through various initiatives like vocational training, self-help groups and awareness programs on health and rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSSCT |url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-article-135.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.srisathyasai.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxABBS {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/52662 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

== Plate bank ==
Plastic cups and plates are used for meals and snacks in most gatherings, in some places walnut plates are used. But due to this, the amount of garbage is increasing. These are not being recycled properly, causing environmental pollution in the city. As an alternative to this, around 10,000 steel plates, spoons and cups have been purchased and stored at Adamya Chetana. These steel plates will be provided free of cost for the use of food in any meetings and functions held in the city. Use sparingly – reuse is the mantra of an irrepressible spirit<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-21 |title=A plate and tumbler bank! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/a-plate-and-tumbler-bank/articleshow/53791011.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
Adamya Chetana was recognized for its impressive work in the community, especially in the successful implementation of the midday meal program.

The organization has expanded its reach to serve meals to tens of thousands of children every day, contributing significantly to their nutritional needs and education.

The Karnataka government has honored the institution with the Amrita Mahotsava State Award<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-11-01 |title=Rohan Bopanna, Dr Sudarshan, Adamya Chetana among 66 chosen for awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/Nov/01/dr-sudarshan-adamya-chetana-among-66chosen-for-awards-2378157.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Food donation, health service great work: President<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಅನ್ನದಾನ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯಸೇವೆ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಕಾರ್ಯ: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/adamya-chethana-programme-inaugurated/articleshow/56259826.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Adamya Chetana Boiler.jpg
| image2 = Adamya Chetana Fuel.jpg
| total_width = 900
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| width = 600
| image3 = Adamya Chetana Nitya Annadana.jpg
| caption3 = Free meal for citizens
| image4 = Adamya Chetana AnnaDhana.jpg
| image5 = Adamya Chetana Workers.jpg
| caption5 = Workers in the Kitchen
| image6 = Adamya Chetana Kitchen 3.jpg
}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

&TV

2026-04-25T18:28:13Z

Antonioctj:

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language television channel}}
{{distinguish|TV (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = &TV
| logo = &TV 2025.svg
| logo_size = 300px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2015|3|2}} (India and MENA) {{Start date and age|df=y|2015|4|6}} (UK and Europe) Original)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/viral/shah-rukh-khan-launches-tv-channel-in-uk-and-europe-332556/|title=Shah Rukh Khan launches &TV channel in UK and Europe {{pipe}} India.com|website=India.com}}</ref> {{Start date and age|df=y|2016|8|31}} (USA) {{cite web|title=Sling TV and DISH Announce Landmark Agreement with Zee|url=https://about.dish.com/2016-06-02-Sling-TV-and-DISH-Announce-Landmark-Agreement-with-Zee}} 11 November 2024 (UK) (revival)
| network =
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| owner = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = Worldwide
| language = [[Hindi]]
| affiliates =
| former_names =
| replaced = Lamhe (UK)
| replaced_by =
| timeshift_service = &TV +1
| website = {{URL|http://andtv.zee5.com/}}
| terr_serv_1 = [[DVB-T2]] (India)
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| availability_note = - Available on all major Indian DTH & Cables.
| online_serv_1 = [[ZEE5]]
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
| online_serv_2 = [[Jio TV]]
| online_chan_2 = SD & HD
| closed_date = 1 June 2019 (UK)
}}

'''&TV''', also known as '''And TV''', is a [[Hindi]]-language entertainment channel owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] (ZEEL). Launched as a general entertainment channel from ZEEL group, it started broadcasting on 2 March 2015 with internationally in Middle East.<ref name=launch>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ZEE-Entertainment-launches-new-Hindi-General-Entertainment-Channel-TV/articleshow/45974989.cms ZEE Entertainment launches new Hindi General Entertainment Channel '&TV']. [[Times of India]]. 22 January 2015.</ref> On 6 April 2015, &TV launched in UK replace Lamhe. On 1 June 2019, &TV was closed in the UK due to the launch of [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/its-destination-zee5-zing-tv-and-living-foodz-to-be-available-as-digital-only-channels-on-zee5-in-uk-3658503/|title=Its Destination ZEE5: Zing, &TV, and Living Foodz to be Available as Digital-Only Channels on ZEE5 in UK {{pipe}} India.com|website=India.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=And TV: Top Stories On Latest And TV Hindi Serials & Shows, Hindi Movie Reviews, Gossip And News Updates {{!}} ZEE5 |url=https://andtv.zee5.com/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=&TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch &TV HD Live Online in HD |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/andtv-hd/0-9-tvhd_0 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref> On 11 November 2024, &TV relaunched in the UK on [[Samsung TV Plus]] and [[Rakuten TV|Rakuten tv]] on 10 March 2025.

==Associated channels==
===&Pictures ===
{{Infobox television channel
| name = &Pictures
| logo = &Pictures 2025.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| type = Movie channel
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| owner = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| launch_date = August 18, 2013
}}
'''&Pictures''' is a [[Hindi]] satellite movie channel in India based in [[Mumbai]]. The channel is owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]].<ref>{{citeweb|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zee-to-launch-movie-channel-under-new-brand-pictures/article5003965.ece |title=Zee to launch movie channel under new brand '& pictures' {{pipe}} Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2013-08-08 |access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> It is the first channel of Zee Entertainment Enterprises under the new brand '''&'''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nandini Raghavendra |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-01/news/40963081_1_satellite-rights-zee-entertainment-film-rights |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901063915/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-01/news/40963081_1_satellite-rights-zee-entertainment-film-rights |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2013 |title=Zee buys satellite rights of Chennai Express for its upcoming channel '& Pictures' – Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date= |access-date=2013-09-01}}</ref>

===&Xplor HD===
[[File:&xplor HD 2025.svg|thumb|&Xplor HD logo]]
'''&Xplor HD''' is an HD-only premium movie channel owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]. It was launched on 18 July 2019 only on [[Airtel Digital TV]], but by late 2023, they added the channel on [[Tata Play]]. It shows critically-acclaimed and arthouse Bollywood movies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEEL launches &xplorHD, HD channel in Hindi movie category - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zeel-launches-xplorhd-hd-channel-in-hindi-movie-category-98204.html|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=2019-07-18|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=exchange4media|last=Staff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=&Xplor HD added on Tata Play - Journalism Guide|url=https://journalismguide.in/xplor-hd-added-on-tata-play/|website=journalismguide.in|date=2023-10-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Current broadcasts ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Premiere date
!Show
|-
|15 December 2025
|''[[Gharwali Pedwali]]''
|}

== Former broadcasts ==

=== Drama ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015–2016
|''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]''
|
|-
|''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Agnifera]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Bhagyalakshmi (2015 TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|[[Begusarai (TV series)|''Begusarai'']]
|<ref>"TV's 'Begusarai' to end soon, will have a happy ending - Times of India". ''[[Times of India]]''. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Badii Devrani]]''
|
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Badho Bahu]]''
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''Bitti Business Wali''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=And TV's Bitti Business Wali Actors Allege Non-Payment of Dues; Threaten to Approach Police!|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/and-tvs-bitti-business-wali-actors-allege-non-payment-of-dues-threaten-to-approach-police-868249.html/amp|work=Latestly|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Chupke Chupke''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=&TV's Chupke Chupke – The story of an unusual marriage... bound by a contract|url=https://www.mediainfoline.com/dailysoap/tvs-chupke-chupke-the-story-of-an-unusual-marriage-bound-by-a-contract|work=Mediainfoline|accessdate=5 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''
|
|-
|2022–2023
|''Doosri Maa''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=&TV presents a heartwarming story on with 'Doosri Maa'|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/tv-presents-a-heartwarming-story-on-motherhood-with-doosri-maa|work=afaqs|accessdate=19 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2024
|''[[Ek Mahanayak – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi (TV series)|Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi]]''
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Gangaa]]''
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''Ghar Ek Mandir Kripa Agrasen Maharaj Ki''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=पहली बार छोटे परदे पर उतरेगी महाराजा अग्रसेन की कथा, जी स्टूडियोज ने की धारावाहिक निर्माण की शुरुआत|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/ghar-ek-mandir-kripa-agrasen-maharaja-ki-set-to-premiere-on-10-august-produced-by-zee-studios|work=Amarujala|accessdate=5 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Half Marriage (TV series)|Half Marriage]]''
|
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Hoshiyar... Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Jaat Na Poocho Prem Ki]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Kahani Hamari... Dil Dosti Deewanepan Ki]]''
|
|-
|2020
|''Kahat Hanuman Jai Shree Ram''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=बाली बनकर ये अभिनेता कर रहा है कड़ी चुनौतियों का सामना, बताई अपनी दुखभरी दास्तां|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/kahat-hanuman-jai-shri-ram-actor-nirbhay-wadhwa-is-facing-issues-with-his-heavy-gadda|work=Amarujala|accessdate=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai]]''
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Mitegi Laxman Rekha]]''
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]''
|
|-
|2017–2020
|''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
|
|-
|2018–2019
|''Perfect Pati''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaya Prada on her TV debut Perfect Pati: I play a very progressive character|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jaya-prada-tv-debut-perfect-pati-5337409/lite/|work=Indianexpress|accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''Queens Hai Hum''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Queens Hain Hum: This Hindi TV show about five women is like a sanskari Sex and the City|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/queens-hain-hum-this-hindi-tv-show-about-five-women-is-like-a-sanskari-sex-and-the-city-3138234.html/amp|work=Firstpost|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]''
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Saubhagyalakshmi]]''
|
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Siddhi Vinayak]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Tere Bin (2016 TV series)|Tere Bin]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''Tujhse Naaraz Nahin Zindagi''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.erojana.com/ashish-sharma-come-back-tujhse-naraaz-nahi-zindagi-tv/2612 |title=Ashish Sharma come back with Tujhse Naraaz Nahi Zindagi on &TV |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091658/http://www.erojana.com/ashish-sharma-come-back-tujhse-naraaz-nahi-zindagi-tv/2612 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''Vaani Rani''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vani-rani-a-tale-of-estranged-twins/articleshow/59941553.cms|title='Vani Rani': A tale of estranged twins|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-07|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum]]''
|
|-
|2020–2021
|[[Yeshu (TV series)|''Yeshu'']]
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''Bheema-Andhkar Se Adhikar Tak''
|
|}

=== Comedy ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Show
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Aur Bhai Kya Chal Raha Hai]]''
|-
|2017
|''[[Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot]]''
|-
|2015-2025
|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|-
|2019–2021
|''[[Gudiya Hamari Sabhi Pe Bhari]]''
|-
|2019–2026
|''[[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]''
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Happy Hours (TV series)|Happy Hours]]''
|-
|2016
|''[[LKR (TV series)|LKR – Life Ka Recharge]]''
|-
|2019
|''[[Shaadi Ke Siyape]]''
|}

=== Horror, fantasy and supernatural ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Ref
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Daayan (TV series)|Daayan]]''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''Kuldeepak''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=&TV to premier socio-thriller Kuldeepak on 27th March at 7PM time band|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/tv-to-premier-socio-thriller-kuldeepak-on-27th-march-at-7pm-time-band/|work=Medianews4u|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|
|}

=== Reality / Non-scripted programming ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Ref
|-
|2015
|''[[Deal Ya No Deal]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''High Fever''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/india-dikhayega-dance-ka-naya-tevar-on-tv-s-high-fever-180312|title=India dikhayega dance ka naya tevar on &TV's high fever|date=2018-03-12|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun?]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/india-poochega-sabse-shana-kaun-tv-review-shah-rukh-khans-magic-adds-flavour-to-an-interesting-game-show/|title=India Poochega – Sabse Shaana Kaun? TV review: Shah Rukh Khan's magic adds flavour to an interesting game show|publisher=Bollywood Life|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''India's Asli Champion''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/supa-parveen-niraj-rao-win-indias-asli-champion-hai-dum-1456595.html|title=Supa Parveen, Niraj Rao Win India's Asli Champion...Hai Dum!|website=News18|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Killer Karoke Atkah Toh Latkah''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-to-launch-new-killer-singing-game-show-150210|title=&TV to launch new 'Killer' singing game show|date=2015-02-10|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Love Me India]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/abhijeet-sawant-reality-show-love-me-india-5291380/|title=Abhijeet Sawant returns to reality shows with Love Me India|date=2018-08-04|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[So You Think You Can Dance (Indian TV series)|So You Think You Can Dance]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/varun-dhawan-hrithik-roshan-to-judge-so-you-think-you-can-dance/story-8cQj0fOcR1qMkLX1FtuEmO.html|title=Varun Dhawan, Hrithik Roshan to judge So You Think You Can Dance?|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=28 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Shaadi Mubarak – Phere Aur Fun Unlimited''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding-Themed Reality Show Shaadi Mubarak: Phere Aur Fun Unlimited To Premiere Soon|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/wedding-themed-reality-show-shaadi-mubarak-phere-aur-fun-unlimited-to-premiere-soon-1759462/amp|work=Abplive|accessdate=21 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Taste Match''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-a-husband-i-rate-myself-10/10-shikhar-dhawan-in-taste-match/articleshow/58262305.cms|title="As a husband, I rate myself 10/10": Shikhar Dhawan in Taste Match – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[The Voice (Indian TV series)|The Voice]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/v-reporter-meet-jain-plays-blindfold-with-talents-backstage.html|title=V Reporter Meet Jain plays blindfold with talents backstage|publisher=&TV|date=2015|access-date=14 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116170630/http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/v-reporter-meet-jain-plays-blindfold-with-talents-backstage.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[The Voice India Kids]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-Bhanushali-confirmed-as-The-Voice-India-Kids-host/articleshow/52939952.cms|title=Jay Bhanushali confirmed as 'The Voice India Kids' host|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 June 2016|access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://andtv.zee5.com}}

{{Essel Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:andTV}}
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Garcinia pedunculata

2026-04-21T01:50:55Z

Antonioctj: put up the pg added tags

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Garcinia_pedunculata.jpeg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. |author2=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |year=2025 |title=''Garcinia pedunculata'' |volume=2025 |article-number=e.T250632008A250632010 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T250632008A250632010.en |language=en |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
|genus = Garcinia
|species = pedunculata
|authority = [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]] ex [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]
|synonyms = ''Garcinia planchonii'' {{small|Pierre}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Garcinia pedunculata'' Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927763-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Garcinia pedunculata''''' is an evergreen tree related to the purple mangosteen (''[[Garcinia mangostana]]''). The tree is native to south-eastern Asia, including northeastern India, Bangladesh, the eastern Himalayas southeastern Tibet, northern Indochina (Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam), and western [[Yunnan]] in south-central China.<ref name = powo/> It is popularly known in India as ''Amlavetasa'', in Bangladesh as ''Thoikor'' or ''Taikor'' and in Assam as ''Bor Thekera(বৰ থেকেৰা )''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Jasmin |last2=Devi |first2=Vivekanandini |last3=Langching |first3=Jyoti |title=Medicinal and antioxidant activity of Garcinia pedunculata: a valuable underutilized fruit of Assam |journal=Journal of Postharvest Technology |date=November 2021 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=11–22 |url=http://jpht.in/MenuscriptFile/553cd9c7-21ac-48b1-8654-a720cb62455e.pdf |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=S |last2=Ali |first2=MY |last3=Rumpa |first3=NE |last4=Tanvir |first4=EM |last5=Hossen |first5=MS |last6=Saha |first6=M |last7=Bhoumik |first7=NC |last8=Gan |first8=SH |last9=Khalil |first9=MI |title=Assessment of Toxicity and Beneficiary Effects of Garcinia pedunculata on the Hematological, Biochemical, and Histological Homeostasis in Rats. |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=2017 |volume=2017 |article-number=4686104 |doi=10.1155/2017/4686104 |pmid=28243309 |pmc=5294221 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is a large evergreen tree which grows in mixed deciduous forests, dry evergreen forests, lower montane rain forests, at dry evergreen and tropical evergreen rain forest edges, and along streams, from sea level to 1,200 metres elevation.<ref name = iucn/>

==Tree and fruit==
''Garcinia pedunculata'' is a large evergreen tree with a fluted trunk and short spreading branches. Leaves are lanceolate with prominent midribs. Male flowers are light green in sparsely flowered [[panicles]]. The female flowers are solitary. The roundish fruit has a diameter ranging between 8 and 12 cm. It has a juicy interior with edible [[arils]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamforest.in/publication/wildEdible_plantsAssam.pdf|title=''Wild Edible Plants of Assam''|publisher=Director, Forest Communication, Forest Department, Assam, India.|access-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052006/http://assamforest.in/publication/wildEdible_plantsAssam.pdf|archive-date=2014-06-29}}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:Sukan thekera.JPG|left|thumb|Dried fruit of ''Garcinia pedunculata'']]
The ripe fruit is eaten cooked or raw. Usually the ripe or raw fruits are sliced, sun-dried and preserved. In the state of [[Assam]] the fruit is used in cooking to add a sour flavour.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10935878}}

==See also==
* [[Mangosteen]]
* [[Garcinia assamica]]
* [[Garcinia xanthochymus]]
* [[Garcinia cowa]]
* [[Garcinia lanceifolia]]
* [[Garcinia morella]]

[[Category:Garcinia|pedunculata]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Flora of East Himalaya]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Laos]]
[[Category:Flora of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Flora of Thailand]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Flora of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Fruit vegetables]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1827]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]

Kalaktang Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:40Z

Antonioctj: creating new data nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalaktang
| map_image = Kalaktang Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| district = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| mla = Tseten Chombay Kee
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 10,992
}}
'''Kalaktang''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[West Kameng district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Rinchin Khandu Khrimey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || D. K. Thongdok
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Rinchin Khandu Khrimey || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4039-arunachal-pradesh-2009/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> || rowspan=2 | [[Tenzing Norbu Thongdok]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4040-arunachal-pradesh-2014/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=results2019/> || [[Dorjee Wangdi Kharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S025.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517092012/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S025.htm |archivedate=17 May 2025 |accessdate=17 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Kalaktang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Kalaktang (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/kalaktang |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517091950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/kalaktang |archivedate=17 May 2025 |accessdate=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>|| [[Tseten Chombay Kee]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Chombay Kee |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,030 |percentage=65.03% |change={{increase}}26.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangdi Dorjee Khrimey |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,161 |percentage=34.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=82 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,869 |percentage=30.94% |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,273 |percentage=84.36% |change= {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,992 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019]]: Kalaktang<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Wangdi Kharma]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=5,026 |percentage=59.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tenzing Norbu Thongdok]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,254 |percentage=38.77% |change={{increase}}33.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=113 |percentage=1.35% |change={{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,772 |percentage=21.11% |change= {{increase}}12.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,393 |percentage=87.09% |change= {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,637 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tenzing Norbu Thongdok]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,110 |percentage=51.59% |change={{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Sonam |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,401 |percentage=42.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Khandu Thongon |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=400 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=56 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=709 |percentage=8.90% |change= {{decrease}}8.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,967 |percentage=87.01% |change= {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,156 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tenzing Norbu Thongdok]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,189 |percentage=58.61% |change={{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Khandu Khrimey |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,958 |percentage=41.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,231 |percentage=17.22% |change= {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,147 |percentage=78.35% |change= {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,122 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Khandu Khrimey |party=Independent politician |votes=3,149 |percentage=55.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. K. Thongdok |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,520 |percentage=44.45% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=629 |percentage=11.10% |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,669 |percentage=64.30% |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,562 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. K. Thongdok |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,630 |percentage=43.68% |change={{decrease}}17.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Khandu Khrimey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,359 |percentage=39.18% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leiki Wangchuk |party=Independent politician |votes=1,032 |percentage=17.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=271 |percentage=4.50% |change= {{decrease}}17.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,021 |percentage=69.28% |change= {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,998 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Khandu Khrimey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,071 |percentage=61.16% |change={{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Tsering Khrime |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,585 |percentage=38.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,486 |percentage=22.33% |change= {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,656 |percentage=79.49% |change= {{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,604 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalaktang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchin Khandu Khrimey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,388 |percentage=65.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tsering |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,771 |percentage=34.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,617 |percentage=31.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,159 |percentage=80.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,528 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Kameng district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.1|92.11|display=title}}

[[Category:West Kameng district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Prem Sanyas

2026-04-18T15:37:40Z

Antonioctj: Stub

{{short description|1925 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Sanyas (The Light of Asia)
| image = File:Seeta Devi and Himansu Rai in Prem Sanyas (2).jpg
| caption = [[Seeta Devi (Actress)|Seeta Devi]] and [[Himanshu Rai]] in the film
| director = [[Franz Osten]] [[Himansu Rai]]
| producer = Great Eastern Film Corporation Münchner Lichtspielkunst AG
| writer = [[Edwin Arnold]] (story) [[Niranjan Pal]] (screenplay)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Seeta Devi (Actress)|Seeta Devi]] [[Himansu Rai]] [[Sarada Ukil]]
| music = Hansheinrich Dransmann
| cinematography = Willi Kiermeier and [[Josef Wirsching]].
| editing =
| distributor = Münchner Lichtspielkunst AG Great Eastern Film Corporation
| released = {{Film date|1925|10|22|Germany|2001|07|05|restored version|df=y}}
| runtime = 97 min
| country = Weimar Republic India
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}
[[File:The light of Asia (1925).webm|thumb|thumbtime=8|upright=1.5|''The Light of Asia'']]
'''''Prem Sanyas''''' ('''''The Light of Asia''''') (''Die Leuchte Asiens'' in German) is a 1925 silent film, directed by [[Franz Osten]] and [[Himansu Rai]]. It was adapted from the book, ''[[The Light of Asia]]'' (1879) in [[Verse (poetry)|verse]], by [[Edwin Arnold]], based on the life of Prince [[Siddhartha Gautama]], who founded [[Buddhism]] by becoming the Buddha or the "[[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Enlightened]] one".

==Production==
The film was an Indo-European co-production,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520114158/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/238733/The-Light-of-Asia/overview Overview] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> with German technicians and Indian actors, and it managed to steer clear of the usual exotic depiction of Indian culture favoured by western filmmakers up until then. It was made with the cooperation of the [[Maharajah]] of [[Jaipur]] and contained a cast of thousands. Shooting took place in [[Lahore]], in what is now [[Pakistan]], where the set decoration was created by [[Devika Rani]], the wife of actor/director [[Himanshu Rai]] and a noted actress herself. The film was released in the US by the Film Arts Guild on 11 May 1928.

==Synopsis==
[[File:Seeta Devi and Himansu Rai in Prem Sanyas (1).jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Seeta Devi (Actress)|Seeta Devi]] and [[Himanshu Rai]]]]
A tale from [[India]] about the origin of the Buddha, ''Prem Sanyas'' depicts the story of Prince Siddhartha Gautama (portrayed by director [[Himansu Rai]]), the man who became the Buddha, as he journeys from privilege and seclusion to awareness of the inevitability of life's suffering, finally renouncing his kingdom to seek enlightenment.

==Restoration and release==
The film was restored by [[Arte]], and released in 2001.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/movies/homevideo/15dvds.html?_r=1&oref=slogin ‘A Throw of Dice’ and Summer Serials] ''[[New York Times]]'', 15 July 2008.</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Seeta Devi (actress)|Seeta Devi]] ''Gopa''
* [[Himansu Rai]]: ''[[Gautama]]''
* [[Sarada Ukil]]: ''[[Suddhodana|King Suddhodhana]]''
* Rani Bala: ''[[Queen Maya]]''
* Profulla Roy

== See also ==
*[[Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film]]
*[[List of films made in Weimar Germany]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Prem Sanyas}}
* {{IMDb title|0016240|Prem Sanyas}}
* [http://www.spicevienna.org/showMovie.php?m=10560 Spicevienna.org], ''Prem Sanyas''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfM5-WqvquQ Short extract on Youtube]

{{Gautama Buddha|state=collapsed}}
{{Franz Osten}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1925 films]]
[[Category:German black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films of the Weimar Republic]]
[[Category:Films about Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:German silent feature films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Franz Osten]]
[[Category:Films based on poems]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Rediscovered German films]]
[[Category:1920s rediscovered films]]
[[Category:Rediscovered Indian films]]
[[Category:1925 Indian films]]
[[Category:Surviving silent films]]

EOS-N1

2026-04-18T02:28:52Z

Antonioctj: put up initial entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = EOS-N1
| image = EOS N1.webp
| image_caption = Anvesha being integrated to the payload fairing of its launch vehicle
| mission_type = [[Earth Observation]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]/[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| website = [https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_PSLV_C62.html]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| mission_duration =
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass =
| power = 
| launch_date = 12 January 2026 (lost in launch accident)
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C62]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan Space Centre FLP]]
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| entered_service =
| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]] (planned)
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] (planned)
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|505.291|km|mi|abbr=on}} <ref name="auto">https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/PSLVC62/PSLV_C62_Brochure080126.pdf isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/PSLVC62/PSLV_C62_Brochure080126.pdf</ref> (planned)
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|505.29|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto"/> (planned)
| orbit_inclination = 97.5 ± 0.12°<ref name="auto"/> (planned)
| orbit_period =
| programme = '''[[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|EOS series]]'''
| previous_mission = [[EOS-09]]
| next_mission = [[EOS-05]]
}}

'''EOS-N1''', also called '''Anvesha''', was an Indian [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] [[Earth observation satellite|earth imaging satellite]] said to be built by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] for strategic defence purposes as well as for civilian monitoring in agriculture, urban mapping, and environmental assessment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Manish |date=2026-01-11 |title=Isro to launch Anvesha satellite on PSLV-C62: Why no one can hide from it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-launch-drdo-eos-n1-anvesha-satellite-on-pslv-c62-why-no-one-can-hide-from-it-2849701-2026-01-11 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Little information has been publicly released regarding its capabilities and use. It was launched in 2026 aboard [[PSLV-C62]] but the rocket failed to reach orbit and the satellite was lost.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=‘Deviation seen in third-stage': Isro’s PSLV-C62 mission fails |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-space-mission-of-2026-isro-launches-pslv-c62-14-other-satellites-from-sriharikota/articleshow/126474769.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This was be the ninth dedicated commercial mission undertaken by [[NewSpace India Limited|NewSpace India Limited.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_PSLV_C62.html |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu |first=The Hindu |date=7 January 2026 |title=ISRO to launch PSLV-C62/EOS-N1 Mission on January 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-to-kick-off-2026-with-pslv-c62-launch-on-january-12/article70481555.ece |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First launch of 2026: ISRO to lift advanced military satellite EOS-N1 Anvesha into orbit on January 12 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/defence/first-launch-of-2026-isro-to-lift-advanced-military-satellite-eos-n1-anvesha-into-orbit-on-january-12/ |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=6 January 2026 |title=Isro to kick off 2026 with PSLV-C62 EOS-N1 Anvesha launch on January 12 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-kick-off-2026-with-pslv-c62-eos-n1-anvesha-launch-on-january-12-2847657-2026-01-06 |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-01-09 |title=Isro to launch PSLV on January 12. We still don't know why it failed last time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-launch-pslv-c62-eos-anvesha-on-january-12-we-still-dont-know-why-it-failed-last-time-2848859-2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It has been presumed that the rocket crashed near 75°E, 18°S over the [[Southern Indian Ocean]] with the payload on board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-01-13 |title=PSLV-C62 fell in the Indian Ocean, satellites likely burned in the atmosphere |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pslv-c62-fell-in-the-indian-ocean-satellites-likely-burned-in-the-atmosphere-2851349-2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Payload Encapsulation of PSLV - C62.webp|Payload encapsulation of EOS-N1
File:PSLVC62 at launch pad.webp|PSLV Rocket at launch pad
</gallery>
== See also ==
*[[Microsat-R]]
*[[Microsat-TD]]
*[[HySIS]]
*[[Space Based Surveillance project (India)|Space based survelliance project]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PSLV}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2026}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Small satellites]]
{{India-spacecraft-stub}}
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2026]]
[[Category:Satellite launch failures]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in India]]

Vallabhaneni Balashowry

2026-04-16T08:49:22Z

Antonioctj: Started Some Details W/ Sources!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Vallabhaneni|lang=Telugu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2021}}
{{Citation style|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vallabhaneni Balashowry
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|9|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mutluru]], [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| term_start = 2019
| predecessor = [[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
| constituency1 = [[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali]]
| term_start1 = 2004
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| successor1 = ''Constituency abolished''
| party = [[Jana Sena Party]]
| parents = Jojaiah Naidu, Thamasamma
| spouse = Bhanumathi
| children = Vallabhaneni Anudeep, Vallabhaneni Arun, Vallabhaneni Akhil
| source = http://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4794
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}

'''Vallabhaneni Balashowry''' (born 18 September 1968) is an Indian politician currently serving as the Member of Parliament representing [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam parliamentary constituency]]. He belongs to [[Jana Sena Party]]. He previously has represented [[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali constituency]] as the Member of Parliament in the [[14th Lok Sabha]].

== Political career ==
Balashowry contested and won the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] as a Congress candidate from Tenali constituency with 54.47% of votes polled and a 78,556 majority over the incumbent Telugu Desam Party's [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]. He served as the MP until the constituency was abolished in 2008 and merged into Guntur constituency.

He later contested and won the [[2019 elections in India|2019 Lok Sabha elections]] as a YSR Congress Party candidate from Machilipatnam constituency with 46.02% of votes polled and a 60,141 majority over the incumbent Telugu Desam Party's [[Konakalla Narayana Rao]].

On 14 January 2024, he left [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] to join [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06 |title=Machilipatnam MP Resigns From YSRCP, Joins Jana Sena
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/machilipatnam-mp-resigns-from-ysrcp-joins-jana-sena/articleshow/106826790.cms |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He joined [[Jana Sena Party]] on February 4 in the presence of party president [[Pawan Kalyan]] In Amaravathi. He won the machilphatham seat from Janasena and became the lok sabha leader for Janasena party.

== Electoral record ==

{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling_Fan.svg|50px]] [[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Janasena Party}}|
|[[File:Indian_election_symbol_glass_tumbler.svg|50px]] [[Janasena Party]]
|{{Won}}
|}

==Filmography==
* Vallabhaneni produced the 2004 film ''[[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]]'', directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4021

==External links==
* [http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4021 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{17th LS members from Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vallabhaneni, Balasouri}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}
{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Patna Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:34Z

Antonioctj: Article

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Odisha}}
{{About||the constituency in Bihar|Patna Sahib Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patna
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 23
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Akhila Chandra Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,14,433{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Patna''' is one of the 147 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Odisha]] state in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221142115/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=23|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Patna (23) District : Keonjhar |accessdate= 3 February 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is a segment of the [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendujhar]] parliamentary constituency.

Area of this constituency includes Patna block, Saharpada block, 10 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Asanpat, Khuntapada, Badadumuria, Badaneuli, Baria, Dhanurjayapur, Gundunia, Tukudiha, Ukhunda and Chauthia GPs of Jhumpura block and 6 GPs of (Jajaposi, Jally, Sadangi, Jyotipur, Bhuinpur and Parsala) of Champua block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.72}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.72}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|29.92}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.47}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|38.75}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|59.38}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.16}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|69.41}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.77}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}|41.38}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|67.77}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Patna constituency are:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Patna Assembly Election Results 2024: Patna Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/patna-constituency-result-18023 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Akhila Chandra Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |accessdate=8 November 2022 |date=24 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Jagannath Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp143.htm|title= 143 - Patna (ST) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 4 February 2014}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Hrushikesh Naik]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gourahari Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Hrushikesh Naik|Hrusikesh Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kanhu Charan Naik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hrushikesh Naik|Hrusikesh Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|Maheswar Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ramaray Munda
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Raj Ballabh Mishra
|}
== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Akhila Chandra Naik]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jagannath Naik]] by a margin of 37,979 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Patna}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Akhila Chandra Naik]]
|votes = 97,041
|percentage = 55.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Jagannath Naik]]|votes=59,062|percentage=33.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hrushikesh Naik]]|votes=9,871|percentage=5.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,353|percentage=1.35|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,979|percentage=21.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,159|percentage=81.22|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jagannath Naik]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Bhabani Sankar Nayak by a margin of 7,796.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Patna<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jagannath Naik]]
|votes = 70,310
|percentage = 44.20
|change = {{increase}}14.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bhabani Sankar Nayak|votes=62,514|percentage=39.30|change={{increase}}15.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Binod Bihari Naik|votes=13,058|percentage=8.20|change={{decrease}}5.38}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Akhila Chandra Naik]]|votes=8,074|percentage=5.10|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,688|percentage=1.05|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,796|percentage=4.90|change=}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,828|percentage=78.66|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Hrushikesh Naik]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Bhabani Sankar Nayak by a margin of 8,843.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Patna}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Hrushikesh Naik]]
|votes = 44,584
|percentage = 29.92
|change = {{decrease}}12.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bhabani Sankar Nayak|votes=35,741|percentage=23.98|change={{increase}}4.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Gourahari Naik]]|votes=22,430|percentage=15.05|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sanatan Naik|votes=20,238|percentage=13.58|change={{increase}}0.69}}{{Election box majority||votes=8,843|percentage=5.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,31,837|percentage=81.06|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Hrushikesh Naik]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sanatan Naik by a margin of 24,624.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Patna<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Hrushikesh Naik]]
|votes = 53,408
|percentage = 42.47
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sanatan Naik|votes=28,784|percentage=12.89|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Gourahari Naik]]|votes=23,816|percentage=18.94|change=''-''}}{{Election box majority||votes=24,624|percentage=19.58{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,754|percentage=71.82|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Kendujhar district]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.062|86.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Malkangiri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:06Z

Antonioctj: Adding A Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Malkangiri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malkangiri
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 146
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Narasinga Madkami]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,47,087{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Malkangiri''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Malkangiri district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323121710/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=146|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Kalimela (146) District: Malkangiri|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC146.pdf Map of Malkangiri Constituency]

This constituency includes [[Malkangiri]], Malkangiri block, Kalimela block, Podia block and 7 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Tandiki, Chalanguda, Matapaka, Tandapalli, Gorakhunta, Sikhapalli, Badili, Korukonda and Tumusapali) of Korukunda block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp86.htm|title= 86 - Malkangiri (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|41.76}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|41.61}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|32.61}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.96}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.72}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.62}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|39.25}}
{{bar percent|1992 (bypoll)|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.04}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|45.15}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|36.96}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|40.47}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|67.09}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1992.<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

List of members elected Malkangiri constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Malkangiri Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/malkangiri.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 March 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chitrakonda Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Chitrakonda, Orissa |url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/chitrakonda.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Malkangiri Assembly Election Results 2024: Malkangiri Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/malkangiri-constituency-result-18146 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Narasinga Madkami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|[[Aditya Madhi]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|Manas Madkami
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|Mukunda Sodi
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Nimai Chandra Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Arabinda Dhali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|1992 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Naka Kannaya}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Malkangiri 1992 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1458 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Naka Kannaya
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Nadiabasi Biswas
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Naka Laxmaya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Naka Kannaya
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Gangadhar Madhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="2" |Guru Nayak
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|{{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Laxman Gauda
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Narasinga Madkami]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mala Madhi by a margin of 14,890 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Malkangiri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narasinga Madkami]]
|votes = 78,679
|percentage = 41.76
|change = {{up}}0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mala Madhi
|votes = 63,789
|percentage = 33.85
|change = {{up}}9.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Manas Madkami
|votes = 34,688
|percentage = 18.41
|change = {{down}}8.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,102
|percentage = 2.18
|change = {{up}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,890
|percentage = 7.91
|change = {{down}}7.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,88,423
|percentage = 76.26
|change = {{up}}3.67
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Aditya Madhi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mala Madhi by a margin of 25,929 votes.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Malkangiri<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Aditya Madhi]]
|votes = 70,263
|percentage = 41.61
|change = {{increase}}16.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mala Madhi
|votes = 44,694
|percentage = 26.46
|change = {{decrease}}3.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Mukunda Sodi
|votes = 41,667
|percentage = 24.67
|change = {{decrease}}7.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,274
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,929
|percentage = 15.15
|change = {{down}}0.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,739
|percentage = 72.59
|change = {{down}}2.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Manas Madkami defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mala Madhi by a margin of 3,312 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Malkangiri<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Malkangiri|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18146.htm?ac=146|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Malkangiri (146)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=146|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140601133434/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=146|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Manas Madkami
|votes = 47,737
|percentage = 32.61
|change = {{up}}7.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mala Madhi
|votes = 44,425
|percentage = 30.35
|change = {{up}}1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Aditya Madhi]]
|votes = 36,212
|percentage = 24.74
|change = {{up}}4.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,591
|percentage = 2.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,312
|percentage = 2.26
|change = {{down}}8.98
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,383
|percentage = 74.78
|change = {{up}}24.51
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,95,739
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Mukunda Sodi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Nabin Chandra Madkami by a margin of 10,906 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=10906 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Malkangiri<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Mukunda Sodi
|votes = 38,788
|percentage = 39.96
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nabin Chandra Madkami
|votes = 27,882
|percentage = 28.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Aditya Madhi]]
|votes = 19,445
|percentage = 20.03
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,906
|percentage = 11.24{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 97073
|percentage = 50.27{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 66.80%}}
|change = {{decrease}}16.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Malkangiri district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|18.35|81.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Malkangiri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Monalisa (film)

2026-04-11T21:30:53Z

Antonioctj: Adding New Biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Monalisa (film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Indrajit Lankesh]]
| producer = K. S. Dushyanth K. Santhosh Kumar
| writer = Indrajit Lankesh B. A. Madhu (dialogues)
| starring = [[Sameer Dattani|Dhyan]] [[Sadha]]
| music = Valisha-Sandeep
| cinematography = Krishna Kumar
| editing = B. S. Kemparaj
| studio = Lankesh Chitralaya
| released = {{Film date|2004|5|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Monalisa''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Indrajit Lankesh]]. The film stars [[Sameer Dattani|Dhyan]] and [[Sadha]] in lead roles. Its storyline is inspired by ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003).<ref name="T">{{cite web|title=Shruti, Murali bag Karnataka film awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Shruti-Murali-bag-Karnataka-film-awards/articleshow/1238722.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=29 March 2017|date=22 September 2005|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202537/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Shruti-Murali-bag-Karnataka-film-awards/articleshow/1238722.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/simmering-discontent/article3217699.ece</ref>

The film was a blockbuster upon release and also received critical appreciation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/excuse-me-exceeds-all-expectations-kannada-top-films/949/story.htm|title='Excuse Me' exceeds all expectations - Kannada Top Films|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|date=17 July 2004|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|access-date=9 March 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309030515/https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/excuse-me-exceeds-all-expectations-kannada-top-films/949/story.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It went on to win awards at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for the year 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/19spice.htm|title=Indrajit Lankesh wants to quit direction|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|date=19 April 2006|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912172141/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/19spice.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also dubbed into Telugu with the same title later that year with a reshot comedy track with [[Brahmanandam]] and [[Kovai Sarala]].<ref name="I1">{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news250.html|title=Sada as Monalisa|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=29 July 2004|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Dhyan is driving a car in the middle of the night. He meets with an accident. Six months ago he was a college student filled with mischief and without any serious goals in life. After Dhyan's graduation, his parents decide to have him marry. He tells that his expectations are different from what the marriage broker would suggest. After some failed bride seeing ceremonies, Dhyan tells that he would find a life partner himself.

One day Dhyan meets Monalisa, a doctor, who perfectly match his taste. She says that she wants to spend a day with him to understand him. On that day, Monalisa pranks Dhyan in various ways. Dhyan eventually realises that Monalisa was just playing with him without any serious intentions. He too pranks her and asks her why she did this to him. Monalisa tells that he is just a degree holder yet expects many qualities in a girl, he goes to prospective bride's houses and reject them. This was not liked by her. To this, Dhyan says that even if he is just a degree holder, he did have the rights to have a dream girl which softens Monalisa's heart for Dhyan.

After saving Monalisa's life from the goons and other incidents, both fall in love with each other. When Dhyan was supposed to introduce Monalisa to his mother, she gets a call to return to America as her father had a minor cardiac arrest. On her way to the airport, Monalisa dies. Lost in Monalisa's thoughts while driving, Dhyan too meets with an accident. This where the present begins.

Dhyan is saved by his friends. After seeing the condition of Dhyan, his mother experiences an asthma attack and is hospitalized. She convinces him for marriage. Dhyan who has not looked at his bride so far, sees her after tying the knot. He is shocked as his bride looks exactly like Monalisa but she is Spandana. During their honeymoon, Dhyan tells Spandana that he loved a girl, who later died in an accident. He requests her to give some time for him to accept this relationship. Spandana is shattered.

Noticing that the new couple are not behaving like one, Dhyan's parents decide to stay at their daughter's in America in the name of her delicate pregnancy. Dhyan who was always depended on his mother, now has to stay with Spandana and she has to cater to Dhyan's needs.

One day, the goons who had previously been beaten up by Dhyan, come and attempt to kill him. After being rescued, Spandana takes good care of him. During Dhyan's recovery, Spandana and him happen to consummate their marriage without Dhyan's awareness. After Dhyan's recovery, he finds out Spandana is pregnant. He feels that Spandana had used him when he was weak. But his conscience tells him how she endured all the pain he gave her when she had dreams as a new bride, how he treated her all these days and also how she cared for him all alone after the accident.

Having a change of heart, Dhyan begins to care for Spandana, bring her all the nutritious food, etc. Slowly he accepts her and is going to propose her. When he was about to express his feelings for Spandana, Dhyan sees Monalisa and is taken aback. He meets Monalisa and asks her why she faked her own death. Monalisa tells that her father had faked his cardiac arrest to make her return America and have he marry the one they liked. Her passport, mobile phone and other documents were all snatched away from her. When she escaped and came to Dhyan, he had already tied the knot. Seeing this, she distanced herself from Dhyan so that he would not leave the innocent Spandana.

Eventually, Spandana realises Monalisa's existence. Spandana tells Monalisa that she is ready to give up her husband so that he is happy to which Monalisa disagrees. Spandana is firm in her decision and goes to stay at her father's. Upon learning the truth about Dhyan and Monalisa, Spandana's father hire goons to kill Monalisa so that his daughter could live happily with her husband. Upon learning this, Spandana runs to help Monalisa.

Monalisa was leaving for America and Dhyan was going to drop her at the airport. Both are stopped by the goons. Dhyan fights with the goons. Unfortunately Spandana is stabbed in an attempt to rescue Monalisa and tells them everything. She undergoes labour pain and with Monalisa's assistance gives birth to a baby there. After a few days, it is seen that Spandana and Dhyan are happy with their child.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sameer Dattani|Dhyan]] as Dhyan<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-monalisa.html|title=Movie review - Monalisa|work=Idlebrain.com|date=7 October 2004|last=Jeevi|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022011520/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-monalisa.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sadha]] as Monalisa and Spandana<ref name="D"/>
* [[Vanitha Vasu]] as Monalisa's mother<ref name="V"/>
* Akhila as Malleshwari "Malli"<ref name="In"/>
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Dhyan's father<ref name="D"/>
* [[Bhavya]] as Sarasu, Dhyan's mother<ref name="D"/>
* [[Umashree]] as a marriage broker<ref name="In"/>
* [[Shakeela]] as the college principal<ref name="D"/>
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Sharan, Dhyan's friend<ref name="D"/>
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as ACP Raveendra<ref name="D"/>
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as Malleshwari's father
* Hari as the doctor
* [[Duniya Vijay|Vijay]] as Dhyan's classmate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/08/bheema-explores-bengalurus-gritty-reality-while-offering-commercial-entertainment-vijay-kumar|title=‘Bheema' explores Bengaluru’s gritty reality while offering commercial entertainment: Vijay Kumar|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 August 2024|access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref>

===Telugu version===
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Dr. Thikkavar Thikkamaka Reddy M.B.B.S.<ref name="I2"/>
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as the nurse<ref name="I2"/>
}}

===Guest appearances===
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in the song "Chori Chori"<ref name="V"/>
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]] in the song "Car Car Huduga"<ref name="V"/>
* Durga Shetty in the song "Chori Chori"<ref name="V"/>
* [[Ruchita Prasad]] as an alcoholic prospective bride<ref name="V"/>
* [[Indrajit Lankesh]] in the song "Car Car Huduga"

== Production ==
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=Right|quote="Up until ''Monalisa'', I was always cast in typical village girl roles. Now in this role, I was playing this hotshot girl with a pixie cut and stylish outfits. The film was my grand entrance into Kannada cinema."|source= Sadha on her character, 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/incredible-that-a-role-i-played-20-yrs-ago-is-still-talked-about-sadaa/articleshow/111959580.cms|title=Incredible that a role I played 20 years ago is still talked about: Sadaa|work=The Times of India|date=24 July 2024|first=Madhu|last=Daithota|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>}}

The film is produced by Dushyanth, the leader of the Karnataka Youth Congress. [[Sadha]] made her Kannada debut with this film. Babji of the Babji-Sandeep music duo changed his name to Valisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_monalisa.asp|title=Mona Lisa - new film by Indrajith Lankesh|work=Viggy.com|access-date=30 November 2023|archive-date=2 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040302213509/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_monalisa.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bhavya]], who played Dhyan's mother in ''[[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]'' (2001), plays the same role in this film.<ref name="D"/> The film was shot in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/monalisa-stars-celebrate-20-years-of-film-at-launch-of-songs-from-gowri/articleshow/111782622.cms|title=Monalisa stars celebrate 20 years of film at launch of songs from Gowri|date=17 June 2024|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> The song "Nannusiru Neene" was shot in Thailand.<ref name= "D"/>

== Themes and influences ==
A man who falls in love with a woman that is a duplicate of his previous lover was the main plotline of ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003).<ref name="T"/><ref name="I2"/> The second half of the film, apart from the climax, where Dhyan ([[Sameer Dattani|Dhyan]]) fails to be a responsible husband is similar to ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]'' (1974) where Ramu ([[Dr. Rajkumar]]) fails to lead a normal married life.<ref name="V"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by Valisha-Sandeep duo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/monalisa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1249442670|title=Monalisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2004}}</ref> The song "Chori Chori" is inspired from "[[Habibi Dah (Nari Narain)]]", which was sung by [[Hisham Abbas]] and [[Bombay Jayashri]].<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_monalisa.asp|title=Monalisa - film review|work=[[Viggy.com]]|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614143624/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_monalisa.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Car Car Huduga" is inspired from "Dil Ding Dong Ding Bole" from ''[[Kucch To Hai]]'' (2003), which was sung by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[KK (singer)|KK]].<ref name="V"/>

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chori Chori
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Kalpana
| length1 =
| title2 = Car Car Huduga
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Oh Priyathame
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Nannusiru Neene
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = Doddarangegowda
| length4 =
| title5 = Ee Manasella Neene
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| length5 =
| title6 = Monalisa Monalisa
| extra6 = [[Sonu Nigam]], K. S. Chithra
| lyrics6 = Nagendra Prasad
| length6 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was the first Kannada film to release in a multiplex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/12/slide-show-1-south-indrajit-lankesh-promotes-huduga-hudugi.htm|title=Are you a perfect Huduga Hudugi?|work=Rediff.com|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|date=12 October 2010|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "The director has put in a good effort to make the film a mass entertainer through comedy, romance, sentiment and action sequences. The first part is full of comedy and romantic scenes.The narration has a touch of freshness".<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may092004/mr4.asp|title=Monalisa|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|first=S N|last=Deepak|date=9 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414020831/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may092004/mr4.asp|archive-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Viggy.com]]'' wrote that "Technically, ''Monalisa'' is a good movie. Indrajith has cooked the food with right ingredients that is apt for commercial film - is a magnet for young crowd".<ref name="V"/> A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "Like always Indrajeet Lankesh has placed importance on the story. The story gives a firm foundation to the film. Sometimes it gives you a feeling that we have heard this story before. Yet the story telling style and the screenplay is superb".<ref name="In">{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/monalisa.html|title=Monalisa|date=10 May 2004|website=indiainfo.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014060759/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/monalisa.html|archive-date=14 October 2004|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

Regarding the Telugu dubbed version, Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 2 {{fraction|1|4}} out of 5 and wrote that "Songs, comedy and stunt sequences act more like speed-breakers to the narration of the story than catalysts of entertainment".<ref name="I2"/>

== Box office ==
The film was a box office success and ran for a hundred days.<ref name="I1"/>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Category
!Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[2004–05 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|First Best Film]] || K. S. Dushyanth, K. Santosh Kumar || style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/awards/2940-2004-05-state-awards-list.html|title=2004-05 State Awards List|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145232/https://www.chitraloka.com/awards/2940-2004-05-state-awards-list.html|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] || [[Indrajit Lankesh]] || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2004-05|work=Viggy|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205023320/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award04_05.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Indrajit Lankesh}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 romance films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indrajit Lankesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romance films]]

Microsericaria stellata

2026-04-07T17:21:36Z

Antonioctj: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| genus= Microsericaria
| species = stellata
| authority = ([[Gilbert John Arrow|Arrow]], 1946)<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1673359/ BioLib]</ref>
| synonyms =
*''Microserica stellata'' Arrow, 1946
}}
'''''Microsericaria stellata''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in southern India.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

==Description==
They are black, with a slight greenish tinge, opaque above and beneath. The [[elytra]] are decorated in the middle with a small triangular yellow spot, its apex directed backwards. The legs are dark and shining.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1= Arrow|first1= G. J.|date= 1946|title= Notes on Aserica and some related Genera of Melolonthine Beetles, with descriptions of new species and two new genera.|url= https://doi.org/10.1080/00222934608654552|journal= The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany and Geology|volume= 11|issue= 13|publisher= |pages= 264-283|doi= |access-date= February 4, 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28777733}}

[[Category:Beetles described in 1946]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Microsericaria]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Gilbert John Arrow]]
{{Melolonthinae-stub}}

Krupabai Satthianadhan

2026-03-24T19:53:02Z

Antonioctj: creating first details more to come

{{Short description|Indian writer (1862–1894)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krupabai Satthianadhan
| image = Krupabai Satthianadhan (1862–1894).png
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krupabai Khisty
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1862|02|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1894|08|08|1862|02|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| burial_place =
| occupation = Writer
| awards =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Samuel Satthianadhan]]|1881}}
| children =
| education =
| signature =
| party =
}}
'''Krupabai Satthianadhan''' (1862–1894) was an Indian writer who wrote in English.

== Early life ==
Krupabai was born to Haripunt and Radhabai Khisty, [[Hinduism|Hindu]] converts to [[Christianity]], in Ahmednagar, then in the [[Bombay Presidency]], on 14 February 1862.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1w-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA45 |title=Sketches of Indian Christians Collected from Different Sources |first=John |last=Murdoch |author-link=John Murdoch (literary evangelist) |publisher=The Christian Literature Society for India |pages=45–46 |date=1896 |access-date=2023-09-01 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=Album>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYie-S7VMh4C&q=%22Samuel%22%20%22married%20to%20Krupabai%222 |title=The Satthianadhan Family Album |editor-first=Eunice |editor-last=de Souza |author-link=Eunice de Souza |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9788126021277 |pages=viii, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mYie-S7VMh4C&q=1881 ix] |date=2005 |access-date=2023-09-01 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Her father died when she was still a child, and she was brought up by her mother and elder brother, Bhasker. Bhasker, who was much older, had a strong influence on her and endeavoured to awaken her intellect by lending her books and discussing many issues with her. However, he too died young, and Krupabai immortalized him in her semi-autobiographical novel ''Saguna: A Story of Native Christian Life''.

She also wrote another novel entitled ''Kamala, A Story of Hindu Life'' (1894). Both these novels are [[bildungsroman]]e, in which she speaks about gender, caste, ethnicity and cultural identity. Despite the difference in social milieu, two novels deals with a similar theme: the predicament of women who resist being cast in the slandered mould of domesticity. Kamala and Saguna are both attracted to books and face varying degrees hostility such an unnatural inclination. ''Saguna'' is largely autobiographical. As the daughter of a Christian convert, the protagonist manages, despite the odds, not only to receive formal education, but also to get admission to a medical college, and eventually meets a man who could share her life as equal.

==Training in medicine==
Krupabai was deeply wounded by Bhasker's death, and two European missionary ladies took charge of her and her education. This was her first encounter with the British at close quarters, and as ''Saguna'' shows it was a mixed experience. Later on she went to boarding school in the city of Bombay. She met an American woman doctor there who got her interested in [[medicine]]. Krupabai had absorbed her father's missionary ideals early in life and decided that by becoming a doctor she could help other women, especially those in [[purdah]]. By this time her health was already showing signs of deterioration, so although she won a scholarship to go to [[England]] and study medicine, she was not allowed to go. However, the [[Madras Medical College]] agreed to admit her in 1878, and she became a boarder at the house of the Reverend [[W. T. Satthianadhan]], an extremely well known Christian missionary.<ref name=Album/> Her academic performance was brilliant from the start, but due to strain and overwork she had her first breakdown in health a year later, and had to return to her sister in [[Pune]] to convalesce in 1879.

==Teaching career==
A year later she was back at [[Madras]], where she met and developed a friendship with [[Samuel Satthianadhan]], the Reverend's son. In 1881 Samuel and Krupabai married.<ref name=Album/> Soon after Samuel got a job as Headmaster of [[Breeks Memorial School]] in [[Ootacamund]]. In Ootacamund, Krupabai was able to start a school for Muslim girls with help from the [[Church Missionary Society]], and she also taught in a number of other girls schools as well. Ootacamund was a hill station renowned for its salubrious climate and Krupabai's health stayed fair. She was able to find the time and energy to write, and published articles under the byline "An Indian Lady" in leading periodicals.

Three years later the couple moved to [[Rajamundry]], and Krupabai became ill again, so they relocated to [[Kumbakonam]]. In spite of the changeableness of her health this was a very productive period for her, and by the time they returned permanently to Madras in 1886, she was ready to begin a full-scale novel. ''Saguna'' was serialised between 1887 and 1888 in the prestigious ''Madras Christian College Magazine''. However, during this time her only child died before reaching its first birthday and she was plunged into depression for which she required treatment.

Her [[tuberculosis]] was diagnosed in Bombay but was certified beyond cure. Knowing that she had little time to live, she began work on ''Kamala''. She worked continuously on the book till her death, breaking off only to write a memoir of her father-in-law and an unfinished one of her mother-in-law.

Satthianadhan died in Madras on 8 August 1894.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1w-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52 |title=Sketches of Indian Christians Collected from Different Sources |first=John |last=Murdoch |author-link=John Murdoch (literary evangelist) |publisher=The Christian Literature Society for India |page=52 |date=1896 |access-date=2023-09-01 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-colonies-and-india-obituary/131049216/ |title=Obituary |newspaper=The Colonies and India |publication-place=London |page=17 |date=1894-09-01 |access-date=2023-09-01 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Her death came as a great blow to her admirers, and just a few months afterwards a scholarship for women was set up in her memory at the Madras Medical College, as well as a memorial medal at the University of Madras for the best female Matriculation candidate in English. Her novels were published as books and translated into [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

==Works==
*''Saguna: A Story of Native Christian Life'', edited by [[Chandani Lokugé]], (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).
*''[https://archive.org/details/kamalaastoryhin00griggoog Kamala: A Story of Hindu Life]'', edited by Chandani Lokuge.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satthianadhan, Krupabai}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]

Aamil Keeyan Khan

2026-03-20T19:47:56Z

Antonioctj: new

{{Short description|Indian Screenwriter and filmmaker}}
{{Autobiography|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aamil Keeyan Khan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Screenwriter
| years active = 2022–present
| notable works =
| awards =
}}

'''Aamil Keeyan Khan''' is an Indian screenwriter and actor who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Shaitaan writer Aamil Keeyan Khan shares why it is difficult to work with 3 Khans on a horror film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-shaitaan-writer-aamil-keeyan-khan-shares-why-it-is-difficult-to-work-with-3-khans-on-a-horror-film-1286118 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> He has written the screenplay for films such as ''[[Runway 34]]'' (2022), ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|''Drishyam 2'']]'' (2022) which earned him the [[23rd IIFA Awards|IIFA Award for Best Story (Adapted)]], ''[[Bholaa]]'' (2023), ''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|''Shaitaan'']]'' (2024) [[Sky Force (film) |''Sky Force'']] (2025).''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Stars Who Went Back Home With The Trophy At NEXA IIFA Awards 2023 |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/the-stars-who-went-back-home-with-the-trophy-at-nexa-iifa-awards-2023 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=IIFA 2023 winners full list: Hrithik Roshan and Alia Bhatt bag best actors, Brahmastra and Gangubai Kathiawadi win big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2023-winners-full-list-hrithik-roshan-and-alia-bhatt-bag-best-actors-brahmastra-and-gangubai-kathiawadi-win-big-101685243505209.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-11 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Writer Aamil Keeyan Khan ECSTATIC with the response to Shaitaan; calls Ajay Devgn one of the most SECURE stars; BREAKS silence on sequel plans: "There's an idea that has been cracked. It's a BRILLIANT idea" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-writer-aamil-keeyan-khan-ecstatic-response-starrer-shaitaan-calls-ajay-devgn-one-secure-stars-breaks-silence-sequel-plans-theres-idea/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en}}</ref>''

== Career ==
Khan made his screenwriting and acting debut with [[Runway 34|''Runway'' 34]] in 2022 marking his first collaboration with [[Ajay Devgn]] as a star and director. He followed it up with the 2022 film [[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|''Drishyam 2'']], which opened to positive reviews, grossing [[Indian rupee|₹]]100 [[crore]] (US$13 million) worldwide in four days and entering the [[100 Crore Club]] in India within six days of release. Earning ₹345 crore (US$43 million) worldwide, ''Drishyam 2'' emerged as a major financial success, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 2022|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2022]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|24th highest-grossing Hindi film of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-11-18 |title=Drishyam 2 Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/drishyam-2/box-office/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2022 - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2022&pageId=4 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

In 2023, he wrote the adapted screenplay and dialogues for ''[[Bholaa]]'', a remake of [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s [[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']]. ''Bholaa'' was released on 30 March 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics. The film has grossed [[Indian rupee|₹]]111 [[crore]] (US$14 million) worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-03-30 |title=Bholaa Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bholaa/box-office/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31 |title=Aamil Keeyan Khan on 'Kaithi' remake 'Bholaa': Same dish, new recipe |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/aamil-keeyan-khan-on-kaithi-remake-bholaa-same-dish-new-recipe-23238613 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Devgn-starrer Shaitaan has this connection with Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, writer Aamil Keeyan Khan reveals |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ajay-devgn-shaitaan-connection-with-hum-dil-de-chuke-sanam-maidaan-singham-again-raid-2-aamil-keeyan-khan-3083873 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Khan wrote [[Shaitaan (2024 film)|''Shaitaan'']], which opened to positive reviews. With a worldwide gross of ₹211 crore against a budget of ₹50 crore, the film ranks as the [[List of Indian films of 2024|fourth highest grossing Indian film of 2024]], the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|second highest grossing Hindi film of 2024]] and the [[List of Indian horror films|highest grossing Indian horror film of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-08 |title=Shaitaan Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shaitaan/box-office/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shaitaan-box-office-collection-ajay-devgn-film-crosses-rs-150-cr-despite-competition-from-crew-godzilla-x-kong-101712023562865.html|title=Shaitaan box office collection: Ajay Devgn's film crosses ₹150 cr despite competition from Crew, Godzilla X Kong|date=2 April 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |title=Bollywood's Most Successful Horror Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/bollywoods-most-successful-horror-movies/20240327.htm |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Runway 34]]''
|-
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|-
|2023
|''[[Bholaa]]''
|-
|2024
|''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|Shaitaan]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Sky_Force_(film) |Skyforce]]''
|-
|''[[Maa (2025 film)|Maa]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{imdb name|nm6748282}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Aamil Keeyan}}
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian directors]]

List of Women's Cricket World Cup records

2026-03-06T07:05:09Z

Antonioctj: add intro additionally and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Women's Cricket World Cup records]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Gowri Ganda

2026-03-03T22:28:10Z

Antonioctj: minor fix references for consistency and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gowri Ganda
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sundara Rao Nadakarni
| producer = Sundara Rao Nadakarni
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[Mynavathi]] Raja shankar [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
| music = Thare Ganesh
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1968|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Gowri Ganda''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಗೌರಿ ಗಂಡ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed and produced by Sundara Rao Nadakarni. The film stars [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]], [[Mynavathi]], Raja Shankar and [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Thare Ganesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/gowri-ganda-1968|title=Gowri Ganda|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Gowri-Ganda-1968/9219801131 |title=Gowri Ganda |accessdate=2015-01-20 |publisher=nthwall.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203192720/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Gowri-Ganda-1968/9219801131 |archivedate=3 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.rave-staging.com/kannada/info/gowri-ganda.htm|title=Gowri Ganda|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=bharatmovies.rave-staging.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*[[Mynavathi]]
*Raja Shankar
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
*Sarasa

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0245128|Gauri Ganda}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Maharshi (1987 film)

2026-03-03T22:00:45Z

Antonioctj: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maharshi
| image = Maharshi (1987 film).JPG
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Vamsy]]
| producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Vamsy]]|Vemuri Satyanaryana|[[Tanikella Bharani]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Maharshi Raghava|Raghava]]|[[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanti]]|[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]|[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[Anil Malnad]]
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| released = {{Film date|1987|12|31|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACWU/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230118130903/https://indiancine.ma/ACWU/info |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Maharshi''''' ({{translation|Great sage}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Vamsy]], who co-wrote the film with Vemuri Satyanarayana and [[Tanikella Bharani]]. The film stars [[Maharshi Raghava|Raghava]], [[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanti]], [[Krishna Bhagavaan]], and [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<ref name="Song">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=19 February 2018 |title='Maata raani mounamidi': Rising to the challenge |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maata-raani-mounamidi-rising-to-the-challenge/article22796773.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118131428/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maata-raani-mounamidi-rising-to-the-challenge/article22796773.ece |archive-date=18 January 2023}}</ref> with cinematography by [[Hari Anumolu]] and editing by [[Anil Malnad]]. The film marks the debut of Raghava, who later prefixed the film's title to his name. The film was an average grosser at the box office, but later on attained cult status.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
Maharshi is a carefree college student from a wealthy family. He is known in the college for his arrogant behaviour, maintaining a gang of friends, teasing lecturers, and beating up classmates. However, things change when he meets Suchitra in college. She loathes him, owing to his rude behaviour, and does not even talk to him when he approaches her. Maharshi takes a liking to her and tries to win her by approaching her parents and showing off his wealth. Suchitra turns down the offer even after her parents show interest. Maharshi then scares and turns away the prospective grooms who come to Suchitra's home.

Suchitra meets her childhood friend Tilak, who is a police sub-inspector in the same town. Soon after, she expresses her wish to marry him, more with the objective of eliminating Maharshi. When Maharshi discovers this, he tries to stop the wedding but is locked up in a police station at his own father's insistence. However, he assumes that Tilak has used his power as a sub-inspector and locked him up. He tries to attack Tilak at their own home but stops when he sees Suchitra open the door. Gradually, Maharshi slips into depression and is hospitalised.

Maharshi's love for Suchitra is shown when his friend Ramana drugs Suchitra and brings her to Maharshi's home, assuming that Maharshi wants to sleep with her. Maharshi slaps Ramana and explains that he wants her affection and love and not her body; they carefully take her back.

Tilak tries to help Maharshi by befriending him and helping him mingle with Suchitra. As he recovers, they suggest that he get married, but Maharshi turns crazy at the suggestion and runs away screaming. He is hospitalized again but manages to escape from there.

Suchitra and Tilak have a baby together. Maharshi snatches Suchitra's newborn baby and escapes into the city with the police searching for him. In the end, as he falls from a building along with the baby, he dies saving it, thus earning Suchitra's affection.

==Cast==
*[[Maharshi Raghava|Raghava]] as Maharshi<ref name="Song"/>
*[[Shantipriya (actress)|Nishanti]] as Suchitra<ref name="Song"/>
*[[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Inspector Tilak<ref name="Song"/>
*Sanjeevi Mudili
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Ramana
*[[Ramjagan]]
*Shyam Prasad
*[[Sivaji Raja]]

== Production ==
[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Revathi (actress)|Revathi]] and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] were originally cast and even paid advances; however, they were later replaced with Raghava, Nishanti and Krishna Bhagavan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Maharshi originally starred Karthik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/maharshi-originally-starred-karthik/articleshow/33956080.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118131427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/maharshi-originally-starred-karthik/articleshow/33956080.cms |archive-date=18 January 2023 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="sravanthi">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=1 July 2008 |title='Sravanthi' Ravi Kishore&nbsp;— Interview |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/sravanthiravikishore_interview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064546/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/sravanthiravikishore_interview.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and was released through the ECHO music label.<ref name = "Maharshi Indiancinema">{{cite web | url = https://indiancine.ma/ACWU/info | website = indiancine.ma | title = Maharshi | access-date = 10 June 2023 | archive-date = 10 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230610150145/https://indiancine.ma/ACWU/info | url-status = live}}</ref> [[Vennelakanti]] wrote the song "Maataraani Mounamidi" in [[Telugu grammar#Alankaram or ornamentation|mukta pada grastam]], in which the first word of each line of the [[pallavi]] is followed by the last word of the previous line.<ref name="Song"/> That song was later remade by Ilayaraja as "Manja Podi" for Tamil film ''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=14 October 2014 |title=Time-traveling with Ilayaraja across his Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam songs! |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/10/14/time-traveling-with-ilayaraja-across-his-telugu-kannada-and-malayalam-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117041335/http://milliblog.com/2014/10/14/time-traveling-with-ilayaraja-across-his-telugu-kannada-and-malayalam-songs/ |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> For ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' (2000), [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] asked [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] to reuse the tune of "Maataraani Mounamidi" for "Kallalloki Kallu Petti".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars : Star Interviews : 'Sravanthi' Ravi Kishore – Interview |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/sravanthiravikishore_interview_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407064546/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/sravanthiravikishore_interview_2.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=2012-08-04 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref name = "Maharshi Indiancinema" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:15

| title1 = Urvashi (Sanskrit Disco)
| lyrics1 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length1 = 4:37

| title2 = Suman Prati Sumam
| lyrics2 = Nayani Krishnamurthy
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:47

| title3 = Maataraani Mounamidi
| lyrics3 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:37

| title4 = Saahasam Naa Patham
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam & Chorus
| length4 = 4:39

| title5 = Konalo
| lyrics5 = Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:35
}}

==Reception==
Griddaluri Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', ''on'' his review, dated 8 January 1988, appreciated the visuals by cinematographer [[Hari Anumolu]]. Gopalrao however criticised the soundtrack of the film, "In addition to Telugu songs, there's even one in [[Sanskrit]] but none of them are good [''[[sic]]'']," he added.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=8 January 1988 |title=పెడదారులు పట్టిన ప్రేమ పిచ్చి: మహర్షి |language=te |pages=9 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Jan/8-jan-1988.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118131425/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/Jan/8-jan-1988.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2023}}</ref> Srinivas Kanchibhotla writing for ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that ''Maharshi'' is Vamsy's "best work till date", He added, "Stepping away from the comedic route that he was wildly successful at, Vamsi challenges himself on convincing the audience of Maharshi's true intentions and the severity of his love that borders on obsession and madness."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kanchibhotla |first=Srinivas |title=Mattilo Maanikyaalu - Best movies, yet box office failures - Maharshi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/maharshi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921090820/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/maharshi.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0251814}}

{{Vamsy}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vamsy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Sneham Kosam

2026-03-03T18:28:06Z

Antonioctj: Started A Entry V1

{{short description|1999 film directed by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sneham Kosam
| image = Sneham Kosam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Paruchuri Brothers]]}}
}}
| story = [[Jyothi Krishna (director)|Jyothi Krishna]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| based_on = ''[[Natpukkaga]]''
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = K. Datthu
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Production Company|Sri Surya Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1999|01|01|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Sneham Kosam''''' ({{translation|''For friendship''}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] produced by [[A. M. Ratnam]] under the Sri Surya Movies banner. Directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]], the film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] in a dual role of father and son, along with [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Prakash Raj]] play supporting roles. Released on 1 January 1999, the film is a remake of Ravikumar's own [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' (1998).

==Plot==
Chinnayya (Chiranjeevi) works for a rich man Peddayya (Vijayakumar) in a village. Despite being a labourer, Chinnayya has great respect and affection towards Peddayya. Peddayya too takes care of Chinnayya with great affection and looks after him as his own son. Peddayya hates his elder daughter Gowri (Sitara) and her husband Peddabbayi (Prakash Raj). Prabhavathy (Meena) is Peddayya's younger daughter and she arrives to the village after completing her education from the US. Prabhavathy loves Chinnayya, but Chinnayya does not reciprocate, thinking this would be a betrayal of Peddayya's trust on him. Later Chinnayya too understands Prabhavathy's true love and accepts it.

One day, suddenly Prabhavathy accuses that Chinnayya tried to rape her. This angers Peddayya and he hits and sends Chinnayya out of his house. At this time, Simhadri (also Chiranjeevi), Chinnayya's father is released from jail and comes to meet Peddayya. Simhadri also worked under Peddayya before and has won Peddayya's trust so much. But Prabhavathy gets angry on seeing Simhadri and asks him to leave the house because Simhadri has been sent to jail for murdering Peddayya's wife Lakshmi (Sujatha) a few years back. Prabhavathy also reveals the truth that she staged a drama to send Chinnayya away from her father. Peddayya gets shocked knowing the truth and feels bad that he has misunderstood Chinnayya believing his daughter's false words.

Chinnayya also hates his father Simhadri from childhood days as he was accused of killing Lakshmi. The story moves to a flashback as Peddayya finally reveals the truth behind Lakshmi's death to Chinnayya. Simhadri was a loyal servant in Peddayya's home. Peddabbayi is the younger brother of Lakshmi and his wedding is arranged with Gowri. On the day of marriage, Lakshmi gets to know about Peddabbayi's plans to rob Peddayya's properties and decides to cancel the wedding. But Peddabbayi injures Lakshmi badly and hides her in a room and the marriage is done. But Simhadri finds Lakshmi and gets to know all the truth about Peddabbayi. Before he could go and stop the marriage, it is already done and so he does not want Peddabbayi to go to jail as that would impact Gowri's life. Lakshmi is dead and Simhadri accepts that he has murdered Lakshmi for money and gets arrested by police. This makes Gowri and Prabhavathy to hate him and his family.

But Peddayya does not believe this and goes to jail to meet Simhadri and asks the truth. Simhadri tells all the truth to Peddayya and gets a promise that Peddayya should not reveal this truth to anyone else as Gowri will be alone then. Peddayya agrees but sends Peddabbayi out of his home. Gowri also leaves his home without knowing the truth and understanding her father. The story comes to the present and a wedding is planned between Prabhavathy and Peddabbayi's younger brother Chinnababu (Ranjith), the third of the siblings. On the day of marriage Gowri learns the truth about Lakshmi's death and reveals it to everyone. Peddabbayi tries to kill Gowri. But Simhadri comes in between, gets stabbed and dies. Peddabbayi gets killed by Chinnababu after knowing the truth that his sister, Lakshmi, was killed by none other than Peddabbayi. Meanwhile, Peddayya cries in front of Simhadri's dead body and he also dies along with him. The movie ends with Chinnayya and Prabhavathy getting married.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Simhadri and Chinnayya
** [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]] as young Chinnayya
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Prabhavathi
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Peddayya
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Lakshmi
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Gowri
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Peddabbayi
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Chinnababu
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Simhadri's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Govindayya
* [[Babu Mohan]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Onda
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Annavaram
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Auto driver
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Airport passenger and Limping priest (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
In December 1997, [[Rajinikanth]] announced that his next film would be directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]], who had made the successful 1995 film ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' with the actor. Filming was initially slated to begin in April 1998, but the FEFSI strike delayed proceedings and Ravikumar was only able to complete his previous film ''[[Natpukkaga]]'' by June 1998. [[A. M. Rathnam]], who produced ''Natpukkaga'' requested Ravikumar to remake the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with [[Chiranjeevi]] in the lead. Though initially reluctant, he accepted to quickly remake the film in Telugu as ''Sneham Kosam''. The film's shooting was completed in fifty-six days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news45.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc – Idlebrain.com |access-date=15 December 2006 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095950/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news45.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sneham Kosam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1999
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 23:31
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music and background score was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. Music was released by [[Aditya Music]] Company. Rajkumar later remade "Gundello" as "Megham Udaithu" for Tamil film [[Maayi]].

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:31
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Kaikaluru
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length1 = 4:26

| title2 = Gundello Gubulu
| lyrics2 = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| extra2 = [[Sowmya Raoh|Sowmya]]
| length2 = 4:45

| title3 = Ayyagaru Avunandi
| lyrics3 = A. M. Rathnam
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Jayachandran]]
| length3 = 4:34

| title4 = Meesamunna Nestama
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]]
| length4 = 4:36

| title5 = Voohalalo Voopirilo
| lyrics5 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length5 = 5:10
}}

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to release in November 1998 but was delayed.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Aug/21-Aug-1998.pdf | title=నెల్లూరులో రౌడీరాజ్యం | language=te | trans-title=Rowdy kingdom in Nellore | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819201114/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Aug/21-Aug-1998.pdf | archive-date=19 August 2022 }}{{Nonspecific | date=December 2024}}</ref>
===Reception===
Rakesh P. of The [[Deccan Herald]] wrote that "On the whole a family entertainer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/4E8B272E9878BC126525694000620183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204162307/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/4E8B272E9878BC126525694000620183?OpenDocument|title=Kadal Kavithai - Deccan Herald|access-date=17 June 2023|date=10 January 1999|last=P.|first=Rakesh|archive-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> ''Andhra Online'' wrote "In a different role altogether, Chiranjeevi impresses while Vijay Kumar too does justice to his role. Nothing much to be said about Meena’s acting".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/just40.htm|title=Sneham Kosam|website=Andhra Online|access-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008194728/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/just40.htm|archive-date=8 October 1999}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 1999
| [[Chiranjeevi]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Actor]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Box-office==
The film was a huge grosser and one of the biggest hits in 1999. The film ran for 50 days in 89 centres and 100 days in 52 centres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-power.html |title=Idle Brain |access-date=15 December 2006 |archive-date=10 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210130821/http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-power.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246240|Sneham Kosam}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]

Balamevvadu

2026-03-03T09:16:03Z

Antonioctj: stub - done

{{Short description|India 2022 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balamevvadu
| image = Balamevvadu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Satya Rachakonda
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Dhruvan Katakam Nia Tripathi
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Balamevvadu''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language romantic thriller directed by Satya Rachakonda and starring Dhruvan Katakam and Nia Tripathi.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*Dhruvan Katakam as Satyanarayana
*Nia Tripathi as Parnika
*[[Babloo Prithviraj]] as Phani Bhushan
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Dr. Yashoda
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dr. James
* Vivek Trivedi
* Jabardasth Apparao
* Idream Anjali
* Mani Mahesh
*[[Sravan Bharath]] as Thomas Jefferson
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/balamevvadu-movie-valentines-day-special-song-released-pk-1201570.html|title=Balamevvadu song: 'బలమెవ్వడు' నుంచి 'ప్రేమంటే భద్రం కొడుకో' పాట విడుదల..|website=News18 Telugu|date=14 February 2022|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103231154/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/balamevvadu-movie-valentines-day-special-song-released-pk-1201570.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Overall, ''Balamevvadu'' touches a chord by highlighting the plight of commoners when they believe in the medical system. The unique way of presenting this fact makes it a decent watch".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/balamevvadu/movie-review/94585025.cms|title=Balamevvadu Movie Review: A decent love story with revenge and a message|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2023-01-04|archive-date=2023-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103220404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/balamevvadu/movie-review/94585025.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "''Balamevvadu'' is a decent love story which explores love in the first half and exposes the medical mafia in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/oct/02/balamevvadu-movie-review-an-emotional-love-story-entwined-in-the-rot-of-medical-mafia-35219.html|title=Balamevvadu Movie Review: An emotional love story entwined in the rot of medical mafia|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2023-01-04|archive-date=2023-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103214902/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/oct/02/balamevvadu-movie-review-an-emotional-love-story-entwined-in-the-rot-of-medical-mafia-35219.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/balamevvadu-review-rating-162109|title=Balamevvadu Review, Rating|date=1 October 2022|website=Sakshi Post|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103214901/https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/balamevvadu-review-rating-162109|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]

High Jack (film)

2026-03-02T09:39:41Z

Antonioctj: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = High Jack
| image = High Jack - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Akarsh Khurana]]
| producer = Nickhil Jakatdar Arun Prakash [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] [[Vikas Bahl]] [[Madhu Mantena]]
| writer = Akarsh Khurana
| story = Adhir Bhat
| starring = [[Sumeet Vyas]] [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]] [[Sonnalli Seygall]]
| music = [[Nucleya]] Shwetang Shankar Slowcheeta Rajat Tiwari [[Anurag Saikia]]
| cinematography = Mikhaeil Shah Parthiva Nag
| editing = Ajay Sharma
| studio = [[Phantom Films]] [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2018|5|18|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}} 0.34 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/high-jack/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |title=Box Office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''High Jack''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[stoner film]] directed by [[Akarsh Khurana]], starring [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]] and [[Sonnalli Seygall]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/high-jack-trailer-this-flight-has-been-hijacked-be-prepared-for-the-jokes-watch-video/story-ZGshyLTtxSNRW5ZW1FSjOP.html|title=High Jack trailer: This flight has been hijacked, be prepared for the jokes. Watch video|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 March 2018|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> The film's theatrical trailer was launched on 27 March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/high-jack-trailer-sumeet-vyas-promises-a-bumpy-flight-watch-2094207.html|title=High Jack trailer: Sumeet Vyas promises a 'bumpy flight'– Watch|publisher=Zee News|date=27 March 2018|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/high-jack-trailer-sumeet-vyas-packs-a-punch-in-this-trippy-comedy-filled-with-interesting-characters-4408053.html|title=High Jack trailer: Sumeet Vyas packs a punch in this trippy comedy filled with interesting characters|publisher=Firstpost|date=27 March 2018|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> It was released on 18 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/high-jack-movie-review-sumeet-vyas-mantra-sonnalli-seygall-5181637/|title=High Jack movie review: This Sumeet Vyas starrer repeats one joke too many|last=Langer|first=Shalini|work=The Indian Express|date=18 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> Upon release, the film received negative reviews & was a Disaster at the Box-Office.

==Plot==
An aspiring DJ is duped by a conman and he inadvertently acts as a drug mule. Hilarity ensues when the flight he is on gets hijacked by a group of well meaning employees of the airline, and every one unknowingly gets high on the drug.

==Cast==
*[[Sumeet Vyas]] as Rakesh
*[[Mantra (actor)|Mantra Mugdh]] as Vinit
*[[Sonnalli Seygall]] as Dilshaad
*[[Kumud Mishra]] as Mr. Taneja
*[[Priyanshu Painyuli]] as Chaitanya
*[[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]]
*[[Amey Wagh]]
*[[Boloram Das]] as iPad Man
* [[Taaruk Raina]] as Parth

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = High Jack
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Nucleya, [[Vibha Saraf]], Slowcheeta, Shwetang Shankar, [[Anurag Saikia]] & Rajat Tiwari
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|04|05}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/high-jack-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1368307259 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411180624/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/high-jack-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1368307259 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2018 |title=High Jack (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:35
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|aZt416f3GuM|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=21|s=35}}
| title1 = Behka
| extra1 = Vibha Saraf
| lyrics1 = [[Vibha Saraf]]
| music1 = [[Nucleya]] & Vibha Saraf
| length1 = 03:55
| title2 = Kripya Dhyaan De
| extra2 = SlowCheeta
| lyrics2 = SlowCheeta
| music2 = SlowCheeta & Shwetang Shankar
| length2 = 02:13
| title3 = Aapaatkaaleen
| extra3 = Lisha Bajaj & Mantra
| lyrics3 = Akarsh Khurana
| music3 = Nucleya
| length3 = 02:12
| title4 = Prabhu Ji
| extra4 = [[Asees Kaur]]
| lyrics4 = Akarsh Khurana
| music4 = [[Anurag Saikia]]
| length4 = 03:30
| title5 = Happy Ending Song
| extra5 = [[Sumedha Karmahe]] & [[Taaruk Raina]]
| lyrics5 = Akarsh Khurana
| music5 = Rajat Tiwari
| length5 = 02:39
| title6 = Prabhu Ji
| extra6 = Suvarna Tiwari
| lyrics6 = Akarsh Khurana
| music6 = Anurag Saikia
| length6 = 03:27
| title7 = Happy Ending Song
| extra7 = [[Taaruk Raina]] & Manasi Mulherkar
| lyrics7 = Rajat Tiwari
| music7 = Akarsh Khurana
| length7 = 02:39
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8175968}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/high-jack/ High Jack] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Akarsh Khurana]]

Redington Group

2026-02-27T17:00:04Z

Antonioctj: Stub

{{Short description|Technology company group}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Redington Group
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| type =
| industry = Mobile Handsets Mobile Accessories Information Technology Supply Chain Management
| predecessor = G. Kewalram Private Limited Kewalram Private Limited <ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-06-07|title=REDINGTON History|language=en-IN|work=valuestocks|url=https://stock-financials.valuestocks.in/en/redington-company-history|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|1961|05|02}}
| founder = R. Srinivasan
| defunct = 
| fate =
| successor = 
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country =
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|www.redingtongroup.com}}
}}
'''Redington''' or Redington Group is an organization of companies offering services and products in the field of [[Mobile phone|mobile handsets]], mobile accessories, information technology services, [[artificial intelligence]], [[Big data|big data analysis]], [[5G|5G communications]], [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] and [[supply chain management]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8AiAQAAMAAJ&q=Redington+India|title=Business India|date=July 2009|publisher=A. H. Advani|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Redington India board approves bonus issue of shares in ratio of 1:1|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/redington-india-board-approves-bonus-issue-in-ratio-of-11-11625645221708.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-06-07|title=Redington promoter sells over 5% stake|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/business/Redington-promoter-sells-over-5-stake/article14388985.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-03-25|title=ProConnect acquires Auroma Logistics|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/proconnect-acquires-auroma-logistics/article26636848.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajiv Srivastava joins Redington Group as Joint MD and Additional Director on the Board - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/rajiv-srivastava-joins-redington-group-as-joint-md-and-additional-director-on-the-board-112243.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|language=en}}</ref> The group operates through its three subsidiary companies viz. Redington India,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-05-17|title=Birla TMT and Redington India CP deal:India Money Markets|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-05-17/birla-tmt-and-redington-india-cp-deal-india-money-markets|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thoppil|first=Dhanya Ann|date=2012-11-01|title=Apple's iPhone 5 Could Outshine iPhone 4S in India|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-25330|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Redington Gulf<ref>{{Cite news|title=Redington Gulf set to return to GITEX|work=[[Arabian Business]]|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/latest-news/468000-redington-gulf-set-to-return-to-gitex}}</ref> and Redington Singapore (Redington Distribution).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington Distribution Pte Ltd - Company Profile and News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/6077994Z:SP|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=S. Ramesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hau6_kC6HhUC&dq=Redington+group+India&pg=PA195|title=Case Studies in Marketing Management|date=2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-6139-7|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Redington India ===
The organization officially started its operation in the year 1993 as R. Srinivasan co-founded<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-08-02|title='Charity is not driven by target, but by heart'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/charity-is-not-driven-by-target-but-by-heart/article19404721.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Redington in the same year,<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Generation Entrepreneurs – Redington (India) – R Srinivasan {{!}} Brahmin For Society|url=http://brahminsforsociety.com/tamil/2017/04/13/first-generation-entrepreneurs-redington-india-r-srinivasan/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=brahminsforsociety.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-29|title=Shiv Nadar Foundation launches university in Chennai|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/shiv-nadar-foundation-launches-university-in-chennai/article32972830.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> whereas it was incorporated back in the year 1961 with its primary focus on functioning as the distributor of IT products. With the group's commencement of operation from 1993, the organization gradually started to operate in Middle East and Africa & other South Asian countries. The area of operation was expanded of logistic supply chain management system and broader IT and Telecom Products.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Merchant|first=Krishna|date=2013-12-26|title=Is Redington India a smart play on smartphones?|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/rqbsveQ3efzEvWghxgpF5O/Is-Redington-India-a-smart-play-on-smartphones.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Initially the company started to act as the distributor of IT products from [[Epson]], [[Tripp Lite]], [[Samsung]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Redington India Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/redington-india-12586/information/company-history|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref> in India. In 1995, the company started to distribute [[Compaq]] and [[Philips]] products in India. Gradually in subsequent years Redington India started to distribute hardware and software products from [[Intel]] and [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-08-31|title=Redington India – Wholesale Success|url=https://www.dqindia.com/r-n-r-nredington-india-wholesale-success-r-n-r-n/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Dataquest|language=en-US}}</ref> It entered into a tie-up with [[IBM App Connect Enterprise]] and [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] in the year 1998. From 2002, the company started its operation in Call Centre segment. In 2007, Redington India started to distribute the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] products.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thoppil|first=Dhanya Ann|date=2012-10-18|title=In India, Apple Shifts iPhone Strategy|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/18/in-india-apple-shifts-iphone-strategy/|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17|title=Redington to offer latest range of iPhones in over 3,500 retail locations in India|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/redington-to-offer-latest-range-of-iphones-in-over-3500-retail-locations-in-india-1031362.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-11-06|title=iPhone 5 Sold Out in India|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-25366|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In 2008 Redington India became the distributor of Adobe products.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Jayati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1wHhsF_P5kC&dq=Redington+Company+%221993%22&pg=PA267|title=Beyond the Myth: Indian Business Communities in Singapore|date=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4345-27-9|language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, [[Investcorp]] bought 26% stake of Redington International which they later sold in 2012 Redington India via its Gulf Opportunity Fund.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-02-13|title=Global Deal: Investcorp Sells Redington Stake to Parent|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DJINB-445|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In 2019, Redington has acquired 90% stake in Auroma Logistics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington buys 90% stake in Auroma|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/redington-buys-90-stake-in-auroma/article26472880.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Mar 26, 2019|title=Redington group co acquires 90% stake in Auroma Logistics - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/redington-group-co-acquires-90-stake-in-auroma-logistics/articleshow/68569900.cms|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, Arena Bilgisayar, the Turkish arm and subsidiary of Redington India acquired Brightstar Telekomünikasyon at $35 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-14|title=Redington's subsidiary Arena to acquire Turkish arm of US-based Brightstar Corp|url=https://www.vccircle.com/redington-s-subsidiary-arena-to-acquire-turkish-arm-of-us-based-brightstar-corp|access-date=2021-09-22|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington Turkish arm acquires 100% shares of Brightstar for $35 million|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/redington-turkish-arm-acquires-100-shares-of-brightstar-for-35-million-121091400442_1.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2021-05-05|title=Redington India's subsidiary update on potential acquisition of Brightstar Turkey's operation|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/redington-india-s-subsidiary-update-on-potential-acquisition-of-brightstar-turkey-s-operation-121050501249_1.html|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref>

In August 2023, Rajiv Srivastava resigned as the Managing Director of Redington citing personal reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=Redington MD Rajiv Srivastava resigns citing personal reasons |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/redington-md-rajiv-srivastava-resigns-citing-personal-reasons/article67184038.ece |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Redington Gulf ===
''Redington Gulf FZE'' started its operation in 1999 as a subsidiary of Redington Mauritius Limited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Justin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnwHnqvPY0cC&dq=Redington+Gulf&pg=PA325|title=International Marketing - Text & Cases|date=1966|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-1-259-00180-2|language=en}}</ref> In April 2004, the ''Redington group'' acquired the ''Redington Gulf FZE'' from Redington Mauritius. During this time, the ''Redington group'' also invested significantly in Redington Distribution Pte Ltd and Cadensworth. In 2006, the Redington group acquired 100% stake in both Redington Distribution Pte Ltd and Cadensworth.

Redington Gulf operates across Middle East, Africa, CIS region and, Turkey<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hac_TuiY1oC&dq=Redington+group+India&pg=PA177|title=The Report: Turkey 2012|date=2012|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-907065-59-0|language=en}}</ref> (via Arena Bilgisayar).<ref name=":0" /> Its core services remain around value and telecom distribution, distribution services, logistic services and support services.<ref name=":0" /> ''Redington Value'' is the "value-added distribution" division of Redington Gulf which is based in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington Value|url=https://www.redingtonvalue.com/htmls/company.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=www.redingtonvalue.com}}</ref> In October 2015, Redington Value forged partnership with [[CyberArk]] through which Redington Value became enabled to distribute CyberArk's Privileged Account Security Platform throughout the middle east region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington Gulf|url=https://www.cyberark.com/partner-finder/redington-gulf/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=CyberArk|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington Value seals security deal with CyberArk|url=https://gulfnews.com/technology/redington-value-seals-security-deal-with-cyberark-1.1605131|access-date=2021-09-22|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Mello|first=Sandhya|title=Redington Value, CyberArk tie up|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/technology/redington-value-cyberark-tie-up|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref> In November 2015, Redington group through Redington Gulf acquires 70% share of Linkplus.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanjai|first=P. R.|date=2015-10-07|title=Redington India to acquire 70% of Linkplus Bilgisayar of Turkey|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Z9LZF6BzqPtXrubWjkSePM/Redington-India-to-acquire-70-of-Linkplus-Bilgisayar-of-Tur.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurup|first=Rajesh|title=Redington (India) to acquire 70% stake in Linkplus Bilgisayar of Turkey|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/redington-india-to-acquire-70-stake-in-linkplus-bilgisayar-of-turkey/article7733764.ece|access-date=2021-09-22|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-27|title=Redington India updates on acquisition of Linkplus|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/redington-india-updates-on-acquisition-of-linkplus-115112700589_1.html|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-07|title=Redington (India) shares gain, subsidiary to buy 70% of Turkey firm|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/redington-india-shares-jump-subsidiary-to-buy-70-of-turkey-firm/147093/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2020, Redington Value signed partnership with [[CrowdStrike]] to distribute its falcon endpoint protection suite in the [[MENA]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-14|title=Redington Value announces MEA partnership with CrowdStrike|url=https://www.tahawultech.com/channel/redington-value-announces-mea-partnership-with-crowdstrike/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=TahawulTech.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Redington Value Journal - June 2019|url=https://issuu.com/smartsmb/docs/valuejournal_june_2019__4_|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Issuu|language=en}}</ref> In the same month Redington Value also entered into a tie-up with Gigamon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=Gigamon announces Redington Value as distributor for Middle East and Africa|url=https://www.tahawultech.com/channel/gigamon-announces-redington-value-as-distributor-for-middle-east-and-africa/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=TahawulTech.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-10|title=Gigamon, Redington to present new security platform at Gitex 2016|url=https://www.intelligenttechchannels.com/2016/10/10/gigamon-and-distributor-redington-to-present-new-security-platform-at-gitex-2016/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Intelligent Tech Channels|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Further reads ==

* Srinivasan. R., The New Indian Industry: Structure and Key Players. India, Macmillan India, 2005.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Distributors]]
[[Category:Electronic component distributors]]

Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:54:10Z

Antonioctj: general correct lead for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Protected area in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Map of [[Tamil Nadu]]
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Vedanthangal Lake.JPG
| photo2a = In a Land of their own Vedanthangal.jpg
| photo2b = Vedanthangal bird sanctuary Watch Tower.jpg
| photo3a = Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary pathway.JPG
| photo3b = Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary - Evening.JPG
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top''': A view of the sanctuary; Watch tower in the sanctuary; Resting [[pelicans]]; Walkway inside the sanctuary; ''[[Barringtonia]]'' trees in the lake
| size = 250
| position = center
}}
| image_alt =
| location = [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|32|44|N|79|51|21|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_ha = 30
| established = 1936
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]
| nearest_city = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation = {{cvt|122|m}}<ref name="Ramsar"/>
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
| designation1_date = 8 April 2022
| designation1_number = 2477<ref name="Ramsar">{{cite web|title=Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary|work=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]]|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN2477RIS_2208_en.pdf|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[bird sanctuary]] in the [[Madurantakam taluk]] of the [[Chengalpattu district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Established in 1936, it is the oldest [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary in India]]. It has been designated as a protected [[Ramsar site]] since 2022. More than 40,000 birds have been recorded in the sanctuary during the migratory season every year.

== History ==
The Vedanthangal freshwater lake attracts water birds, and the area was protected by the local people, who benefited from the
manure-rich water from the lake. The [[guano]] of the birds increased the agriculture yield of the surrounding fields.<ref name="Ramsar"/> The area was later used as hunting grounds for [[sport hunting]] of birds by the rich in the early 17th century.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Vedanthangal literally means the 'hamlet of the hunter' in [[Tamil language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.13:1:9017.tamillex|title=Tamil Lexicon|work=[[University of Madras]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Towards the end of the 18th century, locals complained to the [[District Collector]] of [[Chingleput district]] about the British soldiers shooting the birds and obtained a cowle (a written acceptance) from the collector to protect the birds.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bates, RSP|year=1931|title=Birdlife in India|publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/BirdLifeIndia/BirdlifeIndia#page/n50/mode/1up}}</ref> Due to its ecological importance, the [[British Raj|British Government]] initiated further steps to develop it into a bird sanctuary in 1798. Several accounts of the area being a breeding place for birds were published in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shortt, John|year=1866|title=Account of a heronry, and breeding-place of other water-birds, in southern India|journal=Zoologist|volume=1|pages=11–16|url=https://archive.org/stream/zoologist24lond#page/11/mode/1up/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Hume, AO|title=The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3|pages=238–239|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia03humerich#page/237/mode/1up|year=1889|publisher=R H Porter}}</ref>

In the mid 19th century, the collector of Chingleput ordered it to be established as a protected area.<ref name="Compendium"/> It was officially declared as a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in 1936 and was the first such protected area to be established within the Indian boundaries.<ref name="Compendium"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu|url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055618/http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The surrounding wetland was declared as reserve area as per the [[Madras Forest Act, 1882]] on 4 June 1962. Subsequently, the surrounding {{cvt|5|km}} zone were declared as part of the sanctuary as per the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]] in 1996 and the final notification was issued on 8 July 1998.<ref name="Ramsar"/>

== Description ==
The sanctuary occupies an area of {{cvt|74|acre}} and is one of the smallest [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuaries in India]].<ref name="Compendium"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/tamil_nadu|title=Tamil Nadu|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The sanctuary consists of many small water bodies interconnected with the main tank, located at an altitude of about {{cvt|122|m}}.<ref name="Ramsar"/> The maximum depth of the lake is {{cvt|5|m}} and it supplies water to nearly 250 acres of agricultural land in the region. The west and south sides of the lake are bordered by a long bund, whereas the northern and eastern sides extend to the agricultural lands. The area receives an average annual rainfall of {{cvt|140|cm}}, mostly from the [[north-east monsoon]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Venkatraman G|last2=Thiyagesan K|last3=Nagarajan R|author4=Jyothinayakam, J.T.|title=Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlx-ho5EvyoC&pg=PA93|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Daya Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7035-529-8|page=93}}</ref> There is a {{cvt|24|ft}} observation tower in the sanctuary.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=47}}</ref> In 2013, the lake was de-silted and new water channels were built by the [[Public Works Department]] to facilitate water supply to the lake from neighbouring water bodies.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bird-sanctuaries-to-open-on-friday/article5361511.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title= Bird sanctuaries to open on Friday|date=18 November 2013|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

== Flora ==
The sanctuary consists of a mixture of [[tropical evergreen forest|tropical and sub-tropical]] dry [[broadleaf forest]]s interspersed with thorns and shrubs.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="Compendium"/> The wetland and the surrounding areas have been subject to [[deforestation]] and over [[grazing]] from domestic livestock, which resulted in the stunted scrub vegetation. There are two distinct types of vegetation in the sanctuary. The water area mainly consists of ''[[Barringtonia acutangula]]'' and ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' trees, most of which were planted by the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] and are the main nest-supporting trees. The ''Barringtonia'' trees also serve as roosts for the non-breeding birds and safe high perches for the young lings.<ref name="Ramsar"/> In 2013, a further two lakh ''Barringtonia'' saplings were planted in the sanctuary.<ref name="Hindu"/>

The periphery of the tank and the tank bund consists of a number of ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' trees. The tank bund also consists of ''[[Streblus]]'' and ''[[Calamus (palm)|Calamus]]'' trees. There are other species such as ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'', ''[[Alangium salviifolium]]'', ''[[Albizzia lebbek]]'', ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', ''[[Morinda tinctoria]]'', ''[[Borassus flabellifer]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', and ''[[Solanum trilobatum]]'' on the area surrounding the tank. The partly submerged scrubs around the tank provide twigs for the birds to build nests and also serve as roosting grounds.<ref name="Ramsar"/>

== Fauna ==
The unique ecosystem attracts a rich diversity of birds. Nearly 40000 birds are seen in the tank during the breeding season. When the nesting birds return with the young lings, there can be over 70000 birds in a good monsoon year.<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref name="Hindu"/> The prime nesting species seen in the sanctuary are [[spot billed pelican]], [[Asian Open-billed Stork|Asian open-billed stork]], [[painted stork]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[little cormorant]], [[black-crowned night heron]], [[little egret]], [[intermediate egret]], [[grey heron]], [[glossy ibis]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], and [[Indian pond heron]].<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Santharam, V.|author2=R. K. G. Menon|year=1991|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW31_1112#page/n8/mode/1up|title=Observations on the water-bird populations of the Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=31|page=6-8}}</ref> Migratory waterbirds [[wintering]] here include [[northern pintail]], [[garganey]], [[northern shoveller]], [[black-winged stilt]], and other shorebirds and [[terns]] such as [[whiskered tern]].<ref name="Ramsar"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/VedanthangalByM.Krishnan/KrishnanVed#page/n9/mode/2up|title=Vedanthangal|author=M. Krishnan|page=9}}</ref> [[Cattle egret]]s and [[little cormorant]]s are also seen outside the breeding season. Other terrestrial birds such as [[darter]]s, [[parakeet]]s, [[Sylvioidea|babbler]]s, [[myna]]s, [[Megalaimidae|barbet]]s, [[bee-eater]]s, [[kingfisher]]s, [[Coraciidae|roller]], [[cuckoo]], [[Old World oriole|oriole]], [[drongo]], and [[raptor (bird)|raptors]] such as [[black-winged kite]], [[brahminy kite]], [[short-toed eagle]], [[pariah kite]] have been observed in Vedanthangal. <ref name="Ramsar"/>

Mammals seen in the sanctuary include [[Indian jackal]], [[jungle cat]], [[wild boar]], [[black-naped hare]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[mongoose]], [[mole rat]], [[palm civet]], [[flying fox]], and [[Indian fox]]. A large number of [[fruit bats]] are also present in the [[bamboo]] trees around the lake. There are also [[reptiles]] and [[amphibians]] such as [[Water snake (disambiguation)|water snakes]], [[Indian cobra]], [[sand boa]]s, [[terrapins]], [[tortoises]], [[lizards]], and [[frogs]].<ref name="Compendium"/><ref name="Ramsar"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary.jpg|Birds at the sanctuary
File:Vedanthangal 4 birds.jpg|[[Spot-billed pelican]], [[painted stork]], [[little egret]] and [[open-billed stork]]
File:Indian Pond Heron, Vedantangal Bird Sanctuary.jpg|[[Indian pond heron]]
File:Black Headed Ibis, Vedantangal Bird Sanctuary.jpg|[[Black-headed ibis]]
File:Indian Golden Oriole, Vedantangal Bird Sanctuary.jpg|[[Golden oriole]]
File:Asian openbill stork, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary.jpg|[[Open-billed stork]]
File:Vedanthangal Stork Breeding.jpg|[[Spot-billed pelican]]s
File:Male and female parakeet 1.jpg|[[Green parakeet]]
File:Spot billed duck after swim 1.jpg|[[Spot-billed duck]]
File:Darter and Ibis on a race 1.jpg|[[Darter]] and [[ibis]]
File:Pond Heron and its reflection 1.jpg|[[Pond heron]]
File:Egrets on a island 1.jpg|[[Eastern cattle egret]]
File:Painted Stork at Vedanthangal, Chennai.jpg|[[Painted stork]]
File:Pelican flight.jpg|[[Spot-billed pelican]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of birds of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of birds of South India]]
* [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary|position=left}}

{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Eastern Ghats}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1936]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Don Bosco School, Kokrajhar

2026-02-22T16:20:53Z

Antonioctj: add layout for clarity

{{one source|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Don Bosco School, Kokrajhar
| native_name =
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| address =
| city = [[Kokrajhar]], [[Kokrajhar district]], [[Bodoland]]
| state =
| province =
| country =
| coordinates =
| type = Higher Secondary School
| established =
| founder =
| status =
| closed =
| district =
| category =
| oversight =
| chairman =
| dean =
| administrator =
| rector =
| principal = Fr. Ignatius K. Sangma SDB
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head =
| chaplain =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| grades = Nursery - 12
| gender =
| enrollment =
| language = English
| houses = Blue House {{color box|blue}} Red House {{color box|red}} Green House {{color box|green}} Yellow House {{color box|yellow}}
| colours =
| athletics =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| rival =
| accreditation =
| national_ranking =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| website = http://www.donboscokokrajhar.org
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
| category_label =
| gender_label =
| affiliation =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| asst principal =
| head_label =
| head_name2 =
| head2 =
| officer_in_charge =
| grades_label =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| campus = Urban
| colors =
| student_union =
| free_label = [[Emblem]]
| free_text =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
}}

'''Don Bosco School''', Kokrajhar, commonly abbreviated to DBSK, is a school of the Catholic Church, situated in the heart of [[Kokrajhar|Kokrajhar Town]] in [[India]]. It belongs to and is managed by the Salesians of Don Bosco Educational Society. Guided by the religious and educational philosophy of St. John Bosco, the school was founded to provide education to people who cannot afford expensive quality education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://donboscokokrajhar.org/about-us/our-founder/|title=Our Founder|website=donboscokokrajhar.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26.4111523|90.2690801|display=title|type:edu}}

[[Category:Christian schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Kokrajhar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{Assam-school-stub}}

Indian crested porcupine

2026-02-18T00:52:01Z

Antonioctj: small improve lead per sources and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Amori, G. |author2=Hutterer, R. |author3=Kryštufek, B. |author4=Yigit, N. |author5=Mitsainas, G. |author6=Palomo, L. |date=2021 |title=''Hystrix indica'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T10751A197516522 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10751A197516522.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Weissschwanzstachelschwein Hystrix indica Tierpark Hellabrunn-12 (cropped).jpg
| genus = Hystrix
| species = indica
| range_map = Hystrix indica distribution map.png
| authority = [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792
}}
The '''Indian crested porcupine''' ('''''Hystrix indica''''') is a [[Hystricomorpha|hystricomorph]] [[rodent]] species native to southern [[Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. It is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. It belongs to the [[Old World porcupine]] family, Hystricidae.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

== Description ==
The Indian crested porcupine is a large rodent, weighing {{cvt|11–18|kg}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) - Information on Indian Crested Porcupine - Encyclopedia of Life|url = http://eol.org/pages/326522/overview|website = Encyclopedia of Life|access-date = 2015-11-19}}</ref> The body (from nose to base of the tail) measures between {{cvt|70|and|90|cm}} with the tail adding an additional {{cvt|8-10|cm}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = The Book of Indian Animals|last = Prater|first = Stanley Henry|publisher = Diocesan Press|year = 1965|location = Bombay}}</ref> The lifespan of Indian crested porcupines in the wild is unknown, however, the oldest known Indian crested porcupine in captivity was female; it lived up to be 27.1 years old.<ref name=":0" />

It is covered in multiple layers of modified hair called quills, with longer, thinner quills covering a layer of shorter, thicker ones.<ref name=":0" /> The quills are brown or black with alternating white and black bands. They are made of keratin and are relatively flexible. Each quill is connected to a muscle at its base, allowing the porcupine to raise its quills when it feels threatened. The longest quills are located on the neck and shoulder, where the quills form a "skirt" around the animal. These quills can grow up to 51 cm (20 in) long,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Indian Crested Porcupine|url = http://zoo.sandiegozoo.org/animals/indian-crested-porcupine|website = San Diego Zoo|access-date = 2015-11-19|archive-date = 15 March 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180315051653/http://zoo.sandiegozoo.org/animals/indian-crested-porcupine}}</ref> with most measuring between {{cvt|15|and|30|cm}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent|last1 = Gurung|first1 = K.K.|publisher = Academic Press|year = 1996|location = San Diego|last2=Singh|first2=R.}}</ref> Smaller (20 cm) and more rigid quills are packed densely on the back and rump. These smaller quills are used to stab at potential threats.<ref name=":1" /> The base of the tail contains shorter quills that appear white in color, with longer, hollow quills that the porcupine can rattle to produce a warning sound when threatened.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Fauna of India|last = Ellerman|first = J.R.|publisher = Manager of Publications|year = 1961|location = New Delhi}}</ref> Contrary to popular belief, Indian crested porcupines (like all porcupines) cannot shoot their quills.<ref name=":1" />

The Indian crested porcupine has a stocky build with a low surface area to volume ratio, which aids in heat conservation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Seasonal Energy Requirements and Water Intakes of Indian Crested Porcupines (''Hystrix indica'') in Captivity |jstor=1380887|journal = Journal of Mammalogy |date=1986 |pages = 333–342|volume = 67 |issue =2 |doi=10.2307/1380887|first1 = Philip U.|last1 = Alkon|first2 = A. Allan|last2 = Degen|first3 = Anat|last3 = Cohen|first4 = Haya|last4 = Pollak}}</ref> It has broad feet with long claws used for burrowing.<ref name=":0" /> Like all porcupines, the Indian crested porcupine has a good sense of smell and sharp, chisel-like incisors.<ref name=":1" />

== Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Hystrix indica.jpg|thumb|left|Indian crested porcupine on a rocky hillside]]Indian crested porcupines are found throughout southwest and central Asia,<ref name=":0" /> including [[Afghanistan]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[China]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Turkey]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Yemen]]. Due to their flexible environmental tolerances, Indian crested porcupines occupy a broad range of habitats.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> They prefer rocky hillsides,<ref name=":0" /> but are also common in tropical and temperate shrublands, grasslands, forests, plantations, and gardens.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Their range seems to be limited by seasonal densities of forage and the availability of suitable substrates for digging burrows.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Features of the ecology of porcupines in the deserts of eastern Prikaspia|last = Gorbunov|first = A.V.|date = 1985|journal = Soviet Journal of Ecology|volume = 16|pages = 248–253}}</ref> More specifically, the northern range of the Indian crested porcupine is limited by minimum summer night duration: they do not occur above latitudes where minimum night duration is less than 7 hours, presumably because of the amount of foraging time required to meet their dietary needs.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title = Foraging Time and the Northern Range Limits of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica Kerr)|jstor = 2845271|journal = Journal of Biogeography|date = 1988-05-01|pages = 403–408|volume = 15|issue = 3|doi = 10.2307/2845271|first1 = Philip U.|last1 = Alkon|first2 = David|last2 = Saltz| bibcode=1988JBiog..15..403A }}</ref>

In 2018, the first documented sighting of an Indian crested porcupine took place at [[Wadi Wurayah]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="TheNational 09-2018">{{cite news |last=Haza |first=Ruba |title=Species of porcupine seen for first time in the Fujairah |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/species-of-porcupine-seen-for-first-time-in-the-fujairah-1.769548 |date=2018-09-12 |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref name="GulfNews 09-2018">{{cite news |last=De Leon |first=Janice Ponce |title=First confirmed sighting of Indian crested porcupine in UAE |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |location=[[Fujairah]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/environment/first-confirmed-sighting-of-indian-crested-porcupine-in-uae-1.2277687 |date=2018-09-13 |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> In 2019, another individual was spotted in the [[Russia]]n republic of [[Dagestan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dag.aif.ru/society/indiyskogo_dikobraza_obnaruzhili_v_gornyh_rayonah_dagestana | title=Индийского дикобраза обнаружили в горных районах Дагестана | date=5 December 2019 }}</ref>

== Diet ==
[[File:Indian Crested Porcupine.JPG|thumb|A captive Indian crested porcupine]]
Indian crested porcupines have a broad and mostly herbivorous diet. They consume a variety of natural and agricultural plant material, including roots, bulbs, fruits, grains, drupe and tubers, along with insects and small vertebrates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Influences of porcupine (''Hystrix indica'') activity on the slopes on the northern Negev mountains – Germination and vegetation renewal in different geomorphological types and slope directions|journal = Oecologia|date = 1981 |pages = 332–334 |volume = 51|issue = 3|doi = 10.1007/BF00540902|pmid = 28310016|first1 = Y. |last1 = Gutterman|first2 = Nir |last2 = Herr| bibcode=1981Oecol..51..332G |s2cid = 41549116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Distribution and reproduction of the Indian Crested Porcupine ''Hystrix indica'' (Hystricidae: Rodentia) in Iraq |journal=Zoology in the Middle East |date = 1997 |pages = 9–12 |volume = 15 |issue = 1|doi = 10.1080/09397140.1997.10637731|first = A.-H. H.|last = Kadhim}}</ref> Because they are cecal digesters, they are able to exploit low quality forage.<ref>{{Cite journal |title = The Nutritional Basis for Food Selection by Ungulates|jstor = 3898379|journal = Journal of Range Management|date = 1982 |pages = 146–151 |volume = 35|issue = 2|doi = 10.2307/3898379|first = T. A. |last = Hanley|hdl = 10150/646267|hdl-access = free}}</ref> They have also been known to chew on bones to acquire minerals, such as calcium, that aid in quill growth.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Their capability to form substantial fat reserves is a useful adaptation for living in seasonally fluctuating habitats.<ref name=":4" />

These porcupines can act as substantial habitat modifiers when excavating for tubers.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Vegetation patterns related to environmental factors in a Negev Desert watershed|journal = Vegetatio|date=1983 |pages=153–165 |volume = 54|issue = 3 |doi = 10.1007/BF00047104 |first1 = L.|last1 = Olsvig-Whittaker|first2=M. |last2 = Shachak|first3 = A.|last3 = Yair|s2cid = 2152645}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = A case study of energy, water and soil flow chains in an arid ecosystem|journal = Oecologia |date = 1982 |pages = 389–397|volume = 54|issue = 3 |doi=10.1007/BF00380008|first1 = A.|last1 = Yair|first2 = M.|last2 = Shachak|pmid = 28309963 |bibcode = 1982Oecol..54..389Y |s2cid = 37783090 }}</ref> They are also considered serious agricultural pests in many parts of their range due to their taste for crops.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Food habits of the Indian crested porcupine (''Hystrix indica'') in Faisalabad, Pakistan |first1 = S. |last1 = Hafeez |first2 = K. G. |last2 = S.|first3 = M. |last3 =Khan |first4 =A. Z.|last4 = H.|journal = Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira de Biologia |date = 2021 |volume = 82 |article-number = e243063 |doi = 10.1590/1519-6984.243063 |pmid = 34287526 |s2cid = 236157365 |doi-access = free }}</ref> For these reasons, they are often regarded as a nuisance.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

== Behaviour ==
[[File:Hystrix indica 2024-05-24 JM 5D412782.jpg|thumb|Sleeping Hystrix in their den at Zoo Stralsund]]
Like other Old World porcupines, the Indian crested porcupine is nocturnal.<ref name=":0" /> Both adults and weaned juveniles spend an average of 7 hours foraging every night.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|title = Influence of Season and Moonlight on Temporal-Activity Patterns of Indian Crested Porcupines (''Hystrix indica'') |journal = Journal of Mammalogy|date = 1988 |pages = 71–80|volume = 69|issue = 1|doi = 10.2307/1381749|first1 = P. U.|last1 = Alkon|first2 = D. M. |last2 = Saltz |jstor = 1381749}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title = Potatoes and the Nutritional Ecology of Crested Porcupines in a Desert Biome|jstor = 2403225|journal = Journal of Applied Ecology|date = 1985 |pages = 727–737|volume = 22|issue = 3|doi = 10.2307/2403225|first1 = P. U.|last1 = Alkon|first2 = D.|last2 = Saltz| bibcode=1985JApEc..22..727A }}</ref> They tend to avoid moonlight in the winter months, which could be a strategy to evade predation.<ref name=":7" /> However, during summer months they do not avoid moonlight (likely because there are less dark hours during which to forage), but instead tend to stay closer to their dens.<ref name=":7" /> During the day, they remain in their dens,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title = The Mammals of Arabia|last = Harrison|first = D.L.|publisher = Ernest Benn|year = 1972|location = London|volume = 3}}</ref> but throughout the winter, they occasionally emerge from their dens during daylight hours to bask in the sun.<ref name=":4" />

The Indian crested porcupine is semi[[fossorial]].<ref name=":0" /> They live in natural caves or in excavated burrows.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Because they do not climb or jump well, they spend most of their lives on or under the ground. However, they are good swimmers.<ref name=":1" />

Predators of the Indian crested porcupine include large cats,<ref>{{Cite book|title = East African Mammals|last = Kingdon|first = J.S.|publisher = Academic Press|year = 1974|location = London|volume = 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Cry of the Kalahari|url = https://archive.org/details/cryofkalahari00owen|url-access = registration|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|date = 1984 |isbn = 978-0-395-64780-6|first1 = M. |last1 = Owens|first2 = D. |last2 = Owens}}</ref> [[caracal]]s, wolves, striped [[hyenas]], Asian wild dogs, [[saltwater crocodiles]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Samarasinghe |first1=D. J. S.|last2=Alwis|first2=D. |date=2017 |title=''Crocodylus porosus'' (Saltwater Crocodile) diet |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320014937 |journal=Herpetological Review |volume=48|issue=3|pages=630–631}}</ref> and humans.<ref name=":7" /> When excited or scared, a porcupine stands its quills up to appear larger. It can also rattle the hollow quills at the base of its tail, stomp its feet, growl, grunt, or charge backward into the threat.<ref name=":1" />

== Reproduction ==
Indian crested porcupines mate in February and March.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|title = Reproduction in captive female Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis)|last = van Aarde|first = R.J.|date = 1985|journal = Journal of Reproduction and Fertility|doi = 10.1530/jrf.0.0750577|volume = 75|issue = 2|pages = 577–582|pmid = 4067934|doi-access = free}}</ref> Gestation lasts an average of 240 days.<ref name=":3" /> A female gives birth to one brood of two to four offspring per year.<ref name=":2" /> Young are born with open eyes and are covered in short, soft quills that harden within a few hours after birth.<ref name=":0" /> Young are fully weaned 13–19 weeks after birth, but remain in the den with parents and siblings until sexual maturity around 2 years of age.<ref name=":10" /> It has been reported that the Indian crested porcupine is usually [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] and mates every night throughout its life, not only for reproduction, but also to maintain and strengthen the pair bond, the relationship between the male and female partners.<ref>Z Server, [https://www.slideshare.net/zevsev/sever-new-scientist-1988 Regular sex keeps porcupines faithful], ''New Scientist'', Nov.12, 1988</ref> Previously, this had only been found in humans, [[bonobo]]s, and some [[dolphin]]s.

== Conservation ==
[[File:Hystrix indica.JPG|thumb|Indian crested porcupine in a [[animal trap|trap]]]]

Due to its adaptability to a wide range of habitats and food types, the Indian crested porcupine is listed by the [[IUCN Red List]] as [[Least-concern species|Least Concern]] as of 2008.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name=":0" /> Populations are stable and not severely fragmented, and while population status varies across its range, in many places it is common enough to be considered a pest.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> However, as a result of urbanization, infrastructure development, and pesticide use, suitable porcupine habitat is currently declining.<ref name=":0" />

The Indian crested porcupine is protected under the India Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, amended up to 2002.<ref name=":0" /> Nonetheless, because it is destructive to gardens and agricultural crops, it is widely hunted.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = Mammals of the Holy Land|url = https://archive.org/details/mammalsofholylan00qums|url-access = registration|publisher = Texas Tech University Press|date = 1996-01-01|isbn = 978-0-89672-364-1|first = M. B. |last = Qumsiyeh}}</ref> It is traded for consumption and medicinal use.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Hystrix indica}}
{{Commons category|Hystrix indica}}

{{Hystricidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q741524}}

[[Category:Hystricidae]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of West Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1792]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Kerr (writer)]]

V. Ramakrishna

2026-02-09T23:29:00Z

Antonioctj: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ramakrishna Vissamraju
| image =
| caption =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|08|20}}
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|07|16|1947|08|20}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|music director|voice actor|producer}}
| years_active =
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| honours =
| relatives = [[P. Susheela]] ([[Aunt]])
}}
}}
'''Ramakrishna Vissamraju''' (20 August 1947 – 16 July 2015) was a [[playback singer]] in [[South India]].

==Personal life and career==
Ramakrishna was born to Vissamraju Rangasayi and Ratnam on 20 August 1947. [[P. Susheela|Ganakokila P.Suseela]] is his mother's sister.

He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree but decided to become a professional singer, a decision influenced by his admiration for [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]. He sang light music for [[All India Radio]].

Ramakrishna's debut movie song was "Vayase Oka Poolathota" in ''Vichitra Bandham'' in 1972. Throughout his career, he performed over 5000 songs in movies and devotional albums and has given numerous stage shows across Andhra Pradesh. He was a playback singer for Telugu actors such as [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Sobhan Babu]], and [[Krishnam Raju]]. And also Krishna

Later in life, he took up acting and appeared in television series and films. He continued to give concerts across Andhra Pradesh.

In 1976, he married Jyothi Khanna, who was also a singer. The couple had two children, Lekha, and [[Sai Kiran]], who made his acting début in ''Nuvve Kaavali'' in 2001.

Another prominent singer, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], also recorded a song that had previously been selected for Ramakrishna, and he later performed a song originally sung by Ramakrishna.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song/s
|-
| 1972
| ''Vichitra Bandham''
| "Vayase Oka Poolathota"
|-
|
| ''[[Tata Manavadu]]''
| "Anubandham Atmiyata Anta Oma Bootakam", "Yemito Ee Lokamanta Yentaku Antu Pattani Vinta"
|-
| 1973
| ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]''
| "Edagadanikendukura Tondara", "Kurise Vennello Merise Godarilaa", "Mamu Brovamani Cheppave Seetamma Talli", "Samooha Bhojanammu Santoshmaina Vindu", "Ramudemannadoi Seetaramudemannadoi"
|-
|
| ''[[Bhakta Tukaram]]''
| "Manasuna Neeve", "Neeve Aadi Daivamu", "Panduranga Naamam", "Pilupu Vinagaleva", "Shyama Sundara"
|-
|
| ''[[Palletoori Bava]]''
|"Ose vayyaari rangi"
|-
|
| ''[[Sharada (1973 film)|Sharada]]''
| "Sharada", "Nanu Cheraga Emitamma Sigga"
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Kannavaari Kalalu (film)|Kannavaari Kalalu]]''
| "Andaalu kanuvindu chesthunte, Sorry so sorry, Okanaati maata kaadu, Madhuvolakabosey nee chilipi kallu"
|-
|
| ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]''
| "Krishnaveni Teluginti Viriboni"
|-
|
| ''[[Alluri Seetharama Raju (1974 film)|Alluri Seetharama Raju]]''
| "Telugu Veera Levara Deeksha Pooni Saagara"
|-
|
| ''[[Andaru Dongale]]''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film)|Chakravakam]]''
| "Kothaga Pellaina Kurravaniki", "Veenaleni Teeganu Neevuleni Bratukunu", "Veenalona Teegalona Ekkadunnadi Ragamu"
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Balipeetam]]''
| "Chandamama Raave Jabilli Raave"
|-
|
| ''Gunavanthudu''
|
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Yashoda Krishna]]''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]''
| "Edo Edo Annadhi"
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]''
| "Siva Siva Sankara Bhaktava Sankara"
|-
|
| ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Mahathmudu]]''
|"Chitti Paapaa", "Enthagaa Choosthunnaa", "Edhurugaa Neevunte", "Manishi Manishiga"
|
|-
|
| ''Secretary''<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0002349 Secretary film songs at Raaga.com]</ref>
| "Naa Pakkana Chotunnadi Okkarike", "Manasuleni Devudu Manishikenduko Manasicchadu"
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Chakradhari (1954 film)|Chakradhari]]''
|
|-
|
| ''[[Amaradeepam (1977 film)|Amaradeepam]]''
| "Inthe Ee Jeevithamu Chivariki Anta Soonyamu", "Naa Jeevana Sandhya Samayamlo Oka Devatha Udayinchindi"
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]''
|
|-
|
|
| "[[Idekkadi Nyayam]]", "Andalanni Nilone Dagunnai", "Yepudaina Oka Kshnamaina"
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Karunamayudu]]''
| "Puvvulakanna Punnami Vennelakanna"
|-
| 1978
| [[Vayasu Pilichindi]]
| "Jeevitham Madhusala"
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]''
| "Ashayala Pandirilo Anuragam Sandadilo"
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Shrimad Virat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]''
| "Cheppaledani Anakapoyeru", "Mayadari Marala Bandira", "Nandamaya Garuda Nandamaya", "Shiva Govinda Govinda", "Vinara Vinara O Naruda"
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]''
| "Jai Shirdi Naadha Saideva" (Dandakam)
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Vishwanatha Nayakudu]]''
| Poems in the Rayala court scene
|-
| 1988
| "Bava Marudula Sawal"
|
|-
|1996
| "Ninne Pelladatha"
|
|-
|}

==Death==
He died on 16 July 2015, having suffered from cancer for ten months and having been admitted to Banjara Hills Omega Hospitals.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/saikiran-father-singer-v-ramakrishna-death/ | location=Hyderabad, India | work=TNP LIVE | title=Actor Saikiran Father Singer V Ramakrishna Death | date=16 July 2015}}</ref> He was 67 and is survived by his wife, son [[Sai Kiran]] and daughter Lekha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indtoday.com/renowned-telugu-singer-ramakrishna-vissamraju-passes-away-indtoday-com/ |title=Renowned Telugu singer Ramakrishna Vissamraju passes away - indtoday.com {{!}} IndToday.com |website=www.indtoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717102340/http://www.indtoday.com/renowned-telugu-singer-ramakrishna-vissamraju-passes-away-indtoday-com/ |archive-date=2015-07-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0882766|V. Ramakrishna}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419032549/http://www.cinegoer.com/titbits.htm P. Ramakrishna at Cinegoer.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna, V.}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Jayshree Satpute

2026-02-07T23:04:10Z

Antonioctj: creating initial info initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayshree Satpute
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Advocate in Supreme Court and High Courts of India
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Founding of Nazdeek, a NGO for legal empowerment
}}

Recognized by [[The Guardian]] (UK) as one of the "World's Top 100 Inspiring Women," in 2011<ref>{{Cite news |last=McConville |first=Brigid |date=2011-03-08 |title=Jayshree Satpute |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/mar/08/jayshree-satpute-100-women |access-date=2025-08-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topic/jayshree-satpute|title= Five Indians in list of top 100 women|access-date= 14 March 2016|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> '''Jayshree Satpute''' is a human rights lawyer and co-founder of Nazdeek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nazdeek.org/|title= nazdeek.org|access-date= 28 August 2016}}</ref> Satpute is a legal advocate in [[human rights]] pursuing cases in the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] and [[High Courts of India]] related to injustices to slum dwellers, refugees, women labourers, care of orphaned children, juveniles, [[Right to Information]] (RTI), and related issue areas.<ref name=Bench>{{Cite web|url=http://barandbench.com/clinical-legal-education-a-way-towards-up-scaling-access-to-justice-in-india/|title= Clinical Legal Education: A Way towards Up-scaling Access to Justice in India|date= 21 October 2015|access-date=14 March 2016|publisher=Journal of Bar & Bench}}</ref>{{Sfn|Satpute|2009|p=iv}}

Satpute is one of the cofounders of Nazdeek ("to be close" in Urdu), an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] which brings justice to marginalized communities across India, providing legal support and legal empowerment trainings to women working in the tea gardens of [[Assam]] and living in slums in [[Delhi]]. In 2015, Nazdeek was awarded the Namati Justice Prize for serving as, "a shining example of impact and sustainability."<ref name=Staff>{{Cite news|url=https://namati.org/network/justiceprizeresult/nazdeek/|title=Namati Justice Prize|date=25 September 2015|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828222456/https://namati.org/network/justiceprizeresult/nazdeek/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Satpute has coauthored many texts, including a book titled "Social and Economic Rights in Theory and Practice," ''Routledge Press UK 2014''.{{Sfn|Satpute|Tahir2011|p=review page}} In this book, she discussed, in the national and international contexts, the law pertaining to refugees so that practitioners of law could take action to establish a framework to address humanitarian issues. She also authored “Clinical Legal Education: A Way Towards Upscaling Access to Justice in India” in ''Bar and Bench'', co-authored "Right to Information Law," ''HRLN Publication'', and co-edited the book "Refugee and Law 2nd Edition," ''HRLN 2011''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Biography==
Satpute was raised in [[Chandrapur|Chandrapur, India.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/455/woman-of-substance.html|title=Giving a voice to the voiceless, Jayashree Satpute stands up and fights for women {{!}} Success {{!}} New Delhi|website=www.theweekendleader.com|access-date=2016-03-28}}</ref> She attended Vidya Niketan before going on to attend university at Babasaheb Ambedkar University College of Law in [[Nagpur]]. Satpute earned a postgraduate degree in law from the [[City University London]]. After graduation, she interned with the [[Coalition for the International Criminal Court]] at [[The Hague]] before moving to [[New Delhi]]. She then began practicing law with the goal of empowering underprivileged people within the Indian justice system by filing [[Public Interest Litigations]] (PILs) in the higher courts in various parts of the country.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

An issue that Satpute highlighted in the Delhi High Court was the death of a homeless mother who gave birth without assistance and was left on the street without medical attention for four days in ''Laxmi Mandal v. Deen Dayal Harinagar Hospital & ORS, W.P.(C) 8853/2008''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} The High Court in Delhi ruled that the mother's human rights had been violated and the case resulted in the first decision in the world to recognize maternal mortality as a human rights violation and to award constitutional damages. The case brought national and international attention to the plight of, "marginalised women of India, who are most at risk of dying in childbirth."<ref name="McConville">{{Cite web|last= McConville|first= Brigid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/mar/08/jayshree-satpute-100-women|title= Jayshree Satpute|date=8 March 2011|access-date=13 March 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Satpute's other landmark legal victories include ''Court of its Own Motion v. U.O.I., W.P.(C) 5913/2010'' in which the government of Delhi ordered the construction of three exclusive shelter homes for homeless pregnant and lactating women, ''Rosemary Dzuvichu & Another Vs. The State of Nagaland'' in which the government of Nagaland was ordered to hold elections ensuring reservation for women, and ''Mukandi Lal Vs. Municipal Corporation of Delhi W.P. 8904/2009'' in which the court found the government's failure to follow due process and provide rehabilitation services to victims violated binding constitutional and international human rights obligations and ordered rehabilitation and established a procedure to be adopted prior to eviction.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Satpute founded Nazdeek in 2012, using a legal empowerment model to promote the rights of tea garden workers in Assam and improve their living conditions. Nazdeek works with organizations such as the Promotion and Advancement of Justice, Harmony and Rights of Adivasis (PAJHRA), People's Action for Development (PAD), and student organisations in Assam and currently collaborates with the Tezpur Law College to provide clinical legal education for law students. Since then, Nazdeek has started working in Delhi on issues of housing rights and the right to safe motherhood for women living in informal urban housing.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book|last= Satpute |first=Jayshree |title=Leading Cases on Right to Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGqpchdGEIsC|year=2009|publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent|isbn=978-81-89479-52-7}}
*{{cite book|last1= Satpute |first1=Jayshree |last2= Tahir |first2=Md. Saood |title=Refugees and the Law, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW5fxaHHLq8C|year=2011|publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent|isbn=978-81-89479-80-0}}
*{{cite book|last1= Satpute |first1=Jayshree |last2= Dhital |first2=Sukti |title=Claiming the Right to Safe Motherhood Through Litigation: The Indian Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KqQBAAAQBAJ&q=Claiming+the+Right+to+Safe+Motherhood+Through+Litigation%3A+The+Indian+Story&pg=PA158|year=2014|publisher=Routledge Publication|isbn=9781317964438 }}
*{{cite book|last= Satpute |first=Jayshree |title=Clinical Legal Education: A Way towards Up-scaling Access to Justice in India|url=http://barandbench.com/clinical-legal-education-a-way-towards-up-scaling-access-to-justice-in-india/|year=2015|publisher=Bar & Bench}}
*{{cite book|last=Nazdeek|title=The right to adequate housing in New Delhi|url=http://www.webstreaksprojects.com/nazdeek/version19/pdf/delhi-housing-memorandum.pdf|year=2014|publisher=National Dalit Movement for Justice (NDMJ)|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913105200/http://www.webstreaksprojects.com/nazdeek/version19/pdf/delhi-housing-memorandum.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last=Nazdeek|title=A Study of CSO Interventions in Addressing Atrocities Against Dalits and Tribals|url=http://www.webstreaksprojects.com/nazdeek/version19/pdf/claiming_justice.pdf|year=2014|publisher=International Human Rights Clinic at the University of Chicago and Nazdeek|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913080539/http://www.webstreaksprojects.com/nazdeek/version19/pdf/claiming_justice.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last= Nazdeek |title=No Time to Lose: Fighting Maternal and Infant Mortality through Community Reporting|work=Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/endmmnow/docs/endmmnow_advocacy_final_press/1|year=2015|publisher=End MM Now}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satpute, Jayshree}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of City, University of London]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Women from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

Riyuni Lakhmar

2026-01-28T15:49:35Z

Antonioctj: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bageshwar district]]{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

 

Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)

2026-01-27T11:01:14Z

Antonioctj: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Theatre in Mumbai, India}}
{{Other uses|Capitol Theater (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox theatre
| name = Capitol Cinema
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| image = Capitol Cinema Mumbai.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Capitol Cinema
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| pushpin_map_caption =
| address = Opposite [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| country = India
| designation =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.939343|72.834313|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| architect =
| owner =
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity =
| type =
| opened = 1928
| reopened =
| years_active =
| rebuilt =
| closed =
| demolished =
| other_names =
| production =
| current_use =
| website =
}}
'''Capitol Cinema''' is one of the [[Mumbai]]'s oldest theatres. Located just opposite [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], it was built by ''Kunvarji Paghtivala''.<ref name=sangeet>{{cite book|title=Sangeet natak, Volume 36, Issue 1|date=2001 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5KfAAAAMAAJ}}Page 13</ref> It is a ''Heritage grade II'' [[Victorian Architecture| Victorian structure]] constructed in 1879. Originally a [[theatre]] for [[performing arts]] known as ''Tivoli'' it got its present name in 1928 when it was converted to a [[Movie theatre]].<ref name=ie2005>{{cite news|title=Mumbai's oldest theatre may get a mall makeover|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=128140|accessdate=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=7 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516192632/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=128140|archive-date=16 May 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Prior to its renaming to Capitol, it was known as Gaiety Theatre.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/story-of-mumbai-s-140-year-old-capitol-cinema-a-marks-of-architectural-heritage-of-the-city-333229.html | title=Story of Mumbai's 140-Year-Old Capitol Cinema, A Marks of Architectural Heritage of the City | date=7 November 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
[[Category:Cinemas in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1879]]
[[Category:Victorian architecture in Asia]]
{{India-struct-stub}}

Hinduism in Kerala

2026-01-26T00:35:59Z

Antonioctj: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Overview of Hinduism n Kerala}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox religious group|group=Keralite Hindus കേരളീയ ഹിന്ദുക്കൾ keraleeya hindukkal|image=Panchavadyam.jpg|image_caption= Panchavadyam (orchestra of 5 instruments) during a festival|population=18,282,492 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]]) '''54.7%''' of total population{{Decrease}}|languages='''Sacred''' [[Sanskrit]] '''Others''' {{hlist|'''[[Malayalam]]'''}}|religions='''[[Hinduism]]'''|related-c=[[Islam in Kerala|Keralite Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Kerala|Keralite Christians]]}}

[[Hinduism]] is the largest [[religion in Kerala]] and Hindu lineages together make up 54.7% of the population of the state according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="censusindia2011religion"/>

== Background ==
[[Hinduism]] is the most widely professed faith in Kerala. According to [[2011 Census of India]] figures, 54.7% of Kerala's residents are Hindus.<ref name="censusindia2011religion">{{cite web |title=Population by religious communities |work=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Government of India |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827210435/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=27 August 2015}}
</ref> [[Hindu]]s represent the biggest religious group in all districts except [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041128124211/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2004 |location=Chennai, India |title=Increase in Muslim population in the State |date=23 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref>

The legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. Kerala produced several saints and movements. [[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adi Shankara]], was from Kerala.|258x258px]][[Adi Shankara]] was a religious philosopher who contributed to Hinduism and propagated the philosophy of [[Advaita]]. He was instrumental in establishing four [[matha]]s at [[Sringeri]], [[Dwarka]], [[Puri]] and [[Jyotirmath]]. [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] was another religious figure who composed [[Narayaniyam]], a collection of verses in praise of the Hindu God [[Krishna]].

Various practises of Hinduism are unique to Kerala. Worship of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] is popular in Kerala. Lord [[Krishna]] is worshipped widely in all parts of Kerala, [[Guruvayur]] being one of the most famous temples in the state. Malayali Hindus also worship [[Bhagavathi]] as a form of [[Shakti]]. Almost every village in Kerala has a Bhagavati Goddess. Hindus in Kerala also strongly believe in power of snake gods and usually have sacred snake groves known as ''[[Sarpa Kavu]]'' near to their houses.

[[Malayali]] Hindus have ceremonies such as ''[[Annaprashana|Chorunu]]'' (first feeding of rice to a child) and [[Vidyāraṃbhaṃ]].

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Religion in Kerala|Demographics of Kerala|l1 = Religion}}

=== Hindu population by district ===
[[File:Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes.png|700px|thumb|left|Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Districts
!Population([[2001 Census of India|2001]])
!Population([[2011 Census of India|2011]])
!Hindu Population([[2011 Census of India|2011]])
!Hindus %
|-
|[[Kasargod district|Kasargod]]
|1,203,342
|1,307,375
|729,908
|55.83%
|-
|[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|2,412,365
|2,523,003
|1,509,513
|59.83%
|-
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|786,627
|817,420
|404,460
|49.48%
|-
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|2,878,498
|3,086,293
|1,734,806
|56.21%
|-
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|3,629,640
|4,112,920
|1,135,166
|27.60%
|-
|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|2,617,072
|2,809,934
|1,875,912
|66.76%
|-
|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|2,975,440
|3,121,200
|1,823,405
|58.42%
|-
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|3,098,378
|3,282,388
|1,509,570
|45.99%
|-
|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]
|1,128,605
|1,093,156
|541,845
|48.86%
|-
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|1,952,901
|1,974,551
|983,524
|49.81%
|-
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|2,105,349
|2,127,789
|1,460,515
|68.64%
|-
|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|1,231,577
|1,197,412
|681,687
|56.93%
|-
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|2,584,118
|2,635,375
|1,697,709
|64.42%
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|3,234,707
|3,301,427
|2,209,975
|66.94%
|-
!Total
!31,841,374
!33,406,061
!18,282,492
!54.9%
|-
! colspan="4" |Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Vital Statistics Reports|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607065625/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html|archive-date=7 June 2016|access-date=2016-06-01|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>
|}

=== Historical growth ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raghunath|first=Arjun|date=2016-03-16|title=Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319141038/http://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2016|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala population Demographics|url=http://14.139.171.199:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/87/WP468.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Bitscan|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195258/http://14.139.171.199:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/87/WP468.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Census
Year
| colspan="2" bgcolor="Red" |[[Hinduism|'''Hindus''']]
| bgcolor="Red" |'''''Decadal rate (%)'''''
|-
!1901
|8,978,305
|'''68.5%'''
|''N/A''
|-
!1911
|4,762,393
|'''66.8%'''
| -8.77
|-
!1921
|5,052,039
|'''64.9%'''
| -6.08
|-
!1931
|6,021,982
|'''63.4%'''
| -19.20
|-
!1941
|6,699,600
|'''61.8%'''
| -11.25
|-
!1951
|8,344,351
|'''61.6%'''
| -24.55
|-
!1961
|10,282,568
|'''60.9%'''
| -23.23
|-
!1971
|12,683,277
|'''59.4%'''
| -23.35
|-
!1981
|14,901,347
|'''58.2%'''
| -16.70
|-
!1991
|16,668,587
|'''57.3%'''
| -12.62
|-
!2001
|17,920,105
|'''56.3%'''
| -7.51
|-
!2011
|18,282,492
|'''54.9%'''
| -2.02
|}

== Hindu temples ==
{{Main|List of Hindu temples in Kerala}}
<gallery mode="nolines" heights="200" widths="200" perrow="4">
File:Anantapura Lake Temple.jpg|[[Ananthapura Lake Temple]], [[Kasaragod]].
File:Vadakkumnathan Temple.jpg|[[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] at [[Thrissur]].
File:An engraved view of a Hindu temple and pond in Malabar.jpg|A [[Hindu temple]] and pond associated with it in [[Kerala]].
File:Thirunavaya (5).jpg|[[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]].
</gallery>
Some of the most notable temples are:
{{div col}}
* [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]]
* [[Angadipuram]]
* [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple]]
* [[Alattiyur, Malappuram|Alathiyoor Hanuman Temple]]
* [[Bhayankavu Bhagavathi Temple]]
* [[Kadampuzha Devi Temple]]
* [[Keraladeshpuram Temple]]
* [[Panniyur Sri Varahamurthy Temple]]
* [[Sukapuram|Sukapuram Dakshinamoorthy Temple]]
* [[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]]
* [[Triprangode Siva Temple]]
* [[Tali Shiva Temple]]
* [[Tirur|Trikkandiyur Siva Temple]]
* [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Thrissur Vadakkunnathan Temple]]
* [[Guruvayur Temple]]
* [[Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple]]
* [[Lokanarkavu Temple]]
* [[Thirunelli Temple]]
* [[Sabarimala|Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple]]
* [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Thiruvananthapuram Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
* [[Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple]]
* [[Chottanikkara Temple]]
* [[Chengannur Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Muthappan Temple|Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple]]
* [[Trichambaram Temple]]
* [[Parumala Valiya Panayannarkavu Devi Temple]]
* [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]]
* [[Mannarasala Temple]]
* [[Chakkulathukavu Temple]]
* [[Sreevallabha Temple]]
* [[Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple]]
* [[Sree Poornathrayesa Temple]]
* [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple]]
* [[Attukal Temple]]
* [[Trikkur Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Rajarajeshwara Temple]]
* [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Oachira Temple]]
{{div col end}}

==Saints==
Adi Shankara, the originator of Advaita Vedanta, was born in [[Kalady]] and was likely a [[Nambudiri|Nambuthiri]]. Many [[Hindu]] saints and [[swami]]s from many castes have lived in Kerala. [[Sree Narayana Gurudevan|Sree Narayana Guru]], Enadinatha, Ilakkulaccanrar, Tiruppana were all outside the Brahminical caste fold; [[Cheraman Perumal (Nayanar)|Cheraman Nayanar]] was a Kothayar; and [[Chattampi Swamikal]], Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi and [[Swami Chinmayananda]], the [[Nair]] caste. The [[Dalits#Hindu Dalits (Harijans)|Parayas]] of Kerala claim descent from [[Vasishtha]].<ref>Dr. C. I. Issac, "The Origin of Syrian Christians of Keralam"</ref> There is a shrine in Kollengode in memory of a lower-caste saint, Paakkanar.<ref>P. 94-5''Tourist Guide to Kerala: The Land of Lavish Lagoons'' By V. Subburaj, Various</ref> The theatrical dance of Rapayan Tullal is narrated by a descendant of Pakkanar.<ref>(Kr̥ṣṇavāriyar, P. 193 ''A History of Malayalam Metre'')</ref> The ''Periya Puranam'', possibly written by a Paraya, describes the Parayas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vishwakarma (Mahaprabhu.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDYtgAACAAJ|title=Prachin Vishwakarma puran|date=2000|publisher=Harihar|language=gu}}</ref>
[[File:Narayana Guru at Sixty.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Narayana Guru]] at the age of sixty.]]

Swami Sathyananda Saraswathi is popularly regarded as the father of contemporary Hindu renaissance in Kerala for the victorious movements he led for temple rights and the establishment of [[Hindu Aikya Vedi]] for integrating people of all castes into one religion. He is reckoned as the greatest karmayogi to uphold [[Sanatana Dharma]] since [[Swami Vivekananda]] internationally. Sree Narayana Jayanti ([[Narayana Guru|Narayana Guru's birthday]]) and Sree Narayana Samadhi Day (the occasion of his [[samadhi]]) are public holidays in Kerala.

[[Mata Amritanandamayi]], known among her devotees as ''Amma'', was selected to represent the [[Hindu Dharma]] in the World Parliament of Religions in September 1991.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3136524.stm "Devotees flock to hug Indian guru" (BBC)]</ref> [[Bhagawan Nityananda]] was another important Hindu saint widely recognized.

Several Hindu movements important to the [[History of Hinduism|development of Hinduism]] took place in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Vaishnava Divya Desam Shrines in Kerala|url=http://www.templenet.com/Kerala/kerala_dd.htm|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.templenet.com}}</ref> The [[Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple]], (one of the most ancient in India) dedicated to the Kirata [[Avatar]] of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] still exists in Kerala.

==Religious education==
{{excerpt|Religious education in Kerala|Hinduism}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India
}}
*[[Demographics of Kerala]]
*[[Hinduism in India]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* {{Cite web|title=Religions in Kerala|url=https://www.prokeralama.com/kerala/religions.htm|website=ProKerala}}
{{Hinduism in India by region}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Kerala}}
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala| ]]

Rishra Municipality

2026-01-24T20:38:09Z

Antonioctj: Bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rishra Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 300px
| coa_alt = Logo of Rishra Municipality
| coa_caption = Coat of Arms
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1944}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Vijay Sagar Mishra
| party1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2 = Zahid Hassan Khan
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| seats = 23
| structure1 = India Rishra, West Bengal Municipality 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (19)'''
*{{colorbox|#20C646}} [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (19)
'''Opposition (3)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
'''Others (1)'''
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place =
| last_election1 = 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| motto =
| website = {{URL|www.rishramunicipality.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rishra Municipality''' is the civic body that governs [[Rishra]] and its surrounding areas in [[Srirampore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
Rishra municipality was established in 1944.<ref name="rishra">{{cite web | url = http://www.rishramunicipality.org/History.php | title = Rishra Municipality | work = History of Rishra Municipality | publisher = Rishra Municipality | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref>

The earliest mention of Rishra is found in [[Bipradas Pipilai]]’s poem ''Manasa Mangal Kavya'' in the fifteenth century. Rishra grew as a place of habitation of cotton and silk weavers, farmers and fishermen. Rishra and [[Konnagar]] were initially included in [[Serampore Municipality]].<ref name="rishra" />

==Geography==
Rishra Municipality covers an area of 6.48 sq km and has a total population of 122,000 (2011).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_municipality.htm | title = Rishra Municipality | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs | work = Urban Local Bodies | access-date = 4 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928223458/http://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/MUNI_municipality.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 1981, 31.93% of the total population formed main workers and 68.07% were non-workers in Rishra Municipality and 75.22% of the total main workers were industrial workers. This may be interpreted as follows: although industrial activities are prominent in the municipal areas of the region, the major portion of the population is [[Commuting|commuters]] and migrants find employment in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/68558/14/14_chapter%205.pdf | title = Chapter V Industrial set up of the study area | work = Table 16, page 232, Table 17, Page 233, Table 18, Page 236 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Rishra Municipal Seva Sadan (closed), with 150 beds, is located in the Rishra Municipality area.<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Elections==
In the 2015 municipal elections for Rishra Municipality [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won 19 seats, [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] 1 seat, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] 1 seat and Independents 2 seats.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(ok51ajaejr1ty3qg43xq0kf1))/Municipal/FinalResult_All_Mun.aspx |title = Municipal General Election Results | work= Results of Municipal General Elections 2015 |publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission | access-date = 4 July 2017 }}</ref>

In the 2010 municipal elections for Rishra Municipality [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won 9 seats, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won 8 seats, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] 4 seats, [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] 1 seat and Independent 1 seat.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbsec.gov.in/(S(x5feom55drnpkn55tfuthm55))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_Yearwise.aspx |title = Municipal General Election Results | work= Results of Municipal General Elections yearwise |publisher= West Bengal State Election Commission | access-date = 11 July 2017 }}</ref>

About the 2010 municipal elections, [[The Guardian]] wrote, "Today's municipal elections are unlike any for decades: the Communists, who have held West Bengal's main towns almost without a break since the 1970s, are facing disaster… This time defeat is likely to be definitive and could signal the beginning of the end for the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPIM)."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/west-bengal-elections-communists | title = India's Communist party faces defeat in West Bengal heartland. | work = The Guardian, International Edition, 30 May 2010 | date = 29 May 2010 | access-date = 14 July 2017 | last1 = Burke | first1 = Jason }}</ref>

In the 2005 municipal elections for Rishra Municipality, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] won 5 seats, [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] 3 seats, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] 8 seats, [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] 1 seat and others 6 seats.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hooghly.nic.in/Municpal_elec/Result_glance.htm | title = Municipal General Elections 2005 | work= District Hooghly | publisher = Hooghly district administration |access-date = 19 July 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Hooghly District}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Municipalities of West Bengal]]

Kota House

2026-01-21T20:19:34Z

Antonioctj: cleaned up details based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Building in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
[[File:Kota House.jpg|thumb|Kota House]]
'''Kota House''' is the former residence of the [[Maharao of Kota]] in [[New Delhi]], India. It is located on [[Shahjahan Road]]. It has been used as a wartime military hospital and a military hostel. It is now a naval mess and hotel facility.

== History ==
The Kota House was built in 1938 under Maharao [[Umed Singh II]]. It was designed in an [[Art Deco|art-deco]] style by architects from Sattha Buta & Co, a firm from [[Bombay]].

The British Government in India acquired Kota House during the [[World War II|Second World War]], converting it into a hospital for American servicemen and women stationed in India. At the end of the war, the government returned the building to the state of Kota. After the merger of the princely states with India in 1948, Kota House became the property of the State of [[Rajputana]].
[[File:The Insignia of Royal House of Kotah.jpeg|thumbnail|Insignia of Royal House of Kota]]

In 1961, the Indian Ministry of Works, Housing and Development purchased Kota House for Rs 12,77,700/-. In November 1962, the Indian Ministry of Defense acquired Kota House and converted it into an [[Indian Armed Forces]] Hostel.

In October 1983, Kota House was transferred to the Indian Navy. The Navy converted it into the first [[officers' mess]] in New Delhi, Naval Officers' Mess Annexe (NOMA).

== Current operations ==
Today the Kota House is run by an Indian naval officer. It is operated by both sailors and civilians. The facilities are only available to members of Kota House. However, any Naval Officer can stay there for nominal charges.

Kota House is surrounded with lawns and flower beds. Civilian/guests of officers are also permitted to use facilities at Kota House.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://noma.jabit.in/ |title=NOMA Kota House |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202101016/http://noma.jabit.in/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28.6060|N|77.2255|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Royal residences in Delhi]]
[[Category:History of Kota, Rajasthan]]

Nandu Nandkishore

2026-01-02T05:44:57Z

Antonioctj: Adding New Page

{{Infobox person
| name = Doreswamy "Nandu" Nandkishore
| image = Nandu Nandkishore.jpg
| birth_name = Doreswamy Nandkishore
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|09|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| other_names = Nandu
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology]]
| education = [[Master of Business Administration|MBA Marketing]]
| occupation = [[business executive]], [[venture capitalist]] and business school professor
| known_for = Former Global CEO of Nestlé Nutrition & Former Executive Vice President and Head of Asia Oceania, Africa of Nestlé S.A, Switzerland
| years_active =
| spouse = Indu Mahajan
| children = 2
}}

'''Nandu Nandkishore''' (Doreswamy Nandkishore; born 30 September 1958) is an Indian [[business executive]], [[venture capitalist]] and business school professor. He is the retired Global CEO of [[Nestlé]] Nutrition,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vccircle.com/edtech-startup-nxtwave-raises-2-8-mn-pre-series-a-funding| title=EdTech Startup NxtWave Raises $2.8 Mn Pre-Series A Funding| website= VC Circle}}</ref> and retired executive vice president and head of Asia Oceania, Africa of Nestlé S.A, Switzerland.<ref name="A">{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Nandu-Nandkishore-to-be-Nestle-Executive-V-P/article20191840.ece | title = Nandu Nandkishore to be Nestle Executive V-P |website = Hindu Business Line}}</ref> He presently serves as an independent director on the board of several companies, and is a professor of practice at [[Indian School of Business]] and a guest lecturer at [[London Business School]].<ref name="tiger">{{cite web| url= https://tigerhall.com/thinkfluencers/nandu-nandkishore | title= On the web| website = Tigerhall}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Nandu was born in [[Kumbakonam]] city, in the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="renamed_from_13_on_20221001173727">{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/nestles-chocolate-hero/article23070096.ece | title = Nestle's chocolate hero | website = Business Line}}</ref>

Nandu completed his schooling from St Xavier's Ranchi in 1971 and the Frank Anthony Public School [[New Delhi]] in 1974.
In 1980, Nandkishore earned a Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in Delhi,<ref name="A"/> and a Master's in Management and Marketing Management from the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad in 1982.<ref name="wsj">{{cite web| url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/PEFDF/company-people/executive-profile/86455958 | title=Doreswamy Nandkishore |website = WSJ Markets}}</ref>

==Career==
Nandu gained international experience in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) in both emerging and developed markets.<ref name="tiger"/>
Beginning his career in consumer goods in India, Nandu held a position in marketing at Pond's India Ltd in Chennai and was responsible for a few key brands. Thereafter, he moved to Delhi where he worked with Godrej Soaps.<ref name="renamed_from_13_on_20221001173727"/>

===Nestlé===
Nandu joined Nestlé, India in 1989 <ref name="renamed_from_11_on_20221001173727">{{cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nestle-names-nandu-nandkishore-to-be-its-executive-v-p/articleshow/7996528.cms?from=mdr| title=Nestle names Nandu Nandkishore to be its Executive V-P |website = Economic Times}}</ref> as a brand manager. He was given the responsibility of Nestle's milks brands and was in charge of relaunching Nestlé Everyday Ghee.<ref name="renamed_from_13_on_20221001173727"/> Nandu's career took an international turn in 1996 <ref name="A"/> when he was transferred to Nestle's business in Indonesia to run the Confectionery Business Unit.<ref name="renamed_from_14_on_20221001173727">{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/nandkishore-nestle-arms-deputy-exec-v-p/articleshow/6687363.cms |title=Nandkishore Nestle arm's deputy exe| website= Times of India Indiatimes}}</ref> In 1999, he moved to the Nestlé headquarters in Vevey, [[Switzerland]] to work as the Marketing Adviser, Chocolate, Confectionery & Biscuits SBU.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.weforum.org/people/nandu-nandkishore|title= Nandu Nandkishore| website = World Economic Forum}}</ref>
In the 2000s, he returned to Indonesia <ref name="renamed_from_14_on_20221001173727"/> taking the position of marketing and sales director at Nestlé Indonesia,<ref name="Bakers">{{ cite web| url=https://www.worldbakers.com/businesses/nestle-retirement-of-nandu-nandkishore-appointment-of-wan-ling-martello/ | title= Nestlé Announces The Retirement Of Nandu Nandkishore And The Appointment Of Wan Ling Martello | website = World Bakers}}</ref> and was subsequently appointed as CEO for Nestle Indonesia from March 2003.

In April, 2005, Nandkishore became the CEO of Nestlé Philippines.<ref name="renamed_from_14_on_20221001173727"/><ref name="fn">{{cite web| url=https://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Article/2015/04/20/Nestle-s-Nandkishore-to-retire-as-regional-head| title= Nestle’s Nandkishore to retire as regional head| website = Food Navigator}}</ref> In 2010, he was appointed to the executive board of Nestlé, where he served as the first Global Head of Infant Nutrition.<ref name="Bakers"/>
After having worked for a large span of his career in high-level positions in [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], and India at Nestlé,<ref name="renamed_from_13_on_20221001173727"/><ref name="isb">{{cite web| url=https://www.isb.edu/en/research-thought-leadership/faculty/faculty-directory/nandkishore-doreswamy.html|title=Faculty|website= ISB}}</ref> Nandu took the role of the executive vice-president for Asia, Oceania, Africa and the Middle East and zone director for Asia, Oceania, Africa and Middle East (AOA).<ref name="fn"/> from October 1, 2011, at Nestlé SA, Switzerland. He succeeded Frits van Dijk to this position. At this time, Nandu was 52. Nandu, before he took this post, was the deputy executive vice-president and in charge of Nestlé Nutrition.<ref name="isb"/> Nandu was the first Indian to head a zone for Nestlé.<ref name="renamed_from_13_on_20221001173727"/>

Nandu took an early retirement from Nestlé after working for 26 years at the company. He held the position of executive vice president, Head of Asia, Oceania, and Africa for Nestlé S.A. and zone director for Asia, Oceania, Africa and the Middle East (AOA) at the time of retirement.<ref name="isb"/> Wan Ling Martello, then CFO of Nestlé S.A., was appointed in the place of Nandkishore as executive vice president in charge of Zone AOA from March 2015.<ref name="wsj"/>
In this long career at Nestlé, Nandu spearheaded several international brands of Nestlé including confectionary brands like KitKat, Munch, Shark, as well as Nescafe (coffee), Nan, Lactogen, Cerelac and other brands.

===Non-Executive positions===
Nandu joined augmented reality firm, [[Blippar]], as a non-executive board member in an advisory role at the company from August 2015 to April 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.techcircle.in/2015/07/08/augmented-reality-firm-blippar-gets-nestle-executive-doreswamy-nandkishore-as-non-executive-board-member |title= Augmented reality firm Blippar ropes in Nestle executive Doreswamy Nandkishore as non-executive board member|website =Tech Circle}}</ref>
He also holds the position of an Independent Non-Executive Director, Delfi Ltd (18),<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.delfilimited.com/about_leadership.html| title=Leadership| website = Delfi}}</ref> and is on the advisory board of Borealis Foods <ref>{{cite web| url=https://wholefoodsmagazine.com/news/main-news/people-news-december-2020/ |title= People News: December 2020| website = Whole Foods Magazine}}</ref>

===Investing===
Nandu has invested in several early-stage start-ups. He invested in EdTech start-up, NxtWave, in its pre-Series A funding.<ref name="nxt">{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nxtwave-raises-2-8m-in-pre-series-a/articleshow/88037853.cms | title = NxtWave raises $2.8m in pre-Series | website= Times of India}}</ref> He also provided seed capital for mother and baby care consumer company, The Moms Co., in March 2017 along with some other investors. (16) <ref>{{cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/the-moms-co-gets-rs-6-5-crore-from-dsg-and-saama/articleshow/60726719.cms |title=The Moms Co gets Rs 6.5 crore from DSG and Saama|website= Economic Times}}</ref> Nandkishore also holds a stake in Kraftshala. He has invested in Faircent in the Series A funding round.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://businesslogr.com/faircent-raises-1-5-million-bccls-brand-capital/ | title=Faircent raises $1.5 million from BCCL’s Brand Capital| website = Business Logr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/c977129GWuNj4MJoDzTfAN/Faircent-raises-15-million-from-BCCLs-Brand-Capital.html |title=Faircent raises $1.5 million from BCCL’s Brand Capital|website= Live Mint}}</ref>
In 2021, Nandu was listed as one of the Top 70 Indian Angel Investors by Start-Up Lanes.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.startuplanes.com/top-100-angel-investors-of-2021-in-india/ |title= Top 100 Angel Investors of 2021 in India | website = SL Blog}}</ref>

===Teaching===
Nandu is a professor of Practice, [[Marketing]], and Strategy at the Indian School of Business.<ref name="nxt"/> He also serves as a Guest Lecturer at the London Business School,<ref name="yh">{{cite web| url=https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/australia-economy-slowing-5-lessons-025532158.html?guccounter=1| title= Australia’s economy is slowing, here’s 5 lessons for businesses in turbulent times | website = Yahoo}}</ref> where he was previously an Executive Fellow for Strategy and Entrepreneurship for three years.<ref name="yh"/><ref name="Bakers"/> He has authored several academic papers along with Dominic Houlder.

==Personal life==
Nandu married Indu Mahajan, wife in February 1984. They have two sons, Rahul (born in 1986) and Arjun (born in 1991).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandkishore, Nandu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Wayanad Chetti language

2026-01-02T02:12:23Z

Antonioctj: Started First Details More To Come!

{{Short description|Malayalamoid language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Wayanad Chetti
| nativename = {{lang|bfq-Mlym|വയനാട് ചെറ്റി}}
|states=[[India]]
|ethnicity=
|speakers=5,000
|date=2004
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
|iso3=ctt
|script= [[Tamil script]]
|glotto=waya1264
|glottorefname=Wayanad Chetti
}}
'''Wayanad Chetti''' ({{ipa|ctt|ʋɐjɐnaːɖə̆ t͡ʃeʈːi|ipa}}), or '''Chetti''', is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] of [[India]] spoken by Wayanadan Chetti community in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India. It has 62-76% lexical similarity with Gowder, 65% with [[Jen Kurumba]] and 52% with Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ctt|title=Ethnologue}}</ref> [[Kannada]] is the closest major language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2006-030_ctt.pdf|title=Wayanad Chetti|last=Waugh|first=Barb|date=15 March 2006}}</ref> Their language is also very similar to [[Badaga language|Badaga]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqdJAhNEtMQC&q=chetti&pg=PA454|title=A Badaga-English Dictionary, Volume 8 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation [TiLDOC]|last1=Hockings|first1=Paul|last2=Pilot-Raichoor|first2=Christiane|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1992|isbn=9783110846058|pages=454, 514}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}

Nando Bhattacharya

2025-12-25T06:23:55Z

Antonioctj: Adding A Page

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nando Bhattacharya
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
}}

'''Nando Bhattacharya''', also sometimes spelled '''Nandu Bhattacharya''', was an Indian [[cinematographer]] and director of Indian cinema whose career spanned from 1969 to 2005. For his work on [[Anubhav (1971 film)|''Anubhav'']] (1971),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2013-03-28 |title=Avishkaar (1974) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/avishkaar-1974/article4558067.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=Nando Bhattacharya (he also shot “Anubhav”) captures the miasma that Rita talks about through the wavy opening montage.}}</ref> he won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|National Film Award for Best Cinematography (Black and White)]] at the [[19th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=National Awards 1971 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1971/108 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+As cinematographer or director of photograpy<ref>{{cite web |title=Nando Bhattacharya |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1158436/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_0_nm_3_in_0_q_nando%2520bhatt |website=IMDB |access-date=18 December 2025}}{{bsn|date=December 2025}}</ref>
! Year !! Film !! Director
!Ref
|-
| 1969 ||[[Aradhana (1969 film)|''Aradhana'']] || Shakti Samanta
|
|-
| 1971 || [[Anubhav (1971 film)|''Anubhav'']] || [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=P. K. Ajith |date=18 August 2019 |title=Happy birthday, Gulzar saab! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/happy-birthday-gulzar-saab/article29125594.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Avishkaar]]'' || Basu Bhattacharya
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Amladi |first=K. M. |date=29 September 1974 |title=Magnificent discovery |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |page=10 |quote=Nando Bhattacharya's colour photography rises to the lyrical.}}</ref>
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Badhti Ka Naam Dadhi]]'' || Kishore Kumar
|
|-
|1976|| [[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|''Balika Badhu'']]|| Tarun Majumdar
|
|-
| 1978 || ''Aankhen Dehki'' || [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Shooting in India |magazine=Variety |date=17 May 1978 |page=419}}</ref>
|
|-
|1978|| [[Ghar (1978 film)|''Ghar'']]|| Manik Chatterjee
|
|-
|1978|| [[Devata (1978 film)|''Devata'']]|| S. Ramanathan
|
|-
| 1981|| [[Shakka (film)|''Shakka'']]|| Kailash Chopra
|
|-
| 1982 ||[[Aamne Samne (1982 film)|''Aamne Samne'']] || Ashim Samanta
|
|-
|1982|| ''Chalti Ka Naam Zindagi''
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|
|-
| 1985||[[Aar Paar (1985 film)|''Aar Paar'']]|| Shakti Samanta
|
|-
| 1985||[[Lover Boy (1985 film)|''Lover Boy'']]|| Shomu Mukherjee
|
|-
| 1986||[[Khamosh Nigahen (1986 film)|''Khamosh Nigahen'']]||Ajay Sharma
|
|-
|1990||Rajnartaki||Narayan Chakraborty
|
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Ghazab Tamasha]]'' || [[Ranjeet]]<ref>{{cite book |script-title=hi:भारतीय फिल्‍म वार्षिकी: १९९३ |trans-title=Indian Film Yearbook 1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/BharatiyaFilmVarshiki93MPFilmPromotionBoard.pdf/page/n47/mode/1up |publisher=Sadhya Pradesh Film Development Corporation Limited |page=44}}</ref>
|
|-
|1992||[[Jhoothi Shaan]]||Ranjan Bose
|
|-
|1994||Ajana Path||Srinibas Chakraborty
|
|-
|1996||[[Lathi (1996 film)|''Lathi'']]|| Prabhat Roy
|
|-
|1977|| Chakkar Pe Chakkar|| Ashok Roy
|
|-
|1998 || |Ami Je Tomari||Milan Bhowmick
|
|-
|2004||''[[Annaye Atyachar]]''||Swapan Saha
|
|-
| 2005 || ''Diragaman'' || Nando Bhattacharya
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2006 |title=Satabdi turns filmmaker |newspaper=The Statesman |quote=Her [Satabdi Roy's] two last released films in 2005, Diragaman directed by Nandu Bhattacharya and ..., received lukewarm box-office returns but did well in the rural areas.}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1158436/] Nando Bhattacharya at IMDb
*[https://mubi.com/en/cast/nando-bhattacharya/] Nando Bhattacharya at MUBI
*[https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/avishkaar-1974/article4558067.ece] Cinematographer Nando Bhattacharya

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Nando}}
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]

Meesai Murugesan

2025-12-03T22:51:20Z

Antonioctj: Adding Article

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1930–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = I. S. Murugesan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|1|13}}<ref name="death4">{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/23737/cinema/Kollywood/actoer-meesai-murugesan-expired.htm|title=நடிகரும், இசைகலைஞருமான முருகேசன் காலமானார்!|access-date=2014-11-13|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Idikarai]], Coimbatore<ref name="death2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Meesai-Murugesan-Redefined-Music-Effects/2014/11/09/article2514657.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113025623/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Meesai-Murugesan-Redefined-Music-Effects/2014/11/09/article2514657.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2014|title='Meesai' Murugesan Redefined Music Effects|accessdate=2014-11-13|publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, musician
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|11|8|1930|1|13}}<ref name="death">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/veteran-actor-musician-meesai-murugesan-dies-87-613424|title=Veteran Actor-Musician Meesai Murugesan Dies at 87|accessdate=2014-11-13|publisher=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
| death_place= Vadapalani, [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| parents = Subramaniam Mudaliar,<ref name="death" /> Ponnammal<ref name="death4"/>
| spouse = Kannama<ref name="death2"/>
| children = 3
| years_active =
}}

'''Meesai Murugesan''' (13 January 1930 – 8 November 2014) was a veteran actor and musician who appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. He starred in more than 100 films, as well as having supporting roles in various films.<ref name="death"/>

==Music career==
He started his career by playing the "Kottankuchi" (coconut shell), alongside great musicians such as K. P. Sundarambal, M. K. T. Bhagavathar, T. M. Soundararajan and Seerkazhi Govindarajan. He was popular for creating shrill sound effects in [[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]] and the footfall of the horse in the "Rajavin Paarvai Raniyin Pakkam" song in MGR-Saroja Devi's ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''.<ref name="death2"/> He played instruments for music directors including [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Ilayaraja]] and [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

He was a carnatic artist and had learned to play more than 25 instruments. He also ran a one-man band called "Apoorva Thalavaithiyangal" and held several concerts across the world including Europe, Canada, the United States and Russia.

==Film career==
His career spanned more than 100 films and he was famous for his roles in [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'', [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'', [[Sathyaraj]]'s ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'', [[Pandiarajan]]'s ''[[Aan Paavam]]'', and many others. He earned the name "Meesai Murugesan" after he sported a thick moustache in his first film ''[[Sugamana Raagangal]]''.

==Awards==
He was conferred Kalaimamani by the Tamil Nadu State government for his contribution to the cinema.<ref name="death3">{{cite web|url=http://www.cineulagam.com/tamil/news/celebrities/veteran-actor-composer-meesai-murugesan-passed-away/|title=Veteran Actor-Composer Meesai Murugesan Passed Away!|accessdate=2014-11-13|publisher=cineulagam.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113083945/http://www.cineulagam.com/tamil/news/celebrities/veteran-actor-composer-meesai-murugesan-passed-away|archivedate=13 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1985 || ''[[Sugamana Raagangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' || Murugesan ||
|-
| ''[[Janani (1985 film)|Janani]]'' || Janani's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanam Oru Kaalkattu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1986 || ''[[Kadaikan Paarvai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thazhuvatha Kaigal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' || ||
|-
|''Police Officer''
|
|Telugu
|-
| ''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]''|| Murugesan Mudaliar ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1987 || ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Mahaan]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Paasam Oru Vesham]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988 || ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''|| Anjayya ||
|-
| ''Kalyana Paravaigal''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Thali]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Paimarakappal]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Kalasam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1989 || ''[[Athaimadi Methaiadi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Radha Kadhal Varadha]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sakalakala Sammandhi]]''|| Body Building Trainer ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1990 || ''[[Pudhu Padagan]]''|| Kunjithapatham ||
|-
| ''[[Salem Vishnu]]''|| Vishnu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhkai Chakkaram]]''|| ||
|-
|''Sila Sasanam''
|
|Telugu
|-
| ''[[Vetrimalai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Ennarukil Nee Irunthal]]'' || Vaidyar ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Senthoorapandi]]'' || Meena's suitor's father ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994 || ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sevvanthi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Killadi Mappillai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995 || ''[[Chellakannu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padikira Vayasula]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' || Velangiri ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Kadavul]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhalvan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thedinen Vanthathu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kannathal]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || Natesan ||
|-
|}

==Death==
He died due to ill health and blood clots in his brain on 8 November 2014.<ref name="death3"/> He was 84 years of age and was survived by his wife, a son and two daughters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1688344|name=Meesai Murugesan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murugesan, Meesai}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Zoological Garden, Alipore

2025-11-28T02:18:41Z

Antonioctj: Started Some Bio V1!

{{Short description|Zoo in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Alipore Zoological Garden, Kolkata
|logo = Zoological Garden Alipore logo.jpg
|logo_caption = Official logo of the zoo
|image = Finding_for_food.jpg
|image_caption = A [[white tiger]] in Alipur zoo Kolkata
|location = No. 2, Alipore Road, [[Alipore]], [[Kolkata]]-27, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|date_opened = {{start date and age|24 September 1875}}<ref name="cza_list"/>
|coordinates = {{Coord|22.535913|88.332053|type:landmark_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
|area = {{Convert|18.81|ha|abbr=on}}<ref name="zoo_area"/>
|num_species = 108
|num_animals = 1267
|largest_tank_vol =
|total_tank_vol =
|annual_visitors = 3 million
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]],<ref name="cza_list"/> [http://wbza.co.in/ WBZA]
|exhibits = [[Bengal tiger]], [[Grant's zebra]], [[reticulated giraffe]], [[hamadryas baboon]], [[olive baboon]], [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], [[aviary]]
|website ={{Official website|http://www.kolkatazoo.in/}}
{{URL|https://eticketaliporezoo.com/}}
|embedded =
}}
The '''Zoological Garden, Alipore''' (also informally called the Alipore Zoo or Kolkata Zoo) is India's oldest formally stated [[zoological park]] (as opposed to royal and British menageries) and a big tourist attraction in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It has been open as a zoo since 1876, and covers {{Convert|18.811|ha|abbr=on}}. It is probably best known as the home of the [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] [[Adwaita]], who was reputed to have been over 250 years old when he died in 2006. It is also home to one of the few [[captive breeding]] projects involving the [[Manipur]] [[brow-antlered deer]]. One of the most popular tourist attractions in Kolkata, it draws huge crowds during the winter season, especially during December and January. The highest attendance till date was on January 1, 2018 with 110,000 visitors.

==History==
[[File:AliporeZooSchwendler.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial to [[Carl Louis Schwendler|Carl Schwendler]]]]
{{quote box|width=300px|quote= To those who can remember the dirty and rather dismal looking approach to Belvedere, the improved and satisfactory condition of the neighbourhood, at present, must afford a very striking contrast. Both east and west of the roadway leading from the Zeerut bridge were untidy, crowded unsavoury bustees. Today we shall find on the site of the old bustees the Calcutta 'Zoo.' A very large share of the credit for the establishment of this pleasant resort is due to Sir Richard Temple, who was Lieutenant Governor of Bengal from 1874 to 1877, but long before the scheme assumed any proper shape, Dr. Fayrer, C.S.I., in 1867 and again in 1873 Mr. L. Schwendler (known as the 'Father of the Zoo') had brought forward and strongly urged the necessity of a Zoological Garden…The visit to Calcutta of His Majesty King Edward the Seventh, then Prince of Wales, was seized upon as an auspicious occasion. On 1 January 1876, the gardens were inaugurated by His Royal Highness, and in May of the same year they were opened to the public.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, pp783-784, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> |source= '''Cotton, H.E.A''' (1909)}}
The zoo had its roots in a private menagerie established by [[Governor General]] of India, [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], established around 1800 in his summer home at [[Barrackpore]] near Kolkata, as part of the ''Indian Natural History Project''.<ref name = "wa">Sally R. Walker; [http://www.shnh.org/MTG_past_LSS_abs_P-W.html The Indian Natural History Project (1801-1808) and the Menagerie at Barrackpore (1803-1878)]; Lost, stolen or strayed: the fate of missing natural history collections; Naturalis Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. 10–11 May 2001</ref><ref>Sally R. Walker; [http://www.shnh.org/MTG_past_LSS_abs_P-W.html Descriptions and Drawings of Selected Quadrupeds of the Indian Natural History Project, Barrackpore]; Lost, stolen or strayed: the fate of missing natural history collections; Naturalis Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. 10–11 May 2001</ref> The first superintendent of the menagerie was the famous Scottish physician [[zoologist]] [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]]. Buchanan-Hamilton returned to England with Wellesley in 1805 following the Governor-General's recall by the Court of Directors in London. The collection from this era are documented by [[watercolour]]s by Charles D'Oyly, and a visit by the famous French [[botanist]] [[Victor Jacquemont]].<ref name = "hi">Gautaman Bhaskaran, {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090903091946/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/14/stories/1314108j.htm Where past overshadows present]}}, [[The Hindu]], 14 January 2001</ref> [[Sir Stamford Raffles]] visited the menagerie in 1810, encountering his first [[tapir]] there, and doubtless used some aspects of the menagerie as an inspiration for the [[London Zoo]].<ref name = "wa"/> The menagerie was photographed by John Edward Saché in 1860s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Menagerie - Barrackpore - John Edward Saché |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-menagerie-barrackpore-john-edward-saché/jgEsdkeUjuQ6Rw |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

The foundation of zoos in major cities around the world caused a growing thought among the British community in Kolkata that the menagerie should be upgraded to a formal zoological garden. Credence to such arguments was lent by an article in the now-defunct ''Calcutta Journal of Natural History''{{'s}} July 1841 issue. In 1873, the Lieutenant-Governor [[Sir Richard Temple]] formally proposed the formation of a zoo in Kolkata, and the Government finally allotted land for the zoo based on to the joint petition of the [[Asiatic Society]] and ''Agri-Horticultural Society''.

The zoo was formally opened in [[Alipore]] - a posh Kolkata suburb, and inaugurated on 1 January 1876 by [[Edward VII]], then [[Prince of Wales]]. (Some reports place the inauguration on an alternate date of 27 December 1875).<ref name = "ra"/> The initial stock consisted of the private menagerie of [[Carl Louis Schwendler]] (1838 – 1882), a German [[electrician]] who was posted in India for a feasibility study of electrically lighting [[Indian Railways]] stations. Gifts were also accepted from the general public. The initial collection consisted of the following animals: [[African buffalo]], [[Zanzibar]] ram, [[domestic sheep]], four-horned sheep, hybrid Kashmiri goat, [[Blackbuck|Indian antelope]], [[Indian gazelle]], [[sambar deer]], [[Chital|spotted deer]] and [[hog deer]].
[[File:Rambrahma.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ram Brahma Sanyal]], the first superintendent of the zoo.]]
It is not clear whether the [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] [[Adwaita]] was among the opening stock of animals. The animals at '''Barrackpore Park''' were added to the collection over the first few months of 1886, significantly increasing its size. The zoo was thrown open to the public on 6 May 1876.<ref name="ra">D. K. Mittra, [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/insa/INSA_1/20005b5a_279.pdf Role of Ram Brahma Sanyal in initiating zoological researches on the animals in captivity]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Indian Journal of History of Science, 27(3), 1992</ref>

It grew based on gifts from British and Indian nobility - like Raja Suryakanta Acharya of [[Mymensingh]] in whose honour the open air tiger enclosure is named the ''Mymensingh Enclosure''. Other contributors who donated part or all of their private menagerie to the Alipore Zoo included the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]].<ref>[http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glpnews&search=%22calcutta%20zoo%22&img=\\na0036\6771115\29833308 '' ''.html Article], [[The Wellsboro Gazette]], 1 May 1919</ref>

The park was initially run by an honorary managing committee which included Schwendler and the famous botanist [[George King (botanist)|George King]]. The first Indian superintendent of the zoo was [[Ram Brahma Sanyal]], who did much to improve the standing of the Alipore Zoo and achieved good [[captive breeding]] success in an era when such initiatives were rarely heard of.<ref name = "hi"/> One such success story of the zoo was a live birth of the rare [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] in 1889. The next pregnancy in captivity occurred at the [[Cincinnati Zoo]] in 1997, but ended with a miscarriage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516144447/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67857073.html Rhino loses fetus], [[Cincinnati Post]], 14 November 1997</ref> [[Cincinnati Zoo]] finally recorded a live birth in 2001. Alipore Zoo was a pioneer among zoos in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century under Sanyal, who published the first handbook on captive animal keeping.<ref>Walker, S.: Ram Brahma Sanyal – the first zoo biologist. Zoos' Print Journal Vol. 15, No. 5 (1999), Back when . . . & then? section, p. 9.</ref><ref>Kisling, V.N.: Zoo history and the Sanyal legacy. Zoos' Print Journal Vol. 14, No. 4 (1999), Back when . . . & then? section, p. 2</ref> The zoo had an unusually high scientific standard for its time, and the record of the parasite genus ''Cladotaenia'' (Cohn, 1901) is based upon [[Cestoda|cestodes]] (flatworms) found in an Australian bird that died at the zoo.<ref>[http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=CESTODA;pstrTaxa=1061;pstrChecklistMode=1 Website]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of the Government of Australia</ref>
[[File:The-menagerie-barrackpore-4f06a9.jpg|thumb|The Barrackpore Menagerie]]
[[Kalākaua]], the last king of Hawaii, visited the zoo on 28 May 1881 during [[Kalākaua's 1881 world tour|his world tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellora Caves|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=December 16, 2016}}</ref>

==Controversy ==

Pressed for space as Kolkata developed, and lacking adequate government funding, the zoo attracted a lot of controversy in the latter half of the 20th century due to cramped living conditions of the animals, lack of initiative at breeding rare species, and for cross-breeding experiments between species.

The zoo has also, in the past, attracted a lot of criticism for keeping single and unpaired specimens of rare species like the [[banteng]], [[great Indian one-horned rhinoceros]], [[crowned crane]] and the [[lion-tailed macaque]].<ref>Somdatta Basu, [http://moreresults.factiva.com/results/index/index.aspx?ref=TOI0000020050809e18a0000c Endangered singles bug matchmakers], [[Times of India]], 10 August 2005 {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Lack of breeding and exchange programs has led to the elimination of individuals and populations of environmentally vulnerable species like the [[southern cassowary]], wild [[yak]], [[giant eland]], [[slow loris]] and [[echidna]].

The previously cramped, unsuitable and unhygienic conditions inside the cages, and in the zoo in general had been criticized for long. The death of a great Indian one-horned rhinoceros sparked off speculation about the veterinary efficiency at the zoo.<ref>Madhumita Mookerji, [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=9589 Of beasts, men and the Central Zoo Authority], [[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]], 12 November 2005</ref> [[ZooCheck]] Canada found conditions in the zoo unsatisfactory in 2004.<ref name = "sl"/> The zoo director ''Subir Choudhury'' has gone on record in 2006 saying:

<blockquote>We are aware that the animals and birds are not well in the cages and moats. Efforts are on minimizing their agony.<ref name="sl">[http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?newsID=480109356&no_view=1&SEARCH_TERM=35 In Indian zoos, life can be brutal and short] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004328/http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?newsID=480109356&no_view=1&SEARCH_TERM=35 |date=27 September 2007 }}, Lanka Business Online, 5 June 2006</ref></blockquote>

The zoo had also been criticized for the quality of its animal/visitor interaction. Teasing of animals was a common occurrence at the zoo,<ref>Staff reporter, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-09/kolkata/27187267_1_water-bodies-plastic-bags-drinking-water Parched & pained: it's a dog's life at Alipore zoo], [[Times of India]], 9 June 2003</ref> though corrective measures are now in place. On 1 January 1996 the tiger Shiva mauled two visitors as they tried to garland it, killing one,<ref>Richard Leiby, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045916/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/21807540.html?dids=21807540:21807540&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=JAN+07,+1996&author=Richard+Leiby&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=GOOD+NEWS!+An+Experiment+in+Lightweight+Journalism:+Lions+and+Tigers+and+Beers+-+Oh+My!&pqatl=google Lions and tigers and beers], [[Washington Post]], 7 January 1996</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=geocities |url=http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/3621/may99lf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000118165207/http://geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/3621/may99lf.html |archive-date=18 January 2000 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[http://www.bigcatrescue.org/big_cat_news.htm big cats]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Shiva was later shot and killed by the Indian Army. Another mauling leading to a death occurred in 2000.
The zoo has also been criticized for its animal/[[zookeeper|keeper]] relations. A chimpanzee attacked and severely injured its keeper in Alipore Zoo, and numerous other incidents have been reported including the case of an elephant trampling its [[mahout]] to death in 1963 which was subsequently put down.<ref>[http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glpnews&search=alipore%20zoo&img=\\na0039\6775928\32840172.html Article], ''The Gleaner'', [[Kingston, Jamaica]], 22 August 1963</ref> In 2001, it was revealed that zoo staff drugged the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros into relieving itself more often than normal, which enabled them to collect the urine and sell it on the black market as an anti-impotence medicine.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104204852/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-79328769.html Horn of plenty], [[Daily Mirror]], 22 October 2001</ref>

===Panthera hybrid program===

The zoo attracted flak from the scientific community in general, because of cross breeding experiments between lions and tigers to produce strains like [[Tigon (hybrid)|tigon]]s, and ''litigon''s (see [[Panthera hybrid]]).

The zoo bred two tigons in the 1970s – Rudrani (b. 1971) and Ranjini (b. 1973) were bred from the cross between a royal Bengal tiger and an [[African lion]]. Rudrani went on to produce 7 offspring by mating with an [[Asiatic lion]], producing "litigon"s. One of these [[litigons]], named ''Cubanacan'' survived to adulthood, stood over {{convert|5.5|ft|m}} tall, measured over {{convert|11.5|ft|m}} and weighed over {{convert|800|lb|kg}}. It died in 1991 at the age of 15. It was marketed by the zoo as the world's largest living big cat. All such hybrid males were sterile. Quite a few of these creatures suffered from genetic abnormalities and many died prematurely.

''Rangini'', the last tigon in the zoo, died in 1999 as the oldest known tigon.<ref>Kathy Moran, [https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-60240392 Dad's a lion, mum's a tiger]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [[Sunday Mirror]], 29 August 1999</ref> The zoo has stopped breeding hybrids after the 1985 legislation passed by the [[Government of India]] banning breeding of panthera hybrids after a vigorous campaign by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (then World Wildlife Fund).

==Attractions==
[[File:CalcuttaZooHeronry.jpg|thumb|Wild birds began nesting in large numbers within the zoo starting somewhere in the 1890s.<ref>Finn, Frank, (1907) Ornithological and other oddities. John Lane, The Bodley Head. London.</ref>]]
[[File:Barking Deer - Kolkata 2011-05-03 2408.JPG|thumbnail|left|An [[Indian muntjac]] or barking deer at the zoo.]]
[[File:Falcon - Kolkata 2011-05-03 2688.JPG|thumbnail|right|A [[crested serpent eagle]] at the zoo.]]
[[File:White Fallow Deers - Kolkata 2011-05-03 2599.JPG|thumbnail|left|[[Fallow deer]] in Alipore Zoo]]The zoo remains one of the most popular winter tourist attractions in Kolkata. The footfall figures in 2016 showed an annual visitation of almost 3 million — more than any other tourist attraction in Kolkata, and a peak of over 81,000 on [[Christmas Day]] and [[New Year's Day]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120911082929/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030201/asp/calcutta/story_1625461.asp City Lights], [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], Kolkata, 1 February 2003</ref>

The zoo displays a large number of crowd-pulling [[megafauna]], including the royal Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, jaguar, hippopotamus, greater one-horned rhinoceros, giraffe,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/thane-based-conservationist-tracks-genetics-of-giraffes/article29214370.ece|title=Thane-based conservationist tracks genetics of giraffes|last=Tripathy|first=Pritimaya|date=2019-08-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> zebra, and Indian elephant. Previously, other megafauna like the Panthera hybrids and the [[giant eland]] were present.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the zoo live streamed virtual tours on Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-16|title=Darjeeling, Kolkata zoos to host virtual tour to live stream its animals|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-alipore-zoos-to-host-virtual-tour-to-live-stream-its-animals/story-RqxqG0Lwj9J774mUI2i1bI.html|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The zoo has chosen to upgrade customary checking of large felines and exacting execution of security standards after a tiger tested positive for COVID-19 at a zoological garden in New York, an authority said on Monday. Since mid-February a few prudent steps, for example, spraying of antiviral medication inside the enormous felines' fenced in area and in the nursery have been taken.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Patrick R.|date=2000|title=Tiger conservation in the new millennium|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:4<283::aid-zoo6>3.0.co;2-8|journal=Zoo Biology|volume=19|issue=4|pages=283–285|doi=10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:4<283::aid-zoo6>3.0.co;2-8|issn=0733-3188|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The zoo sports a large collection of attractive birds, including some threatened species - large parrots including a number of parrots, lories and lorikeets; other birds like [[hornbill]]s; colourful game birds like [[pheasant]]s and some large flightless birds like the emu and ostrich.

===Layout===

Laid out on {{convert|45|acre}} of land, the Calcutta zoo has been unable to expand or modify its layout for over 50 years, and thus has a rather backdated plan. It contains a ''Reptile House'' (a new one has been built), a ''Primate House'', an Elephant House, and a Panther House which opens out onto the open air enclosures for the lions and tigers. It also boasts of a glass-walled enclosure for tigers, the first of its kind in India. A separate [[Children's zoo]] is present, and the
central water bodies inside the zoo grounds attracts migratory birds.

The Calcutta Aquarium lies across the street from the zoo, and is affiliated to the zoo.

===Adwaita===
{{Main|Adwaita}}
The most famous specimen in the zoo was probably the [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] "Adwaita", gift when it died in 2006 – a contender for the longest lived animal.<ref>UNI, [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar242006/national1734192006323.asp 255 year old giant tortoise Adwaita dead] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408130316/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar242006/national1734192006323.asp |date=8 April 2007 }}, [[Deccan Herald]], 24 March 2006</ref>

==Animals==

The zoo has around 1,267 individuals and about 108 species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammals |url=https://kolkatazoo.in/alipore/zoo-mammals.php |website=kolkatazoo.in |language=en |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807091847/https://kolkatazoo.in/alipore/zoo-mammals.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reptiles |url=https://kolkatazoo.in/alipore/zoo-reptiles.php |website=kolkatazoo.in |language=en |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807091900/https://kolkatazoo.in/alipore/zoo-reptiles.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Birds |url=https://kolkatazoo.in/alipore/zoo-birds.php |website=kolkatazoo.in |language=en |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807091841/https://kolkatazoo.in/alipore/zoo-birds.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Maneater calcutta1903 stereoscopic.jpg|thumb|300px|Stereographic photograph (1903), captioned 'Famous "man-eater" at Calcutta—devoured 200 men, women and children before capture—India']]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ogimages.bl.uk/images/019/019PHO000000181U00050000%5BSVC2%5D.jpg | title=Famous 'man-eater' at Calcutta | publisher=Underwood & Underwood | year=1903 | access-date=9 April 2014 | archive-date=3 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003161650/http://ogimages.bl.uk/images/019/019PHO000000181U00050000[SVC2].jpg | url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Animals
! Mammals !! Reptiles !! Birds
|-
| [[Asiatic lion]] || [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] || [[African Grey Parrot]]
|-
| [[Barasingha]] || [[Asian water monitor]] || [[Asian openbill]]
|-
| [[Indian muntjac|Barking deer]] || [[Banded krait]] || [[Bar-headed goose]]
|-
| [[Bengal tiger]] || [[Burmese python]] || [[Black swan]]
|-
| [[Blackbuck]] || [[Chequered keelback]] || [[Black-headed ibis]]
|-
| [[Bonnet macaque]] || [[Gharial]] || [[Blue-and-yellow macaw]]
|-
| [[Chimpanzee]] || [[Chrysopelea ornata|Golden tree snake]] || [[Brahminy kite]]
|-
| [[Chital]] || [[Indian cobra]] || [[Budgerigar]]
|-
| [[Common marmoset]] || [[Indian python]] || [[Cassowary]]
|-
| [[Dhole]] || [[Ptyas mucosa|Indian rat snake]] || [[Citron-crested cockatoo]]
|-
| [[Eastern grey kangaroo]] || [[Indian star tortoise]] || [[Cockatiel]]
|-
| [[Fishing cat]] || [[King cobra]] || [[Common hill myna]]
|-
| [[Four-horned antelope]] || [[Monocled cobra]] || [[Common ostrich]]
|-
| [[Giraffe]] || [[Mugger crocodile]] || [[Eclectus parrot]]
|-
| [[Grant's zebra]] || [[Reticulated python]] || [[Emu]]
|-
| [[Hippopotamus]] || [[Rhinoceros iguana]] || [[Eurasian spoonbill]]
|-
| [[Indian crested porcupine]] || [[Russell's viper]] || [[Golden parakeet]]
|-
| [[Indian elephant]] || [[Saltwater crocodile]] || [[Golden pheasant]]
|-
| [[Indian leopard]] || [[Ahaetulla nasuta|Sri Lankan green vine snake]] || [[Great Indian hornbill]]
|-
| [[Indian rhinoceros]] || [[Tokay gecko]] || [[Great white pelican]]
|-
| [[Indian spotted chevrotain]] || [[Yellow anaconda]] || [[Green imperial pigeon]]
|-
| [[Jungle cat]] || [[Yellow monitor]] || [[Grey crowned crane]]
|-
| [[Sangai|Manipur brow-antlered deer]] || || [[Grey parrot]]
|-
| [[Nilgai]] || || [[Grey peacock-pheasant]]
|-
| [[Ring-tailed lemur]] || || [[Indian peafowl]]
|-
| [[Sambar deer]] || || [[Ibis]]
|-
| [[Sloth bear]] || || [[Kalij pheasant]]
|-
| [[Striped hyena]] || || [[Lady Amherst's pheasant]]
|-
| [[Malayan tapir]] || || [[Lesser adjutant]]
|-
| [[Indri]] || || [[Little corella]]
|-
| [[Indian wolf]] || || [[Macaw]]
|-
| [[Royal Bengal tiger]] || || [[Malabar pied hornbill]]
|-
| [[White tiger]] || || [[Mandarin duck]]
|-
| [[Jaguar]] || || [[Monk parakeet]]
|-
| [[Hoolock gibbon]] || || [[Painted stork]]
|-
| Alpaca|| || [[Purple heron]]
|-
| || || [[Red-crowned amazon]]
|-
| || || [[Red junglefowl]]
|-
| || || [[Reeves's pheasant]]
|-
| || || [[Rose-ringed parakeet]]
|-
| || || [[Salmon-crested cockatoo]]
|-
| || || [[Sarus crane]]
|-
| || || [[Silver pheasant]]
|-
| || || [[Spotted dove]]
|-
| || || [[Spoonbill]]
|-
| || || [[Tanimbar corella]]
|-
| || || [[Toucan]]
|-
| || || [[Western crowned pigeon]]
|}

==Breeding programs==

The zoo was among the first zoos in the world to breed [[white tiger]]s and the common [[reticulated giraffe]]. While it has successfully bred some megafauna, its rate of breeding rare species had not been very successful, often due to lack of initiative and funding. One notable exception is the breeding programme of the ''Manipur brow-antlered deer'', or [[thamin]] which has been brought back from the brink of [[extinction]] by the breeding program at the Alipore Zoo.<ref name = "hi"/>

[[File:Alipore Zoological Garden - Kolkata 2011-01-09 0064.JPG|right|thumb|Open air lion enclosure]]

==Adoption scheme==
An "Adopt an Animal" scheme began at the Alipore Zoological Gardens in August 2013 as a way to obtain funding for the zoo. About 40 animals were adopted as of August 2013<ref>{{cite news | title = Under foster care
| newspaper = The Hindu | last = Roy | first = Shobha | date = 18 August 2013 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/under-foster-care/article5029576.ece | access-date = 18 August 2013}}</ref> The adopters receive tax benefits, are allowed to use photos of the animals in promotional materials, and get their name placed on a plaque at the animal's enclosure. Sanjay Budhia, chairman of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) national committee on exports, adopted a one-horned rhino. '''Ambuja Group''' chairman [[Harshavardhan Neotia|Harsh Neotia]] and [[N. R. Narayana Murthy|Narayana Murthy]] of [[Infosys]] have requested to adopt animals.<ref>
{{cite news | title = Narayana Murthy to adopt animal at Kolkata zoo | date = 2 August 2013 | url = http://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/narayana-murthy-adopt-animal-kolkata-124407537.html | access-date = 18 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Reforms==

The zoo is presently downsizing to meet animal comfort requirements laid down by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] (CZAI).<ref>Staff reporter, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121017034022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-21/kolkata/27154104_1_czai-enclosures-alipore-zoological-gardens Fewer animals, more space in Alipore Zoo], 21 November 2004</ref> It has also increased the number of open air enclosures.<ref>Q&A, [https://archive.today/20120913074702/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060102/asp/calcutta/story_5669485.asp Open enclosures in new wing], [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 2 January 2006</ref> A move to a suburban location was also contemplated, but was not undertaken based on the recommendations of the CZAI, which claimed the Alipore site was of historical significance. The CZAI also cleared the zoo of malpractices in an evaluation performed in late 2005,<ref>Jayanta Basu, [https://archive.today/20130203131824/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051118/asp/calcutta/story_5488671.asp Improved conditions in menagerie], [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 15 November 2005</ref> even though the zoo has continued to attract bad press.

==Ecological significance of the zoo grounds==

The zoo is also home for wintering [[migratory birds]] such as ducks, and sports a sizable wetland inside the zoo grounds. Since the zoo is enveloped by urban settlements for miles, the zoo wetlands are the only resting spot for some of the birds and are a focus of conservationists in Kolkata. However, the number of migratory bird visiting the zoo dropped from documented highs by over 40% in the winter of 2004–2005. Experts attribute the causes of the decline to increased pollution, new construction of highrises in the area, increasing threats in the summer grounds of the birds<ref>Staff reporter, [https://archive.today/20120915070349/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050109/asp/bengal/story_4231722.asp Bird headcount kicks off], [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 9 January 2005</ref> and declining quality of the water bodies at the zoo.<ref>Suchetana Haldar, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060228064009/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=163949 Where have all the birds gone?], Kolkata Newsline, 3 January 2006</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist |colwidth=30em |refs=

<ref name="zoo_area">{{Cite web
|url=http://kolkatazoo.in/urls/area_distribution.html
|title=Area Distribution
|work=kolkatazoo.in
|publisher=Kolkata Zoo
|access-date=10 March 2011
|archive-date=11 September 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911111532/http://kolkatazoo.in/urls/area_distribution.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="cza_list">{{cite web |title=Annual Reports of Zoo - Alipore Zoological Garden - 2019-20 |url=http://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/reports/english/AR_aliporezoo_1920.pdf |website=www.cza.nic.in |publisher=[[Central Zoo Authority of India]]}}</ref>

}}

===Notes===
* 125 years of Calcutta Zoo, The Managing Committee, Zoological Gardens, Alipore, Calcutta, (2000)
* Walker, S; [https://zoosprint.zooreach.org/index.php/zp/article/view/4289/3763 A Big Year for Alipore Zoological Garden] April (2000)
* Mitra, D.K.; The history of Zoological Gardens, Calcutta; Zoos' Print Journal Vol. 15, No. 5 (1999)

==External links==
{{commons category|Alipore Zoological Gardens}}

*{{Official website|http://www.kolkatazoo.in/}}
*Photographs of the [http://indiatourism.ws/kolkata/zoo/ zoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206062906/http://indiatourism.ws/kolkata/zoo/ |date=6 December 2014 }}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Zoos of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Zoos in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Parks in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Alipore]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1876]]
[[Category:Zoos established in the 19th century]]

Tirupati–Puducherry Weekly Express

2025-11-11T17:48:16Z

Antonioctj: Started First Info Nd Citations

{{Orphan|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tirupati–Puducherry Weekly Express
| image =Tirupati to Pondy.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|09|17}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} (TPTY)
| stops = 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (PDY)
| distance = {{convert|303|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6h 45m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach|ICF]] Utkrisht rakes
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 17413/17414
| speed = {{convert|45|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Tirupathi - Puducherry) Express Route map.jpg|250px|(Tirupathi–Puducherry) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Tirupati–Puducherry Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Tirupati}} and {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} in India. It is currently being operated with 17413/17414 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=102153 Delhi Metro records highest ever ridership of 26 lakhs]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/trains-the-new-conduit-for-pds-rice-smugglers/articleshow/59837064.cms | title=Trains, the new conduit for PDS rice smugglers | date=30 July 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=10 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/3-trains-flagged-off/article19079971.ece 3 trains flagged off]</ref>

== Service==

The 17413/Tirupati–Puducherry Weekly Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 303 km in 6h 45m. The 17414/Puducherry–Tirupati Weekly Express has an average speed of 41 km/h and covers 303 km in 7h 25m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}
* {{stnlnk|Pakala Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chittoor}}
* {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vellore Cantonment}}
* {{stnlnk|Arni Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Polur}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruvannamalai}}
* {{stnlnk|Thirukkovilur}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Puducherry}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 10 coaches:

* 8 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 2 sleeper coaches

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Tirupati to Puducherry and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Tirupati railway station]]
* [[Puducherry railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22124 17413/Tirupati–Puducherry Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22126 17414/Puducherry–Tirupati Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirupati-Puducherry Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Jwalpa Devi

2025-10-26T03:53:04Z

Antonioctj: creating new bio w/ sources

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Jwalpa Devi|country=[[India]]|state=[[Uttarakhand]] [[Pauri Garhwal]]|locale=Patisain, Satpuli|deity=[[Parvati]] (jwalpa Devi)|festivals=[[Navaratri]]|architecture=North Indian architecture}}

'''Jwalpa Devi Temple''' is a shrine dedicated to the goddess Jwalpa, a form of goddess [[Parvati]].
It's situated on the bank of Nawalika River, 34 km from [[Pauri]] on the main Pauri-[[Kotdwar]] road.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jwalpa Devi Temple {{!}} District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India|url=https://pauri.nic.in/tourist-place/jwalpa-devi-temple/|access-date=2022-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=मनचाहा वर देती हैं ये देवी, शची ने इंद्र को पाने के लिए यहां की थी तपस्या|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/dehradun/jwalpa-devi-temple-in-uttarakhand|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

The Anthwal family are the traditional priests and caretakers of this temple, as the present temple was constructed by the late Pandit Shri Duttaram Anthwal (the [[Anthwal]]s, originally from village Aneth, being the landlords of the area).<ref name="Ilamurugan">{{Cite web|last=Ilamurugan|date=2020-05-11|title=Hindu Temples of India: Jwalpa Devi Temple, Pauri, Uttarakhand|url=http://hindutemples-india.blogspot.com/2020/05/jwalpa-devi-temple-pauri-uttarakhand.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Hindu Temples of India}}</ref>

Jwalpa Devi is [[Kuladevata|Kuladevi]] of [[Thapliyal]] and [[Bisht (surname)|Bisht]] clan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rawat |first1=Alok |title=पौड़ी: सुयोग्य वर की कामना लेकर मां ज्वालपा देवी के दरबार पहुंचती हैं अविवाहित कन्याएं |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-pauri-maa-jwalpa-devi-temple-on-navratri-know-mythological-story-ann-2225533 |website=www.abplive.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |language=hi |date=27 September 2022}}"दरअसल ज्वाल्पा थपलियाल और बिष्ट जाति के लोगों की कुलदेवी है."</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Samvedna |first1=Gadh |title=#गढ़वाल में #ब्राह्मण #जातियों का #इतिहास |url=https://gadhsamvedna.com/history-of-brahmin-castes-in-garhwal-of-uttarakhand/ |website=गढ़ संवेदना |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=10 January 2024}}"गढ़वाली ब्राह्मणों की बेहद खास जाती जिनकी आराध्य माँ ज्वाल्पा है।"</ref>

== Festivals ==
Every year two [[Navaratri]]s are held, [[Chaitra]] and Shardiya ones. A fair is also held on [[Vasant Panchami|Basant Panchami]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shilpa|date=2019-11-23|title=Jwalpa Devi Temple, Pauri Garhwal|url=https://www.bharattemples.com/jwalpa-devi-temple-pauri-garhwal/|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Bharat Temples|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Legend ==
According to [[Skanda Purana|Skandpurana]], [[Shachi]], the daughter of Daityaraj Pulom in Satyuga, had penned the austerity of Maa Parvati, the adhyaksh goddess of the Himalayas at Jwalpa Dham along the river Nayar to receive [[Indra]] as husband. Mother Parvati rejoices over Shachi's penance and fulfills her wish, appearing as Deept Jwaleswari, and the place was then named Jwalpa.<ref name="Ilamurugan"/><ref name=":1" />

It is also said that [[Adi Shankaracharya]] visited and prayed in this temple, and the goddess appeared to him.<ref name="Ilamurugan"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jwala Ji}}
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kangra district]]

List of Odia films of 1967

2025-09-15T05:46:46Z

Antonioctj: Adding Details

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
Following is a list of films produced{{clarify|date=July 2011|reason="produced" or "released"?, not necessarily the same thing}} in 1967 by the [[Cinema of Orissa|Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]], [[India]].

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | 1967
|-
|''[[Arundhati (1967 film)|Arundhati]]'' {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} ||[[Prafulla Sengupta]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Minati]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bhai Bhauja]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} ||[[Sarathi (director)|Sarathi]] ||[[Babi (actress)|Babi]], [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] || ||
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
{{portal|Film|India|Lists}}
*[[1967 in film]]
*[[1967 in India]]
{{clear}}



{{Indian film list}}
{{1967 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1967]]
[[Category:Lists of 1967 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1967 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Jalsen Reservoir

2025-09-11T17:14:18Z

Antonioctj: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Hindaun#Tourist attractions]]

{{R from move}}

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College

2025-08-14T18:35:51Z

Antonioctj: add information per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = "Sathwath Sanjayathe Jnanam"
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1949
| closed =
| type = Private
| affiliation = [[Mangalore University]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Prof. Laxminarayana Karanth
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Udupi]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|mgmudupi.ac.in}}
}}

'''Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College''' is a degree college located in the town of [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], India. MGM College is run by the Academy of General Education, [[Manipal]]. The college also emphasizes on Sports and other Extra-curricular activities.

==History==
The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College was founded by Dr. [[T.M.A. Pai]] in 1949 under the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mgmudupi.ac.in/history.php|title = Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College Udupi}}</ref>

==Academic Programmes==
The college offers degree programmes in the arts, commerce and science, as well as diploma courses in German language and computer science affiliated to the [[Mangalore University]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/gradation/2016/college%20list.pdf | title=Affiliated Colleges | access-date=21 June 2020 | archive-date=21 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621195733/https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/gradation/2016/college%20list.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref> The college has been accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] with the "A+" Grade (CGPA 3.36 out of 4).<ref>http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/AccreditationResults/152SC/152SC_Cycle4.pdf{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Research==
The college has three research centres; one for [[Yakshagana]] and another is RG Pai Research Centre, which has done a [[Tulu language|Tulu]] lexicon project and published a Tulu dictionary. There is a regional resource centre for folk performing arts at the college campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mgmudupi.ac.in/yakshagana.php|title = Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College Udupi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mgmudupi.ac.in/rgpairesearch.php|title = Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College Udupi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/novels-stories-should-be-translated-to-tulu-761623.html|title = 'Novels, stories should be translated to Tulu'|date = 15 September 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College}}

{{coord|13|20|47.6|N|74|45|59.4|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Academy of General Education]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Udupi]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}

Mushroom biriyani

2025-06-22T02:06:08Z

Antonioctj: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Biryani]]

2007–08 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2025-06-13T23:46:47Z

Antonioctj: done

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2007/08 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2007/08 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=25 – 28 October 2007
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Blue
|player of series= [[Suresh Raina]] (India Blue)
|team1=India Blue
|team2=India Red
|team3=India Green
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Subramaniam Badrinath]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Parthiv Patel]]
|runs1= [[Suresh Raina]] (206)
|runs2= [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] (178)
|runs3= [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] (81)
|wickets1= [[Amit Mishra]] (8)
|wickets2= [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] (9)
|wickets3= [[Iqbal Abdulla]] (4)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2006-07|2006–07]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2008-09|2008–09]]
}}

The 13th [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Ahmedabad]] from 25 October to 28 October 2007. The series involved the domestic teams from India which were India Blue, India Red, and India Green. India Blue defeated India Red by 6 wickets in the final to become the champions of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-blue-vs-india-red-final-306384/match-report|title=Karthik's hundred seals it for India Blue in the finals|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Blue <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Blue Squad - India Blue Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2007 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-blue-315131/series-squads |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Red <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Red Squad - India Red Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2007 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-red-315122/series-squads |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Green <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Green Squad - India Green Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2007 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-green-315126/series-squads |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Niraj Patel]]
* [[Arjun Yadav]]
* [[Joginder Sharma]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Yo Mahesh]]
* [[Ranadeb Bose]]
* [[Swapnil Asnodkar]]
* [[Rakesh Dhurv|Rakesh Dhruv]]
* [[Saurabh Bandekar]]
|
* [[Mohammad Kaif]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Karan Goel]]
* [[Subramaniam Badrinath]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Ravneet Ricky]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Mahesh Rawat]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Siddharth Trivedi]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pinal Shah]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shrikant Mundhe]]
* [[Paresh Patel (cricketer)|Paresh Patel]]
|
* [[Parthiv Patel]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Abhishek Nayar]]
* [[Niranjan Behera]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Iqbal Abdulla]]
* [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Gagandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)|Gagandeep Singh]]
* [[Srikkanth Anirudha]]
* [[Satyajit Satbhai]]
* <s>[[Murali Kartik]]</s>
|}

* [[Piyush Chawla]] replaced [[Murali Kartik]] in the India Green squad, after he was given rest by the selectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chawla-replaces-kartik-for-challenger-trophy-316518|title=Chawla replaces Kartik for Challenger Trophy|date=22 October 2007|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Points Table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/points-table-standings 'Points Table']
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India Blue|team2=India Red
|team3=India Green

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India Blue=2 |loss_India Blue=0 |nr_India Blue=0 |nrr_India Blue=+0.397
|win_India Red=1 |loss_India Red=1 |nr_India Red=0 |nrr_India Red=+0.617
|win_India Green=0 |loss_India Green=2 |nr_India Green=0 |nrr_India Green=-1.001

|name_India Blue={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Blue'''
|name_India Red={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Red'''
|name_India Green={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Green'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

==Matches==
===Group stage===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 25 October 2007
| team1 = India Blue {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 246 (50 overs)
| score2 = 234/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Red
| runs1 = [[Suresh Raina]] 92 (100)
| wickets1 = [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] 4/42 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahesh Rawat]] 47 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Joginder Sharma]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| result = India Blue won by 12 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-blue-vs-india-red-306381/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Blue vs India Red 2007/08 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India Blue won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (IND) and [[AY Gokhale]] (IND)
| motm = [[Suresh Raina]] (India Blue)
| rain = Points: India Blue 4, India Red 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 26 October 2007
| team1 = India Red {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 303/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 215 (47 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Green
| runs1 = [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] 82* (79)
| wickets1 = [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] 2/37 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] 65 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] 5/45 (9 overs)
| result = India Red won by 88 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-green-vs-india-red-306382/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Green vs India Red 2007/08 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India Red won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sameer Bandekar]] (IND) and [[Shashank Ranade]] (IND)
| motm = [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] (India Red)
| rain = Points: India Red 4, India Green 0
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 25 October 2008
| team1 = India Blue {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 330/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 239 (38.2 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Green
| runs1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 75 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Piyush Chawla]] 2/60 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 53 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Ramesh Powar]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = India Blue won by 91 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-blue-vs-india-green-306383/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Blue vs India Green 2007/08 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India Blue won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (IND) and [[Sameer Bandekar]] (IND)
| motm = [[Virender Sehwag]] (India Blue)
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Blue 4, India Green 0
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 October 2008
| team1 = India Red {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 269 (49.3 overs)
| score2 = 270/4 (41 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Blue
| runs1 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 82 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 116* (91)
| wickets2 = [[Shrikant Mundhe]] 1/34 (5 overs)
| result = India Blue won by 6 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nkp-salve-challenger-trophy-2007-08-306284/india-blue-vs-india-red-final-306384/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Red vs India Blue Final 2007/08 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad]]
| toss = India Red won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (IND) and [[Sameer Bandekar]] (IND)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (India Blue)
| rain =
| notes = India Blue became the winners of the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2007/08.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2007-08}}
[[Category:2007 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2007–08]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System

2025-05-28T06:18:10Z

Antonioctj: creating some data more to come

{{Short description|1971 book}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System
| image = How_the_West_Indian_Child_book_cover_1971.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Bernard Coard]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| editor =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Errol Lloyd]]
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Education
| genre = Non-fiction
| set_in =
| publisher = [[New Beacon Books]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = May 1971
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type = Print
| pages = 51 pages
| awards =
| isbn = 9780900415005
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 490662569
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System: The Scandal of the Black Child in Schools in Britain''''' is a non-fiction book by Grenadian author [[Bernard Coard]] published in May 1971 by [[New Beacon Books]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name="coard-eee-1971">{{cite journal |last1=Coard |first1=Bernard |interviewer-given=Carol |interviewer-surname=Bergman |title=Making Black Children Subnormal in Britain |journal=[[Equity and Excellence in Education]] |date=September–October 1971 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=49–52 |doi=10.1080/0020486710090509 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0020486710090509 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the book, Coard examines [[educational inequality]] and [[institutional racism]]<ref name="irr-firth-2005">{{cite web |last1=Firth |first1=Danny |title=Schools still failing Black children |url=https://irr.org.uk/article/schools-still-failing-black-children/ |website=Institute of Race Relations |access-date=11 December 2020 |date=21 December 2005}}</ref> in the [[Education in the United Kingdom|British educational system]] through the lens of the country's "[[educationally subnormal]]" (ESN) schools{{efn|One of eleven special education categories introduced in 1945, "educationally sub-normal to a moderate degree" (ESN(M)) schools persisted until 1978, which saw the release of the [[Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock|Warnock report]].<ref name="norwich-2004">{{cite web |last1=Norwich |first1=Brahm |title=Moderate learning difficulties and inclusion: the end of a category? |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00003833.htm |publisher=British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester |access-date=11 December 2020 |date=16–18 September 2004}}</ref>}}—previously called "schools for the mentally subnormal"—which disproportionately and enrolled Black children, especially those from the [[British African-Caribbean people|British Caribbean community]].<ref name="okolosie-guardian-2020">{{cite news |last1=Okolosie |first1=Lola |title=Discrimination at school: is a Black British history lesson repeating itself? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/nov/15/discrimination-at-school-is-a-black-british-history-lesson-repeating-itself-small-axe-education-steve-mcqueen |access-date=11 December 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 November 2020}}</ref> These students rarely advanced out of ESN schools and suffered educationally and economically. Coard also intentionally made a "critical decision"<ref name="coard-guardian-2005">{{cite web |last1=Coard |first1=Bernard |title=Why I wrote the 'ESN book' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/feb/05/schools.uk |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=11 December 2020 |date=5 February 2005}}</ref> to write specifically for an audience of Black parents.

The book was first prepared by Coard as a paper he presented at a [[Caribbean Education and Community Workers' Association]] (CECWA) conference in early 1970; after positive reception, he expanded and completed the book during that summer. Figures such as Jeff Crawford, [[Jessica Huntley]], [[John La Rose]], [[Waveney Bushell]] and [[Andrew Salkey]] lent their support towards publicity and publication, as did [[Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications]]. New Beacon published the book in 1971, printing 10,000 copies and following that up with a second run in 1974. On the book's release day, Coard appeared on primetime news in a discussion with the chief education officer of the [[Inner London Education Authority]], [[Ashley Bramall]].<ref name="coard-guardian-2005"/> Following publication, Coard claimed that he and his wife were being followed and that his phone was being [[Wiretap|tapped]].<ref name="smith-jo-2020">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Godfrey |title=The Assassination of Maurice Bishop |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/the-assassination-of-maurice-bishop-final-excerpt-of-4-_205078 |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=[[Jamaica Observer]] |date=11 October 2020}}</ref>

The text is also prominently featured in ''Tell It Like It Is: How Our Schools Fail Black Children'' (2005), edited by Brian Richardson.<ref name="indep-shand-baptiste">{{cite news |last1=Shand-Baptiste |first1=Kuba |title=UK schools have targeted black children for generations – the education system is overdue for a reckoning |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/school-racism-black-students-exclusions-hair-kiss-teeth-a9280296.html |access-date=11 December 2020 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="gpi-coard">{{cite web |title=How the West Indian Child is made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System (1971) |url=https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/the-pioneering-years/gallery-of-publications/how-west-indian-child-made-educationally-sub-normal |publisher=[[George Padmore Institute]] |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085807/https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/the-pioneering-years/gallery-of-publications/how-west-indian-child-made-educationally-sub-normal |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The 2021 [[BBC One]] documentary ''Subnormal: A British Scandal'' describes the events surrounding the racism of a leaked school report, leading to the publication of Coard's book.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/may/13/steve-mcqueen-lauds-black-parents-who-toppled-subnormal-schools|title=Film-maker lauds black parents who toppled 'subnormal' schools|first=Sally|last=Weale|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/film/subnormal-a-british-scandal/|title=Subnormal: A British Scandal|website=Black History Month Magazine|date=18 May 2021|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> Produced and directed by Lyttanya Shannon, with executive producers including [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://roganproductions.co.uk/project/subnormal-a-british-scandal/|title=Subnormal: A British Scandal|publisher=Rogan Productions|access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref> the film features interviews with people who were put into ESN schools, and with activists, academics and psychologists and others who worked to expose the scandal at the time, such as [[Gus John]], [[Waveney Bushell]] and Coard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/may/20/subnormal-a-british-scandal-review-racist-nightmare-steve-mcqueen|title=Review {{!}} Subnormal: A British Scandal review – the racist nightmare that scarred black children for life|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Rebecca|last=Nicholson|date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57099654|title=The black children wrongly sent to 'special' schools in the 1970s|publisher=BBC News|first=Ashley |last=John-Baptiste|date=20 May 2021|access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/who-is-bernard-coard-in-steve-mcqueen-documentary-subnormal-a-british-scandal|title=Steve McQueen's New Doc Champions The People Who Shut Down ESN Schools|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|first=Niellah |last=Arboine|date=18 May 2021|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in England]]
* ''[[Education (film)|Education]]'' (2020 film)
* [[Race and intelligence]]

==References and footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{notelist}}

[[Category:1971 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about education]]
[[Category:Education in England]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about racism]]
[[Category:Works about special education]]

National Rural Livelihood Mission

2025-05-14T04:59:22Z

Antonioctj: Adding New Article

{{Short description|Indian poverty alleviation project}}
{{promotional|date=August 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox project
| country = India
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| launched = June 2011
}}
The '''National Rural Livelihood Mission''' (NRLM) is a [[Poverty in India|poverty]] alleviation project implemented by the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]], a branch of the [[Government of India]]. This plan is focused on promoting self-employment and the organization of rural poor. The idea behind this program is to organize the poor into [[Self-help group (finance)|Self Help Groups]] (SHGs) and make them capable of self-employment. In 1999, after restructuring the [[Integrated Rural Development Programme]] (IRDP), the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) launched Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana ([[Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana|SGSY]]) to focus on promoting self-employment among the rural poor. SGSY is now remodelled to form NRLM, thereby plugging the shortfalls of the SGSY programme.<ref name=":1">http://www.aajeevika.gov.in/nrlm/NRLM-Mission-Document.pdf. Retrieved from Aajeevika on 23 July 2013</ref> This program was launched in 2011 with a budget of $5.1 billion and is one of the flagship programs of the Ministry of Rural Development. This is one of the world's most prominent initiatives to improve the livelihood of the poor. This program is supported by the [[World Bank]] with a credit of $1 Billion.<ref name=":2">http://www.moneylife.in/article/national-rural-livelihood-mission-understanding-the-vulnerability-of-low-income-groups/19452.html. Retrieved from 'Moneylife' on 31 July 2013</ref> The program was succeeded and renamed by [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana|Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana]] on 25 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=110033|title=Government announces 'Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana' - DAY for uplift of urban, rural poor|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/deen-dayal-antyodaya-yojana-launched/article6446616.ece|title=Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana launched|date=2014-09-25|access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref>

==Background==
The basic idea behind this project was to form SHGs and help them to start some entrepreneurial activities but later SHG group failed.<ref name=":1" />

==Approach==
In order to build, support and sustain livelihood of the poor, NRLM will harness their capability and complement them with capacities (information, knowledge, skill, tools, finance and collectivization), so that the poor can deal with the external world. NRLM works on three pillars – enhancing and expanding existing livelihoods options of the poor; building skills for the job market outside; and nurturing self-employed and entrepreneurs.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Dedicated support structures build and strengthen the institutional platforms of the poor. These platforms, with the support of their built-up human and social capital, offer a variety of livelihoods services to their members across the value-chains of key products and services of the poor. These services include financial and capital services, production and productivity enhancement services that include technology, knowledge, skills and inputs, market linkages etc. The interested rural [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] youth would be offered skill development after counseling and matching the aptitude with the job requirements, and placed in jobs that are remunerative. [[Self-employment|Self-employed]] and entrepreneurial oriented poor would be provided skills and financial linkages and nurtured to establish and grow with micro-enterprises for products and services in demand. These platforms also offer space for convergence and partnerships with a variety of stakeholders, by building an enabling environment for poor to access their rights and entitlements, public services and innovations. The aggregation of the poor, through their institutions, reduces transaction costs to the individual members, makes their livelihoods more viable and accelerates their journey out of poverty.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

NRLM will be implemented in a mission mode. This enables:

(a) shift from the present allocation based strategy to a demand driven strategy, enabling the states to formulate their own livelihoods-based [[poverty reduction]] action plans.

(b) focus on targets, outcomes and time bound delivery.

(c) continuous capacity building, imparting requisite skills and creating linkages with livelihoods opportunities for the poor, including those emerging in the organized sector.

(d) monitoring against targets of poverty outcomes.

As NRLM follows a demand driven strategy, the States have the flexibility to develop their own livelihoods-based perspective plans and annual action plans for poverty reduction. The overall plans would be within the allocation for the state based on inter-se poverty ratios.

The second dimension of demand driven strategy implies that the ultimate objective is that the poor will drive the agenda, through participatory planning at grassroots level, implementation of their own plans, reviewing and generating further plans based on their experiences. The plans will not only be demand driven, they will also be dynamic.<ref name=":1" />

==Criticism==
NRLM is one of the major programs run by [http://rural.nic.in/ Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)]. It's believed by some to have serious shortcomings.<ref>http://www.smeworld.org/story/micro-finance/national-rural-livelihood-mission-nrlm.php. Retrieved from 'SME World' on 31 July 2013</ref>
# Prof. Malcolm Harper notes three aspects with regard to using SHG groups:'1) Groups take time, lots of it, and we have always said that poor women are very busy. 2) Groups tend to exclude individualist (sometimes they are called as entrepreneurs) who dare to be different, to do mad things like starting new types of businesses, which may even create jobs for others. 3) Men are generally bad at working in groups, and they take bigger risk and are less reliable than women, but when they do succeed they tend to create more jobs than women do, for the vast majority who prefer to employed than to be self-employed.'<ref name=":2" />
# In Andhra Pradesh (Indira Kranti Pathaam) and Kerala ([[Kudumbashree Mission|Kudumbashree]]) the experiment with mass SHG program has shown positive results, the same need not happen in other states. In these two states the programs were led and supported by brilliant and committed officers and they had long tenure in that organization/position. The same cannot be expected in all states.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Poverty in India]]
[[Category:Rural development in India]]