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Puli (2015 film)

2026-05-07T22:41:07Z

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{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Chimbu Deven}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puli
| image = Puli movie poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chimbu Deven]]
| producer = [[Thameens Films|Shibu Thameens]] [[P. T. Selvakumar]]
| writer = Chimbu Deven
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Sridevi]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Sudeep]] [[Shruti Haasan]] [[Hansika Motwani]]
| narrator = [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Natty Subramaniam]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Thameens Films]] [[P. T. Selvakumar|SKT Studios]]
| distributor = [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]) [[Ayngaran International]] ([[Wide release]]) Thameens Films ([[Kerala]]) [[S. Narayan]] ([[Karnataka]]) [[Pahlaj Nihalani|Chiragdeep International]] ([[North India]])
| released = {{film date|2015|10|1|[[India]]|ref1={{citation needed|date=November 2024}}}}
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref name="BBFC"/>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Plainlist|
* {{INR}}87—130 crore{{efn| ''[[News 18]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INRConvert|87|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |title='Puli' first stills: Why Sridevi and Vijay's upcoming film will be a grand treat for their fans |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/puli-stills-sridevi-and-vijays-latest-film-promises-to-be-a-grand-treat-for-their-fans-1010505-5.html |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=News18 |date=23 June 2015}}</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis|Daily News and Analysis India]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INRConvert|100|c}}.<ref name="release">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-will-vijay-s-puli-recover-its-rs-100-crore-investment-2130910|title=Will Vijay's Puli recover its Rs 100 crore investment?|website=Daily News and Analysis India|date=2 October 2015|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' estimates the film's budget to be {{INRConvert|118|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/puli-bo-this-vijay-starrer-underperforms-is-no-baahubali/story-Jnvl04myh0iKTsCkpafrzJ.html|title=Puli BO: This Vijay starrer underperforms, is no Baahubali|website=Hindustan Times|date=5 October 2015|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' estimates the budget to be {{INRConvert|130|c}}.<ref name="budget 130 crore">{{cite web | title=Puli 130 crore budget | website=The New Indian Express | date=22 July 2015 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/jul/22/s-narayan-takes-up-puli-distribution-789695.html | access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>}}}}
| gross = {{INR}}101 crore<ref>{{cite news |title=Before 'Varisu'; 5 films of Vijay that were certified U | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/before-varisu-5-films-of-vijay-that-were-certified-u/photostory/96756017.cms?picid=96756174 |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2023 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''''Puli''''' ({{translation|[[Tiger]]}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action adventure film]] written and directed by [[Chimbu Deven]].<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Puli |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/puli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotixmjy |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> It is produced by Shibu Thameens and [[P. T. Selvakumar]] under [[Thameens Films]] and SKT Studios. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in a dual role, alongside [[Sridevi]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Sudeep]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Hansika Motwani]], and [[Nandita Swetha]]. It marks Sridevi's return to [[Tamil cinema]] and her final Tamil film before her death. The film revolves around the clash between humans and demons (Vedhalams) in a Kingdom ruled by demons, where the protagonist fights for justice, of the ruthless slaughtering of humans by demons, but his ancestry turns out to be a mystery.

''Puli''<nowiki/>'s original Tamil version was released worldwide on 1 October 2015 in theatres, whilst the dubbed versions of Telugu, Hindi and Malayalam were released the following day on 2 October 2015.<ref name="release" /> The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics who praised the cast performances especially from Vijay and Sudeep and visual effects while the screenplay and writing received criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/5-reasons-why-vijays-puli-could-flop/photostory/49166130.cms |title=5 reasons why Vijay's 'Puli' could flop! |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Puli' is a film that everybody can enjoy: Chimbu Deven |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/puli-is-a-film-that-everybody-can-enjoy-chimbu-deven-1121995.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=News18 |date=29 September 2015}}</ref> Despite being a below average venture at the box office'','' it recovered the budget investment through profit in satellite and digital rights.<ref>{{cite news | title=Puli roars at the box office | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=5 October 2015 | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/puli-roars-at-the-box-office/articleshow/49232877.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20220405181945/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/preetham-gubbi-naanu-mattu-varalakshmi/articleshow/49219002.cms | archive-date=5 April 2022 | access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
The film was screened at the [[Tokyo International Film Festival]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vijay's Puli was screened at Tokyo International Film Festival in Japan | website=X (formerly Twitter) | url=https://x.com/gajarikoGK/status/1755937012308386080 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/A1laJ | archive-date=30 May 2024 | access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

The producer of the film Puli described the project as a major professional setback, stating that its failure undermined nearly three decades of his work. He emphasised the severity of the impact by noting that such a loss might have driven someone else to consider self-harm, highlighting the emotional and financial strain caused by the film’s poor performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita |date=26 August 2025 |title=Puli producer says the 2015 film almost broke him, but Vijay's salary doubled: ‘Anyone else would've died by suicide’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/puli-producer-says-the-2015-film-almost-broke-him-but-vijays-salary-doubled-anyone-else-wouldve-died-by-suicide-101756215353958.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Marudheeran (half tiger-demon and half human) is the adopted son of a tribal village chief named Vembunathan. From a young age, he notices the atrocities regularly committed on the villagers by soldiers from the neighbouring kingdom of Vedhalapuram called the Vedhalams, who have supernatural powers. When he becomes an adult, Marudheeran starts to protect the villagers from the Vedhalams. As a result, the villagers respect him.

Marudheeran falls in love with Pavalamalli. And they both get married secretly and tell and take blessings from Vembunathan. Vembunathan tells them to visit the temple before announcing their marriage to everyone. When Marudheeran is in the temple, Pavalamalli is kidnapped by a group of Vedhalams, who then ransack the village and also kill Vembunathan. Marudheera and his close friends Kodangi and Sama begin a journey to Vedhalapuram. During the voyage, Marudheeran rescues Manthagini, the princess of Vedhalapuram, from a [[black panther|panther]]. That time, Princess Manthagini falls in love with Marudheeran. Thalapathy Jalatharangan, the evil-minded demon, Commander-in-Chief of Vedhalapuram, notices this. On the pretext of being medicine makers, Marudheeran, Kodangi, and Sama enter the Vedhalapuram palace, where they meet Yavanarani, the cruel Queen of Vedhalapuram and a sorceress. She allows them to stay at the palace, and Marudheeran wins the support of the Queen and the love of Manthagini with his fighting prowess and resilience. Yavanarani announces the engagement between Marudheeran and Manthagini.

Later, Marudheeran discovers he is a half-Vedhalam (half-demon). Marudheeran was the son of Pulivendhan (powerful tiger-demon) and Pushpa (human princess). Pulivendhan was the late prince of Vedhalapuram, Yavanarani's younger brother and Manthagini's uncle. When he stood up to Jalatharangan, who used to terrorise the citizens of Vedhalapuram with the help of his henchmen, Jalatharangan killed him and his wife, Pushpa. Marudheeran also discovers that Yavanarani is actually a puppet Queen under the influence of evil magical power emanating from Jalatharangan's ring. Due to the evil magical influence, Yavanarani developed magical powers and her tyrannical behaviour. She performs yearly Kanya Puja to boost her magical powers. After Yavanarani performs the Kanya Puja for the 18th consecutive year (this time on Pavalamalli), Jalatharangan has planned to eliminate her and take over the throne.

Marudheeran also discovers that he will transform into a Vedhalam (demon) if he stops taking the demon power suppression medicinal leaf that he was consuming from his childhood. Marudheeran transforms into a demon, fights Jalatharangan and kills him, avenging his father's death. Still, before he dies, he opens his ring, releasing all the evil magical power so that Yavanarani can continue to rule Vedhalapuram as a tyrantess without his control after his death. Marudheeran realises that the Queen can be returned to normal only if her wand, which is the source of her magical power, is destroyed. Marudheeran and Manthagini find her performing the Kanya Puja on Pavalamalli. After a bitter sword fight with the Queen, he manages to smash the wand, thus restoring the Queen to herself. In gratitude for releasing her from the evil magical influence, Yavanarani makes Marudheeran heir to the throne of Vedhalapuram.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in a dual role as:
**Marudheeran
**Pulivendhan, Marudheeran's father
*[[Sridevi]] as Demon Queen Yavanarani, Pulivendhan elder sister and Marudheeran's paternal aunt, who is psychologically possessed by Jalatharangan using a magic ring. Her demon husband was killed by Jalatharangan to take control of her
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Vembunathan, foster father of Marudheeran
*[[Sudeep]] as Senadhipathy Jalatharangan, an evil demon prince, who has an intention to take control of the city of Vedhalapuram.
*[[Shruti Haasan]] as Pavalamalli, who is kidnapped by Yavanarani
*[[Hansika Motwani]] as Princess Manthagini, daughter of Queen Yavanarani
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Kodangi
*[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Sama
*[[Nandita Swetha]] as Pushpa, Pulivendhan's wife and Marudheeran's mother
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Pulivendhan and Yavanarani's father, the Vedhala king and Marudheeran's grandfather
*[[Karunas]] as Sooran
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Karki Newton, the Liliput King
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Cholan
*Gayathri Raman as Parimala
*[[Joe Malloori]] as Herbalist
*[[Robo Shankar]] as Albert alias Alpha
*[[Imman Annachi]] as Peter alias Beta
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Einstein Kamalakshi @ Gama
*[[Raveena Daha]] as Marudheeran's sister
*[[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Tharagamangalam
*[[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as Jalatharangan's assistant
*Sugunthan as Vedhalam
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Pei-azhagu Kuruvi
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as Washerman
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Villager
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Sage
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Vedhalam
}}

==Production==

=== Pre-production ===
Chimbu Deven was reported to be working on a "fantasy film set in contemporary times" in January 2011 for UTV Motion Pictures, and [[Dhanush]] was subsequently signed on to play the leading role.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanush-Chimbudevan-team-up/articleshow/7378823.cms Dhanush, Chimbudevan team up]. ''The Times of India'' (29 January 2011). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> The film was titled as ''Maareesan'', with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and Kathir signed on as composer and cinematographer respectively. At the same time, the team revealed filming would start in late 2011. [[Hansika Motwani]] was confirmed to play the leading female role in the film, while [[Vadivelu]] was also reported to be a part of the cast.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Genelia-Hansika-for-Dhanush/articleshow/10337756.cms Genelia, Hansika for Dhanush?]. ''The Times of India'' (13 October 2011). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref><ref>[https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-12-01/vadivelu-dhanush-03-01-12.html Vadivelu's Re-entry With Dhanush's Film – Vadivelu – Dhanush – Simbu Devan – Tamil Movie News]. Behindwoods.com (3 January 2012). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> However, in October 2011, UTV Motion Pictures left the project citing the escalating budget and [[Aascar Films]] replaced them as producers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141221142525/http://www.sify.com/movies/has-mareesan-slipped-out-of-utv-news-tamil-lkskcniejeesi.html Has Mareesan slipped out of UTV?]. Sify.com (19 October 2011). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141013045240/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-chimbudevan-film-titled-maarisan-news-tamil-lizmUlcijagsi.html Dhanush-Chimbudevan film titled Maarisan!]. Sify.com (3 October 2011). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> The project later failed to take off, and the actor and director moved on to work on other ventures. During the production of his ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' (2014) in late 2013, Chimbu Deven restarted preliminary work on the fantasy film and narrated the script to [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who expressed interest in being a part of the project. Subsequently, the project found producers in [[P. T. Selvakumar]], Vijay's press relations officer, and Shibu of Thameen Films, who have previously distributed several of Vijay's films across [[Kerala]]. The two producers came together to form a new production house, SKT Films and announced that production would begin after the completion of Vijay's work in [[AR Murugadoss]]'s ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718155501/http://www.sify.com/movies/chimbudevan-to-direct-ilayathalapathy-vijay-news-tamil-obxmVDbfgdasi.html Chimbudevan to direct Ilayathalapathy Vijay!]. Sify.com (23 January 2014). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref>

=== Development ===
Although early reports suggested that [[A. R. Rahman]] would be the film's music composer, the team later confirmed [[Devi Sri Prasad]] had been signed.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Natty Subramaniam]] chose to continue his work as a cinematographer with the film, despite his acting success in ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' (2014), revealing he was excited to work alongside such an ensemble cast.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} T. Muthuraj was announced as the film's art director and began work alongside his commitments in [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2014), while lyricist [[Vairamuthu]] also joined the crew.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140504/entertainment-kollywood/article/shankar%E2%80%99s-art-director-ilayathalapathy-vijay%E2%80%99s-next Shankar's Art director in Ilayathalapathy Vijay's next]. Deccanchronicle.com (4 May 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> The team also picked five costume designers to take care of clothing for the actors, with [[Manish Malhotra]], Deepali Noor, Chaitanya Rao, Siva and Sai all brought on board. Furthermore, four stunt choreographers were selected to take care of action scenes with international technicians Sang Lin and Pradit Seeluem, brought in to work alongside Sunil Rodrigues and Dilip Subbarayan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141207132951/http://www.sify.com/movies/5-costume-designers-and-4-stunt-masters-for-vijay-58-news-tamil-olyl6hefcgcbj.html 5 costume designers and 4 stunt masters for Vijay 58!]. Sify.com (24 November 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> National Award winner, R.C Kamalakannan was signed on to be in charge of the film's animations and special effects, PhantomFx, a Chennai-based VFX company known for the movie Indru Netru Naalai, handled most of the VFX shots, and the rest were split among several studios.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Chimbu Deven subsequently worked on finalising the script of the film between January and August 2014. Chimbu Deven and Natty scouted locations in Kerala in August 2014, finalising schedules in [[Chalakudi]] and [[Nelliyampathy]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140820140748/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-58-shoot-to-start-in-kerala-news-tamil-oiujmEhcbfjjg.html Vijay 58 shoot to start in Kerala!]. Sify.com (20 August 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref>

===Casting===
In April 2014, reports suggested Kannada actor [[Sudeep]] was approached to play a parallel leading role in the film, while contrasting reports noted he would play the lead antagonist.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203322/http://www.sify.com/movies/sudeep-in-vijay-s-chimbudevan-film-news-kannada-oexl39bcihfsi.html Sudeep in Vijay's Chimbudevan film?]. Sify.com (23 April 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> Sudeep later confirmed his participation in the film, adding it would see him in a "first of its kind" role.<ref>[https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/naan-ee-sudeep-talks-about-vijay-58.html 'Naan Ee' Sudeep on 'Vijay 58']. Behindwoods.com (22 April 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> The team then successfully signed on actress [[Sridevi]] to portray a supporting role of a princess in the film, with the actress appearing in a Tamil film for the first time in 29 years. This was her final Tamil film before her death in 2018.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sridevi-to-play-a-princess-in-her-next/ Sridevi to play a princess in her next]. ''The Indian Express'' (7 June 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> Another senior actor, [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], also signed on after being approached by the director to portray a character role.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Chimbu Deven revealed that the film would feature two leading female roles to appear alongside Vijay.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Initial reports had linked [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] to the roles, but high remuneration subsequently meant neither were signed.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Deepika-or-Priyanka-Chopra-for-Vijay/articleshow/29892719.cms Deepika or Priyanka Chopra for Vijay?]. ''The Times of India'' (5 February 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> Shruti Haasan confirmed that she had signed the film in July 2014, making a comeback to Tamil films after a two-year hiatus following ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012).<ref>[http://www.sify.com/movies/shruti-haasan-confirms-film-with-vijay-news-others-ohpuEAiijjggg.html Shruti Haasan confirms film with Vijay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202028/http://www.sify.com/movies/shruti-haasan-confirms-film-with-vijay-news-others-ohpuEAiijjggg.html |date=24 September 2015 }}. Sify.com (15 July 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> [[Hansika Motwani]] was added to the cast after pairing up with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in ''[[Velayudham]]''. She portray a princess, the daughter of Sridevi's character.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141220145008/http://www.sify.com/movies/hansika-motwani-opposite-vijay-news-tamil-of5tAcdbgbesi.html Hansika Motwani opposite Vijay?]. Sify.com (31 May 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140601/entertainment-kollywood/article/two-heroines-ilayathalapathy-vijay Two heroines for Ilayathalapathy Vijay]. Deccanchronicle.com (1 June 2014). Retrieved on 24 June 2015.</ref> [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and [[Vidyullekha Raman]] were also selected to portray roles in the film, while comedians [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Imman Annachi]] joined the team in the first schedule.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} A press release in early January 2015 added actors [[Aadukalam Naren|Naren]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijaykumar]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Karunas]] and [[Joe Malloori]] to the film's cast. In April 2015, [[Nandita Swetha]] joined the cast to play a small and pivotal role, after [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] had turned down the offer.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nandita-joins-the-cast-of-Puli/articleshow/46898041.cms Nandita joins the cast of Puli]. ''The Times of India'' (13 April 2015). Retrieved on 26 May 2015.</ref> Gayathri Raman stated that she had portrayed Shruti's mother in the film.<ref>Subramanian, Anupama (23 August 2015) [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150823/entertainment-kollywood/article/new-kollywood-mom-block New Kollywood mom on the block]. ''Deccan Chronicle''</ref>

===Filming===
The team began filming on 10 November 2014 at the Aditya Ram Studios on the [[East Coast Road]], [[Chennai]], where a song featuring Vijay and Hansika Motwani was shot in a set replicating a castle put up by art director, [[T. Muthuraj]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141109180827/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-58-to-start-from-nov-10-news-tamil-olgqCvgcgeajd.html Vijay 58 to start from Nov 10]. Sify.com (6 November 2014). Retrieved on 26 May 2015.</ref> The team then set up base in Pannaiyapuram for a forty-five-day stint, with hundreds of extras and technicians gathered from neighbouring states.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111070838/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vijays-New-film-Goes-on-Floors/2014/11/11/article2517160.ece Vijay's New film Goes on Floors]. ''The New Indian Express'' (11 November 2014). Retrieved on 26 May 2015.</ref> A second schedule continued throughout December, after which it was reported that the film was twenty per cent complete. After a Christmas break, production restarted in early January 2015, and carried on in the outskirts of the city until mid-January.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Reports which suggested that the team had secured permission to film at the [[Mysore Palace]] was dismissed by the makers as speculation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150102164246/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-58-four-titles-in-consideration-news-tamil-pbclV2fhdhfgc.html Vijay 58- Four titles in consideration!]. Sify.com (2 January 2015). Retrieved on 26 May 2015.</ref>

The film had begun shoot without a title and had been widely referred to in the media as ''Vijay 58''. Other titles such as ''Garuda'', the script's original name ''Maareesan'', ''Maru Dheeran'' and ''Por Vaal'' were also registered by the producers, while finalising on a title.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The team consequently confirmed the title as ''Puli'' in early January 2015, after having bought the rights from director [[S. J. Surya]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Puli
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 August 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| length = 25:51
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Srimanthudu]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|Shivam]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

The film score and soundtrack was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] collaborating with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] for the third time after ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005) and ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009). The audio rights of the film were sold to [[Sony Music India]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The album features six tracks, all of them were written by lyricist [[Vairamuthu]].

The song teaser of "Yendi Yendi" sung by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Shruti Haasan|Shruti Hassan]], was released on 24 July 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puli-new-song-vijay-and-shruti-haasan-croon-yaendi-yaendi-sridevi-sudeep-hansika-motwani-chimbhu-devan-devi-sri-prasad-dsp-284481-2015-07-24|title=Puli new song: Vijay and Shruti Haasan croon #YaendiYaendi|date=24 July 2015|work=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The audio launch event was held on 2 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/photos/charged-puli-audio-launch-report-and-photos/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226110954/https://silverscreen.in/photos/charged-puli-audio-launch-report-and-photos/|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2019|title=Charged: Puli Audio Launch Report and Photos|first=Dani |last=Charles |date=4 August 2015|website=Silverscreen.in|language=en-US|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The event was telecasted live in [[YouTube]].

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:51
| headline = Tamil Version<ref>{{cite web |title=Puli - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/puli/n7jjcmkQNfg_ |website=Saavn |access-date=16 November 2018 |date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title1 = Puli Puli
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Yendi Yendi
| extra2 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
| length2 = 4:13
| title3 = Jingilia Jingilia
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath|A. V. Pooja]]
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Sottavaala
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Manidha Manidha
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length5 = 3:45
| title6 = Mannavanae Mannavanae
| extra6 = [[Chinmayi Sripaada]], [[Sooraj Santhosh]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| length6 = 5:26
}}

==Marketing==
The first look poster was released on 21 June 2015, ahead of Vijay's 41st birthday;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/vijays-puli-official-first-look-poster-out/article7338989.ece|title="Puli" official first look poster out|date=21 June 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 December 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and on his birthday, the makers revealed the [[teaser trailer]] of the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puli-teaser-trailer-vijay-shruti-haasan-sridevi-hansika-motwani-chimbu-deven-258780-2015-06-21|title=Puli: Watch Vijay, Sridevi in this power-packed teaser|date=21 June 2015|language=en|work=India Today|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The promo song teaser of "Yendi Yendi" was released on 24 July 2015, in order to promote the audio launch of the film.<ref name=":1" /> The trailer of this film is supposed to be released on 2 August 2015, during the film's audio launch, but it was not confirmed by the makers.

The first trailer of the film was released through YouTube on 19 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/08/20/puli-trailer-releases-to-massive-viewer-response-but-raises-doubts-about-the-film/ |title='Puli' Trailer Releases To Massive Viewer Response |work=Forbes |author=Rob Cain |date=20 August 2015}}</ref> The trailer became the first Tamil film to hit 100k likes, and also became the most liked Indian trailer on [[YouTube]], beating the previous record held by ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pulis-trailer-becomes-the-most-liked-Indian-trailer/articleshow/49032767.cms |title=Puli's trailer becomes the most liked Indian trailer |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/puli-is-the-first-tamil-film-to-hit-100k-likes-news-tamil-pjsqP9ehgghgd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226113908/https://www.sify.com/movies/puli-is-the-first-tamil-film-to-hit-100k-likes-news-tamil-pjsqP9ehgghgd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2019|title='Puli' is the first Tamil film to hit 100k likes!|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> In order to promote the film, the makers released a new promo song, featuring the music composer Devi Sri Prasad on 14 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puli-promo-song-dsp-is-back-with-yet-another-peppy-number-for-vijays-next-262811-2015-09-14|title=Puli promo song: DSP is back with yet another peppy number for Vijay's next|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> The second trailer of the film was released on 23 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijay-sridevis-puli-trailer-2-black-panther-mammoth-sized-tortoise-and-ogres-the-second-trailer-is-a-visual-treat-264671-2015-09-24|title=Vijay, Sridevi's Puli Trailer 2: Black panther, mammoth-sized tortoise and ogres make for a visual treat|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> The makers released an action 3D game for ''Puli'' on Google Playstore, Windows Store and Apple Store.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puli-game-trailer-not-just-vijay-now-you-too-can-play-puli.-heres-how-264976-2015-09-26|title=Puli: Not just Vijay, now you too can play Puli. Here's how|date=26 September 2015|work=India Today|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Thinkal V |title=Puli makers release a 3D game |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150928/entertainment-kollywood/article/puli-makers-release-3d-game |access-date=23 March 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> A 3D game titled ''Epic Clash'' was released based on the characters of ''Puli''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150928/entertainment-kollywood/article/puli-makers-release-3d-game|title = Puli makers release a 3D game|date = 28 September 2015}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
Puli was initially slated to release, coinciding with the [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Chathurthi]] festival on 17 September 2015. But the release was postponed due to heavy work of computer graphics in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/puli-vijays-film-to-release-in-october-now-sridevi-hansika-motwani-shruti-haasan-290156-2015-08-25|title=Puli: Vijay's film to release in October now|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> The makers finally zeroed on 1 October 2015, as the release date, which also coincides veteran actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s birthday and also announced that the film would be dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages, both versions released on 1 October 2015 along with the Tamil version.
Tamil Nadu theatrical rights for the film were bought by [[Rama Narayanan|Sri Thenandal films]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Ayngaran International]] purchased the overseas rights while Thameens purchased the Kerala distribution rights. The Karnataka distribution rights were purchased by the Producer and director [[S. Narayan]].<ref>[http://konews.in/2015/03/vijays-puli-movie-distribution-and-audio-rights Vijay's Puli movie distribution and audio rights | Kollywood News]. Konews.in (5 March 2015). Retrieved on 26 May 2015.</ref> Telugu rights were bought by SVR Cinema.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} North India release rights were acquired by [[Pahlaj Nihalani]]. The film was also released in [[China]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/puli-to-release-in-japan-and-china-news-tamil-pj0ky8fdbhgie.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225245/http://www.sify.com/movies/puli-to-release-in-japan-and-china-news-tamil-pj0ky8fdbhgie.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2015|title='Puli' to release in Japan and China?|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===
On the first day, it collected {{INR}}10.75 crore in Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} It grossed {{INR}}28.6 crore worldwide on its opening day Thursday.<ref name="forbes.com">[https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/10/02/neither-film-critics-nor-tax-collectors-can-stop-vijays-puli-from-opening-big/ Neither Film Critics Nor Tax Collectors Can Stop Vijay's 'Puli' From Opening Big]. Forbes.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2015.</ref> In the second day the film grossed {{INR}}27.5 crore worldwide.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} It collected {{INR}}3.87 crore in four days in Kerala.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} In the first weekend, the film collected {{INR}}64 crore worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/first-weekend-box-office-puli-rakes-64-crores-worldwide-news-malayalam-pkgk8Qfeifaei.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108203147/https://www.sify.com/movies/first-weekend-box-office-puli-rakes-64-crores-worldwide-news-malayalam-pkgk8Qfeifaei.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2019|title=First weekend box office: Puli rakes {{INR}}64 crores worldwide!|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> with {{INR}}2.84 gross in Chennai city alone beating S.S Rajamouli's ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'', as the latter collected only {{INR}}1.64 crore;{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

===Critical response===
The film received mixed reviews and poor ratings from film critics.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=9|average=3.3|ref=yes}}

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5, stating "Puli (Tiger) is your Indian cinema version of Gulliver and the Lilliput's fairy tale. A lavishly mounted fantasy adventure, at the core it is basically a love story."<ref>Iyer, Meena (1 October 2015) [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Puli/movie-review/49185496.cms Puli Movie Review]. ''Time of India''</ref> Latha Srinivasan of [[Daily News and Analysis]] gave the film 2.5/5 stars, deeming the film a "visual treat" with a disappointing screenplay. She praised the cinematography, visual effects and performances of the cast, but criticised the story, noting that the genre might be new for Tamil cinema, but "the story is not something new and it moves at such a slow pace that it gets tiring to watch in places."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-puli-movie-review-vijay-s-film-is-a-visual-treat-but-the-screenplay-is-disappointing-2130670 |title='Puli' movie review: Vijay's film is a visual treat, but the screenplay is disappointing |author=Srinivasan, Latha |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=1 October 2015}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the film 2/5, writing, "On the whole, PULI is a strictly average fare. Watch it if you are a Sridevi or a Vijay fan. Otherwise, this fantasy is a bore fest."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929081639/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/6255711 Puli Review – Bollywood Hungama]. Bollywoodhungama.com (28 June 2012). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref>

Saibal Chatterjee from NDTV rated the film 2/5, writing that "Puli gets two stars for ambition and scale, but none for execution."<ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/puli-movie-review-1185 Puli Review: NDTV]. Movies.ndtv.com. Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> Raja Sen rated the film 1.5/5, writing, "Clearly Puli needs you to make (or carry) your own entertainment."<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-puli-wastes-sridevi-on-a-silly-boring-fantasy/20151002.htm Review: Puli wastes Sridevi on a silly, boring fantasy]. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> [[Mumbai Mirror]] rated the film 1.5/5, writing, "Fantasy films allow defying logic, physics and biology, as long as it fascinates. This one makes a jaded attempt to recreate tested ideas and wages a war against one's brain cells."<ref name="mumbaimirror1">[https://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Puli/articleshow/49199934.cms Film Review: Puli]. Mumbaimirror.com (3 October 2015). Retrieved on 8 October 2015.</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5, writing, "The bigger the film doesn't always mean the greater it is, and there can't be a better example of this than Vijay's big-budget fantasy drama "Puli", which isn't a bad film, but worse."<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/puli-movie-review/ Puli review: The Vijay starrer is a new cut-off for mediocre filmmaking]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''. Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 1.5/5, stating "Vijay's fantasy film tries hard to roar but ends up squeaking."<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/puli-movie-review-vijays-fantasy-film-tries-hard-to-roar-but-ends-up-squeaking-266012-2015-10-02 Puli movie review: Vijay's fantasy film tries hard to roar but ends up squeaking]. Indiatoday.intoday.in (24 September 2015). Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> [[Mid-Day]] rated the film 1.5/5, writing, "Not fair to compare, maybe, but one cannot help it. 'Puli', at best, looks like the poor, underfed cousin of 'Bahubali', the other fantasy film that we were treated to not so long ago. The setting is almost the same. Kings, queens, waterfalls and forests and a newborn child being found in the ocean, but Puli proves that director Chimbu Deven doesn't even remotely share the grand vision of SS Rajamouli's."<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/puli---movie-review/16579192 'Puli' – Movie review]. Mid-day.com. Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 1/5 stars saying, "Chimbu Deven could have thought of something better than this juvenile romp into fantasy land."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/puli-review-vijay-s-fantasy-drama-is-a-fantastic-flop/story-rZTyaq7YZBPxhTfNGzI0DM.html |title=Vijay's fantasy drama is a fantastic flop |work=Hindustan Times |author=Gautaman Bhaskaran |date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

Both [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' and S Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com]] gave negative reviews. Both critics also stated that several dialogues of Vijay were meant as declarations of political intent. Rangan wrote, "Put differently, Chimbu Deven has forgotten to make a movie for adults." Comparing ''Puli'' with ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'', another [[historical fiction]] film, he said that there was "a sustained commitment to storytelling" in the latter, which was missing in ''Puli''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/puli-review-a-colourful-diversion-for-undemanding-kids/article7712586.ece |title=Puli: A colourful diversion for undemanding kids |work=The Hindu |author=Baradwaj Rangan |date=1 October 2015}}</ref> IBNLive rated the film 1/5, writing "If adventure is your genre, and Sridevi your fantasy, I'll wholeheartedly recommend K. Raghavendra Rao's 'Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari' in which Sridevi is joined by Chiranjeevi on a whirlwind tour of fantasy, games, childish humor, action, and terrific music by Ilaiyaraaja. Coming to ''Puli'', it's clearly a case of a misguided shot."<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/puli-review-vijays-latest-is-a-boring-fantasy-1129502.html Puli Review: Vijay's latest is a boring fantasy]. Ibnlive.com. Retrieved on 4 October 2015.</ref> ''[[DNA India]]'' regarded that the film's weaponry, armour, costumes and fighting skills were inspired from ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', whereas Vijay and Sudeep's characterisations had resemblances to Jon Snow and Stannis Baratheon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-ilayathalapathy-vijay-s-puli-does-a-game-of-thrones-in-new-trailer-2116343|title=Watch: Ilayathalapathy Vijay's 'Puli' does a 'Game of Thrones' in new trailer|date=20 August 2015}}</ref> Samina Motlekar compared the scene where Marudheeran fights and proves that he is a Vedhalam to a similar scene in ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' (2000), which was confirmed by producer Shibu Thameens to be an inspiration for the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motlekar |first1=Samina |date=2 October 2015 |title='Puli' Review: A Flop Fairy Tale |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/puli-review-a-flop-fairy-tale_b_8231258 |work=HuffPost |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lohana |first1=Avinash |date=16 January 2017 |title=Vijay's 'Puli' along the lines of Gladiator |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-puli-along-the-lines-of-gladiator/articleshow/47796161.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 July 2025 }}</ref>

The film attracted fandom among the younger audience. Baradwaj Rangan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' writes, "Put differently, Chimbu Deven has forgotten to make a movie for adults. His inventions surprise us, delight us for a second or two – and then we’re back to the turgid story."<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Puli-A-colourful-diversion-for-undemanding-kids/article10135658.ece|title=Puli: A colourful diversion for undemanding kids|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|work=The Hindu|date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221183153/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Puli-A-colourful-diversion-for-undemanding-kids/article10135658.ece|archive-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3803860|Puli}}

{{Chimbu Deven}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 action adventure films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:High fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chimbu Deven]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Demons in film]]

Khakee (film)

2026-05-02T19:28:22Z

Antoniochx: done.

{{Short description|2004 Indian film by Rajkumar Santoshi}}
{{About|the 2004 Indian Hindi-language film|films with similar titles|Khaki (disambiguation)#Film and television}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khakee
| image = Khakee.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| producer = [[Keshu Ramsay]]
| writer = Rajkumar Santoshi [[Shridhar Raghavan]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
*[[Akshay Kumar]]
*[[Ajay Devgn]]
*[[Aishwarya Rai]]
*[[Tusshar Kapoor]]
*[[Atul Kulkarni]]
}}
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Anand]]
| editing = [[Merzin Tavaria]]
| studio = DMS Films Private Limited
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|01|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget = ₹26 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=454 |title=Khakee |author= |website=[[Boxofficeindia.com]] |access-date=5 April 2017 |quote=Budget: 26,00,00,000 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406022529/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=454 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = ₹45.4 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=454 |title=Khakee |author= |website=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=5 April 2017 |quote=Worldwide Gross: 45,39,70,000 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711125110/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=454 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Khakee''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Action thriller|action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] and produced by [[Keshu Ramsay]]. The film revolves around an [[Law enforcement in India|Indian police]] team on a mission to escort an accused terrorist from a small town in [[Maharashtra]] to [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601230302.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422112607/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601230302.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 April 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Khakee | date=6 February 2004}}</ref> It stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Tusshar Kapoor]].

''Khakee'' was released theatrically on 23 January 2004 to widespread critical acclaim with particular praise for its screenplay, execution, and the cast's performances. The film was the [[List of Hindi films of 2004|fifth highest-grossing film]] of 2004, grossing {{INR}}45.4 crore worldwide in its lifetime run.

== Plot ==

Dr. Iqbal Ansari is an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent captured in connection with riots. Deputy Inspector General of Police, [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Shrikant Naidu, assembles a team of five police personnel to bring Dr. Ansari safely from Chandangarh to [[Mumbai]]. The team consists of [[Deputy superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Anant Kumar Srivastava, Senior Inspector Shekhar Verma, Sub-Inspector Ashwin Gupte, and constables Kamlesh Sawant and Gajanan Mhatre.

A criminal, Yashwant Aangre, tracks the team. The team proceeds to Chandangarh and comes across school teacher Mahalakshmi, who informs them about suspected terrorists who stayed incognito in her school premises. Soon, along with Ansari and Mahalakshmi, they leave for Mumbai by road. Aangre distracts the team and tries to foil the mission repeatedly, but fails.

En route, the van breaks down, and the team halts at a secluded bungalow. Anant calls Naidu to apprise him of the events and send a police team. Anant now remembers Aangre, a corrupt and ruthless ex-cop or ex-inspector, who was suspended and imprisoned after Anant caught him killing five innocent men in a [[fake encounter]] during the bank robbery.

The team is soon attacked at the bungalow by Aangre and his men. Shekhar tries to surrender Ansari to Aangre, but Anant objects. At this point, the plot turns when Ansari tells them that the terrorists are there to kill him, not free him. He was a doctor in Chandangarh when a journalist Bhaskar Joshi informed him that the communal riots were engineered by minister Deodhar, who killed a few social workers who had compiled evidence that would've jailed him. Bhaskar had the file containing the evidence and wanted the post-mortem reports from Ansari to expose Deodhar but was killed. When Ansari refused to cooperate with the wrongdoers, corrupt cops framed him as a terrorist. Aangre and his men enter the house, but Shekhar and Ashwin cause an explosion and the team manages to escape, but Aangre manages to shoot Ansari. Anant then realizes that Naidu is a corrupt cop in league with Deodhar and Aangre.

Ansari is taken to the hospital. Anant gives the others the option to leave the mission, but everyone stands by him. The team soon plan to get away on an empty train to Mumbai with the recovering Ansari. Aangre's gang arrives, but the team has taken precautions. Kamlesh drives away from the station in the police van as a decoy. Shekhar takes control of the train, and the team boards it. Kamlesh abandons the van and runs to catch the moving train but is shot dead by Aangre.

Upon reaching Mumbai, the team is devastated as Ansari dies. They however, give him a proper burial and vow to clear his name. Deodhar tries to coax Anant to toe the line, but Anant refuses. The team finds the file through journalist Bhaskar's son. Shekhar and Mahalakshmi go to the general post office and recover the file, but Aangre ambushes them. Shekhar is lured into a stadium where it is revealed that Mahalakshmi is Aangre's girlfriend and was planted on the team by Aangre to track their location. Shekhar gets shot by Aangre's men, but not before he places a call to Anant stealthily by pressing speed dial, letting him know that Mahalakshmi is a double agent.

Following Shekhar's death, Anant and Ashwin now attack Naidu and make him spill the beans; they locate Aangre by following Mahalakshmi. In a shootout, Aangre uses Mahalakshmi as a shield, and she dies. Anant chases Aangre, there is a fight and Anant beats Aangre brutally with Shekhar's belt while Ashwin recovers the file.

With compelling evidence from the file, the court convicts Aangre, Deodhar, and Naidu for life, much to the relief of Ansari's family, who is no longer branded a [[traitor]] and [[terrorist]], for whom Anant promises to take care of Ansari's son. On route to jail, Aangre sees the bolts holding his handcuffs loose. He grabs a rifle and tries to escape, only to find the rifle empty. Ashwin shoots Aangre and shows him the screws of the bolts, indicating that this was a setup for an encounter and payback for the deaths of Kamlesh, Ansari, and Shekhar. He then calls the headquarters, informing them that Aangre has been fatally wounded while trying to escape from custody despite being warned. Aangre eventually succumbs to his wounds.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as [[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] Anant Kumar Shrivastav
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as [[Senior inspector|Senior Inspector]] Shekhar Verma
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as EX Inspector Yashwant Aangre
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as [[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspector]] Ashwin Gupte
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Dr. Iqbal Ansari
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Jaya Shrivastav
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Additional Commissioner of Police|Additional Commissioner]] Shrikant Naidu
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as [[Home Minister]] Deodhar
* [[D. Santosh]] as Head Constable Ganjanan Mhatre
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Constable Kamlesh Sawant
* [[Tanuja]] as Ansari's mother
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Police Commissioner
* Prasanna Ketkar as Constable Ghorpade
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Kamlesh's wife
* [[Lara Dutta]] as an item dancer in the song ''Aisa Jadoo'' (special appearance)
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
The film's co-writer Shridhar Raghavan, knew Santoshi, who wanted to make a cop film with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], through [[Anjum Rajabali]]. During their meet, Raghavan narrated a script to Santoshi about cops, which he liked. Raghavan said: "We kept that as a base and started working afresh, collaborating, writing, rewriting." They created a character for Bachchan, inspired by ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' in the "21st century situation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23shri.htm|title=A giant-sized cop hangover|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|work=Rediff.com|date=23 January 2004|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020644/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23shri.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Khakee'' was made with an estimated production budget of {{INRConvert|25.77|c}} making it one of the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Hindi films]] at that point.

===Casting===

[[Amitabh Bachchan]] was the first person to be cast in the film. [[Akshaye Khanna]] was supposed to play the role of Sub-Inspector Ashwin Gupte, and Ajay Devgn was offered the role of Senior Inspector Shekhar Verma. While Khanna walked out, Devgn was chosen to play the villain, Yashwant Aangre, making it his second film as an antagonist after the 2002 thriller ''[[Deewangee]]''. Later, [[Tusshar Kapoor]] was signed for the role of Ashwin Gupte. [[Lara Dutta]] was also signed for an [[item number]] "Aisa Jadoo". After several actresses rejected, the role of Mahalakshmi, [[Aishwarya Rai]] was finalized for the part. [[Akshay Kumar]], who was signed to play Shekhar Verma, worked with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for the third time after ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' and ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]''.

===Filming===

The film was shot in various parts of Maharashtra, including [[Mumbai]] and [[Nashik]]. The fictional city of "Nairoli" shown in the film is actually the city of Apta near [[Panvel]]. The railway station of Apta was rechristened as Nairoli for the scene featuring the shoot-out at the station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cop-out!|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=64864|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031128165151/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=64864|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2003|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Ram Sampath]] composed the music for the film, with lyrics by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].

While filming in [[Nashik]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] was hit by an out-of-control jeep and was thrown back into some bushes by the side of the road. She and Tusshar Kapoor were rehearsing a scene where the jeep was supposed to come and stop 20 feet away from them. However, the jeep driver lost control and did not brake. She suffered a fracture on her left foot and some bruises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/8836-10-filming-accidents-in-bollywood-history.html|title=10 Filming Accidents In Bollywood History|last=Saikia|first=Priyankee|date=3 May 2013|publisher=MensXP.com|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224828/http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/8836-10-filming-accidents-in-bollywood-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
''Khakee'' was met with critical acclaim, including for the performances of the lead actors. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=7|average=8.3|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=September 23, 2024}}
''[[The Hindu]]'' daily mentioned; "It's the director's show all the way. ''Khakee'' is great evidence of what smart writing can do to a film - the duo of [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] and [[Shridhar Raghavan]], deserve all the credit for packing the punches the film delivers. A little pace is lost in the second half because of the dialogues, song and dance, but thanks to high production values and charismatic star appeal, you really don't feel the length - 2 hours and 54 minutes. An aging [[Amitabh Bachchan]] is the first rate with his trademark delivery. [[Akshay Kumar]] provides the comic relief with his 'I'm cool' flirtatious attempts to woo Aishwarya [Rai] and Tusshar [Kapoor] plays the foil to his seniors - a neat essay".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601230302.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040223085513/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601230302.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 23, 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Khakee | date=February 6, 2004}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote "The reason Khakee will linger in public memory for a good while is quite simply Bachchan — back to basics," and concluded, "Khakee is proof that the ‘angry young man’ only got better, if not younger as well! And that's more than a reason to recommend this film."<ref>{{cite news |author=Shekhar, Mayank |title=Film review Of 'Khakee' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=24 January 2004 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2004/january/74765.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040415154227/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/hindimoviesreview/2004/january/74765.htm |archive-date=15 April 2004}}</ref>

Sukanya Verma from [[Rediff]] said; "What I also like about ''Khakee'' is that every actor, big or small (in terms of footage), good or bad (in terms of character), has that one defining moment on screen. ''Khakee'' is a smart film. It makes you think. It keeps you at the edge of your seat. It gives you your money's worth. What more do you want.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Khakee'' is money's worth. What more do you want?|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23khakee.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=14 July 2009|archive-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125031352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/23khakee.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film four stars and explained; "One wouldn't call Khakee the best script [Rajkumar] Santoshi has tackled, but it certainly would rank amongst the best. Another aspect that enhances the film is the dialogues (Rajkumar Santoshi), which will be met with a thunderous applause at various junctures of the film. Santoshi has a knack for extracting wonderful performances from the cast. Amitabh Bachchan delivers one of the best performances of his career. He has some of the toughest scenes in the film. In fact, a lesser actor would've failed to do justice to the role. But Bachchan's expressions, voice and movement bring the character to life. Akshay Kumar is fantastic. [[Ajay Devgn]] adds yet another feather in his cap with a performance that could've been essayed only by a master performer. Aishwarya Rai gets a role to prove her talent, and she more than lives up to the expectations. Tusshar may not have many lines to deliver, but his presence and expressions register a strong impact".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7097/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004205804/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7097/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2008 |title=Khakee (2004) | Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2004-01-23 |access-date=2012-07-14}}</ref>

[[Derek Elley]] from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine stated; "The testosterone's so high you can almost put a match to it in ''Khakee'', a twist-filled, often very violent drama centered on some cops escorting a terrorist cross-country to Mumbai. Powerhouse casting, and equally powerhouse direction by Rajkumar Santoshi, makes this an above-average example of mainstream Bollywood thrillers, sans any stylistic flourishes. Given its paucity of musical numbers and romance, this one could have a career on ancillary among general action buffs".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922971?refcatid=31 | work=Variety | first=Derek | last=Elley | title=Khakee | date=January 31, 2004 | access-date=21 April 2020 | archive-date=8 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108121816/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117922971?refcatid=31 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Khakee'' had a final worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|49.89|c}} including {{INRConvert|37.73|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|12.16|c}} in abroad. The [[Nett, Pohnpei|nett]] revenue of the film was {{INRConvert|31.09|c}}. It was declared an 'Average' by [[Box Office India]]. According to collection, ''Khakee'' was the 5th highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2004 behind ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'', ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'', ''[[Dhoom]]'' and ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''.

==Accolades==

=== [[50th Filmfare Awards]] ===
'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] – [[Ajay Devgn]]

=== [[6th IIFA Awards]] ===
'''Nominated'''
* [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance In A Negative Role]] – [[Ajay Devgn]]

=== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ===
'''Nominated'''

* Best Screenplay - Rajkumar Santoshi, Shridhar Raghavan
* Best Story - [[Shridhar Raghavan]]
* Best Dialogue - [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
* Best Actor – [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* Best Actor in a Supporting Role – [[Akshay Kumar]]
* Best Music Director - [[Ram Sampath]]
* Best Playback Singer (Male) - Arnab Chakravorty
* Best Playback Singer (Female) - [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
* Best Action - [[Tinu Verma|Tinnu Verma]]
* Best Choreography - [[Ganesh Acharya]]
* Best Art Direction - [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khakee
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 October 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music is composed by [[Ram Sampath]]. Lyrics are penned by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. Rajkumar Santoshi wanted [[A. R. Rahman]] to compose the music for the film; but he did not sign the project due to other commitments. Hence Sampath was selected after an audition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/04ram.htm |title=The man who doesn't matter in Khakee |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 July 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012090627/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/04ram.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around 10 lakh units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fourteenth highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| title1 = Aisa Jadoo
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length1 = 3:23
| title2 = Dil Dooba
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Mere Maula
| extra3 = [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Kailash Kher]]
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Uppar Wale
| extra4 = Sonu Nigam, [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Wada Raha
| note5 = I
| extra5 = [[Arnab Chakrabarty]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length5 = 4:41
| title6 = Wada Raha
| note6 = II
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 4:41
| title7 = Wada Raha
| note7 = Sad
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam
| length7 = 5:59
| title8 = Teri Baahon Mein Hum
| extra8 = Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
| length8 = 5:22
| title9 = Aisa Jadoo
| note9 = Remix
| extra9 = Sunidhi Chauhan
| length9 = 5:19
| title10 = Dil Dooba
| note10 = Remix
| extra10 = Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
| length10 = 4:17
}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0347332}}
* {{Mojo title|khakee}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|khakee}}

{{Rajkumar Santoshi}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bhor]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:2000s police films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Saju Balakrishnan

2026-04-24T10:14:26Z

Antoniochx: Starting a stub

{{Short description|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Saju Balakrishnan
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Air Marshal Saju Balakrishnan AVSM, VM, Commander-In-Chief, Andaman & Nicobar Command.jpg
| image_size =
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| death_date = 
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| allegiance = {{Country|India}}
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 7 June 1986 – 31 May 2025
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 18300<ref name="sbalak-brf">{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/18300|title=Air Marshal Balakrishnan Saju|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref>
| unit = [[No. 32 Squadron IAF|No.32 Squadron]] [[No. 50 Squadron IAF|No. 50 Squadron]]
| commands = [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| spouse =
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| alma_mater = [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
}}

[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Saju Balakrishnan''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] is a retired officer of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He is served as the 17th Commander-in-Chief, [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] (CINCAN). He assumed the office on 1 May 2023 succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ajai Singh (lieutenant general)|Ajai Singh]], till 31 May 2025.<ref name="pib-010523">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1921250|title= Air Marshal Saju Balakrishnan AVSM, VM Takes Over As 17th Commander-In-Chief, Andaman & Nicobar Command (CINCAN)|publisher=PIB|date=1 May 2023}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Saju Balakrishnan is an alumnus of [[Sainik School Kazhakootam|Sanik School, Kazhakootam]] and [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]]. He has done the staff course from [[Royal College of Defence Studies]], United Kingdom.<ref name="pib-010523"/>

==Career==
Saju Balakrishnan was commissioned as a fighter pilot in the Indian Air Force in June 1986. In a career spanning over 37 years, he has as more than 3,200 hours of flying experience across various variants of [[MiG-21]] and [[HAL HJT-16 Kiran|Kiran]] aircraft.<ref name="tdg-010523">{{cite web|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/air-marshal-saju-balakrishnan-takes-charge-as-chief-of-andaman-air-command/|title= Air Marshal Saju Balakrishnan takes charge as Chief of Andaman Air Command |publisher=The Daily Guardian|date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

He is an accomplished fighter combat leader and experimental test pilot. He served as the Commanding officer of [[No. 32 Squadron IAF|No. 32 Squadron]] sporting the [[MiG-21|MiG-21 Bison]] and was the first commanding officer of the [[No. 50 Squadron IAF|No. 50 Squadron]] featuring [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] aircraft.<ref name="sbalak-brf"/><ref name="pib-010523"/>

As [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]], he served as the Air Officer Commanding of 32 Wing at the [[Jodhpur]] sector in the [[South Western Air Command (India)|South Western Air Command]]. Later, he did the staff course from [[Royal College of Defence Studies]], United Kingdom.<ref name="sbalak-brf"/><ref name="pib-010523"/><ref name="red-100523"/>

As [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the Assistant Chief of Integrated Defense Staff, ACIDS (Pers Plans & Force). Later, he served as the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Air Defence, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/air-marshal-saju-balakrishnan-takes-over-as-17th-cincan-of-india-s-first-tri-service-command-the-andaman-and-nicobar-command-101682966648243.html|title=Balakrishnan new head of Port Blair-based command|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

After his promotion to [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] on 8 March 2022, he served as the Senior Air Staff Officer, [[Training Command, Indian Air Force|Training Command]] till 30 April 2023.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1501944769253371911|user=Prodef_blr|title=Air Marshal Saju Balakrishnan assumed the appointment of Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO), at Head Quarters, Training Command (TC) of Indian Airforce, at Bengaluru on 08 Mar 2022. |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="th-090822">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/air-marshal-saju-balakrishnanvisits-bidar-air-force-station/article65750168.ece|title= Air Marshal Saju Balakrishnan visits Bidar Air Force station |publisher=The Hindu|date=9 August 2022}}</ref>

He took over as the [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|Commander-in-Chief]], Andaman and Nicobar Command on 1 May 2023 from [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ajai Singh (lieutenant general)|Ajai Singh]]. He is the first Indian Air Force Air Marshal in a decade to head the CINAC.<ref name="red-100523">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/air-marshal-saju-balakrishnan-we-have-to-be-prepared-for-the-invisible-enemy/20230510.htm|title=We have to be prepared for the invisible enemy|publisher=Rediff|date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="pib-010523"/>

He superannuated on 31 May 2025 after 39 years of service to the nation.

== Honours and decorations ==
During his career, Saju Balakrishnan has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2025, [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2021 and [[Vayu Sena Medal]] in 2012 for his service.<ref name="PVSM">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200|title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025|work=PIB|date=2025-01-25}}</ref><ref name="avsm">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692363|title=President Shri Ram Nath Kovind approves 455 Gallantry & other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |publisher=PIB|date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="vm">{{cite press release|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=79889|title=368 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced|publisher=PIB|date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Vayu Sena Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command|Commander-in-Chief]], Andaman and Nicobar Command
| years = 1 May 2023 – 31 May 2025
| before = [[Ajai Singh (lieutenant general)|Ajai Singh]]
| after = [[Dinesh Singh Rana]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Senior Air Staff Officer – [[Training Command, Indian Air Force|Training Command]]
| years = 8 March 2022 – 30 April 2023
| before = [[B Chandra Sekhar]]
| after = [[Surendra Kumar Indoria]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saju, Balakrishnan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Adluri Laxman Kumar

2026-04-18T19:54:31Z

Antoniochx: creating a biography...

{{Short description|Member of Legislative Assembly Telangana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption = Kumar in 2025
| image_size =
| name = Adluri Laxman Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1968|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Peddapalli]], [[Telangana]]
| office = [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Minister for Scheduled Castes Development, Tribal Welfare, Minorities Welfare, Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, Senior Citizens & Transgender Persons]] 
[[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start = 8 June 2025
| office1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| term_start1 = 03 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Koppula Eshwar]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other political affiliation =
| spouse = Kanthakumari
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| parents = Adluri Nagaiah, Lakshmi
| relations =
| office2 = Zilla Praja Parishad, [[Chairman]] [[Karimnagar District]] [[United Andhra Pradesh]] 2009-2011
}}
'''Adluri Laxman Kumar''' (born 1 April 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana State|Telangana state]]. He is an MLA from [[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Jagtial district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri (SC) assembly election results 2023: Dharmapuri (SC) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/dharmapuri-sc-assembly-result-29022 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed as In charge minister for Nalgonda District on 12 June 2025.<ref name="District In-charge Ministers announced">{{cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=District In-charge Ministers announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/nehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Vivekanand&action=edit#ws/national/telangana/district-in-charge-ministers-announced/article69688189.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615142347/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/district-in-charge-ministers-announced/article69688189.ece |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from [[Karimnagar]]. He was born to Nagaiah. He did his schooling in [[Godavarikhani|Godavari Khani]] and passed Class 10 in 1982. Later, he completed ITI diploma at [[Peddapalli]] in 1985. He is a retired head of the economics department at SRR Arts and Science College, Karimnagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adluri Laxman Kumar (Indian National Congress(INC)): Constituency- Dharmapuri (SC) (Jagtial) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=71 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Adluri Laxman Kumar won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress. He polled 91,393 votes, and defeated his nearest rival [[Koppula Eshwar]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a margin of 22,039 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri Constituency Election Results 2023: Dharmapuri Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/dharmapuri |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri Election Result 2023 Live, Dharmapuri Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-dharmapuri-constituency-22.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Dharmapuri Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dharmapuri-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687809.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Adluri Laxman Kumar took oath as Minister in [[Revanth Reddy ministry|Revanth Reddy's Cabinet]] on Sunday 8 June 2025.<ref name="Telangana Cabinet expanded with inclusion of Vivek Venkataswamy, Vakiti Srihari and Adluri Lakshman Kumar">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 June 2025 |title=Telangana Cabinet expanded with inclusion of Vivek Venkataswamy, Vakiti Srihari and Adluri Lakshman Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-cabinet-expanded-with-inclusion-of-vivek-venkataswamy-vakiti-srihari-and-adluri-lakshman-kumar/article69670975.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609051647/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-cabinet-expanded-with-inclusion-of-vivek-venkataswamy-vakiti-srihari-and-adluri-lakshman-kumar/article69670975.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Cabinet expansion {{!}} Who is Dharmapuri Adluri Laxman Kumar">{{cite news |last1= |title=Telangana Cabinet expansion {{!}} Who is Dharmapuri Adluri Laxman Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dharmapuri-mla-and-minister-adluri-laxman-kumars-profile/article69671650.ece |access-date=9 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609052637/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dharmapuri-mla-and-minister-adluri-laxman-kumars-profile/article69671650.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was allocated Scheduled Castes Development, Tribal Welfare Department, Minorities Welfare and Department for Empowerment of Persons ministries on 11 June 2025.<ref name="Telangana govt allocates portfolios to new Ministers">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana govt allocates portfolios to new Ministers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers/article69684145.ece |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=11 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612034823/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-govt-allocates-portfolios-to-new-ministers/article69684145.ece |archive-date=12 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxman Kumar, Adluri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

Belaganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:03Z

Antoniochx: creating details...

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belaganj
| type = SLA
| map_image = 232-Belaganj constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Manorama Devi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]] {{small| {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|232]]
| established = 1962
| electors = 279,839
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
'''Belaganj''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> It comes under [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/belaganj.html|title=Belaganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> After 2009 delimitation, Belaganj Block and most parts of the Sadar Block come under Belaganj Constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Rameshwar Manjhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sachchidanand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Mithleshwar Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jitendra Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shambhu Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shatrughna Sharan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Abhiram Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|1998^
|[[Mahesh Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024^]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Manorama Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Belaganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Belaganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Belaganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04232.htm |access-date=25 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125051357/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04232.htm |archive-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Manorama Devi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:95685}}
|percentage = 46.67
|change = +13.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vishwanath Kumar Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:92803}}
|percentage = 45.27
|change = -1.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2769}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vibhuti Narayan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2562}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Madumala Kumari
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2204}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3074}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2882}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change = -12.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205019}}
|percentage = 73.26
|change = +11.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = 1.4 %
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Bihar|Bihar Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Belaganj<ref name="Belaganj Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Belaganj Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04232.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125121231/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04232.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manorama Devi]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 73,334
|percentage = 45.23
|change = +12.42
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vishwanath Kumar Singh|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=51,943|percentage=32.03|change=-14.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Suraaj Party|candidate=Mohammad Amajad|votes=17,285|percentage=10.66|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=5,819|percentage=3.59|change=+1.78}}
{{Election box majority|votes=21,319|percentage=13.20|change=-1.02}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,62,149|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +12.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ S. N. Sinha winner in Belaganj, Bihar Assembly Elections 1967: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1967/belaganj/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election1969">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Mithleshwar Prasad Singh winner in Belaganj, Bihar Assembly Elections 1969: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1969/belaganj/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election1972">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Jitendra Pd. Singh winner in Belaganj, Bihar Assembly Elections 1972: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1972/belaganj/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election1980">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Shatrughna Sharan Singh winner in Belaganj, Bihar Assembly Elections 1980: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1980/belaganj/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election1990">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Surender Prasad Yadav winner in Belaganj, Bihar Assembly Elections 1990: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1990/belaganj/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{Cite web |title=Surendra Prasad Yadav(RJD):Constituency- BELAGANJ(GAYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=822 |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Belaganj<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79708}}
|percentage = 46.91
|change = {{decrease}}2.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Abhay Kushwaha|Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:55745}}
|percentage = 32.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ramashray Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:12005}}
|percentage = 7.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Syed Sharim Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:4411}}
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic
|candidate = Mohammed Ekram
|votes = {{formatnum:3803}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Geeta Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2635}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1803}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohammed Iqbal
|votes = {{formatnum:1796}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3071}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change = {{decrease}}1.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23963}}
|percentage = 14.1
|change = {{decrease}}6.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169907}}
|percentage = 61.37
|change = {{increase}}3.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Belaganj<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Surendra Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:71067}}
|percentage = 49.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Sharim Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:40726}}
|percentage = 28.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kumar Jitendra
|votes = {{formatnum:8114}}
|percentage = 5.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Vibha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3349}}
|percentage = 2.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sheikh Ayub
|votes = {{formatnum:2725}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Krantikari Vikas Dal
|candidate = Anand Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2225}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2222}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party
|candidate = Shahadat Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:2160}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sardar Mathura Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2090}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Janta Party (Indian)
|candidate = Ravindra Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2009}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Md Yusuf Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:1559}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vikas Morcha
|candidate = Kundan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1356}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4331}}
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30341}}
|percentage = 21.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143933}}
|percentage = 57.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|24.97|84.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]

Basti Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:52Z

Antoniochx: creating new info...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basti
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Basti district|Basti]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]]
| type= SLA
| established = 1957
| abolished = 2012
}}
'''Basti''' was one of the constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], in central [[India]]. It was a part of the [[Basti district]] and one of the assembly constituencies in the [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]. Basti Assembly constituency came into existence in 1957 and ceased to exist in 2012 after the passing of "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 7 October 2017|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation Order: 53-55 ">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Order: 53-55|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date= 7 October 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DC-FINAL%20ORDER-53-55.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=7 October 2017|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basti Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/basti-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Udai Shankar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Rajendra Kishori
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Kashinath Bahadur Pal
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Rajendra Kishori
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Shyama Devi
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Jagdamba Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan="2" |Almeloo Ammal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I) |dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Rajmani Pandey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Lakshmeshwar Singh]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jagdambika Pal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Jeetendra Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2012 onwards : See [[Basti Sadar Assembly constituency|Basti Sadar]]''}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Basti (disambiguation)|Basti]]
* [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coords|26.85|83.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Basti district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Rajwinder Singh Bhatti

2026-04-11T20:39:59Z

Antoniochx: Made The Bio First Draft

{{Short description|Director General of the Central Industrial Security Force}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajwinder Singh Bhatti
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|09|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jamarai Village, [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]], [[Punjab]], India
| father =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = IPS officer
| profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]
| awards = [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service and Meritorious Service (2006 & 2014)
| alma_mater =
| office = [[Director general of police|Director General]] of [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
| term_start = 1 September 2024
| term_end = 30 September 2025
| predecessor = [[Nina Singh]]
| successor = [[Praveer Ranjan]]
}}

'''Rajwinder Singh Bhatti''' (born 27 September 1965) is a 1990 batch retired [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer from [[Bihar]] cadre and has served as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] of India from 1 September 2024 till 30 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ips-officer-rajwinder-singh-bhatti-takes-charge-as-cisf-director-general-6463277|title=IPS Officer Rajwinder Singh Bhatti Takes Charge As CISF Director General|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/senior-ips-officer-rajwinder-singh-bhatti-appointed-as-cisf-director-general/articleshow/112871805.cms|title=Senior IPS officer Rajwinder Singh Bhatti appointed as CISF director General|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bihar-dgp-rajwinder-singh-bhatti-appointed-cisf-chief-daljit-singh-chaudhary-new-bsf-dg20240828210134|title=Bihar DGP Rajwinder Singh Bhatti appointed CISF chief, Daljit Singh Chaudhary new BSF DG|publisher=aninews.com}}</ref><ref name="Data">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/meet-rajwinder-singh-bhatti-the-ips-officer-who-got-appointed-as-cisf-director-general-9032090.html|title=Meet Rajwinder Singh Bhatti, The IPS Officer Who Got Appointed As CISF Director General|publisher=news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/r-s-bhatti-appointed-dg-of-cisf/articleshow/112880147.cms|title=State DGP R S Bhatti appointed DG, CISF|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhatti was born on 27 September 1965 in Jamarai Village, [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] district of [[Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.bihar.gov.in/IPSAPP/viewAssets.aspx|title=Assets Declared By IPS Officers|publisher=bihar.gov.in}}</ref> He belong to [[Sikhs]] family and his son-in-law Maninder Singh is a [[Punjab]]-cadre IPS officer who is currently posted as ACP in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=157077#:~:text=Rajwinder%20Singh%20Bhatti%20belongs%20to%20Jamarai%20village%20in%20the%20Tarn%20Taran%20district.&text=His%20son-in-law%20Maninder,posted%20as%20ACP%20in%20Amritsar|title=Who is Rajwinder Singh Bhatti, the new DGP of Bihar|publisher=babushahi.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhatti previously held the position of [[Director General]] of [[Bihar Police]] from December 2022 till August 2024 and served as the Joint Director of MDMA in the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. On 29 August 2024, the Government of India appointed Bhatti as the [[Director General]] of [[Central Industrial Security Force]] where he served till 30 September 2025. Bhatti is a Chartered Accountant, holds an M.Phil degree, and has held numerous important and sensitive positions both in Bihar and in the central government.<ref name="Data"/>

==Accolades==
He was received [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service and Meritorious Service in 2006 and in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revealinside.in/rajwinder-singh-bhatti-becomes/|title=Rajwinder Singh Bhatti Becomes New CISF Chief|website=revealinside.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatti, Rajwinder Singh}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

Aarpar

2026-04-10T02:16:04Z

Antoniochx:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Gaurav Patki}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aarpar
| image = Aarpar Marathi film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gaurav Patki
| writer = Gaurav Patki
| producer = Namdev N Katkar Ritesh M. Chaudhari
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lalit Prabhakar]]
*[[Hruta Durgule]]
}}
| cinematography = Rahul Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinde-Paul |first=Rasika |date=2025-09-12 |title=Movie Review : ‘आर पार’ गोंधळलेल्या प्रेमाची गुंतवून ठेवणारी लव्हस्टोरी |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/hruta-durgule-and-lalit-prabhakar-starrer-aarpar-marathi-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Kalakruti Media |language=mr}}</ref>
| editing = Faizal Mahadik
| music = Gulraj Singh
| studio = Leons Media Productions
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarpar |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE3MDgyMDI1MDAwMTU= |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross = {{INR|1.64 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Aarpar''''' ({{Translation|This or that}}) is a 2025 indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by Gaurav Patki. The film stars [[Lalit Prabhakar]] and [[Hruta Durgule]] in lead roles. The film received mixed reviews with praise towards the performances, cinematography & music but criticism towards the story.

==Cast==
*[[Lalit Prabhakar]] as Amar Randive
*[[Hruta Durgule]] as Prachi Dixit
*Madav Abhyankar
*Suhita Thatte
*Snehalata Vasaikar
*Veenah Naair
*Janhavi Sawant
*Manyuu Doshi

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released on 12 September 2025, clashing with ''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]'' and ''Bin Lagnachi Goshta''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shishupal |date=2025-09-11 |title=मराठी चित्रपटसृष्टी – आपल्याच पायावर दगड मारून घेणारी इंडस्ट्री! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/blog/marathi-film-industry-bin-lagnachi-goshta-dashavatar-aar-paar-movie-released-on-12th-september-big-battle-on-box-office-blog-by-shishupal-kadam-1383208 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was released on 7 November 2025 on [[Amazon Prime]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=आता घरबसल्या पाहा आरपार, ललित प्रभाकर-हृता दुर्गुळेचा रोमँटिक सिनेमा ओटीटीवर रिलीज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/lalit-prabhakar-and-hruta-durgule-starrer-aarpar-released-on-ott-amazon-prime-a-a945/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "a well-paced and beautifully executed love story that examines the intricacies of romance under a microscope."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarpar Movie Review: Aarpar is one for the couples to watch this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/aarpar/movie-review/123869269.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Komal Nahta|''Film Information'']] described the film as "too routine" in its review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=‘AARPAR’ (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 12 September, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/aarpar-marathi-review-12-september-2025/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sakshi Jadhav of ''[[Saam TV]]'' noted that Aarpaar is not merely a love story, but an exploration that delves deep into the core of human relationships. She further remarked that for young audiences, the film offers a thought-provoking perspective on modern-day relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Sakshi Sunil |date=2025-09-13 |title=Aarpaar Movie Review: आरपार हिट की फ्लॉप? वाचा संपूर्ण रिव्ह्यू |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/aarpaar-movie-review-hit-or-flop-audience-reactions-inside-public-review-emotional-drama-that-connects-with-youth-latest-marathi-news-ssj03 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=34986595}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]

Claud Alexander Barron

2026-04-08T05:55:21Z

Antoniochx: starting info

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Claud Alexander Barron
| honorific_suffix = CSI, [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], CVO, FRGS
| office = [[Chief Commissioner of Delhi]]
| term_start = 1918
| term_end = 1924
| predecessor = [[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|Malcolm Hailey]]
| successor = [[Evelyn Robins Abbott]]
}}
{{Short description|British administrator in India (1871–1948)}}
'''Claud Alexander Barron''', CSI, CIE, CVO, FRGS (22 December 1871 – 29 December 1948) was an administrator in British India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he was [[Chief Commissioner of Delhi]] from 1918 to 1924.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukwhoswho |work=UK Who's Who |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U222309 |isbn=978-0-19-954089-1 |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-222309}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* "Mr. C. A. Barron", ''The Times'', 30 December 1948, p. 6{{full citation needed|date=August 2022}}

{{UK-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barron, Claud Alexander}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge]]

Dalit

2026-03-23T15:53:57Z

Antoniochx: quick update

{{Short description|Marginalized castes in India and South Asia}}
{{For|the legal term|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Dalit
| image = [[File:Pulaya women.JPG|200px|Two women from the Dalit community of Kerala]]
| image_caption = Two [[Pulaya]] women from [[Kerala]]
| region1 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop1 = 201.4 million<ref name="m.timesofindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|title=Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states |website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2013 |access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302104703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (2011){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| pop2 = 6.5 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/rights-advocacy/the-dalits-bangladesh-203845|title=The Dalits In Bangladesh|date=19 January 2016|website=The Daily Star|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024903/https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/rights-advocacy/the-dalits-bangladesh-203845|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (2010){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| pop3 = 5 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsn.org/countries/nepal/|title=Nepal|first=Damir|last=Pasic|website=International Dalit Solidarity Network|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024945/https://idsn.org/countries/nepal/|archive-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> (2011){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| pop4 = 5 million<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsn.org/countries/sri-lanka/|title=Sri Lanka|first=Damir|last=Pasic|website=International Dalit Solidarity Network|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024642/https://idsn.org/countries/sri-lanka/|archive-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> (2011){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop5 = 3 million{{cn|date=December 2025}} (2011){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| region6 = {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}}}
| pop6 = 500,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-22166044/people-affected-by-caste-prejudice-in-uk-speak-out|title=Experiences of caste prejudice in UK|website=BBC News|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302034706/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-22166044/people-affected-by-caste-prejudice-in-uk-speak-out|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (2013){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop7 = 250,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dalitfreedom.ca/about/|title=About|work=Dalit Freedom Network Canada |access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024908/https://dalitfreedom.ca/about/|archive-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> (2013){{update needed|date=December 2025}}
| langs = South Asian languages
| rels = {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Sikhism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]}}
| related = Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Munda
}}

[[File:Indian Caste System.jpg|thumb|
Representation of the varna system hierarchy, depicting Brahmins (priests) at the highest level and Dalits (historically marginalized as untouchables, considered outside the varna system) at the lowest stratum.]]

'''Dalit''' ({{IPA|en|ˈdælɪt|lang}}, {{IPA|hi|d̪əlɪt̪|lang}} from {{langx|sa|दलित}} meaning "broken/scattered"), also called '''Harijans'''<ref>{{cite book|quote=The clusters of epithet include Outcastes , Exterior – Castes, Depressed Classes, Untouchables, Ex-Untouchables, Harijans and Dalits.|first=Santosh |last=Bharatiya|page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-F07ALiguEC&dq=Dalits/harijans&pg=PA230 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |year=2008 |title=Dalit And Minority Empowerment |isbn=978-81-267-1599-2}}</ref> ({{IPA|hi|ɦəɾɪdʒən|lang}}) is a term used for [[Untouchability|untouchables]] and [[Outcast (person)|outcasts]], who represent the lowest stratum of the [[Caste system in India|castes in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-buddhist-texts-to-east-india-company-to-now-dalit-has-come-a-long-way/articleshow/65678182.cms |title=From Buddhist texts to East India Company to now, 'Dalit' has come a long way |website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2018 }}</ref> Dalits were excluded from the fourfold [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] of the caste hierarchy in Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of ''Panchama''.

Several scholars have drawn parallels between Dalits and the ''[[Burakumin]]'' of Japan,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hankins |first1=Joseph D. |title=Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan |date=2014 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95916-3 |page=113}}</ref> the ''[[Baekjeong]]'' of [[Korea]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chakranews.com/castes-in-a-global-perspective-is-caste-only-a-hindu-problem-part-6/3243 |title=Castes in a Global Perspective – Is Caste Only a Hindu Problem? (Part 6) |last=Sudrania |first=O. P. |date=9 September 2012 |work=The Chakra |access-date=5 May 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505210317/http://www.chakranews.com/castes-in-a-global-perspective-is-caste-only-a-hindu-problem-part-6/3243 |archive-date=May 5, 2018 }}</ref> and the [[peasant]] class of the [[medieval Europe]]an [[Feudalism|feudal system]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Noble |first=Thomas |title=The Foundations of Western Civilization |publisher=[[The Teaching Company]] |location=Chantilly, Virginia |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56585-637-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofwes04nobl}}</ref>
Dalits predominantly follow [[Hinduism]] with significant populations following [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. The [[constitution of India]] includes Dalits as one of the [[Scheduled Castes]]; this gives Dalits the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#Government initiative to improve the situation of SCs and STs|right]] to protection, [[affirmative action]] (known as [[reservation in India]]), and official development resources.

== Terminology ==
The term ''Dalit'' is for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional [[Hindu caste]] hierarchy.<ref name="kaminsky">{{cite book |first11=Arnold P. |last1=Kaminsky |first2=Roger D. |last2=Long |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA156 |year=2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-37463-0 |page=156 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Kanmony">{{cite book |first1=Jebagnanam Cyril |last1=Kanmony |title=Dalits and Tribes of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |year=2010 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-348-3 |page=198 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Economist and reformer [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) said that untouchability came into Indian society around 400 CE, due to the struggle for supremacy between [[Buddhism]] and [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/article-in-rss-mouthpiece-misquotes-ambedkar-on-untouchability/article1-1338054.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416235122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/article-in-rss-mouthpiece-misquotes-ambedkar-on-untouchability/article1-1338054.aspx |archive-date=16 April 2015 |title=Top RSS leader misquotes Ambedkar on untouchability |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Some Hindu priests befriended untouchables and were demoted to low-caste ranks. [[Eknath]], who was an excommunicated Brahmin, fought for the rights of untouchables during the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti period]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eknath {{!}} Marathi Poet, Bhakti Movement & Maharashtra |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eknath |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In the late 1880s, the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word 'Dalit' was used by [[Jyotirao Phule]] for the outcasts and untouchables who were oppressed and broken in the Hindu society.<ref name=Robinson2003>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Rowena |year=2003 |title=Christians of India |pages=193–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyU4nepW2xQC&pg=PA193 |isbn=0-7619-9822-5 |publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ''Dalit'' is a vernacular form of the [[Sanskrit]] दलित (''dalita''). In Classical Sanskrit, this means "divided, split, broken, scattered". This word was repurposed in 19th-century Sanskrit to mean "(a person) not belonging to one of the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]s".<ref>"Dalit, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2016. Web. 23 August 2016.</ref> It was perhaps first used in this sense by [[Pune]]-based social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]], in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile "untouchable" castes from other [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="mendelsohnvicziany">{{cite book|first1=Oliver |last1=Mendelsohn|first2=Marika |last2=Vicziany|author-link2=Marika Vicziany|title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FGbp9MjhvKAC |page=4}} |page=4|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55671-2}}</ref> The term ''Dalits'' was in use as a translation for the Indian census classification of ''Depressed Classes'' prior to 1935. It was popularised by Ambedkar, himself a Dalit,<ref name="katuwal">{{cite book |editor1-first=Panchanan |editor1-last=Mohanty |editor2-first=Ramesh C. |editor2-last=Malik |editor3-first=Eswarappa |editor3-last=Kasi |title=Ethnographic Discourse of the Other: Conceptual and Methodological Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUYBwAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0856-9 |chapter=The Issues and Concerns of Dalit Labourers in Nepal |first=Shyam Bahadur |last=Katuwal |page=114 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of Dalits.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Independent labour party: 19th July (1937) in Dalit History – Dr. Ambedkar took oath as the member of Bombay Legislative Council |url=https://drambedkarbooks.com/tag/independent-labour-party/ |website=drambedkarbooks.com/ |publisher=Dr. Ambedkar Books |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> It covered people who were excluded from the fourfold varna system of Hinduism and thought of themselves as forming a fifth varna, describing themselves as ''Panchama''.<ref>{{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Sagar |first2=V. |last2=Bhargava |chapter=Dalit Women in India: Crafting Narratives of Success |page=22 |title=Resistance in Everyday Life: Constructing Cultural Experiences |editor1-first=Nandita |editor1-last=Chaudhary |editor2-first=Pernille |editor2-last=Hviid |editor3-first=Giuseppina |editor3-last=Marsico |editor4-first=Jakob Waag |editor4-last=Villadsen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyEsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-9-81103-581-4 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In the 1970s its use was invigorated when it was adopted by the [[Dalit Panthers]] activist group.<ref name="kaminsky"/>

Socio-legal scholar Oliver Mendelsohn and political economist [[Marika Vicziany]] wrote in 1998 that the term had become "intensely political ... While the use of the term might seem to express appropriate solidarity with the contemporary face of Untouchable politics, there remain major problems in adopting it as a generic term. Although the word is now quite widespread, it still has deep roots in a tradition of political radicalism inspired by the figure of B. R. Ambedkar." They went on to suggest that its use risked erroneously labelling the entire population of untouchables in India as being united by a radical politics.<ref name="mendelsohnvicziany"/> [[Anand Teltumbde]] also detects a trend towards denial of the politicised identity, for example among educated middle-class people who have converted to Buddhism and argue that, as Buddhists, they cannot be Dalits. This may be due to their improved circumstances giving rise to a desire not to be associated with what they perceive to be the demeaning Dalit masses.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dalits: Past, present and future |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |author-link=Anand Teltumbde |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-31552-643-0 |pages=10–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZXgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

James Lochtefeld, a professor of religion and Asian studies, said in 2002 that the "adoption and popularization of [the term ''Dalit''] reflects their growing awareness of the situation, and their greater assertiveness in demanding their legal and constitutional rights".<ref>{{cite book |first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA168 |year=2002 |publisher=The [[Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn= 978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=168 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

=== Other terms ===

==== Official term ====
India's [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] considers official use of ''dalit'' as a label to be "unconstitutional" because modern legislation prefers ''[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]''; however, some sources say that ''Dalit'' has encompassed more communities than the official term of ''Scheduled Castes'' and is sometimes used to refer to all of India's oppressed peoples. A similar all-encompassing situation prevails in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Why Dalits want to hold on to Dalit, not Harijan, not SC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalit-scheduled-caste-information-and-broadcasting-media-5341220/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-05 |title=What's in a name?: on the use of the term 'Dalit' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/whats-in-a-name/article59780463.ece |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''Scheduled Castes'' is the official term for Dalits in the opinion of India's National Commissions for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), who took legal advice that indicated modern legislation does not refer to Dalit and that therefore, it says, it is "unconstitutional" for official documents to do so. In 2004, the NCSC noted that some state governments used ''Dalits'' rather than ''Scheduled Castes'' in documentation and asked them to desist.<ref name="express2008a">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Dalit-word-unconstitutional-says-SC-Commission/262903/ |title=Dalit word un-constitutional says SC|date=18 January 2008 |newspaper=[[Express India]] |access-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922060507/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Dalit-word-unconstitutional-says-SC-Commission/262903/ |archive-date=22 September 2009}}</ref>

Some sources say that ''Dalit'' encompasses a broader range of communities than the official ''Scheduled Caste'' definition. It can include nomadic tribes and another official classification that also originated with the [[British Raj]] [[positive discrimination]] efforts in 1935, being the ''Scheduled Tribes''.<ref name="zelliot">{{cite journal |last=Zelliot |first=Eleanor |author-link=Eleanor Zelliot |year=2010 |title=India's Dalits: Racism and Contemporary Change|url=http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=490 |journal=Global Dialogue |volume=12 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430015723/http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=490 |archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> It is also sometimes used to refer to the entirety of India's oppressed peoples,<ref name="kaminsky"/> which is the context that applies to its use in Nepalese society.<ref name="Kanmony"/> An example of the limitations of the ''Scheduled Caste'' category is that, under Indian law, such people can only be followers of Buddhism, Hinduism or Sikhism,<ref name=2011Census/> yet there are communities, who claim to be [[Dalit Christian]]s and Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Kerala Christians and the Caste System |first=C. J. |last=Fuller |author-link=Chris Fuller (academic)|journal=Man |series=New series |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=March 1976 |pages=53–70 |doi=10.2307/2800388 |jstor=2800388}}</ref> Some additional tribal communities, which claim to be Dalit, often practise [[Tribal religions in India|folk religions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/india/57.htm |title=Tribal Religions |work=U.S. [[Library of Congress]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] Country Studies |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

==== Harijan ====
{{Redirect|Harijan|the weekly founded by Gandhi|Harijan (magazine)}}
In the 15th century, the term ''Harijan'', or 'children of God', was coined by [[Narsinh Mehta]], a Gujarati poet-saint of the Bhakti tradition, to refer to all devotees of [[Krishna]] irrespective of caste, class, or sex.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramabadran |first1=Sudharshan |last2=Paswan |first2=Guru |title=Makers of Modern Dalit History |date=2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=978-0-14-345142-6 |page=xv}}</ref> Mahatma Gandhi, an admirer of Mehta's work, first used the word in the context of identifying Dalits in 1933. Ambedkar disliked the name as it placed Dalits in relation to a greater Hindu nation rather than as in an independent community like Muslims. In addition, many Dalits found, and still find, the term patronizing and derogatory, with some even claiming that the term really refers to children of [[devadasi]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/stop-calling-dalits-harijan-sc-calls-term-abusive-we-remain-ignorant-and-insensitive-59315 |title=Stop calling Dalits 'Harijan': SC calls the term abusive, as we remain ignorant and insensitive |date=27 March 2017 |work=The News Minute |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Omvedt |title=Ambedkar: towards an enlightened India |year=2008 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House|Penguin]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-14-306590-6}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2017}} When [[untouchability]] was outlawed after Indian independence, the use of the word ''Harijan'' to describe ex-untouchables became more common among other castes than within Dalits themselves.<ref>{{cite book |last=Perez |first=Rosa Maria |title=Kings and untouchables: a study of the caste system in western India |year=2004 |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-18028-014-6 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRWAglUumEC&pg=PA15 |access-date=25 July 2017 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

==== Regional terms ====
In Southern India, Dalits are sometimes known as ''[[Adi Dravida]]'', ''[[Adi Karnataka]]'', and ''Adi Andhra'', which literally mean First Dravidians, Kannadigas, and Andhras, respectively. These terms were first used in 1917 by Southern Dalit leaders, who believed that they were the indigenous inhabitants of India.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |first1=Oliver |last1=Mendelsohn |first2=Marika |last2=Vicziany |author-link2=Marika Vicziany |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1998|isbn=978-0-52155-671-2 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC&pg=PA3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The terms are used in the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]]/[[Telangana]], respectively, as a generic term for anyone from a Dalit caste.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}{{clarify|reason=Andhra has now bifurcated – does it apply in Telangana also?|date=July 2017}}

In [[Maharashtra]], according to historian and women's studies academic Shailaja Paik, ''Dalit'' is a term mostly used by members of the [[Mahar]] caste, into which Ambedkar was born. Most other communities prefer to use their own caste name.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mahar–Dalit–Buddhist: The history and politics of naming in Maharashtra |first=Shailaja |last=Paik |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=217–241 |date=September 2011 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500203 |s2cid=144346975}}</ref>

In Nepal, aside from ''Harijan'' and, most commonly, ''Dalit'', terms such as ''Haris'' (among Muslims), ''Achhoot'', ''outcastes'' and ''neech jati'' are used.<ref name="katuwal"/>

== History ==
{{broader|Caste system in India#History}}
[[Gopal Baba Walangkar]] (c. 1840–1900) is generally considered to be the pioneer of the Dalit movement, seeking a society in which they were not discriminated against. Another pioneer was [[Harichand Thakur]] (c. 1812–1878) with his [[Matua Mahasangha|Matua]] organisation that involved the [[Namasudra]] ([[Chandala]]) community in the [[Bengal Presidency]]. Ambedkar himself believed Walangkar to be the progenitor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dalits: Past, present and future |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |author-link=Anand Teltumbde |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-31552-643-0 |pages=52–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZXgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52}}</ref> Another early social reformer who worked to improve conditions for Dalits was [[Jyotirao Phule]] (1827–1890).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-24 |title=Jyotirao Phule {{!}} Biography, Social Reformer, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyotirao-Phule |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=Mahatma Phule coined the term 'Dalit' – Know more about Maharashtrian reformer Jyotiba Phule on his Jayanti |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mahatma-phule-had-coined-term-dalit-know-more-about-maharashtrian-reformer-jyotiba-phule-on-his-jayanti/216130 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

The present system has its origins in the 1932 [[Poona Pact]] between Ambedkar and [[Mahatma Gandhi]], when Ambedkar conceded his demand that the Dalits should have an electorate separate from the caste Hindus in return for Gandhi accepting measures along these lines.<ref name="keane">{{cite book |title=Religion, Human Rights and International Law: A Critical Examination of Islamic State Practices |editor1-first=Javid |editor1-last=Rehman |editor2-first=Susan |editor2-last=Breau |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-9-04742-087-3 |first=David |last=Keane |chapter=Why the Hindu Caste System Presents a New Challenge for Human Rights |pages=284–285 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-mwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA284 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The notion of a separate electorate had been proposed in the [[Communal Award]] made by the British Raj authorities,<ref>{{cite book |title=Religion and Conflict in Modern South Asia |first=William |last=Gould |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-13949-869-2 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2oexn_mLPIC&pg=PA151 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and the outcome of the Pact – the [[Government of India Act 1935]] – introduced the new term of ''Scheduled Castes'', as a replacement for the term ''Depressed Classes'', and also reserved seats for them in the legislatures.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Exclusion: Essays in Honour of Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak |volume=1 |editor-first=A. K. |editor-last=Lal |publisher=Concept Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=978-8-18069-053-2 |chapter=Positive Discrimination in the Constitution of India |first=B. N. |last=Srivastava |page=181 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o38ZT8UVw8UC&pg=PA181 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Soon after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|its independence]] in 1947, India introduced a [[Reservation in India|reservation system]] to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Background Of Reservation In Educational Institutions In India |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/articles/historical-background-of-reservation-in-educational-institutions-in-india |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}</ref> The 1950 Constitution of India included measures to improve the socio-economic conditions of Dalits. Aside from banning untouchability, these included the reservation system, a means of [[positive discrimination]] that created the classification of Scheduled Castes as Dalits. Communities that were categorised as being one of those groups were guaranteed a percentage of the seats in the national and state legislatures, as well as in government jobs and places of education.

By 1995, of all federal government jobs in India – 10.1 per cent of Class I, 12.7 per cent of Class II, 16.2 per cent of Class III, and 27.2 per cent of Class IV jobs were held by Dalits.<ref name="scs1">{{cite web|title=Status of caste system in modern India |year=2004 |publisher=Ambedkar.org |url=http://www.ambedkar.org/News/reservationinindia.pdf |pages=34–35}}</ref> Of the most senior jobs in government agencies and government-controlled enterprises, only 1 per cent were held by Dalits, not much change in 40 years.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In the 21st century, Dalits have been elected to India's highest judicial and political offices.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |title=Profile: Mayawati Kumari |date=16 July 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1958378.stm}}</ref><ref name="meira">{{cite web |title=Meira Kumar, a Dalit leader is the new Lok Sabha Speaker |year=2009 |publisher=NCHRO |url=http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6863:meira-kumar-a-dalit-leader-is-the-new-lok-sabha-speaker&catid=5:dalitsatribals&Itemid=14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094430/http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6863:meira-kumar-a-dalit-leader-is-the-new-lok-sabha-speaker&catid=5:dalitsatribals&Itemid=14|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref> In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, [[K. R. Narayanan]]. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the [[Constitution of India]], such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and similar acts against these groups, the [[Government of India]] enacted the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Prevention of Atrocities Act]], also called the SC/ST Act, on 31 March 1995.

In accordance with the order of the [[Bombay High Court]], the Information and Broadcasting Ministry (I&B Ministry) of the Government of India issued an advisory to all media channels in September 2018, asking them to use "Scheduled Castes" instead of the word "Dalit".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stop-using-the-term-dalit-i-b-ministry-tells-media-1331855-2018-09-04/ |title=Stop using the term Dalit: I&B Ministry tells media |website=India Today|date=4 September 2018 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:2011 Census Scheduled Caste caste distribution map India by state and union territory.svg|thumb|360px|Scheduled Castes distribution in India by state and union territory according to the 2011 Census of India.<ref name=2011Census>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstract]{{PPTlink}}, Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India (28 October 2013).</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] had the highest proportion of its population as SC (around 32%), while India's island territories and two northeastern states had approximately zero.<ref name=2011Census/>]]

Scheduled Caste communities exist across India and comprised 16.6% of the country's population, {{As of|2011|alt=according to the}} 2011 Census of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scs-sts-form-25--of-population-says-census-2011-data/1109988/|title=SCs, STs form 25% of population, says Census 2011 data |date=1 May 2013 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]] (21%), [[West Bengal]] (11%), [[Bihar]] (8%) and Tamil Nadu (7%) between them accounted for almost half the country's total Scheduled Caste population.<ref>{{cite news |title=Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=2 May 2013 |first=B. |last=Sivakumar |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> They were most prevalent as a proportion of the states' population in Punjab, at about 32 per cent,<ref name="Welfare Department">{{cite web |url=http://welfarepunjab.gov.in/SCpopulation.html|title=Scheduled Caste Population in Punjab |website=Welfare Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423052611/http://welfarepunjab.gov.in/SCpopulation.html |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> while [[Mizoram]] had the lowest at approximately zero.<ref name=2011Census/>

Similar groups are found throughout the rest of the Indian subcontinent; less than 2 per cent of Pakistan's population are Hindu and 70–75 per cent of those Hindus are Dalits.<ref name="Ghosh2020">{{cite book |first=Lipi |last=Ghosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umsJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 |title=Political Governance and Minority Rights: The South and South-East Asian Scenario |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |date=29 November 2020 |isbn=978-1-00-008390-3 |pages=115– |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Dalits are found in Nepal,<ref name="Kanmony" /> in Bangladesh, which had 5 million Dalits in 2010 with the majority being landless and in chronic poverty,<ref name="Committee2010">Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: International Development Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=n2JhCnVni4kC&pg=PA93 DFID's programme in Bangladesh: third report of session 2009–10, Vol. 2: Oral and written evidence]''. The Stationery Office; 4 March 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-215-54435-3}}. p. 93–.</ref> and in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy |first=Asoka |last=Bandarage |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-13597-085-7 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOuSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> They are also found as part of the Indian diaspora in many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, and the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soundararajan |first=Thenmozhi |title=Black Indians |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281938|work=Outlook India |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rath |first=Kayte |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21659744 |title=Outlaw caste discrimination in UK, peers tell government |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 March 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lepoer |first=Barbara Leitch |title=GPO for the Library of Congress |url=http://countrystudies.us/singapore/18.htm |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Naidu">{{cite web |last1=Naidu |first1=Janet |title=Retention and Transculturation of Hinduism in the Caribbean |url=http://www.guyanajournal.com/hinduism_caribbean.html |work=Guyana Journal |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017001251/http://www.guyanajournal.com/hinduism_caribbean.html }}</ref> While discrimination against Dalits has declined in urban areas and in the public sphere,<ref>{{cite web |title=The caste system |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521225627/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/living/caste.shtml |archive-date=21 May 2009 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> it still exists in rural areas and in the private sphere, in everyday matters such as access to eating places, schools, temples and water sources.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Manas |date=28 January 2010 |title=Untouchability still prevalent in rural Gujarat: survey |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article95821.ece |access-date=1 April 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India}}</ref> Some Dalits successfully integrated into urban Indian society, where caste origins are less obvious. In rural India, however, caste origins are more readily apparent and Dalits often remain excluded from local religious life, though some qualitative evidence suggests that exclusion is diminishing.<ref name="indianchristians.in">{{cite web |date=15 October 2006 |title=Hindus Support Dalit Candidates in Tamil Nadu |url=http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/311/48/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005015048/http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/311/48/ |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Indianchristians.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=29 August 2008 |title=Crusader Sees Wealth as Cure for Caste Bias |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30caste.html?pagewanted=2&ref=asia |access-date=20 November 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=India}}</ref>

India is home to over 200 million Dalits.<ref>{{cite news |title=India top court recalls controversial caste order |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49889815 |work=BBC News |date=1 October 2019}}</ref> According to [[Paul Diwakar]], a Dalit activist from the [[National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights]], "India has 600,000 villages and almost every village a small pocket on the outskirts is meant for Dalits."<ref>{{cite news |title=Under India's caste system, Dalits are considered untouchable. The coronavirus is intensifying that slur |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/15/asia/india-coronavirus-lower-castes-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

== Socioeconomic status and discrimination ==
[[Persecution of Dalits|Discrimination against Dalits]] has been observed across [[South Asia]] and among the South Asian diaspora. In 2001, the quality of life of the Dalit population in India was worse than that of the overall Indian population on metrics such as access to health care, life expectancy, education attainability, access to drinking water and housing.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades?|first=Deepa |last=Shankar|publisher=The World Bank|year=2007|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDIA/2132853-1191444019328/21497941/SankarProgressinElementaryEducationusingNSS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Darshan |year=2009 |title=Development of Scheduled Castes in India – A Review |url=http://www.nird.org.in/OctLevel%209.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Rural Development]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=529–42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222164718/http://nird.org.in/OctLevel%209.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action |first1=Sonalde |last1=Desai |first2=Veena |last2=Kulkarni |journal=[[Demography (journal)|Demography]] |date=May 2008 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=245–70 |pmc=2474466 |pmid=18613480 |doi=10.1353/dem.0.0001}}</ref> According to a 2007 report by [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW), the treatment of Dalits has been like a "hidden apartheid" and that they "endure segregation in housing, schools, and access to public services". HRW noted that [[Manmohan Singh]], then [[Prime Minister of India]], saw a parallel between the [[apartheid]] system and untouchability.<ref name="HA">{{cite web |title=India: "Hidden Apartheid" of Discrimination Against Dalits |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=27 May 2002 |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/13/india15303.htm |access-date=27 September 2008}}</ref> [[Eleanor Zelliot]] also notes Singh's 2006 comment but says that, despite the obvious similarities, race prejudice and the situation of Dalits "have a different basis and perhaps a different solution".<ref name="zelliot" /> Though the Indian Constitution abolished untouchability, the oppressed status of Dalits remains a reality. In rural India, stated [[Klaus Klostermaier]] in 2010, "they still live in secluded quarters, do the dirtiest work, and are not allowed to use the village well and other common facilities".<ref>{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Klostermaier |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC |year=2010 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3 |page=297 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In the same year, Zelliot noted that "In spite of much progress over the last sixty years, Dalits are still at the social and economic bottom of society."<ref name="zelliot" />

According to the 2014 NCAER/University of Maryland survey, 27 per cent of the Indian population still practices untouchability; the figure may be higher because many people refuse to acknowledge doing so when questioned, although the methodology of the survey was also criticised for potentially inflating the figure.<ref>{{cite news |work=Scroll |title=Between the bathroom and the kitchen, there is caste |url=http://scroll.in/article/692513/Between-the-bathroom-and-the-kitchen,-there-is-caste |first=Shivam |last=Vij |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> Across India, Untouchability was practised among 52 per cent of [[Brahmin]]s, 33 per cent of Other Backward Classes and 24 per cent of non-Brahmin [[forward caste]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/casteism-exists-in-india-let-s-not-remain-in-denial/story-QLfGEEFCRVOQLv9eDXIJfN.html |title=Casteism exists in India, let's not remain in denial |last=Bhandare |first=Namita |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 December 2014 |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Untouchability was also practised by people of minority religions – 23 per cent of Sikhs, 18 per cent of Muslims and 5 per cent of Christians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/shashi-tharoor/caste-wont-disappear-india_b_6257354.html |title=Why Caste Won't Disappear From India |first=Shashi |last=Tharoor |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=8 December 2014}}</ref> According to statewide data, Untouchability is most commonly practised in Madhya Pradesh (53 per cent), followed by [[Himachal Pradesh]] (50 per cent), Chhattisgarh (48 per cent), [[Rajasthan]] and Bihar (47 per cent), Uttar Pradesh (43 per cent), and [[Uttarakhand]] (40 per cent).<ref>{{cite news|title=Biggest caste survey: One in four Indians admit to practising untouchability |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/one-in-four-indians-admit-to-practising-untouchability-biggest-caste-survey/ |work=The Indian Express |first=Seema |last=Chishti |date=29 November 2014 |access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

Examples of segregation have included the Madhya Pradesh village of [[Ghatwani]], where the Scheduled Tribe population of [[Bhilala]] do not allow Dalit villagers to use the public borewell for fetching water and thus they are forced to drink dirty water.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalits in MP village not allowed to use public borewell |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 May 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dalits-in-mp-village-not-allowed-to-use-public-borewell/article1-1350537.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095642/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dalits-in-mp-village-not-allowed-to-use-public-borewell/article1-1350537.aspx |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> In metropolitan areas around [[New Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]], Dalits and Muslims face discrimination from upper caste landlords when seeking places to rent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Study shows NCR homeowners turn away Dalits and Muslims |work=The Indian Express |date=16 June 2015 |first=Seema |last=Chishti |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rentals-ncr-homeowners-turn-away-dalits-muslims/ |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In 5 star Bengaluru hotel, Dalits show they have arrived |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-5-star-bengaluru-hotel-dalits-show-they-have-arrived/article1-1386329.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903045915/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-5-star-bengaluru-hotel-dalits-show-they-have-arrived/article1-1386329.aspx |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In Southern India public tea shops follow a [[two tumbler system]] where the owner maintains a second set of cups for serving tea to Dalits.

In 1855, Mutka Salve, a 14-year-old student of Dalit leader [[Savitribai Phule]], wrote that during the rule of [[Baji Rao II|Baji Rao]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], the Dalit castes were chased away from their lands to build large buildings. They were also forced to drink oil mixed with red lead causing them to die, and then they were buried in the foundations of buildings, thus wiping out generations of Dalits. Under the rule of Baji Rao, if a Dalit crossed in front of a gym, they would cut off his head and play "bat and ball" on the ground, with their swords as bats and his head as a ball. Under these 17th century kings, [[human sacrifice]] of untouchable persons was not unusual. They also created intricate rules and operations to ensure that they stayed untouchables.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=5 June 2015 |title=Contesting Power, Contesting Memories |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/42/special-articles/contesting-power-contesting-memories.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=47 |issue=42 |pages=7–8}}</ref>
George Kunnath claims that there "is and has been an internal hierarchy between the various Dalit castes". According to Kunnath, the [[Dusadh]]s are considered the highest while the [[Musahar]]s are considered the lowest within the Dalit groups.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[University of Oxford]] |title=Compliance or Defiance? The Case of Dalits and Mahadalits |first=George |last=Kunnath |year=2013 |pages=36–59 |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso5_1_2013_36_59.pdf |s2cid=35045790 |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721063740/https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso5_1_2013_36_59.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|38}}

=== Education ===
According to an analysis by The IndiaGoverns Research Institute, Dalits constituted nearly half of primary [[High school dropouts|school drop-outs]] in Karnataka during the period 2012–14.<ref>{{cite news |title=Half of school dropouts in K'taka are dalits |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=5 December 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Half-of-school-dropouts-in-Ktaka-are-dalits/articleshow/45378145.cms |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=why does this indicate discrimination?|date=July 2017}} A sample survey in 2014, conducted by [[Dalit Adhikar Abhiyan]] and funded by [[ActionAid]], found that among state schools in [[Madhya Pradesh]], 88 per cent discriminated against Dalit children. In 79 per cent of the schools studied Dalit children are forbidden from touching [[Midday Meal Scheme|mid-day meals]]. They are required to sit separately at lunch in 35 per cent of schools and are required to eat with specially marked plates in 28 per cent.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Sravani |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhopal/kids-bear-brunt-of-macabre-caste-abuses-in-rural-mp/article1-1293731.aspx |title=Children bear the brunt of caste abuses in rural areas |date=5 December 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213194934/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhopal/kids-bear-brunt-of-macabre-caste-abuses-in-rural-mp/article1-1293731.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

There have been incidents and allegations of SC and ST teachers and professors being discriminated against and harassed by authorities, upper castes colleagues and upper caste students in different education institutes of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit professor 'harassed' for SC quota reforms thesis|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dalit-scholar-harassed-for-sc-quota-reforms-thesis-147951-2011-12-06 |first=Prawesh |last=Lama |date=7 December 2011 |work=India Today |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VHP, Bajrang Dal activists beat up a Dalit professor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-professor-beaten-up-in-dhule/article4366231.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Professor attempts suicide near Rajkot |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=15 April 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Professor-attempts-suicide-near-Rajkot/articleshow/46926513.cms |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/53911-dalit-headmistress-accuses-upper-caste-teachers-of-harassment |title=dalit-headmistress-accuses-upper-caste-teachers-of-harassment |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/headmaster-booked-for-abusing-dalit-teacher-115032800696_1.html |title=Headmaster booked for abusing dalit teacher |date=28 March 2015 |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalit-professor-alleges-harassment-by-colleague-students/article4542459.ece |title=Dalit professor alleges harassment by colleague, students |date=24 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In some cases, such as in Gujarat, state governments have argued that, far from being discriminatory, their rejection when applying for jobs in education has been because there are no suitably qualified candidates from those classifications.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prejudice reserved |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/Prejudice-reserved/articleshow/47044090.cms |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |first=Niyati |last=Rana |date=25 April 2015 |access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Poverty ===
According to a 2014 report to the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], 33.8 per cent of Scheduled Caste (SC) populations in rural India were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below the poverty line]] in 2011–12. In urban areas, 21.8 per cent of SC populations were below the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dalits-in-india-are-poorer-than-muslims-government-report-2032739|title=Dalits in India are poorer than Muslims: Government report|date=7 November 2014|website=dna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/691545/who-among-indias-young-are-likely-to-become-modern-slaves|title=Who among India's young are likely to become modern slaves?|first=Vasudevan|last=Mukunth|website=Scroll.in|date=2 December 2014 }}</ref> A 2012 survey by [[Mangalore University]] in [[Karnataka]] found that 93 per cent of Dalit families in the state of Karnataka live below the poverty line.<ref name="TNN 2012">{{cite news |title=93% dalit families still live below poverty line, says survey |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=28 October 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/93-dalit-families-still-live-below-poverty-line-says-survey/articleshow/16987809.cms |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

Some Dalits have achieved affluence, although most remain poor. Some Dalit intellectuals, such as [[Chandra Bhan Prasad]], have argued that the living standards of many Dalits have improved since the economic system became more liberalised starting in 1991 and have supported their claims through large surveys.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Sengupta |first=Somini |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30caste.html?ref=asia |title=Crusader Sees Wealth as Cure for Caste Bias |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/30/AR2008083002299.html |title=In an Indian Village, Signs of the Loosening Grip of Caste |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=20 November 2011 |first=Emily |last=Wax |date=31 August 2008}}</ref> According to the [[Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011]], nearly 79 per cent of Adivasi households and 73 per cent of Dalit households were the most deprived among rural households in India. While 45 per cent of SC households are landless and earn a living by manual casual labour, the figure is 30 per cent for Adivasis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Landlessness is higher among Dalits but more adivasis are 'deprived' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 July 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/landlessness-is-higher-among-dalits-but-more-adivasis-are-deprived/ |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Occupations ===
In the past, they were believed to be so impure that upper-caste Hindus considered their presence to be polluting. The "impure status" was related to their historic hereditary occupations that caste Hindus considered to be "polluting" or debased, such as working with [[leather]], disposing of dead animals, [[manual scavenging]], or [[sanitation worker|sanitation work]], which in much of India means collection & disposal of faeces from latrines.<ref>{{cite book|first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The [[Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/720 720]}}</ref>

Forced by the circumstances of their birth and poverty, some Dalit communities in India continue to work as sanitation workers: manual scavengers, cleaners of drains and sewers, garbage collectors, and sweepers of roads.<ref name="PRIA">PRIA (2019): [https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1560777260_Occasional%20Paper%204%20(2019)%20(Lived%20Realities%20of%20Women%20Sanitation%20Workers%20i....pdf Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India]. Participatory Research in Asia, New Delhi, India</ref>{{rp|4}} As of 2019, an estimated 40 to 60 per cent of the 6 million Dalit households are engaged in sanitation work.<ref name="PRIA" />{{rp|5}} The most common Dalit caste performing sanitation work is [[Valmiki caste|Valmiki]] (also Balmiki) caste.<ref name="PRIA" />{{rp|3}} Others work as landless laborers, marginalized farmers, or continue in their traditional roles such as leathercraft, tanning, cobbling, and the disposal of dead animals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalits in India |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/dalits/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Priyali |date=2020-04-16 |title=Under India's caste system, Dalits are considered untouchable. The coronavirus is intensifying that slur |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/15/asia/india-coronavirus-lower-castes-hnk-intl |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Chamar Studio: Empowering Dalit Artisans |url=https://www.changeincontent.com/chamar-studio-empowering-dalit-artisans/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Changeincontent |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-20 |title=In pictures: The many lives of India's Dalits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67700608 |access-date=2025-07-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Healthcare and nutrition ===
Discrimination against Dalits exists in access to healthcare and nutrition. A sample survey of Dalits, conducted over several months in Madhya Pradesh and funded by ActionAid in 2014, found that health field workers did not visit 65 per cent of Dalit settlements. 47 per cent of Dalits were not allowed entry into [[Public Distribution System (India)|ration shops]], and 64 per cent were given fewer grains than non-Dalits.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> In [[Haryana]] state, 49 per cent of Dalit children under five years were underweight and [[Malnutrition|malnourished]] while 80 per cent of those in the 6–59 months age group were [[Anemia|anaemic]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |first=Manvir |last=Saini |title=49% of Haryana's dalit kids are malnourished: Report |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=29 July 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/49-of-Haryanas-dalit-kids-are-malnourished-Report/articleshow/48259523.cms |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Crime ===
Dalits comprise a slightly disproportionate number of India's prison inmates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prejudice Blamed For Dalit Prisoners |work=The New Indian Express |first=Pon Vasanth |last=Arunachalam |date=3 November 2014 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Prejudice-Blamed-For-Dalit-Prisoners/2014/11/03/article2505842.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Prejudice-Blamed-For-Dalit-Prisoners/2014/11/03/article2505842.ece|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> While Dalits (including both SCs and STs) constitute 25 per cent of the Indian population, they account for 33.2 per cent of prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Skew in Dalit Jail Inmate Ratio: NCRB |first=Pon Vasanth |last=Arunachalam |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 November 2014 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Skew-in-Dalit-Jail-Inmate-Ratio-NCRB/2014/11/03/article2505782.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212002220/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Skew-in-Dalit-Jail-Inmate-Ratio-NCRB/2014/11/03/article2505782.ece |archive-date=12 December 2014 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> About 24.5 per cent of death row inmates in India are from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which is proportionate to their population. The percentage is highest in Maharashtra (50 per cent), Karnataka (36.4 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh (36 per cent).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/34244/three-quarters-of-death-row-prisoners-are-from-lower-castes-or-religious-minorities/ |title=Three-Quarters of Death Row Prisoners are from Lower Castes or Religious Minorities |first=Jahnavi |last=Sen |date=6 May 2016 |work=The Wire}}</ref> Dalits have been arrested on false pretexts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=Withdraw false cases, release arrested Dalits: Congress on police action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/withdraw-false-cases-release-arrested-dalits-congress-on-police-action/articleshow/63615886.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=The [[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> According to Human Rights Watch, politically motivated arrests of Dalit rights activists occur and those arrested can be detained for six months without charge.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |title=India: Dalit rights activists detained |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87de2e4.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref>

Caste-related violence between Dalit and non-Dalits stems from ongoing prejudice by upper caste members.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002535.html |title=A 'Broken People' in Booming India |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=20 November 2011 |first=Emily |last=Wax |date=21 June 2007}}</ref> The [[Bhagana, Hisar|Bhagana]] rape case, which arose out of a dispute of allocation of land, is an example of atrocities against Dalit girls and women.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Portrait of the Indian as a Young Dalit Girl |first=Priyanka |last=Dubey |date=10 September 2014 |work=[[Yahoo! News]]/Grist Media |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/a-portrait-of-the-indian-as-a-young-dalit-girl-034726310.html |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021415/https://in.news.yahoo.com/a-portrait-of-the-indian-as-a-young-dalit-girl-034726310.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> In August 2015, due to continued alleged discrimination from upper castes of the village, about 100 Dalit inhabitants converted to Islam in a ceremony at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Manvir |last=Saini |title=Dalits from Bhagana convert to Islam |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=9 August 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Dalits-from-Bhagana-convert-to-Islam/articleshow/48408805.cms |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> [[Inter-caste marriage]] has been proposed as a remedy,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/they-were-rivals-but-with-the-same-mission/story-ULAJpafNtjAi2Fg7LvbrEJ.html |title=They were rivals, but with the same mission |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |date=26 October 2014 |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> but according to a 2014 survey of 42,000 households by the New Delhi-based [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]] (NCAER) and the [[University of Maryland]], it was estimated that only 5 per cent of Indian marriages cross caste boundaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=5% of Indian marriages are inter-caste: survey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/just-5-per-cent-of-indian-marriages-are-intercaste/article6591502.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=Rukmini |last=S. |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

The latest data available from [[National Crime Records Bureau|India's National Crime Records Bureau]] is from the year 2000. In that year a total of 25,455 crimes against Dalits were committed; 2 Dalits were assaulted every hour, and in each day 3 Dalit women were raped, 2 Dalits were murdered, and 2 Dalit homes were set on fire.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2003 |title=India's "Untouchables" Face Violence, Discrimination |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/indias-untouchables-face-violence-discrimination |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220081329/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/indias-untouchables-face-violence-discrimination |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] documented a high number of sexual assaults against Dalit women, which were often committed by landlords, upper-caste villagers, and policemen, according to a study published in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2001 |title=Sex hell of Dalit women exposed |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/09/lukeharding |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> According to the research, only about 5% of assaults are recorded, and police dismiss at least 30% of rape reports as false. The study also discovered that police often seek bribes, threaten witnesses, and conceal evidence. Victims of rape have also been killed.<ref name="natgeo" /> There have been some reports of Dalits being forced to eat [[human faeces]] and drink [[urine]] by upper caste members in some villages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Dalit-tortured-forced-to-eat-human-excreta/articleshow/42926546.cms|title=Dalit tortured, forced to eat human excreta|website=The Times of India|date=19 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/upper-caste-youths-force-dalit-to-eat-excreta-in-tamil-nadu-64965-2010-01-14 |title=Upper caste youths force Dalit to eat excreta in Tamil Nadu |first1=M. C. |last1=Rajan |date=14 January 2010 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Man-tortured-made-to-drink-urine-by-cops/articleshow/46034793.cms |title=Man tortured, made to drink urine by cops |work=The [[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dalit-youth-assaulted-forced-to-eat-human-faeces-in-up/story-ykZ7xutIhOLiGsQHfRDVBM.html |title=Dalit youth assaulted, forced to eat human faeces in UP |date=25 April 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In one such instance, a 17-year-old girl was set on fire by [[Yadav]] (an OBC) youth, allegedly because she was allowed school-education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Piyush |date=2015-03-06 |title=Dalit girl set on fire for pursuing education in UP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalit-girl-on-fire-education-uttar-pradesh-kushinagar-243178-2015-03-05 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In September 2015, a 45-year-old Dalit woman was allegedly stripped naked and forced to drink urine by perpetrators in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Nair 2015">{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Nithya |title=Dalit woman allegedly stripped in Madhya Pradesh, forced to consumed urine |work=India.com |date=2 September 2015 |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/dalit-woman-allegedly-stripped-in-madhya-pradesh-forced-to-consumed-urine-529997/ |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In some villages of India, there have been allegations that Dalit grooms riding horses for wedding ceremonies have been beaten up and [[Ostracism|ostracised]] by upper caste people.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Families-of-2-dalit-grooms-ostracized-for-riding-horse-as-marriage-ritual/articleshow/36788880.cms |title=Families of 2 dalit grooms ostracized for riding horse as marriage ritual |website=The [[Times of India]]|date=19 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit groom beaten up in M.P. village for riding a horse |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 June 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-groom-beaten-up-in-mp-village-for-riding-a-horse/article6096734.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-wedding-fetes-face-feudal-rage-in-rajasthan/article6207590.ece |title=Dalit wedding fetes face feudal rage in Rajasthan |first=Aarti |last=Dhar |date=14 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In August 2015, upper caste people burned houses and vehicles belonging to Dalit families and slaughtered their livestock in reaction to Dalits daring to hold a [[temple car]] procession at a village in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Temple procession row: TN police nab 75 for torching Dalit houses |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 August 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/temple-procession-row-tn-police-nab-75-for-torching-dalit-houses/ |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sivaraman |first=R. |title=70 held for burning Dalit houses in Villupuram |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 August 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/70-held-for-burning-dalit-houses-in-villupuram/article7548443.ece |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, it was claimed that a [[Jat people|Jat]] [[Khap|Khap Panchayat]] ordered the rape of two Dalit sisters because their brother eloped with a married Jat girl of the same village.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jat leaders in UP village deny ordering rape of Dalit sisters |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jat-leaders-in-up-village-deny-ordering-rape-of-dalit-sisters/article1-1386379.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903180523/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jat-leaders-in-up-village-deny-ordering-rape-of-dalit-sisters/article1-1386379.aspx |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Basu 2015">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Indrani |title=9 Things You Need To Know About The Khap 'Rape Order' in India |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=8 September 2015 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/08/dalit-girls-india_n_8095322.html |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bahuguna 2015">{{cite web |last=Bahuguna |first=Ankush |title=A Khap Panchayat in UP Wants Two Dalit Sisters Raped Because Their Brother Eloped with a Married Woman |website=mensxp.com |date=28 August 2015 |url=http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/27465-a-khap-panchayat-in-up-wants-two-dalit-sisters-raped-because-their-brother-eloped-with-a-married-woman.html |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In 2003, the higher caste Muslims in Bihar opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard.<ref name="rediff_burial">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/06bihar.htm |title=Backward Muslims protest denial of burial |first=Anand Mohan |last=Sahay |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=6 March 2003}}</ref> A Dalit activist was killed in 2020 for social media posts criticising Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2020 |title='Anti-Brahmin' posts on social media: 5 more held for murder of Dalit lawyer in Kutch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anti-brahmin-posts-on-social-media-5-more-held-for-murder-of-dalit-lawyer-in-kutch-6618523/|access-date=21 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A Dalit was killed in 2019 for eating in front of upper-caste men.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2019 |title=The Indian Dalit man killed for eating in front of upper-caste men |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48265387 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Prevention of Atrocities Act ===
{{Main|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989}}{{See also|Caste-related violence in India}}
The Government of India has attempted on several occasions to legislate specifically to address the issue of caste-related violence that affects SCs and STs. Aside from the Constitutional abolition of untouchability, there has been the Untouchability (Offences) Act of 1955, which was amended in the same year to become the Protection of Civil Rights Act. It was determined that neither of those Acts were effective, so the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 (POA) came into force.<ref name="hindu20150823">{{cite news |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Children of a different law |first=G. |last=Sampath |date=23 August 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/sunday-anchor-g-sampaths-article-on-children-of-a-different-law/article10327614.ece |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

The POA designated specific crimes against SCs and STs as "atrocities" – a criminal act that has "the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane" – which should be prosecuted under its terms rather than existing criminal law.<ref name="hindu20150823"/> It created corresponding punishments. Its purpose was to curb and punish violence against Dalits, including humiliations such as the forced consumption of noxious substances. Other atrocities included forced labour, denial of access to water and other public amenities, and sexual abuse. The Act permitted Special Courts exclusively to try POA cases. The Act called on states with high levels of caste violence (said to be "atrocity-prone") to appoint qualified officers to monitor and maintain law and order.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

In 2015, the [[Parliament of India]] passed the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act to address issues regarding the implementation of the POA, including instances where the police put procedural obstacles in the way of alleged victims or indeed outright colluded with the accused. It also extended the number of acts that were deemed to be atrocities.<ref name="hindu20150823"/><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Centre notifies rules for amended SC/ST Act |date=24 April 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-notifies-rules-for-amended-SCST-Act/article14253691.ece |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> One of those remedies, in an attempt to address the slow process of cases, was to make it mandatory for states to set up the exclusive Special Courts that the POA had delineated. Progress in doing so, however, was reported in April 2017 to be unimpressive. [[P. L. Punia]], a former chairman of the NCSC, said that the number of pending cases was high because most of the extant Special Courts were not exclusive but rather being used to process some non-POA cases, and because "The special prosecutors are not bothered and the cases filed under this Act are as neglected as the victims".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=States lag in setting up courts to address SC, ST grievances |first=Smriti Kak |last=Ramachandran |date=16 April 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/states-lag-in-setting-up-courts-to-address-sc-st-grievances/story-K7r3tuEVHnYWHaRGS6zV6K.html |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> While Dalit rights organisations were cautiously optimistic that the amended Act would improve the situation, legal experts were pessimistic.<ref name="hindu20150823"/>

== Religion ==
{{See also|Self-Respect Movement}}

Discrimination is illegal under Indian law by the Removal of Civil Disabilities Act (Act 21 of 1938), the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act 1939 (Act XXII of 1939) and Article 17 of the Constitution which outlawed Untouchability.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fighting caste discrimination is about changing attitude, than law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/to-fight-caste-discrimination-is-about-changing-attitude-than-law/articleshow/77778710.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After India's independence in 1947, secular nationalism based on a "composite culture" made all people equal citizens.

=== Hinduism ===
Most Dalits in India are Hindu.<ref name="Gurusamy2019">S. Gurusamy. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nqmcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 Dalit Empowerment in India]''. MJP Publisher; 11 June 2019. GGKEY:SW8XELLJGLC. p. 104–.</ref> There have been incidents which showed that Dalits were restricted from entering temples by high-caste Hindus,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kesalu |first1=Satri Veera |last2=Srinivasulu |first2=Vukkala |date=1 November 2019 |title=Dalits and Their Religious Identity in India: A Critical Look at Existing Practices |journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.1177/2455328X18822909 |s2cid=150583258|issn=2455-328X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=1 November 2019 |title=Dalit women not allowed to enter temple |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-women-not-allowed-to-enter-temple/article29847456.ece |access-date=23 December 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |first=Ajay |last=Sura |title=Not allowed to enter temple, dalit minister tells Himachal Pradesh assembly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/not-allowed-to-enter-temple-dalit-minister-tells-himachal-pradesh-assembly/articleshow/73148162.cms|access-date=23 December 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and participation in [[Procession|religious processions]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arulselvan |first=S. |date=2 April 2016 |title=Resisting ritual repression and reclaiming social positions by Dalits in Tamilnadu: a critical discourse analysis of media text |journal=Media Asia |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2016.1237459 |s2cid=131863641 |issn=0129-6612}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=Rina |date=6 March 2020 |title=Denied in life, India's lower-caste Dalits fight for land in death |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-landrights-caste-trfn-idUSKBN20T0T1 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

[[File:A school of untouchables near Bangalore by Lady Ottoline Morrell 2.jpg|thumb|''A school of untouchables near Bangalore'', by [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]]]]

In the 19th century, the [[Brahmo Samaj]], [[Arya Samaj]] and the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] actively participated in the rights of Dalits. While Dalits had places to worship, the first upper-caste temple to openly welcome Dalits was the Laxminarayan Temple in [[Wardha]] in 1928.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-01-23 |title=First temple to allow Dalits entry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-temple-to-allow-dalits-entry/articleshow/1387041.cms |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was followed by the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] issued by the [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|last King of Travancore]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] in 1936.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

In the 1930s, Gandhi and Ambedkar disagreed regarding the retention of the Varna system. Whilst Ambedkar wanted to see it destroyed, Gandhi thought that it could be modified by reinterpreting Hindu texts so that the untouchables were absorbed into the [[Shudra]] varna. It was this disagreement that led to the Poona Pact.<ref name="keane"/> Gandhi began the Harijan Yatra to help the Dalits, but ran into some opposition from Dalits that wanted a complete break from Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=Suryakant |title=Gandhi's Harijan Padyatra in Orissa in 1934: Claims over a Contested Social Space |date=2013 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |pages=564–570 |jstor=44158858 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

The declaration by princely states of Kerala between 1936 and 1947 that temples were open to all Hindus went a long way towards ending untouchability there.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} However, educational opportunities for Dalits in Kerala remain limited.<ref>{{cite news |first=Aaliya |last=Rushdi |title=In Kerala, Dalit students facing difficulties to get educated |url=http://www.twocircles.net/2010mar17/kerala_dalit_students_facing_difficulties_get_educated.html |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref>

Other Hindu groups attempted to reconcile with the Dalit community. Hindu temples are increasingly receptive to Dalit priests, a function formerly reserved for Brahmins. Brahmins such as [[Subramania Bharati]] passed Brahminhood onto a Dalit,{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} while in Shivaji's [[Maratha Empire]] Dalit warriors joined his forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/751529/how-history-has-systematically-distorted-the-figure-of-shivaji-excerpt-from-govind-pansares-book |title=How history has systematically distorted the figure of Shivaji: Excerpt from Govind Pansare's book |first=Govind |last=Pansare |website=Scroll.in|date=28 August 2015 }}</ref> However, in the 19th century, Dalits in the [[Mahar Regiment]] of [[British Bombay]], defeated the oppressive rule of the [[Peshva]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scroll.in/article/801298/why-lakhs-of-people-celebrate-the-british-victory-over-the-maratha-peshwas-every-new-year |title=Why lakhs of Indians celebrate the British victory over the Maratha Peshwas every New Year |first=Mridula |last=Chari |website=Scroll.in|date=3 January 2016 }}</ref>

The fight for temple entry rights for Dalits continues to cause controversy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Temples-of-unmodern-India/articleshow/2096083.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-04/india/27978159_1_jagannath-temple-hindus-temple-management-committee |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Temples of Unmodern India |access-date=20 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 June 2007}}</ref> In a 2015 incident in [[Meerut]], a Dalit belonging to the [[Valmiki caste]] was denied entry to a Hindu temple; he went on to convert to [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Mohammad |title=Denied temple access, Dalit converts to Islam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 March 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/denied-temple-access-dalit-converts-to-islam/article6991578.ece |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, four Dalit women were fined by the upper-caste Hindus for entering a temple in Karnataka.<ref name="T. 2015">{{cite news |last=T. |first=Sathish G. |title=Dalits fume over fine on their women for entering temple in Karnataka |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 September 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-fume-over-fine-on-their-women-for-entering-temple/article7622311.ece |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>

There have been allegations that [[Religion in Nepal|Dalits in Nepal]] are denied entry to Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Hari Bansh |url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2005/10-12/18-29_nepal.shtml |title=Nepal's Downtrodden |date=October 2005 |work=Hinduism Today |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513073026/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2005/10-12/18-29_nepal.shtml |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dalits 'barred' from entering temple |work=The Kathmandu Post |date=27 February 2014 |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2014-02-27/dalits-barred-from-entering-temple-385994.html |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> In at least one case, Dalits were reportedly beaten by upper-caste people while attempting to enter a local temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal: Dalits beaten up for entering temple |work=Rediff.com |date=18 September 2006 |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/18nepal.htm |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Buddhism ===
In 1956, the Dalit jurist [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) launched the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]], leading several mass conversions of Dalits from Hinduism to Buddhism. Ambedkar's Buddhism is a new kind of Buddhism that focuses on [[Engaged Buddhism|social and political engagement]].<ref name="Robinson2003p192">{{cite book |author=Gary Tartakov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ |title=Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-566329-7 |editor-first=Rowena |editor-last=Robinson |pages=192–213 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Christopher Queen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-119-14466-3 |editor=Steven M. Emmanuel |pages=524–525 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> About half a million Dalits joined Ambedkar in rejecting Hinduism and challenging its caste system.<ref name="skaria450">{{cite journal |last=Skaria |first=A |year=2015 |title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=450–452 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 |doi-access=free}}, Quote: "Here [Navayana Buddhism] there is not only a criticism of religion (most of all, Hinduism, but also prior traditions of Buddhism), but also of secularism, and that criticism is articulated moreover as a religion."</ref><ref name="omvedt2">{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste |edition=3rd |location=London/New Delhi/Thousand Oaks |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |date=2003 |pages=2–15, 210–213}}</ref> The movement is centered in [[Maharashtra]], and according to the 2011 census, there were 6.5 million [[Marathi Buddhists]] (mainly Dalit Buddhists) in Maharashtra.<ref name="Census of India 2001">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS Household |archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref>

Another Dalit Buddhist leader and reformer was Pandit [[Iyothee Thass]], founder of the Sakya Buddhist Society of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Teltumbde2016p57">{{cite book |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Dalits: Past, Present and Future |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-52644-7 |pages=57–59 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The Scheduled Castes Order (Amendment) Act, 1990 granted reservation to Dalit Buddhists and recognized their Scheduled Caste status.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vC6hDQAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19998845-7|editor-first=John |editor-last=Shook |page=224 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

=== Sikhism ===
{{See also|Ad-Dharmi}}
[[Guru Nanak]] in ''Guru Granth Sahib'' calls for everyone to treat each other equally. Subsequent [[Sikh Gurus]], all of whom came from the [[Khatri]] caste, also denounced the hierarchy of the caste system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oberoi |first1=Harjot |title=The construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition |date=1994 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PR10|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> Despite this, social stratification exists in the Sikh community. The bulk of the Sikhs of Punjab belong to the [[Jat]] caste;<ref>{{cite news |title=Akali Dal demands inclusion of Jat Sikhs in OBC list |work=News East West |date=23 December 2013 |url=http://newseastwest.com/akali-dal-demands-inclusion-of-jat-sikhs-in-obc-list/}}</ref> there are also two Dalit Sikh castes in the state, called the [[Mazhabi]]s and the [[Ramdasia]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham |isbn=978-0-81086-344-6 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA49 |access-date=30 July 2017 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Surinder S. Jodhka says that, in practice, Sikhs belonging to the landowning dominant castes have not shed all their prejudices against the Dalit castes. While Dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurudwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar (the communal meal). Therefore, wherever they could mobilise resources, the Sikh Dalits of Punjab have tried to construct their gurudwara and other local-level institutions to attain a certain degree of cultural autonomy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jodhka|first1=Surinder S|title=Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date= 17 May 2002|volume= 37|issue=19|page=1822|jstor=4412102}}</ref> In 1953, Sikh leader [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]] succeeded in winning the demands from the government to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of scheduled castes. In the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]] (SGPC), 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/research-papers/harish-puri/|title=Punjabi|website=apnaorg.com}}</ref>

Sikh women are required to have the surname "Kaur", and men, the surname "Singh", to eradicate caste identities and discrimination.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=Owen |title=Sikhism - An Introduction: Teach Yourself |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NF04AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=978-1-4441-3101-7 |pages=51 |date=2010 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 2003 the [[Talhan]] village [[Gurudwara]] endured a bitter dispute between [[Jat Sikh]]s and [[Chamar]]s. The Chamars came out in force and confronted the Randhawa and Bains Jat Sikh landlords, who refused to give the Chamars a share on the governing committee of a shrine dedicated to Shaheed Baba Nihal Singh. The shrine earned 3–7 [[crore]] Indian Rupees, and the Jat Sikh [[landlord]] allegedly "gobbled up a substantial portion of the offerings". Though Dalits form more than 60 per cent of Talhan's 5,000-strong population, local traditions ensured that they were denied a place on the committee. The landlords, in league with radical Sikh organisations and the SGPC, attempted to keep out the Dalits by razing the shrine overnight and constructing a gurdwara on it, but the Dalit quest for a say in the governing committee did not end.<ref name="tehelka.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main16.asp?filename=Cr021806Talhan_scores.asp |title=Talhan scores for Dalit rights |work=Tehelka |first=Vikram Jit |last=Singh |date=18 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219040226/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main16.asp?filename=Cr021806Talhan_scores.asp |archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

Chamars fought a four-year court battle with the landlords and their allies, including the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]. In that time Jats conducted several boycotts against the Chamars. The Jat Sikhs and their allies cut off the power supply to their homes. In addition, various scuffles and fights set Chamar youths armed with [[Fighting stick|lathis]], rocks, bricks, soda bottles and anything they could find fought Jat Sikh landlords, youths and the Punjab police. Dalit youngsters painted their homes and motorcycles with the slogan, ''Putt Chamar De'' (''proud sons of Chamars'') in retaliation to the Jat slogan, ''Putt Jattan De''.<ref name="tehelka.com"/>

=== Jainism ===
Historically Jainism was practised by many communities across India.{{sfn|Sangave|1980|pp=f63–124}} They are often conservative and are generally considered upper-caste.<ref name="Chapple2006">{{cite book |first=Christopher Key |last=Chapple |title=Jainism and Ecology: Nonviolence in the Web of Life |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=abLZNdYxay8C |page=79}} |page=79 |year=2006 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2045-6}}</ref>

In 1958,<ref>Nathuram Chandalia, Mewad men Veerwal Pravriti, pp. 220–21</ref> a [[Sthanakvasi]] Jain called Muni Sameer Muni<ref>वीरवाल जैन समाज के गुरु की पुण्यतिथि मार्च में, Bhaskar News Network|31 December 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/article/MAT-RAJ-UDA-c-17-517497-NOR.html|title=Latest Udaipur News 31/12/2013: वीरवाल जैन समाज के गुरु की पुण्यतिथि मार्च में – www.bhaskar.com|work=bhaskar.com|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114010/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/MAT-RAJ-UDA-c-17-517497-NOR.html}}</ref> came into contact with members of the [[Khatik]] community in the Udaipur region, who decided to adopt Jainism. Their centre, Ahimsa Nagar, located about four miles from [[Chittorgarh]], was inaugurated by [[Mohanlal Sukhadia]] in 1966. Sameer Muni termed them ''Veerwaal'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/ambala-10803168.html |script-title=hi:धर्म के नाम पर देश तक बंट गए : पहाड़िया |title=dharm ke naam par desh tak bant gae: pahaadiya |language=hi |trans-title=Even the country was divided in the name of religion: Paharia |date=18 October 2013}}</ref> that is, belonging to [[Mahavira]]. A 22-year-old youth, Chandaram Meghwal, was initiated as a Jain monk in Ahore town in Jalore district in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb012005/n10.asp |title=Dalit youth turns Jain monk |date=1 February 2005 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201216/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb012005/n10.asp|archive-date=2 February 2014 |agency=Abha Sharma DH News Service |location=Jaipur}}</ref> In 2010 a [[Mahar]] engineer called Vishal Damodar was initiated as a Jain monk by Acharya Navaratna Sagar Suriji at Samet Shikhar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit Engineer Becomes a Jain Monk |work=Ahimsa Times |date=June 2010 |url=http://jainsamaj.org/magazines/ahimsatimesshow.php?id=195}}</ref> Acharya Nanesh, the eighth Achayra of Sadhumargi Jain Shravak Sangha, had preached among the [[Balai]] community in 1963 near [[Ratlam]].<ref>[http://chhotikashi.com/?p=17015 'दिव्य महापुरुष थे आचार्य नानेश'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012011444/http://chhotikashi.com/?p=17015 |date=12 October 2013 }} Vinay N. Joshi on 14 June 2010,</ref> His followers are called ''Dharmapal''.<ref>[http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other-news/--/articleshow/6589054.cms 'दाता' के दातार बन गए तारणहार, नवभारत टाइम्स], 20 September 2010</ref> In 1984, some of the [[Bhangi]]s of Jodhpur came under the influence of Acharya Shri Tulsi and adopted Jainism.<ref name="Shyamlal1997">{{cite book |last=Shyamlal |title=From Higher Caste to Lower Caste: The Processes of Asprashyeekaran and the Myth of Sanskritization |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qRBuAAAAMAAJ|page=129}} |pages=129, 135 |year=1997 |publisher=Rawat Publications}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shyamlal |title=Jain Movement and Socio-Religious Transformation of the 'Bhangis' of Jodhpur, Rajasthan |journal=Indian Journal of Social Work |volume=53 |pages=59–68 |date=1992}} I01743</ref>

=== Christianity ===
{{Further|Dalit Christian}}
Christian Dalits are found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Panchanan |last2=Malik |first2=Ramesh C. |last3=Kasi |first3=Eswarappa |year=2009 |title=Ethnographic Discourse of the Other: Conceptual and methodological issues |pages=39–116 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars}}</ref>

Mass conversions of lower caste Hindus to Christianity took place in order to escape the discrimination. The main Dalit groups that participated in these conversions were the Chuhras of Punjab, Chamars of North India (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh), Vankars of Gujarat, and Pulayas of Kerala.<ref name="Dalit Christians in India">{{cite web |author=Sobin, George |year=2012 |title=Dalit Christians in India |website=DalitStudies.org.in |url=http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/uploads/publication/1473146694.pdf |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094620/http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/uploads/publication/1473146694.pdf }}</ref>
The first people converted to Christianity by [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] of the Madura Mission were members of Nadars, Maravars, and Pallar.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mosse, David |date=September 1996 |title=[no title cited] |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=2 |number=3}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=article title, page#, which country's Royal Inst.?}}</ref>
They believed that "Christianity is a true religion; a desire for protection from oppressors and, if possible, material aid; the desire for education for their children; and the knowledge that those who have become Christians had improved".<ref>{{cite conference |conference=South Indian Missionary Congress |year=1908 |place=Madras, Tamil Nadu, IN |title=The Report of Conference Held at Madras}}</ref>

Christianity was thought to be egalitarian and could provide mobility away from the caste. Sometimes the only change seen was their religious identity. Even after conversion, in some cases, Dalits were discriminated against due to the "residual leftover" practice of caste discrimination from their previous traditions. This is attributed to the predominantly Hindu society they lived in.<ref name=Dumont_1980>{{cite book |author=Dumont, Louis |year=1980 |title=Homo Hierarchicus: The caste system and its implications |edition=Complete Revised |place=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}</ref> Discrimination against Dalit Christians also remained in interactions and mannerisms between castes; for example, during the earlier days, the 'lower caste Christians' had to [cover] their mouths when talking to a Syrian Christian.<ref name="Dalit Christians in India"/>
In many cases they were still referred to by their Hindu caste names: For example ''Pulayans'' in Kerala, ''Pariah'' in Tamil Nadu, and ''Madigas'' in Andhra Pradesh, by members of all religious backgrounds.<ref name=Louis2007>{{cite report |last=Louis |first=Prakash |year=2007 |title=Caste-based discrimination and atrocities on Dalit Christians and the need for reservations |series=Working Paper Series |volume=II |issue=4 |place=New Delhi, IN |publisher=Indian Institute of Dalit Studies}}</ref>

Even after conversion, to some extent segregation, restriction, hierarchy, and graded ritual purity remained. Data show that there is more discrimination and less class mobility among the people living in rural areas, where incidents of caste discrimination are higher among people from all religious backgrounds.<ref name="Dalit Christians in India"/>
In many cases, the churches referred to the Dalits as 'New Christians'. It is alleged to be a derogatory term which classifies the Dalit Christians to be looked down upon by other Christians. During the earlier days of Christianity, in some churches in south India, the Dalits had either separate seating or had to attend the mass outside.<ref name=Louis2007/> Dalit Christians are also said to be grossly underrepresented amongst the clergy in some places.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |date=14 September 2010 |title=Indian Dalits find no refuge from caste in Christianity}}</ref>

Caste-based occupations held by Dalits also show a clear segregation which perpetuated even after becoming Christian. Occupational patterns (including manual scavenging) are prevalent among Dalit Christians in north-west India are said to be quite similar to those of Dalit Hindus.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dogar, Vidya Sagar |year=2000 |title=Rural Christian Community in North West India |place=New Delhi, IN}}</ref> Occupational discrimination for Dalit Christians goes so far as to restrict not only employment but in some cases for clean sanitation and water.<ref>Jose, Kananaikil. 1990. ''Scheduled Castes Converts and Social Disabilities: A survey of Tamil Nadu''{{full citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=Unclear: book? journal art.? If book needs publ., ISBN}}</ref>

=== Islam ===
{{Further|Dalit Muslim}}
Most of India's 140 million Muslims are descended from local converts. Many of them converted to Islam to escape Hindu upper-caste oppression.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} 75% of the present Indian Muslim population are Dalits.<ref name="BBCCaste">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329 |title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable? |author=Soutik Biswas |work=[[BBC News]] |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="outlook">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/dalit-muslims/216144 |title=Dalit Muslims |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=20 June 2002 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

== Political involvement ==
{{Main|Dalit Panthers}}
[[File:Flags of "Bahujan Samaj Party" at Shivaji Park.png|thumb|right|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) is an Indian Dalit party.]]
Dalit-led political parties include:

=== National Dalit-led political parties in India ===
[[File:Dileep bsp.jpg|thumb|Dalit leaders at Bahujan Samaj Party head office]]
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], a national political party as per [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Recognized National Parties |website=Election Commission of India |date=25 October 2021 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/261-recognized-national-parties/ |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Azad Samaj Party]]
* [[Dalit League]]

=== Other recognized state political parties ===
* [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Azad Samaj Party]]
*[[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]], led by [[Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant|Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar]], Ambedkar's grandson
*[[Republican Party of India]] factions,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/Non-Dalits-flock-to-RPI/articleshow/38052819.cms|title=Non-Dalits flock to RPI|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> active in Maharashtra
* [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] is the major Dalit party in Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1974|title=Dalit Panthers: Another View|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=18|pages=715–716|jstor=41497050|issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhavan|first=Narayanan|date=2016-06-05|title=How Muhammad Ali inspired India's Dalits|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/nation/how-muhammad-ali-inspired-india-s-dalits/story-RWXBe295j9D7AFwwBKxsmI.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="India TV News">{{cite news |title=Madras HC orders ECI to consider VCK's request for star symbol |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/madras-hc-orders-eci-to-consider-vck-s-request-for-star-symbol-35119.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=India TV News |date=4 April 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/tamil-nadu-elections-vck-dalit-liberation-panthers-party-thirumavalavan|title=How the VCK Emerged as More Than 'Just a Dalit Party' in the Tamil Nadu Elections|website=The Wire}}</ref>
* [[Lok Janshakti Party]], [[Bihar]]

=== Nepali Dalit-led parties ===
* [[Bahujan Shakti Party, Nepal]]<ref name="Varghese 2015">{{cite web |last=Varghese |first=Anil |title=Nepal Dalit leader says Modi's stress on consensus has meant dilution in draft constitution |website=Scroll.in |date=17 September 2015 |url=http://scroll.in/article/745901/modis-stress-on-consensus-for-nepals-constitution-has-led-to-a-setback-for-its-bahujan-majority |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Dalit Janajati Party]], [[Nepal]]<ref name="The Kathmandu Post 2015">{{cite web |title=10 parties register amendment proposals |website=The Kathmandu Post |date=4 September 2015 |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-09-04/10-parties-register-amendment-proposal.html |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Dalit-led political parties in Pakistan ===
* [[Dalit Sujag Tehreek]], Pakistan

=== Other dalit groups ===
{{Main|Bhim Sena|Bhim Army}}
Anti-Dalit prejudices exist in groups such as the extremist militia [[Ranvir Sena]], largely run by upper-caste landlords in Bihar. They oppose equal treatment of Dalits and have resorted to violence. The Ranvir Sena is considered a terrorist organisation by the government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow_explained-what-is-the-ranvir-sena-and-why-it-is-feared_1697737#top |title=Ranvir Sena banned and declared as a Terrorist Group |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 June 2012 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> In 2015, [[Cobrapost]] exposed many leaders especially like [[C. P. Thakur]] alongside former PM [[Chandra Shekhar]] associated with Ranvir Sena in Bihar Dalit massacres<ref name="Venkat 2015">{{cite news |last=Venkat |first=Vidya |title=Cobrapost film on Bihar Dalit massacres 'exposes' BJP links |website=The Hindu |date=18 August 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cobrapost-film-on-bihar-dalit-massacres-exposes-bjp-links/article7551350.ece |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> while governments of [[Nitish Kumar]] (under pressure from BJP), [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]] did nothing to get justice for Dalits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nitish, Lalu and BJP in the dock again over Dalit massacres in Bihar |work=Tehelka |date=27 August 2015 |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2015/08/nitish-lalu-and-bjp-in-the-dock-again-over-dalit-massacres-in-bihar/ |access-date=19 September 2015 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912015554/http://www.tehelka.com/2015/08/nitish-lalu-and-bjp-in-the-dock-again-over-dalit-massacres-in-bihar/ }}</ref>

The rise of [[Hindutva]]'s (Hindu nationalism) role in Indian politics has accompanied allegations that religious conversions of Dalits are due to allurements like education and jobs rather than faith. Critics{{Who|date=October 2009}} argue that laws banning conversion and limiting social relief for converts mean that conversion impedes economic success. However, [[Bangaru Laxman]], a Dalit politician, was a prominent member of the Hindutva movement.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

Another political issue is Dalit affirmative-action quotas in government jobs and university admissions. About 8 per cent of the seats in the National and State Parliaments are reserved for Scheduled Caste and Tribe candidates.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

[[Jagjivan Ram]] (1908–1986) was the first scheduled caste leader to emerge at the national level from [[Bihar]].<ref>Verma, R.K., 1991. Caste and Bihar Politics. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.1142–1144.</ref> He was member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent assembly]] that drafted India's constitution.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kohli |editor1-first=Atul |title=The success of India's democracy |date=2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-521-80530-8 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC&q=jagjivan+ram&pg=PA23 |access-date=12 September 2017 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Jagdish Chandra |title=Indian prime ministership: a comprehensive study |date=2002 |publisher=Concept |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7022-924-7 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QkxBhRU2-AC&q=%22jagjivan+ram%22+&pg=PR7 |access-date=12 September 2017 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> He served in the cabinets of [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] Prime ministers [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haqqi |first1=Anwarul Haque, Indian Political Science Association |title=Indian Democracy at the Crossroads I |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7c6O2XlGwC&q=jagjivan&pg=PA114 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brass |first1=Paul R. |title=The Politics of India since Independence (The new Cambridge history of India.) |date=1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-45362-2 |page=249 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&q=%22jagjivan+ram%22+&pg=PR10 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> His last position in government was as [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] in the [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Janata Party government]] of 1977–1979,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Jagdish Chandra |title=Indian prime ministership: a comprehensive study |date=2002 |publisher=Concept |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7022-924-7 |pages=39–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QkxBhRU2-AC&q=desai+jagjivan+ram&pg=PR7 |ref=Deputy Prime minister |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirchandani |first1=G.G. |title=320 Million Judges |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-061-7 |pages=95–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&q=Jagjivan+Ram+janata&pg=PA178 |access-date=11 September 2017 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/niece-vs-aunt-in-battle-for-jagjivan-ram-legacy/ |title=Niece vs aunt in battle for Jagjivan Ram legacy |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 March 2014}}</ref>

In modern times several Bharatiya Janata Party leaders were Dalits, including [[Dinanath Bhaskar]], [[Ramchandra Veerappa]] and [[Suraj Bhan]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

In India's most populous state, Uttar Pradesh, Dalits have had a major political impact.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pai |first1=Sudha |year=1994 |title=Caste and Communal Mobilisation in the Electoral Politics of Uttar Pradesh |journal=Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=LV, No3 |issue= July September 1994 |pages=307–20 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association}}</ref> The Dalit-led Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) had previously run the government and that party's leader, [[Mayawati]], served several times as chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raina |first=J. N. |date=30 May 2007 |title=Can Maya recreate another 'rainbow' in Delhi? |work=Asian Tribune |publisher=World Institute For Asian Studies |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5946 |access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> Regarding her election in 2007, some reports claimed her victory was due to her ability to win support from both 17 per cent of [[Islam in India|Muslims]] and nearly 17 per cent Brahmins<ref name="Stancati Agarwal 2012">{{cite web |last1=Stancati |first1=Margherita |last2=Agarwal |first2=Vibhuti |title=17% of BSP votes came from Brahmins, according to a survey by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies |website=The [[Wall Street Journal]] |date=16 February 2012 |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/02/16/u-p-campaign-diaries-in-pursuit-of-the-brahmin-vote/ |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> alongside 80 per cent of Dalits.<ref name="Vij 2009">{{cite web |last=Vij |first=Shivam |title=UP's Dalits Remind Mayawati: Democracy is a Beautiful |website=Kafila |date=21 May 2009 |url=http://kafila.org/2009/05/21/ups-dalits-remind-mayawati-democracy-is-a-beautiful-thing/ |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> However, surveys of voters on the eve of elections, indicated that caste loyalties were not the voters' principal concern. Instead, inflation and other issues of social and economic development dictated the outcome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/14/stories/2007031416590100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315223620/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/14/stories/2007031416590100.htm |archive-date=15 March 2007 |title=Mayawati bets on Brahmin-Dalit card for U.P. polls |location=India |date=14 March 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/12/world/asia/12india.html |title=Brahmin Vote Helps Party of Low Caste Win in India |location=India |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 May 2007 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2007/may/11flip.htm |title=The victory of caste arithmetic |publisher=Rediff.co.in |date=11 May 2007 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716193406/http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2007/may/11flip.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/28chandra.htm |title=Why Mayawati is wooing the Brahmins |publisher=Rediff News |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Mayawati's success in reaching across castes has led to speculation about her as a potential future [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Beckett |first=Paul |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121840401494128065?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Mayawati Plans to Seek India's Premier Post |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

Aside from Mayawati in Uttar Pradesh, [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]] was chief minister of Andhra Pradesh from 11 January 1960 to 12 March 1962, and [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] was chief minister of Bihar for just under a year.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} In 1997, [[K. R. Narayanan]], who was a Dalit, was elected as President of India.<ref name="scs1" /> In [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]], [[Ramnath Kovind]] was elected as the President of India, becoming the second dalit president of the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilani |first1=Iftikhar |title=KR Narayanan to RN Kovind — A tale of two Dalit Presidents |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kr-narayanan-to-rn-kovind-a-tale-of-two-dalit-presidents-2477657 |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=DNA India |date=20 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Votebank ===
{{Main|Caste politics}}
[[Votebank]] politics are common in India, usually based on religion or caste. Indeed, the term itself was coined by the Indian sociologist [[M. N. Srinivas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Globalization and the Politics of Identity in India |editor1-first=Bhupinder |editor1-last=Brar |editor2-first=Ashutosh |editor2-last=Kumar |editor3-first=Ronki |editor3-last=Ram |first=Rajen |last=Harshe |chapter=Thinking about Democracy, Identity Politics and Development in India |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] India |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-13178-525-6 |pages=205, 279 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4egjNvzUO8C&pg=PT279 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Dalits are often used as a votebank.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deciphering the 'Dalit vote bank' |first=Mayank |last=Mishra |date=23 April 2014 |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/deciphering-the-dalit-vote-bank-114042301330_1.html |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All players eye Dalit vote bank |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/politics/all-players-eye-dalit-vote-bank/19374.html |date=17 December 2014 |work=The Tribune |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111204126/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/politics/all-players-eye-dalit-vote-bank/19374.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/PiaAeSjobU85dHwKHgZujO/The-BJPs-Dalit-game-plan.html |title=The BJP's Dalit game plan |first=Sanjay |last=Kumar |date=20 March 2014 |website=Mint}}</ref> There have been instances where it has been alleged that an election-winning party reneged on promises made to the Dalits made during the election campaign<ref>{{cite news |title=KCR has betrayed Dalits: TDP |date=4 January 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-has-betrayed-dalits-tdp/article6753363.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> or have excluded them from party affairs.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPI(M) accused of sidelining Dalits |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 January 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpim-accused-of-sidelining-dalits/article6774337.ece |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Sub-Plan ===
The [[SC, ST Sub-Plan (Andhra Pradesh)|SC, ST Sub-Plan]], or ''Indiramma Kalalu'', is a budget allocation by the Government of Andhra Pradesh for the welfare of Dalits. The law was enacted in May 2013. SCs and STs have separate panels for spending. The plan was meant to prevent the government from diverting funds meant for SCs and STs to other programs, which was historically the case. {{as of|2013}}, no equivalent national plan existed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Central-legislation-of-SCST-sub-plan-may-be-a-reality-soon/2013/08/29/article1757071.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901043606/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Central-legislation-of-SCST-sub-plan-may-be-a-reality-soon/2013/08/29/article1757071.ece |archive-date=1 September 2013 |title=Central legislation of SC/ST sub-plan may be a reality soon |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> Scheduled Castes Sub Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan funds are often diverted by state governments to other purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/denial-and-diversion-of-plan-fund-the-great-adivasi-dalit-rip-off/#.VJVvRF4AB |title=Why They Remain on the Margins. Adivasis and Dalits have been deprived of a staggering Rs 5 lakh crore over three decades by successive governments. |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331212151/http://www.tehelka.com/denial-and-diversion-of-plan-fund-the-great-adivasi-dalit-rip-off/#.VJVvRF4AB }}</ref>

While the Indian Constitution has provisions for the social and economic uplift of Dalits to support their upward social mobility, these concessions are limited to Hindus. Dalits who have converted to other religions have asked that benefits be extended to them.<ref name="dalitmuslims">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianet.nl/dalmusl.html |title=The 'Dalit Muslims' and the All-India Backward Muslim Morcha |publisher=indianet.nl |access-date=20 June 2008 |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |archive-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122449/http://www.indianet.nl/dalmusl.html }}</ref>

== Beyond the Indian subcontinent ==
=== United Kingdom ===
After [[World War II]], immigration from the former [[British Empire]] was largely driven by labour shortages.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm |title=A Short history of immigration |year=2002 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> Like the rest of the [[Indian subcontinent]] diaspora, Dalits immigrated and established their own communities.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

A 2009 report alleged that caste discrimination is "rife" in the United Kingdom.<ref name="guardianjones">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Jones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/nov/11/caste-discrimination-uk-report |title=Asian caste discrimination rife in UK, says report |work=[[The Guardian]] |date= 11 November 2009 |access-date=20 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref> The report alleged that casteism persists in the workplace and within the [[National Health Service]]<ref name="guardiancohen">{{cite news |first=Nick |last=Cohen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/26/nick-cohen-trevor-phillips-caste-discrimination |title=The secret scandal of Britain's caste system |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 August 2009 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> and at doctor's offices.<ref name="guardianjones"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |first=Dean |last=Nelson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7541598/India-clashes-with-Britain-over-Equality-Bill-racism-law.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7541598/India-clashes-with-Britain-over-Equality-Bill-racism-law.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=India clashes with Britain over Equality Bill racism law |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=20 January 2013 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Some claim that caste discrimination is non-existent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7856969.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Does the caste system still linger in the UK? |date=12 March 2009 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> Some have rejected the government's right to interfere in the community. The Hindu Forum of Britain conducted their own research, concluding that caste discrimination was "not endemic in British society", reports to the contrary aimed to increase discrimination by legislating expression and behaviour and that barriers should instead be removed through education.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Hasan_Suroor/caste-discrimination-uk-dalits-win-the-argument-nearly/article611931.ece |first=Hasan |last=Suroor |title=Caste discrimination – U.K. Dalits win the argument, nearly |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 September 2010 |access-date=20 January 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

A 2010 study found that caste discrimination occurs in Britain at work and in service provision. While not ruling out the possibility of discrimination in education, no such incidents were uncovered. The report found favourable results from educational activities. However, non-legislative approaches were claimed to be less effective in the workplace and would not help when the authorities were discriminating. One criticism of discrimination law was the difficulty in obtaining proof of violations. Perceived benefits of legislation were that it provides redress, leads to greater understanding and reduces the social acceptance of such discrimination.<ref name="homeoffice.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/equalities/research/caste-discrimination/caste-discrimination?view=Binary|title=Caste Discrimination and Harassment in Great Britain|publisher=Home Office, UK Government |author=Government Equalities Office |date=1 December 2010 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref>

More recent studies in Britain were inconclusive and found that discrimination was "not religion specific and is subscribed to by members of any or no religion".<ref name="inconclusive">{{cite news |title= Caste Discrimination Reforms in Britain |first=Pratik |last=Datani |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/pratik-dattani/caste-discrimination-reform_b_3745885.html |work= [[HuffPost]] |date= 13 August 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> Equalities Minister [[Helen Grant (politician)|Helen Grant]] found insufficient evidence to justify specific legislation, while [[Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities|Shadow Equalities minister]] [[Kate Green]] said that the impact is on a relatively small number of people.<ref name="inconclusive" /> Religious studies professor [[Gavin Flood]] of the [[Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]] concluded that the Hindu community in Britain is particularly well integrated, loosening caste ties.<ref>{{Cite report |first=Gavin |last=Flood |author-link=Gavin Flood |title= Briefing on Caste Legislation |url= http://mycasteishindu.org/images/OCHS-report-on-caste-legislation-Final-June-2013.pdf}}</ref> Casteist beliefs were prevalent mainly among first-generation immigrants, with such prejudices declining with each successive generation due to greater [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="inconclusive" />

From September 2013 to February 2014, Indian philosopher [[Meena Dhanda]] led a project on 'Caste in Britain' for the UK [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] (EHRC), which focused on the proposed inclusion of a provision in the [[Equality Act 2010]] to protect British citizens against caste discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/our-schools-and-institutes/faculty-of-arts/school-of-humanities/staff/dr-meena-dhanda/|title=Dr Meena Dhanda – University of Wolverhampton|website=wlv.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021003653/http://www.wlv.ac.uk/about-us/our-schools-and-institutes/faculty-of-arts/school-of-humanities/staff/dr-meena-dhanda/}}</ref> In 2018 the UK government decided not to include caste as a "protected characteristic" within the terms of the Act, and to rely instead on [[case law]] to identify tests for caste-based discrimination.<ref>Pimenta, T., [https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-uk-caste-discrimination.aspx UK: Government Decides Against Writing Caste into the Equality Act 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125557/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-uk-caste-discrimination.aspx |date=29 September 2022 }}, ''Boyes Turner'', accessed 29 September 2022</ref>

Supporters of anti-caste legislation include [[Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury|Lord Avebury]] and [[Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton|Lady Thornton]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news|first=Sam |last=Jones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/30/campaigners-government-caste-discrimination-uk |title=Campaigners urge government to tackle caste discrimination in UK |work=The Guardian |date= 30 November 2012|access-date=20 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref>

==== Sikh diaspora in Britain ====
[[File:Smethwick Gurdwara - geograph.org.uk - 234468.jpg|thumb|A Sikh gurdwara in Smethwick. The majority of gurdwaras in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] are caste-based<ref name="Harold G. Coward 2000 p133">{{cite book |first1=Harold G. |last1=Coward |author1-link=Harold Coward |first2=John R. |last2=Hinnells |first3=Raymond Brady |last3=Williams |title=The South Asian Religious Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mXrdXMaaYCkC |page=133}} |date=1 February 2012 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-9302-1 |page=133}}</ref> and one can indirectly inquire about a person's [[caste]] based upon which [[gurdwara]] the person attends.]]

[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhs in the United Kingdom]] are affected by caste. Gurdwaras such as those of the Ramgarhia Sikhs are organised along caste lines and most are controlled by a single caste.<ref name="Harold G. Coward 2000 p133"/> In most British towns and cities with a significant Sikh population, rival gurdwaras can be found with caste-specific management committees.{{sfn|Ballard|1994|p=110}} The caste system and caste identity is entrenched and reinforced.<ref name="Harold G. Coward 2000 p133" />{{sfn|Ballard|1994|pp=110–11}}

The few gurdwaras that accept inter-caste marriages do so reluctantly. Gurdwaras may insist on the presence of ''Singh'' and ''Kaur'' in the names of the bridegroom and bride, or deny them access to gurdwara-based religious services and community centres.<ref name="newageislam.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-pluralism/multiculturalism--the-rise-of-mixed-marriage-britain/d/6336 |title= Multiculturalism: The Rise of Mixed-marriage Britain, Islam and Pluralism |first=Ramindar |last=Singh |publisher=Newageislam.com |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

=== In the Caribbean ===
It is estimated that in 1883, about one-third of the immigrants who arrived in the Caribbean were Dalits. The shared experience of being exploited in a foreign land gradually broke down caste barriers in the Caribbean Hindu communities.<ref name="Naidu"/>

=== In Continental Europe ===
The [[Romani people]], originating in northern India, are said to be of Dalit ancestry.<ref name="DaviesDubinsky2018">{{cite book|last1=Davies |first1=William D. |last2=Dubinsky |first2=Stanley |title=Language Conflict and Language Rights: Ethnolinguistic Perspectives on Human Conflict |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=257 |language=en |date=9 August 2018|quote=The largest cohort of Roma is hypothesized to have entered the Punjab region of present-day Pakistan between 1001 and 1026 to fight on behalf of Hindu rulers against incursions of the Islamic Ghaznavid dynasty. Their motivation for doing so may have been a promise of promotion in caste (having at that time been associated with the Dalit caste, i.e. "untouchables").}}</ref><ref name="Nelson2012">{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dean |title=European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/9719058/European-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/9719058/European-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=9 September 2020 |language=en |date=3 December 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Between 1001 and 1026, the Romani fought under their Hindu rulers to fight the [[Ghaznavids]].<ref name="DaviesDubinsky2018"/>

=== In the United States ===
Many Dalits first came to the United States to flee caste-based oppression in South Asia. After the [[Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882]], the demand for labourers brought in many caste-diverse South Asian immigrants, many of whom were Dalit.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} After the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act]], immigrants from India were primarily professionals and students, largely from upper caste or dominant caste families. However, from the 1990s onwards, many more of the skilled professionals arriving from India have been Dalit, due to multiple generations of affirmative action policies in India, as well as ongoing efforts of organised resistance against caste discrimination.<ref name="equality labs"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Lerche | first=Jens | title=Transnational Advocacy Networks and Affirmative Action for Dalits in India | journal=Development and Change | volume=39 | issue=2 | date=2008 | issn=0012-155X | doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00478.x | pages=239–261}}</ref>

In 2018, Equality Labs released a report on "Caste in the United States". This report found that one in two Dalit Americans live in fear of their caste being "outed". In addition, 60% have experienced caste-based discriminatory jokes, and 25% have suffered verbal or physical assault because of their caste.<ref name="equality labs">{{cite report |last1=Zwick-Maitreyi |first1=M. |last2=Soundararajan |first2=T. |last3=Dar |first3=N.|last4=Bheel|first4=R.F. |last5=Balakrishnan |first5=P. |year=2018 |title=Caste in the United States. A Survey of Caste among South Asian Americans |publisher=Equality Labs, USA. |url=https://archive.org/details/caste-in-the-united-states-report-2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias | website=The World from PRX | date=2019-03-04 | url=https://theworld.org/stories/2019/03/04/no-escape-caste-these-shores-untouchables-india-say |access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref>

In late June 2020, the [[California Department of Fair Employment and Housing]] filed a lawsuit against [[Cisco Systems]], alleging that a Dalit engineer at the company faced discrimination from two of his upper-caste supervisors for his Dalit background.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case to Watch: Cisco lawsuit tests anti-bias laws' application to Indian caste system |url=https://today.westlaw.com/Document/Ia28d9d10d25e11ea85dce8228c52478f/View/FullText.html?transitionType=SearchItem&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=today.westlaw.com }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The lawsuit claims that "higher caste supervisors and co-workers imported the discriminatory system's practices into their team and Cisco's workplace".<ref>{{Cite web |title=California sues Cisco for bias based on Indian caste system |url=https://apnews.com/article/california-lawsuits-us-news-ca-state-wire-technology-594de601e8eb1a69eea5a625a08d8ecc |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=AP NEWS |date=July 2020 |language=en}}
</ref> In 2023, the California Civil Rights Department voluntarily dismissed its case alleging caste discrimination against two Cisco engineers, while still keeping alive its litigation against Cisco Systems.<ref name=":0" /> The CRD was later symbolically fined $2000 for their case against the two engineers and CISCO.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 June 2024 |title="U.S. court penalises California State department in caste discrimination lawsuit" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-court-penalises-california-state-department-in-caste-discrimination-lawsuit/article68310663.ece |access-date=July 9, 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Main|Dalit literature}}
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2021}}
Dalit literature encompasses writings by Dalits about their lived experiences, and it has emerged as a significant literary movement and forms a distinct part of [[Indian literature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meena Kandasamy: Brief Introduction to Dalit Literature |url=http://www.museindia.com/showconnew.asp?id%3D386 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107223124/http://www.museindia.com/showconnew.asp?id=386 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |access-date=17 September 2008 |website=Muse India}}</ref> It has formed an identity across various Indian languages, including [[Dalit literature|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bangla]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and others. The earliest identifiably Dalit writers were [[Madara Chennaiah]], an 11th-century cobbler-saint who lived in the reign of [[Western Chalukyas]] and who is regarded by some scholars as the "father of [[Vachana]] poetry" and Dohara Kakkaiah, a Dalit by birth, six of whose confessional poems survive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dohaara Kakkayya (ಡೋಹಾರ ಕಕ್ಕಯ್ಯ) |url=https://lingayatreligion.com/Sharanaru/Dohaara_Kakkayya |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Lingayat Religion |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503183214/https://lingayatreligion.com/Sharanaru/Dohaara_Kakkayya |url-status=dead }}</ref> The origins of modern Dalit writing can be traced back to the works of Marathi Dalit [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] poets and Tamil [[Siddhar|Siddhas]], suggesting a long-standing tradition of marginalized voices.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Satchidanandan|first1=K|title=Mainstreaming the subaltern|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl3001/stories/20130125300107700.htm|work=Frontline|volume=30|issue=1|date=25 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gundappa |first=Dr. |date=2019 |title=Emergence of Dalit Literature in India |url=https://anubooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/New-Horizons-of-Dalit-Culture-and-Literature-cOMPLETE.pdf |journal=Shodhmanthan |volume=X |issue=3 |pages=27–28 |issn=0976-5255}}</ref> This literary movement gained momentum in the mid-20th century, challenging the prevailing portrayals of life in mainstream literature. The publication of [[Jyotirao Phule]]'s Gulamgiri in 1873 marked a seminal moment in Dalit literature, shedding light on the plight of the Untouchables.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M.S. |first=Thimmanaik |date=2019 |title=Dalit Literature and Culture in Marginalized Society |url=https://anubooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/New-Horizons-of-Dalit-Culture-and-Literature-cOMPLETE.pdf |journal=Shodhmanthan |volume=X |issue=3 |pages=104–105 |issn=0976-5255}}</ref>

Dalit literature in India has flourished in various regional languages, reflecting the diverse experiences and struggles of Dalit communities across the country. In [[Maharashtra]], [[Baburao Bagul]]'s collection of stories, "Jevha Mi Jat Chorali" (When I had Concealed My Caste), published in 1963, marked a significant turning point, portraying the harsh realities of Dalit lives and garnering critical acclaim.<ref name="han">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&dq=Baburao+Bagul&pg=PA368 Issues of Language and Representation:Babu Rao Bagul] ''Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India'', Editors: Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. {{ISBN|0-313-28778-3}}. ''Page 368''.</ref><ref name="sa">[https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&dq=%22Baburao+Bagul%22+Awards&pg=PA409 Mother 1970] ''Indian short stories, 1900–2000'', by [[E. V. Ramakrishnan]]. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. ''Page 217'', ''Page 409'' (Biography).</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Baburao+Bagul&pg=PA1823 Jevha Mi Jat Chorali Hoti (1963)] ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2''. Editors Amaresh Datta. [[Sahitya Akademi]], 1988. {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}. ''Page 1823''.</ref> Writers like [[Namdeo Dhasal]] and [[Dagdu Maruti Pawar|Daya Pawar]] further strengthened the Dalit movement in Maharashtra introducing the seminal "[[Dalit Panthers|Dalit Panther]]" as part of the [[little magazine movement]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 Jan 2003 |title=Of art, identity, and politics |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702073745/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm |archive-date=2 July 2003}}</ref> [[Baburao Bagul]], Bandhu Madhav<ref>[http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/clippings.nsf/(docid)/D851E94A922C228E6525694200313C9C Dalit literature is not down and out any more]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Times of India]]'', 7 July 1989</ref> and [[Shankar Rao Kharat]], worked in the 1960s. Later the [[little magazine movement]] became popular.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Jugal Kishore |title=A Critical study of Dalit Literature in India |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/4JugalKishore.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031145352/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/4JugalKishore.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2008}}</ref> In Bengal, the Dalit literary movement began in 1992 after the suicide of [[Chuni Kotal]], leading to the formation of the Bangla Dalit Sahitya Sanstha and the launch of the magazine "Chaturtha Duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=2022-04-30 |title=Meet Chuni Kotal, the Dalit Advasi woman from Bengal who battled stigma in Indian education |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/meet-chuni-kotal-the-dalit-advasi-woman-from-bengal-who-battled-stigma-in-indian-education/937188/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=A Brief Introductory Overview of Bengali Dalit Literature – Y – The ILF Samanvay Blog |date=9 August 2016 |url=https://blog.ilfsamanvay.org/2016/03/22/a-brief-introductory-overview-of-bengali-dalit-literature/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508043614/https://blog.ilfsamanvay.org/2016/03/22/a-brief-introductory-overview-of-bengali-dalit-literature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prominent Dalit authors in [[Bengal]] include [[Manoranjan Byapari]], [[Jatin Bala]], and Kalyani Charal. Tamil Nadu has a long history of Dalit literature, starting from the efforts of [[Paraiyar|Parayars]] in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Buck |first1=David C. |title=Introduction |date=2020-10-09 |url=http://books.openedition.org/ifp/7176 |work=Tamil dalit literature : My own experience |pages=vii–xxxviii |editor-last=Kannan |editor-first=M. |access-date=2023-05-06 |series=Mondes Indiens/South Asia |place=Pondichéry |publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry |language=en |isbn=979-10-365-4987-8 |last2=M |first2=Kannan}}</ref> The Tamil Dalit literary movement gained momentum in the 1990s, influenced by the [[Mandal Commission]] report and Ambedkar centenary celebrations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangalam |first=B. |date=2007-01-01 |title=Tamil Dalit literature: an overview |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=02539071&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA165971997&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Language Forum |language=English |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=73–85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geetha |first=Krishnamurthy Alamelu |date=2011-08-01 |title=From Panchamars to Dalit |journal=Prose Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=117–131 |doi=10.1080/01440357.2011.632220 |s2cid=162139858 |issn=0144-0357}}</ref> Writers like [[Bama (writer)|Bama]], [[Joseph Macwan]], and [[Gogu Shyamala]] have made significant contributions to Tamil Dalit literature. In [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literature, Dalit voices gained prominence through the activism of leaders like [[Katti Padma Rao|Kathi Padma Rao]] and [[Bojja Tharakam|Bojja Tarakam]], addressing issues of caste discrimination and social injustice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharathi |first=Thummapudi |title=A history of Telugu Dalit literature |date=2008 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |isbn=978-81-7835-688-4 |location=Delhi |oclc=276229077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purushotham |first=K |date=2010 |title=Evolution of Telugu Dalit Literature |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=22 |pages=55–63 |jstor=27807079 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] Dalit literature emerged in the 1970s with magazines like Puma and Panther, inspired by the Dalit Panthers movement in Maharashtra. Writers such as Rameshchandra Parmar and Sahil Parmar played vital roles in its development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit Theatre in Gujarati: Trends, Patterns, Differences |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/dalit-theatre-gujarati-trends-patterns-differences |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rti_admin |date=2012-01-31 |title=Gujarati Dalit Literature: An Overview |url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/gujarati-dalit-literature-an-overview/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Round Table India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-25 |title=Tale of Dalit Sahitya in Gujarati literature |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/tale-of-dalit-sahitya-in-gujarati-literature/articleshow/63065532.cms |access-date=2023-05-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Odia language|Odia]] Dalit literature has a rich history dating back to the fifteenth century, with significant contributions from Sudramuni Sarala Dasa and [[Bhima Bhoi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Suratha Kumar |date=2021 |title=Genesis, Historicity and Persistence of Dalit Protest Literature and Movements in Odisha |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2455328X20987370 |journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=81–94 |doi=10.1177/2455328X20987370 |s2cid=233926734 |issn=2455-328X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |chapter=Caste and the literary imagination in the context of Odia literature: a reading of Akhila Nayak's Bheda |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315684314-16/caste-literary-imagination-context-odia-literature-reading-akhila-nayak-bheda-raj-kumar |title=Dalit Literatures in India |date=21 September 2023 |access-date=2023-05-06 |doi=10.4324/9781315684314 |isbn=978-1-315-68431-4 }}</ref> Writers like Basudeb Sunani and [[Pitambar Tarai]] have furthered the Dalit literary movement in [[Odisha]]. Additionally, Dalit literature encompasses various forms such as poetry, autobiographies, and oral history narratives, with notable works including "Karukku" by Bama and "The Weave of My Life" by [[Urmila Pawar]]. The Indian author Rajesh Talwar has written a play titled 'Gandhi, Ambedkar, and the Four-Legged Scorpion' in which the personal experiences of Ambedkar and the sufferings of the community have been highlighted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/books-used-books-textbooks/b?ie=UTF8&node=283155 |title=Amazon.com: Books |website=Amazon}}</ref>

In [[Sri Lanka]], writers such as K. Daniel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/p101/p1014/html/p10144e.htm |title=Lesson – 4: P10144 – The Novels of K. Daniel}}</ref> and [[Dominic Jeeva]] gained mainstream popularity.

== In the film industry ==
{{Main|Dalit music|Dalit Film and Cultural Festival}}
Until the 1980s, Dalits had little involvement in [[Bollywood]] or other film industries of India<ref>{{cite news |first=Avijit |last=Ghosh |title=Dalits strive to make it in Hindi, Bhojpuri films |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 April 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dalits-strive-to-make-it-in-Hindi-Bhojpuri-films/articleshow/2929497.cms |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> and the community were rarely depicted at the heart of storylines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit Representation in Bollywood |work=Mainstream Weekly |date=4 May 2013 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article4161.html |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> [[Chirag Paswan]] (son of Dalit leader [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]) launched his career in Bollywood with his debut film ''[[Miley Naa Miley Hum]]'' in 2011. Despite political connections and the financial ability to struggle against ingrained prejudices, Chirag was not able to "bag" any other movie project in the following years. Chirag, in his early days, described Bollywood as his "childhood dream", but eventually entered politics instead. When the media tried to talk to him about "Caste in Bollywood", he refused to talk about the matter.<ref name="Merinews 2011">{{cite web |title=Dalits in Bollywood: A skewed equation nobody is willing to talk about |website=Merinews |date=21 September 2011 |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/dalits-in-bollywood-a-skewed-equation-nobody-is-willing-to-talk-about/15888904.shtml |access-date=19 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001112506/http://www.merinews.com/article/dalits-in-bollywood-a-skewed-equation-nobody-is-willing-to-talk-about/15888904.shtml }}</ref> A recent Hindi film to portray a Dalit character in the leading role, although it was not acted by a Dalit, was ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'' (2007).<ref>{{cite news |last=Dhaliwal |first=Nirpal |title=How Bollywood is starting to deal with India's caste system |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 December 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/16/bollywood-india-caste-system |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> The continued use of caste based references to Dalit sub-castes in South Indian films (typecast and pigeonholed in their main socio-economic sub-group) angers many Dalit fans.<ref name="Naig 2015">{{cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |title=Caste references polarise Tamil film fans |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 July 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/baahubali-in-caste-issues/article7467345.ece |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>

A Brazilian telenovela ''[[Caminho das Índias|India: A Love Story]]'' was broadcast in 2009 where the main female character Maya, who is of upper class, falls in love with a Dalit person.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grudgings |first=Stuart |date=18 August 2009 |title=India is cool in Brazil thanks to hot 'novela' |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-41805320090818 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rai |first1=Swapnil |last2=Straubhaar |first2=Joseph |date=28 June 2016 |title=Road to India—A Brazilian Love Story: BRICS, Migration, and Cultural Flows in Brazil's Caminho das Indias |url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3812 |journal=International Journal of Communication |language=en |volume=10 |page=17 |issn=1932-8036}}</ref>

== Internal conflicts ==
{{main|Dalit feminism}}
Several Dalit groups are rivals and sometimes communal tensions are evident. A study found more than 900 Dalit sub-castes throughout India, with internal divisions.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book |page=54 |title=Dalits and Human Rights: Dalits: security and rights implications |first=Prem K. |last=Shinde}}</ref> Emphasising any one caste threatens what is claimed to be an emerging Dalit identity and fostering rivalry among SCs.{{sfn|Gorringe|2005|p=10}}

A DLM (Dalit Liberation Movement) party leader said in the early 2000s that it is easier to organise Dalits on a caste basis than to fight caste prejudice itself.{{sfn|Gorringe|2005|p = 10}}

[[Bhangi|Balmikis]] and [[Pasi (caste)|Pasis]] in the 1990s boycotted the BSP, claiming it was a [[Chamar|Jatav]] party.{{sfn|Jain|2005|p = 322}}<ref name="Vij 2009"/>

Many converted Dalit Sikhs claim a superior status over the Hindu [[Regar|Raigar]]s, [[Chamar|Joatia Chamar]]s and Ravidasis and sometimes refuse to intermarry with them.{{sfn|Jain|2005|p = 306}} They are divided into [[gotras]] that regulate their marriage alliances. In Andhra Pradesh, [[Mala (caste)|Mala]] and [[Madiga]] were constantly in conflict with each other<ref>{{cite book |first=Anderson H. M. |last=Jeremiah |title=Community and Worldview Among Paraiyars of South India: 'Lived' Religion |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3Q1MAQAAQBAJ}} |date=14 May 2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-7881-7}}</ref> but as of 2015 Mala and Madiga students work for common dalit cause at university level.<ref name="Henry 2015">{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Nikhila |title=The rising rage against in-campus policing |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 September 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-rising-rage-against-incampus-policing/article7619761.ece |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>

Although the [[Khateek]] (butchers) are generally viewed as a higher caste than Bhangis, the latter refuses to offer cleaning services to Khateeks, believing that their profession renders them unclean. They also consider the Balai, Dholi and Mogya as unclean and do not associate with them.<ref name="Shyamlal1992">{{cite book |last=Shyamlal |title=The Bhangi: A Sweeper Caste, Its Socio-economic Portraits: with Special Reference to Jodhpur City |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DUsxDMyv3fcC |page=25}} |page=25 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-550-6}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of Dalits}}

== See also ==
{{cmn|
*[[Dalit League]]
*[[Dalit studies]]
*[[Caste discrimination in the United States]]
*[[2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra]]
*[[Bhim Army]]
*[[Chaitya Bhoomi]]
*[[Dalit Buddhism]]
*[[Dalit History Month]]
*[[Dalit nationalism]]
*[[Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam]]
*[[Ayyathan Gopalan]]
*[[Bhopal Conference]]
*[[Deekshabhoomi]]
*[[Health care access among Dalits in India]]
*[[Lord Buddha TV]]
*[[Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada]], book on Marathwada dalit cuisine
*[[Mahadalit]]
*[[Marichjhapi massacre]]
*[[Nepaldalitinfo]]
*[[Namantar Andolan]]
}}

=== Similarly discriminated groups ===
{{cmn|
* {{lang|ko-latn|[[Baekjeong]]}}, [[Untouchability|untouchable]] [[caste]] in Korea.
* {{lang|vi|[[Bụi đời]]}}, outcast community of Vietnam after the [[Fall of Saigon]].
* {{lang|ja-latn|[[Burakumin]]}}, in Japan.
* [[Cagot]], in France and Spain.
* [[Caquins of Brittany]], in France
* {{lang|fr|[[Cascarots]]}}, an ethnic group in the Spanish Basque country and the French Basque coast sometimes linked to the Cagots.
* [[Limpieza de sangre|Cleanliness of blood]], ethnic discrimination in the Spanish Old Regime.
* [[Maragato]], in Spain.
* [[Melungeons]], of America's central [[Appalachia]].
* In China, [[Tanka people|Tanka]] in Guangdong ([[Cantonese]]: 疍家, "boat people"), [[Fuzhou Tanka]] in Fujian ([[Fuzhounese language|Fuzhounese]]: 曲蹄, {{ipa|cdo|kʰuo˥ lɛ˥˧|}}), ''si-min'' (small people) and ''mianhu'' in [[Jiangsu]], Gaibu (丐戶) and [[Duomin]] ([[Wu Chinese]]: 惰民, {{ipa|wuu|tu min|}}, "idle/lazy/fallen/indolent people") in, ''[[jiuxing yumin]]'' ({{zh|labels=yes|t=九姓魚民|l="nine name fishermen"}}) in the [[Yangtze]] River region, [[Yueji]] in [[Shaanxi]] ([[Jin Chinese]]: 乐籍, {{IPA|cjy|jəʔ˧ tsjəʔ˧|}}, the social class who entertains [the imperial court]")
* {{lang|es|[[Vaqueiros de alzada]]}}, in Northern Spain.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Ballard |first=Roger |title=Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-VH3ngEACAAJ |page=110}} |page=110 |year=1994 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Gorringe |first=Hugo |title=Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IFTySnKR2VEC}} |date=2005 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3323-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=L. C. |title=Decentralisation and Local Governance: Essays for George Mathew |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fLMhoSjuLbkC}} |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2707-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Jaina Community: A Social Survey |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FWdWrRGV_t8C}} |year=1980 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Takhar |first=Opinderjit Kaur |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=amluAAAAMAAJ}} |year=2005 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-5202-1}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Franco |first1=Fernando |title=Journeys to Freedom: Dalit Narratives |first2=Jyotsna |last2=Macwan |first3=Suguna |last3=Ramanathan |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-85604-65-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Partha S. |title=Positive Discrimination in India: A Political Analysis |journal=Ethnic Studies Report |volume=XV |issue=2 |date=July 1997 |url=http://www.ices.lk/publications/esr/articles_jul97/Esr-Ghosh.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312141948/http://www.ices.lk/publications/esr/articles_jul97/Esr-Ghosh.PDF|archive-date=12 March 2004}}
* {{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |title=Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-86232-460-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Limbale |first=Sharankumar |title=Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature |year=2004 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-2656-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Mani |first=Braj Ranjan |title=Debrahmanising History: Dominance and Resistance in Indian Society |year=2005 |isbn=81-7304-640-9 |publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors}}
* {{cite book |last=Michael |first=S. M. |title=Dalits in Modern India – Vision and Values |year=2007 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage Publications]] |isbn=978-0-7619-3571-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Dalits and the Democratic Revolution – Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India |author-link=Gail Omvedt |year=1994 |publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=81-7036-368-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity |author-link=Gail Omvedt |publisher=Orient Longman |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-250-2895-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Paik |first=Shailaja |url=https://www.academia.edu/37515978 |title=The rise of new Dalit women in Indian historiography |journal=History Compass |volume=16 |number=10 |date=2018 |article-number=e12491|doi=10.1111/hic3.12491 |s2cid=150339099 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Amar Nath |title=Dalit Literature: A Critical Exploration |first2=M. B. |last2=Gaijan |year=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-817-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajshekhar |first=V. T. |title=Dalit – The Black Untouchables of India |year=2003 |edition=2nd |publisher=Clarity Press |isbn=0-932863-05-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Rege |first=Sharmila |title=Writing Caste Writing Gender:Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonios |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-89013-01-1 |publisher=Zubaan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Samaddara |first1=Ranabira |title=Dalit Identity and Politics |first2=Ghanshyam |last2=Shah |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7619-9508-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Pradeep K. |title=Dalit Politics and Literature |publisher=Shipra Publications |year=2006|isbn=978-81-7541-271-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Zelliot |first=Eleanor |title=From Untouchable to Dalit – Essays on the Ambedkar Movement |author-link=Eleanor Zelliot |year=2005 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=81-7304-143-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Dalit}}
* [http://idsn.org International Dalit Solidarity Network]
* [https://www.getbengal.com/home/story_detail/is-there-dalit-literature-in-bangla Is there 'Dalit' literature in Bangla?]

{{Caste in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Prone to spam|date=November 2021}}

[[Category:Dalit| ]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in Nepal]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Nepal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Nepal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]

Khmer language

2026-03-20T03:17:27Z

Antoniochx: typo fix

{{Short description|Austroasiatic language}}
{{Redirect|Cambodian language|other languages spoken in Cambodia|Demographics of Cambodia#Languages}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Khmer
| altname = Cambodian
| nativename = {{lang|km|ភាសាខ្មែរ}}
/ {{lang|km|ខេមរភាសា}} {{transliteration|km|Phéasa Khmêr}} / {{transliteration|km|Khémôrôphéasa}}
| image = PhiesaKhmae.svg
| imagecaption = {{tlit|km|Phéasa Khmêr}} ('Khmer language') written in Khmer script
| pronunciation = {{IPA|km|pʰiəsaː kʰmae|}} {{IPA|km|kʰeːmarapʰiəsaː|}}
| states = {{ubl|[[Cambodia]]|[[Thailand]] ([[Eastern Thailand|East]] and [[Isan]])|[[Vietnam]] ([[Mekong Delta]] and [[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]])}}
| ethnicity = [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|19.477730|2}} million
| date = 2019
| ref = <ref name="e28|khm">{{e28|khm}}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|1.041900|1}} million (2024)<ref name="e28|khm">{{e28|khm}}</ref> Total: {{sigfig|20.519630|2}} million (2019–2024)<ref name="e28|khm">{{e28|khm}}</ref>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| fam1 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Khmeric language|Proto-Khmeric]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Khmer]]
| ancestor3 = [[Middle Khmer]]
| script = {{ubl|[[Khmer script]]|[[Khmer Braille]]}}
| nation = {{flag|Cambodia}}
| minority = {{ubl|{{Flag|Thailand}}|{{Flag|Vietnam}}}}
| iso1 = km
| iso1comment = Central Khmer
| agency = [[Royal Academy of Cambodia|Royal Academy of Cambodia, National Council of Khmer Language]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Council of Khmer Language |url=https://nckl.rac.gov.kh/ |access-date=12 April 2024 |website=nckl.rac.gov.kh}}</ref>
| iso2 = khm
| iso2comment = Central Khmer
| lc1 = khm
| ld1 = Khmer
| lc2 = kxm
| ld2 = [[Northern Khmer dialect|Northern Khmer]]
| lingua = 46-FBA-a
| glotto = khme1253
| glottoname = Khmeric
| glotto2 = cent1989
| glottoname2 = Central Khmer
| mapscale = 1
| map = Austroasiatic-en.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#61FFBC|Khmer}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Khmer}}
'''Khmer''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|m|ɛər}} {{respell|kə|MAIR}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|km|ខ្មែរ}}, [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]: {{transliteration|km|Khmêr}} {{IPA|km|kʰmae|}}) is an [[Austroasiatic language]] spoken natively by the [[Khmer people]] and is an [[official language]] and [[national language]] of [[Cambodia]]. The language is also widely spoken by Khmer people in [[Eastern Thailand]] and [[Isan]], [[Thailand]], as well as in the [[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeastern]] and [[Mekong Delta|Mekong]] regions of [[Vietnam]].

Khmer has been influenced considerably by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] especially in the royal and religious [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]], through [[Hinduism and Buddhism]],<ref name="cl">{{Cite book |last=Smyth |first=David A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRyungEACAAJ |title=Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles |last2=Jacob |first2=Judith Margaret |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-728-60218-2}}</ref> due to [[Old Khmer]] being the language of the historical empires of [[Chenla]] and [[Angkorian Empire|Angkor]].

The vast majority of Khmer speakers speak ''Central Khmer'', the dialect of the central plain where the Khmer are most heavily concentrated. Within Cambodia, regional accents exist in remote areas but these are regarded as varieties of Central Khmer. Two exceptions are the speech of the capital, [[Phnom Penh]], and that of the [[Khmer Khe]] in [[Stung Treng province]], both of which differ sufficiently enough from Central Khmer to be considered separate dialects of Khmer.

Outside of Cambodia, three distinct dialects are spoken by ethnic Khmers native to areas that were historically part of the [[Khmer Empire]]. The [[Northern Khmer dialect]] is spoken by over a million Khmers in the southern regions of [[Northeast Thailand]] and is treated by some linguists as a separate language. Khmer Krom, or Southern Khmer, is the first language of the [[Khmer Krom|Khmer of Vietnam]], while the Khmer living in the remote [[Cardamom Mountains]] speak a very conservative dialect that still displays features of the [[Middle Khmer]] language.

Khmer is primarily an [[analytic language|analytic]], [[isolating language]]. There are no [[inflection]]s, [[conjugation (grammar)|conjugations]] or [[grammatical case|case]] endings. Instead, [[Grammatical particle|particles]] and auxiliary words are used to indicate grammatical relationships. General word order is [[subject–verb–object]], and [[modifiers]] follow the word they modify. [[Classifier (linguistics)|Classifiers]] appear after numbers when used to count nouns, though not always so consistently as in languages like [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. In spoken Khmer, [[topic-comment]] structure is common, and the perceived social relation between participants determines which sets of vocabulary, such as pronouns and honorifics, are proper.

Khmer differs from neighboring languages such as [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] in that it is not a [[tonal language]]. Words are [[stress (linguistics)|stressed]] on the final syllable, hence many words conform to the typical Mon–Khmer pattern of a stressed syllable preceded by a [[minor syllable]]. The language has been written in the [[Khmer script]], an [[abugida]] descended from the [[Brahmi script]] via the southern Indian [[Pallava script]], since at least the 7th century. The script's form and use has evolved over the centuries; its modern features include subscripted versions of consonants used to write [[consonant cluster|clusters]] and a division of consonants into two series with different [[inherent vowel]]s.

==Classification==
{{Main|Austroasiatic languages}}

Khmer is a member of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family, the autochthonous family in an area that stretches from the Malay Peninsula through Southeast Asia to East India.<ref name=DiffZide>Diffloth, Gerard & Zide, Norman. [http://emile.uni-graz.at/pub/05s/2005-05-0219.PDF ''Austroasiatic Languages''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425153023/http://emile.uni-graz.at/pub/05s/2005-05-0219.PDF |date=2012-04-25 }}.</ref> Austroasiatic, which also includes [[Mon language|Mon]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] and [[Munda language|Munda]], has been studied since 1856 and was first proposed as a language family in 1907.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=David |year=1964 |title=A survey of Austroasiatic and Mon-Khmer comparative studies |journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]] |volume=1 |pages=149–163 |url=http://www.mksjournal.org/ |access-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref> Despite the amount of research, there is still doubt about the internal relationship of the languages of Austroasiatic.<ref name=SidwellNew>Sidwell, Paul (2009a). [http://www.jolr.ru/files/%2851%29jlr2010-4%28117-134%29.pdf The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis]. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX.</ref>

Diffloth places Khmer in an eastern branch of the [[Mon-Khmer languages]].<ref name=Diffloth05>Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. ''The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.'' 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.</ref> In these classification schemes Khmer's closest genetic relatives are the [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] and [[Pearic languages]].<ref name="Shorto">Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). ''A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary''. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|0-85883-570-3}}</ref> More recent classifications doubt the validity of the Mon-Khmer sub-grouping and place the Khmer language as its own branch of Austroasiatic equidistant from the other 12 branches of the family.<ref name=SidwellNew />

==Geographic distribution and dialects==
[[File:Approximate Location of Khmer Dialects.png|thumb|The approximate locations where various dialects of Khmer are spoken]]
Khmer is spoken by some 13 million people in [[Cambodia]], where it is the official language. It is also a second language for most of the minority groups and indigenous hill tribes there. Additionally there are a million speakers of Khmer native to southern [[Vietnam]] (1999 census)<ref>{{e18|khm|Central Khmer}}</ref> and 1.4 million in northeast [[Thailand]] (2006).<ref>{{e18|kxm|Northern Khmer}}</ref>

Khmer [[dialect]]s, although mutually intelligible, are sometimes quite marked. Notable variations are found in speakers from [[Phnom Penh]] (Cambodia's capital city), the rural [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] area, the areas of Northeast Thailand adjacent to Cambodia such as [[Surin province]], the [[Cardamom Mountains]], and southern Vietnam.<ref name="SIDWELL">{{cite web|last1=Sidwell|first1=Paul|title=Khmer/Cambodian|website=Mon-Khmer.com|publisher=Australian National University|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119044006/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Khmer-Cambodian.html|archive-date=2011-01-19|format=lecture|url=http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Khmer-Cambodian.html|date=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Khmer American: Identity and Moral Education in a Diasporic Community |author= Nancy Joan Smith-Hefner|year=1999|publisher=University of California|isbn=978-0-520-21349-4}}</ref><ref name="JoP">{{cite journal|last1=Wayland|first1=Ratree|last2=Jongman|first2=Allard|title=Acoustic correlates of breathy and clear vowels: the case of Khmer|journal=Journal of Phonetics|date=2003|volume=31|issue=2|pages=181–201|url=https://kuppl.ku.edu/sites/kuppl.drupal.ku.edu/files/images/general/jongman/Wayland%20%26%20Jongman%2003.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://kuppl.ku.edu/sites/kuppl.drupal.ku.edu/files/images/general/jongman/Wayland%20%26%20Jongman%2003.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2016|doi=10.1016/s0095-4470(02)00086-4}}</ref> The dialects form a [[dialect continuum|continuum]] running roughly north to south. Standard Cambodian Khmer is mutually intelligible with the others but a [[Khmer Krom]] speaker from Vietnam, for instance, may have great difficulty communicating with a Khmer native of [[Sisaket Province]] in Thailand.

The following is a classification scheme showing the development of the modern Khmer dialects.<ref name="Sidwell2009">Sidwell, Paul (2009). ''Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art''. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ferlus | first1 = Michel | year = 1992 | title = Essai de phonétique historique du khmer (du milieu du premier millénaire de notre ère à l'époque actuelle) | journal = [[Mon-Khmer Studies]] | volume = 2 | issue = 6| pages = 7–28 |url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00927221v2/document}}</ref>

{{tree list}}
* [[Middle Khmer]]
** Cardamom (Western) Khmer
** Central Khmer
*** Surin (Northern) Khmer
*** Standard Khmer and related dialects (including Khmer Krom)
{{tree list/end}}

[[File:Chantara 20210210 khm.webm|thumb|A speaker of the Phnom Penh dialect of Khmer]]
'''Standard Khmer''', or '''Central Khmer''', the language as taught in Cambodian schools and used by the media, is based on the dialect spoken throughout the [[Geography of Cambodia#Central plain|Central Plain]],<ref name="HUFF" /> a region encompassed by the northwest and central provinces.

'''[[Northern Khmer dialect|Northern Khmer]]''' (called {{transliteration|km|Khmer Surin}} in Khmer) refers to the dialects spoken by many in several border provinces of present-day northeast Thailand. After the fall of the Khmer Empire in the early 15th century, the Dongrek Mountains served as a natural border leaving the Khmer north of the mountains under the sphere of influence of the Kingdom of [[Lan Xang]]. The conquests of Cambodia by [[Naresuan]] the Great for [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] furthered their political and economic isolation from Cambodia proper, leading to a dialect that developed relatively independently from the midpoint of the Middle Khmer period.<ref name="Bernon">{{cite journal|last1=Olivier|first1=Bernon de|editor1-last=Cholticha|editor1-first=Bamroongraks|editor2-last=Wilaiwan|editor2-first=Khanittanan|editor3-last=Laddawan|editor3-first=Permch|title=Khmer of Surin: Lexical Remarks|journal=The International Symposium on Language and Linguistics|date=1988|pages=258–262|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bernon1988khmer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bernon1988khmer.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2016|location=Bangkok, Thailand: Thammasat University}}</ref>

This has resulted in a distinct accent influenced by the surrounding tonal languages [[Isan language|Lao]] and [[Thai language|Thai]], lexical differences, and phonemic differences in both vowels and distribution of consonants. Syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}}, which has become silent in other dialects of Khmer, is still pronounced in Northern Khmer. Some linguists classify Northern Khmer as a separate but closely related language rather than a dialect.<ref name=Thomas>{{cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = David | year = 1990 | title = On the 'language' status of Northern Khmer | journal = JLC | volume = 9 | issue = 1| pages = 98–106 }}</ref><ref name=SUW>[http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/24:1-26.pdf Phonetic variation of final trill and final palatals in Khmer dialects of Thailand] Suwilai, Premsrirat; Mahidol University; ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' 24:1–26; pg 1</ref>

'''[[Western Khmer]]''', also called Cardamom Khmer or Chanthaburi Khmer, is spoken by a very small, isolated population in the [[Cardamom Mountains|Cardamom mountain]] range extending from western Cambodia into eastern [[Central Thailand]]. Although little studied, this variety is unique in that it maintains a definite system of [[Register (phonology)|vocal register]] that has all but disappeared in other dialects of modern Khmer.<ref name="DiffZide" />

'''Phnom Penh Khmer''' is spoken in the capital and surrounding areas. This dialect is characterized by merging or complete [[elision]] of syllables, which speakers from other regions consider a "relaxed" pronunciation. For instance, "Phnom Penh" is sometimes shortened to "m'Penh". Another characteristic of Phnom Penh speech is observed in words with an "r" either as an initial consonant or as the second member of a [[consonant cluster]] (as in the English word "bread"). The "r", [[Alveolar trill|trilled]] or [[Alveolar tap|flapped]] in other dialects, is either pronounced as a [[uvular trill]] or not pronounced at all.<ref name="Smalley">{{cite book|title=Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Language Ecology in Thailand |author= William Allen A. Smalley|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-76288-3}}</ref>

This alters the quality of any preceding consonant, causing a harder, more emphasized pronunciation. Another unique result is that the syllable is spoken with a low-rising or "dipping" [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] much like the "hỏi" tone in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]. For example, some people pronounce {{lang|km|ត្រី}} {{IPA|[trəj]}} ('fish') as {{IPA|[tʰəj]}}: the {{IPA|[r]}} is dropped and the vowel begins by dipping much lower in tone than standard speech and then rises, effectively doubling its length. Another example is the word {{lang|km|រៀន}} {{IPA|[riən]}} ('study'), which is pronounced {{IPA|[ʀiən]}}, with the uvular "r" and the same intonation described above.<ref name="Smalley" />

'''[[Khmer Krom]]''' or '''Southern Khmer''' is spoken by the indigenous Khmer population of the [[Mekong Delta]], formerly controlled by the Khmer Empire but part of Vietnam since 1698. Khmers are persecuted by the Vietnamese government for using their native language and, since the 1950s, have been forced to take Vietnamese names.<ref name=UNPC>Unrepresented Peoples and Nations Organization [http://www.unpo.org/members/7887 Khmer Krom Profile] Retrieved 19 June 2012</ref> Consequently, very little research has been published regarding this dialect. It has been generally influenced by Vietnamese for three centuries and accordingly displays a pronounced accent, tendency toward monosyllabic words and lexical differences from Standard Khmer.<ref>Thach, Ngoc Minh. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120621002017/http://ip-173-201-189-182.ip.secureserver.net/archives/mks/pdf/29:81-95.pdf Monosyllablization in Kiengiang Khmer]. University of Ho Chi Minh City.</ref>

'''[[Khmer Khe language|Khmer Khe]]''' is spoken in the [[Tonlé San|Se San]], [[Srepok River|Srepok]] and [[Kong River|Sekong]] river valleys of [[Sesan District|Sesan]] and [[Siem Pang District|Siem Pang]] districts in [[Stung Treng Province]]. Following the decline of Angkor, the Khmer abandoned their northern territories, which the Lao then settled. In the 17th century, Chey Chetha XI led a Khmer force into Stung Treng to retake the area. The Khmer Khe living in this area of Stung Treng in modern times are presumed to be the descendants of this group. Their dialect is thought to resemble that of pre-modern Siem Reap.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Try|first1=Tuon|last2=Chambers|first2=Marcus|title=Situation Analysis|journal=Stung Treng Province Cambodia, IUCN, MRC, UNDP|date=2006|pages=45–46|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org.iucn.vm.iway.ch/downloads/cambodia_situation_analysis_stung_treng_province_camboida_english_pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cmsdata.iucn.org.iucn.vm.iway.ch/downloads/cambodia_situation_analysis_stung_treng_province_camboida_english_pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=20 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Historical periods==
{{further|Old Khmer|Middle Khmer}}
[[File:AncientKhmerScript.jpg|thumb|A stone carved in Old Khmer]]
[[Linguistics|Linguistic]] study of the Khmer language divides its history into four periods, one of which, the Old Khmer period, is subdivided into pre-Angkorian and Angkorian.<ref name="Sak">Sak-Humphry, Channy. [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/sak-humphry1993syntax.pdf ''The Syntax of Nouns and Noun Phrases in Dated Pre-Angkorian Inscriptions'']. ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' 22: 1–26.</ref> Pre-Angkorian Khmer is the Old Khmer language from 600 through 800 CE. Angkorian Khmer is the language as it was spoken in the [[Khmer Empire]] from the 9th century until the 13th century.<ref name="Jacobs">{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Judith|date=1993|title=The deliberate use of foreign vocabulary by the Khmer: changing fashions, methods, and sources|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1993deliberate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630054754/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1993deliberate.pdf |archive-date= Jun 30, 2023|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The following centuries saw changes in [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[phonology]] and [[lexicon]]. The language of this transition period, from about the 14th to 18th centuries, is referred to as Middle Khmer and saw borrowings from Thai in the literary register.<ref name="Jacobs" /> Modern Khmer is dated from the 19th century to today.<ref name="Sak" />

The following table shows the conventionally accepted historical stages of Khmer.<ref name="Sidwell2009" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical Stages of Khmer
! c=01| Historical stage
! c=02| Date
|-
| c=01| Pre- or [[Proto-Khmeric language|Proto-Khmer]]
| c=02| Before 600 CE
|-
| c=01| Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer
| c=02| 600–800
|-
| c=01| Angkorian Old Khmer
| c=02| 800 to mid-14th century
|-
| c=01| [[Middle Khmer]]
| c=02| Mid-14th century to 18th century
|-
| c=01| Modern Khmer
| c=02| 1800–present
|}

Just as modern Khmer was emerging from the transitional period represented by Middle Khmer, Cambodia fell under the [[French protectorate of Cambodia|influence]] of [[France|French]] [[French colonial empire|colonialism]].<ref name=CBHP>{{cite book
| last = Harris | first = Ian | title = Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 2008 | location = Hawaii | isbn = 978-0-8248-3298-8}}</ref> Thailand, which had for centuries claimed suzerainty over Cambodia and controlled succession to the Cambodian throne, began losing its influence on the language.<ref name="Candler1">{{cite book|last1=Chandler|first1=David P.|title=A history of Cambodia|date=1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0813309262|edition=2, illustrated|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcambodi00chan}}</ref> In 1887 Cambodia was fully integrated into [[French Indochina]], which brought in a [[French language|French]]-speaking aristocracy. This led to French becoming the language of higher education and the intellectual class. By 1907, the French had wrested over half of modern-day Cambodia, including the north and northwest where Thai had been the prestige language, back from Thai control and reintegrated it into the country.<ref name="Candler1" />

Many native scholars in the early 20th century, led by a monk named [[Chuon Nath]], resisted the French and Thai influences on their language. Forming the government sponsored Cultural Committee to define and standardize the modern language, they championed Khmerization, purging of foreign elements, reviving affixation, and the use of Old Khmer roots and historical Pali and Sanskrit to coin new words for modern ideas.<ref name=CBHP /><ref name="coinage">{{cite journal|last1=Sasagawa|first1=Hideo|title=The Establishment of the National Language in Twentieth-Century Cambodia: Debates on Orthography and Coinage|journal=Southeast Asian Studies|date=2015|volume=4|issue=1|url=http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/197740/1/sas_4_1_5_sasagawa.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/197740/1/sas_4_1_5_sasagawa.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> Opponents, led by [[Keng Vannsak]], who embraced "total Khmerization" by denouncing the reversion to classical languages and favoring the use of contemporary colloquial Khmer for neologisms, and [[Ieu Koeus]], who favored borrowing from Thai, were also influential.<ref name="coinage" />

Koeus later joined the Cultural Committee and supported Nath. Nath's views and prolific work won out and he is credited with cultivating modern Khmer-language identity and culture, overseeing the translation of the entire Pali Buddhist canon into Khmer. He also created the modern Khmer language dictionary that is still in use today, helping preserve Khmer during the French colonial period.<ref name=CBHP />

==Phonology==
{{Khmer language}}
The phonological system described here is the inventory of sounds of the standard spoken language,<ref name="HUFF">Huffman, Franklin. 1970. ''[http://www.pratyeka.org/csw/hlp-csw.pdf Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301072724/http://www.pratyeka.org/csw/hlp-csw.pdf |date=2021-03-01 }}''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-01314-0}}</ref> represented using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA).

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} ម, ម៉
| {{IPA link|n}} ន, ណ
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} ញ, ញ៉
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} ង, ង៉
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}} ({{IPA link|pʰ}}) ផ, ភ, ព
| {{IPA link|t}} ({{IPA link|tʰ}}) ថ, ឋ, ឍ, ធ, ត, ទ
| {{IPA link|c}} ({{IPA link|cʰ}}) ច, ជ, ឆ, ឈ
| {{IPA link|k}} ({{IPA link|kʰ}}) ក, គ, ខ, ឃ
| rowspan="2"| {{IPA link|ʔ}} អ, អ៊
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|ɓ}} ~ {{IPA link|b}} ប, ប៊
| {{IPA link|ɗ}} ~ {{IPA link|d}} ដ, ឌ
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}} ស, ស៊
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}} ហ, ហ៊
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
! {{small|[[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|r}} រ៉, រ
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}} ឡ, ល
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} ~ {{IPA link|w}} វ៉, វ
|
| {{IPA link|j}} យ៉, យ
|
|
|}

The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /c/, /k/}} may occur with or without [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] (as {{IPA|[p]}} vs. {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, etc.); this difference is contrastive before a vowel. However, the aspirated sounds in that position may be analyzed as sequences of two [[phoneme]]s: {{IPA|/ph/, /th/, /ch/, /kh/}}. This analysis is supported by the fact that [[infix]]es can be inserted between the stop and the aspiration; for example {{IPA|[tʰom]}} ('big') becomes {{IPA|[tumhum]}} ('size') with a nominalizing infix. When one of these plosives occurs initially before another consonant, aspiration is no longer contrastive and can be regarded as mere phonetic detail:<ref name="ELL">{{cite book|last=Minegishi|first=M|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|editor=Keith Brown|publisher=Elsevier|year=2006|edition=2|pages=4981–4984|chapter=Khmer}}</ref><ref name=SOAS>{{cite book|last=Jacob|first=JM|title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia: Key Papers from SOAS|editor=VI Braginskiĭ|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|chapter=The Structure of the Word in Old Khmer}}</ref> slight aspiration is expected when the following consonant is not one of {{IPA|/ʔ/, /b/, /d/, /r/, /s/, /h/}} (or {{IPA|/ŋ/}} if the initial plosive is {{IPA|/k/}}).

The voiced plosives are pronounced as [[implosive consonant|implosives]] {{IPA|[ɓ, ɗ]}} by most speakers, but this feature is weak in educated speech, where they become {{IPA|[b, d]}}.<ref>''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'', OUP 2003, p. 356.</ref>

In syllable-final position, {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʋ/}} approach {{IPA|[ç]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} respectively. The stops {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /c/, /k/}} are unaspirated and have [[no audible release]] when occurring as syllable finals.<ref name="HUFF" />

In addition, the consonants {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} occur occasionally in recent [[loan word]]s in the speech of Cambodians familiar with French and other languages.

===Vowels===
Various authors have proposed slightly different analyses of the Khmer vowel system. This may be in part because of the wide degree of variation in pronunciation between individual speakers, even within a dialectal region.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/21736/1/jaas031010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/21736/1/jaas031010.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live| title= On Takeo Dialects of Khmer: Phonology and World List| first=Makoto| last=Minegishi| year=1986| access-date=2008-12-04}}</ref> The description below follows Huffman (1970).<ref name="HUFF" /> The number of vowel nuclei and their values vary between dialects; differences exist even between the Standard Khmer system and that of the Battambang dialect on which the standard is based.<ref name=Accoustic>Wayland, Ratree. [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/wayland1998acoustic.pdf "An Acoustic Study of Battambang Khmer Vowels."] ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' 28. (1998): 43–62.</ref>
[[File:Khmer vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Vowel Diagram (Monophthongs)]]
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Monophthongs of Khmer<ref name="HUFF" />
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! short
! long
! short
! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} អ៊ិ
| {{IPA link|iː}} អ៊ី
| {{IPA link|ɨ}} អ៊ឹ
| {{IPA link|ɨː}} អ៊ឺ
| {{IPA link|u}} អ៊ុ
| {{IPA link|uː}} អ៊ូ
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} អិ
| {{IPA link|eː}} អេ
| {{IPA link|ə}} អឹ
| {{IPA link|əː}} អឺ
| {{IPA link|o}} អុ
| {{IPA link|oː}} អូ, អ៊ោ
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɛː}} អ៊ែ
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɔː}} អ៊
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a}} អា់
| {{IPA link|aː}} អា
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ}} អ់
| {{IPA link|ɑː}} អ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ [[Diphthongs]] of Khmer<ref name="HUFF" />
! colspan="2" |
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan="5" | Long
!centering
| {{IPA|iə}} អៀ, អ៊ា
| {{IPA|ɨə}} អឿ
| {{IPA|ɔə}}, {{IPA|uə}} អួ
|-
!mid closing
| {{IPA|ei}}, {{IPA|ɛi}} អ៊ៃ, អី
|
| {{IPA|om}} អុំ
|-
!open closing
| {{IPA|ae}} អែ
| {{IPA|aə}} អើ
| {{IPA|ao}} អុ
|-
!mid opening
| {{IPA|um}} អ៊ុំ, អ៊ំ, អុំ
| {{IPA|eh}} អេះ
| {{IPA|ih}} អិះ
|-
!close opening
| {{IPA|aw}} អៅ
| {{IPA|ɑm}}, {{IPA|am}} អំ, អាំ
| {{IPA|ɑh}}, {{IPA|ah}} អោះ, អះ
|}

In addition, some diphthongs and triphthongs are analyzed as a vowel nucleus plus a [[semivowel]] ({{IPA|/j/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}) coda because they cannot be followed by a final consonant. These include: (with short monophthongs) {{IPA|/ɨw/}}, {{IPA|/əw/}}, {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}}, {{IPA|/uj/}}; (with long monophthongs) {{IPA|/əːj/}}, {{IPA|/aːj/}}; (with long diphthongs) {{IPA|/iəj/}}, {{IPA|/iəw/}}, {{IPA|/ɨəj/}}, {{IPA|/aoj/}}, {{IPA|/aəj/}} and {{IPA|/uəj/}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=An Examination of the Vowels and final Consonants in Correspondences between pre-Angkor and modern Khmer|journal=Pacific Linguistics|date=1976|volume=42|issue=19|pages=27–34|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1976examination.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/jacob1976examination.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Independent vowels of Khmer<ref name="HUFF" />
|-
!Khmer Vowels
!IPA
|-
| ឥ
| {{IPA|ʔe}}
|-
| ឦ
| {{IPA|ʔej}}
|-
| ឧ
| {{IPA|ʔu}}
|-
| ឩ
| {{IPA|ʔuː}}
|-
| ឪ
| {{IPA|ʔɜw, ʔɨw}}
|-
| ឫ
| {{IPA|rɨ}}
|-
| ឬ
| {{IPA|rɨː}}
|-
| ឭ
| {{IPA|lɨ}}
|-
| ឮ
| {{IPA|lɨː}}
|-
| ឯ
| {{IPA|ʔae}}
|-
| ឰ
| {{IPA|ʔaj}}
|-
| ឱ, ឲ
| {{IPA|ʔao}}
|-
| ឳ
| {{IPA|ʔaw}}
|}

The independent vowels are the vowels that can exist without a preceding or trailing consonant. The independent vowels may be used as monosyllabic words, or as the initial syllables in longer words. Khmer words never begin with regular vowels; they can, however, begin with independent vowels. Example: ឰដ៏, ឧទាហរណ៍, ឧត្តម, ឱកាស...។

===Syllable structure===
A Khmer [[syllable]] begins with a single consonant, or else with a [[consonant cluster|cluster]] of two, or rarely three, consonants. The only possible clusters of three consonants at the start of a syllable are {{IPA|/str/, /skr/}},<ref name=ppak>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Cambodia/ITC/Papers/2007/0701/phonetic-and-phonological-analysis.pdf |title=Phonetic and Phonological Analysis of Khmer |access-date=2012-02-21 |archive-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619070329/http://www.panl10n.net/english/Outputs%20Phase%202/CCs/Cambodia/ITC/Papers/2007/0701/phonetic-and-phonological-analysis.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> and (with aspirated consonants analyzed as two-consonant sequences) {{IPA|/sth/, /lkh/}}. There are 85 possible two-consonant clusters (including [pʰ] etc. analyzed as {{IPA|/ph/}} etc.). All the clusters are shown in the following table, phonetically, i.e. superscript {{IPA|ʰ}} can mark either contrastive or non-contrastive aspiration (see [[#Consonants|above]]).

{| class="wikitable"
! | || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|ɓ}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|ɗ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ʔ}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ʋ}} || t+h || k+h || t+r || k+r
|-
! {{IPA|p}}
| || || {{IPA|pʰt}}- || {{IPA|pɗ}}- || {{IPA|pʰc}}- || {{IPA|pʰk}}- || {{IPA|pʔ}}- || || {{IPA|pʰn}}- || {{IPA|pʰɲ}}- || {{IPA|pʰŋ}}- || {{IPA|pʰj}}- || {{IPA|pʰl}}- || {{IPA|pr}}- || {{IPA|ps}}- || {{IPA|pʰ}}- || || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰp}}- || {{IPA|tɓ}}- || || || || {{IPA|tʰk}}- || {{IPA|tʔ}}- || {{IPA|tʰm}}- || {{IPA|tʰn}}- || || {{IPA|tʰŋ}}- || {{IPA|tʰj}}- || {{IPA|tʰl}}- || {{IPA|tr}}- || || {{IPA|tʰ}}- || {{IPA|tʰʋ}}- || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|cʰp}}- || {{IPA|cɓ}}- || || {{IPA|cɗ}}- || || {{IPA|cʰk}}- || {{IPA|cʔ}}- || {{IPA|cʰm}}- || {{IPA|cʰn}}- || || {{IPA|cʰŋ}}- || || {{IPA|cʰl}}- || {{IPA|cr}}- || || {{IPA|cʰ}}- || {{IPA|cʰʋ}}- || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰp}}- || {{IPA|kɓ}}- || {{IPA|kʰt}}- || {{IPA|kɗ}}- || {{IPA|kʰc}}- || || {{IPA|kʔ}}- || {{IPA|kʰm}}- || {{IPA|kʰn}}- || {{IPA|kʰɲ}}- || {{IPA|kŋ}}- || {{IPA|kʰj}}- || {{IPA|kʰl}}- || {{IPA|kr}}- || {{IPA|ks}}- || {{IPA|kʰ}}- || {{IPA|kʰʋ}}- || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|sp}}- || {{IPA|sɓ}}- || {{IPA|st}}- || {{IPA|sɗ}}- || || {{IPA|sk}}- || {{IPA|sʔ}}- || {{IPA|sm}}- || {{IPA|sn}}- || {{IPA|sɲ}}- || {{IPA|sŋ}}- || || {{IPA|sl}}- || {{IPA|sr}}- || || || {{IPA|sʋ}}- || {{IPA|stʰ}}- || || str- || skr-
|-
! {{IPA|ʔ}}
| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʔʋ}}- || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|m}}
| || || {{IPA|mt}}- || {{IPA|mɗ}}- || {{IPA|mc}}- || || {{IPA|mʔ}}- || || {{IPA|mn}}- || {{IPA|mɲ}}- || || || {{IPA|ml}}- || {{IPA|mr}}- || {{IPA|ms}}- || {{IPA|mh}}- || || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|lp}}- || {{IPA|lɓ}}- || || || || {{IPA|lk}}- || {{IPA|lʔ}}- || {{IPA|lm}}- || || || {{IPA|lŋ}}- || || || || || {{IPA|lh}}- || {{IPA|lʋ}}- || || {{IPA|lkʰ}}- || ||
|}

Slight vowel [[epenthesis]] occurs in the clusters consisting of a plosive followed by {{IPA|/ʔ/, /b/, /d/}}, in those beginning {{IPA|/ʔ/, /m/, /l/}}, and in the cluster {{IPA|/kŋ-/}}.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|8–9}}

After the initial consonant or consonant cluster comes the syllabic [[nucleus (syllable)|nucleus]], which is one of the [[#Vowels|vowels]] listed above. This vowel may end the syllable or may be followed by a [[syllable coda|coda]], which is a single consonant. If the syllable is stressed and the vowel is short, there must be a final consonant. All consonant sounds except {{IPA|/b/, /d/, /r/, /s/}} and the aspirates can appear as the coda (although final {{IPA|/r/}} is heard in some dialects, most notably in [[Northern Khmer dialect|Northern Khmer]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nacaskul|first1=Karnchana|title=The syllabic and morphological structure of Cambodian words|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|date=1978|volume=7|page=187|url=https://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/7:183-200.pdf|access-date=24 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131733/https://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/7:183-200.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

A [[minor syllable]] (unstressed syllable preceding the main syllable of a word) has a structure of CV-, CrV-, CVN- or CrVN- (where C is a consonant, V a vowel, and N a nasal consonant). The vowels in such syllables are usually short; in conversation they may be [[vowel reduction|reduced]] to {{IPA|[ə]}}, although in careful or formal speech, including on television and radio, they are clearly articulated. An example of such a word is {{lang|km|មនុស្ស}} ''mɔnuh, mɔnɨh, mĕəʾnuh'' ('person'), pronounced {{IPA|[mɔˈnuh]}}, or more casually {{IPA|[məˈnuh]}}.<ref name=ModSpok>{{cite book|last1=Huffman|first1=Franklin|title=Modern Spoken Cambodian|date=1970|publisher=Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0877275213|edition=1998}}</ref>{{rp|10}}

===Stress===
[[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] in Khmer falls on the final syllable of a word.<ref name="Schiller">{{cite web| url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/schiller1994khmer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/schiller1994khmer.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | title= Khmer Nominalizing and Causitivizing Infixes| year=1994 | first=Eric| last= Schiller | publisher=University of Chicago| access-date =2008-12-04}}</ref> Because of this predictable pattern, stress is non-[[phoneme|phonemic]] in Khmer (it does not distinguish different meanings).
Primary stress falls on the final syllable, with [[secondary stress]] on every second syllable from the end. Thus in a three-syllable word, the first syllable has secondary stress; in a four-syllable word, the second syllable has secondary stress; in a five-syllable word, the first and third syllables have secondary stress, and so on.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|10–11}} Long polysyllables are not often used in conversation.<ref name="HUFF" />{{rp|12}}

Most Khmer words consist of either one or two syllables. In most native disyllabic words, the first syllable is a [[minor syllable|minor]] (fully unstressed) syllable. Such words have been described as ''sesquisyllabic'' (i.e. as having one-and-a-half syllables). There are also some disyllabic words in which the first syllable does not behave as a minor syllable, but takes [[secondary stress]]. Most such words are [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]], but some are single [[morpheme]]s (generally loanwords). An example is {{lang|km|ភាសា}} ('language'), pronounced {{IPA|[ˌpʰiəˈsaː]}}.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|10}}
Words with three or more syllables, if they are not compounds, are mostly loanwords, usually derived from Pali, Sanskrit, or more recently, French. They are nonetheless adapted to Khmer stress patterns.<ref name=KhDict>Headley, Robert K.; Chhor, Kylin; Lim, Lam Kheng; Kheang, Lim Hak; Chun, Chen. 1977. ''Cambodian-English Dictionary''. Bureau of Special Research in Modern Languages. The Catholic University of America Press. Washington, D.C. {{ISBN|0-8132-0509-3}}</ref>

Compounds, however, preserve the stress patterns of the constituent words. Thus {{lang|km|សំបុកចាប}}, the name of a kind of cookie (literally 'bird's nest'), is pronounced {{IPA|[sɑmˌbok ˈcaːp]}}, with secondary stress on the second rather than the first syllable, because it is composed of the words {{IPA|[sɑmˈbok]}} ('nest') and {{IPA|[caːp]}} ('bird').<ref name=KhDict />

===Phonation and tone===
{{See also|Tonogenesis}}
Khmer once had a [[phonation]] distinction in its vowels, but this now survives only in the most archaic dialect ([[Western Khmer dialect|Western Khmer]]).<ref name=DiffZide /> The distinction arose historically when vowels after Old Khmer voiced consonants became [[breathy voice]]d and diphthongized; for example {{IPA|*kaa, *ɡaa}} became {{IPA|*kaa, *ɡe̤a}}. When consonant voicing was lost, the distinction was maintained by the vowel ({{IPA|*kaa, *ke̤a}}); later the phonation disappeared as well ({{IPA|[kaː], [kiə]}}).<ref name=ELL /> These processes explain the origin of what are now called a-series and o-series consonants in the [[Khmer script]].

Although most Cambodian dialects are not [[tonal language|tonal]], the colloquial Phnom Penh dialect has developed a tonal contrast (level versus peaking tone) as a by-product of the [[elision]] of {{IPA|/r/}}.<ref name=ELL />

===Intonation===
[[Intonation (linguistics)|Intonation]] often conveys [[semantic]] context in Khmer, as in distinguishing [[declarative sentence|declarative statements]], questions and exclamations. The available grammatical means of making such distinctions are not always used, or may be ambiguous; for example, the final [[interrogative particle]] {{lang|km|ទេ}} {{IPA|/teː/}} can also serve as an emphasizing (or in some cases negating) particle.<ref name=CamParts>{{cite journal|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=A Diachronic Survey of some Khmer particles (7th to 17th centuries)|journal=Essays in Honour of HL Shorto|date=1991|volume=1991|page=193|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jacob1991diachronic.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jacob1991diachronic.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

The intonation pattern of a typical Khmer declarative phrase is a steady rise throughout followed by an abrupt drop on the last syllable.<ref name=ppak />
:{{lang|km|ខ្ញុំមិនចង់បានទេ}}   {{IPA|[↗kʰɲom mɨn cɑŋ baːn <nowiki>|</nowiki> ↘teː]}}    ('I don't want it')<ref name=ppak />

Other intonation contours signify a different type of phrase such as the "full doubt" interrogative, similar to [[yes–no question]]s in English. Full doubt interrogatives remain fairly even in tone throughout, but rise sharply towards the end.
:{{lang|km|អ្នកចង់ទៅលេងសៀមរាបទេ}}   {{IPA|[↗neaʔ cɑŋ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ↗tɨw leːŋ siəm riəp <nowiki>|</nowiki> ꜛteː]}}    ('do you want to go to Siem Reap?')<ref name=ppak />

Exclamatory phrases follow the typical steadily rising pattern, but rise sharply on the last syllable instead of falling.<ref name=ppak />
:{{lang|km|សៀវភៅនេះថ្លៃណាស់}}   {{IPA|[↗siəw pʰɨw nih <nowiki>|</nowiki> ↗tʰlaj <nowiki>|</nowiki> ꜛnah]}}    ('this book is expensive!')<ref name=ppak />

==Grammar==
{{Main|Khmer grammar}}

Khmer is primarily an [[analytic language]] with no [[inflection]]. Syntactic relations are mainly determined by word order. Old and [[Middle Khmer]] used particles to mark [[grammatical categories]] and many of these have survived in Modern Khmer but are used sparingly, mostly in literary or formal language.<ref name=CamParts /> Khmer makes extensive use of [[auxiliary verbs]], "directionals" and [[serial verb construction]]. Colloquial Khmer is a [[zero copula]] language, instead preferring predicative adjectives (and even predicative nouns) unless using a copula for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity in more complex sentences. Basic word order is [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO), although subjects are often [[Null-subject language|dropped]]; [[prepositions]] are used rather than postpositions.<ref>Huffman, Franklin. 1967. ''An outline of Cambodian Grammar''. PhD thesis, Cornell University.</ref>

[[Topic-prominent language|Topic-Comment]] constructions are common and the language is generally [[head-initial]] (modifiers follow the words they modify). Some grammatical processes are still not fully understood by western scholars. For example, it is not clear if certain features of Khmer grammar, such as [[Agent (grammar)|actor nominalization]], should be treated as a morphological process or a purely syntactic device,<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|46, 74}} and some derivational morphology seems "purely decorative" and performs no known syntactic work.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|53}}

[[Lexical category|Lexical categories]] have been hard to define in Khmer.<ref name=Haiman>{{cite book|last1=Haiman|first1=John|title=Cambodian: Khmer (London Oriental and African Language Library, Book 16)|date=2011|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-9027238160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr3Q1VL_94EC|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>{{rp|360}} [[Henri Maspero]], an early scholar of Khmer, claimed the language had no parts of speech,<ref name=Haiman /> while a later scholar, Judith Jacob, posited four parts of speech and innumerable particles.<ref name=Jacob68>{{cite book|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith|title=Introduction to Cambodian (School of Oriental and African Studies)|date=1968|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0197135563}}</ref>{{rp|331}} [[John Haiman]], on the other hand, identifies "a couple dozen" parts of speech in Khmer with the caveat that Khmer words have the freedom to perform a variety of syntactic functions depending on such factors as word order, relevant particles, location within a clause, intonation and context.<ref name=Haiman /> Some of the more important lexical categories and their function are demonstrated in the following example sentence taken from a hospital brochure:<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|378}}

{{interlinear |indent=3 |ipa1=yes |italics1=no |glossing2=yes |glossing3=yes
| /loːk nĕəʔ pʰɗɑl cʰiəm teaŋ ʔɑh trəw tae tɔtuəl nəw kaː pinɨt riəŋ kaːj nɨŋ pʰɗɑl nəw prɑʋɔət sokʰapʰiəp ciə mun ciə sən/
| you[RESP] you[FAM] provide blood every all must {have to} receive {} {} examine shape body and provide {} history health be before be first
| PN PN VERB NOUN PTCL ADJ AUX INT VERB OM NMLZ VERB NOUN NOUN CNJ VERB OM NOUN ADJ COP ADV COP ADV
|'All blood donors must pass a physical examination and provide a health history first (before they can give blood).'}}

===Morphology===
Modern Khmer is an [[isolating language]], which means that it uses little [[Productivity (linguistics)|productive]] [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. There is some [[Morphological derivation|derivation]] by means of [[prefixes]] and [[infixes]], but this is a remnant of Old Khmer and not always productive in the modern language.<ref name="cc">{{cite book|title=Colloquial Cambodian: A Complete Language Course |author= [[David A. Smyth|David Smyth]]|year=1995|publisher=Routledge (UK)|isbn=978-0-415-10006-9}}</ref> Khmer morphology is evidence of a historical process through which the language was, at some point in the past, changed from being an [[agglutinative language]] to adopting an isolating typology.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karnchana|first1=Nacaskul|title=The syllabic and morphological structure of Cambodian words|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|date=1978|volume=3|pages=183–200|url=https://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/7:183-200.pdf|access-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131733/https://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/7:183-200.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> Affixed forms are [[Lexicalization|lexicalized]] and cannot be used productively to form new words.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|311}} Below are some of the most common affixes with examples as given by Huffman.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|312–316}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Affix !! Function !! Word !! Meaning !! Affixed Word !! Meaning
|-
| prefixed {{IPA|[pʰ]}} || causation || {{IPA|[ɗac]}} {{IPA|[ɗaəm]}} || "broke, torn" "origin" || {{IPA|[pʰɗac]}} {{IPA|[pʰɗaəm]}} || "to tear apart" "to originate (trans.)"
|-
| prefixed {{IPA|[rɔː]}} || derives adjectives nominalization || {{IPA|[lut]}} {{IPA|[ɓaŋ]}} || "to extinguish" "to hide" || {{IPA|[rɔːlut]}} {{IPA|[rɔːɓaŋ]}} || "extinguished" "a screen, shade"
|-
| prefixed {{IPA|[prɑː]}} || reciprocity || {{IPA|[kʰam]}} {{IPA|[ɗouc]}} || "to bite" "similar" || {{IPA|[prɑːkʰam]}} {{IPA|[prɑːɗouc]}} || "to bite each other" "to compare"
|-
| prefixed {{IPA|[ɓɑm]}}, {{IPA|[ɓɑn]}}, {{IPA|[ɓɑŋ]}} || causation || {{IPA|[ɓaek]}} {{IPA|[ɗaə]}} {{IPA|[riən]}} || "to break (intrans.)" "to walk" "to study, learn" || {{IPA|[ɓɑmɓaek]}} {{IPA|[ɓɑnɗaə]}} {{IPA|[ɓɑŋriən]}} || "to cause to break" "to take for a walk" "to teach"
|-
| infixed {{IPA|[ɑm]}} || causation || {{IPA|[sʔaːt]}} {{IPA|[slap]}} || "to be clean" "to die" || {{IPA|[sɑmʔaːt]}} {{IPA|[sɑmlap]}} || "to clean" "to kill"
|-
| infixed {{IPA|[ɑm(n)]}}, {{IPA|[um(n)]}} || nominalization || {{IPA|[ɗaə]}} {{IPA|[ɗəŋ]}} {{IPA|[cɨə]}} || "to walk" "to know (something)" "to believe" || {{IPA|[ɗɑmnaə]}} {{IPA|[ɗɑmnəŋ]}} {{IPA|[cumnɨə]}} || "a trip" "information" "belief"
|}

[[Compound (linguistics)|Compounding]] in Khmer is a common derivational process that takes two forms, coordinate compounds and repetitive compounds. Coordinate compounds join two [[Bound and unbound morphemes|unbound morphemes]] (independent words) of similar meaning to form a compound signifying a concept more general than either word alone.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|296}} Coordinate compounds join either two nouns or two verbs. Repetitive compounds, one of the most productive derivational features of Khmer, use [[reduplication]] of an entire word to derive words whose meaning depends on the class of the reduplicated word.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|185}} A repetitive compound of a noun indicates plurality or generality while that of an adjectival verb could mean either an intensification or plurality.

Coordinate compounds:<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|296–297}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|ipa1=yes|italics1=no
| [ʔəwpuk] + [mɗaːj] ⇒ [ʔəwpuk.mɗaːj]
| father {} mother {} parents
|}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|ipa1=yes|italics1=no
| [ɗək] + [nɔəm] ⇒ [ɗəknŏəm]
| {to transport} {} {to bring} {} {to lead}
|}}

Repetitive compounds:<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|185–185}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|ipa1=yes|italics1=no
| [cʰap] ⇒ [cʰapcʰap]
| fast {} {very fast, quickly}
|}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|ipa1=yes|italics1=no
| [srəj] ⇒ [srəjsrəj]
| women {} {women, women in general}
|}}

====Nouns and pronouns====
Khmer [[noun|nouns]] do not inflect for [[grammatical gender]] or [[grammatical number|singular/plural]]. There are no [[Article (grammar)|articles]], but indefiniteness is often expressed by the word for "one" ({{lang|km|មួយ}} {{IPA|[muəj]}}) following the noun as in {{lang|km|ឆ្កែមួយ}} ({{IPA|[cʰkae muəj]}} "a dog"). Plurality can be marked by [[postnominal]] particles, numerals, or reduplication of a following adjective, which, although similar to intensification, is usually not ambiguous due to context.<ref name=msc />

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[cʰkae craən]|dog many|"many dogs"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[cʰkae piː]|dog two|"two dogs"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[cʰkae tʰom tʰom]|dog large large|'large dogs'}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

[[Classifier (linguistics)|Classifying particles]] are used after numerals, but are not always obligatory as they are in [[Thai grammar|Thai]] or [[Chinese classifier|Chinese]], for example, and are often dropped in colloquial speech. Khmer nouns are divided into two groups: mass nouns, which take classifiers; and specific nouns, which do not. The overwhelming majority are mass nouns.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|67–68}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|ipa1=yes|italics1=no
|[kʰmawɗaj piː ɗaəm]
|pencil two {CLF [long cylindrical object]}
|"two pencils"}}

Possession is colloquially expressed by word order. The possessor is placed after the thing that is possessed.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|160}} Alternatively, in more complex sentences or when emphasis is required, a possessive construction using the word {{lang|km|របស់}} ({{IPA|[rɔːbɑh] ~ [lə.bɑh]}}, "property, object") may be employed. In formal and literary contexts, the possessive particle {{lang|km|នៃ}} ({{IPA|[nɨj]}}) is used:<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|358}}

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[puəʔmaːʔ kʰɲom]|friend I|"my friend"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[puəʔmaːʔ rɔːɓɑh kʰɲom]|friend property I|"my friend"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[puəʔmaːʔ nɨj kʰɲom]|friend of I|"my friend"}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

[[Pronoun|Pronouns]] are subject to a complicated system of social register, the choice of pronoun depending on the perceived relationships between speaker, audience and referent (see [[#Social registers|Social registers]] below). Khmer exhibits [[pronoun avoidance]], so kinship terms, nicknames and proper names are often used instead of pronouns (including for the first person) among intimates. Subject pronouns are frequently [[null-subject language|dropped]] in colloquial conversation.<ref name=msc />

Adjectives, verbs and verb phrases may be made into nouns by the use of [[nominalization]] particles. Three of the more common particles used to create nouns are {{IPA|[kaː]}}, {{IPA|[seckdəj]}}, and {{IPA|[pʰiəp]}}.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|45–48}} These particles are prefixed most often to verbs to form abstract nouns. The latter, derived from Sanskrit, also occurs as a suffix in fixed forms borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali such as {{IPA|[sokʰapʰiəp]}} ("health") from {{IPA|[sok]}} ("to be healthy").<ref name=KhDict />

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[kaː rŭəhnɨw]|NMLZ {to live}|'life'}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[sec {kdəj deik}]|NMLZ {to lie down}|'[the act of] lying down'}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|[pʰiəp {sɑːm rum'}]|NMLZ appropriate|'appropriateness'<ref name=Haiman />}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

====Adjectives and adverbs====
[[Adjective]]s, [[demonstrative]]s and [[numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] follow the noun they modify. Adverbs likewise follow the verb. Morphologically, adjectives and adverbs are not distinguished, with many words often serving either function. Adjectives are also employed as verbs as Khmer sentences rarely use a [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]].<ref name=ModSpok />

[[Comparison (grammar)|Degrees of comparison]] are constructed syntactically. [[Comparative]]s are expressed using the word {{lang|km|ជាង}} {{IPA|/ciəŋ/}}: "A X {{IPA|/ciəŋ/}} [B]" (A is more X [than B]). The most common way to express [[superlative]]s is with {{lang|km|ជាងគេ}} {{IPA|/ciəŋ keː/}}: "A X {{IPA|/ciəŋ keː/}}" (A is the most X).<ref name=msc>Huffman, F. E., Promchan, C., & Lambert, C.-R. T. (1970). ''Modern spoken Cambodian''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-01315-9}}</ref> Intensity is also expressed syntactically, similar to other languages of the region, by [[reduplication]] or with the use of [[intensifier]]s.<ref name=msc />

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/srəj nuh sʔaːt/|girl DEM pretty|'That girl is pretty.'}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/srəj nuh sʔaːt sʔaːt/|girl DEM pretty pretty|'That girl is very pretty.'}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/srəj nuh sʔaːt nah/|girl DEM pretty very|'That girl is very pretty.'}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

====Verbs====
As is typical of most East Asian languages,<ref>[http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-927311-1.pdf East and Southeast Asian Languages: A First Look] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120111832/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-927311-1.pdf |date=2012-11-20 }} at Oxford University Press Online</ref> Khmer verbs do not inflect at all; [[grammatical tense|tense]], [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[Linguistic modality|mood]] can be expressed using auxiliary verbs, particles (such as {{lang|km|កំពុង}} {{IPA|/kəmpuŋ/}}, placed before a verb to express [[continuous aspect]]) and adverbs (such as "yesterday", "earlier", "tomorrow"), or may be understood from context. [[Serial verb construction]] is quite common.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|253}}

Khmer verbs are a relatively [[open class (linguistics)|open class]] and can be divided into two types, main verbs and auxiliary verbs.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|254}} Huffman defined a Khmer verb as "any word that can be (negated)",<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|56}} and further divided main verbs into three classes.

[[Transitive verb]]s are verbs that may be followed by a [[direct object]]:

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/kʰɲom ɲam ɓaj/|I eat rice|"I eat rice."}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/kʰɲom tɨɲ ɓaːrəj/|I buy cigarettes|"I buy cigarettes."}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

[[Intransitive verb]]s are verbs that can not be followed by an object:

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/kʰɲom ɗaə tɨw pʰsaː/|I walk DIR market|"I walk to the market."}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/ʔaɲcəɲ ʔɑŋkuj/|{to invite} {to sit}|"Please sit."}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

Adjectival verbs are a word class that has no equivalent in English. When modifying a noun or verb, they function as adjectives or adverbs, respectively, but they may also be used as main verbs equivalent to English "be + ''adjective''".

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
; {{smallcaps|Adjective:}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/proh sɑŋ.haː/|boy handsome|"handsome boy"}}
{{Col-3}}
; {{smallcaps|Adverb:}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/proh nuh {tʰʋəː kaː} lʔɑː/|boy DEM {to work} good|"That boy works well."}}
{{Col-3}}
; {{smallcaps|Verb:}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/proh nuh sɑŋ.haː/|boy DEM handsome|"That boy is handsome."<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|56}}}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

===Syntax===
[[Syntax]] is the rules and processes that describe how sentences are formed in a particular language, how words relate to each other within clauses or phrases and how those phrases relate to each other within a sentence to convey meaning.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moravcsik|first1=Edith M.|editor1-last=Mushira|editor1-first=Eid|editor2-last=Iverson|editor2-first=Gregory|title=Principles and Prediction: The analysis of natural language. Papers in honor of Gerald Sanders (Volume 98 of ''Current Issues in Linguistic Theory'')|date=1993|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-9027276971|pages=73–74|chapter=Why is Syntax Complicated}}</ref> Khmer syntax is very [[analytic language|analytic]]. Relationships between words and phrases are signified primarily by word order supplemented with auxiliary verbs and, particularly in formal and literary registers, grammatical marking particles.<ref name=Haiman /> Grammatical phenomena such as [[Affirmative and negative|negation]] and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] are marked by particles while [[interrogative]] sentences are marked either by particles or [[interrogative word]]s equivalent to English "wh-words".

A complete Khmer sentence consists of four basic elements—an optional topic, an optional subject, an obligatory predicate, and various adverbials and particles.<ref name=FSI>{{cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=Madeline Elizabeth|last2=Kem|first2=Sos|last3=Lim|first3=Hak Kheang|title=Contemporary Cambodian: Grammatical Sketch|date=1974|publisher=Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State}}</ref> The topic and subject are [[noun phrase]]s, predicates are [[verb phrase]]s and another noun phrase acting as an [[Object (grammar)|object]] or verbal attribute often follows the predicate.<ref name=FSI />

====Basic constituent order====
When combining these noun and verb phrases into a sentence the order is typically SVO:

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2|glossing2=yes|glossing3=yes
|/kʰɲom ʔaoj ceik muəj cɑmnuən/
|I give banana one bunch[CLF]
|SBJ VERB OBJ {} {}
|'I gave a bunch of bananas.'
}}

When both a [[direct object]] and [[indirect object]] are present without any grammatical markers, the preferred order is SV(DO)(IO). In such a case, if the direct object phrase contains multiple components, the indirect object immediately follows the noun of the direct object phrase and the direct object's modifiers follow the indirect object:

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2|glossing2=yes|glossing3=yes
|/kʰɲom ʔaoj ceik cruːk muəj cɑmnuən/
|I give banana pig one bunch[CLF]
|SBJ VERB DO IO {} {}
|'I gave the pig a bunch of bananas.'<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|207}}
}}

This ordering of objects can be changed and the meaning clarified with the inclusion of particles. The word {{IPA|/dɑl/}}, which normally means "to arrive" or "towards", can be used as a preposition meaning "to":

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/kʰɲom ʔaoj ceik muəj cɑmnuən dɑl cruːk/
|I give banana one bunch[CLF] toward pig
|'I gave a bunch of bananas to the pigs.'<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|207}}
}}

Alternatively, the indirect object could precede the direct object if the object-marking preposition {{IPA|/nəw/}} were used:

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/kʰɲom ʔaoj cruːk nəw ceik muəj cɑmnuən/
|I give pig OM banana one bunch[CLF]
|'I gave the pig a bunch of bananas.'<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|207}}
}}

However, in spoken discourse OSV is possible when emphasizing the object in a [[topic–comment]]-like structure.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|211}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/tuːk muəj kɔŋ pram ʔɑŋ/
|boat one {to sit} five monk[CLF]
|'In a boat sit five monks.'<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|148}}
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/ʋɪʔciə cao luəc mɨn baːn/
|science thief {to steal} NEG COMPL
|'Science, a thief can not steal.'<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|211}}
}}

====Noun phrase====
The noun phrase in Khmer typically has the following structure:<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|50–51}}<ref name=Jacob68 />{{rp|83}}
:{{smallcaps|Noun Phrase}} = ({{smallcaps|Honorific}}) {{smallcaps|Noun}} ({{smallcaps|Adjectival modifiers}}) ({{smallcaps|Numeral}}) ({{smallcaps|Classifier}}) ({{smallcaps|[[Demonstrative]]}})
The elements in parentheses are optional. [[Honorific]]s are a class of words that serve to index the social status of the referent. Honorifics can be kinship terms or personal names, both of which are often used as first and second person pronouns, or specialized words such as {{IPA|/preah/}} ('god') before royal and religious objects.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|155}} The most common demonstratives are {{IPA|/nih/}} ('this, these') and {{IPA|/nuh/}} ('that, those'). The word {{IPA|/ae nuh/}} ('those over there') has a more distal or vague connotation.<ref name=KhDict />

If the noun phrase contains a possessive adjective, it follows the noun and precedes the numeral. If a descriptive attribute co-occurs with a possessive, the possessive construction ({{IPA|/rɔbɑh/}}) is expected.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|73}}

Some examples of typical Khmer noun phrases are:

{{fs interlinear|lang=km|ipa2=yes|italics2=no|indent=2|glossing4=yes
| ផ្ទះ ស្កឹមស្កៃ បី បួន ខ្នង នេះ
| /ptĕəh skəm.skaj bəj buən kʰnɑːŋ nih/
| house high three four spine[CLF] these
| NOUN ADJ NUM NUM CLF DEM
| 'these three or four high houses'<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|142}}
}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=km|ipa2=yes|italics2=no|indent=2|glossing4=yes
| ចេក ទុំ ពីរ ស្និត នេះ
| /ceːk tum piː snət nih/
| banana ripe two bunches[CLF] these
| NOUN ADJ NUM CLF DEM
| these two bunches of ripe bananas
}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=km|ipa2=yes|italics2=no|indent=2|glossing4=yes
| ពួកម៉ាក ខ្ញុំ ពីរ នាក់ នេះ
| /puəʔmaʔ kʰɲom piː nĕə nih/
| friend I two person[CLF] these
| NOUN POSS NUM CLF DEM
| these two friends of mine
}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=km|ipa2=yes|italics2=no|indent=2|glossing4=yes
| ពួកម៉ាក តូច របស់ ខ្ញុំ ពីរ នាក់ នេះ
| /puəʔmaʔ touc rɔbɑh kʰɲom piː nĕə nih/
| friend small of I two person[CLF] these
| NOUN ADJ POSS POSS NUM CLF DEM
| these two small friends of mine<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|73}}
}}

The Khmer particle {{IPA|/dɑː/}} marked attributes in Old Khmer noun phrases and is used in formal and literary language to signify that what precedes is the noun and what follows is the attribute. Modern usage may carry the connotation of mild intensity.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|163}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /ʋiəl srae dɑː {lʋɨŋ lʋəːj}/
| field paddy ADJ.MARKER vast
| '(very) expansive fields and paddies'
}}

====Verb phrase====
Khmer verbs are completely uninflected, and once a subject or topic has been introduced or is clear from context the noun phrase may be dropped. Thus, the simplest possible sentence in Khmer consists of a single verb. For example, {{IPA|/tɨw/}} 'to go' on its own can mean "I'm going.", "He went.", "They've gone.", "Let's go.", etc.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|17}} This also results in long strings of verbs such as:

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /kʰɲom cɑng tɨw daə leːng/
| I {to want} {to go} {to walk} {to play}
| 'I want to go for a stroll.'<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|187}}
}}

Khmer uses three verbs for what translates into English as the copula. The general copula is {{IPA|/ciə/}}; it is used to convey identity with nominal predicates.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|212}} For locative predicates, the copula is {{IPA|/nɨw/}}.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|212}} The verb {{IPA|/miən/}} is the "existential" copula meaning "there is" or "there exists".<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|208}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /pʰiəsaː ciə kaː sɑmdaeŋ cət kumnɨt krŏəp jaːŋ/
| language copula NMLZ {to express} heart thought all kind
| 'Language is the expression of all emotions and ideas'
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /ʋiə nɨw cɪt ʋŏət/
| he copula close temple
| 'He is close to the temple.'
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /miən pʰaen kaː/
| to exist plan
| 'There is a plan.'
}}

[[Negation]] is achieved by putting {{lang|km|មិន}} {{IPA|/mɨn/}} before the verb and the particle {{lang|km|ទេ}} {{IPA|/teː/}} at the end of the sentence or clause. In colloquial speech, verbs can also be negated without the need for a final particle, by placing {{lang|km|ឥត}} {{IPA|/ʔɑt/~/ʔət/}} before them.<ref name=msc />

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/kʰɲom cɨə/|I {to believe}|'I believe.'}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/kʰɲom mɨn cɨə teː/|I NEG {to believe} NEG|'I don't believe.'}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/kʰɲom ʔɑt cɨə/|I NEG {to believe}|'I don't believe.'}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

Past tense can be conveyed by adverbs, such as "yesterday" or by the use of perfective particles such as {{IPA|/haəj/}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /kŏət tɨw msəlmɨɲ/
| he {to go} yesterday
| 'He went yesterday.'
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /kŏət tɨw haəj/
| he {to go} pfv
| 'He left.' or 'He's already gone.'<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|22}}
}}

Different senses of future action can also be expressed by the use of adverbs like "tomorrow" or by the future tense marker {{IPA|/nɨŋ/}}, which is placed immediately before the verb, or both:

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /sʔaek kʰɲom nɨŋ tɨw {saːlaː riən}/
| tomorrow I FUT {to go} school
| 'Tomorrow, I will go to school.'<ref name=KhDict />
}}

[[Imperative mood|Imperatives]] are often unmarked.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|240}} For example, in addition to the meanings given above, the "sentence" {{IPA|/tɨw/}} can also mean "Go!". Various words and particles may be added to the verb to soften the command to varying degrees, including to the point of politeness ([[Jussive mood|jussives]]):<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|240}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/cou saːk lbɑːŋ kʰluən aeŋ coh/
|IMP try try you REFL IMP
|'Go ahead and try it yourself.'
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/soum tʰʋəː taːm bɑndam kŏət tɨw/
|please do follow instruction he IMP
|'Please follow his instructions.'
}}

Prohibitives take the form "{{IPA|/kom/}} + {{smallcaps|verb}}" and also are often softened by the addition of the particle {{IPA|/ʔəj/}} to the end of the phrase.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|242}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/kom nɨw tiː nih ʔəj/
|PROH {to be} place DEM COHORT
|'Don't stay in this place.'
}}

====Questions====
There are three basic types of questions in Khmer.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|46}} Questions requesting specific information use [[question words]]. [[Yes–no question|Polar questions]] are indicated with interrogative particles, most commonly {{IPA|/teː/}}, a homonym of the negation particle. [[Tag questions]] are indicated with various particles and rising inflection.<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|57}} The SVO word order is generally not [[Inversion (linguistics)|inverted]] for questions.

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/loːk tɨw naː/
|you {to go} where
|'Where are you going?'
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/loːk sdap baːn teː/
|you understand modal Q
|'Can you understand?'
}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
|/loːk tɨw psaː haəj rɨː nɨw/
|you {to go} market PRF or yet
|'Have you gone to the store yet?'
}}

In more formal contexts and in polite speech, questions are also marked at their beginning by the particle {{IPA|/taə/}}.

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /taə loːk ʔɑɲcəːɲ tɨw naː/
| Q you {to invite} {to go} where
| 'Where are you going, sir?'<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|302}}
}}

====Passive voice====
Khmer does not have a passive voice,<ref name=CamParts /> but there is a construction utilizing the main verb {{IPA|/trəw/}} ("to hit", "to be correct", "to affect") as an auxiliary verb meaning "to be subject to" or "to undergo"—which results in sentences that are translated to English using the passive voice.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|286–288}}

{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|indent=2
| /piː msəlmɨɲ kʰɲom trəw cʰkae kʰam/
| from yesterday I {to undergo} dog {to bite}
| 'Yesterday I was bitten by a dog.'<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|302}}
}}

====Clause syntax====
Complex sentences are formed in Khmer by the addition of one or more [[clause]]s to the main clause. The various types of clauses in Khmer include the [[coordinate clause]], the [[relative clause]] and the [[subordinate clause]]. Word order in clauses is the same for that of the basic sentences described above.<ref name=Haiman /> Coordinate clauses do not necessarily have to be marked; they can simply follow one another. When explicitly marked, they are joined by words similar to English conjunctions such as {{IPA|/nɨŋ/}} ("and") and {{IPA|/haəj/}} ("and then") or by clause-final conjunction-like adverbs {{IPA|/dae/}} and {{IPA|/pʰɑːŋ/}}, both of which can mean "also" or "and also"; disjunction is indicated by {{IPA|/rɨː/}} ("or").<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|217–218}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mori|first1=K.|editor1-last=Soichi|editor1-first=I.|title=Khmer final particles ''phɔɔŋ'' & ''dae''|journal=SEALS XIII Papers from the 13th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2003|date=2007|pages=139–149–6|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mori2007khmer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/mori2007khmer.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=6 February 2016|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University|location=Canberra, ACT}}</ref>

Relative clauses can be introduced by {{IPA|/dael/}} ("that") but, similar to coordinate clauses, often simply follow the main clause. For example, both phrases below can mean "the hospital bed that has wheels".<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|313}}

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/krɛː pɛːt miən kɑŋ ruɲ/| bed hospital have wheel {to push}| "the hospital bed that has wheels"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|ipa1=yes|italics1=no|/krɛː pɛːt dael miən kɑŋ ruɲ/|bed hospital REL have wheel {to push}|"the hospital bed that has wheels"}}
{{Col-end}}
</blockquote>

Relative clauses are more likely to be introduced with {{IPA|/dael/}} if they do not immediately follow the head noun.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|314}} Khmer subordinate conjunctions always precede a subordinate clause.<ref name=Haiman />{{rp|366}} Subordinate conjunctions include words such as {{IPA|/prŭəh/}} ("because"), {{IPA|/hak bəj/}} ("seems as if") and {{IPA|/daəmbəj/}} ("in order to").<ref name=ModSpok />{{rp|251}}<ref name=Haiman />

==Numerals==
{{Main|Khmer numerals}}
Counting in Khmer is based on a [[biquinary]] system: the numbers from 6 to 9 have the form "five one", "five two", etc. The words for multiples of ten from 30 to 90 are not related to the basic Khmer numbers, but are Chinese in origin, and probably came to Khmer via Thai. [[Khmer numerals]], which were inherited directly from Indian numerals, are used more widely than [[Western numerals]], which like Khmer numerals were inherited from Indian, but first passed through the Arabic numerals before reaching the west.

The principal number words are listed in the following table, which gives Western and Khmer digits, Khmer spelling and IPA transcription.<ref name="cc" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Value
! [[Khmer script|Khmer]]
! Word form
! [[Help:IPA/Khmer|IPA]]
! [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]
! Value
! [[Khmer script|Khmer]]
! Word form
! [[Help:IPA/Khmer|IPA]]
! [[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|UNGEGN]]
|-
| 0
| {{lang|km|០}}
| {{lang|km|សូន្យ}}
| {{IPA|/soːn/}}
| {{transliteration|km|sony}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1
| {{lang|km|១}}
| {{lang|km|មួយ}}
| {{IPA|/muəj/}}
| {{transliteration|km|muŏy}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2
| {{lang|km|២}}
| {{lang|km|ពីរ}}
| {{IPA|/piː/}}
| {{transliteration|km|pir}}
| 20
| {{lang|km|២០}}
| {{lang|km|ម្ភៃ}}
| {{IPA|/mpʰɨj/}}, {{IPA|/məˈpʰɨj/}}
| {{transliteration|km|mphey}}
|-
| 3
| {{lang|km|៣}}
| {{lang|km|បី}}
| {{IPA|/ɓəj/}}
| {{transliteration|km|bei}}
| 30
| {{lang|km|៣០}}
| {{lang|km|សាមសិប}}
| {{IPA|/saːmsəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|samsĕb}}
|-
| 4
| {{lang|km|៤}}
| {{lang|km|បួន}}
| {{IPA|/ɓuən/}}
| {{transliteration|km|buŏn}}
| 40
| {{lang|km|៤០}}
| {{lang|km|សែសិប}}
| {{IPA|/saesəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|sêsĕb}}
|-
| 5
| {{lang|km|៥}}
| {{lang|km|ប្រាំ}}
| {{IPA|/pram/}}
| {{transliteration|km|brăm}}
| 50
| {{lang|km|៥០}}
| {{lang|km|ហាសិប}}
| {{IPA|/haːsəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|hasĕb}}
|-
| 6
| {{lang|km|៦}}
| {{lang|km|ប្រាំមួយ}}
| {{IPA|/prammuəj/}}
| {{transliteration|km|brămmuŏy}}
| 60
| {{lang|km|៦០}}
| {{lang|km|ហុកសិប}}
| {{IPA|/hoksəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|hŏksĕb}}
|-
| 7
| {{lang|km|៧}}
| {{lang|km|ប្រាំពីរ}}
| {{IPA|/prampiː/}}, {{IPA|/prampɨl/}}
| {{transliteration|km|brămpir}}
| 70
| {{lang|km|៧០}}
| {{lang|km|ចិតសិប}}
| {{IPA|/cətsəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|chĕtsĕb}}
|-
| 8
| {{lang|km|៨}}
| {{lang|km|ប្រាំបី}}
| {{IPA|/pramɓəj/}}
| {{transliteration|km|brămbei}}
| 80
| {{lang|km|៨០}}
| {{lang|km|ប៉ែតសិប}}
| {{IPA|/paetsəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|pêtsĕb}}
|-
| 9
| {{lang|km|៩}}
| {{lang|km|ប្រាំបួន}}
| {{IPA|/pramɓuən/}}
| {{transliteration|km|brămbuŏn}}
| 90
| {{lang|km|៩០}}
| {{lang|km|កៅសិប}}
| {{IPA|/kawsəp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|kausĕb}}
|-
| 10
| {{lang|km|១០}}
| {{lang|km|ដប់}}
| {{IPA|/ɗɑp/}}
| {{transliteration|km|dáb}}
| 100
| {{lang|km|១០០}}
| {{lang|km|មួយរយ}}
| {{IPA|/muəjrɔːj/}}
| {{transliteration|km|muŏy rôy}}
|}

Intermediate numbers are formed by compounding the above elements. Powers of ten are denoted by loan words: {{lang|km|រយ}} {{transliteration|km|rôy}} {{IPA|/rɔːj/}} (100), {{lang|km|ពាន់}} {{transliteration|km|poăn}} {{IPA|/pŏən/}} (1,000), {{lang|km|ម៉ឺន}} {{transliteration|km|mœn}} {{IPA|/məːn/}} (10,000), {{lang|km|សែន}} {{transliteration|km|sên}} {{IPA|/saen/}} (100,000) and {{lang|km|លាន}} {{transliteration|km|léan}} {{IPA|/liən/}} (1,000,000) from Thai and {{lang|km|កោដិ}} {{transliteration|km|kaôdĕ}} {{IPA|/kaot/}} (10,000,000) from Sanskrit.<ref name=JacobNotes>{{cite journal|last1=Jacob|first1=Judith M|title=Notes on the numerals and numeral coefficients on Old, Middle, and Modern Khmer|journal=Lingua|date=1965|volume=15|page=144|doi=10.1016/0024-3841(65)90011-2}}</ref>

[[Ordinal number]]s are formed by placing the particle {{lang|km|ទី}} {{transliteration|km|ti}} {{IPA|/tiː/}} before the corresponding cardinal number.<ref name=KhDict />

==Social registers==
Khmer employs a system of [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] in which the speaker must always be conscious of the social status of the person spoken to. The different registers, which include those used for common speech, polite speech, speaking to or about royals and speaking to or about monks, employ alternate verbs, names of body parts and pronouns. As an example, the word for "to eat" used between intimates or in reference to animals is {{IPA|/siː/}}. Used in polite reference to commoners, it is {{IPA|/ɲam/}}. When used of those of higher social status, it is {{IPA|/pisa/}} or {{IPA|/tɔtuəl tiən/}}. For monks the word is {{IPA|/cʰan/}} and for royals, {{IPA|/saoj/}}.<ref name ="cl" /> Another result is that the pronominal system is complex and full of honorific variations, just a few of which are shown in the table below.<ref name=KhDict />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Situational usage
! colspan=3 | I/me
! colspan=3 | you
! colspan=3 | he/she/it
|-
| Intimate or addressing an inferior
| {{lang|km|អញ}}
| {{transliteration|km|ânh}}
| {{IPA|[ʔaɲ]}}
| {{lang|km|ឯង}}
| {{transliteration|km|êng}}
| {{IPA|[ʔaeŋ]}}
| {{lang|km|វា}}
| {{transliteration|km|véa}}
| {{IPA|[ʋiə]}}
|-
| neutral
| {{lang|km|ខ្ញុំ}}
| {{transliteration|km|khnhŭm}}
| {{IPA|[kʰɲom]}}
| {{lang|km|អ្នក}}
| {{transliteration|km|'nâk}}
| {{IPA|[neaʔ]}}
| {{lang|km|គេ}}
| {{transliteration|km|ké}}
| {{IPA|[keː]}}
|-
| Formal
| {{lang|km|យើងខ្ញុំ}}, {{lang|km|ខ្ញុំបាទ}}
| {{transliteration|km|yeung khnhŭm}}, {{transliteration|km|khnhŭm bat}}
| {{IPA|[jəːŋ kʰɲom]}} {{IPA|[kʰɲom ɓaːt]}}
| {{lang|km|លោក}} (or kinship term, title or rank)
| {{transliteration|km|loŭk}}
| {{IPA|[loːk]}}
| {{lang|km|គាត់}}
| {{transliteration|km|koăt}}
| {{IPA|[kɔət]}}
|-
| Layperson to/about Buddhist clergy
| {{lang|km|ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា}}
| {{transliteration|km|khnhŭm preăh kârŭna}}
| {{IPA|[kʰɲom preah karunaː]}}
| {{lang|km|ព្រះតេជព្រះគុណ}}
| {{transliteration|km|preăh téch preăh kŭn}}
| {{IPA|[preah ɗaec preah kun]}}
| {{lang|km|ព្រះអង្គ}}
| {{transliteration|km|preăh ângk}}
| {{IPA|[preah ʔɑŋ]}}
|-
| Buddhist clergy to layperson
| {{lang|km|អាត្មា}}, {{lang|km|អាចក្តី}}
| {{transliteration|km|atma}}, {{transliteration|km|ach kdei}}
| {{IPA|[ʔatʰmaː]}}, {{IPA|[ʔaːc kɗəj]}}
| {{lang|km|ញោមស្រី}} (to female) {{lang|km|ញោមប្រុស}} (to male)
| {{transliteration|km|nhoŭm srei}} (to female), {{transliteration|km|nhoŭm brŏs}} (to male)
| {{IPA|[ɲoːm srəj]}} (to female), {{IPA|[ɲoːm proh]}} (to male)
| {{lang|km|ឧបាសក}} (to male), {{lang|km|ឧបាសិកា}} (to female)
| {{transliteration|km|ŭbasâk}} (to male), {{transliteration|km|ŭbasĕka}}
| {{IPA|[ʔuɓaːsɑk]}} {{IPA|[ʔuɓaːsekaː]}}
|-
| when addressing royalty
| {{lang|km|ខ្ញុំព្រះបាទអម្ចាស់}} or {{lang|km|ទូលបង្គុំ}} (male), {{lang|km|ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់}} (female)
| {{transliteration|km|khnhŭm preăh bat âmchăs}} or {{transliteration|km|tul bângkŭm}} (male), {{transliteration|km|khnhŭm mchăs}} (female)
| {{IPA|[kʰɲom preah ɓaːt ʔɑmcah]}} or {{IPA|[tuːl ɓɑŋkom]}} (male), {{IPA|[kʰɲom mcah]}} (female)
| {{lang|km|ព្រះករុណា}}
| {{transliteration|km|preăh kârŭna}}
| {{IPA|[preah karunaː]}}
| {{lang|km|ទ្រង់}}
| {{transliteration|km|tróng}}
| {{IPA|[trɔŋ]}}
|}

==Writing system==
{{Main|Khmer script}}
[[File:Be Cambodian Embassy 03.jpg|thumb|right|An example of modern Khmer script at the Cambodian Embassy in [[Berlin]]]]

Khmer is written with the Khmer script, an [[abugida]] developed from the [[Pallava script]] of India before the 7th century when the first known inscription appeared.<ref name="OMNI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm |title=Khmer Alphabet at Omniglot.com |access-date=2007-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213191456/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm |archive-date=2012-02-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Written left-to-right with vowel signs that can be placed after, before, above or below the consonant they follow, the Khmer script is similar in appearance and usage to [[Thai script|Thai]] and [[Lao script|Lao]], both of which were based on the Khmer system. The Khmer script is also distantly related to the [[Mon–Burmese script]].<ref name="OMNI" /> Within Cambodia, literacy in the Khmer alphabet is estimated at 77.6%.<ref name=UNCel>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org.kh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=469:celebration-of-international-literacy-day-2011-supporting-cambodias-development-efforts&catid=43:latest-press-releases&Itemid=76 |title=United Nations in Cambodia "Celebration of International Literacy Day, 2011" |access-date=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027202954/http://www.un.org.kh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=469:celebration-of-international-literacy-day-2011-supporting-cambodias-development-efforts&catid=43:latest-press-releases&Itemid=76 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Consonant symbols in Khmer are divided into two groups, or series. The first series carries the inherent vowel {{IPA|[ɑː]}} while the second series carries the inherent vowel {{IPA|[ɔː]}}. The Khmer names of the series, {{IPA|[akʰoːsaʔ]}} ('voiceless') and {{IPA|[kʰoːsaʔ]}} ('voiced'), respectively, indicate that the second series consonants were used to represent the voiced phonemes of Old Khmer. As the voicing of stops was lost, however, the contrast shifted to the phonation of the attached vowels, which, in turn, evolved into a simple difference of vowel quality, often by [[Vowel breaking|diphthongization]].<ref name=ELL /> This process has resulted in the Khmer alphabet having two symbols for most consonant phonemes and each vowel symbol having two possible readings, depending on the series of the initial consonant:<ref name="HUFF" />
{|
|-
| {{lang|km|ត}} + {{lang|km| ា}}
| = {{lang|km|តា}}
| {{IPA|[taː]}}
| 'grandfather'
|-
| {{lang|km|ទ}} + {{lang|km| ា}}
| = {{lang|km|ទា}}
| {{IPA|[tiə]}}
| 'duck'
|}

==Examples==
[[File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights Khmer.ogg|thumb|Reading the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Khmer]]
The following text is from Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].
{| class="wikitable"
! Khmer
| {{lang|km|មនុស្សទាំងអស់កើតមកមានសេរីភាពនិងភាពស្មើៗគ្នាក្នុងសិទ្ធិ និងសេចក្ដីថ្លៃថ្នូរ ។ មនុស្សគ្រប់រូបសុទ្ធតែមានវិចារណញ្ញាណនិងសតិសម្បជញ្ញៈ ហើយត្រូវប្រព្រឹត្ដចំពោះគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមកក្នុងស្មារតីរាប់អានគ្នាជាបងប្អូន ។}}
|-
! UNGEGN romanization
| ''{{Transliteration|km|Mônŭss teăng ás kaeut môk méan sériphéap nĭng phéap smaeu-smaeu knéa knŏng sĕtthĭ, nĭng séchâkdei thlaithnor. Mônŭss krôb rub sŏtth tê méan vĭcharônânhnhéan nĭng sâtĕsâmbâchônhnheă, haeuy trov brâprœ̆tt châmpŏăh knéa tŏu vĭnh tŏu môk knŏng smarôtei roăp an knéa chéa bâng b'on.}}''
|-
! IPA transcription
| {{IPA|/mɔnuh tĕaŋ ɑh kaət̚ mɔːk̚ miən seːrəjpʰiəp̚ nɨŋ pʰiəp̚ smaəsmaə kniə knoŋ sət̚ nɨŋ seːc̚k̚ɗəj tʰlaj tʰnou. mɔnuh krup̚ ruːp̚ sot̚ tae miən vicaːranaɲiən nɨŋ satəsampacŏəɲɲeaʔ haəj trouʋ prɑprɨt cɑmpŭəh kniə tɨw ʋɨɲ tɨw mɔːk̚ knoŋ smaːrɔːɗəj rŏəp̚ ʔaːn kniə ciə ɓɑːŋ pʔoun/}}.
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cambodia|Languages}}
* [[Hem Chieu]]
* [[Khmer literature]]
* [[Romanization of Khmer]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Ferlus, Michel. (1992). ''Essai de phonétique historique du khmer'' (Du milieu du premier millénaire de notre ère à l'époque actuelle)", ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' XXI: 57–89)
* Headley, Robert and others. (1977). ''Cambodian-English Dictionary''. Washington, Catholic University Press. {{ISBN|0-8132-0509-3}}
* Herington, Jennifer and Amy Ryan. (2013). [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/khmer_khes_report.pdf Sociolinguistic Survey of the Khmer Khe in Cambodia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310154051/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/khmer_khes_report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/khmer_khes_report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=2021-03-10 }}. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
* Huffman, F. E., Promchan, C., & Lambert, C.-R. T. (1970). ''Modern spoken Cambodian''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-01315-9}}
* Huffman, F. E., Lambert, C.-R. T., & Im Proum. (1970). ''Cambodian system of writing and beginning reader with drills and glossary''. Yale linguistic series. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-01199-7}}
* Jacob, Judith. (1966). 'Some features of Khmer versification', in C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday, and R. H. Robins, eds., In Memory of J. R Firth, 227–41. London: Longman. [Includes discussion of the two series of syllables and their places in Khmer shymes]
* Jacob, Judith. (1974). ''A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary''. London, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-713574-9}}
* Jacob, J. M. (1996). ''The traditional literature of Cambodia: a preliminary guide''. London oriental series, v. 40. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-713612-5}}
* Jacob, J. M., & [[David A. Smyth|Smyth, D.]] (1993). ''Cambodian linguistics, literature and history: collected articles''. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. {{ISBN|0-7286-0218-0}}
* Keesee, A. P. K. (1996). ''An English-spoken Khmer dictionary: with romanized writing system, usage, and idioms, and notes on Khmer speech and grammar''. London: Kegan Paul International. {{ISBN|0-7103-0514-1}}
* Meechan, M. (1992). ''Register in Khmer the laryngeal specification of pharyngeal expansion''. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. {{ISBN|0-315-75016-2}}
* Sak-Humphry, C. (2002). ''Communicating in Khmer: an interactive intermediate level Khmer course''. Manoa, Hawai'i: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. OCLC: 56840636
* [[David A. Smyth|Smyth, D.]] (1995). ''Colloquial Cambodian: a complete language course''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-10006-2}}
* Stewart, F., & May, S. (2004). ''In the shadow of Angkor: contemporary writing from Cambodia''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-2849-6}}
* Tonkin, D. (1991). ''The Cambodian alphabet: how to write the Khmer language''. Bangkok: Trasvin Publications. {{ISBN|974-88670-2-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=km}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Khmer phrasebook|Khmer|a phrasebook}}
* [https://kheng.info/ Kheng.info]—An online audio dictionary for learning Khmer, with thousands of native speaker recordings and [http://kheng.info/word_segmentation/ text segmentation software].
* [http://sealang.net/mk/khmeric.htm SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Khmeric Branch]
* [[wiktionary:Appendix:Khmer Swadesh list|Khmer Swadesh vocabulary list]] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
* [https://code.google.com/p/khmer-dictionary-tools/ Dictionary and SpellChecker] open sourced and collaborative project based on [[Chuon Nath]] Khmer Dictionary
* [https://sbbic.org/2010/07/15/how-to-install-khmer-unicode-on-windows-7/ How to install Khmer script on a Windows 7 computer]
* [http://www.sbbic.org/lang/en-us/2010/03/27/how-to-install-khmer-unicode-on-your-windows-xp-computer How to install Khmer script on a Windows XP computer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925202427/http://www.sbbic.org/lang/en-us/2010/03/27/how-to-install-khmer-unicode-on-your-windows-xp-computer |date=2011-09-25 }}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230070221/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=75 Khmer]'' at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html UCLA Language Materials project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821053921/http://dict.ant.com.kh/dictionaries/ Online Khmer & English dictionary]
* [http://dictionary.tovnah.com/ Khmer Online Dictionaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105154206/http://www.dictionary.tovnah.com/ |date=2017-01-05 }}

<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
NOUN:noun
VERB:verb
OBJ:object
OM:object marker
MARKER:marker
REL:relative
COHORT:cohortative
DIR:directional
COMPL:complement
RESP:respectful
</div><section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

{{Languages of Cambodia}}
{{Languages of Thailand}}
{{Languages of Vietnam}}
{{Austroasiatic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khmer language| ]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 9th century]]
[[Category:Analytic languages]]
[[Category:Isolating languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Languages of Thailand]]
[[Category:Languages of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]

United Arab Emirates

2026-03-17T22:18:46Z

Antoniochx: clean up

{{Short description|Country in West Asia}}
{{redirect-multi|2|UAE|The Emirates|other uses|UAE (disambiguation)|and|Emirates (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United Arab Emirates
| common_name = UAE
| native_name = {{native name|ar|الإمارات العربية المتحدة}} {{resize|85%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Imārāt al-'Arabiyya al-Muttaḥida}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the United Arab Emirates|Flag]]
| image_coat = Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of the United Arab Emirates|Emblem]]
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|عيشي بلادي}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Ishy Bilady|Īshī Bilādī]]}} "Long Live My Country" <div style="display: inline-block; margin-top: 0.4em;">[[File:UAE national anthem.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 250px
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green |region=the [[Arabian Peninsula]] |region_color= none}}
| image_map2 = {{maplink |frame=yes
| frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center
| text= '''United Arab Emirates'''
| type=line|id=Q878|stroke-width=1|stroke-colour=#0000ff|title=UAE }}
| capital = [[Abu Dhabi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|28|N|54|22|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Dubai]] {{coord|25|15|N|55|18|E|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |website=United Arab Emirates |publisher=U.ae |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref>
| common_languages = {{hlist|[[Emirati Arabic]]|[[English language|English]]{{efn|English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.<ref name="Siemund">{{cite journal |last1=Siemund |first1=Peter |last2=Al-Issa |first2=Ahmad |last3=Leimgruber |first3=Jakob R. E. |title=Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Englishes |date=June 2021 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/weng.12507 |s2cid=219903631 |language=en |issn=0883-2919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="visitdubai">{{cite web |title=What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? {{!}} Visit Dubai |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |website=www.visitdubai.com |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |access-date=15 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115224604/https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}}
| ethnic_groups = {{tree list}}
* 59.4% [[South Asian diaspora|South Asian]]
** 38.2% [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indian]]
** 9.5% [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladeshi]]
** 9.4% [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Pakistani]]
** 2.3% [[South Asian ethnic groups|other]]
* 12% [[Emiratis|Emirati Arab]]
* 10.2% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates#Egyptians|Egyptian]]
* 6.1% [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filipino]]
* 12.4% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|other]]
{{tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" />
| ethnic_groups_year = 2015
| religion = {{tree list}}
* 74.5% [[Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])
** 63.3% [[Sunni Islam]]
** 6.7% [[Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Shia Islam]]
** 4.4% [[Islamic schools and branches|other]]
* 12.9% [[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christianity]]
* 6.2% [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hinduism]]
* 3.2% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|Buddhism]]
* 1.3% [[Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates|Agnosticism]]
* 1.9% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|other]]
{{tree list/end}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" />
| demonym = [[Emiratis|Emirati]]<ref name=WorldFactbook />
| government_type = Federal [[semi-presidential]] elective [[semi-constitutional monarchy]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Dona J.|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-78243-2|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Alan John|title=Political Parties of The World|publisher=Stockton|date=1996|isbn=1-56159-144-0|page=599}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|title=United Arab Emirates Constitution|work=UAE Ministry of Justice|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053637/https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| leader_title1 = [[President of the United Arab Emirates|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the United Arab Emirates|Vice Presidents]]
| leader_name2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]]

* [[Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]
}}
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
| legislature = {{plainlist|
* [[Federal Supreme Council]]
}}
| sovereignty_type = [[History of the United Arab Emirates|Establishment]]
| established_event1 = [[British protectorate]] as part of [[Trucial States]]
| established_date1 = 1820 and 1892
| established_event2 = [[National Day (United Arab Emirates)|Independence]] from the United Kingdom
| established_date2 = 2 December 1971
| established_event3 = Admission of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]]
| established_date3 = 10 February 1972
| area_km2 = 83,600
| area_rank = 114th
| area_sq_mi = 32,278 
| percent_water = Negligible
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate = 11,027,129<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Subject - Population |url=https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085440/https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 132
| population_density_sq_mi = 341.6
| population_density_rank = 83rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $905.23 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 36th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $81,680<ref name="auto"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $548.60 billion<ref name="auto"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 28th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,550<ref name="auto"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21st
| Gini = 26 
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330025458/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.940 
| HDI_year = 2023 
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 15th
| currency = [[United Arab Emirates dirham|UAE dirham]]
| currency_code = AED
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates|+971]]
| time_zone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|GST]]
| utc_offset = +04:00
| cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ae]] |[[emarat|امارات.]]}}
| footnotes = <div style="padding:0.2em;font-size:135%;text-align:center;">'''[[Portal:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates portal]]'''</div>
| linking_name =
| official_website = {{URL|https://u.ae/}}
}}

The '''United Arab Emirates'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة|translit=al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabiyya al-Muttaḥida|engvar=gb}} {{ALA-LC|ar|al-Imārāt al-{{ayn}}Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah}}}} ('''UAE'''), also known simply as the '''Emirates''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|الإمارات|translit=al-ʾImārāt|links=no|engvar=gb}}}} is a country in [[West Asia]], situated at the eastern end of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. It is a [[Federal monarchy|federal]] semi-constitutional [[monarchy]] made up of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|seven emirates]], with [[Abu Dhabi]] serving as its national capital. The UAE borders [[Oman]] to the east and northeast, and [[Saudi Arabia]] to the southwest. It shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime borders]] with [[Qatar]] and [[Iran]] in the [[Persian Gulf]], and with Oman in the [[Gulf of Oman]]. In 2024, the UAE had an estimated population of over 11 million. [[Dubai]] is the country's [[List of cities in the United Arab Emirates|largest city]]. [[Islam]] is the [[state religion]]. [[Arabic]] is the official language while English remains the most spoken language and the language of business.<ref name="Siemund" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Federal Boundaries of the United Arab Emirates |url=http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713025710/http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref>

The present-day United Arab Emirates is located within the historical region of [[Eastern Arabia]], which was oriented to maritime trade and [[seafaring]]. The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] arrived in the region around 1500 and set up bases on the territory while waging [[Portuguese–Safavid wars|wars]] against the [[Safavid Iran|Persians]]. After their expulsion in 1622 the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] controlled the straits and established global maritime dominance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Arno Maierbrugger Gulf News |date=15 September 2018 |title=The golden era of trade |url=https://gulfnews.com/travel/destinations/the-golden-era-of-trade-1.894577 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> By the 19th century, with [[Pearling industry|pearling]] becoming a major economic activity, [[Piracy in the Persian Gulf|piracy became rampant in the gulf]], prompting [[British Empire|British]] intervention.<ref name="bandits">{{Cite book |last=Pennel |first=C.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB7ODGowJ3AC |title=Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader |publisher=NYU Press |year=2001 |isbn=0814766781 |page=11}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2011 |title=United Arab Emirates country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703998 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Local [[sheikhdoms]] formed a pact with the United Kingdom to create the [[Trucial States]], a [[British protectorate]] that was effectively shielded from attempted [[First Saudi state|Saudi]] and [[Omani Empire|Omani]] [[suzerainty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=Wayne H. |title=The history of Saudi Arabia |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9780313087691 |pages=88 |language=English}}</ref> The Trucial States remained under British influence until full independence as the United Arab Emirates in 1971. [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president (1971–2004), oversaw rapid development of the Emirates by investing revenues from newly found [[Oil reserve|oil]] into healthcare, education, and infrastructure.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |date=14 November 2012 |title=United Arab Emirates profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014200/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

The UAE is considered a [[middle power]] in global affairs;<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Renad Mansour |author2=Mark White |date=June 2025 |title=Why peacebuilding fails and what to do about it |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2025-06/2025-06-11-why-peacebuilding-fails-mansour-white_0.pdf |website=www.chathamhouse.org}}</ref> Dubai serves as an international hub of finance, tourism, and commerce.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=United Arab Emirates Country Summary |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/summaries/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102093228/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/summaries/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=dead |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=By Location | Pivot Table | Data Portal |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/784/start/2024/end/2024/table/pivotbylocation?df=4a78fd51-e96f-4dee-936c-2f8b1b0566b8}}</ref> Only 11% of the population are native [[Emiratis]]; the vast majority of inhabitants are [[expatriates]] and [[migrant workers]], most of whom are from [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and figures: UAE population by nationality, and more |url=https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/the-uae/facts-and-figures |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=www.mofa.gov.ae}}</ref> The United Arab Emirates has the world's [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|seventh-largest oil reserves]] and [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|seventh-largest natural gas reserves]].<ref name="EIA">{{cite web |url= https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 |title=Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016|publisher=U.S. [[Energy Information Administration]] |format=CVS download|access-date=27 May 2017|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427031435/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration, [http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=57&aid=6 International Energy Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185057/http://www.eia.gov/CFapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=57&aid=6 |date=16 August 2016 }}, accessed 17 January 2019.</ref> The UAE has the most diversified economy among the members of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC), having become less reliant on natural resources in the 21st century and increasingly focusing on tourism and business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/index.php|title=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=Imf.org|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=23 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723163119/http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[Arab League]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[OPEC]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]], [[World Trade Organization]], and [[BRICS]]; it is also a dialogue partner of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]].

The [[Federal Supreme Council]], made up of the seven ruling [[emirs]], is the highest state authority. It jointly appoints one member as [[President of the United Arab Emirates|federal president]], who appoints a [[List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates|prime minister]], who forms and leads [[Cabinet of the United Arab Emirates|the cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political System & Governance {{!}} UAE Embassy |url=https://www.uae-embassy.org/discover-uae/governance/political-system-governance |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Political System & Governance {{!}} UAE Embassy |language=en}}</ref> The UAE is an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] state but generally liberal by regional standards.<ref name=":11" /> It ranks highly in several social indicators such as housing, [[Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates|healthcare]], [[Education in the United Arab Emirates|education]] and personal safety, as well as the highest regionally in the [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=Aletihad |date=19 June 2025 |title=UAE scores high on Social Progress Index with top marks in housing, healthcare |url=https://en.aletihad.ae/news/uae/4584161/uae-scores-high-on-social-progress-index-with-top-marks-in-h |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Aletihad Newspaper |language=en-EN}}</ref> Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, ranking low in the [[Human Freedom Index|human freedom index]] due to reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of [[forced disappearance]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Arab Emirates Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/ |website=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=3 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403073642/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual rights such as the freedoms of [[Freedom of assembly|assembly]], [[Freedom of association|association]], [[freedom of expression|expression]], and the [[Press Freedom Index|freedom of the press]] are severely repressed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on the situation of journalists in the UAE Input for the Secretary General Report on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Journalists/GA72/InternationalCentreJusticeHumanRights.pdf |website=ohchr.org |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |access-date=12 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512002620/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Journalists/GA72/InternationalCentreJusticeHumanRights.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The United Arab Emirates is named after the seven emirates that formed a federation: the Emirate of [[Abu Dhabi]], the Emirate of [[Dubai]], the Emirate of [[Ajman]], the Emirate of [[Sharjah]], the Emirate of [[Ras Al Khaimah]], the Emirate of [[Umm Al Quwain]], and the Emirate of [[Fujairah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126230144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=www.cia.gov |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of the United Arab Emirates}}

=== Antiquity ===
[[File:Cántaro (26738115330).jpg|thumb|left|upright|2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]] era jar found in [[Mleiha Archaeological Centre|Mleiha Archaeological site]] in Sharjah]]

Stone tools recovered reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-archaeologist-discovers-the-swiss-army-knife-from-130-000-years-ago-1.254963/|title = UAE archaeologist discovers the Swiss Army knife from 130,000 years ago|last = Pennington|first = Roberta|date = 5 February 2014|work = The National|access-date = 19 February 2017|archive-date = 27 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161227134452/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-archaeologist-discovers-the-swiss-army-knife-from-130-000-years-ago|url-status = live}}</ref> In time, lively trading links developed with civilisations in [[Mesopotamia]], Iran, and the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan culture]] of the Indus Valley. This contact persisted and became wider, probably motivated by the trade in copper from the [[Hajar Mountains]], which commenced around 3,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adias-uae.com/ |title=Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey (ADIAS) |publisher=Adias-uae.com |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223259/http://www.adias-uae.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sumerian sources talk of the [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]] civilisation, which has been identified as encompassing the modern UAE and Oman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Early History of Civilisation|last=Woolley|first=Leonard|publisher=UNESCO|year=1963|page=611}}</ref>

There are six periods of human settlement with distinctive behaviours in the region before Islam, which include the [[Hafit period]] from 3,200 to 2,600 BCE, the [[Umm Al Nar culture]] from 2,600 to 2,000 BCE, and the [[Wadi Suq culture]] from 2,000 to 1,300 BCE. From 1,200 BCE to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, through three distinctive [[Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates|Iron Ages]] and the [[Mleiha]] period, the area was variously occupied by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]] and other forces, and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the [[Qanat|''falaj'']] irrigation system.

===Islam===
The spread of [[Islam]] to the northeastern tip of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] to the rulers of [[Oman]] in 630 CE. This led to a group of rulers travelling to [[Medina]], converting to Islam, and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]], who dominated the coast at the time.{{sfnp|Heard-Bey|1996|p=127}} Following the death of Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the [[Persian Gulf]] threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the [[Muslim leaders]]. Caliph [[Abu Bakr]] sent an army from the capital [[Medina]] which completed its reconquest of the territory ([[Ridda wars|the Ridda Wars]]) with the [[Battle of Dibba]] in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost.{{sfnp|Heard-Bey|1996|pp=127–128}} This assured the integrity of the [[Caliphate]] and the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the newly emerging [[Rashidun Caliphate]].

In 637, Julfar (in the area of today's [[Ras Al Khaimah]]) was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the [[Sasanian Empire]].<ref name="AbedHellyer2001">{{cite book|author1=Ibrahim Abed|author2=Peter Hellyer|title=United Arab Emirates, a New Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA83|year= 2001|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0|pages=83–84|publisher=Trident Press }}</ref> The area of the [[Al Ain]]/[[Buraimi Oasis]] was known as Tu'am and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior.{{sfnp|Heard-Bey|1996|pp=22–23}}

The earliest [[Christianity|Christian]] site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, an extensive monastic complex on what is now known as [[Sir Bani Yas]] Island and which dates back to the seventh century. Thought to be [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] and built in 600 CE, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 CE.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/ancient-secrets-of-sir-bani-yas-island-unveiled-1.550370|title = Ancient secrets of Sir Bani Yas unveiled|last = Thomas|first = Jen|date = 12 December 2012|work = The National|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103357/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/ancient-secrets-of-sir-bani-yas-island-unveiled|archive-date = 22 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> It forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity, which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 CE following trade routes. Certainly, by the fifth century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Trucial States|last = Hawley|first = Donald|publisher= Allen & Unwin|year = 1971|isbn = 978-0-04-953005-8|location = UK|pages = 48–51}}</ref>

=== Portuguese era ===
{{See also|Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)|Piracy in the Persian Gulf}}
[[File:Forte de doba.jpg|thumb|A painting of the [[Portuguese Empire]] {{ill|Doba Fortress|pt|Forte de Doba|vertical-align=sup}} in [[Dibba Al-Hisn]] in 1620]]

The harsh desert environment led to the emergence of the "versatile tribesman", nomadic groups who subsisted due to a variety of economic activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture, and hunting. The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment of seasonal and semi-seasonal settlements and centres. These formed tribal groupings whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis, including the [[Bani Yas]] and [[Al Nahyan family|Al Bu Falah]] of [[Abu Dhabi]], Al Ain, [[Liwa Oasis|Liwa]], and the west coast; the [[Dhawahir]], Awamir, [[Al Ali (tribe)|Al Ali]], and [[Manasir (tribe)|Manasir]] of the interior; the [[Sharqiyin]] of the east coast; and the [[Al-Qasimi|Qawasim]] to the north.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia|last = Lorimer|first = John|publisher= Government of India|year = 1908|location = Bombay|pages = 1432–1436}}</ref>

With the expansion of European [[colonial empire]]s, [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], [[British Empire|English]], and [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] forces appeared in the Persian Gulf region. By the 18th century, the Bani Yas confederation was the dominant force in most of the area now known as Abu Dhabi,{{sfnp|Heard-Bey|1996|p=43}}<ref>{{ cite journal | first=Kashf | last=Al Gumma | title=Annals of Oman from Early times to the year 1728 AD | journal= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal | date= 1874}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Ibn Ruzaiq | translator= GP Badger | title= History of the Imams and Sayids of Oman |publisher=Hakluyt Society | place= London | date= 1871}}</ref> while the Northern [[Al-Qasimi|Al Qawasim]] (Al Qasimi) dominated maritime commerce. The Portuguese maintained an influence over the coastal settlements, building [[Fortification|forts]] in the wake of the bloody 16th-century conquests of coastal communities by [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]] and the Portuguese commanders who followed him – particularly on the east coast at [[Muscat]], [[Sohar]], and [[Khor Fakkan]].{{sfnp|Heard-Bey|1996|p=282}}

The southern coast of the Persian Gulf was known to the British as the "[[History of the United Arab Emirates|Pirate Coast]]",<ref>{{ cite book | last=Baker | first= Randall | date= 1979 | title= King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz | publisher= The Oleander Press | place=Great Britain}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The British Threat to the Ottoman Presence in the Persian Gulf during the Era of Abdülhamid II and the Responses toward it| last= Biral | first= Bilal Emre|publisher= Middle East Technical University|place=Ankara|date=2009|citeseerx = 10.1.1.633.1663}}</ref> as boats of the Al Qawasim federation harassed British-flagged shipping from the 17th century into the 19th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waynemadsenreport.com/articles/20081102_3 |date=3 November 2008 |title=The UAE is the old Pirate Coast. Not much has changed. |work=Wayne Madsen Report |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20111208145256/http://www.waynemadsenreport.com/articles/20081102_3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The charge of piracy is disputed by modern Emirati historians, including the current ruler of Sharjah, [[Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi|Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi]], in his 1986 book ''The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf |last=Al Qasimi |first=Sultan |publisher=Croom Helm |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-7099-2106-6 |location=UK}}</ref>
[[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|alt=|thumb|Purple – [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in the Persian Gulf in the 16th and 17th century. Main cities, ports, and routes.]]
[[File:Ras Al Khaimah under attack, 1809 01.jpg|thumb|A painting depicting the burning of the coastal town and port of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah]] during the [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1809]]]]

British expeditions to protect their Indian trade routes led to campaigns against Ras Al Khaimah and other harbours along the coast, including the [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1809]] and the more successful [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|campaign of 1819]]. The following year, Britain and a number of local rulers signed a [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820|maritime truce]], giving rise to the term [[Trucial States]], which came to define the status of the coastal emirates. A further treaty was signed in 1843 and in 1853, the [[Perpetual Maritime Truce]] was agreed. To this was added the 'Exclusive Agreements', signed in 1892, which made the [[Trucial States]] a British protectorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.na.ae/en/education/historicalperiods/britishprince.aspx|title=British Era|website=National Archives of the United Arab Emirates|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144851/http://www.na.ae/en/education/historicalperiods/britishprince.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Under the 1892 treaty, the trucial sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. British maritime policing meant that pearling fleets could operate in relative security. However, the British prohibition of the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/84.htm United Arab Emirates – The Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214091633/http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/84.htm |date=14 December 2010 }}. [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]. Retrieved 14 July 2013.</ref>

In 1869, the Qubaisat tribe settled at [[Khor Al Adaid]] and tried to enlist the support of the Ottomans. Khor Al Adaid was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time, a claim supported by the British. In 1906, the British Political Resident, [[Percy Cox]], confirmed in writing to the ruler of Abu Dhabi, [[Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan]] ('Zayed the Great'), that Khor Al Adaid belonged to his sheikhdom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morton|first1=Michael Quentin|title=Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates|year=2016|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-78023-580-6|pages=49–50|url=http://www.reaktionbooks.co.uk/display.asp?ISB=9781780235806|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220094206/http://www.reaktionbooks.co.uk/display.asp?ISB=9781780235806|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== British era and discovery of oil ===
{{See also|Persian Gulf campaign of 1809|Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|General Maritime Treaty of 1820|Trucial States}}
[[File:Dhayah Fort showing hilltop location.jpg|thumb|[[Dhayah Fort]] at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last [[Al-Qasimi]] stronghold to fall in the [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819]]. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]].]]

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the [[Pearl hunting|pearling industry]] thrived, providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Robert |date=2005 |title=The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=139–209 |doi=10.1163/1568520054127149 |jstor=25165089 |issn=0022-4995 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1591869 }}</ref> The [[World War I|First World War]] had a severe impact on the industry, but it was the [[economic depression]] of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the invention of the [[cultured pearl]], that wiped out the trade. The remnants of the trade eventually faded away shortly after the [[World War II|Second World War]], when the newly independent [[Government of India]] imposed heavy taxation on imported pearls. The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/history/trad/trd08.asp |title=UAE History & Traditions: Pearls & pearling |work=UAEinteract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206103534/http://www.uaeinteract.com/history/trad/trd08.asp |archive-date=6 February 2016 }}</ref>

In 1922, the British government secured undertakings from the rulers of the Trucial States not to sign concessions with foreign companies without their consent. Aware of the potential for the development of natural resources such as oil, following finds in Persia (from 1908) and Mesopotamia (from 1927), a British-led oil company, the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]] (IPC), showed an interest in the region. The [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]] (APOC, later to become [[BP|British Petroleum]], or BP) had a 23.75% share in IPC. From 1935, onshore concessions to explore for oil were granted by local rulers, with APOC signing the first one on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), an associate company of IPC.<ref>{{Cite book|title = From Pearls to Oil|last = Heard|first = David|publisher= Motivate|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-86063-311-9|location = UAE|pages = 41–42}}</ref>

APOC was prevented from developing the region alone because of the restrictions of the [[Red Line Agreement]], which required it to operate through IPC. A number of options between PCL and the trucial rulers were signed, providing useful revenue for communities experiencing poverty following the collapse of the pearl trade. However, the wealth of oil which the rulers could see from the revenues accruing to surrounding countries remained elusive. The first bore holes in Abu Dhabi were drilled by IPC's operating company, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) at Ras Sadr in 1950, with a {{convert|13000|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=mid|-deep}} bore hole taking a year to drill and turning out dry, at the tremendous cost at the time of £1 million.

[[File:Mid-20th century Dubai.JPG|thumb|left|Dubai in 1950: the area in this photo shows [[Bur Dubai]] in the foreground (centred on [[Al-Fahidi Fort]]), [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]] in middle-right on the other side of the creek, and [[Al Shindagha]] (left) and [[Al Ras, Dubai|Al Ras]] (right) in the background across the creek, from Deira.]]
The British set up a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates. The seven [[sheikh]]s of the [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|emirates]] then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. In 1952, they formed the Trucial States Council,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nasibbitar.net/adi_sr/DocumentsArticle4.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803020019/http://nasibbitar.net/adi_sr/DocumentsArticle4.jpg|archive-date=3 August 2008|url-status=usurped|title=Al Khaleej News Paper}}</ref> and appointed [[Adi Bitar|Adi Al Bitar]], Dubai's [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum|Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum]]'s legal advisor, as secretary general and legal advisor to the council. The council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/ae_tsc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011257/https://www.fotw.info/flags/ae_tsc.html |archive-date=29 April 2011 |title=Trucial States Council until 1971 (United Arab Emirates) |publisher=Flags of the World |url-status=live }}{{user-generated inline |date=November 2023}}</ref> The tribal nature of society and the lack of definition of borders between emirates frequently led to disputes, settled either through mediation or, more rarely, force. The [[Trucial Oman Scouts]] was a small military force used by the British to keep the peace.

In 1953, a subsidiary of [[BP]], D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, obtained an offshore concession from the ruler of Abu Dhabi. BP joined with [[Total SE|Compagnie Française des Pétroles]] (later [[Total SE|Total]]) to form operating companies, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) and Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out, including one led by the famous marine explorer [[Jacques Cousteau]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cousteau|first1=Jacques|title=Calypso explores for underwater oil|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/18080895|journal=National Geographic Magazine|date=August 1955|volume=CVIII|issue=2|access-date=19 February 2017|author-link=Jacques Cousteau|archive-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220093825/https://www.librarything.com/work/18080895|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morton|first1=Michael Quentin|title=Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954|journal=Liwa|date=June 2015|volume=7|issue=13|pages=3–28|url=https://www.academia.edu/13056568|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426051607/https://www.academia.edu/13056568|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1958, a floating platform rig was towed from [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]], and positioned over the [[Umm Shaif oil field|Umm Shaif]] pearl bed, in Abu Dhabi waters, where drilling began. In March, it struck oil in the Upper Thamama rock formation. This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast, leading to the first exports of oil in 1962. ADMA made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and elsewhere, and other companies made commercial finds such as the [[Fateh Oil Field|Fateh oilfield]] off Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah (shared with Iran).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butt|first1=Gerald|title=Oil and Gas in the UAE|url=https://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/11.pdf|website=UAE Interact|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123003948/http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_misc/pdf/perspectives/11.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Meanwhile, onshore exploration was hindered by territorial disputes. In 1955, the [[United Kingdom]] represented Abu Dhabi and Oman in their dispute with Saudi Arabia over the [[Al Buraimi Governorate|Buraimi Oasis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5444.htm|title=United Arab Emirates (06/07)|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=6 June 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606162024/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5444.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia seemed to have settled the Abu Dhabi-Saudi [[Territorial dispute|border dispute]], but this has not been ratified.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Matthew|title=Global Security Watch – Saudi Arabia|year= 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0-313-38699-2|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxvFBAAAQBAJ}}</ref> The UAE's border with Oman was ratified in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592|title = Historic UAE-Oman accord involves 272 km of border|date = 22 July 2008|work = Gulf News|access-date = 19 February 2017|archive-date = 29 November 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030925/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592|url-status = live}}</ref>

PDTC continued its onshore exploration away from the disputed area, drilling five more bore holes that were also dry. However, on 27 October 1960, the company discovered oil in commercial quantities at the Murban No. 3 well on the coast near Tarif.<ref>{{Cite book|title = From Pearls to Oil|last = Heard|first = David|publisher= Motivate|year = 2013|isbn = 978-1-86063-311-9|location = UAE|pages = 413–416}}</ref> In 1962, PDTC became the [[Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company]]. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], undertook a massive construction program, building schools, housing, hospitals, and roads. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in 1969, Sheikh [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum]], the ruler of Dubai, was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern [[global city]] of Dubai.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" />

=== Independence ===
{{See also|Foundation of the United Arab Emirates|Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs}}
[[File:Flag-hoisting at the Union Declaration.jpg|thumb|left|Historic photo depicting the first hoisting of the United Arab Emirates flag by the rulers of the emirates at the Union House in Dubai on 2 December 1971]]

By 1966, it had become clear that the British government could no longer afford to administer and protect the [[Trucial States]], what is now the United Arab Emirates. British [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) debated the preparedness of the [[Royal Navy]] to defend the [[sheikhdom]]s. On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister [[Edward Heath]], to end the treaty relationships with the seven trucial sheikhdoms. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], fearing vulnerability, tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the [[British Armed Forces]] in the Emirates. The British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government rejected the offer.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gornall, Jonathan |date=2 December 2011 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag-1.574721/ |title=Sun sets on British Empire as UAE raises its flag |work=The National |location=Abu Dhabi |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629152914/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag#page5 |url-status=live }}</ref> After [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Goronwy Roberts, Baron Goronwy-Roberts|Goronwy Roberts]] informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a union of Arab emirates, but by mid-1971 they were still unable to agree on terms of union even though the British treaty relationship was to expire in December of that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guide.theemiratesnetwork.com/basics/history_of_the_emirates.php |title=History the United Arab Emirates (UAE) – TEN Guide |work=Guide.theemiratesnetwork.com |date=11 February 1972 |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=8 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608021436/http://guide.theemiratesnetwork.com/basics/history_of_the_emirates.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Fears of vulnerability were realised the day before independence. An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf, sailing to the [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs|Tunb islands]]. On 30 November 1971 the islands were [[Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs|taken by force]], civilians and Arab defenders alike allowed to flee. Two British warships, the aircraft carrier [[HMS_Eagle_(R05)|HMS Eagle]] and the [[HMS_Albion_(R07)|HMS Albion]], stood idle during the course of the invasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb |title=Tonb Islands (Greater and Lesser), two tiny islands of arguable strategic importance in the eastern Persian Gulf, south of the western tip of Qešm island |last1=Mirfendereski |first1=Guive |date=25 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704222708/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref> A destroyer group approached the island of [[Abu Musa]] as well. But there, [[Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi|Sheikh Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi]] had already negotiated with the Iranian shah, and the island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia laid claim to swathes of Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Krane |first1=Jim |year=2009 |title=City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism |pages=81–84}}</ref> It was not until 1974 that a [[Treaty of Jeddah (1974)|border agreement]] was signed with Saudi Arabia, formally demarcating the frontiers between the UAE and Saudi Arabia. The UAE's sense of threat from Iran influenced its financial support for [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2025 |title=United Arab Emirates - Gulf, Sheikhdoms, Federation {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Arab-Emirates/History |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Originally intended to be part of the proposed Federation of Arab Emirates, Bahrain became independent in August, and Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1971, both emirates became fully independent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1021.html |title=Bahrain – Independence |publisher=Country-data.com |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201621/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1021.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 December 1971, six of the emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain) agreed to enter into a union named the United Arab Emirates. [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras al-Khaimah]] joined later, on 10 January 1972.<ref>{{cite book|author=Smith, Simon C. |title=Britain's Revival and Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, 1950–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_qCeBV9IW0C&pg=PA64|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-33192-0|page=64}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060814/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html|archive-date=19 November 2011 |title=Trucial Oman or Trucial States – Origin of Trucial Oman or Trucial States | Encyclopedia.com: Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com }}</ref> In February 1972, the [[Federal National Council]] (FNC) was created; it was a 40-member consultative body appointed by the seven rulers. The UAE joined the [[Arab League]] on 6 December 1971 and the [[United Nations]] on 9 December.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Now the Dust Has Settled|last=De Butts|first=Freddie|publisher=Tabb House|year=1995|isbn=978-1-873951-13-2|page=228}}</ref> It was a founding member of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the first [[GCC Summit|GCC summit]].

=== Post-independence period ===
{{Expand section|date=November 2025}}
The founding fathers of the United Arab Emirates were: [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] of [[Abu Dhabi]]; [[Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum]] of [[Dubai]]; [[Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi]] of [[Sharjah]]; [[Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III|Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi]] of [[Ajman]]; [[Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla]] of [[Umm Al Quwain]]; [[Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi]] of [[Ras Al Khaimah]] and [[Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi]] of [[Fujairah]].[[File:Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building) and the Dubai skyline (25781049892).jpg|thumb|Skyline of [[Dubai]]]]
The UAE supported military operations by the US and other [[Coalition of the Gulf War|coalition states]] engaged in the [[Gulf War]] against [[Saddam Hussein]] in [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1991), as well as operations supporting the global [[war on terror]] for the [[Horn of Africa]] at [[Al Dhafra Air Base]] located outside of Abu Dhabi. The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian [[Gulf War]] and [[Operation Northern Watch]]. The country had already signed a [[military]] defence agreement with the U.S. in 1994 and one with France in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl31641.pdf |author=Prados, Alfred B. | date=2002 |title= Iraqi Challenges and U.S. Responses: March 1991 through October 2002 |url-status=unfit |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060818063026/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl31641.pdf |archive-date= 18 August 2006| publisher= Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Foley, Sean |url= http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/1999/03/foley.pdf |title= The UAE: Political Issues and Security Dilemmas |journal= Middle East Review of International Affairs |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |date= March 1999 |access-date= 8 April 2013 |archive-date= 13 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130613164952/http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/1999/03/foley.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> In January 2008, France and the UAE signed a deal allowing France to set up a permanent military base in the emirate of Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704414 |title=United Arab Emirates profile – Timeline |work=BBC News |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226130642/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704414 |url-status=live }}</ref> The UAE joined international military operations in Libya in March 2011.

On 2 November 2004, the UAE's first president, Sheikh [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], died. Sheikh [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] was elected as the [[President of the United Arab Emirates|president of the UAE]]. Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] succeeded Sheikh Khalifa as crown prince of Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3975737.stm |title=Veteran Gulf ruler Zayed dies |work=BBC News |date=2 November 2004 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929223450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3975737.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2006, Sheikh [[Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] assumed both roles.

The first ever national elections were held on 16 December 2006. A number of voters chose half of the members of the [[Federal National Council]]. The UAE has largely escaped the [[Arab Spring]], which other countries have experienced; however, 60 Emirati activists from [[Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)|Al Islah]] were apprehended for an alleged coup attempt and the attempt of the establishment of an [[Islamism|Islamist]] state in the UAE.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |last=Bakr |first=Amena |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-courts-norway-idUSBRE96K0AK20130721 |title=Woman jailed in Dubai after reporting rape hopes to warn others |work=Reuters |date=21 July 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210075642/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-courts-norway-idUSBRE96K0AK20130721 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brotherhood 'sought Islamist state in UAE'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/brotherhood-sought-islamist-state-in-uae-1.576627/|access-date=20 November 2012|date=21 September 2012|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022094439/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/brotherhood-sought-islamist-state-in-uae|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="amnesty.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde25/0018/2014/en/ |title=United Arab Emirates: Silencing dissent in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) |date=18 November 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106215938/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde25/0018/2014/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain, in November 2012 the UAE outlawed online mockery of its government or attempts to organise public protests through social media.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" />

On 29 January 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was confirmed to have [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates|reached the UAE]].<ref name="first case UAE">{{Cite news|last1=Hammond|first1=Ashley|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/watch-how-the-first-coronavirus-case-in-uae-was-cured-1.1581323524356|title=Watch: How the first coronavirus case in UAE was cured|date=10 February 2020|work=Gulf News|access-date=11 February 2020|last2=Chaudhary|first2=Suchitra Bajpai|last3=Hilotin|first3=Jay|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210155105/https://gulfnews.com/uae/health/watch-how-the-first-coronavirus-case-in-uae-was-cured-1.1581323524356|url-status=live}}</ref> Two months later, in March, the government announced the closure of shopping malls, schools, and places of worship, in addition to imposing a 24-hour curfew, and suspending all [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] passenger flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/coronavirus-uae-shuts-malls-for-two-weeks-1.1584914600541|title=Coronavirus: UAE shuts malls for two weeks|website=Gulf News|date=23 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323164723/https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/coronavirus-uae-shuts-malls-for-two-weeks-1.1584914600541|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/10aa229f979a05241ede3c349f5e4d2d |first1=Aya |last1=Batrawy |title=Dubai's Emirates cuts passenger flights to 13 destinations|website=[[Associated Press]]|date=22 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530142404/https://apnews.com/10aa229f979a05241ede3c349f5e4d2d|url-status=live}}</ref> This resulted in a major economic downturn, which eventually led to the merger of more than 50% of the UAE's [[:Category:United Arab Emirates federal entities|federal agencies]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2d8b670-8fd3-41e7-850b-e0c74302805e |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/b2d8b670-8fd3-41e7-850b-e0c74302805e |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=UAE merges ministries in ambitious government restructuring|access-date=5 July 2020|website=Financial Times|date=5 July 2020|last1=Kerr|first1=Simeon}}</ref>
[[File:President Joe Biden stands with leaders of the GCC countries, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan.jpg|thumb|UAE's President [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] and other leaders at the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]]+3 summit in [[Jeddah]], 16 July 2022]]
On 29 August 2020, the UAE established normal diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] and with the help of the [[United States]], they signed the [[Abraham Accords]] with [[Bahrain]].<ref name="BBC859">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859|title=Israel and UAE strike historic deal to normalise relations|work=BBC News|date=13 August 2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813152232/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 February 2021, the UAE achieved a historic milestone when its probe, named ''[[Emirates Mars Mission|Hope]]'', successfully reached [[Mars]]'s orbit. The UAE became the first country in the [[Arab world]] to reach Mars, the fifth country to successfully reach Mars, and the second country, after an [[Mars Orbiter Mission|Indian probe]], to orbit Mars on its maiden attempt.

On 14 May 2022, Sheikh [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] was elected as the UAE's new president after the death of [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is MBZ, the UAE's new president? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/14/who-is-sheikh-mohammed-bin-zayed-al-nahyan-mbz-uaes-new-president |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516064657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/14/who-is-sheikh-mohammed-bin-zayed-al-nahyan-mbz-uaes-new-president |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:Satellite image of United Arab Emirates in October.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of United Arab Emirates]]
The United Arab Emirates is situated in the [[Middle East]], bordering the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Persian Gulf]], between [[Oman]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]; it is in a strategic location slightly south of the [[Strait of Hormuz]], a vital transit point for world [[Petroleum|crude oil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705161411/http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/oil_gas.htm|archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=UAE Oil and Gas |publisher=UAE Ministry of Finance and Industry | url-status=dead |date=19 June 1999 }}</ref>

The UAE lies between 22°30' and 26°10' north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a {{convert|530|km|mi|adj=on}} border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a {{convert|450|km|mi|adj=on}} border with Oman on the southeast and northeast. The land border with Qatar in the [[Khor Al Adaid]] area is about {{convert|19|km|mi|spell=in|abbr=off}} in the northwest; however, it is a source of [[Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute|ongoing dispute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabmediawatch.com/amw/CountryBackgrounds/SaudiArabia/SaudiUAEdisputes/tabid/174/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408121304/http://www.arabmediawatch.com/amw/CountryBackgrounds/SaudiArabia/SaudiUAEdisputes/tabid/174/Default.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2010 |title=Saudi-UAE Disputes |publisher=Arabmediawatch.com |date=21 August 1974 }}</ref> Following Britain's military departure from the UAE in 1971, and its establishment as a new state, the UAE laid claim to Iranian-occupied islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and the Lesser Tunbs, when Iran captured them during the British rule, resulting in disputes with Iran that remain unresolved.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE official calls for international action to end "Iranian occupation" of disputed islands|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/uae-official-calls-international-action-end-iranian-occupation-disputed-islands|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Middle East Institute|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727100431/https://www.mei.edu/publications/uae-official-calls-international-action-end-iranian-occupation-disputed-islands|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE also disputes claim on other islands against the neighbouring state of Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm|title=UAE Disputes, International UAE Disputes, UAE Boundary Dispute, UAE National Disputes, UAE Emirate Disputes, Claims Three Islands, Abu Musa Island, Greater & Lesser Tumb, The History of Islands, Human Resources UAE, Arab Emirates.|website=www.uaeprison.com|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=4 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804050555/http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest emirate, [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]], accounts for 87% of the UAE's total area,<ref>{{Cite book|author=((Oxford Business Group)) |title=The Report: Abu Dhabi 2015|publisher=Oxford Business Group|year=2016|isbn=978-1-910068-25-0|page=17}}</ref> {{convert|67340|km2|0|abbr=out}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brinkmann|first1=Robert|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability: Case Studies and Practical Solutions|last2=Garren|first2=Sandra J.|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-71389-2|page=806}}</ref> The smallest emirate, [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], encompasses only {{convert|259|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=D'Avanzo|first=Carolyn|title=Mosby's Pocket Guide to Cultural Health Assessment|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2008|isbn=978-0-323-08604-2|page=751}}</ref>

The UAE coast stretches for nearly {{convert|650|km|0|abbr=on}} along the southern shore of the [[Persian Gulf]], briefly interrupted by an isolated outcrop of the Sultanate of Oman. Six of the emirates are situated along the Persian Gulf, and the seventh, Fujairah, is on the eastern coast of the peninsula with direct access to the Gulf of Oman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2004|publisher=Taylor Francis - Psychology Press|year=2003|isbn=1-85743-184-7|page=1175}}</ref> Most of the coast consists of [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pans]] that extend {{convert|8|–|10|km|abbr=on}} inland.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schulz|first1=Stephan|last2=Horovitz|first2=Marcel|last3=Rausch|first3=Randolf|last4=Michelsen|first4=Nils|last5=Mallast|first5=Ulf|last6=Köhne|first6=Maximilian|last7=Siebert|first7=Christian|last8=Schüth|first8=Christoph|last9=Al-Saud|first9=Mohammed|last10=Merz|first10=Ralf|date=1 December 2015|title=Groundwater evaporation from salt pans: Examples from the eastern Arabian Peninsula|journal=Journal of Hydrology|language=en|volume=531|pages=792–801|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.048|bibcode=2015JHyd..531..792S|issn=0022-1694|doi-access=free}}</ref> The largest [[harbor|natural harbor]] is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 April 2020|title=Top 5 Ports in United Arab Emirates|url=https://www.icontainers.com/us/2020/03/30/top-five-ports-united-arab-emirates/|access-date=17 August 2021|website=iContainers|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817053645/https://www.icontainers.com/us/2020/03/30/top-five-ports-united-arab-emirates/|url-status=live}}</ref> Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both [[Iran]] and [[Qatar]]. The smaller islands, as well as many [[coral reef]]s and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore. The UAE also has a stretch of the [[Al Batinah Region|Al Bāţinah]] coast of the Gulf of Oman. The [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam Peninsula]], the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz, and [[Madha]] are [[enclave and exclave|exclaves]] of Oman separated by the UAE.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lancaster|first1=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam|title=Honour is in Contentment: Life Before Oil in Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) and Some Neighbouring Regions|last2=Lancaster|first2=Fidelity|date=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-022339-2|language=en|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106051754/https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam#v=snippet&q=musandam&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:View from Jebel Jais - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Roads leading to [[Jebel Jais]], the highest mountain in the UAE (1,892 m), in [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]]]]
South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling [[dune|sand dunes]] merge into the [[Rub al-Khali]] (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 August 2008|title=Empty Quarter|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/9054/empty-quarter|access-date=6 September 2021|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906080241/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/9054/empty-quarter|url-status=live}}</ref> The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation. The extensive [[Liwa Oasis]] is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia. About {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} to the northeast of Liwa is the [[Al Buraimi Governorate|Al-Buraimi]] oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border. [[Lake Zakher]] in Al Ain is a [[Man-made lake|human-made lake]] near the border with Oman that was created from treated waste water.<ref name="Man-made desert lake: Ecological paradise or disaster?">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/14/world/meast/desert-lake-zakher-emirates/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=The accidental lake: Birdwatcher's oasis or ecological disaster? |work=CNN |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=6 August 2013 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518052304/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/14/world/meast/desert-lake-zakher-emirates/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British interventions, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent. The most complicated borders were in the [[Western Hajar Mountains]], where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.

=== Biodiversity{{anchor|Flora_and_fauna}} ===
{{Main|Wildlife of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:1501200713074 Acacia tortilis.jpg|thumb|[[Acacia]] trees growing in desert suburbs near [[Fujairah]]]]

The UAE contains the following terrestrial ecoregions: [[Al Hajar montane woodlands]] and shrublands, [[Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert]], and Al-Hajar foothill [[Deserts and xeric shrublands|xeric woodlands and shrublands]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The oases grow [[Phoenix dactylifera|date palms]], [[acacia]], and [[eucalyptus]] trees. In the desert, the flora is very sparse and consists of [[grasses]] and thorn bushes. The indigenous fauna had come close to extinction because of intensive hunting, which has led to a conservation program on [[Sir Bani Yas]] Island initiated by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan in the 1970s, resulting in the survival of, for example, [[Arabian Oryx]], [[Arabian camel]], and [[leopard]]s. [[Coastal fish]] and [[mammals]] consist mainly of [[mackerel]], [[Estuary perch|perch]], and [[tuna]], as well as [[shark]]s and whales.

=== Climate ===
The climate of the UAE is subtropical-arid with hot summers and warm winters. The climate is categorised as desert climate. The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above {{convert|45|°C|°F|0}} on the [[coastal plain]]. In the Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably lower, a result of increased elevation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manmm.net/eng/?page_id=35 |title= UAE Climate |publisher=Manmm.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112072308/http://www.manmm.net/eng/?page_id=35 |archive-date=12 January 2016 }}</ref> Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between {{convert|10|and|14|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abudhabi.ms/weather.html |title=Weather in Abu Dhabi |publisher=Abudhabi.ms |date=8 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429193142/http://www.abudhabi.ms/weather.html |archive-date=29 April 2009 }}</ref> During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as Sharqi (i.e. "Easterner") makes the coastal region especially unpleasant. The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than {{convert|120|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches {{convert|350|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the winter months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry [[wadi]] beds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7189929.stm |title=In Pictures | Flooding in the UAE |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=24 June 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929223446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7189929.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The region is prone to occasional, violent [[dust storm]]s, which can severely reduce visibility.

On 28 December 2004, snow was recorded in the UAE for the first time, in the [[Jebel Jais]] mountain cluster in Ras al-Khaimah.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4135857.stm Middle East | Cold snap brings Gulf rare snow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207190533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4135857.stm |date=7 February 2015 }}. BBC News (30 December 2004). Retrieved 10 October 2015.</ref> A few years later, there were more sightings of snow and hail.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/abu-dhabi-snow-hail-dubai-236446-2015-01-19 Global warming or wonder! Hail the snow in Abu Dhabi : World, News – India Today] . Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/middle-east-snow-extreme-heatwaves-and-uae-fog-what-s-going-on-with-the-weather-1.644687/ Middle East snow, extreme heatwaves and UAE fog: what's going on with the weather? | The National] . Thenational.ae (29 January 2013). Retrieved 10 October 2015.</ref> The Jebel Jais mountain cluster has experienced snow only twice since records began.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/heavy-snowfall-on-ras-al-khaimah-s-jebel-jais-mountain-cluster-1.46663|title=Heavy snowfall on Ras Al Khaimah's Jebel Jais mountain cluster|author=Nazzal, Gando|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=24 January 2009|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=24 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124041115/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/heavy-snowfall-on-ras-al-khaimah-s-jebel-jais-mountain-cluster-1.46663|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of the United Arab Emirates}}

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| width1 =
| image1 = Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan - 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] [[President of the United Arab Emirates|President]] 
| width2 =
| image2 = Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021).jpg
| caption2 = [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates|Prime Minister]] and [[Vice President of the United Arab Emirates|Vice President]] 
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The United Arab Emirates is a [[Federation|federal]] [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential state]] under a [[semi-constitutional monarchy]] made up of seven [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] tribal [[monarchy]]-styled political units called [[Sheikhdom]]s. It is governed by a [[Federal Supreme Council]] made up of the ruling Sheikhs of [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]], [[Emirate of Fujairah|Fujairah]], [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]], and [[Emirate of Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Quwain]]. All responsibilities not granted to the federal government are reserved to the individual emirate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/political_system.asp#B|title=UAE Government: Political system|work=UAEinteract|access-date=12 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213062650/http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/political_system.asp#B|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> A percentage{{Quantify|date=December 2023}} of revenues from each emirate is allocated to the UAE's central budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/political_system.asp |title=UAE Government: Political system |work=UAEinteract |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213062650/http://www.uaeinteract.com/government/political_system.asp |archive-date=13 February 2016 }}</ref>

The UAE uses the title [[Sheikh]] instead of [[Emir]] to refer to the rulers of individual emirates. The title is used due to the [[sheikhdom]]-styled governing system in adherence to the culture of [[tribes of Arabia]], where Sheikh means leader, elder, or the tribal chief of the clan who partakes in shared decision making with his followers. The [[President of the United Arab Emirates|president]] and [[Vice President of the United Arab Emirates|vice president]] are elected by the [[Federal Supreme Council]]. Usually, the Head of the [[House of Nahyan|Al Nahyan]] family, who are based in Abu Dhabi, holds the presidency and the Head of the [[House of Maktoum|Al Maktoum]] family, based in Dubai, the prime ministership. All prime ministers but one have served concurrently as vice president.
The federal government is composed of three branches:
* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: A [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Federal Supreme Council]] and the [[advisory board|advisory]] [[Federal National Council]] (FNC).
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: The [[President of UAE|President]], who is also [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, the [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates|prime minister]], and the [[Cabinet of the United Arab Emirates|Council of Ministers]].
* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates|Supreme Court]] and lower federal courts.

[[File:Palacio Presidencial de los Emiratos, sede del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional..jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to [[Qasr Al Watan]], the presidential palace in Abu Dhabi.]]

The [[E-Government in the United Arab Emirates|UAE e-Government]] is the extension of the UAE federal government in its electronic form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://government.ae/en/web/guest/service-channels|title=Service Channels – The UAE Government Official Portal|author=UAE federal eGovernment|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827092351/http://government.ae/en/web/guest/service-channels|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE's [[Cabinet of the United Arab Emirates|Council of Ministers]] ({{langx|ar|مجلس الوزراء}}) is the chief executive branch of the government presided over by the prime minister. The prime minister, who is appointed by the [[Federal Supreme Council]], appoints the ministers. The Council of Ministers is made up of 22 members and manages all internal and foreign affairs of the federation under its constitutional and federal law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uaecabinet.ae/source/PMO%20Moca%20Manual%202010.pdf|title=دليل أعمال نظام مجلس الوزراء|publisher=United Arab Emirates Cabinet|date=January 2010|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150241/https://www.uaecabinet.ae/source/PMO%20Moca%20Manual%202010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments |url=https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=12&year=2019 |website=ipu.org |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |access-date=19 February 2022 |location=Switzerland |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219203648/https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=12&year=2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> the UAE became the only Arab country, and one of only five countries in the world, to attain [[gender parity]] in a national legislative body, with its lower house being 50 percent women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments |url=https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=1&year=2022 |website=ipu.org |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |access-date=19 February 2022 |location=Switzerland |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219025029/https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=1&year=2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Proportion of women parliamentarians worldwide reaches 'all-time high' |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1086582 |website=UN.org |publisher=United Nations |access-date=19 February 2022 |date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219210314/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1086582 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UAE is the only country in the world that has a [[Ministry of Tolerance]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302752575|title=UAE's tolerance model has 'potential to become a global movement for good': Sheikh Nahyan|publisher=Emirates News Agency|date=4 February 2019|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010142/http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302752575|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Ministry of Happiness]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://fortune.com/2016/02/10/uae-minister-happiness/|title=This Country Just Appointed a Minister Of Happiness|magazine=Fortune.com|date=10 February 2016|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010141/http://fortune.com/2016/02/10/uae-minister-happiness/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://futurism.com/uae-minister-artificial-intelligence|title=An Inside Look at the First Nation With a State Minister for Artificial Intelligence|publisher=Futurism.com|date=11 December 2017|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010141/https://futurism.com/uae-minister-artificial-intelligence|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE also has a virtual ministry called the Ministry of Possibilities, designed to find solutions to challenges and improve quality of life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/ministry-of-possibilities|title=Ministry of Possibilities|publisher=U.AE|date=24 September 2019|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208032123/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/ministry-of-possibilities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/mohammed-bin-rashid-launches-ministry-of-possibilities-to-develop-radical-solutions-for-governments-key-challenges|title=Mohammed bin Rashid Launches 'Ministry of Possibilities' to Develop Radical Solutions for Government's Key Challenges|publisher=UAE Cabinet|date=2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727143056/https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/mohammed-bin-rashid-launches-ministry-of-possibilities-to-develop-radical-solutions-for-governments-key-challenges|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE also has a [[National Youth Council]], which is represented in the UAE cabinet by the Minister of Youth.<ref>{{cite web|title = Women shining in new UAE Cabinet – Khaleej Times|url = http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today|website = www.khaleejtimes.com|access-date = 11 February 2016|archive-date = 11 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160211095401/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/why-ministers-for-happiness-tolerance-youth-and-the-future|title=Why Ministries for Happiness, Tolerance, Youth and the Future?|publisher=United Arab Emirates Cabinet|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010145/https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/why-ministers-for-happiness-tolerance-youth-and-the-future|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UAE legislative body is the [[Federal National Council]] which convenes nationwide elections every four years. The FNC consists of 40 members drawn from all the emirates. Each emirate is allocated specific seats to ensure full representation. Half are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates, and the other half are elected by a small percentage of Emirati citizens, currently 33%, hand-picked by the rulers of each emirate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2023 |title=Federal National Council elections to take place on October 7 |language=en |website=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2023/07/10/federal-national-council-elections-to-take-place-on-october-7/}}</ref> By law, the council members have to be equally divided between males and females. The FNC is restricted to a largely [[:wikt:consultation|consultative]] role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/the-federal-national-council-|title=The Federal National Council|publisher=U.AE|date=3 February 2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922121108/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/the-federal-national-council-|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.government.ae/gov/en/gov/federal/politics.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027123241/http://www.government.ae/gov/en/gov/federal/politics.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 October 2005 |title=UAE Federal e-Government Portal |publisher=Government.ae }}</ref><ref>[https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/sheikh-khalifa-uae-s-federal-national-council-to-be-50-per-cent-women-1.800357 Sheikh Khalifa: UAE's Federal National Council to be 50 per cent women] The National, 8 December 2018</ref>

The UAE is an authoritarian [[federal monarchy]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Herb |first=Michael |date=2009 |title=A Nation of Bureaucrats: Political Participation and Economic Diversification in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/nation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates/E3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=375–395 |doi=10.1017/S0020743809091119 |issn=1471-6380 |s2cid=154366494 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526174658/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/nation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates/E3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=28 March 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ledstrup |first=Martin |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8 |title=Nationalism and Nationhood in the United Arab Emirates |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-3-319-91652-1 |page=10 |language=en-gb |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526133319/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |url-status=live |s2cid=158959849}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Hypocrisy of Dubai's World Tolerance Summit |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/14/hypocrisy-dubais-world-tolerance-summit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418003418/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/14/hypocrisy-dubais-world-tolerance-summit |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news |date=30 January 2021 |title=United Arab Emirates says it will offer citizenship to some |url=https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-abu-dhabi-coronavirus-pandemic-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-708c588985bad97230b458b435cbfbc2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135542/https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-abu-dhabi-coronavirus-pandemic-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-708c588985bad97230b458b435cbfbc2 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark |last2=Hager|first2=Emily B. |date=14 May 2011 |title=Secret Desert Force Set Up by Blackwater's Founder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/world/middleeast/15prince.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404064810/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/world/middleeast/15prince.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=The United Arab Emirates – an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state – are closely allied with the United States, and American officials indicated that the battalion program had some support in Washington.}}</ref> The UAE has been described as a "tribal autocracy" where the seven constituent monarchies are led by tribal rulers in an autocratic fashion.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Krane |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC |title=City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism |date=15 September 2009 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4299-1899-2 |page=10 |language=en |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219202257/https://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC |archive-date=19 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are no democratically elected institutions, and there is no formal commitment to free speech.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Stack |first=Liam |date=30 April 2017 |title=Dubai Introduces Its Own Font, Lauding Free Expression It Does Not Permit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/world/middleeast/dubai-introduces-its-own-font-lauding-free-expression-it-does-not-permit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525033202/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/world/middleeast/dubai-introduces-its-own-font-lauding-free-expression-it-does-not-permit.html |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to human rights organizations, there are systematic human rights violations, including the torture and forced disappearance of government critics.<ref name=":3" /> The UAE ranks poorly in [[freedom indices]] measuring [[civil liberties]] and [[political rights]]. The UAE has consistently ranked poorly across a number of freedom indices, including being ranked as "Not Free" in [[Freedom House]]'s annual ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report from 1999 to present day,<ref name=":14" /> ranks poorly in the annual [[Reporters without Borders]]' [[Press Freedom Index]], [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]'s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices, the Democracy Tracker, and the [[Bertelsmann Transformation Index]] - which describes the UAE as a "moderate monarchy". The country was ranked 91 out of 137 states and is far below the average scoring for development towards a democracy, and is the third least democratic country in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BTI 2022: United Arab Emirates |url=https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-dashboard?isocode=ARE&cHash=98c3237aa3b3bd62d4a082e9b709a514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404121251/https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-dashboard?isocode=ARE&cHash=98c3237aa3b3bd62d4a082e9b709a514 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=BTI 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> The country, by all measurements is not democratic, with particular weaknesses in political representation, including inclusive suffrage and credible elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/united-arab-emirates |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global State of Democracy Indices {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/ |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{See also|Politics of the United Arab Emirates|List of cities in the United Arab Emirates|Emirates of the United Arab Emirates}}
{{UAE midsize imagemap with emirate names}}

The United Arab Emirates comprises seven emirates. The [[Emirate of Dubai]] is the most populous emirate with 35.6% of the UAE population. The [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi]] has 31.2%, meaning that over two-thirds of the UAE population lives in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai.

Abu Dhabi has an area of {{convert|67340|km2|0|abbr=off}}, which is 86.7% of the country's total area, excluding the islands. It has a coastline extending for more than {{convert|400|km|-1|abbr=on}} and is divided for administrative purposes into three major regions. The Emirate of Dubai extends along the Persian Gulf coast of the UAE for approximately {{convert|72|km|0|abbr=on}}. Dubai has an area of {{convert|3885|km2|0|abbr=off}}, which is equivalent to 5% of the country's total area, excluding the islands. The Emirate of Sharjah extends along approximately {{convert|16|km|0|abbr=on}} of the UAE's Persian Gulf coastline and for more than {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} into the interior. The northern emirates which include Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, and [[Umm al-Quwain|Umm al-Qaiwain]] all have a total area of {{convert|3881|km2|0|abbr=off}}. There are two areas under joint control. One is jointly controlled by Oman and Ajman, the other by Fujairah and Sharjah.

There is an Omani [[enclave and exclave|exclave]] surrounded by UAE territory, known as [[Madha|Wadi Madha]]. It is located halfway between the [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam]] peninsula and the rest of Oman in the Emirate of [[Sharjah]]. It covers approximately {{convert|75|km2|0|abbr=off}} and the boundary was settled in 1969. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the Khor Fakkan-Fujairah road, barely {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off}} away. Within the Omani exclave of Madha, is a UAE exclave called [[Nahwa]], also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about {{convert|8|km|mi|spell=in|abbr=off}} on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange.

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:President Trump and The First Lady Participate in an Abraham Accords Signing Ceremony (50346677397).jpg|thumb|Emirati Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] (furthest right) at the signing of the [[Abraham Accords]]]]

The United Arab Emirates has broad diplomatic and commercial relations with most countries and members of the [[United Nations]], despite significant human rights abuses. It plays a significant role in [[OPEC]], and is one of the founding members of the [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC). The UAE is a member of the [[United Nations]] and several of its specialised agencies ([[ICAO]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[UPU]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[WIPO]]), as well as the [[World Bank]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[Arab League]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Also, it is an observer in the [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]. Most countries have diplomatic missions in the capital [[Abu Dhabi]] with most consulates being in UAE's largest city, [[Dubai]].

Emirati foreign relations are motivated to a large extent by identity and relationship to the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/kuwait-program/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Shahrour-Karam-The-evolution-of-Emirati-foreign-policy-1971-2020.pdf|title=The evolution of Emirati foreign policy (1971–2020): The unexpected rise of a small state with boundless ambitions|publisher=SciencesPo|date=2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127095009/https://www.sciencespo.fr/kuwait-program/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Shahrour-Karam-The-evolution-of-Emirati-foreign-policy-1971-2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Arab Emirates has strong ties with Bahrain,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/609429/World/Mena/King-Hamad-hails-strong-Bahrain-UAE-ties-in-meeting-with-Abu-Dhabi-crown-prince|title=King Hamad hails strong Bahrain-UAE ties in meeting with Abu Dhabi crown prince|publisher=Saudi Gazette|date=3 August 2021|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926055700/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/609429/World/Mena/King-Hamad-hails-strong-Bahrain-UAE-ties-in-meeting-with-Abu-Dhabi-crown-prince|url-status=live}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite news |title=Strong bilateral relations serve the strategic interests of both China and the UAE |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/strong-bilateral-relations-serve-the-strategic-interests-of-both-china-and-the-uae-1.749584 |work=The National |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130122411/https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/strong-bilateral-relations-serve-the-strategic-interests-of-both-china-and-the-uae-1.749584 |url-status=live }}</ref> Egypt, India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/india-uae-relations-poised-climb-new-heights|title=India-UAE Relations: Poised to Climb to New Heights|publisher=Middle East Institute|date=23 March 2021|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227092123/https://mei.edu/publications/india-uae-relations-poised-climb-new-heights|url-status=live}}</ref> Jordan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-uae-ties-%E2%80%98strong-guarantor%E2%80%99-security-peace-%E2%80%94-ambassador|title=Jordan-UAE ties a 'strong guarantor' for security, peace — ambassador|work=Jordan Times |publisher=The Jordan Times|date=12 April 2021|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528224306/https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-uae-ties-%E2%80%98strong-guarantor%E2%80%99-security-peace-%E2%80%94-ambassador|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2276704/uae-fm-terms-ties-with-pakistan-unique-case-in-arab-asian-relations|title=UAE FM terms ties with Pakistan "unique case in Arab-Asian relations"|publisher=Tribune|date=20 December 2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329092559/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2276704/uae-fm-terms-ties-with-pakistan-unique-case-in-arab-asian-relations|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/|title=Why the Relationship Between Russia and the United Arab Emirates is Strengthening|publisher=Responsible Statecraft|date=24 January 2020|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329092601/https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/|url-status=live}}</ref> Saudi Arabia, and the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/463351-us-states-playing-critical-role-in-widening-uae-bilateral-ties|title=US states play 'critical' role in widening bilateral ties with the UAE|newspaper=Arabian Business|date=16 May 2021|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230082314/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/463351-us-states-playing-critical-role-in-widening-uae-bilateral-ties|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a state, the UAE disputed rights to three islands in the Persian Gulf against Iran, namely [[Abu Musa]], [[Greater Tunb]], and [[Lesser Tunb]]. The UAE tried to bring the matter to the [[International Court of Justice]], but Iran dismissed the notion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hiik.de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/Konfliktbarometer_2001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229133058/http://www.hiik.de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/Konfliktbarometer_2001.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2008 |title=Konfliktbarometer 2001 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016}}. Heidelberger Institut für Internationale Konfliktforschung</ref> Pakistan was the first country to formally recognise the UAE upon its formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakobserver.net/200811/26/Editorial01.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626001001/http://pakobserver.net/200811/26/Editorial01.asp |archive-date=26 June 2009 |title=Relations with UAE get wider, deeper|work=Pakistan Observer |date=26 November 2008 }}</ref> The UAE alongside multiple [[Middle Eastern countries|Middle Eastern]] and [[African countries|African]] countries cut diplomatic ties with [[Qatar]] in June 2017 due to allegations of [[Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism|Qatar being a state sponsor of terrorism]], resulting in the [[Qatar diplomatic crisis]]. Ties were restored in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE to restore Qatar trade and travel links 'within a week' after row ends|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55579014|publisher=BBC|date=7 January 2021|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824022154/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55579014|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE recognised Israel in August 2020, reaching a historic [[Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement]] and leading towards full normalisation of relations between the two countries.<ref name="BBC859" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 August 2020|title=With President Trump's help, Israel and the United Arab Emirates reach historic deal to normalize relations|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-emirates-trump-idUSKCN25926W|access-date=13 August 2020|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813221727/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-emirates-trump-idUSKCN25926W/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Toi Staff |title=Full text of the Abraham Accords signed by Israel, the UAE and Bahrain |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-the-abraham-accords-signed-by-israel-the-uae-and-bahrain/ |access-date=10 October 2020 |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013235112/https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-the-abraham-accords-signed-by-israel-the-uae-and-bahrain/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:16th BRICS Summit family photograph (2024).jpg|thumb|UAE President [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Mohamed bin Zayed]] at the [[16th BRICS summit]] in October 2024]]Gulf Arab states, including the United Arab Emirates, showed interest in engaging with the [[Syrian transitional government]] to promote political transition and address regional concerns following the [[fall of the Assad regime]]. Additionally, the UAE leadership see the change in Syria as an opportunity to undermine Iranian influence in the Levant. The hope is to help push Iran out of Syria and cut its pathways between Iraq and Lebanon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tasinato |first=Emily |date=3 February 2025 |title=All change: How Europeans and Gulf Arab states can promote Syria's political transition |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/all-change-how-europeans-and-gulf-arab-states-can-promote-syrias-political-transition/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208174009/https://ecfr.eu/article/all-change-how-europeans-and-gulf-arab-states-can-promote-syrias-political-transition/ |archive-date= 8 February 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mary Kate |date=2 January 2025 |title=The Gulf in 2025: Expert Outlook |url=https://gulfif.org/the-gulf-in-2025-expert-outlook/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Gulf International Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf Shifts Policies in Response to the "New" Syria |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/01/the-gulf-shifts-policies-in-response-to-the-new-syria?lang=en |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref>

The UAE is the primary supporter of the rebel [[Rapid Support Forces|Rapid Support Forces (RSF)]] in the ongoing [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=7 November 2025 |title=Sudan's bloody conflict is plagued by foreign influence – here is what we know |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/11/07/africa/sudan-conflict-foreign-influence-intl-cmd |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, multiple reports exposed the UAE for supplying the RSF with weapons, in violation of international sanctions, and used to commit [[Masalit genocide|genocide]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wallis |first1=William |last2=Cornish |first2=Chloe |title=Sudan civil war atrocities cast spotlight on UAE |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e88e0973-3218-4ce6-a73e-20961c71c33b |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.ft.com |publisher=[[The Financial Times]]}}</ref> On 6 March 2025, Sudan filed a case against the UAE at the [[International Court of Justice]], accusing the UAE of complicity in [[Darfur genocide (2023–present)|genocide]] by supporting the RSF, which are alleged to have committed atrocities against the [[Masalit people|Masalit]] people in [[Darfur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=Sudan files case to UN court alleging UAE is breaching genocide convention by funding rebels |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-icj-uae-8b27cb3b8e4fef5b05a6b45084c967c7 |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> In late 2025, the fall of [[El Fasher]] to the RSF led to [[El Fasher massacre|widespread massacres]] and intensified global scrutiny of the UAE for its role in supporting the paramilitary group.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=4 November 2025 |title=As criticism grows, is UAE ready to walk away from Sudan’s RSF militia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/04/sudan-rsf-militia-uae-united-arab-emirates |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

Joining [[Chris Van Hollen|US Senator Chris Van Hollen]], United States Congress has pushed for an [[Export control|export ban]] of weapons to the UAE.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zengerle |first=Patricia |date=21 November 2024 |title=US lawmakers seek to halt weapons sales to UAE, citing Sudan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-lawmakers-seek-halt-weapons-sales-uae-citing-sudan-2024-11-21/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> As of November 2025, the bill remained in Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAIR Action Alert: Urge Senate to Support Sen. Van Hollen's Bill Halting Arms Sales to UAE Amid RSF Genocide in Sudan |date=30 October 2025 |url=https://www.cair.com/action_alerts/cair-action-alert-urge-senate-to-support-sen-van-hollens-bill-halting-arms-sales-to-uae-amid-rsf-genocide-in-sudan/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|United Arab Emirates Armed Forces}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Baynunah-class corvette Al Dhafra P-173 at NAVDEX.JPG
| caption1 = [[Baynunah-class corvette|''Baynunah''-class corvette]] of the [[United Arab Emirates Navy]]
| image2 = F-16e block60.jpg
| caption2 = [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16E/F Block 60|F-16 Desert Falcon]] of the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]]
}}

The armed forces of the United Arab Emirates consist of 44,000 active personnel in the [[United Arab Emirates Army|Army]], 2,500 personnel and 46 ships in the [[United Arab Emirates Navy|Navy]], 4,500 personnel and 386 aircraft in the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force|Air Force]], and 12,000 personnel in the [[United Arab Emirates Presidential Guard|Presidential Guard]]. In 2022 the country spent US$20.4 billion on defense, which is 4% of its GDP. The UAE is considered to have the most capable military among the Gulf states.<ref name="iiss2023">{{Cite book |author=IISS |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2023 |title=The Military Balance 2023 |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |pages=351–354 }}</ref><ref name="WorldFactbook" />

Although initially small in number, the UAE armed forces have grown significantly over the years and are presently equipped with some of the most modern weapon systems, purchased from a variety of western military advanced countries, mainly France, the US, and the UK. Most officers are graduates of the United Kingdom's [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military Academy]] at [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]], with others having attended the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]], the [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]] in Australia, and [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr|St Cyr]], the military academy of France. France and the United States have played the most strategically significant roles with defence cooperation agreements and military material provision.<ref>{{cite news|title=UAE confirms discussions with France on purchase of Rafale aircraft|url=http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1200074664706&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|agency=Emirates News Agency|date=5 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509014605/http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1200074664706&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews|archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>

Some of the UAE military deployments include an infantry battalion to the United Nations [[UNOSOM II]] force in [[Somalia]] in 1993, the 35th Mechanised Infantry Battalion to [[Kosovo]], a regiment to Kuwait during the [[Iraq War]], [[demining]] operations in [[Lebanon]], [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] in [[Afghanistan]], [[2011 military intervention in Libya|American-led intervention in Libya]], [[American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War|American-led intervention in Syria]], and the [[Saudi-led intervention in Yemen]]. The active and effective military role, despite its small active personnel, has led the UAE military to be nicknamed as "Little Sparta" by [[United States Armed Forces]] Generals and former US defense secretary [[James Mattis]].<ref>{{cite news|title=In the UAE, the United States has a quiet, potent ally nicknamed 'Little Sparta'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-the-uae-the-united-states-has-a-quiet-potent-ally-nicknamed-little-sparta/2014/11/08/3fc6a50c-643a-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818041917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-the-uae-the-united-states-has-a-quiet-potent-ally-nicknamed-little-sparta/2014/11/08/3fc6a50c-643a-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UAE intervened in the [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|Libyan Civil War]] in support of General [[Khalifa Haftar]]'s [[Libyan National Army]] in its conflict with the internationally recognised [[Government of National Accord]] (GNA).<ref>{{cite news |title=UAE and Egypt behind bombing raids against Libyan militias, say US officials |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/united-arab-emirates-bombing-raids-libyan-militias |work=The Guardian |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117223306/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/united-arab-emirates-bombing-raids-libyan-militias |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Libya migrant attack: UN investigators suspect foreign jet bombed centre |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50302602 |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2019 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304005920/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50302602 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UAE implicated in lethal drone strike in Libya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53917791 |work=BBC News |date=27 August 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090852/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53917791 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Examples of the military assets deployed include the enforcement of the [[Operation Odyssey Dawn|no-fly-zone over Libya]] by sending six [[UAEAF]] [[F-16]] and six [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] [[Multirole combat aircraft|multi-role fighter aircraft]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12806112|title=Libya no-fly zone: Coalition firepower|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=25 December 2014|date=21 October 2011|archive-date=9 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209222012/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12806112|url-status=live}}</ref> ground troop deployment in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/nato-officially-initiates-uae-into-afghan-mission-1.749833|title=Nato officially initiates UAE into Afghan mission|author=The National|date=12 July 2018|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411030210/https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/nato-officially-initiates-uae-into-afghan-mission-1.749833|url-status=live}}</ref> 30 UAEAF F-16s and ground troops deployment in Southern Yemen,<ref name="repel">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/26/GCC-states-to-repel-Houthi-aggression-in-Yemen-statement-.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|title=Saudi warplanes bomb Houthi positions in Yemen|date=25 March 2015|access-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125058/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/26/GCC-states-to-repel-Houthi-aggression-in-Yemen-statement-.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> and helping the US launch its first airstrikes against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] targets in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=US launches air strikes against Isil in Syria|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11114991/US-launches-air-strikes-against-Isil-in-Syria-live.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11114991/US-launches-air-strikes-against-Isil-in-Syria-live.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=24 September 2014|last1=Winch|first1=Jessica}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The UAE has begun production of a greater amount of military equipment, in a bid to reduce foreign dependence and help with national industrialisation. Example of national military development include the Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding company (ADSB), which produces a range of ships and is a prime contractor in the [[Baynunah-class corvette|Baynunah Programme]], a programme to design, develop, and produce corvettes customised for operation in the shallow waters of the [[Persian Gulf]]. The UAE is also producing weapons and ammunition through [[Caracal International]], military transport vehicles through [[NIMR (vehicle manufacturer)|Nimr LLC]], and unmanned aerial vehicles collectively through [[Emirates Defence Industries Company]]. The UAE operates the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] F-16E Block 60 unique variant unofficially called "[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16E/F Block 60|Desert Falcon]]", developed by [[General Dynamics]] in collaboration with the UAE and specifically for the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]].<ref name=fg1>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |title=Dubai 2007: UAE shows off its most advanced Falcons |website=[[Flightglobal]] |date=11 November 2007 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402230254/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/11/11/219363/dubai-2007-uae-shows-off-its-most-advanced-falcons.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Arab Emirates Army]] operates a customised [[Leclerc tank]] and is the only other operator of the tank aside from the French Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/one-tough-tank-why-frances-leclerc-one-best-planet-44577|title=One Tough Tank: Why France's Leclerc Is One of the Best on the Planet|publisher=nationalinterest.org|date=19 February 2019|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411035552/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/one-tough-tank-why-frances-leclerc-one-best-planet-44577|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest defence exhibition and conference in the Middle East, [[International Defence Exhibition]], takes place biennially in Abu Dhabi.

The UAE introduced a [[Mandatory National Service in United Arab Emirates|mandatory military service]] for adult males, since 2014, for 16 months to expand its reserve force.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-military/uae-extends-compulsory-military-service-to-16-months-idUSKBN1JY093|title=UAE extends compulsory military service to 16 months|work=Reuters|date=8 July 2018|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329100921/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-military/uae-extends-compulsory-military-service-to-16-months-idUSKBN1JY093|url-status=live}}</ref> The highest loss of life in the history of UAE military occurred on Friday 4 September 2015, in which 52 soldiers were killed in [[Ma'rib|Marib]] area of central Yemen by a [[OTR-21 Tochka|Tochka]] missile which targeted a weapons cache and caused a large explosion.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title = UAE, Bahrain say 50 soldiers killed in Yemen attack|url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-yemen-security-idUKKCN0R40V120150904|access-date = 17 September 2015|newspaper = Reuters|date = 4 September 2015|archive-date = 26 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126010335/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-yemen-security-idUKKCN0R40V120150904|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal system of the United Arab Emirates|Crime in the United Arab Emirates}}

{{See also|LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:Police helicopter at sunset (Unsplash).jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Police]] helicopter flying at sunset]]

The United Arab Emirates has a federal court system, and the emirates of [[Emirate of Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]], [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], and [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] also have local court systems. The UAE's judicial system is derived from the [[civil law system]] and [[Sharia]] law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction in Muslim family law matters, while civil courts deal with all other legal matters.<ref name=":7" /> Since September 2020, corporal punishment is no longer a legal form of punishment under UAE federal law. Under the decree, legal forms of punishment are retribution and blood money payments, capital punishment, life imprisonment, temporary imprisonment, indefinite detention, and fines.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Federal Decree Law No. (15) of 2020 |url=https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203636/https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2021/Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202020%20Concerning%20the%20Penal%20Code.pdf.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Ministry of Justice |at=Pages 1, Article 1 "The provisions of the Islamic Shari'a shall apply to the retribution and blood money crimes. Other crimes and their respective punishments shall be provided for in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other applicable penal codes". |publication-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code was amended in 2020 to state that Islamic Law applies only to retribution and blood money punishments; previously the article stated that "provisions of the [[Islamic Law]] shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money."<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Federal Law No (3) of 1987 on Issuance of the Penal Code |url=https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=6385&country=UAE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044622/https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=6385&country=UAE |archive-date=25 May 2013 |work=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}</ref> Before 2020, [[flogging]], [[stoning]], [[amputation]], and [[crucifixion]] were technically legal punishments for criminal offences such as [[adultery]], [[premarital sex]], and drug or alcohol use.<ref name="usdep">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/nea/220380.htm|title=2013 Human Rights Reports: United Arab Emirates|work=[[US Department of State]]|quote=Sharia (Islamic law) courts, which adjudicate criminal and family law, have the option of imposing flogging as punishment for adultery, [[prostitution]], consensual premarital sex, pregnancy outside marriage, defamation of character, and drug or alcohol abuse.|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419095257/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2013/nea/220380.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrightsvoices.org/EYEontheUN/un_101/figures/?p=2484|title=U.N. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: United Arab Emirates|work=Human Rights Voices|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230016/http://www.humanrightsvoices.org/EYEontheUN/un_101/figures/?p=2484|url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent history, the UAE has declared its intention to move towards a more tolerant legal code, and to phase out corporal punishment altogether in favour of private punishment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates {{!}} Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children |date=3 November 2017 |url=https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630015349/https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/united-arab-emirates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With alcohol and cohabitation laws being loosened in advance of the [[Expo 2020|2020 World Expo]], Emirati laws have become increasingly acceptable to visitors from non-Muslim countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The United Arab Emirates relaxes laws on alcohol |url=https://drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/9215/The_United_Arab_Emirates_relaxes_laws_on_alcohol.html |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Drinks International |date=9 November 2020 |first1=Oli |last1=Dodd |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525070905/https://drinksint.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/9215/The_United_Arab_Emirates_relaxes_laws_on_alcohol.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Dubai Police at work (12385410394) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Dubai Police]] super-car motorcade at [[Jumeirah Road]]]]

Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction over Muslim family law matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance.<ref name="maleguardian">{{cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Divorcees, widows concerned about receiving 'permission' before remarrying |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/divorcees-widows-concerned-about-receiving-permission-before-remarrying-1.341200/ |first1=Shireena |last1=Al Nowais |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629144850/http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/divorcees-widows-concerned-about-receiving-permission-before-remarrying#ixzz3F1sb6IYa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebugwaawo |first=Ismail |title=New Abu Dhabi marriage law: How tourists and expats can tie the knot in four steps |date=10 February 2022 |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/legal/explainer-how-expats-tourists-can-get-married-under-abu-dhabis-new-family-law |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608171832/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/legal/explainer-how-expats-tourists-can-get-married-under-abu-dhabis-new-family-law |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslim women must receive permission from a male guardian to marry and remarry. This requirement is derived from [[Sharia]] law and has been federal law since 2005.<ref name="maleguardian" /> It is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims and is punishable by law.<ref name="religiousfreedom">{{cite web |title=United Arab Emirates International Religious Freedom Report 2009 |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127360.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031224349/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127360.htm |archive-date=31 October 2009 |work=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=26 October 2009 }}</ref> Non-Muslim expatriates were liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance, however, federal law was changed to introduce non-Sharia personal status law for non-Muslims.<ref name="lia">{{cite web |url-status=live |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28638553 |title=Britons 'liable to Sharia divorces' in UAE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512043653/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28638553 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |website=BBC |date=5 August 2014 |first1= Sheetal |last1=Parmar |access-date=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Husain |first=Zainab |date=27 December 2022 |title=New UAE law for non-Muslims – 5 criteria for civil marriage |url=https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/ask-us/new-uae-law-for-non-muslims--5-criteria-for-civil-marriage-1.1672143291028 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Gulf News |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608171827/https://gulfnews.com/living-in-uae/ask-us/new-uae-law-for-non-muslims--5-criteria-for-civil-marriage-1.1672143291028 |url-status=live }}</ref> Recently, the emirate of Abu Dhabi opened a civil law family court for non-Muslims and Dubai has announced that non-Muslims can opt for civil marriages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulla |first=Nasreen |title=New UAE law: Dubai residents can now get marriage licences in 24 hours |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/new-uae-law-dubai-residents-can-now-get-marriage-licences-in-24-hours |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608171829/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/new-uae-law-dubai-residents-can-now-get-marriage-licences-in-24-hours |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lia" />

[[Apostasy]] is a technically [[Capital punishment|capital crime]] in the UAE, however, there are no documented cases of apostates being executed.<ref>Evans, Robert. (9 December 2013) [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-atheists-idUSBRE9B900G20131210 Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821110306/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-atheists-idUSBRE9B900G20131210 |date=21 August 2021 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The International Briefing: Persecution of Atheists and Apostates |url=http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428131415/http://beaveronline.co.uk/the-international-briefing-persecution-of-atheists-and-apostates/ |archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> [[Blasphemy#Punishment and definition|Blasphemy]] is illegal; expatriates involved in insulting Islam are liable for deportation.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=UAE to deport expats abusing religions |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619 |work=Emirates 247 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525072642/http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/uae-to-deport-expats-abusing-religions-2015-07-22-1.597619 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="shar">{{cite journal |author=Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi |year=1996 |title=The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE: The Case of the Penal Code |journal=Arab Law Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=350–371 |doi=10.2307/3381546 |jstor=3381546| issn=0268-0556 }}</ref><ref>Al-Muhairi (1997), Conclusion to the Series of Articles on the UAE Penal Law. Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4</ref>

[[LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates|Sodomy]] is illegal and is punishable by a minimum of 6-month imprisonment or a fine or both, but the law does not apply "except on the basis of a complaint from the husband or legal guardian", but the penalty may be suspended if the complaint is waived.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2022 |title=UAE: Sweeping Legal 'Reforms' Deepen Repression |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/05/uae-sweeping-legal-reforms-deepen-repression |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |quote="Under the 2021 law, if men and women have sex outside of marriage, the act carries a penalty of no less than six months imprisonment. Sodomy with an adult male is also criminalized under the law. In both cases, the offenses can only be prosecuted on the basis of a complaint by a husband or male guardian." |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311045529/https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/05/uae-sweeping-legal-reforms-deepen-repression |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, an Emirati man was on trial for being accused of a "gay handshake".<ref name="arc.com">{{cite web |title=Man Accused of 'Gay Handshake' Stands Trial in Dubai |url=http://www.care2.com/causes/man-accused-of-gay-handshake-stands-trial-in-dubai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030104723/http://www.care2.com/causes/man-accused-of-gay-handshake-stands-trial-in-dubai.html |archive-date=30 October 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>

Due to local customs, public shows of affection in certain public places are illegal and could result in [[deportation]], but holding hands is tolerated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Colin |date=4 July 2013 |title=The rules are clear, says lawyer: no kissing allowed in Dubai |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2023/03/06/the-rules-are-clear-says-lawyer-no-kissing-allowed-in-dubai/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=The National |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101610/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/2023/03/06/the-rules-are-clear-says-lawyer-no-kissing-allowed-in-dubai/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.<ref name="bbc.com">[https://www.bbc.com/news/10507147 London man tells of 'shock' jailing in Dubai over kiss] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517221054/https://www.bbc.com/news/10507147 |date=17 May 2021 }}. Bbc.com. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref> In several cases, the courts of the UAE have jailed women who have reported rape.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:<ref>{{Cite news|title = UAE imprisoning rape victims under extramarital sex laws – investigation|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/hundreds-of-women-prosecuted-for-extramarital-sex-in-uae-finds-bbc|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 26 October 2015|author = Topping, Alexandra|access-date = 13 December 2016|archive-date = 17 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017152837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/hundreds-of-women-prosecuted-for-extramarital-sex-in-uae-finds-bbc|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/22/world/meast/uae-norway-rape-controversy/index.html|title=Dubai ruler pardons Norwegian woman convicted after she reported rape|work=CNN.com|access-date=10 September 2013|archive-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916124444/http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/22/world/meast/uae-norway-rape-controversy/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="reuters" /><ref name="tdb">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/07/30/dubai-s-progressive-charade.html|title=Dubai's Progressive Charade|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=30 July 2013 |access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125248/http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/07/30/dubai-s-progressive-charade.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nydaily">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/dubai-rape-vic-arrested-drinking-article-1.1214682|title=Gang-rape victim in Dubai arrested for drinking alcohol: report|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=6 December 2012|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072601/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/dubai-rape-vic-arrested-drinking-article-1.1214682|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/06/the-court-in-abu-dhabi-ruled-today-that-the-18-year-old-emirati-woman-who-accused-six-men-of-gang-rape-will-serve-a-one-year.html|title=Dubai: Victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison|date=17 June 2010|access-date=20 September 2014|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821161906/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/06/the-court-in-abu-dhabi-ruled-today-that-the-18-year-old-emirati-woman-who-accused-six-men-of-gang-rape-will-serve-a-one-year.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Federal law in the UAE prohibits swearing on social media.<ref name="inde">{{cite news |date=16 June 2015 |title=Swearing on WhatsApp 'will result in £40,000 fine and deportation, UAE rules' |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/swearing-on-whatsapp-will-result-in-40000-fine-and-deportation-uae-rules-10324188.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629124207/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/swearing-on-whatsapp-will-result-in-40000-fine-and-deportation-uae-rules-10324188.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 June 2015|title=British Expats Face Being Deported From UAE For Swearing on WhatsApp|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/british-expats-face-being-deported-from-uae-for-swearing-on-whatsapp-161318056.html#GTeWLi4|work=Yahoo News|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004636/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/british-expats-face-being-deported-from-uae-for-swearing-on-whatsapp-161318056.html#GTeWLi4|url-status=live}}</ref> Dancing in public is illegal in the UAE.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2012 |title=Criminal Law of Dubai |url=http://www.lawyersuae.com/court-cases/criminal-law-of-dubai |publisher=lawyersuae.com |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095228/http://www.lawyersuae.com/court-cases/criminal-law-of-dubai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=المشارق |url=http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/2009/03/20/feature-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219073733/http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/2009/03/20/feature-03 |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=15 February 2015 |work=al-shorfa.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.arabnews.com/node/322024 No dancing in public: Dubai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225062212/https://www.arabnews.com/node/322024 |date=25 February 2021 }}. Arab News (15 March 2009). Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref> In November 2020, UAE announced that it decriminalised alcohol, lifted the ban on unmarried couples living together, and ended lenient punishment on [[honor killing]]. Foreigners living in the Emirates were allowed to follow their native country's laws on divorce and inheritance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms|title=UAE decriminalises alcohol and lifts ban on unmarried couples living together|access-date=9 November 2020|website=The Guardian|date=9 November 2020|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111155359/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the Sharia laws that restrict gambling tools and machines in the UAE, the country granted its first commercial gaming operator's licence to [[Wynn Resorts]] that was developing a luxury resort, including a {{Convert|224000|ft2|abbr=on}} casino component, at [[Al Marjan Island]] in [[Ras Al Khaimah]]. In September 2023, the UAE established the General Commercial Gaming Regulatory Authority (GCGRA), hinting towards its plans to legalise [[gambling]]. The GCGRA has outlined a comprehensive framework that includes licenses for casinos, [[slot machine]]s, and [[poker]] tables, as well as [[Lottery|lotteries]], [[Online game|internet gaming]], and sports wagering. The GCGRA emphasises responsible gaming, requiring operators to implement socially responsible gaming programs and undergo audits every two years. These programs include player education, responsible marketing, employee training, and evaluation plans to measure their effectiveness. Gaming operators must have a "qualifying domestic entity" in the UAE, defined as any UAE company with substantial business operations in the jurisdiction. The GCGRA also mandates player management tools, including deposit limits and cooling-off periods for online gaming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Corder |first=Josh |date=28 July 2024 |title=UAE Publishes Rules For Legal Gambling and Casino Licenses – Here's What They Say |url=https://skift.com/2024/07/28/uae-publishes-rules-for-legal-gambling-and-casino-licenses-heres-what-they-say/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Skift |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

The first lottery license has been granted to The Game LLC, operating under the banner of the 'UAE Lottery'. This move supersedes existing lottery operators like Mahzooz and Big Ticket, which are no longer legally permitted to offer their services. Players are required to engage only with licensed gaming operators to avoid severe penalties. The regulations also specify that operators must enable players to restrict themselves from online gaming platforms for a period of at least 72 hours upon request. This is part of the broader initiative to ensure a secure and responsible commercial gaming environment in the UAE.<ref name=":1" />

The UAE's move to legalise gaming is seen as a strategic step to enhance its tourism and entertainment sector, leveraging its existing infrastructure and business-friendly environment. This development is expected to attract major gaming operators and contribute significantly to the country's economy.<ref name=":1" />

The country does not have any formal gaming laws, and therefore the project details about the casino were not completely made public. Local citizens are not permitted for gambling, which remains a legal and cultural taboo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wynn Resorts says it gets UAE's first gambling license|date=5 October 2024|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/wynn-resorts-says-it-gets-uaes-first-gambling-license-2024-10-05/ |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite news|title=The United Arab Emirates Is Building Its Own Las Vegas|date=6 October 2024|url=https://skift.com/2024/10/06/the-united-arab-emirates-is-building-its-own-las-vegas/ |access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Human rights violations ===
{{Main|Human rights in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[Human Rights Watch]] has reported on the country's ongoing unfair mass trials, restrictions of freedom of speech and abuses to migrant labor forces.<ref>{{Citation |last=Human Rights Watch |title=United Arab Emirates: Events of 2024 |date=17 December 2024 |work=Share this via Facebook |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/united-arab-emirates |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The annual [[Freedom House]] report on ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' has listed the United Arab Emirates as "Not Free" every year since 1999, the first year for which records are available on their website.<ref name="United Arab Emirates Reports">{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/united-arab-emirates|title=United Arab Emirates Reports|work=Freedom House|access-date=7 May 2015|date=22 August 2014|archive-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513050714/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/united-arab-emirates|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2025, the country ranked 18 out of 100 in terms of the freedom index, due to a lack of [[free elections]], lack of [[government transparency]] and accountability, and a lack of free media and [[Judicial independence|independent judicial system]], and low scores against other metrics.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-arab-emirates/freedom-world/2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref>

[[Freedom of association]] is also severely curtailed, and in most cases, banned under existing law. In the UAE an association requires twenty individuals, none of which can have previous convictions and must be preauthorized and registered with the government.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Freedom of Association in the Middle East and North Africa |url=https://romena.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Freedom%20of%20Association%20Report%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831083838/https://romena.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Freedom%20of%20Association%20Report%20.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=romena.ohchr.org |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]]}}</ref> All associations have to be submitted to [[Censorship in the Middle East|censorship guidelines]] and all publications have first to be approved by the government.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fanack |title=Stifling Dissent in the UAE |url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/united-arab-emirates/administration-politics/human-rights-uae-modern-facade-bleak-reality/stifling-dissent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713130807/https://chronicle.fanack.com/united-arab-emirates/administration-politics/human-rights-uae-modern-facade-bleak-reality/stifling-dissent/ |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=Fanack.com}}</ref> Updated in 2022, article 188 in the Penal Code makes the establishment of an association with the intended goal of challenging the existing regime punishable by life imprisonment or the death penalty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates |url=https://fot.humanists.international/countries/asia-western-asia/united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Freedom of Thought Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2025 |title=New UAE penal code: increased restrictions on fundamental freedoms {{!}} MENA Rights Group |url=https://menarights.org/en/articles/new-uae-penal-code-increased-restrictions-fundamental-freedoms |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=menarights.org |language=en}}</ref> In its 2025 Annual Report, [[Amnesty International]] has continuously identified severe human rights violations, particularly against freedom of assembly, freedom speech and an uptick in [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrest]] and torture.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>

Immigrant workers are often subject to harsh forms of the law within the country, and are often victims of arbitrary detention or torture within the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/united-arab-emirates/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN paints grim picture of human rights abuses in UAE |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/1/10/un-raises-concern-over-human-rights-in-uae |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> One notable example is [[Ryan Cornelius]], a 71-year-old British citizen who has been unlawfully detained in the UAE since 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Human rights violations in Dubai, Central African Republic and Syria {{!}} Aktualności {{!}} Parlament Europejski |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/pl/press-room/20250704IPR29457/human-rights-violations-in-dubai-central-african-republic-and-syria |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=pl}}</ref> The [[Arab Organization for Human Rights]] obtained testimonies from defendants who claimed being kidnapped, tortured and abused in detention centers; they reported sixteen methods of torture including beatings, threats with [[electrocution]] and denial of medical care.<ref name="aohr">{{cite web |date=November 2014 |title=Forced Disappearances and Torture in the United Arab Emirates |url=http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115030038/http://aohr.org.uk/images/releases/forced-disappearance-torture-in-UAE.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=4 February 2016 |work=Arab Organisation for Human Rights}}</ref> Repressive measures, including deportation, were applied on foreigners based on allegations of attempts to destabilize the country.<ref name="forced">[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/15084-uaes-crackdown-on-democracy-short-sighted UAE's crackdown on democracy short-sighted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126114449/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/15084-uaes-crackdown-on-democracy-short-sighted|date=26 November 2015}}. Middleeastmonitor.com. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref> The issue of [[sexual abuse]] among female [[domestic workers]] is another area of concern, particularly given that domestic servants are not covered by the UAE labour law of 1980 or the draft labour law of 2007.<ref>{{cite web |author=Whitson, Sarah Leah |date=24 March 2007 |title=UAE: Draft Labor Law Violates International Standards |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/03/24/uae-draft-labor-law-violates-international-standards |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805224836/https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/03/24/uae-draft-labor-law-violates-international-standards |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the ''[[kafala system]]'', or sponsorship for work results in a significant cost to migrant workers and conditions comparable to [[indentured servitude]].<ref>Guthrie, Daniel (2023) Reconstructing Power: Addressing the Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in the UAE, The Beacon Journal, 2023 Edition, 2-8

https://beaconjournal.lse.ac.uk/articles/6/files/64e376bdef3d1.pdf</ref> Protests by foreign workers have been suppressed, and protesters imprisoned without due process; including in 2008, 2012, and most recently in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2008 |title=Indian workers jailed in Dubai over violent protest |work=Reuters |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-32118620080224 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112072424/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-32118620080224 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunger strikes in Dubai over imprisonments |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/5/2/foreigners-launch-hunger-strike-in-uae-jail |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt continues efforts to free 25 Bangladeshis from UAE jail |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/393587/govt-continuing-efforts-to-free-25-bangladeshis |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The state security apparatus in the UAE has been accused of human rights abuses including forced disappearance, arbitrary arrests and torture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights in The UAE |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/uae |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213013240/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/uae |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2025 |title=MENA Rights Group highlights widespread practice of enforced disappearance in the United Arab Emirates in general allegation to the UN {{!}} MENA Rights Group |url=https://menarights.org/en/articles/mena-rights-group-highlights-widespread-practice-enforced-disappearance-united-arab |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=menarights.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=200 Days of Abdulrahman Yusuf's Enforced Disappearance: Reveal His Whereabouts. Ensure His Safety. Release Him Now. |url=https://euromedrights.org/publication/200-days-of-abdulrahman-yusufs-enforced-disappearance-reveal-his-whereabouts-ensure-his-safety-release-him-now/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> In a mass trial in 2013, human rights activist and lawyer, [[Salim al-Shehhi]] claimed he was held in solitary confinement and forced to give a confession to crimes he was accused of.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salem Al-Shehhi |url=https://edacrights.com/prisoner/11 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Edacrights |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Webteam |first=Web |date=9 August 2012 |title=UAE Activist Asks Police for Help, Gets Arrested Instead |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/blog/uae-activist-asks-police-for-help-gets-arrested-instead/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, the country held its largest mass trial where defendants were not given fair treatment. Beginning in December 2023, a trial with 84 defendants resulted in 43 people sentenced to life in prison, ten received sentences up to fifteen years for peaceful protests against the government. Those convicted were Bangladeshi individuals in the UAE, protesting their home government, while the UAE claimed the defendants were a part of a terrorist organization. The [[Closed trial|trial took place in secrecy]] with no documents or evidence provided in the court.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2025 |title=UAE: Unfair Mass Trial Convictions Upheld {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/03/04/uae-unfair-mass-trial-convictions-upheld |access-date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025, [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) published a report highlighting the human rights abuses committed by the UAE in 2024, majorly focusing on the unfair mass trial, where the UAE's use of Federal Penal Code and the Cybercrime Law were used to silence government critics, journalists, dissidents and activists, while restricting their freedom of expression.

A December 2024 report by [[European Centre for Democracy and Human Rights|European Centre for Democracy and Human Rights (ECDHR)]] highlights the country's acute issue with unlawful, political persecution and absence of judicial independence. Trials are often held in secrecy and the defendants' lawyers are neglected from accessing case files and court documents. The UAE's 2014 Counter-Terrorism Law is used to enforce travel bans, life imprisonment and even death penalty for peaceful critics of the regime and those managing an organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates: UN experts alarmed by new charges brought against civil society in UAE87 trial |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/united-arab-emirates-un-experts-alarmed-new-charges-brought-against-civil |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> The UAE's counterterrorism law represses freedom of expression. The country's judicial system lacks any form of transparency or independence, and international organizations have called on the UN to form an independent committee to review all allegations of torture, incommunicado detention, and unfair trials.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2024 |title=Undermining Justice: The UAE's Struggle with Judicial Independence, Human Rights, and Unfair Trials |url=https://www.ecdhr.org/undermining-justice-the-uaes-struggle-with-judicial-independence-human-rights-and-unfair-trials/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107125606/https://www.ecdhr.org/undermining-justice-the-uaes-struggle-with-judicial-independence-human-rights-and-unfair-trials/ |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=ECDHR}}</ref>

Investigations have found that Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and allegedly withheld information about the men's fate from their families.<ref name="forced" /><ref name="qta">{{cite web |title=Urgent Action: Enforced Disappearance of Qatari Nationals |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=25 December 2014 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Over 4,000 Shia expatriates have been deported from the UAE;<ref>[http://majlis.org.uk/thousands-of-shias-coercively-deported-from-uae/ Thousands of Shias Coercively deported from UAE – Majlis-e-Ulama-e-Shia Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122717/http://majlis.org.uk/thousands-of-shias-coercively-deported-from-uae/|date=25 December 2014}}. Majlis.org.uk. Retrieved on 21 August 2018.</ref><ref>Luca, Ana Maria (5 June 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122615/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/hezbollah-and-the-gulf Hezbollah and the Gulf]. mmedia.me</ref> including Lebanese Shia families for their alleged sympathies for [[Hezbollah]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=UAE Deports 125 Lebanese Citizens |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/02/uae-deports-lebanese-expatriates.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122306/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/02/uae-deports-lebanese-expatriates.html |archive-date=25 December 2014 |work=Al Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=UAE/Lebanon: Allow Lebanese/Palestinian Deportees to Appeal |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/19/uaelebanon-allow-lebanesegazan-deportees-appeal |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103213242/http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/19/uaelebanon-allow-lebanesegazan-deportees-appeal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wigglesworth |first1=Robin |date=19 July 2010 |title=UAE urged to allow appeal on deportations |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/37f1883c-934d-11df-bb9a-00144feab49a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525062330/https://www.ft.com/content/37f1883c-934d-11df-bb9a-00144feab49a |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> In 2013, 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centres and put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government;<ref>{{cite web |author=Hearst, David |year=2013 |title=The UAE's bizarre, political trial of 94 activists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/06/uae-trial-94-activists |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220095051/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/06/uae-trial-94-activists |url-status=live }}</ref> a relative of a defendant was arrested for tweeting about the trial, and sentenced to 10 months in jail.<ref>{{cite news |author=Brumfield, Ben |author2=Faraj, Caroline |author3=Abedine, Saad |date=11 April 2013 |title=Man faces 10 months jail for tweets about trial in UAE |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/world/meast/uae-twitter-jail/ |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416071152/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/world/meast/uae-twitter-jail |url-status=live }}</ref> The latest forced disappearance involves [[Disappearance of the Al-Suwaidi sisters|three sisters from Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="Amnesty">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/02/uae-three-women-held-in-secret-detention-over-tweets/ UAE Three women held in secret detention over tweets|Amnesty International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091038/https://www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2015/02/uae-three-women-held-in-secret-detention-over-tweets/ |date=18 May 2015 }}. Amnesty.org (27 February 2015). Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref>

The UAE has been funding the [[Darfur genocide (2023–present)|genocide in Sudan]], through direct support and supply of weapons to the [[Rapid Support Forces]] in the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese civil war]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=Sudan files case against UAE for 'complicity in genocide' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3w1nzpg5dgo |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":13" />

On 29 March 2024, Sudan filed a formal complaint with the [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC), in response to the UAE's planning and backing the RSF militias against the Sudanese army.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan demands UN condemnation of UAE support for RSF|date=29 March 2024|url=https://sudantribune.com/article283888/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> The ongoing conflict has reached new heights of violence with the continued support of the RSF by the UAE in terms of weapons and other equipment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Abusive Warring Parties Acquire New Weapons|date=9 September 2024|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/09/sudan-abusive-warring-parties-acquire-new-weapons |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref> Reports stating the Emirates wanted to provide humanitarian support for the Sudanese people turned out to be an expansion of a [[covert operation]] to funnel money, weapons - including drone technology - to opposition forces. Officials said the UAE was playing the most consequential role by inflaming the crisis, while pledging to ease it.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|title=How a U.S. Ally Uses Aid as a Cover in War|work=The New York Times |date=21 September 2024|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/africa/uae-sudan-civil-war.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Koettl |first2=Christoph }}</ref> In October 2024, Sudan wrote a second official letter to the UNSC, calling for it to take strong action against the UAE's continued aggression towards Sudan, with the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)|Sudanese Foreign Ministry]] also claimed that the UAE is not just an indirect supporter of RSF, but rather a "vicious frontline player in the war of aggression" against Sudan.<ref name=":15" /><ref name="nytimes.com" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan reiterates accusations of UAE support for RSF, urges UN action|date=12 October 2024|url=https://sudantribune.com/article291983/ |access-date=16 October 2024}}</ref>

As a response to their poor human rights records, the government of the UAE has tried to strengthen relations with a number of western private and public entities through [[Whitewashing (politics)|whitewashing]], to improve their public image.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saberi |first1=Donya |last2=Paris |first2=Cody Morris |last3=Marochi |first3=Belisa |date=January 2018 |title=Soft power and place branding in the United Arab Emirates: examples of the tourism and film industries |url=https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJDIPE.2018.091405 |journal=International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=44–58 |doi=10.1504/IJDIPE.2018.091405 |issn=2049-0887}}</ref> They established a Soft Power Council in 2017 in order to address their international image.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Antwi-Boateng |first1=Osman |last2=Alhashmi |first2=Amira Ali |date=3 April 2022 |title=The emergence of the United Arab Emirates as a global soft power: current strategies and future challenges |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2021.1951481 |journal=Economic and Political Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=208–227 |doi=10.1080/20954816.2021.1951481 |issn=2095-4816|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The UAE deploys a number of these techniques, including gender-washing, [[Greenwashing|green-washing]] and [[Sportswashing|sports-washing]]; as evident in hosting major events like [[COP28]], sporting events including [[Formula One]] races,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnesty slams UAE repression behind F1 glitz |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/11/18/amnesty-slams-uae-repression-behind-f1-glitz |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> the Abu Dhabi Cup in 2026;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=Man City |title=Manchester City Abu Dhabi Cup 2026 expands to three days of football |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/club/Manchester%20City%20Abu%20Dhabi%20Cup%202026%20expands%20to%20three%20days%20of%20football |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=Manchester City FC |language=en}}</ref> or promoting tourism and business to Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=How Is The UAE Using Dubai Expo To Whitewash Human Rights Violations - ECDHR |url=https://www.ecdhr.org/how-is-the-uae-using-dubai-expo-to-whitewash-human-rights-violations/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=www.ecdhr.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fruh |first1=Kyle |last2=Archer |first2=Alfred |last3=Wojtowicz |first3=Jake |date=2 January 2023 |title=Sportswashing: Complicity and Corruption |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2022.2107697 |journal=Sport, Ethics and Philosophy |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=101–118 |doi=10.1080/17511321.2022.2107697 |issn=1751-1321}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Dubinsky |first=Yoav |title=Nation Branding, Public Diplomacy, and the Dirty Business of Sportswashing |date=2023 |work=Nation Branding and Sports Diplomacy: Country Image Games in Times of Change |pages=157–191 |editor-last=Dubinsky |editor-first=Yoav |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32550-2_7 |access-date=12 November 2025 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-32550-2_7 |isbn=978-3-031-32550-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The growing interest in playing a role in the international entertainment industriy is an attempt to scour the country's image of its ongoing human rights violations. They continue to face criticism for its ongoing contribution to climate change and human rights abuses, despite participating in these international events.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2025 |title=World Report 2024: United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/united-arab-emirates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117114951/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/united-arab-emirates |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=HRW}}</ref> In 2018, the country hosted the Second Annual World Tolerance Summit, which was protested by a number of NGOs and scholars.<ref>“Don’t’ whitewash the UAE’s gross human rights abuses”: NGOs call on World Tolerance Summit speakers to cancel their participation

Accessible open letter, 2019. https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UAE-Tolerance-Summit-Advocacy-open-letters-2019-ENG.pdf </ref>

=== Migrant workers ===
{{Main|Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates|Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region}}

[[File:Burj Dubai Construction Workers on 25 January 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb|right|Two South Asian [[blue-collar workers]] posing for a picture with the [[Burj Khalifa]] on the background]]

Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation,<ref name="mig">{{cite web|url=http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?lang=en#tabs-3|title=United Arab Emirates|work=International Trade Union Confederation|access-date=27 October 2014|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101224409/https://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?lang=en#tabs-3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?lang=en#tabs-2|title=United Arab Emirates|work=International Trade Union Confederation|access-date=14 October 2014|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101224409/https://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?lang=en#tabs-2|url-status=live}}</ref> as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/22/abu-dhabi-migrant-workers-conditions-shame-west Conditions for Abu Dhabi's migrant workers 'shame the west' | World news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125023446/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/22/abu-dhabi-migrant-workers-conditions-shame-west |date=25 January 2018 }}. ''The Guardian'' (22 December 2013). Retrieved on 21 August 2018.</ref> The [[International Trade Union Confederation]] has called on the [[United Nations]] to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/13/migrant-workers-uae-gulf-states-un-ituc|title=Call for UN to investigate plight of migrant workers in the UAE|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 September 2014|last1=Batty|first1=David|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212225943/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/13/migrant-workers-uae-gulf-states-un-ituc|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, an investigation performed by ''The Guardian'' revealed that thousands of migrant construction workers employed on infrastructure and building projects for the UAE's [[Expo 2020]] exhibition were working in an unsafe environment. Some were even exposed to potentially fatal situations due to cardiovascular issues. Long hours in the sun made them vulnerable to heat strokes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/oct/03/workers-at-dubai-expo-2020-heat-stress|title=Workers at Dubai's Expo 2020 likely to have suffered dangerous heat stress|access-date=3 October 2019|work=The Guardian|date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003141918/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/oct/03/workers-at-dubai-expo-2020-heat-stress|url-status=live}}</ref>

A report in January 2020 highlighted that the employers in the United Arab Emirates have been exploiting the Indian labor and hiring them on [[Travel visa|tourist visas]], which is easier and cheaper than [[work permit]]s. These [[migrant worker]]s are left open to [[Labor rights|labor abuse]], where they also fear reporting exploitation due to their illegal status. Besides, the issue remains unknown as the visit visa data is not maintained in both the UAE and Indian [[Human migration|migration]] and employment records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weeklyreviewer.com/tourist-visa-scam-traps-indian-workers-in-abusive-jobs-in-uae-news/|title=Tourist visa scam traps Indian workers in abusive jobs in UAE|date=15 January 2020|access-date=15 January 2020|website=Weekly Reviewer|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116091345/https://weeklyreviewer.com/tourist-visa-scam-traps-indian-workers-in-abusive-jobs-in-uae-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Dubai workers angsana burj.jpg|thumb|left|Dubai construction workers having a lunch break]]
In a 22 July 2020 news piece, ''Reuters'' reported [[human rights]] groups as saying conditions had deteriorated because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Many migrant workers racked up debt and depended on the help of charities. The report cited salary delays and layoffs as a major risk, in addition to overcrowded living conditions, lack of support and problems linked with healthcare and sick pay. Reuters reported at least 200,000 workers, mostly from India but also from Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Nepal, had been repatriated, according to their diplomatic missions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-emirates-jobs/uaes-migrant-workers-fret-over-future-in-coronavirus-economy-idUSKCN24N0Q7|title=UAE's migrant workers fret over future in coronavirus economy|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Reuters|date=22 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723151341/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-emirates-jobs/uaes-migrant-workers-fret-over-future-in-coronavirus-economy-idUSKCN24N0Q7|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 May 2020, the Consul General of India in [[Dubai]], Vipul, confirmed that more than 150,000 Indians in the United Arab Emirates registered to be repatriated through the e-registration option provided by Indian consulates in the UAE. According to the figures, 25% of applicants lost their jobs and nearly 15% were stranded in the country due to lockdown. Besides, 50% of the total applicants were from the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=150,000 Indians in UAE register to fly home during coronavirus pandemic|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/150000-indians-in-uae-register-to-fly-home-during-coronavirus-pandemic-1.71297349|access-date=2 May 2020|website=Gulf News|date=2 May 2020|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503015519/https://gulfnews.com/uae/150000-indians-in-uae-register-to-fly-home-during-coronavirus-pandemic-1.71297349|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 October 2020, ''The Telegraph'' reported that many migrant workers were left abandoned, as they lost their jobs amidst the tightening economy due to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/homeless-migrants-sleep-rough-beneath-dubais-skyscrapers-covid/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/09/homeless-migrants-sleep-rough-beneath-dubais-skyscrapers-covid/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Homeless migrants sleep rough beneath Dubai's skyscrapers as Covid employment crisis bites|access-date=9 October 2020|website=The Telegraph|date=9 October 2020|last1=Stewart|first1=Ashleigh}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Various human rights organisations have raised serious concerns about the alleged abuse of migrant workers by major contractors organising Expo 2020. UAE's business solution provider German Pavilion is also held accountable for abusing migrant workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210507-german-company-using-uae-firm-with-record-of-migrant-worker-abuse-rights-group-says/|title=German company using UAE firm with record of migrant worker abuse, rights group says|date=7 May 2021|access-date=7 May 2021|publisher=Middle East Monitor|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404024418/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210507-german-company-using-uae-firm-with-record-of-migrant-worker-abuse-rights-group-says/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Environmental policy ===
{{Further|Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates}}

Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates are caused by the [[exploitation of natural resources]], rapid population growth, and high energy demand. [[Climate change]] contributes to [[UAE]]'s [[water scarcity]], [[drought]], and [[Sea level rise|rising sea level]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective|last=Hellyer|first=Peter|publisher=Bertrams|year=2001|isbn=1900724472}}</ref> The country is a leading [[oil and gas|oil and gas producer]]. Its [[energy consumption|energy consumption per capita]] is around 370 [[Gigajoule]]. The UAE's [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|carbon dioxide emissions per capita]] are high, ranking sixth among countries globally.<ref>{{cite web|title=EDGAR – The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research|url=https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table|access-date=24 April 2021|website=edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421035337/https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently, it made efforts to make itself more sustainable. Those include:<ref>{{cite web |title=United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2023/in-full/united-arab-emirates/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201115951/https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effective-energy-transition-2023/in-full/united-arab-emirates/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Setting a target to reduce [[GHG emissions]] by 31% in comparison to business scenario by 2030 and reach [[Net zero emissions|net zero]] by 2050.
* Launching a program to make the 3 most emissions-intensive sectors, 40% more [[Efficient energy use|energy efficient]].
* Launching some programs related to [[green building]]. [[Retrofitting]] of 30,000 buildings alone, should cut 1 million tons emissions.
* Promoting [[public transport]] and more.

According to official sources, in Dubai, "the share of mass transport in people's mobility increased from 6 per cent in 2006 to 20.61 per cent in 2022."<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai: 1.8 million people used public transport daily this year |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/transport/uae/dubai-1-8-million-people-used-public-transport-daily-this-year |agency=Khaleej Times |date=15 November 2023 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201120048/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/transport/uae/dubai-1-8-million-people-used-public-transport-daily-this-year |url-status=live }}</ref> Together with the USA the country invested 17 billion dollars in [[sustainable agriculture]].<ref>{{cite news |title=COP28: US-UAE climate-friendly farming effort grows to $17 bln |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cop28-us-uae-climate-friendly-farming-effort-grows-17-bln-2023-12-08/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=Reuters |date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120141232/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cop28-us-uae-climate-friendly-farming-effort-grows-17-bln-2023-12-08/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==

{{NPOV language|section|date=January 2024}}
{{Main|Economy of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:Burj Khalifa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Burj Khalifa]], the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest human-made structure in the world]], located in [[Dubai]]]]
The United Arab Emirates has developed from a juxtaposition of Bedouin tribes to one of the world's wealthiest states in only about 50 years, boasting one of the highest [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] figures in the world. Economic growth has been impressive and steady throughout the history of this young confederation of emirates with brief periods of recessions only, e.g. in the global financial and economic crisis years 2008–09, and a couple of more mixed years starting in 2015 and persisting until 2019. Between 2000 and 2018, average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was at close to 4%.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.empyrean-advisors.com/united-arab-emirates-country-analysis/|title=United Arab Emirates – Economic, Social, and Institutional Analysis – Empyrean Advisors|website=www.empyrean-advisors.com|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122406/https://www.empyrean-advisors.com/united-arab-emirates-country-analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the second largest economy in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] (after [[Saudi Arabia]]),<ref name="Economy2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=editorschoice&xfile=/data/editorschoice/2013/December/editorschoice_December12.xml |title=UAE's economy growth momentum set to pick up |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=27 December 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104225058/http://khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Feditorschoice%2F2013%2FDecember%2Feditorschoice_December12.xml&section=editorschoice |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018.<ref name=":2" /> Since its independence in 1971, the UAE's economy has grown by nearly 231 times to 1.45 trillion AED in 2013. The non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED, a growth by around 28 times from 1981 to 2012.<ref name="Economy2013" /> Supported by the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and aided by prudent investments coupled with a resolute commitment to economic liberalism and strong governmental oversight, the UAE has witnessed its real GDP increase by more than three times over the past four decades. Presently, the UAE is among the wealthiest countries globally, with GDP per capita nearly 80% higher than the OECD average.<ref name=":2" />

{{Multiple image
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As impressive as economic growth has been in the UAE, the total population has increased from just around 550,000 in 1975 to close to 10 million in 2018. This growth is mainly due to the influx of foreign workers into the country, making the national population a minority. The UAE features a unique labour market system, in which residence in the UAE is conditional on stringent visa rules. This system is a major advantage in terms of macroeconomic stability, as labour supply adjusts quickly to demand throughout economic business cycles. This allows the government to keep unemployment in the country on a very low level of less than 3%, and it also gives the government more leeway in terms of macroeconomic policies – where other governments often need to make trade-offs between fighting unemployment and fighting inflation.<ref name=":2" />

Between 2014 and 2018, the accommodation and food, education, information and communication, arts and recreation, and real estate sectors overperformed in terms of growth, whereas the construction, logistics, professional services, public, and oil and gas sectors underperformed.<ref name=":2" />

As for competitiveness, in June 2024 it was reported that the UAE has moved up three place to the 7th place among the top 10 countries in the IMD World Competitiveness. This ranking is issued by the World Competitiveness Centre of the Institute for Management Development (IMD) in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=UAE climbs to 7th place in IMD World Competitiveness Ranking 2024 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-climbs-to-7th-place-in-imd-world-competitiveness-ranking-2024-1.103169049 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Business and finance ===
[[File:Abu dhabi skylines 2014.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abu Dhabi]] skyline]]

The UAE is ranked as the 26th best country in the world for doing business by the [[Doing Business Report|Doing Business 2017 Report]] published by the [[World Bank Group]].<ref name="Doing Business">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings|title=Ranking of Economies|work=[[World Bank Group]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html|archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> The UAE are in the top ranks of several other global indices, such as the [[World Happiness Report]] (WHR) and 30th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-arab-emirates |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU) assigns the UAE rank two regionally in terms of business environment and 22 worldwide. From the 2018 Arab Youth Survey, the UAE emerges as the top Arab country in areas such as living, safety and security, economic opportunities, and starting a business, and as an example for other states to emulate.<ref name=":2" />

The weaker points remain the level of education across the UAE population, limitations in the financial and labour markets, barriers to trade and some regulations that hinder business dynamism. The major challenge for the country, though, remains translating investments and strong enabling conditions into innovation and creative outputs.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:3) DGCX Launch - Nov -'05 009.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the [[Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange]] in 2005 by UAE Prime Minister [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] and [[DP World]] CEO [[Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem]]]]
UAE law does not allow trade unions to exist.<ref name="ituc" /> The right to [[collective bargaining]] and the [[right to strike]] are not recognised, and the Ministry of Labour has the power to force workers to go back to work. Migrant workers who participate in a strike can have their work permits cancelled and be deported.<ref name="ituc">{{cite web | url=http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?edition=336 | title=United Arab Emirates | work=ITUC | access-date=7 February 2013 | archive-date=1 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231308/http://survey.ituc-csi.org/United-Arab-Emirates.html?edition=336 | url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, there are very few anti-discrimination laws in relation to labour issues, with Emiratis – and other [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC]] Arabs – getting preference in public sector jobs despite lesser credentials than competitors and lower motivation. In fact, just over eighty per cent of Emirati workers hold government posts, with many of the rest taking part in state-owned enterprises such as [[Dubai Properties]] and the airline [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Krane |first=Jim |title=City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism |place=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cityofgolddubaid0000kran/page/267 267–270] |isbn=978-0-312-53574-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofgolddubaid0000kran/page/267 }}</ref> [[Western world|Western]] states, including the United Kingdom, were also warned by the Emirati Trade Minister, [[Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi]], to keep politics separate from trade and the economy, as it dilutes the agreements' main objectives. In 2023, Al Zeyoudi indicated that these countries should "tone down" the human and workers' rights provisions in the trade deals, in order to gain greater market access and business opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Boscia |first1=Stefan |last2=Whale |first2=Sebastian |date=12 March 2023 |title=Stay silent on human rights to strike deals, Gulf states tell UK |language=en |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-trade-deal-human-rights-uae-minister-thani-bin-ahmed-al-zeyoudi-gulf-cooperation-council/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-trade-deal-human-rights-uae-minister-thani-bin-ahmed-al-zeyoudi-gulf-cooperation-council/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UAE's monetary policy stresses stability and predictability. The [[Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates|Central Bank of the UAE]] (CBUAE) keeps a peg to the US Dollar (USD) and moves interest rates close to the [[Federal funds rate|Federal Funds Rate]].<ref name=":2" />

According to [[Fitch Ratings]], the decline in property sector follows risks of progressively worsening the quality of assets in possession with UAE banks, leading the economy to rougher times ahead. Even though as compared to retail and property, UAE banks fared well. The higher US interest rates followed since 2016 – which the UAE currency complies to – have boosted profitability. However, the likelihood of plunging interest rates and increasing provisioning costs on bad loans, point to difficult times ahead for the [[economy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3d537bae-cf30-11e9-b018-ca4456540ea6 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3d537bae-cf30-11e9-b018-ca4456540ea6 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title= UAE banks prepare for rough ride ahead|access-date=18 October 2019|website=Financial Times|date= 18 October 2019|last1= Kerr|first1= Simeon}}</ref>

[[File:Dubai Marina Skyline.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dubai Marina]] skyline]]
Since 2015, economic growth has been more mixed due to a number of factors impacting both demand and supply. In 2017 and 2018, growth has been positive but on a low level of 0.8 and 1.4%, respectively. To support the economy, the government is currently following an expansionary fiscal policy. However, the effects of this policy are partially offset by monetary policy, which has been contractionary. If not for the fiscal stimulus in 2018, the UAE economy would probably have contracted in that year. One of the factors responsible for slower growth has been a credit crunch, which is due to, among other factors, higher interest rates. Government debt has remained on a low level, despite high deficits in a few recent years. Risks related to government debt remain low. Inflation has been picking up in 2017 and 2018. Contributing factors were the introduction of a [[Value-added tax|value added tax]] (VAT) of 5%<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE VAT calculator – Tax Calculator |url=https://vat201.com/ |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=VAT 201 Vat Calculator |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319184229/https://vat201.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2018 as well as higher commodity prices. Despite the government's expansionary fiscal policy and a growing economy in 2018 and at the beginning of 2019, prices have been dropping in late 2018 and 2019 owing to oversupply in some sectors of importance to consumer prices.<ref name=":2" />

The UAE has an attractive tax system for companies and wealthy individuals, making it a preferred destination for companies seeking [[tax avoidance]]. The NGO [[Tax Justice Network]] places them in 2021 in the group of the ten largest [[tax havens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1254738/les-emirats-arabes-unis-dans-le-top-10-des-paradis-fiscaux-selon-une-ong.html|title=Les Emirats arabes unis dans le top 10 des paradis fiscaux, selon une ONG|date=9 March 2021|website=L'Orient-Le Jour|access-date=9 March 2021|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301160419/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1254738/les-emirats-arabes-unis-dans-le-top-10-des-paradis-fiscaux-selon-une-ong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the UAE's legal system fell under international scrutiny, as the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|members of the British Parliament]] opened an inquiry into how the foreign business executives are treated in the country, in case of accusations of breaking the law.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dudley |first=Dominic |date=21 June 2023 |title=UK Parliament Starts Inquiry Into UAE's 'Scandalous' Treatment Of Foreign Business Execs |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2023/06/21/uk-parliament-starts-inquiry-into-uaes-scandalous-treatment-of-foreign-business-execs/?sh=69733d7d4272 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627113854/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2023/06/21/uk-parliament-starts-inquiry-into-uaes-scandalous-treatment-of-foreign-business-execs/?sh=69733d7d4272 |url-status=live }}</ref>

2024 will be the third consecutive year that the UAE holds first place as the world's leading wealth magnet, as 6,700 wealthy migrants are set to move to the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=UAE remains world's leading millionaire magnet, attracting 6,700 wealthy migrants by 2024-end |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/uae-remains-worlds-leading-millionaire-magnet-attracting-6700-wealthy-migrants-by-2024-end-1.103170123 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== VAT ===
The UAE government implemented [[value-added tax]] (VAT) in the country from 1 January 2018, at a standard rate of 5%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Value Added Tax (VAT) – The Official Portal of the UAE Government |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation/valueaddedtaxvat#:~:text=The%20rate%20of%20VAT%20is,provide%20high-quality%20public%20services. |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=u.ae |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323183006/https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation/valueaddedtaxvat#:~:text=The%20rate%20of%20VAT%20is,provide%20high-quality%20public%20services. |url-status=live }}</ref>
While the government may still adjust the exact arrangement of the VAT, it is not likely that any new taxes will be introduced in the foreseeable future. Additional taxes would destroy one of the UAE's main enticements for businesses to operate in the country and put a heavy burden on the economy.<ref name=":2" />

=== Energy ===
{{main|Energy in the United Arab Emirates}}

{{see also|Solar power in the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:ADNOC Refining Ruwais Site-187.jpg|thumb|[[Ruwais Refinery]] is the fourth-largest single-site oil refinery in the world and the biggest in the Middle East.]]

Oil and gas production is an important part of the economy of the UAE. In 2018, the oil and gas sector contributed 26% to overall GDP. The UAE leadership initiated economic diversification efforts even before the oil price crash in the 1980s, resulting in the UAE having the most diversified economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at present. Although the oil and gas sector continues to be significant to the UAE economy, these efforts have yielded great resilience during periods of oil price fluctuations and economic turbulence. The introduction of the VAT has provided the government with an additional source of income – approximately 6% of the total revenue in 2018, or 27 billion [[United Arab Emirates dirham]] (AED) – affording its fiscal policy more independence from oil- and gas-related revenue, which constitutes about 36% of the total government revenue.

The [[Barakah nuclear power plant]] is the first on the Arabian peninsula and expected to reduce the carbon footprint of the country.<ref>Reuters. (19 January 2022). "Unit 2 of UAE's Barakah nuclear plant to start operations within months: ENEC CEO". [https://english.alarabiya.net/business/energy/2022/01/19/Unit-2-of-UAE-s-Barakah-nuclear-plant-to-start-operations-within-months-ENEC-CEO Al Arabiya website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122050656/https://english.alarabiya.net/business/energy/2022/01/19/Unit-2-of-UAE-s-Barakah-nuclear-plant-to-start-operations-within-months-ENEC-CEO |date=22 January 2022 }} Retrieved 22 January 2022.</ref>

The UAE has solar generation potential, and its energy policy has shifted due to the declining price of solar. The Dubai Clean Energy Strategy aims to provide 7 per cent of Dubai's energy from clean energy sources by 2020. It will increase this target to 25 per cent by 2030 and 75 per cent by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/dubai-ruler-wants-solar-panels-on-every-roof-by-2030-1.68642|title = Dubai Ruler wants solar panels on every roof by 2030|date = 29 November 2015|access-date = 23 November 2023|archive-date = 2 June 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170602173058/http://www.thenational.ae/business/energy/dubai-ruler-wants-solar-panels-on-every-roof-by-2030|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2023, ADNOC and its CEO Sultan Al Jaber closed at least 20 business deals worth nearly $100 billion. The state oil firm was alleged of exploiting the UAE's COP28 presidency to pursue oil and gas deals. As per leaked documents, Al Jaber's team targeted 16 nations to lobby firms, delegates or ministers on such deals. ADNOC sought deals with companies from 12 countries, which included 11 of the 16 target nations. Al Jaber and senior ADNOC officials openly discussed deals. COP28 organising teams were excluded from meetings and replaced by ADNOC officials, leaving a closed group that made deals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Galey|first=Patrick|title="I hope the younger generations can forgive us": State oil company pushed $100 billion of deals in UAE's year as COP28 host|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/fossil-gas/i-hope-the-younger-generations-can-forgive-us-state-oil-company-pushed-100-billion-of-deals-in-uaes-year-as-cop28-host/|date=5 June 2024|website=Global Witness}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in the United Arab Emirates}}

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Tourism acts as a growth sector for the entire UAE economy. [[Dubai]] is the top tourism destination in the Middle East.<ref name="tdb" /> According to the annual MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai is the fifth most popular tourism destination in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/07/dubai-ranks-fifth-among-top-global-destinations-travellers/|title=Dubai Ranks Fifth Among Top Global Destinations For Travellers|work=Gulf Business|date=10 July 2014|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017061651/http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/07/dubai-ranks-fifth-among-top-global-destinations-travellers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dubai holds up to 66% share of the UAE's tourism economy, with [[Abu Dhabi]] having 16% and [[Sharjah]] 10%. Dubai welcomed 10 million tourists in 2013.

The UAE has the most advanced and developed infrastructure in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theprospectgroup.com/infrastructure-in-the-united-arab-emirates-uae-81876/|title=Infrastructure in the United Arab Emirates (UAE)|work=The Prospect Group|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604115052/https://www.theprospectgroup.com/infrastructure-in-the-united-arab-emirates-uae-81876/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1980s, the UAE has been spending billions of dollars on infrastructure. These developments are particularly evident in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The northern emirates are rapidly following suit, providing major incentives for developers of residential and commercial property.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/arunkodiyeri/uae-yearbook-2009 |title=UAE yearbook 2009 |publisher=Slideshare.net |date=13 April 2009 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154156/https://www.slideshare.net/arunkodiyeri/uae-yearbook-2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Topic: Tourism industry of the UAE">{{cite web|title=Topic: Tourism industry of the UAE|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/4643/tourism-industry-of-the-uae/|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Statista|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711045433/https://www.statista.com/topics/4643/tourism-industry-of-the-uae/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The inbound tourism expenditure in the UAE for 2019 accounted for 118.6 per cent share of the outbound tourism expenditure.<ref name="Topic: Tourism industry of the UAE" /> Since 6 January 2020, tourist visas to the United Arab Emirates are valid for five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessliveme.com/uae/uae-offers-5-year-tourist-visa-as-neighbors-vie-for-visitors/|title=UAE Offers 5-Year Tourist Visa as Neighbors Vie for Visitors|access-date=7 January 2020|website=Business Live Middle East|date=7 January 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809123314/https://www.businessliveme.com/uae/uae-offers-5-year-tourist-visa-as-neighbors-vie-for-visitors/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been projected that the travel and tourism industry will contribute about 280.6 billion United Arab Emirati dirham to the UAE's GDP by 2028.<ref name="Topic: Tourism industry of the UAE" />

The country's major tourist attraction includes the famous [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]], the tallest tower in the world;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thearabianpost.com/burj-khalifa-is-dubais-most-visited-tourist-attraction/|title=Burj Khalifa is Dubai's most visited tourist attraction | Arabian Post|date=9 February 2014|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110025422/https://thearabianpost.com/burj-khalifa-is-dubais-most-visited-tourist-attraction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The World (archipelago)|The World archipelago]] and [[Palm Jumeirah]] also in Dubai;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/world-islands|title=The World Islands|website=Atlas Obscura|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117223703/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/world-islands|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque]] and [[Yas Marina Circuit]] in [[Abu Dhabi]]; [[Al Hajar Mountains]] in [[Fujairah]]. The uniqueness of the country's natural desert life, especially with the [[Bedouins]], also facilitates the country's tourist industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://connectwithnature.ae/knowledge-hub/habitat-desert|title=Habitat: Desert | Connect With Nature|website=connectwithnature.ae|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815161729/https://connectwithnature.ae/knowledge-hub/habitat-desert|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UAE will diversify its tourism sector with the introduction of [[casino]] gambling. [[Wynn Al Marjan Island]] in [[Ras Al Khaimah]] will feature the first casino in the country and will also be the country's first [[integrated resort]] when it opens in March 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agbrief.com/intel/deep-dive/06/10/2024/wynn-resorts-granted-gaming-license-in-uae/|title=Wynn Resorts granted gaming license in the UAE | AGB|date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2024-10-07/uae-casinos-wynn-gets-gaming-license-as-it-builds-ras-al-khaimah-resort|title=UAE's $7 Billion Gaming Jackpot Draws Closer With Wynn License|date=7 October 2024|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>[https://igamingbusiness.com/casino/wynn-resorts-uae-casino-open-march-2027/ Wynn Resorts' UAE casino to open in March 2027]</ref>

[[Abu Dhabi]] is set to become the home of [[Disneyland Abu Dhabi]], the first Disney theme park in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2025/05/07/disney-is-building-a-new-theme-park-in-abu-dhabi-heres-what-we-know/|title=Disneyland Abu Dhabi: Here's What We Know About Disney's New Theme Park|first=Alison|last=Durkee|website=Forbes}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[Dubai International Airport]] became the [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic]] in 2014, overtaking [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html|title = Dubai Overtakes Heathrow To Become World's Busiest|last = Anderson|first = Elizabeth|date = 27 January 2015|work = The Telegraph|access-date = 12 February 2015|archive-date = 1 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220301145021/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Abu Dhabi International Airport]] is the second-largest airport in the UAE. Due to the announced expansion of [[Al Maktoum International Airport|Al Maktoum Airport]] on 28 April 2024, Dubai International Airport will be shut down once Al Maktoum Airport expansion will be completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamel |first=Deena |date=29 April 2024 |title=Dubai to scrap dual airport operations once move to mega-hub at Al Maktoum is complete |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/aviation/2024/04/29/dubai-to-scrap-dual-airport-operations-once-move-to-mega-hub-at-al-maktoum-is-complete/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Dubai Roads on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb|[[E 311 road (United Arab Emirates)|E 311]], a major road in the UAE]]

[[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], [[Sharjah]], [[Ajman]], [[Umm Al Quwain]], and [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] are connected by the [[E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)|E11 highway]], which is the longest road in the UAE. In Dubai, in addition to the [[Dubai Metro]], The [[Dubai Tram]] and [[Palm Jumeirah Monorail]] also connect specific parts of the city. There is also a bus, taxi, abra (traditional boat), and water taxi network run by RTA. [[Dubai Trolley|T1]], a double-decker tram system in [[Downtown Dubai]], were operational from 2015 to 2019.

Salik, meaning "open" or "clear", is Dubai's electronic toll collection system that was launched in July 2007 and is part of Dubai's traffic congestion management system. Each time one passes through a Salik tolling point, a toll is deducted from the drivers' prepaid toll account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. There are four Salik tolling points placed in strategic locations in Dubai: at [[Al Maktoum Bridge]], [[Al Garhoud Bridge]], and along [[Sheikh Zayed road|Sheikh Zayed Road]] at [[Al Safa]] and [[Al Barsha]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Salik|title=Home|url=https://www.salik.rta.ae/en|access-date=2 August 2021|website=Salik|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802102556/https://www.salik.rta.ae/en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:5018 Dubai Metro in Dubai UAE.png|thumb|A [[Dubai Metro]] train. Dubai Metro is the Arabian peninsula's first [[rapid transit]] system and was the world's longest driverless metro network until 2016.]]

A {{convert|1200|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Rail transport in the United Arab Emirates|country-wide railway]] is under construction which will connect all the major cities and ports.<ref name="IRJMar12">{{cite news|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/freight/from-sand-to-sea.html|title=From sand to sea|work=International Railway Journal|date=21 March 2012|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323024811/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/freight/from-sand-to-sea.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dubai Metro]] is the first urban train network in the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8247330.stm|title=Will metro change Dubai car culture?|date=11 September 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=11 October 2009|archive-date=16 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916041627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8247330.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are [[Khalifa Port]], [[Zayed Port]], Port [[Jebel Ali]], [[Port Rashid]], [[Port Khalid Sharjah|Port Khalid]], [[Port Saeed]], and Port Khor Fakkan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/ports.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714124311/http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/ports.htm|archive-date=14 July 2008 |title=UAE Ports |publisher=Uae.gov.ae }}</ref> The Emirates are increasingly developing their logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa. For this purpose, ports are being rapidly expanded and investments are being made in their technology.

The Emirates have historically been and currently still are part of the Maritime [[Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to [[Mombasa]], from there through the Red Sea via the [[Suez Canal]] to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region and the northern Italian hub of [[Trieste]] with its rail connections to [[Central Europe]], Eastern Europe, and the [[North Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/08/02/next-up-abu-dhabi-chinas-maritime-silk-road-breaks-into-the-middle-east/|title=Next Up On China's Maritime Silk Road: Abu Dhabi|first=Wade|last=Shepard|website=Forbes|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111001629/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/08/02/next-up-abu-dhabi-chinas-maritime-silk-road-breaks-into-the-middle-east/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1418636/business-economy|title=China flags up UAE as Silk Road mega-hub with $300m port deal|date=10 December 2018|website=Arab News|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512055544/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1418636/business-economy|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Telecommunications ===
The United Arab Emirates is served by two [[telecommunications]] operators, [[Etisalat]] and [[Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company]] ("du"). Etisalat operated a [[monopoly]] until du launched mobile services in February 2007.<ref name=etisalatmon>{{cite web |url=http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/united_arab_emirates.pdf |title=United Arab Emirates |work=OpenNet Interactive |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909194905/http://opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/files/united_arab_emirates.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Internet subscribers were expected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://emiratesseo.com/uae-telecom-market-grows-competition/ |title=UAE telecom market grows with competition | Mobile telecomms report |publisher=Ameinfo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214221608/http://emiratesseo.com/uae-telecom-market-grows-competition/ |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref> The regulator, the [[Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (UAE)|Telecommunications Regulatory Authority]], mandates filtering websites for religious, political, and sexual content.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-reports-high-website-censorship-1.556197/ |title=UAE reports high website censorship |work=The National Newspaper |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901201621/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-reports-high-website-censorship |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[5G]] wireless services were installed nationwide in 2019 through a partnership with [[Huawei]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/technology/uae-ready-for-fast-lane-with-5g---|title=UAE ready for fast lane with 5G in 2019|author=Khaleej Times|date=17 February 2019|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330041759/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/technology/uae-ready-for-fast-lane-with-5g---|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of the United Arab Emirates}}

{{wide image|Dubai banner 2.jpg|700px|The skyline of [[Dubai]], the largest city in the United Arab Emirates}}
According to an estimate by the [[World Bank]], the UAE's population in 2020 was 9,890,400. Immigrants accounted for 88.52% while Emiratis made up the remaining 11.48%.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE Population Statistics|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AE|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004091449/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref> This unique imbalance is due to the country's exceptionally high [[net migration rate]] of 21.71, the [[List of countries by net migration rate|world's highest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2112rank.html?countryName=India&countryCode=in&regionCode=sas&rank=85#in |title=Net migration rate |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=9 March 2010 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308042938/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2112rank.html?countryName=India&countryCode=in&regionCode=sas&rank=85#in |url-status=dead }}</ref> UAE citizenship is very difficult to obtain other than by [[filiation]] and only granted under very special circumstances.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE nationality |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/passports-and-traveling/uae-nationality |website=u.ae |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135159/https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/passports-and-traveling/uae-nationality |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Palm jumeirah core.jpg|thumb|Residential villas in the [[Palm Jumeirah]] palm fronds in [[Dubai]]]]

The UAE is ethnically diverse. The five most populous nationalities in the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman are Indian (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), and Filipino (5%).<ref>{{cite web|title = Indians, Pakistanis make up 37% of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman population|url = http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/indians-pakistanis-make-up-37-of-dubai-sharjah-ajman-population-1.1562336|website = gulfnews.com|date = 6 August 2015|access-date = 7 August 2015|archive-date = 29 July 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141543/https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/indians-pakistanis-make-up-37-of-dubai-sharjah-ajman-population-1.1562336|url-status = live}}</ref> Immigrants from Europe, Australia, and North America make up around 100,000 of the population.<ref name="arabianbusiness.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/uae-population-hits-6m-emiratis-make-up-16-5--12137.html|title=UAE population hits 6 m, Emiratis make up 16.5%|author=Sambidge, Andy|newspaper=Arabian Business|date=7 October 2009|publisher=ArabianBusiness.com|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114034427/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/uae-population-hits-6m-emiratis-make-up-16-5--12137.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mcintosh |first=Lindsay |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/terror_red_alert_for_100_000_british_expats_in_dubai_1_1173062 |title=Terror red alert for 100,000 British expats in Dubai |work=The Scotsman |date=16 June 2008 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223235/https://www.scotsman.com/news/terror_red_alert_for_100_000_british_expats_in_dubai_1_1173062 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Whittell, Giles |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7061449.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525100904/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7061449.ece |archive-date=25 May 2010 |title=British pair face jail for kissing in Dubai restaurant |work=The Times |date=15 March 2010}}</ref> The rest of the population are from other [[Arab World|Arab states]].<ref name="WorldFactbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/|title=United Arab Emirates|work=CIA World Factbook|date=10 May 2022|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107081049/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=53888&d=3&m=11&y=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709123331/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=53888&d=3&m=11&y=2004|archive-date=9 July 2012|title=Editorial: The Ideal Prince |publisher=Arabnews.com |date=3 November 2004 }}</ref>

About 88% of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table 3.10 Urbanization |work=World Development Indicators |url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdipdfs/table3_10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325215156/http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdipdfs/table3_10.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> The average [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy]] was 76.7 in 2012, higher than for any other Arab country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=United%20Arab%20Emirates&countryCode=ae&regionCode=mde&rank=71#ae |title=Life expectancy at birth |work=The World Factbook |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230455/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=United%20Arab%20Emirates&countryCode=ae&regionCode=mde&rank=71#ae |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="uaeinteract2">{{cite web |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Average_life_expectancy_in_UAE_rises_to_75_years/7752.htm |title=Average life expectancy in UAE rises to 75 years |publisher=Uaeinteract.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611161529/http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Average_life_expectancy_in_UAE_rises_to_75_years/7752.htm |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref> With a male/female [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 2.2 males for each female in the total population and 2.75 to 1 for the 15–65 [[Demographic profile|age group]], the UAE's [[Gender mortality differentials|gender imbalance]] is second highest in the world after Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html |title=Sex ratio |work=The World Factbook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065003/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref>

=== Largest cities ===
{{Largest cities
| country = the United Arab Emirates
| stat_ref = 2023 Calculation
| list_by_pop = List of cities in the United Arab Emirates
| div_name = Emirate
| city_1 = Dubai | div_1 = Emirate of Dubai{{!}}Dubai | pop_1 = 3,564,931
| city_2 = Abu Dhabi | div_2 = Emirate of Abu Dhabi{{!}}Abu Dhabi | pop_2 = 1,807,000
| city_3 = Sharjah | div_3 = Sharjah (emirate){{!}}Sharjah | pop_3 = 1,405,000
| city_4 = Al Ain | div_4 = Emirate of Abu Dhabi{{!}}Abu Dhabi | pop_4 = 846,747
| city_5 = Ajman | div_5 = Emirate of Ajman{{!}}Ajman | pop_5 = 490,035
| city_6 = Ras Al Khaimah | div_6 = Ras al Khaimah | pop_6 = 191,753
| city_7 = Fujairah | div_7 = Emirate of Fujairah{{!}}Fujairah| pop_7 = 118,933
| city_8 = Umm Al Quwain | div_8 = Emirate of Umm Al Quwain{{!}}Umm Al Quwain | pop_8 = 59,098
| city_9 = Khor Fakkan | div_9 = Sharjah (emirate){{!}}Sharjah | pop_9 = 53,000
| city_10 = Kalba| div_10 = Sharjah (emirate){{!}}Sharjah | pop_10 = 51,000
}}

=== Language ===
[[Modern Standard Arabic]] is the national language of the United Arab Emirates. English is the most commonly spoken language,<ref name="Siemund"/><ref name="visitdubai"/> following [[British English]] conventions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=[Pilot Johan's Arabian Nights-18]The language of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is Arabic, as its na.. - MK |url=https://www.mk.co.kr/en/world/10979447 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=매일경제 |language=en}}</ref> [[Emirati Arabic]], a variety of [[Gulf Arabic]], is spoken natively by Emirati people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Shane|title=Frommer's Dubai|year=2010|isbn=978-0-470-71178-1|page=174|publisher=Wiley }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:Sheikh Zayed Mosque view.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque]] in Abu Dhabi]]

[[Islam]] is the largest and the official [[state religion]] of the United Arab Emirates. The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other religions and rarely interferes in the religious activities of non-Muslims.<ref name=US2022 />

There are more [[Sunni]] than [[Shiite|Shia]] Muslims in the United Arab Emirates,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk|publisher=CIA|title=The World Factbook|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 85% of the Emirati population are Sunni Muslims with most of them adhering to the [[Maliki school]] of [[Islamic jurisprudence|jurisprudence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khashan |first=Hilal |date=29 November 2021 |title=For the UAE, Change Is an Existential Threat |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/for-the-uae-change-is-an-existential-threat/ |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=Geopolitical Futures |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2001/5713.htm |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> The vast majority of the remainder 15% are Shia Muslims, who are concentrated in the [[Emirate of Dubai|Emirates of Dubai]] and [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]]. Although no official statistics are available for the breakdown between Sunni and Shia Muslims among noncitizen residents, media estimates suggest less than 20% of the noncitizen Muslim population are Shia.<ref name=US2022 /> The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi is the largest mosque in the country and a major tourist attraction. [[Ibadi]] is common among Omanis in the UAE, while [[Sufi]] influences exist as well.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 April 2018|title=The Return of Sufism to the UAE|url=https://mesbar.org/the-return-of-sufism-to-the-uae/|access-date=29 July 2021|website=Al-Mesbar Center|language=en-US|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801111319/https://mesbar.org/the-return-of-sufism-to-the-uae/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Christians]] account for 9% of the total population of the United Arab Emirates, according to the 2005 census; estimates in 2010 suggested a figure of 12.6%.<ref name=US2022>{{Cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/united-arab-emirates/ |title=US State Dept 2022 report |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123181029/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/united-arab-emirates |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Roman Catholicism in the United Arab Emirates|Roman Catholics]] and [[Protestantism in the United Arab Emirates|Protestants]] form significant proportions of the Christian minority. The country has over 52 churches in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1309836/uae-number-of-places-of-worship-by-type/ |title=Statista.com website, retrieved 2023-08-28 |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929012922/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1309836/uae-number-of-places-of-worship-by-type/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Christians in the United Arab Emirates are of Asian, African, and European origin, along with fellow Middle Eastern countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refdag.nl/nieuws/groeiende_en_vitale_kerk_in_arabische_golf_1_494237 |title=Groeiende en vitale kerk in Arabische Golf – Nieuws – Reformatorisch Dagblad |publisher=Refdag.nl |access-date=24 November 2010 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212212531/https://www.rd.nl/groeiende-en-vitale-kerk-in-arabische-golf-1.565863 |url-status=live }}</ref> The United Arab Emirates forms part of the [[Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Arabia|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia]] and the Vicar Apostolic Bishop [[Paul Hinder]] is based in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2005 |title=New Apostolic Vicar for Arabia Appointed |work=[[Zenit News Agency]] |url=http://www.zenit.org/article-12565?l=english |access-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607230554/http://www.zenit.org/article-12565?l=english |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref>

There is a small [[Jews|Jewish]] community in the United Arab Emirates. Before 2023, there was only one known [[synagogue]] in [[Dubai]], which has been open since 2008 and the synagogue also welcomes visitors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-the-first-time-dubais-jewish-community-steps-hesitantly-out-of-the-shadows/|title=For the first time, Dubai's Jewish community steps hesitantly out of the shadows|last=Herschlag|first=Miriam|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=24 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224220136/https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-the-first-time-dubais-jewish-community-steps-hesitantly-out-of-the-shadows/|url-status=live |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> Another synagogue, [[Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue]], was completed in 2023 as part of the [[Abrahamic Family House]] complex in [[Abu Dhabi]]. As of 2019, according to Rabbi [[Marc Schneier]] of the [[Foundation for Ethnic Understanding]], it is estimated that there are about 150 families to 3,000 Jews who live and worship freely in the UAE.<ref name=Ynt>{{cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5458305,00.html|title=The Jews of Dubai are on the map|publisher=ynetnews.com|date=5 February 2019|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011051727/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5458305,00.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in UAE in 2010 ([[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]])<ref name=pew>[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/united-arab-emirates/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year = 2010 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: United Arab Emirates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814201444/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/united-arab-emirates/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year |date=14 August 2018 }}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref><ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm United Arab Emirates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204132631/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm |date=4 December 2019 }}. International Religious Freedom Report 2007. State.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Islam]]|green|76}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christianity]]|blue|13}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hinduism]]|orange|7}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism in the United Arab Emirates|Buddhism]]|yellow|2}}
{{bar percent|[[Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates|Other]]|gray|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates|None]]|black|1}}
}}

South Asians in the United Arab Emirates constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality |title=UAE's population – by nationality |publisher=bq magazine |date=12 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321184658/http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality |archive-date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern states of [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kanara|Coastal Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]) are estimated to be living in the UAE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/|title=India is a top source and destination for world's migrants|website=Pew Research Center|date=3 March 2017|language=en-US|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001211840/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are currently three Hindu temples in the country. Other religions also exist in the United Arab Emirates, including [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], and [[Druze]].<ref name=religiousfreedom />

The UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Abdullah bin Zayed]], announced in 2019 the design and construction plan of the [[Abrahamic Family House]], which will serve as an interfaith complex that houses a [[synagogue]], [[mosque]], and a [[Church (building)|church]] on [[Saadiyat Island]] in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First images of Abu Dhabi's Abrahamic Family House under construction released|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661|access-date=29 July 2021|website=The National|date=15 June 2021|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226170031/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:UniversityCityHall.jpg|thumb|University City Hall is the largest building located in [[Sharjah University City|University City]] in [[Sharjah]]. Graduation ceremonies of [[American University of Sharjah]], [[University of Sharjah]], and [[Higher Colleges of Technology]] are notably held here.]]

The [[education]] system through secondary level is administered by the [[Ministry of Education (United Arab Emirates)|Ministry of Education]] in all emirates except Abu Dhabi, where it falls under the authority of the [[Abu Dhabi Department of Education and Knowledge|Department of Education and Knowledge]]. Public schools are divided into [[primary school]]s, [[middle school]]s, and [[High Schools|high schools]]. The public schools are government-funded and the curriculum is created to match the United Arab Emirates' development goals. The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language. There are also many private schools which are internationally accredited. [[Public school (government funded)|Public schools]] in the country are free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary.

The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher Education. The ministry also is responsible for admitting students to its [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]] institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aud.edu/Admissions/undergraduate_req.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224200815/http://aud.edu/Admissions/undergraduate_req.asp |archive-date=24 December 2010 |title=American University in Dubai. Undergraduate : Admission |work=Aud.edu }}</ref> The adult literacy rate in 2015 was 93.8%.<ref name="WorldFactbook" />

The UAE has shown a strong interest in improving education and research. Enterprises include the establishment of the [[CERT Group of Companies|CERT]] Research Centres and the [[Masdar Institute of Science and Technology]] and Institute for Enterprise Development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masdar.ac.ae/institute/index.aspx?mi=mi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731123515/http://www.masdar.ac.ae/institute/index.aspx?mi=mi |archive-date=31 July 2008 |title=MASDAR | Profile |date=31 July 2008 }}</ref> According to the QS Rankings, the top-ranking universities in the country are the [[United Arab Emirates University]] (421–430th worldwide), [[Khalifa University]]<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/khalifa-university/undergrad Khalifa University | Undergraduate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223154425/http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/khalifa-university/undergrad |date=23 February 2015 }}. Top Universities. Retrieved 10 October 2015.</ref> (441–450th worldwide), the [[American University of Sharjah]] (431–440th), and [[University of Sharjah]] (551–600th worldwide).<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/node/4392/ranking-details/world-university-rankings/2013 American University of Sharjah Rankings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531003409/http://www.topuniversities.com/node/4392/ranking-details/world-university-rankings/2013 |date=31 May 2014 }}. Top Universities. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</ref> United Arab Emirates was ranked 33rd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, up from 36th in 2019.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920133358/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in the United Arab Emirates}}

In 2018, the life expectancy at birth in the UAE was 76.96 years.<ref>[http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=15 Gazetteer – The World – Life Expectancy – Top 100+ By Country (2018)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120052840/http://www.geoba.se/population.php?pc=world&type=15 |date=20 November 2016 }}. Geoba.se (28 April 2016). Retrieved on 21 August 2018.</ref> [[Cardiovascular disease]] is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are [[accident]]s and [[injury|injuries]], [[Cancer|malignancies]], and [[congenital disorder|congenital anomalies]].<ref name=cp>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf |title=United Arab Emirates country profile |work=Library of Congress |access-date=20 June 2009 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005533/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[List of countries by Body Mass Index (BMI)#WHO Data on Prevalence of Obesity (BMI above 30) (2016)|World Health Organization data from 2016]], 34.5% of adults in the UAE are clinically [[Obesity|obese]], with a [[body mass index]] (BMI) score of 30 or more.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence of obesity, ages 18+, 2010–2014|url=http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/ncd/risk_factors/obesity/atlas.html|website=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=20 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120191542/http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/ncd/risk_factors/obesity/atlas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities. The strategy focuses on unifying healthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment. The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86. Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/health.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612101330/http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/health.htm|archive-date=12 June 2008 |title=UAE Health |publisher=Uae.gov.ae }}</ref>

The introduction of mandatory [[health insurance]] in Abu Dhabi for [[expatriate]]s and their dependents was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy. Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme in June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees. Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/health/health-cover-is-mandatory-1.43089 |author=El Shammaa, Dina |title=Health cover is mandatory |work=Gulf News |date=3 January 2009 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112123918/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/health/health-cover-is-mandatory-1.43089 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The UAE has benefited from medical tourists from all over the [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf]]. The UAE attracts [[medical tourism|medical tourists]] seeking [[cosmetic surgery]] and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite web|author=Detrie, Megan |url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091116/NATIONAL/711159830/1010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124064723/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20091116%2FNATIONAL%2F711159830%2F1010 |archive-date=24 November 2009 |title=Dubai has eye on medical tourism |work=The National Newspaper |date=15 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:UAE Folk Dance- Khaliji.jpg|thumb|Women in an Emirati folk dance.]]

Emirati culture is based on [[Arabian culture]] and has been influenced by the cultures of [[Persians|Persia]], [[India]], and [[East Africa]].<ref name="folk" /> Arabian and [[Persian architecture|Arabian inspired architecture]] is part of the expression of the local Emirati identity.<ref name="loc">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkCtS-n7GEEC&pg=PA430 |title=Handbook of Islamic Marketing|page=430|quote=Arabian and Persian inspired architecture is part of the expression of a 'local' identity|isbn=978-0-85793-602-8|last1=Sandıkcı|first1=Özlem|last2=Rice|first2=Gillian|year= 2011|publisher=Edward Elgar }}</ref> Arabian influence on Emirati culture is noticeably visible in traditional Emirati architecture and [[folk arts]].<ref name="folk">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMldAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |title=Folklore and Folklife in the United Arab Emirates|page=167 |isbn=978-1-136-84907-7|last1=Hurriez|first1=Sayyid Hamid|year=2013|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> For example, the distinctive wind tower that tops traditional Emirati buildings, the ''[[barjeel]]'', has become an identifying mark of Emirati architecture and is attributed to Arabian influence.<ref name="folk" /> This influence is derived both from traders who fled the tax regime in Persia in the early 19th century and from Emirati ownership of ports on the Arabian coast, for instance the Al Qassimi port of Lingeh.<ref>{{Cite book|title=United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective|last=Hellyer|first=Peter|publisher=Trident|year=2001|isbn=978-1-900724-47-0|page=181}}</ref>

Major holidays in the United Arab Emirates include ''[[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid al Fitr]]'', which marks the end of ''[[Ramadan]]'', and [[National Day (United Arab Emirates)|National Day]] (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Official-holidays-in-UAE-kvOQ0zrKKl.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503011056/http://www.gowealthy.com/gowealthy/wcms/en/home/articles/entertainment/events-and-festivals/Official-holidays-in-UAE-kvOQ0zrKKl.html|archive-date=3 May 2008 |title=Official holidays in UAE |publisher=Gowealthy.com }}</ref>

Literature and other written works by modern Emiratis are not well known globally because the majority of writers in country do not publish in English, women are restricted from participating in traditional literary groups, and freedom of expression is surpessed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hambuch |first1=Doris |last2=Al Tenaijy |first2=Moza |last3=Aldarmaki |first3=Aisha Khamis |last4=Alblooshi |first4=Ali Nawab |date=31 December 2025 |title=Literary Translingualism in the United Arab Emirates: Anglophone Emirati prose and poetry |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2534252 |journal=Cogent Arts & Humanities |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=2534252 |doi=10.1080/23311983.2025.2534252|doi-access=free }}</ref> The earliest known poet in the UAE is [[Ibn Majid]], born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al-Khaimah. The most famous Emirati writers were Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959), and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three other poets from Sharjah, known as the Hirah group, are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and [[Romantic poetry|Romantic poets]].<ref name="poetry">{{cite web|url=http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014601/http://www.visitabudhabi.ae/en/what.to.do/art.and.culture/literature.and.poetry.aspx |archive-date=8 October 2011 |title=Literature and poetry |publisher=Visitabudhabi.ae |date=1 July 2009 }}</ref> The [[Sharjah International Book Fair]] is the oldest and largest in the country.

Traditional folk dances, such as [[Al Ayyala dance|''Al-Ayyala'']], are performed by men and women in the UAE during festivals, holidays, and weddings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Ayyala, a traditional performing art of the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/al-ayyala-a-traditional-performing-art-of-the-sultanate-of-oman-and-the-united-arab-emirates-01012 |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=ich.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Liwa (music)|Liwa]] is a type of music and dance performed locally, mainly in communities that contain descendants of [[Bantu peoples]] from the [[African Great Lakes]] region.<ref name="poetry" />

The [[list of museums in the United Arab Emirates]] includes some of regional repute, most famously [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,<ref>[http://www.sharjahmuseums.ae/ Sharjah Museums Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222082532/http://www.sharjahmuseums.ae/ |date=22 February 2011 }}. sharjahmuseums.ae</ref> which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 October 2009 |url=http://www.sharjahtourism.ae/en/category/about-sharjah/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202124611/http://www.sharjahtourism.ae/en/category/about-sharjah/ |archive-date=2 February 2009 |title=About Sharjah – Sharjah Commerce Tourism Development Authority |publisher=Sharjahtourism.ae}}</ref> In Dubai, the area of [[Al Quoz]] has attracted a number of art galleries as well as museums such as the [[Salsali Private Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Dubai FAQs |url=http://www.dubaifaqs.com/art-galleries-in-dubai.php |title=Art Galleries Dubai |publisher=Dubaifaqs.com |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729020639/http://www.dubaifaqs.com/art-galleries-in-dubai.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Abu Dhabi has established a culture district on [[Saadiyat Island]]. Six grand projects are planned, including the [[Guggenheim Abu Dhabi]] and the [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saadiyat.ae/en/cultural.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730122944/http://www.saadiyat.ae/en/cultural.html|archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Saadiyat Island – Island of Happiness |publisher=Saadiyat.ae |date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Dubai also plans to build a [[Kunsthal]] museum and a district for galleries and artists.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-eyeing-new-fashion-design-district-17269.html |last1=Irish|first1=John |last2=Walid|first2=Tamara |title=Dubai eyeing new fashion, design district |newspaper=Arabian Business |publisher=ArabianBusiness.com |date=11 June 2009 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152342/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-eyeing-new-fashion-design-district-17269.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are very few [[cinema of the United Arab Emirates|cinemas of the United Arab Emirates]], and any published material is subject to strict censorship guidelines, despite a repeal of the harshest guidelines in 2021. To view a movie in the country you must be 21 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Josh |title=What The United Arab Emirates New Censorship Policy Means For The Film And TV Industry |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshwilson/2021/12/29/what-the-united-arab-emirates-new-censorship-policy-means-for-the-film-and-tv-industry/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Mass media in the United Arab Emirates}}

{{See also|List of newspapers in the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:Media City (12619096174).jpg|thumb|[[Dubai Media City]] is home to diverse news and tech companies.]]

The UAE's [[Media of the United Arab Emirates|media]] is annually classified as "not free" in the Freedom of the Press report by [[Freedom House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives|title=Publication Archives|website=Freedom House|date=20 April 2022|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142458/https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE ranks poorly in the annual [[Press Freedom Index]] by [[Reporters without Borders]]. [[Dubai Media City]] is the UAE's main media zone. The UAE is home to some pan-Arab broadcasters, including the [[Middle East Broadcasting Centre]] and [[Orbit Showtime Network]]. In 2007, Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] decreed that journalists can no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for reasons relating to their work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/UAE_APS.doc |title=United Arab Emirates |work=Carnegie Endowment |page=10 |quote=UAE Prime Minister Sheikh Muhammad bin Rashid al-Maktum decreed on September 25, 2007 that journalists can no longer be imprisoned for reasons relating to their work, setting a first for the decriminalization of media offences in the region. |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230134946/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/uae_aps.doc |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the same time, the UAE has made it illegal to disseminate online material that can threaten "public order",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/latest_laws/cybercrimes_5_2012_en.pdf|title=Federal Decree-Law no.5|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725182632/http://ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/latest_laws/cybercrimes_5_2012_en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and hands down prison terms for those who "deride or damage" the reputation of the state and "display contempt" for religion. Journalists who are arrested for violating this law are often brutally beaten by the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704229 |title=United Arab Emirates – Media |work=BBC News |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206064027/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704229 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to UAE Year Book 2013, there are seven Arabic newspapers and eight English language newspapers, as well as a Tagalog newspaper produced and published in the UAE.

New media, such as [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]], and [[Instagram]] are used widely in the UAE by the government entities and by the public as well.<ref name="u.aeb">{{cite web|title=Types of media – The Official Portal of the UAE Government|url=https://u.ae/en/media/media-in-the-uae/types-of-media|access-date=9 August 2021|website=u.ae|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809072741/https://u.ae/en/media/media-in-the-uae/types-of-media|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE government avails official social media accounts to communicate with public and hear their needs.<ref name="u.aeb" />

In recent years, there has been a notable surge in digital media consumption in the UAE, driven by the widespread use of platforms like Snapchat and TikTok among the younger population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Report: UAE is the social media capital of the world |url=https://arab.news/jtfmt |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>  Influencers on these platforms play a significant role in shaping trends and promoting various products and services.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=UAE Is The Global Leader In Social Media: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/uae-is-the-global-leader-in-social-media-report-4018999 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126161202/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/uae-is-the-global-leader-in-social-media-report-4018999 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government has also implemented digital initiatives to enhance e-Government services and promote smart city concepts, further demonstrating the UAE's commitment to technological advancements.<ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emam |first=Soha |date=22 February 2023 |title=UAE Social Media Statistics [Updated 2023] |url=https://www.meltwater.com/en/blog/social-media-statistics-uae |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Meltwater |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922005049/https://www.meltwater.com/en/blog/social-media-statistics-uae |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Emirati cuisine}}

[[File:Luqaimat.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Arabic coffee]] with [[lugaimat]], a traditional Emirati sweet]]

The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice, fish, and meat. The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, and India. Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries. Meat and rice are other staple foods, with [[lamb and mutton]] preferred to goat and beef. Popular beverages are coffee and tea, which can be complemented with [[cardamom]] or [[saffron]] to give them a distinctive flavour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uaeinteract.com/travel/food.asp |title=UAE Travel& Tourism: Food & Drink |work=UAEinteract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611160248/http://www.uaeinteract.com/travel/food.asp |archive-date=11 June 2009 }}</ref>

Popular cultural Emirati dishes include ''threed'', ''machboos'', ''khubisa'', ''khameer'', and ''chabab'' bread among others while [[lugaimat]] is a famous Emirati dessert.<ref>{{cite web|last=Samtani|first=Kumar|date=8 January 2018|title=7 Traditional Emirati Dishes to Try in Dubai|url=https://eatyourworld.com/blog/7-traditional-emirati-dishes-to-try-in-dubai/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Eat Your World Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818054023/https://eatyourworld.com/blog/7-traditional-emirati-dishes-to-try-in-dubai/|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the influence of western culture, fast food has become very popular among young people, to the extent that campaigns have been held to highlight the dangers of fast food excesses.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/the-uae-s-big-fat-problem-1.1050951 The UAE's big fat problem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229022813/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/the-uae-s-big-fat-problem-1.1050951 |date=29 December 2014 }}. ''Gulf News''. (19 July 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2014.</ref> Alcohol is allowed to be served only in hotel restaurants and bars. All nightclubs are permitted to sell alcohol. Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol, but these products are sold in separate sections. Likewise, pork, which is [[haram]] (not permitted for Muslims), is sold in separate sections in all major supermarkets. Although alcohol may be consumed, it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alloexpat.com/abu_dhabi_expat_forum/alcohol-and-pork-licenses-t6912.html |title=Alcohol and Pork Licenses |publisher=Alloexpat.com |date=30 May 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805054659/http://www.alloexpat.com/abu_dhabi_expat_forum/alcohol-and-pork-licenses-t6912.html |archive-date=5 August 2009 }}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[File:Yas Marina Circuit, October 12, 2018 SkySat (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Yas Marina Circuit]] in [[Abu Dhabi]]]]

[[Formula One]] is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and a Grand Prix is annually held at the [[Yas Marina Circuit]] in [[Yas Island]] in Abu Dhabi. The race takes place in the evening, and was the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abu Dhabi confirms 5pm race start|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78061|work=Autosport|date=28 August 2009|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215828/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/78061/abu-dhabi-confirms-5pm-race-start|url-status=live}}</ref> Other popular sports include [[camel racing]], [[falconry]], [[endurance riding]], and [[tennis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/sports.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611135303/http://www.uae.gov.ae/Government/sports.htm|archive-date=11 June 2008 |title=UAE Sports |publisher=Uae.gov.ae }}</ref> The emirate of [[Dubai]] is also home to two major [[golf]] courses: the Dubai Golf Club and [[Emirates Golf Club]].

Aside from the leisure aspect, sports can play an important part in shaping national identity. Falconry, for example, has functioned as a national symbol since its inception in 1971.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wakefield |first1=Sarina |title=Falconry as heritage in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Archaeology |date=2012 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=284|doi=10.1080/00438243.2012.669644 }}</ref> Aside from the national prevalence of falconry, the UAE have played a formative role internationally in the co-ordination of [[UNESCO]]'s recognition of falconry as [[intangible heritage]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wakefield |first1=Sarina |title=Falconry as heritage in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Archaeology |date=2012 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=286–288|doi=10.1080/00438243.2012.669644 }}</ref>

In the past, child camel jockeys were used, leading to widespread criticism. Eventually, the UAE passed laws banning the use of children for the sport, leading to the prompt removal of almost all child jockeys.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4063391.stm Middle East | Help for Gulf child camel jockeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094909/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4063391.stm |date=29 March 2023 }}. BBC News (2 December 2004). Retrieved 10 October 2015.</ref> Recently robot jockeys have been introduced to overcome the problem of child camel jockeys which was an issue of human rights violations. [[Ansar Burney]] is often praised for the work he has done in this area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/308742-ansar-burney-%E2%80%94-a-true-champion-of-human-rights|title=Ansar Burney – a true champion of human rights|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123143428/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/308742-ansar-burney-%E2%80%94-a-true-champion-of-human-rights|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Football ====
{{further|Football in the United Arab Emirates|}}
[[File:Abu Dhabi Zayed Sports City Stadium 1.jpg|thumb|[[Zayed Sports City Stadium]] in [[Abu Dhabi]]]]

[[Association football|Football]] is a popular sport in the UAE. [[Al-Nasr Dubai SC|Al Nasr]], [[Al Ain Club|Al Ain]], [[Al Wasl FC|Al Wasl]], [[Sharjah FC|Sharjah]], [[Al Wahda FC|Al Wahda]], [[Shabab Al-Ahli Dubai FC|Shabab Al Ahli]], [[Baniyas Club|Baniyas]], [[Emirates Club|Emirates]], and [[Al Jazira Club|Al Jazira]] are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions. The [[United Arab Emirates Football Association]] was established in 1974 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organising [[youth program]]mes, and improving the abilities of not only its players, but also the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams.

The [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]]’s senior men's team qualified for the Italy [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] (along with [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]]) and finished at 24th place. It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying, after [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]] and [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] in [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], and [[Iraq national football team|Iraq]] and Algeria again in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]. The UAE has won the [[Gulf Cup of Nations|Gulf Cup Championship]] twice: the first cup won in January 2007 held in [[Abu Dhabi]] and the second in January 2013, held in [[Bahrain]]; they were runners-up four times and placed third four times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/gulfcup2007/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318080035/http://www.gulfnews.com/indepth/gulfcup2007/index.html |archive-date=18 March 2007 |title=Gulf Cup 2007 |work=Gulf News }}</ref>

The UAE hosted the [[1996 AFC Asian Cup]] and went all the way to the final, where they were defeated by the eventual champions and placed 2nd; subsequently they qualified for the [[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1997 Confederations Cup]] as Asian champions and finished in 6th place. They also finished 3rd at the [[2015 AFC Asian Cup|2015 Asian Cup]] in Australia. In the Olympic level the UAE finished 2nd in [[Football at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]] and 3rd in [[Football at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2018]] Asian Games, and participated in the [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]] at London to finish 15th. In the [[FIFA Arab Cup|Arab Cup]] they finished 2nd in [[International Arab Friendly Tournament|2005]] at Switzerland and 3rd in 2025 at Qatar. Other tournaments they Won were the [[Kirin Cup Soccer|2005 Kirin Cup]], 2000 [[LG Cup (association football)|LG Cup]], [[2013 OSN Cup]] in Saudi Arabia, and [[Friendship Tournament]] which they won twice, placed 2nd twice and placed 3rd once.

Regarding Emirati clubs' international level, Al Ain qualified for the [[2018 FIFA Club World Cup]], defeating the champions of Oceania, Africa, and South America to ultimately face European champions Real Madrid in the final and finish as runners-up. Al Ain also qualified for the expanded [[2025 FIFA Club World Cup]], finishing with three points and being eliminated in the group stage. Al Ain won the [[AFC Champions League Elite]] twice, in [[2002–03 AFC Champions League|2003]] and [[2023–24 AFC Champions League|2024]], and finished as runners-up twice, in [[2005 AFC Champions League|2005]] and [[2016 AFC Champions League|2016]], a feat also achieved by Shabab Al Ahli in [[2015 AFC Champions League|2015]]. They also finished third in [[1998–99 Asian Club Championship|1999]], a position also attained by Al Wasl in [[1992–93 Asian Club Championship|1993]].

In the [[AFC Champions League Two]], Al Shaab (now Sharjah) finished as runners-up in [[1994–95 Asian Cup Winners' Cup|1995]] and won the title 30 years later in [[2025 AFC Champions League Two final|2025]]. Eight editions of the [[AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League|AGCFF Champions League]] were won by Emirati clubs, most of whom were Al Shabab Al Arabi (part of Shabab Al Ahli today), finished as runners-up four times and third place twice. Al Ain also finished as runners-up for the 2024 [[African–Asian–Pacific Cup]], part of the [[2024 FIFA Intercontinental Cup]]. The only two editions of the [[UAE–Morocco Super Cup]], which were held in 2015 and 2016, ended with the Emirati clubs winning, and the four [[UAE–Qatar Super Cup Series|Qatar-UAE Super/Challenge Cups and Shields]] in 2025 ended with all Emirati clubs winning them.

Emirati ownership extends to several professional football clubs outside the United Arab Emirates through [[City Football Group]], a UK-based holding company majority owned by an Abu Dhabi–registered investment vehicle controlled by [[Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. The group holds full or partial ownership of clubs in multiple countries, including [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City FC]] (England), [[New York City FC]] (United States), [[Melbourne City FC]] (Australia), [[Yokohama F. Marinos]] (Japan), Girona FC (Spain), [[ES Troyes AC|ESTAC Troyes]] (France), [[Lommel S.K.|Lommel SK]] (Belgium), and [[Palermo FC]] (Italy).

==== Cricket ====
{{further|Cricket in the United Arab Emirates|List of cricket grounds in the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium-01.jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]] in Abu Dhabi]]

[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] countries, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The headquarters of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) have been located in the [[Dubai Sports City]] complex since 2005, including the [[ICC Academy]] which was established in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-headquarters-to-stay-in-dubai/story-QDVppxrQuTZBM6hBHABuIP.html|title=ICC headquarters to stay in Dubai|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=14 October 2010|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106070711/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-headquarters-to-stay-in-dubai/story-QDVppxrQuTZBM6hBHABuIP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of international cricket venues in the UAE, which are frequently used for international tournaments and "neutral" bilateral series due to the local climate and Dubai's status as a transport hub.

Notable international tournaments hosted by the UAE have included the [[2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], the [[2021 Men's T20 World Cup|2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], and three editions of the [[Asia Cup]] (1984, 1995, and 2018). Notable grounds include the [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Sharjah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/uae.shtml |title=UAE Cricket Timeline |publisher=Cricketeurope4.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709093903/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/uae.shtml |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}</ref> [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], and [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]] in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/other/content/ground/country.html?country=27 |title=Cricinfo – Grounds – United Arab Emirates |work=Content-uk.cricinfo.com |date=17 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106155437/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/other/content/ground/country.html?country=27 |archive-date=6 January 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Emirates Cricket Board]] (ECB) became a member of the ICC in 1990. The [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE national cricket team]] has qualified for the [[Cricket World Cup]] on two occasions ([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] and [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]])<ref>{{cite web |author=Nayar, K.R. |url=http://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/not-stumped-by-uae-cricket-issues-khan-1.130154 |title=Not stumped by UAE cricket issues – Khan |work=Gulf News |date=6 September 2008 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406013456/http://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/not-stumped-by-uae-cricket-issues-khan-1.130154 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/qualification/qualification-overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104135014/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/qualification/qualification-overview|url-status=dead|title=Qualification – Cricket World Cup 2015 Qualifier | ICC|archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> and the [[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] on two occasions ([[2014 World Twenty20|2014]] and [[2022 Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]). The [[United Arab Emirates women's national cricket team|national women's team]] is similarly one of the strongest associate teams in Asia, notably participating in the [[2018 Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier|2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier]].

Following the [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team]], the UAE served as the ''de facto'' home of the [[Pakistan national cricket team]] for nearly a decade, as well as hosting the [[Pakistan Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html|title=Pakistan not to play home matches in UAE anymore: PCB CEO|date=24 September 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207070811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 December 2018|title=UAE to host matches for Pakistan Super League next year|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1421216/sport|access-date=19 February 2021|website=Arab News|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510192704/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1421216/sport|url-status=live}}</ref> The UAE has also hosted one full edition of [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in 2020 and two partial editions of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in 2014 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 August 2020|title=IPL 2020 to be held from September 19 to November 10|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144717/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|United Arab Emirates|Asia}}
* [[List of United Arab Emirates–related topics]]
* [[Outline of the United Arab Emirates]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Abu Libdeh, A. (1994). 'English on Khalifa Street'. "The Journal of the College of Education". UAE University 10, 25–51.
* Bianco, C. (2020a). "The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics". The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.
* Bianco, C. (February 2020). "[https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/a_gulf_apart_how_europe_can_gain_influence_with_gulf_cooperation_council.pdf A Gulf apart: How Europe can gain influence with the Gulf Cooperation Council]". European Council on Foreign Relations.
* Bianco, C. (March 2021). "[https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70351/PB_2021_10-MED.pdf?sequence=1 Can Europe Choreograph a Saudi-Iranian Détente?]", European University Institute, Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Middle East Directions.
* Bianco, C., and Stansfield, G. (2018). "The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011". ''International Affairs'', 94(3), 613–635.
* Miniaoui, Héla, ed. "Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: From Rentier States to Diversified Economies". Vol. 1. Springer Nature, 2020.
* Guzansky, Y., and Even, S. (1 June 2020). "[https://www.inss.org.il/publication/gulf-states-economy/?offset=7&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky The economic crisis in the Gulf States: A challenge to the "contract" between rulers and ruled]". INSS Insight No. 1327.
* Guzansky, Y., and Marshall, Z. A. (2020). "The Abraham accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications". ''Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs'', 1–11.
* Guzansky, Y., and Segal, E. (30 August 2020). "[https://www.inss.org.il/publication/gulf-royal-families/?offset=1&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky All in the family: Leadership changes in the Gulf]". INSS Insight No. 1378.
* Guzansky, Y., and Winter, O. (8 June 2020). "[https://www.inss.org.il/publication/judaism-in-the-arab-world/?offset=5&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky Apolitical Normalization: A New Approach to Jews in Arab States]". INSS Insight No. 1332.
* {{Cite book |title=From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates: A society in transition |last=Heard-Bey |first=Frauke |publisher=Longman |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-582-27728-1 |location=London | oclc = 38355501}}
* Swan, M. (26 April 2012). "Arabic school aims to boost the popularity of the language". ''The National'', p. 6.
* {{Cite book |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |title=The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world |last2=Heshmati |first2=Almas |last3=Karoui |first3=Hichem |publisher=Nova Science |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62948-899-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |author-link=Arno Tausch |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218 |via=ResearchGate }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tausch |first1=Arno |title= The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles. Gulf Studies, Volume 2, edited by Prof. Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University |publisher=Springer|year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-78298-6|edition=1st |location=Cham, Switzerland |author-link=Arno Tausch}}
* "Towards A Foreign Language, Teaching Policy for the Arab World: U.A.E Perspective". United Arab Emirates University (1996).
* Woertz, Eckart. "Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19". Food Security 12.4 (2020): 757–760.
* Zweiri, Mahjoob, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, eds. "The 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach". Vol. 3. Springer Nature, 2020.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=United Arab Emirates}}
* [https://www.government.ae/ Government portal of the United Arab Emirates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224133814/https://government.ae/ |date=24 February 2020 }}, ([https://u.ae/ U.AE)]
* [https://worldgovernmentsummit.org/ The World Government Summit – UAE]
* [https://expo2020dubai.ae/ The 2020 World Exposition in UAE]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260116121621/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates United Arab Emirates]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* {{GovPubs|uae}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998 United Arab Emirates profile] from the [[BBC News]].
* {{Wikiatlas|United Arab Emirates}}
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ARE/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics United Arab Emirates]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171010164537/http://www.poiresources.com/info/history-of-united-arab-emirates/ Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day]

{{United Arab Emirates topics}}
{{Emirates of the United Arab Emirates |titlestyle=background:#ddf;}}
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United Arab Emirates

2026-03-17T22:18:46Z

Antoniochx: clean up

Anaparthi

2026-03-15T18:39:19Z

Antoniochx:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more citations needed
| date = December 2016
}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anaparthi
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Anaparti railway station board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Anaparti railway station signboard
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|56|25.42|N|81|57|29.44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = East Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 26,790
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533342
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08857
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 = Rajahmundry
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = average%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Rajahmundry
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Anaparthy
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy
}}

'''Anaparthi''' (formerly '''Anapothavaram''') is a Town located in [[Anaparthy mandal]], in [[East Godavari District|East Godavari district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Agriculture ==
Anaparti has two canals of River Godavari waters, providing vast areas of agricultural lands. Major crops cultivated in the area include [[paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[palm oil]], [[sugarcane]] and [[Peanut|groundnuts]].

== Demographics ==
The local language is the [[Telugu language]].

According to census figures, the total population of Anaparthi is 25,533, of which 12,856 are male and 12,677 are female. The total area of Anaparthi is 1807 hectares.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

== Geography ==

The closest cities to Anaparthi are [[Rajahmundry|Rajamundry]] and the coast town [[Kakinada]].

== Transport ==

The [[Anaparti railway station]] is classified as a ''D–category'' station in the [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijayawada Division - A Profile|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|website=South Central Railway|accessdate=19 January 2016|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The station is situated between {{rws|Samalkot}} and {{rws|Rajahmundry}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Anaparti}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Godavari district]]

Y. G. Parthasarathy

2026-03-10T02:30:40Z

Antoniochx: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian playwright and actor (1917–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Y. G. Parthasarathy 
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|9|30|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1990
| education =
| occupation = Playwright, actor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = [[Mrs YGP]]
| children = 2, including [[Y. G. Mahendran]]
| relatives = [[Vyjayanthimala]] (niece)
}}
'''Parthasarathy''' (30 September 1917 – 1990) was an Indian playwright and actor who founded the drama troupe United Amateur Artistes (UAA) along with his friend Padmanabhan "Pattu" in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/Sep/26/a-legend-who-chanted-drama-1663124.html|title=A legend who chanted drama|first=Roshne|last=Balasubramanian|date=27 September 2017|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/tribute-to-yg-parthasarathy-in-his-centenary-year/article19728618.ece|title=More than just an actor: the life of Y.G. Parthasarathy|first=Malathi|last=Rangajaran|date=21 September 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009055813/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/tribute-to-yg-parthasarathy-in-his-centenary-year/article19728618.ece|archive-date=9 October 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]''
| Venkatarama Iyer
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmatha Leelai]]''
| Rekha's father
|-
| 1977
|''[[Thani Kudithanam]]''
|Naana's father-in-law
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
|''[[Shankar Salim Simon]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral]]''
| Annasamy
|-
|''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''
|Padma's Father
|-
|1979
|''[[Adukku Malli]]''
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]''
|Uncredited role
|-
| 1983
|''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Iravu Pookkal]]''
|Judge
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parthasarathy, Y. G.}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Sorokhaibam Rajen

2026-03-07T14:43:42Z

Antoniochx:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[ Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Sorokhaibam Rajen Singh''' (born 1963)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a four-time member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lamsang Assembly constituency]] in [[Imphal West district]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lamsang Manipur Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate SOROKHAIBAM RAJEN SINGH wins from Lamsang , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/lamsang-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-aap-manipur-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518570 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He served as [[Pro tempore|pro-tem]] speaker of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2022-03-13 |title=Manipur: Senior BJP MLA Sorokhaibam Rajen Singh sworn-in as the protem speaker of assembly |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/manipur/manipur-senior-bjp-mla-sorokhaibam-rajen-singh-sworn-in-as-the-protem-speaker-of-assembly/articleshow/90186923.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajen is from Salam Keikhu, [[Lamshang|Lamsang]] in Imphal West district, Manipur. He is the son of Sorokhaibam Yaimabi Singh. He married Taorem Shyama Devi, and they have two sons, Sorokhaibam Jayananda Singh and Sorokhaibam Rohit Singh, and a daughter, Sorokhaibam Bandana Devi.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/17/Sorokhaibam%20Rajen%20Singh.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217132021/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/17/Sorokhaibam%20Rajen%20Singh.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> He completed his B.A. in 1988 at Y. K. College, Wangjing, which is affiliated with [[Manipur University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sorokhaibam Rajen Singh (Bharatiya Janata Party):Constituency- Lamsang (Imphal West) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=56 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Lamsang Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 15,185 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Pukhrambam Sumati Devi of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], by a margin of 400 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lamsang Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sorokhaibam Rajen Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/lamsang-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4858256.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Lamsang (Manipur) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lamsang-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7809967/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Lamsang, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Lamsang seat, Sorokhaibam Rajen Singh wins with 15185 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lamsang-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923449-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress. He defeated independent candidate Wangkheimayum Brajabidhu Singh by a margin of 327 votes. He retained the seat in the [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] but this time on [[Manipur State Congress Party]] ticket. However, he lost the next three elections in [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]], [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] and [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]. He regained the seat winning the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2017, he defeated his arch rival Wangkheimayum Brajabidhu Singh of the Indian National Congress again by a margin of 1,280 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sorokhaibam Rajen}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2000–2002]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]

List of ambassadors of India to Indonesia

2026-03-07T12:13:34Z

Antoniochx: created a entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Ambassador
| body = India to Indonesia
| native_name =
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 75px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = Sandeep Chakravorty
| acting =
| incumbentsince = August 2023
| department =
| style = [[His Excellency]]
| type = [[Ambassador]]
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| reports_to = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = No fixed tenure
| termlength_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|https://www.indianembassyjakarta.gov.in/profile|Indian Ambassador to Indonesia}}
| inaugural = [[Paramasiva Subbarayan]]
}}

The '''ambassador of India to Indonesia''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[Indonesia]], housed in the Indian Embassy located at Gama Tower, 28th floor, Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. C22, Karet Kuningan, Setiabudi, Kota Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta 12940.

The embassy is headed by the [[Ambassador]], while the [[Consulate general|consulates]] located in [[Denpasar]] and [[Medan]] are headed by a [[Consul (representative)|Consul]].<ref name="CGI-Bali">{{cite web |title=Consulate General of India - Bali, Indonesia |url=https://www.cgibali.gov.in/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs of India}}</ref><ref name="CGI-Medan">{{cite web |title=Consulate General of India - Medan, Indonesia |url=https://www.cgimedan.gov.in/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs of India}}</ref>

The following people have served as Ambassadors to Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Ambassadors |url=https://www.indianembassyjakarta.gov.in/extra?id=eyJpdiI6ImJvbUNwakdseUVSUjErcVdyVkFqaWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiM1dJRHk1NE5FMTB2WFdhOFZUd1o5dz09IiwibWFjIjoiNTUyMjUxOWMyN2NlYjFkZDY1MjhhMTUzNzczZjg0ZDEwYjMxOWQyNzIzMjBkMjlhMmY0ZmE0MTE0YTYyYmM2MSJ9 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=www.indianembassyjakarta.gov.in}}</ref>

== List of Indian Ambassadors ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No.
! Name
! Entered office
! Left office
|-
| 1
| [[Paramasiva Subbarayan]]
| 1949
| 1951
|-
|2
|Alagappan
|1952
|1954
|-
|3
|[[Badruddin Tyabji (diplomat)|B. Tyabji]]
|March 1954
|July 1956
|-
| 4
| [[G. Parthasarathy|G. Parthasarthi]]
| January 1957
| June 1958
|-
|5
| J. N. Khosla
|November 1958
|June 1961
|-
|6
|[[Apa Pant|A. B. Pant]]
|October 1961
|June 1964
|-
| 7
| P. Rantam
| January 1965
| June 1967
|-
|8
|K. M. Kannampilly
|July 1967
|February 1970
|-
|9
|N. B. Menon
|August 1970
|April 1973
|-
| 10
| M. Ahmed
| May 1973
| February 1977
|-
|11
|[[Brajesh Mishra|B. C. Mishra]]
|April 1977
|May 1979
|-
|12
|S. K. Bhutani
|October 1979
|February 1982
|-
| 13
| [[Om Prakash Malhotra|Gen. O. P. Malhotra]]
| February 1982
| November 1984
|-
|14
|V. C. Khanna
|February 1985
|March 1988
|-
|15
|R. S. Kalha
|April 1988
|February 1992
|-
| 16
| Vinay Verma
| May 1992
| February 1994
|-
|17
|S. T. Devara
|September 1994
|January 1998
|-
|18
|M. Venkatraman
|July 1998
|August 2001
|-
|19
|[[Shyam Saran]]
|August 2001
|October 2002
|-
|20
|Hemant Krishna Singh
|February 2003
|May 2006
|-
|21
|Navrekha Sharma
|June 2006
|January 2008
|-
|22
|Biren Nanda
|April 2008
|March 2012
|-
|23
|[[Gurjit Singh (ambassador)|Gurjit Singh]]
|April 2012
|December 2015
|-
|24
|Nengcha Lhouvum
|January 2016
|May 2017
|-
|25
|[[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]
|September 2017
|December 2020
|-
|26
|[[Manoj Kumar Bharti]]
|January 2021
|February 2023
|-
|27
|[[Sandeep Chakravorty]]
|August 2023
|
|-

|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{URL|www.indianembassytehran.gov.in|Official website of Indian embassy in Jakarta }}

{{Ambassadors of India}}

[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|Indonesia]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to Indonesia|India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Indonesia| ]]

Political families of India

2026-03-07T11:36:15Z

Antoniochx: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|List of prominent Indian political dynasties}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

Although '''India''' is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]], the country's politics has become dynastic with high level of nepotism, possibly due to the absence of party organizations, independent civil-society associations which mobilize support for a party, or centralized financing of elections.<ref name="ppq.sagepub.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Chhibber|first1=Pradeep|title=Dynastic parties Organization, finance and impact|journal=Party Politics |date=March 2013|volume=19|issue=2|pages=277–295|doi=10.1177/1354068811406995|s2cid=144781444}}</ref> The dynastic phenomenon is present at the national, state, regional, and district level. The [[Nehru–Gandhi family]] has produced [[List of prime ministers of India|three]] [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime ministers]], and family members have largely led the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] since 1978.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Amrita|editor-last=Chandra |editor-first=Kanchan|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-107-12344-1|page=136|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&q=sonia&pg=PR10|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110030054/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tesIDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=%22political+dynasties%22+india&ots=panvSUPVV9&sig=rBLRMVvTQ2f7mX6q3bm6Gj6eyfw#v=onepage&q=sonia&f=false|archive-date=10 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the major national parties, other national and regional parties are all dominated by families, mostly those of the party founders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows|title=Is the BJP less dynastic than the Congress? Not so, Lok Sabha data shows|date=29 March 2019|access-date=20 November 2020|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515135823/https://scroll.in/article/918234/is-the-bjp-less-dynastic-than-the-congress-not-so-lok-sabha-data-shows|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2016">{{cite book|first=Kanchan|last=Chandra|author-link=Kanchan Chandra|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|date=28 April 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-59212-0|page=131,136|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023606/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10|url-status=live}}</ref>
The parties include [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], [[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal Secular]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]], [[Kerala Congress]], [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]], and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
== National ==
=== {{anchor|Nehru–Gandhi family National Thugs Of India - [[Indian National Congress|INC]]}}Nehru–Gandhi family ===
{{Main|Nehru–Gandhi family}}
The Nehru–Gandhi family's involvement with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] began with [[Motilal Nehru]] in the 1920s, when India was still part of the British Empire. The family became more influential under his son, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who became a prominent figure in India's nationalist movement. After Jawaharlal's death, his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] became his political heir, whose surname comes from her husband, [[Feroze Gandhi]]. The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty has dominated the Congress Party since Indian independence in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Doing Business in India|last1=Shira|first1=Dezan|last2=Devonshire-Ellis|first2=Chris|publisher=Springer|year=2012|isbn=9783642276170|location=Heidelberg|pages=11}}</ref> The party was defeated in the 2014 elections, however, and high-level defections took place in [[Maharashtra]], [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's 2014 Elections: A Modi-led BJP Sweep|last=Wallace|first=Paul|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2015|isbn=9789351505174|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The family still has widespread name recognition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Leadership: Themes, Contexts, and Critiques|last=Foley|first=Michael|publisher=Ocford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780199685936|location=Oxford|pages=138}}</ref>

*[[Motilal Nehru]] - Freedom fighter, [[politician]] and [[lawyer]]
**[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] - Freedom fighter, first Indian [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Prime Minister]], 1947–1964 (son of Motilal)
**[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] - Member of Parliament, diplomat (daughter of Motilal)
**[[Kamala Nehru]] - Congress party leader (wife of Jawaharlal)
***[[Indira Gandhi]] - Prime minister, 1966–1977 and 1980–1984 (daughter of Jawaharlal)
***[[Feroze Gandhi]] - Freedom fighter, politician, journalist (husband of Indira)
****[[Rajiv Gandhi]] - Prime minister, 1984–1989 (son of Feroze and Indira)
****[[Sonia Gandhi]] - Former President of the Congress party, leading it to victory in two successive [[Lok Sabha]] elections<ref>{{cite news|last=Vembu|first=Venky|title=Kalam not being truthful on Sonia-as-PM episode, says Swamy|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kalam-not-being-truthful-on-sonia-as-pm-episode-says-swamy|access-date=29 April 2014|newspaper=firstpost.com|date=June 30, 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (wife of Rajiv)
*****[[Rahul Gandhi]] - Member of Parliament, leader of opposition, former Congress Party president (son of Rajiv and Sonia)
*****[[Priyanka Gandhi]] - Member of parliament, Congress party general secretary (daughter of Rajiv and Sonia)
*****[[Robert Vadra]] - Businessman, entrepreneur (husband of Priyanka)
****[[Sanjay Gandhi]] - Politician (son of Feroze and Indira)
****[[Maneka Gandhi]] - Cabinet member of [[Narendra Modi]]'s government (wife of Sanjay Gandhi)
*****[[Varun Gandhi]] - Former Member of Parliament (son of Sanjay)
****[[Uma Nehru]] - Member of Parliament (aunt of Indira)
*****[[Arun Nehru]] - Former minister (nephew of Indira, grandson of Uma)

== Andhra Pradesh & Telangana ==
{{main|List of political families of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana}}

=== Kalvakuntla Family ===
*[[K. Chandrashekar Rao|Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]], former [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|chief minister of Telangana]]
**[[K. T. Rama Rao|Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao]], former cabinet minister of Telangana {{small|(son of Chandrashekhar Rao)}}
**[[K. Kavitha|Kalvakuntla Kavitha]], former MP from [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]] and MLC in Telangana {{small|(daughter of Chandrashekhar Rao)}}
*[[T. Harish Rao|Thaneeru Harish Rao]] former cabinet minister of Telangana {{small|(nephew of Chandrashekhar Rao)}}
*[[Joginapally Santosh Kumar]], Rajya Sabha member {{small|(nephew of Chandrashekhar Rao)}}

=== Nandamuri-Nara-Daggubatti Family ===
*[[N.T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]], former [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
**[[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], former Rajya Sabha Member and State Minister {{small|(son of Rama Rao)}}
***Nandamuri Suhasini, vice president of [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/m.economictimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/chandrababu-naidu-fields-ntrs-grandchild-to-meet-poll-family-goals/amp_articleshow/66947116.cms|title=Chandrababu Naidu fields NTR's grandchild to meet poll, family goals|website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/m.timesofindia.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-election-results-2018-nandamuri-suhasinis-loss-symbolic-decimation-of-tdp/amp_articleshow/67054177.cms|title= Telangana election results 2018: Nandamuri Suhasini's loss symbolic decimation of TDP|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> {{small|(daughter of Harikrishna)}}
**[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], MLA from [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]] {{small|(son of Rama Rao)}}
**[[Daggubati Purandeswari]], President of Andhra Pradesh BJP, former MP, former Union Minister of State, Human Resource Development, former Union Minister of State, Commerce and Industry {{small|(daughter of Rama Rao)}}
*[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]], former Member of Andhra Pradesh State Assembly, former Member of Parliament, former Health Minister {{small|(son-in-law of Rama Rao)}}
*[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]], [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister Andhra Pradesh]] and incumbent president of [[Telugu Desam Party]] {{small|(son-in-law of Rama Rao)}}
**[[Nara Lokesh]], General-Secretary of Telugu Desam Party, MLA from Mangalagiri & Cabinet Minister for Panchayat Raj & IT, Andhra Pradesh {{small|(son of Chandrababu)}}
*[[Nara Ramamurthy Naidu]], former MLA from Chandragiri {{small|(brother of Chandrababu)}}
**[[Nara Rohit]] {{small|(son of Nara Ramamurthy Naidu)}}

=== Yeduguri Sandinti Family ===
*[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy]], former [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Y. S. Vijayamma|Yeduguri Sandinti Vijayamma]], President of [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]], Former MLA from [[Pulivendula]], {{small|(wife of Rajashekara Reddy)}}
*[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy]], [[Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], MP from [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]] and president of [[YSR Congress Party]]{{small|(son of Rajashekara Reddy)}}
*[[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Vivekananda Reddy]], MP from [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]], MLA, MLC & State Minister {{small|(brother of Rajashekara Reddy)}}
*[[Y. S. Avinash Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Avinash Reddy]], MP from Kadapa {{small|(cousin brother of Jagan Mohan Reddy)}}
*[[Y. V. Subba Reddy|Yerram Venkata Subba Reddy]], Former MP from [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-22 |title=Jagan appoints uncle YV Subba Reddy as TTD chairman |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/jagan-appoints-uncle-yv-subba-reddy-as-ttd-chairman-742093.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> {{small|(uncle of Jagan Mohan Reddy)}}
*[[Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy]], MLA from [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]] {{small|(maternal uncle of Jagan Mohan Reddy)}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-07 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Kamalapuram MLA brushes aside social media posts linking him to Eluru sickness |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-kamalapuram-mla-brushes-aside-social-media-posts-linking-him-to-eluru-sickness/articleshow/79610354.cms |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Assam ==
{{Main|Political families of Assam}}

=== Gogoi Family ===

* [[Tarun Gogoi]]— [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Former Chief Minister of Assam]] (2001–2016), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from Assam (1971–1984, 1991–1996, 1998–2001), [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly in Assam]] (1996–1998, 2001–2020)
** [[Gaurav Gogoi]]— Member of Lok Sabha from Assam (2014–present), Deputy Leader of Congress in Lok Sabha (2020–present)
* [[Dip Gogoi]]— MLA in Assam (2001-2001), Lok Sabha Member (2002–2014)

== Bihar ==
{{main|Political families of Bihar}}

==={{anchor|Mehta Family}} Mehta Family===
*[[Tulsidas Mehta]]— five time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Jandaha Assembly constituency]], former Minister in Lalu Prasad Yadav cabinet, one of the founder of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].
**[[Alok Kumar Mehta]]— multiple times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, former Member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency]], multiple times minister in Rashtriya Janata Dal government. (son of Tulsidas Mehta)

==={{anchor|Chaudhary Family}} Chaudhary Family===
*[[Shakuni Choudhary]]— five time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Tarapur Assembly constituency]] and former Minister in Government of Bihar, a close accomplice of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].
**[[Samrat Choudhary]]— Former Minister in Government of Bihar, President of Bihar wing of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (son of Shakuni Chaudhary)

==={{anchor|Prasad Family}}Prasad Family===
*[[Jagdeo Prasad]]— Founder of Shoshit Samaj Party and Former Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar.
*[[Satish Prasad Singh]]— Former Chief Minister of Bihar for shortest tenure. (brother-in-law of Jagdeo Prasad)
**[[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]]— Former Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment in [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s cabinet, several time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly and Minister in Government of Bihar. (son of Jagdeo Prasad and son-in-law of Satish Prasad Singh).

==={{anchor|Verma Family}}Verma Family===
*[[Upendra Nath Verma]]— Former Minister in [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]'s cabinet, several time Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], Former Minister For Education in [[Government of Bihar]].
**[[Bagi Kumar Verma]]— Former Minister in [[Government of Bihar]], several time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly. (son of Upendra Nath Verma)

==={{anchor|Kushwaha Family}} Kushwaha Family===
*[[Janardan Manjhi]]— several times Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from [[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Banka district]].
**[[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]]— Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Amarpur Assembly constituency, served as Minister for Rural Works and Minister for Minor Water Resources in [[Government of Bihar]]. (son of Janardan Manjhi)

==={{anchor|Yadav Family}}Yadav family===
*[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]{{snd}}Former [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] and former [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister of India]]
*[[Rabri Devi]] — Former [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] (wife of Lalu Prasad Yadav)
**[[Tejashwi Yadav]] — [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy CM of Bihar]] and former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.jansatta.com/national/bihar-rjd-leader-tejashwi-yadav-said-deputy-chief-minister-post-is-not-a-constitutional-post/1661394/|title= डिप्टी सीएम का पद संवैधानिक नहीं, सदन बोले तेजस्वी यादव; तारकिशोर प्रसाद को भी हड़काया|website= Jansatta|date= 14 March 2021|language= hi|access-date= 2021-03-14|archive-date= 12 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210612105222/https://www.jansatta.com/national/bihar-rjd-leader-tejashwi-yadav-said-deputy-chief-minister-post-is-not-a-constitutional-post/1661394/|url-status= live}}</ref> (son of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] & [[Rabri Devi]])
**[[Tej Pratap Yadav]] — Former Minister of Health and Environment, [[Government of Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-result-tej-pratap-yadav-becomes-mla-for-the-second-time-defeating-raj-kumar-asa-qjkzwi|title=तेज प्रताप यादव दूसरी बार बने विधायक, 3 बार से चुनाव जीत रहे राज कुमार को हराया|website=Asianet News|language=hi|access-date=2020-11-10|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612105722/https://hindi.asianetnews.com/bihar-election/bihar-election-result-tej-pratap-yadav-becomes-mla-for-the-second-time-defeating-raj-kumar-asa-qjkzwi|url-status=live}}</ref> (son of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] & [[Rabri Devi]])
**[[Misa Bharti]] — [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (daughter of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] & [[Rabri Devi]])

==={{anchor|Mishra Family}}Mishra family===
* [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]{{snd}}Former [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister of India]]
** [[Vijay Kumar Mishra]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]] and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] from [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]] (son of [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]])
*** Rishi Mishra{{snd}}Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]] (son of [[Vijay Kumar Mishra]])
* [[Jagannath Mishra]]{{snd}}Former [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] and former [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of India]] (younger brother of [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]])
** [[Nitish Mishra]]{{snd}}Former Rural Development Minister, [[Government of Bihar]] (son of [[Jagannath Mishra]]) CURRENTLY MINISTER OF TOURISM AND INDUSTRY , GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR

==={{anchor|Sinha Family}}Sinha family===
*Sadhu Sharan Singh - Nationalist, congressman and father of [[Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha]]
**[[Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha]]{{snd}}Freedom fighter, member of the first Lok Sabha, known as the father of India's cooperative movement
**[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]{{snd}}Freedom fighter, member of the first [[Vidhan Sabha]], former Union Minister and governor (wife)
*** Madhurendra Kumar Singh - Member [[All India Congress Committee]], former Director Central Warehousing Corporation and Bihar State Cooperative Bank.
**** Mrigendra Kumar Singh - son of Dr. Madhurendra Kumar Singh. State Secretary of [[Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee]], former President of Sheohar Loksabha [[Indian Youth Congress|Youth Congress]].

== Chhattisgarh ==
{{main|Political families of Chhattisgarh}}

=== {{anchor|Jogi Family}}Jogi family ===
*[[Ajit Jogi]]{{snd}}Former [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
*[[Renu Jogi]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Kota, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Kota, Chhattisgarh]] (wife of [[Ajit Jogi]])
**[[Amit Jogi]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi, Chhattisgarh]] (son of [[Ajit Jogi]] & [[Renu Jogi]])

=== {{anchor|Shukla Family}}Shukla family ===
*[[Shyama Charan Shukla]]{{snd}}Former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
**[[Amitesh Shukla]]{{snd}}Former Rural Development Minister, [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] (son of [[Shyama Charan Shukla]])
*[[Vidya Charan Shukla]] {{snd}}Former [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of India]] (younger brother of [[Shyama Charan Shukla]])

=== {{anchor|Kashyap Family}}Kashyap family ===
* [[Baliram Kashyap]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] from [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
** [[Dinesh Kashyap]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] from [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (son of [[Baliram Kashyap]])

=== {{anchor|Raman Singh Family}}Singh (Raman) family ===
* [[Raman Singh]]{{snd}}Former [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
** [[Abhishek Singh (politician)|Abhishek Singh]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] from [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]] (son)

== Goa ==
==={{anchor|The Alemao family}}Alemao family===
*[[Churchill Alemao]]{{snd}}Fourth [[List of chief ministers of Goa|Chief Minister of Goa]], former MP from [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]], former MLA from [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]] and [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-11-21 |title=Goa: Joaquim Alemao, Yuri Alemao set for Congress re-entry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/joaquim-yuri-alemao-set-for-cong-re-entry/articleshow/79330875.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022102213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/joaquim-yuri-alemao-set-for-cong-re-entry/articleshow/79330875.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Joaquim Alemao]]{{snd}}Former MLA from Benaulim and [[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]] (brother)<ref name=":0" />
**[[Yuri Alemao]]{{snd}}MLA from Cuncolim (son)<ref name=":0" />

==={{anchor|The Bandodkar family}}Bandodkar family===
*[[Dayanand Bandodkar]]{{snd}}First Chief Minister of Goa, former MLA from [[Mandrem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mandrem]] and [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dayanand Bandodkar was an atheist, says daughter |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dayanand-bandodkar-was-an-atheist-says-daughter/34198 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=oHeraldo |date=20 March 2010 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022095210/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dayanand-bandodkar-was-an-atheist-says-daughter/34198 |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Shashikala Kakodkar]]{{snd}}Second Chief Minister of Goa, former MLA from [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]], [[Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Bicholim]] and [[Maem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Maem]] (daughter)<ref name=":2" />

==={{anchor|The Dhavalikar family}}Dhavalikar family===
*[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2016-12-14 |title=CM Laxmikant Parsekar drops Sudin and Deepak from cabinet |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cm-drops-sudin-and-deepak-from-cabinet/articleshow/55950010.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022102216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cm-drops-sudin-and-deepak-from-cabinet/articleshow/55950010.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Deepak Dhavalikar]]{{snd}}Former MLA from [[Priol (Goa Assembly constituency)|Priol]] (brother)<ref name=":1" />

==={{anchor|The D'Souza family}}D'Souza family===
*[[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]{{snd}}Former MLA from [[Mapusa (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mapusa]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-22 |title=BJP's Joshua D'Souza elected deputy speaker of Goa legislative assembly |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bjps-joshua-dsouza-elected-deputy-speaker-of-goa-legislative-assembly/articleshow/93049022.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022095209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bjps-joshua-dsouza-elected-deputy-speaker-of-goa-legislative-assembly/articleshow/93049022.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Joshua D'Souza]]{{snd}}MLA from Mapusa (son)<ref name=":3" />

==={{anchor|The Fernandes family}} Fernandes family===
*[[Victoria Fernandes]]{{snd}} Former MLA from [[St. Cruz (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Cruz]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-02 |title=Goa election: It's advantage Congress as BJP goes all out to break duck in Santa Cruz |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/st-cruz-its-advantage-cong-asbjp-goes-all-out-to-break-duck/articleshow/89283934.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028163234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/st-cruz-its-advantage-cong-asbjp-goes-all-out-to-break-duck/articleshow/89283934.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]]{{snd}}MLA from St. Cruz (son)<ref name=":5" />

==={{anchor|The Gauns family}}Gauns family===
*[[Gurudas Gauns]]{{snd}}Former MLA from [[Pale (Goa Assembly constituency)|Pale]]<ref name="The Gauns family root">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/mla-attributes-victory-to-rane/19272|title=The Gauns family root|website=herald.com|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=16 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216093814/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/mla-attributes-victory-to-rane/19272|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Pratap Prabhakar Gauns|Pratap Gauns]]{{snd}}Former MLA from Pale (brother)<ref name="The Gauns family root"/>

==={{anchor|The Lobo family}}Lobo family===
*[[Michael Lobo]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Calangute (Goa Assembly constituency)|Calangute]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-18 |title=Days before defection, Goa body gave police nod to prosecute Lobos |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/days-before-defection-state-body-gave-police-nod-to-prosecute-lobos/articleshow/94274168.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022100713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/days-before-defection-state-body-gave-police-nod-to-prosecute-lobos/articleshow/94274168.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Delilah Lobo]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Siolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siolim]] (wife)<ref name=":4" />

==={{anchor|The Monserrate family}}Monserrate family===
*[[Atanasio Monserrate]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Panaji (Goa Assembly constituency)|Panaji]], former MLA from [[Taleigao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Taleigao]] and St. Cruz<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Wife Makes Way For Husband In Pramod Sawant's New Cabinet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wife-jennifer-monserrate-makes-way-for-husband-atanasio-monserrate-in-pramod-sawants-new-cabinet-2847728 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022095208/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wife-jennifer-monserrate-makes-way-for-husband-atanasio-monserrate-in-pramod-sawants-new-cabinet-2847728 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Jennifer Monserrate]]{{snd}}MLA from Taleigao (wife)<ref name=":6" />

==={{anchor|The Rane family}}Rane family===
*[[Pratapsingh Rane]]{{snd}}Third Chief Minister of Goa, former MLA from [[Sattari]] and [[Poriem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Poriem]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-07 |title=Pratapsingh Rane passes on baton to BJP and daughter-in-law as he stays away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rane-passes-on-baton-to-bjp-and-daughter-in-law-as-he-stays-away/articleshow/89391575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028161728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rane-passes-on-baton-to-bjp-and-daughter-in-law-as-he-stays-away/articleshow/89391575.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Valpoi (Goa Assembly constituency)|Valpoi]] (son)<ref name=":9" />
**[[Deviya Vishwajit Rane]]{{snd}}MLA from Poriem (wife)<ref name=":9" />

==={{anchor|The Saldanha family}}Saldanha family===
*[[José Matanhy de Saldanha]]{{snd}}Former MLA from [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2012-05-01 |title=Alina Saldanha to fill vacuum left by husband's death |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/alina-saldanha-to-fill-vaccum-left-by-husbands-death/articleshow/12945179.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022100711/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/alina-saldanha-to-fill-vaccum-left-by-husbands-death/articleshow/12945179.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Alina Saldanha]]{{snd}} Former MLA from Cortalim (wife)<ref name=":8" />

==={{anchor|The Sequeira family}}Sequeira family===
*[[Jack de Sequeira]]{{snd}}First opposition leader from Goa, former MLA from Panaji and St. Cruz<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Thank you Goenkars, wherever you are |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Thank-you-Goenkars-wherever-you-are/125756 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=oHeraldo |date=21 January 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022095209/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Thank-you-Goenkars-wherever-you-are/125756 |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Erasmo de Sequeira]]{{snd}}Former MP from South Goa (son)<ref name=":11" />

==={{anchor|The Shet family}}Shet family===
*[[Anant Shet]]{{snd}}Former MLA from Maem<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-30 |title=Goa election 2022: In Mayem, Pravin Zantye has a point to prove as BJP aims four-in-a-row |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-mayem-zantye-has-a-point-toprove-as-bjp-aims-four-in-a-row/articleshow/89210579.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022103716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-mayem-zantye-has-a-point-toprove-as-bjp-aims-four-in-a-row/articleshow/89210579.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Premendra Shet]]{{snd}}MLA from Maem (brother)<ref name=":10" />

==={{anchor|The Vaz family}}Vaz family===
*[[John Manuel Vaz]]{{snd}}Former MLA from [[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2022-01-11 |title=For Goa politicians, it is all in the family – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/01/11/goanews/for-goa-politicians-it-is-all-in-the-family/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022095210/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/01/11/goanews/for-goa-politicians-it-is-all-in-the-family/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
**Giovanni Karl Vaz{{snd}}Former MLA from Mormugao (son)<ref name=":12" />

==={{anchor|The Zantye family}}Zantye family===
*Harish Narayan Prabhu Zantye{{snd}}Former MP from [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]], former MLA from Bicholim and Maem<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Former minister, MP Harish Zantye no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Former-minister-MP-Harish-Zantye-no-more/172540 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=oHeraldo |date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216102508/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Former-minister-MP-Harish-Zantye-no-more/172540 |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Pravin Zantye]]{{snd}} Former MLA from Maem (son)<ref name=":7" />

== Gujarat ==
{{main|Political families of Gujarat}}

=== {{anchor|Patel Family}}Patel family ===
*Chimanbhai Patel Family
** [[Chimanbhai Patel]], Former Chief Minister of [[Gujarat]].
*** [[Siddharth Patel]], Former Member of Legislative Assembly, Former President of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]].
*Keshubhai Patel Family
** [[Keshubhai Patel]], Former Chief Minister of [[Gujarat]].
*** Bharat Patel, BJP member.

== Haryana ==
{{main|Political families of Haryana}}
The Lal Trio denotes the influential trio of politicians originating from the Indian state of Haryana. Consisting of [[Devi Lal]], [[Bansi Lal]], and [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], these figures emerged as central pillars in Haryana's political landscape, shaping its governance and policies over several decades. Their collective influence not only garnered widespread recognition but also catalyzed the establishment of enduring political legacies under their surname. Integral to their political narrative is the phenomenon of "[[Aaya Ram Gaya Ram]]" politics, a term originating from an infamous incident in Haryana's political history. This phrase encapsulates the practice of legislators frequently switching political allegiances, often in pursuit of personal gain or ideological convenience. The Lal Trio, adept practitioners of this craft, leveraged it to their advantage, further consolidating their hold on power and influence within the region. Other than the Lal Trio, only other family which emerged as the most dominant and influential family is the Hooda Family. Bhupinder Singh Hooda has served as Chief Minister of the State for two simultaneous terms and is a mass leader dominating state as well as national politics. His son Deepender Singh Hooda emerged as the youth icon of Indian National Congress and is carrying forward his family legacy.

===Dalbir-Selja Clan===
This clan is prominent in the politics of Sirsa and Ambala.
* [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh|Dalbir Singh]], was an MLA, MP and union minister belonging to INC. He died in the year 1987 aged 61 years of age.
* [[Selja Kumari]], is the daughter of Dalbir Singh, former MP and union minister from INC.

==={{anchor|The Hooda Family}}Hooda Family===

*[[Chaudhary Ranbir Singh]] (1914–2009) - Freedom Fighter, Member of the Constituent Assembly, Former MP Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and Former Minister in Punjab Government.
**[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda|Ch. Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] - Former Chief Minister of [[Haryana]] and 4 time MP and 5 time MLA. (Son)
***[[Deepender Singh Hooda]] - 4 time Lok Sabha MP from Rohtak and one time Rajya Sabha. (Son of Bhupinder Singh Hooda)

==={{anchor|The Chautala Family}}Chaudhary Devi Lal family===

*[[Chaudhari Devi Lal|Chaudhary Devi Lal]] (1915–2001) – [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] (1989–91), [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] (1977–79 and 1987–1989)
*Sahib Ram Sihag - MLA 1937 & 1946
**[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] (son)– Former MLA and Minister of [[Haryana]] & Rajya Sabha MP
**[[Om Prakash Chautala]] (son)– Former Chief Minister of Haryana (son)
**Pratap Chautala (son)– Former MLA
**Mohinder Singh Lather (son-in-law of Sahib Ram) - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha MP
***[[Abhay Singh Chautala]] (son of OP Chautala)– MLA in [[Haryana]], LoP, President Indian Olympic Association
***[[Ajay Chautala|Ajay Singh Chautala]]-(son of OP Chautala) MLA from Haryana & Rajasthan, Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha MP
***[[Naina Chautala|Naina Singh Chautala]] (wife of Ajay) – MLA in Haryana
***Amit Sihag - MLA Dabwali
***Aditya Chautala - MLA Dabwali
****[[Dushyant Chautala]] (son of Ajay) – MLA, former Deputy Chief Minister, former Member of Parliament from Haryana
****[[Arjun Chautala|Arjun Singh Chautala]] - MLA in [[Haryana]]

=== {{anchor|The Jindal Family}}Bansi Lal family ===

* [[Bansi Lal|Chaudhary Bansi Lal]] (1927–2006) – [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]] (1975–77), [[Railway Minister of India]] (1984–86), [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] (1996–99, 1986–97 and 1968–75)
** [[Ranbir Singh Mahendra|Ch. Ranbir Singh Mahendra]] – Former MLA (son) & President BCCI
** [[Surender Singh|Ch. Surender Singh]] – MLA, Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha MP, Twice Cabinet Minister Haryana
** [[Kiran Choudhry]] (wife of Surender Singh) – MLA in Haryana & Delhi, Deputy Speaker Delhi, Rajya Sabha MP, Haryana Minister, CLP Haryana
** Sombir Singh Sheoran – Former MLA (son-in-law)
*** [[Shruti Choudhry]] (daughter of Surender Singh) – MLA, Minister Haryana & Lok Sabha MP
** Anuradha Chaudhary (Sister of Kiran) - In UP - MLA, Minister & Lok Sabha MP
*Manphool Chahar (Brother-in-law of Bansi Lal) - MLA, Minister & Speaker Haryana

=== {{anchor|The Jindal Family}}Bhajan Lal family ===

* [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] – [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]] (1978–86 and 1991–96), [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1986–92), [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (1989–91, 1998–99 and 2009–11)
* [[Chander Mohan]] – former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Haryana]] (son)
* [[Dura Ram]] – MLA (nephew)
* [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] – former two time MP (son)
** [[Renuka Bishnoi]] – former MLA (wife of Kuldeep)
** [[Bhavya Bishnoi (politician)|Bhavya Bishnoi]] – MLA (son of Kuldeep)

== Himachal Pradesh ==
=== Sukhu family ===
Shukuvinder Shuku & his wife Kamlesh Thakur
=== {{anchor|Virbhadra Singh Family}}Singh (Virbhadra) family ===
*[[Virbhadra Singh]] (23 June 1934 – 8 July 2021), popularly known as Raja Saheb, was [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]], member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], and a Union Minister in [[Manmohan Singh]] and Indira Gandhi's governments. He was a [[Lok Sabha]] member from [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] and [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimla]].
*[[Pratibha Singh]] (born 16 July 1956) – Congress Lok Sabha MP from Mandi (wife)
**[[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]] (born 17 October 1989){{snd}}Congress member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (son)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/13th-himachal-pradesh-assembly-vibhadra-singh-vikramaditya-singh-jai-ram-thakur-5017840/|title=Himachal Pradesh Political royal family Father-son duo take oath of office for state assembly|website=theindianexpress.com|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629171957/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/13th-himachal-pradesh-assembly-vibhadra-singh-vikramaditya-singh-jai-ram-thakur-5017840/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Dhumal Family}}Dhumal family===
*[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] (born 10 April 1944){{snd}}Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh (March 1998{{snd}}March 2003 and 1 January 2008{{snd}}25 December 2012), former Lok Sabha member from [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
**[[Anurag Singh Thakur]] (born 24 October 1974){{snd}}Lok Sabha member from Hamirpur, Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs in [[Narendra Modi]]'s government (son)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Anurag-Thakur-takes-over-as-BJP-youth-wing-chief/article16271038.ece|title=CM Prem Kumar Dhumal's son Anurag Thakur takes over as BJP youth wing chief|website=thehindu.com|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Anurag-Thakur-takes-over-as-BJP-youth-wing-chief/article16271038.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Sukh Ram Family}}Sukh Ram family===
*[[Sukh Ram]] (b. 27 July 1927){{snd}}[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]] from 1993 to 1996 in the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] government, Lok Sabha member from [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] and an MLA
**[[Anil Sharma (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]] (b. 30 June 1956){{snd}}Congress MLA from Mandi in 1993, 2007 and 2012, and a Bharatiya Janata Party MLA in 2017; rejoined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2019 (son)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/for-sukhram-life-has-come-full-circle/article27152554.ece|title=For Sukhram life has come full circle|website=thehindu.com|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183346/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/for-sukhram-life-has-come-full-circle/article27152554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Jammu and Kashmir ==
=== {{anchor|The Abdullah Family}}Abdullah family ===
* [[Sheikh Abdullah]]{{snd}}Former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah]]{{snd}}Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (wife of [[Sheikh Abdullah]])
** [[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]]{{snd}}Former Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] (son of [[Sheikh Abdullah]] & [[Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah]])
** [[Farooq Abdullah]]{{snd}}Former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] (son of [[Sheikh Abdullah]] & [[Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah]])
*** [[Omar Abdullah]]{{snd}}Current [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] and former [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External Affairs]] (son of [[Farooq Abdullah]])
*** [[Sachin Pilot]]{{snd}}Former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] and former Member of Parliament and former Union Minister, Government of India (ex-son-in-law of [[Farooq Abdullah]])

=== {{anchor|The Sayeed Family}}Sayeed family ===
{{See also|Saʽid|Sayyid}}
*[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]{{snd}}Former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] and former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
**[[Mehbooba Mufti]]{{snd}}Former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] (daughter of [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]])
**[[Tassaduq Hussain Mufti]]{{snd}}Former member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] (son of [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]])

=== {{anchor|The Sayeed Family}}Lone family ===

* [[Abdul Ghani Lone]]{{snd}}Former Cabinet Minister of Education and Health (J&K)
** [[Sajjad Gani Lone]]{{snd}}Former Minister in the J&K Cabinet

== Jharkhand ==
{{main|Political families of Jharkhand}}

=== {{anchor|Soren family}}Soren family ===

* [[Shibu Soren]]{{snd}} former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] and former [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]
** [[Durga Soren]]{{snd}}Former member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] (son of [[Shibu Soren]])
*** [[Sita Soren]]{{snd}}Former member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] (wife of [[Durga Soren]])
** [[Hemant Soren]]{{snd}}Current Chief Minister of Jharkhand (son of [[Shibu Soren]])
*** [[Kalpana Soren]]{{snd}} Current member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] (wife of [[Hemant Soren]])
** [[Basant Soren]]{{snd}}Current member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] (son of [[Shibu Soren]])

=== {{anchor|Verma family}}Verma family ===
*[[Rati Lal Prasad Verma]], six time Member of Indian Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) from [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency]] in Jharkhand.
*[[Jagdish Prasad Kushwaha]], considered as founding leader of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] in Jharkhand. (brother of Rati Lal Prasad Verma)
**[[Jai Prakash Verma]], Former Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from [[Gandey Assembly constituency]]. (son of Jagdish Prasad Kushwaha and nephew of Rati Lal Prasad Verma)

== Karnataka ==
=== {{anchor|Devegowda Family}}Devegowda family ===
*[[H. D. Devegowda]] - Former [[Prime Minister of India]], only prime minister from [[Karnataka]], Former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] and Current Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight Members Of Deve Gowda Family In Karnataka Politics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/india/eight-members-of-deve-gowda-family-in-karnataka-politics-2602484 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Poovanna |first=Sharan |date=2023-01-25 |title=As 8th Gowda looks to enter Karnataka politics, JD(S) says, 'Anyone can contest' |url=https://theprint.in/politics/as-8th-gowda-looks-to-enter-karnataka-politics-jds-says-anyone-can-contest/1333773/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
**[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] - MLA and former [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|chief Minister of Karnataka.]](Son of [[H. D. Deve Gowda|H. D. Devegowda]])
***[[Anitha Kumaraswamy]] - Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. (Wife of [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]])
***[[Nikhil Kumaraswamy]] (Indian actor and politician), Son of Kumarswamy
**[[H. D. Revanna]] - [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], former Minister of the [[Karnataka Public Works Department]](Son of [[H. D. Deve Gowda|H. D. Devegowda]])
***Bhavani Revanna - Member of [[District council (India)|Zilla Panchayth]] [[Hassan district|Hassan]]. (Wife of [[H. D. Revanna]])
***[[Prajwal Revanna]] - Member of the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]] (son of H. D. Revanna)
***[[Suraj Revanna]] - Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] from [[Hassan district|Hassan]] Constituency (Son of [[H. D. Revanna]])

=== {{anchor|B. S. Yediyurappa Family}}B. S. Yediyurappa ===
*[[B. S. Yediyurappa]] served as the [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|13th Chief Minister of Karnataka]]. He became the first CM for the BJP in a South Indian state
**[[B. Y. Raghavendra]](Son of [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]) is a member of the 16th [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Shimoga district]] of [[Karnataka]] and was a member of [[Lok Sabha|14th]] [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. He previously represented Shikaripura Assembly constituency of [[Karnataka]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/427417/karnataka-bypolls-cong-wins-bellary.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120030/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/427417/karnataka-bypolls-cong-wins-bellary.html| archive-date = 2014-08-26| title = Karnataka bypolls: Cong wins Bellary, Chikkodi; BJP retains Shikaripura}}</ref>
**[[B. Y. Vijayendra]](Son of [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]) is currently the State President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]] from 10 November 2023. He previously served as the General secretary and Vice President of the [[Karnataka]] unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web|title = B.Y. Vijayendra — Yediyurappa's trusted son and nemesis|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/by-vijayendra-yediyurappas-trusted-son-and-nemesis/article35519531.ece|work =[[The Hindu]]|first=K. V. Aditya|last=Bharadwaj|date=2021-07-25|access-date=2024-11-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118180153/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/by-vijayendra-yediyurappas-trusted-son-and-nemesis/article35519531.ece|archive-date=2023-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Yediyurappa's Achilles heel: His son BY Vijayendra|url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/yediyurappa-s-achilles-heel-his-son-vijayendra-152927|work =[[The News Minute]]|first=Pooja|last=Prasanna|date=2021-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111074040/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/yediyurappa-s-achilles-heel-his-son-vijayendra-152927|archive-date=2023-11-11|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Mallikarjun Kharge Family}}Mallikarjun Kharge ===
*[[Mallikarjun Kharge]] is serving as the [[President of the Indian National Congress]] since 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharge, who started as labour leader, becomes new Congress chief by beating Tharoor who speaks fine English |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mallikarjun-kharge-new-congress-chief-who-started-as-labour-union-leader-2287212-2022-10-19 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=India Today |date=19 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028121148/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mallikarjun-kharge-new-congress-chief-who-started-as-labour-union-leader-2287212-2022-10-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]] since 2021. He has been a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Karnataka]] since [[2020 Rajya Sabha elections|2020]].
**[[Priyank Kharge]](Son of [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]) is serving as the Cabinet Minister in the [[Government of Karnataka]]. He is 3 time [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur Constituency]] in Kalaburagi District of [[Karnataka]].

=== {{anchor|Annasaheb Jolle Family}}Annasaheb Shankar Jolle ===
*[[Annasaheb Shankar Jolle]] is a BJP leader and the current Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha from [[Chikkodi]]
**[[Shashikala Annasaheb Jolle]] (wife of [[Annasaheb Shankar Jolle]]) served as a minister in the BJP government led by [B.S. Yediyurappa]. She is a three time Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Nippani Assembly constituency representing [Bharatiya Janata Party].

=== {{anchor|Umesh Jadhav Family}}Umesh Jadhav ===
*[[Umesh Jadhav]] served as a BJP Member of Parliament in the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency]].
**Avinash Umesh Jadhav (son of [[Umesh Jadhav]]) is serving as Member of Parliament in the [[18th Lok Sabha]] from Chincholi constituency.

=== {{anchor|L. A. Ravi Subramanya Family}}L. A. Ravi Subramanya ===
*[[L. A. Ravi Subramanya]] s a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Basavanagudi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basavanagudi constituency]] in [[Bangalore district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/info-bbmp-ward-154-basavanagudi-bangalore-7637|title=Ward information page: 154 – Basavanagudi -|date=20 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengaluru-basavanagudi-mla-ravi-subramanya-exclusive-interview-bbmp-corruption-1577136.html|title=Bail out BBMP – Bengaluru MLA thinks loud|date=30 November 2014|website=[[OneIndia]]|access-date=2024-11-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503055807/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengaluru-basavanagudi-mla-ravi-subramanya-exclusive-interview-bbmp-corruption-1577136.html|archive-date=2024-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gandhi-bazaar-as-walker-zone-plan-gathers-dust/articleshow/51219965.cms|title=Gandhi bazaar as walker zone? Plan gathers dust|first=Umesh|last=Yadav|date=2 March 2016|publisher=[[The Times Group]] |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108040853/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gandhi-bazaar-as-walker-zone-plan-gathers-dust/articleshow/51219965.cms|archive-date=2023-11-08|access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=రవిసుబ్రహ్మణ్య ఎల్.ఎ. | language=te | trans-title=Ravisubramanya L.A. | url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14thWhoSwho/156.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194138/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14thWhoSwho/156.pdf | archive-date=2017-10-09}}</ref>
**[[Tejasvi Surya]] (nephew of [[L. A. Ravi Subramanya]]) is serving as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], representing the [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] constituency.<ref name="TOATweet">{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/national/lok-sabha-election-2019/another-abusive-tweet-by-bjp-mp-candidate-tejasvi-surya-spotted/ |title=Another abusive tweet by BJP MP Candidate Tejasvi Surya spotted |date=28 March 2019 |website=Times of Assam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328061115/https://twitter.com/Tejasvi_Surya/status/579923974794022912 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2019 }}</ref> He is also the president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] since 26 September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Team Nadda, Tejasvi Surya Becomes BJP's Yuva Morcha Chief, Ram Madhav Dropped as Gen Secy |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nadda-announces-23-new-office-bearers-of-bjp-2911153.html |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=News18 |date=27 September 2020 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410080602/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nadda-announces-23-new-office-bearers-of-bjp-2911153.html|archive-date=2023-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Reshuffle: Ram Madhav Replaced, Tejasvi Surya Heads Youth Wing |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-announces-new-team-of-national-office-bearers-general-secretaries |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=[[TheQuint]]|url-access=subscription|date=26 September 2020 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409211035/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/bjp-announces-new-team-of-national-office-bearers-general-secretaries|archive-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref name="family">{{cite news |title=Who is Tejasvi Surya? 28-year-old lawyer, BJP's surprise pick for prestigious Bengaluru South seat |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/tejasvi-surya-bjp-candidate-from-bengaluru-south-lok-sabha-seat-who-is-he/1527897/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en|last=Shantanu|first=Shashank|date=2019-03-26|access-date=2024-11-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115000406/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/tejasvi-surya-bjp-candidate-from-bengaluru-south-lok-sabha-seat-who-is-he-1527897/|archive-date=2024-11-15}}</ref>

== Kerala ==
{{main|Political families of Kerala}}

== Madhya Pradesh ==
{{main|Political families of Madhya Pradesh}}

=== {{anchor|The Singh Family of Churhat}}Singh family (Churhat) ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*[[Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh]] (1894–1955) from [[Churhat]]{{snd}}Member of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cabinet
**[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] - Former Union Minister for Human Resources Department and former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] (son of Rao)
***[[Ajay Arjun Singh]]{{snd}}Former cabinet minister in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] government and former opposition leader (son of Arjun)

==={{anchor|The [[Chowdhury|Chaudhary]] family of Bhind}}Chaudhary family===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
* [[Chaudhary Dilip Singh Chaturvedi]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
** [[Chaudhary Rakesh Singh Chaturvedi]]{{snd}}Former cabinet minister, former leader of the opposition, MLA from Bhind (son)
** [[Mukesh Choudhary (politician)|Chaudhary Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Mehgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mehgaon]] (son)

=== Chaturvedi family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*[[Vidyawati Chaturvedi]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Laundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Laundi]]
**[[Satyavrat Chaturvedi]]{{snd}}Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (son)

=== Nath family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*[[Kamal Nath]]{{snd}}Former [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]], former [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]], former member of the Lok Sabha from [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
*[[Alka Nath]]{{snd}}Former Member of the Lok Sabha from Chhindwara (wife)
**[[Nakul Nath]]{{snd}}Former Member of the Lok Sabha from Chhindwara (son)

=== {{anchor|Singh family}}MP Singh family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
* [[Balbhadra Singh (politician)|Balbhadra Singh]]{{snd}}MLA from [[Raghogarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghogarh]]
** [[Digvijaya Singh]]{{snd}}15th [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] (son)
** [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]{{snd}}MLA from Raghogarh (son)
** [[Mool Singh]]{{snd}}MLA from Raghogarh (nephew)
** [[Jaivardhan Singh]] - Ex-Minister for [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], MLA from Raghogarh (Grandson)

=== {{anchor|Vajpayee family}}Vajpayee family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]{{snd}}10th [[Prime Minister of India]]
** [[Karuna Shukla]]{{snd}}Member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] (niece)

== Maharashtra ==
{{main|Political families of Maharashtra}}

==={{anchor|Ambedkar Family}}Ambedkar family===
{{main|Ambedkar family}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) - Chairman of Drafting Committee of the [[Constitution of India]], first [[Minister of Law and Justice]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]], labour member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], opposition leader in the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]], member of the [[Bombay Legislative Council]]
** [[Yashwant Ambedkar]] (1912–1977) - Leader of the [[Republican Party of India]], member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] (son of B. R. Ambedkar)
*** [[Prakash Ambedkar]] - Leader of the [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]], former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha MP]] (son of Yashwant)
*** [[Anandraj Ambedkar]] - Leader of the [[Republican Sena]] (son of Yashwant)

=== {{anchor|The Thackeray Family}}Thackeray family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*[[Bal Thackeray]] - Founder of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] political party
**[[Uddhav Thackeray]] - Former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] (son) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uddhav-thackeray-quits-as-maharashtra-chief-minister/articleshow/92553504.cms|title=Uddhav Thackeray quits as Maharashtra Chief Minister|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=30 June 2022|access-date=27 April 2023|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101081738/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/uddhav-thackeray-quits-as-maharashtra-chief-minister/articleshow/92553504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
***[[Aditya Thackeray]] - Former Cabinet minister in the [[Government of Maharashtra]] (grandson)

=== {{anchor|The Pawar Family}}Pawar family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*[[Sharad Pawar]] – Former [[Defence Minister of India]] and [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
**[[Supriya Sule]] – Member of the Lok Sabha From [[Baramati]] (daughter)
**[[Ajit Pawar]] – Former Deputy Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]], Former Leader of Opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (nephew)
**[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] - Member of Maharashtra assembly (nephew's son)

== Meghalaya ==
P. A. Sangma, Conrad Sangma, Agatha Sangma, James Sangma, Mehtab Sangma
== Mizoram ==
former cm Lal Thanhawla and his brother Lal Thanzara

== Nagaland ==
[[Shürhozelie Liezietsu]] former cm & his son [[Khriehu Liezietsu]]

==Odisha==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
{{main|Political families of Odisha}}

===Patnaik family===
*[[Biju Patnaik]] - Former Chief Minister of [[Odisha]] (earlier known as Orissa)
**[[Naveen Patnaik]] - Former [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] (son)

===Biswal family===
*[[Basant Kumar Biswal]] - Former Deputy Chief Minister of Odisha
**[[Chiranjib Biswal]] - Former deputy opposition leader of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] (son)

==Puducherry==
=== {{anchor|The [[Reddiar]] Family}}Reddiar family ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
*[[V. Venkatasubha Reddiar]]{{snd}}Former [[Chief Minister of Pondicherry]] and freedom fighter
**[[V. Vaithilingam|V. Vaithilingam Reddiar]]{{snd}}Former Chief Minister of Pondicherry (son)

=== {{anchor|The Farook family}}Farook family ===
*[[M. O. H. Farook]]{{snd}}Former Chief Minister of Pondicherry
** [[M. O. H. F. Shahjahan]]{{snd}}Former Education Minister of Pondicherry (son)

==Punjab==
{{main|Political families of Punjab, India}}

=== Former royal family of Patiala ===

* [[Rajmata Mohinder Kaur of Patiala|Mohinder Kaur]], former member of [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Bhalindra Singh]], former MLA from [[Patiala Assembly constituency|Patiala]]
* [[Amarinder Singh|Capt. Amarinder Singh]], former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
* [[Preneet Kaur]], wife of [[Amarinder Singh]]; former minister of state in the External Affairs Ministry, former [[Member of Parliament]]
* [[Raninder Singh]], son of [[Amarinder Singh]] and [[Preneet Kaur]]; contested Lok Sabha election from Bathinda in 2009 and Assembly election from Samana (Punjab) in 2012

=== Badal Family ===

* [[Parkash Singh Badal]], former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
* [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]], former Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab and President of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
* [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]], wife of Sukhbir and current [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Bathinda]]
* [[Gurdas Singh Badal]], [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Firozpur]]
* [[Manpreet Singh Badal]], Finance minister Government of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]

===Chabbewal Family===

* [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]] - Current Member of Parliament
* [[Ishank Kumar Chabbewal]] - Current member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

===Chaudhary Family===

* Late [[Master Gurbanta Singh]], former Agriculture Minister of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He was Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], Premier of British Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Duhra |first1=Malkiat Singh |title=Master Gurbanta Singh |url=https://www.drduhra.com/post/master-gurbanta-singh |website=MALKIAT SINGH DUHRA |access-date=27 July 2025 |language=en |date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
* Late [[Jagjit Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Jagjit Singh]], former Cabinet Minister and MLA
* [[Chaudhary Surinder Singh]], former MLA [[Kartarpur Assembly Constituency|Kartarpur]]
* Late [[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]] Member of Parliament from [[Jalandhar]] and former Cabinet Minister of [[Punjab]]
* [[Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary]], MLA [[Phillaur Assembly constituency|Phillaur]] and former Chief of Punjab Youth Congress.

===Chaudhary Sunder Singh family===

* Late [[Chaudhary Sunder Singh]] - Former Member of Parliament
* [[Santosh Chowdhary]] - Former Member of Parliament

===Kaypee Family===

*[[Darshan Singh Kaypee]] - Former Minister and five times elected M.L.A
*[[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]] - Former Minister and Member of Parliament.

===Khalsa Family===

*[[Gopal Singh Khalsa]] - Elected M.L.A in 1937 for [[Punjab Provincial Assembly]] and was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the British Punjab's Premier [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]. He was first Leader of the Opposition in the first [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] after Independence of India in 1952. He was very close associate of [[Dr. Ambedkar]].
*[[Harinder Singh Khalsa]] - Former Diplomat and former Member of Parliament.

=== Majithia Family ===

* [[Sundar Singh Majithia]], landowner and politician. He was a member of Khalsa Nationalist Party and Revenue Member at the first and second legislative councils of the Punjab Legislative Assembly. The first president of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee
* Wing Commander [[Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia]], Indian politician, diplomat, and air force officer. Son of [[Sundar Singh Majithia]]
* Satyajit Singh Majithia, educationist, industrialist, philanthropist, and Chancellor of Khalsa University. Son of [[Sardar Surjit Singh Majithia]], former Deputy Defence Minister
* [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]], a former Union Cabinet Minister of Food Processing Industries. Daughter of Satyajit Singh Majithia
* [[Bikram Singh Majithia]], a former cabinet minister in the Punjab Government. Son of Satyajit Singh Majithia

=== Kairon Family ===

* [[Partap Singh Kairon]] ([[freedom fighter]]), ([[revolutionary]]), and former Chief Minister of Punjab
* [[Surinder Singh Kairon]] MP
* [[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]], grandson of Pratap Singh Kairon, former Cabinet minister Government of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* Gurinder Singh Kairon Congress leader

=== Khaira family ===

* Sukhjinder Singh Khaira, former education minister of Punjab and senior Akali Dal leader
* [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]], son of Sukhjinder Singh Khaira, former leader of opposition in Punjab and incumbent MLA

=== Mann Family ===

* [[Arur Singh Shergill|Jathedar Arur Singh Naushera]], Jathedar of the Akal Takht. Grandson of Budh Singh Mann
* [[Simranjit Singh Mann]], multiple time Member of Parliament from Sangrur. Son of Joginder Singh Mann

=== Sarai Naga Family ===

* Late [[Harcharan Singh Brar]], former Chief Minister of Punjab, former Minister of irrigation, power and health department, Governor of [[Orissa]] and [[Haryana]], five-time MLA
* [[Gurbinder Kaur Brar]], wife of [[Harcharan Singh Brar]]; former Leader of the opposition, former Member of Parliament, former Minister of State
* [[Adesh Kanwarjit Singh Brar]], son of [[Harcharan Singh Brar]]; Vice president Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, former MLA, former Youth Congress Chief of Punjab
* [[Karan Kaur Brar]], daughter in law of [[Harcharan Singh Brar]]; former MLA

=== Talwandi family ===

* [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]], former President of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]; former Member of Parliament [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]; former Member of Parliament [[Rajya Sabha]]; former Cabinet Minister Government of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Ranjit Singh Talwandi]], son of [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]; former MLA from [[Raikot Assembly constituency|Raikot]] constituency
* [[Dev Raj Singh Talwandi]], brother of [[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]], former MLA

=== Bajwa Family ===

* Late Satnam Singh Bajwa, former Minister in [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
* [[Partap Singh Bajwa]], son of Satnam Singh Bajwa; [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Gurdaspur]] [[Loksabha]] constituency and [[Rajya Sabha]], former President of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]]
* [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]], son of Satnam Singh Bajwa; MLA
* [[Charanjit Kaur Bajwa]], wife of [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]; former MLA

== Rajasthan ==
Bohra family of rajakhera dholpur

# Seth pratap singh bohra 2 time mla of rajakhera constituency
# Pradhuman singh bohra Ex finance minister of raj.govt/ex home minister of raj .govt/ present 6th finance commission president/8time mla of rajakhera constituency।
# Shri Rohit bohra 2 time continue mla of rajakhera
{{main|Political families of Rajasthan}}

=== Former royal family of Alwar ===

* [[Mahendra Kumari]], Member of Parliament from [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
* [[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh]], former Member of Legislative Assembly from Alwar City constituency twice; former Secretary of [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]; former Member of Parliament from Alwar; former Minister of State for Home Affairs, former Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (Independent charge) and former Minister of State for Defence; former AICC In-charge of Odisha, [[Congress Working Committee|CWC]] Member and General Secretary AICC, and General Secretary In-charge of Madhya Pradesh.

===Singh Family===

* [[Dr. Digamber Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-27 |title=Rajasthan BJP leader Digamber Singh passes away at 66 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-bjp-leader-digamber-singh-passes-away-at-66/story-buZJ6nMKoKJqJqMaIVCdNK.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311054837/https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-bjp-leader-digamber-singh-passes-away-at-66/story-buZJ6nMKoKJqJqMaIVCdNK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ( 1 October 1951 - 27 October 2017) Health, Medicine, Family Welfare and Ayurveda Minister of [[Rajasthan]] (2003 - 2008). Industries Minister of [[Rajasthan]] (2008 - 2009). Vice President of [[Rajasthan]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2013 - 2015). Chairman of the Twenty Point Program, Cabinet Minister (2015 - 2017). Additional Charge Ministries of Panchayati Raj, Social Justice, Law and Agriculture, Cabinet Minister (2016 - 2017). [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], Deeg-Kumher (1993 - 2013).
* Asha Singh, ( 1 August 1955 - 30 August 2021), [[BJP]] leader.
* [[Dr. Shailesh Singh|Dr. Shailesh Digamber Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deeg-Kumher Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dr. Shailesh Singh with 89063 defeats INC's Vishvendra Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/deeg-kumher-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470685-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216085306/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/deeg-kumher-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470685-2023-12-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> ( born 20 July 1980) [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] - [[Deeg-Kumher Assembly constituency|Deeg-Kumher]] (2023–Present).

===The Beniwal Family ([[Jats]])===
On 29 October 2018, Hanuman Beniwal founded the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]], becoming its national convenor in the process. This made Beniwal family as one of the most influential political families of Rajasthan since [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] (RLP) is the only successful party in the state besides [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref name="Correspondent">{{Cite news |url-access=subscription|date=2018-10-29 |title=Hanuman Beniwal floats new political party in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections-2018/hanuman-beniwal-floats-new-political-party-in-rajasthan/article25363118.ece |access-date=2023-10-15 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215204134/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections-2018/hanuman-beniwal-floats-new-political-party-in-rajasthan/article25363118.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-06 |title='Very temperamental, never hesitates to take on the mighty' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/rajasthan/news/very-temperamental-never-hesitates-to-take-on-the-mighty/articleshow/68747030.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-15 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028161730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/rajasthan/news/very-temperamental-never-hesitates-to-take-on-the-mighty/articleshow/68747030.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ramdeo Beniwal]], former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1977 and 1985 from [[Mundwa]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=हनुमान के पिता के काम का हिसाब मांग रही ज्‍योति |url=https://www.patrika.com/nagaur-news/jyoti-mirdha-challenged-hanuman-beniwal-to-show-his-fathers-work-4503967/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016140929/https://www.patrika.com/nagaur-news/jyoti-mirdha-challenged-hanuman-beniwal-to-show-his-fathers-work-4503967/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पूर्व विधायक बेनीवाल को किया याद |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-khiwsar-news-053528-467167-NOR.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010174219/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-khiwsar-news-053528-467167-NOR.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Hanuman Beniwal]], Member of Lok Sabha from [[Nagaur]], former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from [[Khinvsar]], founder and National Convenor of the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]].<ref name="Correspondent"/> He is son of Ramdeo Beniwal.
* [[Narayan Beniwal]], Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from [[Khinvsar]], [[Nagaur]], Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayan Beniwal(Rashtriya Loktantrik Party):Constituency- Khinvsar : Bye Election on 21-10-2019(Nagaur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4586 |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906065905/https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4586 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is son of Ramdeo Beniwal.
*[[Kamla Beniwal]], former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] of Rajasthan in 2003, first women to become minister in Rajasthan at the age of 27 in 1954, former Governor of [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]], [[List of governors of Gujarat|Gujarat]] and [[List of governors of Mizoram|Mizoram]] between 2009 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-08 |title=The story behind Kamla Beniwal's dismissal |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/The-story-behind-Kamla-Beniwal%E2%80%99s-dismissal/article60385221.ece |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022095209/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/The-story-behind-Kamla-Beniwal%E2%80%99s-dismissal/article60385221.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Alok Beniwal]], Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]]. He is son of Kamla Beniwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alok Beniwal-आलोक बेनीवाल Ind Candidate Shahpura Election Result 2018 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/alok-beniwal-ind-2018-shahpura-42 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011130245/https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/alok-beniwal-ind-2018-shahpura-42 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Bishnoi Family}}Bishnoi family ===

* [[Ram Singh Bishnoi]] - Former Cabinet Minister and 7 times member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
** [[Malkhan Singh Bishnoi]] - Former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (son of [[Ram Singh Bishnoi]])
* [[Mahendra Bishnoi]] - MLA from [[Luni Assembly constituency|Luni]] in Jodhpur district (son of [[Malkhan Singh Bishnoi]])

=== {{anchor|Gehlot Family}}Gehlot family ===

* [[Ashok Gehlot]] - Current [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
** Vaibhav Gehlot - chairman, [[Rajasthan Cricket Association]] (son of [[Ashok Gehlot]])

=== {{anchor|Maderna Family}}Maderna family ===

* [[Parasram Maderna]] - Former cabinet minister [[Government of Rajasthan]] and former Speaker of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
** [[Mahipal Maderna]] - Former cabinet minister [[Government of Rajasthan]] (son of [[Parasram Maderna]])
*** [[Divya Maderna]] - Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] (daughter of [[Mahipal Maderna]])

=== {{anchor|Meena Family}}Meena family ===

* Bharat Lal Meena, former cabinet minister in Rajasthan government. 4 time MLA from bamanwas constituency.
* [[Namo Narain Meena]], former minister of state, former union minister of state from congress party
** [[Harish Meena]], former DGP of rajasthan and MP of Dausa constituency from Bjp party
*** Om Prakash Meena, chief secretary of Rajasthan
•Dr. Kirodi lal meena, 6 times MLA
3 Times MP Loksabha and Rajyasabha
2 times cabinet minister
•Golma Devi Meena (wife of Kirodi lal meena,former Minister, 2 times MLA
•Rajendra Meena Pradhan (Mahwa nephew), MLA
•Jagmohan Meena RAS (brother of Kirodi lal meena), Bjp candidate from Dausa constituency

=== {{anchor|Mirdha Family}}Mirdha family ===

* Baldev Ram Mirdha
** [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]] - Former central cabinet minister (son of Baldev Ram Mirdha)
*** Harendra Mirdha - Former cabinet minister [[Government of Rajasthan]]
**** Raghuvendra Mirdha - Member Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee
** [[Nathuram Mirdha]] - Former Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] (nephew of Baldev Ram Mirdha)
*** [[Bhanu Prakash Mirdha]] - Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] (son of [[Nathuram Mirdha]])
**** [[Richpal Mirdha]] - Member of Legislative Assembly
***** [[Jyoti Mirdha]] - Member of Parliament

=== Pilot family ===

* [[Rajesh Pilot]] - Former Central cabinet minister
* [[Rama Pilot]] - Former Member of Parliament (wife)
** [[Sachin Pilot|Cap. Sachin Pilot]] - Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], Former Deputy Chief Minister and Former Union Minister in Government of India. (son of [[Rajesh Pilot]] and son-in-law of [[Farooq Abdullah]])

=== Scindia family ===

* [[Vasundhara Raje|Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] - Former [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
** [[Dushyant Singh]] - [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] (son of [[Vasundhara Raje]])

=== Sharma family ===

* [[Banwari Lal Sharma]] - Former Cabinet Minister and 3 time MLA from [[Dholpur Assembly constituency]]
* Ashok Sharma Dholpur President of Congress
* Ritesh Sharma - Mayor of Dholpur
* Murari Lal Sharma - Nagar Palika Chairman of Dholpur

=== Verma family ===

* [[Manikya Lal Verma]] - First Prime Minister of Undivided Rajasthan, Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP, Lok Sabha]] from [[Tonk Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk]] and [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
* Naraini Devi Verma - Former Member of Parliament (wife of [[Manikya Lal Verma]])
** Deen Bandhu Verma - Former Member of Parliament from Udaipur, Former Member of Legislative Assembly from Kapasan, Former Minister of State, Govt of Rajasthan (son of [[Manikya Lal Verma]])

=== Vishnoi family ===

* [[Poonam Chand Vishnoi]] - Former Speaker of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
** Vijay Laxmi Bishnoi - Member of PCC (daughter of [[Poonam Chand Vishnoi]])
== Sikkim ==
*PS Golay, his wife Krishna Kumari Rai & his son Aditya Tamang. * ex cm [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] & his wife ex lok sabha mp [[Dil Kumari Bhandari]]

== Tamil Nadu ==
{{main|Political families of Tamil Nadu}}

== Tripura ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}

=== {{anchor|Singh family (Tripura)}}Singh family ===
* [[Sachindra Lal Singh]] - Former [[chief minister]] of [[Tripura]]
** Asish Lal Singh - State president of [[Trinamool Congress]] (son)

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{{Main|Political families of Uttar Pradesh}}

=== Ansari Family ===
* [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], former President of [[Indian National Congress]] (1927–1928) and former President of [[All India Muslim League]] (1920–1921).
** [[Zohra Ansari]], (1915–1988) was an Indian activist and freedom fighter. (Daughter of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]])
* '''Subhanullah Ansari''', Leader of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
*** [[Afzal Ansari]], Lok Sabha MP of [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]] (son of Subhanullah)
*** [[Sibgatullah Ansari]], MLA of [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]] (2007–2017) (son of Subhanullah)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=422 |title=Sibgatullah Ansari (SP), Constituency:Mohammadabad |work=Myneta.info |date=3 October 2022|access-date=2024-11-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523222118/https://www.myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=422|archive-date=2024-05-23}}</ref>
**** [[Suhaib Ansari]], MLA of [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]] (2022–Present) (son of [[Sibgatullah Ansari|Sibgatullah]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4542 |title=Mannu Ansari (SP), Constituency:Mohammadabad |work=Myneta.info |date=3 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182312/https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4542|archive-date=2023-10-01|access-date=2024-11-15}}</ref>
*** [[Mukhtar Ansari]], MLA of [[Mau Assembly constituency|Mau]] (1996–2022) (son of Subhanullah)
**** [[Abbas Ansari]], MLA of [[Mau Assembly constituency|Mau]] (2022–Present) (son of Mukhtar Ansari)
** Abdul Aziz Ansari (nephew of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]])
*** [[Hamid Ansari]], former [[List of vice presidents of India|Vice President]] of India (2007–2017) (grand-nephew of [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]) and (2nd cousin of [[Afzal Ansari|Afzal]], [[Sibgatullah Ansari|Sibgatullah]] and [[Mukhtar Ansari]])
**[[Faridul Haq Ansari]], a lawyer and politician who actively participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]

=== {{anchor|Maurya family}} Maurya family===
*[[Swami Prasad Maurya]]; former minister in Government of Uttar Pradesh, former leader of opposition in Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, National General Secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]]
**[[Sanghmitra Maurya]]; Member of Indian Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) (daughter of Swami Prasad Maurya)

=== {{anchor|Chaudhary family}} Chaudhary Family ===
* [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]], ex-Prime Minister of India
**[[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]], founder of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
***[[Jayant Chaudhary]], Member of Parliament [[Rajya Sabha]]

=== {{anchor|Yadav Family}}Yadav family ===
*[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] – former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], former [[Defence Minister of India]]
**[[Akhilesh Yadav]] – Former chief minister of Uttar Pradesh and current Lok Sabha MP representing [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]] (son of Mulayam)
**[[Dimple Yadav]] – Lok Sabha MP representing [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]] (daughter-in-Law of Mulayam)
*Abhay Ram Yadav (brother)
**[[Dharmendra Yadav]] – Former Lok Sabha MP (nephew of Mulayam)
*[[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] – Former Minister in the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]] (brother)
*Rajpal Singh Yadav (brother)
**Abhishek Yadav alias Anshul Yadav - District Panchayat Chairman of [[Etawah]] (nephew of Mulayam)
*[[Ram Gopal Yadav]] – MP [[Rajya Sabha]] (cousin brother)
**[[Akshay Yadav]] – Former Lok Sabha MP (son of Ram Gopal)

=== {{anchor|Khan Family}}Khan family ===
* [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] (born 1948), former Leader of the Opposition [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]; former [[Cabinet Minister]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]; former MP [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]; ten-term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur constituency]]
* [[Tazeen Fatma]], former [[Member of parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]; former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Rampur (Assembly constituency)|Rampur constituency]]
** [[Abdullah Azam Khan]], twice elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Suar Assembly constituency]]

=== Khan-Hussain family ===
*[[Zakir Husain|Dr. Zakir Husain Khan]], (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the 2nd [[Vice President of India]] from 1962 to 1967 and 3rd president of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969.
*[[Mahmud Husain|Mahmud Husain Khan]], (5 July 1907 – 12 April 1975) was a Pakistani historian, educationist, and politician, known for his role in the [[Pakistan Movement]], and for pioneering the study of social sciences.
*[[Rahimuddin Khan|General Rahimuddin Khan]], was a general of the [[Pakistan Army]] who served as the 4th Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1984 to 1987
* [[Khurshed Alam Khan]], former External Affairs Minister of India and former Governor of [[Karnataka]] and [[Goa]]. (son-in-law of [[Dr. Zakir Hussain]]).
** [[Salman Khurshid]], former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]] Minister of India and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]] (son of Khurshed Alam Khan).

== West Bengal ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
{{main|Political families of West Bengal}}

=== {{anchor|The [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] Family}}Subhas Chandra Bose family ===

* [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]{{snd}}Indian nationalist
* [[Sharat Chandra Bose]]
**[[Subrata Bose]] - [[Member of parliament]] (MP) from Barasat Lok Sabha constituency 2004-2009 (youngest son of [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] and nephew of Subhas Chandra Bose)
**[[Sisir Kumar Bose]] - Indian freedom fighter, pediatrician and legislator (nephew of [[Subhas Chandra]] and husband of [[Krishna Bose]])
**[[Krishna Bose]] - MP from [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] 1996-2004 (wife of [[Sisir Kumar Bose]], Subhas Chandra Bose's nephew)
***[[Sugata Bose]] - Lok Sabha MP from Jadavpur 2014-2019 (Sisir Kumar Bose and Krishna Bose's son)

=== {{anchor|The Dasmunsi Family}}Dasmunsi family ===

*[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]] - Former cabinet minister in the [[government of India]]
*[[Deepa Dasmunsi]] - Former Minister of State for Urban Development in the government of India (wife)

=== {{anchor|The Konar Family}}Konar family ===

*[[Hare Krishna Konar]], freedom fighter and politician, one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], and [[Ministry of Land & Land Revenue (West Bengal)|Minister of Land & Land Revenue]]
*[[Benoy Krishna Konar]], peasant leader, member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], and president of [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]]
*[[Maharani Konar]], communist leader, member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], and one of the founding leaders of the [[All India Federation of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers]] (wife of Benoy Krishna Konar)

=== {{anchor|The [[Banerjee]] Family of South Kolkata}}Banerjee family ===

* [[Mamata Banerjee]] - Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]]
**[[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] - MP from [[Diamond Harbour]] constituency (nephew)

=== {{anchor|The Bandopadhyay Family of North Kolkata}}Bandopadhyay family ===

* [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] - MP from the Kolkata Uttar constituency <ref>More information about family member in politics needed for this article.</ref>
* [[Nayna Bandyopadhyay|Nayna Bandopadhyay]] - MLA from Chourangi constituency, (wife of Sudip)

=== {{anchor|The Ahmed Family}}Ahmed family ===

* [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]] - MP and former Union Minister of State for Tourism Department, government of India
* [[Sajda Ahmed]] - MP from the [[Uluberia]] constituency (wife)
* Iqbal Ahmed - MLA and former deputy mayor of [[Kolkata]] (brother)

=== {{anchor|The [[Chatterjee]] Family of Bolpur, Birbhum district}}Chatterjee family ===

* [[Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee]] - MP from [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoogly]]
* [[Somnath Chatterjee]] - Speaker of the [[Lok Sabha]] and MP from [[Bolpur]] (son)

=== {{anchor|The [[Sengupta]] Family of Senhati, previously in Bangladesh now in Behala Kolkata district}}Sengupta family ===
* [[Somnath Sengupta]] - Self speaker from [[Kolkata]] (son)

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}{{Political families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India political families}}
[[Category:Political families of India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Political families of India| ]]
[[Category:India politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian families]]
[[Category:Lists of political families]]

C. D'Silva

2026-03-04T15:53:40Z

Antoniochx: starting a article

{{short description|Indian actor and singer (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. D'Silva
| image = C D'Silva, 88 year old Konkani stage artist. Photos from the Konkani theatre or tiatr. Dis Ani Rat (Day and Night), July 2023, Mapusa show. 02 (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Silva at ''Dis Ani Rat [[tiatr]]'' in [[Mapusa]], 2023
| birth_name = Pedro Caitano D'Silva
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|3|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Per Seraulim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|singer|playwright|theatre director|prompter|restaurateur}}
| other_names = Daddy
| spouse = Luiza D'Silva
| children = 4
| years_active = 1949–present
| relatives = [[Connie M]] (brother)
| module = {{Listen
| embed = yes
| filename = C. DSilva, on the tiatr stage.ogg
| title = C. D'Silva's voice
| description = D'Silva on the variety of roles he has played. Recorded 23 July 2023
}}
}}

'''Pedro Caitano D'Silva''' (born 26 March 1936), popularly known as '''C. D'Silva''' or '''Daddy''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.D'silva(Daddy) & Connie M {{!}} Candid with Candida {{!}} Ep. 38 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 150323 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/cd%E2%80%99silvadaddy-connie-m-candid-with-candida-ep-38-prudent-150323/22493.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321021702/https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/cd%E2%80%99silvadaddy-connie-m-candid-with-candida-ep-38-prudent-150323/22493.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian actor, singer, playwright, theatre director, [[restaurateur]], former makeup man, and [[Prompter (theatre)|prompter]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. In a career spanning over seven decades, D'Silva has acted in over 100 ''tiatrs''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalgado Puroskar 2023 announced |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Dalgado-Puroskar-2023-announced/214864 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Due to his ability to [[Dual role|portray various characters]], he was awarded the title "Man of a Thousand Faces".

A versatile actor known for his ability to portray a wide range of characters throughout his career and handle multiple roles simultaneously. From his early days as a child artist to his portrayal of diverse roles such as an attractive lady, a [[toddy tapper]], a policeman, a villain, and a hero, D'Silva demonstrated his talent and versatility in the ''tiatr'' industry. His ability to adapt to any role assigned to him earned him the nickname "Man of a Thousand Faces", given to him by prominent figures like [[Froilano Machado]], the speaker of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]], and Bonaventure D'Pietro.<ref name=":0" />

During his long-term collaboration with [[Nevel Gracias]], a ''tiatr'' playwright whom D'Silva worked with for twelve consecutive years, he portrayed four different characters. Marcus Mergulhao of ''[[The Times of India]]'' writes, D'Silva seizes every opportunity to showcase his singing talent, using his voice and lyrics to great effect. His songs range from criticizing drama [[protagonist]]s who belittled him and the future of ''tiatr'', to paying homage to the pioneers of the art form.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
Pedro Caitano D'Silva was born on 26 March 1936 in [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Per Seraulim]], [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). His parents were Maria Rosalda Fernandes, who had a background in performing in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatrs|khell tiatrs]]'', and Joaquim Tomas da Silva, a [[Sailor|seaman]]. When D'Silva's father learned about his son's early musical talents, he purchased two violins for him to support his musical pursuits.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
During his teenage years, D'Silva was introduced to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage when he was chosen to sing "Khad-mixeo," a song by Young Menezes, for a play at the [[Colva]] Church during a local feast. As a young and aspiring songwriter, D'Silva chose to interpret someone else's composition as he familiarized himself with the art form. However, the audience's response exceeded expectations. D'Silva vividly recalls being lifted from the stage by jubilant spectators who were thrilled with his performance. This event marked his debut as a [[child artist]] in [[Felicio Cardozo]]'s ''Apounnem'' (Call) in 1949,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&q=Ekvottachem+Foll |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |language=en |access-date=2023-12-26 |archive-date=2023-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226192622/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&q=Ekvottachem+Foll |url-status=live }}</ref> launching his career on the Konkani stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-06-16 |title=Silva hero with a thousand faces |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/silva-hero-with-a-thousand-faces/articleshow/20612171.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2017-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101125530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Silva-hero-with-a-thousand-faces/articleshow/20612171.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1969, D'Silva achieved the milestone by writing his first ''[[tiatr]]'', titled ''Hem Tuka Favo'' (You Deserve This). His passion for singing emerged at an early age, even during the [[Portuguese India|colonial era when Goa was under Portuguese rule]], during which he also performed Portuguese songs. In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', D'Silva expressed his enduring fondness for the song "[[Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)|Que Sera, Sera]]", but he emphasized that nothing compared to the sheer delight and satisfaction he experienced while singing in Konkani. D'Silva had the privilege of collaborating with prominent playwrights in [[Goa]], which included [[M. Boyer]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], Remmie Colaco, [[John Claro]], Jacinto Vaz, and [[Aristides Dias]].<ref name=":0" />

In an interview, D'Silva mentioned that he had enacted every type of role and enjoyed them all, although he admitted he never particularly liked wearing the [[khaki]] dress associated with Indian policemen. He found it difficult to explain his aversion to the uniform, which is also symbolic of postmen. Despite this, D'Silva embraced a wide variety of characters throughout his career.<ref name=":0" />

Among D'Silva's performances, he played the role of a villain in Aristides Dias' ''Doulot'' (Wealth) at [[Mumbai]]'s [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir|Rang Mandir theater]], a performance that made him the target of public criticism for a brief period. Additionally, he portrayed a father consumed by lust for his daughter-in-law in another production. D'Silva was also recognized for his endearing portrayals of female characters and the beloved ''mauxi'' (aunt) role. It is said that D'Silva's talent shone brightest when he took on character lead roles, bringing out the best of his abilities as an actor.<ref name=":0" />

One of D'Silva's productions, ''Bhangar'' (Gold), featured a memorable character named Dane Mauxi, which resonated with the audience. The inclusion of the popular song "Zuby Zuby" further heightened the enthusiasm of the crowd. Originally staged in the early 1980s, ''Bhangar'' achieved success with over 100 shows. Its revival in 2009 witnessed an additional 17 shows. D'Silva holds a special attachment to ''Bhangar'', evident in the prominently displayed framed poster of the ''[[tiatr]]'' in his [[drawing room]], which holds a unique place of honor among his collection.<ref name=":0" />

In addition to ''Bhangar'', D'Silva has produced an array of 33 home productions that have garnered widespread acclaim. Some of these works include ''Kazari Irmanv'' (Married Brother), ''Hench Tuka Favo'' (You Deserve This), ''Dennem'' (Blessing), ''Bongleachi Zali Ximiter'' (Bungalow Turned Cemetery), ''Loz Naslolo'' (Shameless), ''Mannkam Motiam'', ''Mog'' (Love), ''Ganzil'', ''Buniad'' (Foundation), ''Pixem'' (Crazy), ''Utor ani Upkar'' (Word And Favour), ''Kalliz'' (Heart), and ''Serial''. Furthermore, D'Silva ventured into the realm of video films, leaving an impact with works such as ''Tujer Etoch'' and ''Buniad'', which are particularly remembered. Additionally, his comedy acts in ''Kerala Topi'' and ''Budhvont Jackinas'' (Cunning Jackknas) have also garnered attention and appreciation from the audience.<ref name=":0" />

Expressing his deep respect for the influential ''tiatrists'' ({{translation|''tiatr'' performers}}) who laid a strong foundation for the genre, D'Silva has emphasized the importance of acknowledging and honoring their contributions. He feels hurt when the greats of tiatr are disrespected, and cherishes the memories of songs he sang as a teenager, although unfortunately, he never documented his own tiatrs or compositions, as they were lost to decay.<ref name=":0" />

Beyond his home state of [[Goa]], D'Silva has showcased his acting and singing skills in performances held in [[Mumbai]], [[Karwar]], and [[Malvan]]. He has participated in numerous tiatrs written by prominent playwrights such as [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], Jacinto Vaz, [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], Remmie Colaco, Robin Vaz, D'Lima, [[Aristides Dias]], Rico Rod, [[John Claro]], Anton Moraes, H Briton, Rosario Rodrigues, [[Patrick Dourado]], [[Roseferns]], Pascoal Rodrigues, Maxcy Pereira, and [[Nevel Gracias]]. Some other tiatrs in which he has appeared ''Map Bhortoch Vorta'', ''Peleache Ostuchi Axea'', ''Zonel'' (Window), ''Boreponn'', ''Khoth'', ''Ti Axea'' (That Greed), ''Shiksha'' (Lesson), ''Rag'' (Anger), ''Teag'', ''Bandhpas'', and ''Omthea Kollshear Udok''.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
D'Silva is married to Luiza, who is a [[homemaker]]. Together, they have four children: two sons named Anthony and Mario, and two daughters named Lourdina and Cleta. According to the 2012 ''Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', D'Silva was reported to be residing in [[Colva]], located in [[South Goa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |archive-date=2023-08-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, as of 2013, ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that he now resides in Per Seraulim, also situated in South Goa. D'Silva has expressed admiration for several actors, including [[C. Alvares]], [[Minguel Rod]], Cecilia Machado, [[Ophelia (actress)|Ophelia]], [[Jessie Dias]], Felcy, and [[Sharon Mazarello]].<ref name=":0" />

===2013 health setback===
In February 2013, during the [[Carnival in Goa|Carnival festival]], D'Silva had an incident while performing at a [[musical show]] in Arlem, [[Raia, Goa|Raia]]. While singing on stage, he lost his balance and fell due to becoming entangled in the cables. This incident resulted in the immediate cancellation of the show. The following day, D'Silva discovered that he had temporarily lost the use of his wrists, causing him considerable pain. As a result, he had to take a hiatus from his career, which had spanned since 1949,<ref name=":2" /> for a period of four months in order to recuperate.<ref name=":0" />

During his recovery, D'Silva received support from individuals whom he had never met before. They expressed their admiration and nostalgia for his music, often playing his songs in the background and fondly reminiscing about his televised performances on local networks. In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', D'Silva emphasized his commitment to his craft and stated that he would continue performing as long as he felt valued by his audience. He acknowledged that if the day ever arrived when he no longer felt appreciated, he would willingly step aside. Despite the setback, D'Silva's career continued to thrive, attracting a new generation of fans, particularly among the youth. His voice retains a melody and charm that remains difficult to overlook, as observed by Marcus Mergulhao, a writer for ''The Times of India''.<ref name=":0" />

===The petrol bomb incident===
During a performance of [[Aristides Dias]]' play ''Doulot'' (Wealth) at [[Bombay]]'s [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir|Rang Mandir theater]], an incident unfolded involving D'Silva, who was cast in the role of a villain. The portrayal of his character seemed to provoke strong reactions from the audience, leading to a disruptive incident. One individual in the crowd expressed their dissatisfaction by hurling a bottle onto the stage, narrowly missing D'Silva. However, the situation escalated when a second object, a [[petrol bomb]], was thrown and struck him directly on the head. Alarmed and concerned for his safety, D'Silva quickly retreated backstage and informed the director that he could not continue performing.<ref name=":0" />

Efforts were made to restore order and persuade D'Silva to resume his role as the villain. It was later revealed that the person responsible for the attack was evidently outraged by D'Silva's portrayal of the villainous character. In the play, his character would antagonize young children in an attempt to gain their mother's affection. This particular aspect of the performance did not resonate well with the audience, leading to their discontent.<ref name=":0" />

===The villainous father-in-law===
Another instance of controversy arose when D'Silva depicted a father who exhibited inappropriate desires towards his daughter-in-law. When his character unexpectedly grabbed her hand, the crowd grew restless, with some members expressing their displeasure through verbal outbursts. Fortunately, no further physical attacks occurred during this particular incident. Despite the challenges and controversies faced, D'Silva's portrayal as the villain ultimately left an impact and garnered recognition. In fact, his performance and the overall production earned the top prize at the ''tiatr'' competition.<ref name=":0" />

==Select filmography==
===Video films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2006
|''Buniad''
|Actor
|Also writer & director
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2010 |title=Over 302 VCDs (Complete list in alphabetical order) |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg59217.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=[[Goanet]] |archive-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211063943/https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg59217.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''Budhvont Jackinas''
|Farmer/milkman
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kvcd: BUDHVONT JACKINAS - Ever Seen Goan Traditional 'Potonnem' or 'Kastti' ?? |url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H4RJdNrR/kvcd-budhvont-jackinas-ever-seen-goan-traditional-potonnem-or-kastti |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=[[Goanet]] |archive-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211062649/https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H4RJdNrR/kvcd-budhvont-jackinas-ever-seen-goan-traditional-potonnem-or-kastti |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Kerala Topi''
|Comedian
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Tujer Etoch''
|
|
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1949
|''Apounnem''
|Child artist
|Debut ''tiatr''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1953
|''Kazari Irmanv''
|
|Writer/director
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=DaCosta |first=Fausto |date=19 July 2016 |title=GULAB Awards to Norma & Claude Alvares, C. D'Silva & Willy Goes |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg117492.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Goanet]] |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055955/https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg117492.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1969
|''Hem Tuka Favo''
|
|Writer
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1975
|''Dennem''
|
|Writer/director
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1976
|''Bongleachi Zali Ximiter''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|1980
|''Pixem''
|Comedian & singer
|Also writer/director
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |date=2021-04-11 |title=Tiatr Review JP Pereira - The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times {{pipe}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/11/01/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-jp-pereira-5/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002328/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/11/01/magazines/buzz/tiatr-review-jp-pereira-5/ |archive-date=2021-04-11 }}</ref>
|-
|1980s
|''Bhangar''
|Dane Mauxi
|Also writer/director
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1996
|''Ganjil''
|
|Writer/director
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creating his Own Tunes |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Creating-his-Own-Tunes/108151 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055956/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Creating-his-Own-Tunes/108151 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Doulot''
|Villain
|
|rowspan="9"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Loz Naslolo''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Mannkam Motiam''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Mog''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Utor ani Upkar''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Kalliz''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Serial''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Map Bhortoch Vorta''
|
|
|-
|
|''Peleache Ostuchi Axea''
|
|
|-
|
|''Zonel''
|
|Writer/director
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A lifetime of entertaining Goans with his tiatrs |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-lifetime-of-entertaining-Goans-with-his-tiatrs-/133341 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055956/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-lifetime-of-entertaining-Goans-with-his-tiatrs-/133341 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Boreponn''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Khoth''
|
|Writer/director
|-
|
|''Shiksha''
|
|
|rowspan="5"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Rag''
|
|
|-
|
|''Teag''
|
|
|-
|
|''Bandhpas''
|
|
|-
|
|''Omthea Kollshear Udok''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Ti Axea''
|
|Writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-28 |title=3 pustokam uzvaddailim |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/30-06-2012 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211113503/https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/30-06-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Dis Ani Rat''
|Singer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |date=2023-07-13 |title='Dis Anirat' {{!}} The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times {{pipe}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/11/magazines/buzz/dis-anirat/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713093545/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/11/magazines/buzz/dis-anirat/ |archive-date=2023-07-13 }}</ref>
|}

==Select discography==
===Audio albums===
*''Devache Kaide''
*''Tiatramchim Xembhor Vorsam''
*''Okman''
*''Viktem Mellonam''
*''Farikponn'' (2009)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=4 more VCDs/DVD - Antacheo sunom, Farikponn, Ekuch Mati, Hans anik hans |url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/flr5bvGK/4-more-vcds-dvd-antacheo-sunom-farikponn-ekuch-mati-hans-anik-hans |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Goanet]] |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055956/https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/flr5bvGK/4-more-vcds-dvd-antacheo-sunom-farikponn-ekuch-mati-hans-anik-hans |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Gaonkar''
*''Pai Tiatrist''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Silva, C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Kismath (2016 film)

2026-03-03T20:36:54Z

Antoniochx: new.

{{For|the 2018 film|Kismath (2018 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kismath
| image = Kismath_xlg.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shanavas K Bavakutty]]
| producer = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| writer = Shanavas K Bavakutty
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Shane Nigam]]|[[Shruthy Menon]]|[[Vinay Forrt]]|Anand Bal}}
| music = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Sushin Shyam]]|Sumesh Parameshwar|Shamej Sreedhar}}
| cinematography = Suresh Rajan
| editing = {{Unbulleted_list|B. Ajith Kumar|Jithin Manohar}}
| studio = Pattam Cinema Company
| distributor = LJ Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|07|29}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 

}}
'''''Kismath''''' (from [[wikt:kismet|kismet]]; {{Translation|Fate/destiny}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by debutante [[Shanavas K Bavakutty]]. The film stars [[Shane Nigam]] as Irfan and [[Shruthy Menon]] as Anita, two [[star-crossed]] lovers from different religious backgrounds ([[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]). It is produced by [[Rajeev Ravi]] under the Pattam Cinema Company banner, in association with LJ Films and Akbar Travels.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Shruty-Menon-to-romance-Shane-in-a-real-life-love-story/articleshow/53130551.cms | title=Shruty Menon to romance Shane in a real-life love story | work=The Times of India | date=July 10, 2016 | accessdate=July 21, 2016 | author=George, Anjana}}</ref>

The film narrates the real-life story of two young lovers from [[Ponnani]], in [[Kerala]] - a 28-year-old [[scheduled caste]] girl and a 23-year-old Muslim boy - who faced backlash from society for their relationship in 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kismath-movie-trailer-featuring-shane-nigam-shruthy-menon-vinay-forrt-gets-fabulous-celebrity-687358|title='Kismath' movie trailer featuring Shane Nigam, Shruthy Menon, Vinay Forrt gets fabulous celebrity response|last=|first=|date=21 July 2016|website=International Business Times|publisher=|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The screenplay was conceived by Bavakutty while serving as the town's Municipal Councillor.<ref name="TOI" />

A trailer was released on 20 July 2016.<ref name=":0" /> The film was released on 29 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kismath-movie-review-live-audience-updates-shane-nigam-shruthy-menon-starrer-688247|title='Kismath' movie review: Live audience updates of Shane Nigam, Shruthy Menon-starrer|last=|first=|date=29 July 2016|website=International Business Times|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref>N. Jayachandran. "Newcomers gain as Mollywood witnesses fresh whiff of change" Manorama Online 19 May 2018 [https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/05/18/maayalam-movies-new-comers-producers-low-budget-films.html]</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Shane Nigam]] as Irfan
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Anita
* [[Vinay Forrt]] as Sub Inspector Ajay C Menon
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as Sayed Bava Thangal
* [[Sajitha Madathil]] as the warden
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Saleena
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Appu Nair
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Assistant Sub Inspector Nair
* [[Anand Bal]] as Plaza Khaleel
* Anil Nedumangad as Mohanan
* Vijayan Karanthoor as K T
* Jayaprakash Kuloor as Aboo
* Binoy Nambala as Shihab
* Abu Salih as Irfan's friend
*[[Binny Tom (actress)|Binny Tom]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kismath <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kismath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1137075601|title = Kismath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sushin Shyam, Shamej Shreedhar & Sumesh Parameswar|date = 22 July 2016}}</ref>
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sushin Shyam]], Sumesh Parameshwar, Shamej Sreedhar
| cover =
| released = 22 July 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:06
| label = [[Muzik247]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| prev_title = [[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Kisa Paathiyil
| lyrics1 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]
| extra1 = Sachin Balu
| music1 = [[Sushin Shyam]]
| length1 = 3:27
| title2 = Nilamanaltharikalil
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| extra2 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], [[Sreya Raghav]]
| music2 = Sumesh Parameswar
| length2 = 3:51
| title3 = Loneliness
| lyrics3 = -
| extra3 = [[Sreya Raghav]]
| music3 = Sumesh Parameswar
| length3 = 1:33
| title4 = Chilathunaam
| lyrics4 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]
| extra4 = [[Madhushree Narayan]]
| music4 = Shamej Shreedhar
| length4 = 5:05
| title5 = Aane Madanapoo
| lyrics5 = [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]]
| extra5 = Kabeer Nallalam
| music5 = Traditional
| length5 = 3:17
| title6 = Vinnu Churanna
| lyrics6 = [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]]
| extra6 = M. P. Neesa
| music6 = Sumesh Parameswar
| length6 = 3:29
| title7 = Theme Music
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Shreya Raghav
| music7 = Sumesh Parameswar
| length7 = 1:24
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
*Winner - [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – South|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] - ''[[Shruthy Menon]]''
*Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] - ''[[Shruthy Menon]]''
*Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam]] - ''[[Sushin Shyam]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5900118}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kalisi Naduddam

2026-03-03T18:06:41Z

Antoniochx: done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalisi Naduddam
| image = Kalasi Naduddam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| story = Sree Venkateswara Art Films Unit
| writer = Diwakar Babu (dialogues)
| producer = Burugapally Sivarama Krishna
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Soundarya]]}}
| cinematography = Adusumalli Vijayakumar
| editing = Nandamuri Hari Babu
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Sree Venkateswara Art Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|6|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kalisi Naduddam''''' ({{translation|Let's walk together}}){{efn|The title refers to that women should not walk behind men and instead should walk together.<ref name="S"/>}} is a 2001 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. The film stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Soundarya]]. It features music composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. The plot follows relationship between Krishna and Vijaya, a married couple with opposing ideologies.

''Kalisi Naduddam'' was released theatrically on 29 June 2001.

==Plot==
Krishna is a government employee who is not satisfied with his meagre salary. He is married to Vijaya, a progressive woman who is devoted to her husband, in an [[arranged marriage]]. In order to earn money quickly, he leaves his job and invests the [[dowry]] received from his wife Vijaya and her jewellery in the real estate and prawns business. Vijaya is against this and firmly believes that a job which offers a fixed salary is much better than such risky business plans. Krishna, however, remains unbudged and challenges himself to leave her should he lose her money in business. Afraid of Krishna's attitude, Vijaya resolves to bring a change in her husband.

As expected, Krishna suffers losses due to his reckless attitude while Vijaya gradually sees success in her and becomes an inspiration for the fellow women in her neighbourhood. Vijaya is honoured for her work toward the empowerment of women. Krishna realizes his misdeeds and apologizes to Vijaya on stage.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Krishna
*[[Soundarya]] as Vijaya
*[[Sudhakar (Telugu actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
*[[Rama Prabha]]
*Jr. Relangi
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]]
*[[Suma Kanakala]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/suma-kanakala-on-playing-jayamma-in-jayamma-panchayati/article65375056.ece | title=Suma Kanakala on her new film 'Jayamma Panchayati' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 May 2022 | last1=Murthy | first1=Neeraja | access-date=9 June 2022 | archive-date=1 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601015715/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/suma-kanakala-on-playing-jayamma-in-jayamma-panchayati/article65375056.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Production==
The film was launched during the first week of February 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onseta.html|title=Kodi directing Srikanth-Soundarya
|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=16 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011105082816/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onseta.html|archive-date=5 November 2001}}</ref> Filming began on 3 February 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news92.html|title=Kalasi Naduddam is the title of latest Kodi film|date=3 January 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=9 June 2022|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222012908/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news92.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Srikanth and Soundarya both worked on this film and another film titled ''Manasista Raa''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news136.html|title=Anjala Zhaveri with Srikanth|date=29 May 2001|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601053236/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news136.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack ==
Music by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southmp3.org/kalasi-naduddam/|title=Kalasi Naduddam|work=Southmp3}}</ref> ''Telugucinema'' wrote "The songs are in general melodious and should be an asset for such a medium-budget movie. The list of lyricists and playback singers suggests that almost everyone from among the prime choices took part to make the movie a musical hit. The songs probably can sell well, if they're picturized in an equally good manner. Most songs seem to be shorter than usual. S.A. Raj Kumar needs to be commended specially for maintaining the melody in the songs without overriding the lyrics under heavy metallic sounds and for not killing the meaning with awkwardly pronouncing singers."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/article_30.shtml|title=Kalisi Naduddaam|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030413122559/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/article_30.shtml|archive-date=13 April 2003}}</ref>
*"Okka Sari Krindiki" – [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
*"Kanchare Kanchare" – Sujatha, Hariharan
*"Yenati Sarasami" – [[K. S. Chitra]]
*"Jil Jil Jil Jil" – [[Swarnalatha]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
*"Atu Itu Chudake" – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chitra

== Reception ==
A critic for ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "This is another such attempt to make tears flow to float currency into producer’s bank account. Story is as old as Telugu film industry. There were many such movies Telugu viewers watched earlier".<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6009406&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Kalisi Naduddam|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107172138/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6009406&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005|author=Moviebiz}}</ref> Bhargav Shastry of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "Every alternate scene in the film is a glaringly irritating comic scene, and that kills the tempo. Incongruously placed songs sans melody irk you every now and then. Srikant's character as the arrogant MCP gets on your nerves. Soundarya, though, gives a very good performance as we've grown to expect from her".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kalisi-naduddam/telugu/kalisi-naduddam-movie-reviews-49-2.html|title=Kalisi Naduddam Review|work=Full Hyderabad|last=Shastry|first=Bhargav|access-date=9 June 2022|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035040/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/kalisi-naduddam/telugu/kalisi-naduddam-movie-reviews-49-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the contrary, Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave a positive review for the film. He appreciated [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] for bringing novelty in screenplay and direction while praising the performances of Srikanth and Soundarya as a married couple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=13 July 2001 |title=కలిసి నడుద్దాం - కలిసి చూడండీ |language=te |trans-title=Kalisi Naduddam: Watch it together |pages=9, 11 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2001/Jul/13-Jul-2001.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111005747/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2001/Jul/13-Jul-2001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic for ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "A simple plot combined judiciously with entertainment has been made impressive mainly for the women audience by the director. A gripping screen-play without losing sight of the central idea is a plus point for this movie. Humor that matches the theme without sermonizing on some principles will gel well with the audience".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalisi Naduddam |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/MOVIE/kalasinaduddam.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010721115215/http://www.andhratoday.com/MOVIE/kalasinaduddam.htm |archive-date=21 July 2001 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Andhra Today}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1575582}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]

Orchid Pharma

2026-02-28T12:38:09Z

Antoniochx: Made A Article More To Come...

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox
| title = Orchid Pharma
| label1 = Formerly
| data1 = Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals
| label2 = Company type
| data2 = [[public company|Public]]
| label3 = Industry
| data3 = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| label4 = Founded
| data4 = {{Start date and age|1992|07|01}}
| label5 = Founder
| data5 = [[Kailasam Raghavendra Rao]]
| label6 = Key People
| data6 = Manish Dhanuka (Managing Director) Ram Gopal Agarwal (Chairman)
| label7 = Parent
| data7 = Dhanuka Laboratories
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Orchid Pharma Limited''' (formerly known as Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited) is an Indian [[pharmaceutical]] company based in [[Chennai]]. It was founded by [[Kailasam Raghavendra Rao]] on 1 July 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-29 |title=Raghavendra Rao becomes chairman of Orchid Chemicals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/Raghavendra-Rao-becomes-chairman-of-Orchid-Chemicals/article15796893.ece |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History & Milestones |url=https://www.orchidpharma.com/abt_milestone.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.orchidpharma.com}}</ref> Orchid Pharma is the only pharma company in India to have discovered a New Drug (NCE) Enmetazobactam which is now approved in United States, Europe and India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Sumi Sukanya |date=2024-06-06 |title=1st US FDA-approved drug invented in India set for local launch as part of combination antibiotic |url=https://theprint.in/health/1st-us-fda-approved-drug-invented-in-india-set-for-local-launch-as-part-of-combination-antibiotic/2119996/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1992 as an export-oriented unit, Orchid transitioned into a large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturer over the following decades. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the company became a primary Indian producer of oral and sterile cephalosporins and obtained various international industry certifications, such as ISO, GMP, and GLP.<ref name=":0" />

Orchid's growth strategy included entering the US, European, and Chinese markets. This period was marked by research collaborations with companies such as Merck and the acquisition of the US-based firm Bexel Biotechnology. By the mid-2000s, the company had expanded its operations into chronic therapy and drug discovery. During this time, its manufacturing facilities were also visited by then-President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name=":0" />

The late 2000s and early 2010s marked a period of high-value business transfers and strategic shifts, highlighted by a $400 million sale of its generic injectables business to [[Hospira]] in 2010. However, following a series of financial challenges and a Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) package in 2014, the company entered the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) in 2017. This transitional period culminated in March 2020, when Dhanuka Laboratories Limited successfully implemented a resolution plan approved by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=":0" />

== Insolvency Resoltion ==
In August 2017, Orchid Pharma was identified by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] as one of 28 large corporate defaulters and was subsequently referred for the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). Following an initial failed bid by Ingen Capital, a second round of bidding led the Committee of Creditors (CoC) to approve a resolution plan from Dhanuka Laboratories for ₹1,116 crore. Although the [[National Company Law Appellate Tribunal]] (NCLAT) initially rejected the bid because it was lower than the company's liquidation value of ₹1,309 crore, the Supreme Court of India overturned this decision in 2020. The Court ruled that the IBC does not require a resolution bid to match or exceed the liquidation value, affirming the "commercial wisdom" of the creditors in accepting the settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Orchid Pharma Case, Supreme Court Removes an Important Roadblock in the IBC Process |url=https://thewire.in/law/with-orchid-pharma-case-supreme-court-removes-an-important-roadblock-in-the-ibc-process |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Areas of focus ==
Orchid Pharma Ltd. operates as a vertically integrated pharmaceutical entity with operations spanning drug discovery, research, manufacturing, and global marketing. The company maintains a multi-therapeutic presence, producing treatments for the central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular segments (CVS), as well as anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, and nutraceuticals. Its product range includes both active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and finished dosage forms in oral and sterile varieties. By utilising an integrated business model, the firm manages the entire value chain from initial research to delivery, utilising a specialised product portfolio to compete within its active markets. The company further extends its reach through strategic alliances with approximately 50 global pharmaceutical organisations, focusing its future growth on the global generics and API sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Business |url=https://www.orchidpharma.com/OurBusiness.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.orchidpharma.com}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.orchidpharma.com/ Official Website of Orchid Pharma Limited]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orchid Pharma Limited}}
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

R. S. Naidu Nagar

2026-02-27T10:53:29Z

Antoniochx: Made Initial Data V1...

{{short description|Suburb of Mysore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = R.S Naidu Nagar
| official_name =
| native_name = Naidu Nagar
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| nickname = RS Naidu Nagar
| map_alt = Location of RS Naidu Nagar
| map_caption = India Karnataka#India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.35149|76.64535|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore|Mysuru]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = 570007
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| registration_plate = KA-55
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
}}

'''R. S. Naidu Nagar''' is a suburb in the northern side of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-01|title=Plea to control pig menace in R.S. Naidu Nagar|url=https://starofmysore.com/plea-control-pig-menace-r-s-naidu-nagar-2/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> The local language spoken here is [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=NewsKarnataka|title=Residents oppose modern abattoir at RS Naidu Nagar|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/mysore/Residents-oppose-modern-abattoir-at-RS-Naidu-Nagar|access-date=2020-07-12|website=NewsKarnataka|language=en}}</ref>

==Bus Station==
KSRTC has built a special bus station for this locality.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-28|title=Plea to control pig menace in R.S. Naidu Nagar|url=https://starofmysore.com/plea-control-pig-menace-r-s-naidu-nagar/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> The residential quarters for the government officials of Mysore are mostly located in Naidu Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-04|title=Yet another rape case rocks city|url=https://starofmysore.com/yet-another-rape-case-rocks-city/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Infant Jesus Church==
Infant Jesus Shrine is located at Pushpashrama in Naidu Nagar some five kilometres from Mysore palace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-08|title=Caution! Open manhole at R.S. Naidu Nagar|url=https://starofmysore.com/caution-open-manhole-r-s-naidu-nagar/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> The gateway of the church stands 30 feet high. There is a grotto on the right side containing a life-sized statue of Infant Jesus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another rape case in Mysuru, accused held within hours|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/sep/04/another-rape-case-in-mysuru-accused-held-within-hours-2354037.html|access-date=2021-10-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The church is built in an octagonal diamond shape with granite stone. There are three huge teakwood doors to enter the church. There are carvings of St. Teresa and St. John on the right side door.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2021-09-04|title=Rape attempt on nursing student in Mysuru|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/rape-attempt-on-nursing-student-in-mysuru-704899|access-date=2021-10-01|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> The left side entrance has carvings of St. Theresa and St. Edith Stein. The altar has a globe and a tree. The church has fourteen stained windows decorated with beautiful pictures. There is a small chapel on the back of the church on the mezzanine floor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-07|title=Chain snatched at Naidu Nagar|url=https://starofmysore.com/chain-snatched-at-naidu-nagar/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Veerashaiva Basava Balaga==
Veerashaiva Basava Balaga, a social organization was started in 2017 to spread the Human value messages of 12th Century Social reformer [[Basaveshwara]] in R.S. Naidu Nagar. It was inaugurated by MP [[Pratap Simha]] at a programme held at the ground near Nagalingeshwara Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-28|title=Pratap Simha inaugurates Veerashaiva Basava Balaga Unit in R.S. Naidu Nagar|url=https://starofmysore.com/pratap-simha-inaugurates-veerashaiva-basava-balaga-unit-r-s-naidu-nagar/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Infant Jesus Church, RS Naidu Nagar, Myusore (3).jpg|Infant Jesus Church
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Mysore North]]
* [[Hebbal, Mysore]]
* [[Mandi Mohalla]]
* [[St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore]]
* [[Hale Kesare]]
* [[Hanumanthanagar, Mysuru|Hanumanthanagar]]
*[[Mandi Mohalla]]
*[[Vijayanagar, Mysore|Vijayanagar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore North]]

Anagha

2026-02-25T22:04:44Z

Antoniochx: basic adjust citations based on references and added references for consistency

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anagha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anagha Maruthora
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kuttiady]], Kerala, India
| othername =
| years_active = 2017–present
| height =
| occupation = Actress
| family =
}}
'''Anagha Maruthora''' is an Indian model and actress who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She made her acting debut with the Malayalam movie ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' (2017). She won [[SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Actress - Tamil|SIIMA Best Debutant Tamil Actress]] award for her performance in ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019)''.''

She has acted in successful films such as ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' (2017), ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]'' (2017), ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019), ''[[Guna 369]]'' (2019), ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' (2022) and ''[[Grrr (2024 film)|Grrr]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Anagha was born in Kozhikode, Kerala. Anagha's father Kuttikrishnan and mother Leela are retired teachers. She completed her primary schooling at Sree Gokulam Public School, Calicut. Anagha did her [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] at [[College of Engineering Chengannur]] at [[Chengannur]] and Completed [[Master of Engineering|M.Tech.]] at (NIELIT) National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, [[Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2019-07-17|title='Natpe Thunai' actor Anagha prepares for her Telugu debut|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anagha-maruthora-whos-making-her-debut-in-guna-369/article28508318.ece|access-date=2020-08-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' || Rosy || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]] || Debut film ||
|-
| ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]'' || Shane's love interest || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Rosapoo]]'' || Actress || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' || Deepa || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil debut ||<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anagha-also-plays-a-hockey-player-in-natpe-thunai/articleshow/68562544.cms|title=Anagha also plays a hockey player in 'Natpe Thunai'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guna 369]]'' || Geetha || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Telugu debut||<ref>{{Cite news|first=Neeshita|last=Nyayapati|date=28 June 2019|title=Actress Anagha to make her debut with Kartikeya in Guna 369|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anagha-to-make-her-telugu-debut-with-karthikeyas-guna-369/articleshow/69991471.cms|accessdate=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || Priya || rowspan="2" | Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anagha and Shirin Kanchwala to play the female leads in Santhanam's Dikkiloona|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/16/angha-and-shirin-kanchwala-to-play-the-lead-in-santhanams-dikkiloona-15525.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=16 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Meendum'' || Mithra || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' || Rachel || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dikkiloona-fame Anagha also part of Bheeshma Parvam|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/30/dikkiloona-fame-anagha-also-part-of-bheeshma-parvam-26993.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=30 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]'' || Ilayaal || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Vaibhav-Anagha's Buffoon out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/mar/14/teaser-of-vaibhav-anaghas-buffoon-out-30271.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Grrr (2024 film)|Grrr]]'' || Rachana || rowspan=2 | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-06 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Grrr gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/06/kunchacko-bobans-grrr-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || Hema || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kadaisi Ulaga Por]]''
|Keerthana
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 September 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hiphop-tamizha-adhis-kadaisi-ulaga-por-gets-a-release-date/article68600911.ece|title=Hiphop Tamizha Adhi's 'Kadaisi Ulaga Por' gets a release date|access-date=11 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903122010/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hiphop-tamizha-adhis-kadaisi-ulaga-por-gets-a-release-date/article68600911.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Album
!Language
!Co Star
!Composer
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Magizhini''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|[[Gouri G. Kishan|Gouri G Kishan]]
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gouri, Anagha come together for a single that delves into a same-sex relationship|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gouri-anagha-come-together-for-a-single-that-delves-into-a-same-sex-relationship/articleshow/87932234.cms|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Allipoola Vennela''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Mekha Rajan, Angelina
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|<ref name="Bathukamma song 'Allipoola Vennela' composed by AR Rahman and Gautam Vasudev Menon is out">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Bathukamma song 'Allipoola Vennela' composed by AR Rahman and Gautam Vasudev Menon is out |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/oct/06/bathukamma-song-allipoola-vennela-composed-by-ar-rahman-and-gautam-vasudev-menon-is-out-36042.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |work= |date=6 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Natpe Thunai]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Award]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut - Tamil]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Guna 369]]''
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut - Telugu]]
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm9025542}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anagha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Staff Selection Commission exam controversies

2026-02-21T23:07:55Z

Antoniochx: Starting a data

{{Short description|Scam in India}}
{{Distinguish|West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time =
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = 2016–present (as of 2026)
| venue =
| location = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type = Scandal
| theme =
| cause =
| motive =
| target = Students
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = 
| organisers = 
| filmed_by =
| participants =
| outcome =
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| reported deaths =
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| url =
| blank_label =
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| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
The '''Staff Selection Commission exam controversies''' are an alleged paper leak scandal in [[India]], first reported by the media in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Quint|first=The|date=2018-03-06|title=What Is the SSC 'Scam' & Why Did it Lead to Massive Protests?|url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/what-is-ssc-scam-explained|access-date=2021-02-27|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jigeesh|first=A. M.|title=CBI court's ruling provides fresh ammo in SSC exam scam|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cbi-courts-ruling-provides-fresh-ammo-in-ssc-exam-scam/article29460768.ece|access-date=2021-02-27|website=@businessline|date=20 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The alleged scam<ref>{{Cite web|title=ssc scam की सबसे ताज़ा खबर|url=https://www.amarujala.com/tags/ssc-scam|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> was popularized when several students reported a large scale paper leak, unfair assessment after normalisation and other misgivings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jigeesh|first=A. M.|title=CBI court's ruling provides fresh ammo in SSC exam scam|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cbi-courts-ruling-provides-fresh-ammo-in-ssc-exam-scam/article29460768.ece|access-date=2021-03-06|website=@businessline|date=20 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Vikrant|date=2018-05-24|title=SSC Exam Scam: CBI FIR is a cover up, says Swaraj India's Anupam|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/cbi-fir-in-ssc-exam-scam-nothing-but-cover-up-anupam|access-date=2021-03-06|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-17|title=SSC scam: Aspirants give 15-day ultimatum to Centre for CBI probe, to launch #YuvaHallaBol on March 31|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ssc-scam-aspirants-give-15-day-ultimatum-to-centre-for-cbi-probe-to-launch-yuvahallabol-on-march-31-2090606.html|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) director rejected these claims, but the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] has made arrests as the case continues.<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=Press Trust of India |date=June 9, 2019 |title=SSC CGL question paper leak: CBI arrests mastermind, 2 accomplices|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/-ssc-cgl-question-paper-leak-cbi-arrests-mastermind-2-accomplices-1545478-2019-06-09|access-date=2021-12-08|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==2025 SSC protest and controversy==

In July 2025, the SSC faced criticism from educators following changes in its examinations. These reportedly led to confusion and dissatisfaction among candidates preparing for government recruitment through SSC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: Why Students Are Protesting Against SSC And What They Want |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/explained-why-students-are-protesting-against-ssc-and-what-they-want-8998911 |publisher=NDTV |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

On 31 July 2025, a delegation of teachers and SSC aspirants gathered in New Delhi to meet the SSC chairperson and raise concerns about mismanagement. The chairperson agreed to address the issues but later reversed the decision. This led to an escalation, and the Delhi Police intervened, using [[Baton charge|lathi charge]] to disperse the protest.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Are Bouncers Doing At Exam Centres? Aspirants Descend In Delhi Over SSC Exam Mismanagement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/what-are-bouncers-doing-at-exam-centres-aspirants-descend-in-delhi-over-ssc-exam-mismanagement/article69881773.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Several teachers and students were injured during the incident, and multiple detentions were made. First Information Reports were filed against some protesters. The protest was widely shared on social media, with slogans such as "Staff Selection Commission seems like a commission with zero accountability" gaining traction.<ref>{{cite news |title=SSC Protest Explained: What Went Wrong And What Students Want |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/ssc-protest-explained-what-went-wrong-and-what-students-want-sarkari-naukri-government-exam-article-152387867 |publisher=Times Now |date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

The incident triggered concern regarding transparency and governance within the SSC. Various student groups and educators have continued to demand accountability and reform.

==Paper leaks==
The SSC exams are the only government exams with significant paper leak cases;{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} since 2016, a paper leak case has arised every two to three years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-06|title=SSC exam paper leak protests spread to Rajasthan, stir continues in Delhi|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ssc-exam-paper-leak-protests-spread-to-rajasthan-stir-continues-in-delhi-2087130.html|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SCC SCAM: केंद्र सरकार को SC का निर्देश, 6 हफ्ते में निपटाएं छात्रों की शिकायत|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-in-ssc-paper-leak-case-sc-supreme-court-asks-dopt-to-look-into-grievances-of-students-and-pass-order-within-six-weeks-1915088.html|access-date=2021-03-06|website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-06|title=SSC CGL scam: CBI to investigate the paper leak matter|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/jobs/ssc-scam-paper-leak-ssc-cgl-recommend-cbi-probe-into-paper-leak-ssc-nic-in-5086539/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In late July 2025, screenshots of an alleged paper leak for SSC CGL Tier-2 sparked nationwide protests.<ref>{{cite web |last=Muskan |date=5 August 2025 |title=Nationwide SSC Protests 2025 — Staff Selection Commission Examination Controversy |url=https://www.studentsalert.com/latest-news/ssc-protest-2025-students-demand-transparency-reform |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=Students Alert}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Corruption in India}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Financial services in India}}
{{Alleged scams in India|state=National Testing Agency}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SSC Scam}}
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:2016 scandals]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Employment in India]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2016 in India]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]
[[Category:Education fraud]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]

ICICI Home Finance Company

2026-02-11T17:05:59Z

Antoniochx: done

{{Short description|Indian housing finance company}}
{{Advert|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ICICI Home Finance Company
| logo = 
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = Housing Finance Company (HFC), Financial services, BFSI
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 1999
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = Mumbai
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = Vineeta Rajadhyaksha (CEO)
| products = Home loans, Loan against property, fixed deposits, gold loan, construction finance, residential and commercial property search
| owner = 
| num_employees = 1800
| num_employees_year = 2020
| revenue = ₹ 3,574.8 million
| revenue_year = 2019
| operating_income = ₹ 1692 million
| income_year = 2019
| net_income = ₹ 630.9 million
| net_income_year = 2019
| aum = 
| assets = ₹ 139,285.6 million
| assets_year = 2019
| equity =
| parent = ICICI Bank Ltd
| website = {{URL|https://www.icicihfc.com}}
}}
'''ICICI Home Finance Company''' (ICICIHFC) is an Indian public limited housing finance company (HFC),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ICICI Home Finance launches affordable housing loan scheme|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/icici-home-finance-launches-affordable-housing-loan-scheme/article31858469.ece|access-date=2020-07-14|website=@businessline|date=18 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> headquartered in [[Mumbai]] with branches in major cities across [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hetavkar|first=Nikhat|date=2018-04-24|title=ICICI Bank to keep home finance as standalone arm, drops plan to sell stake|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/icici-bank-to-keep-home-finance-as-standalone-arm-drops-plan-to-sell-stake-118042401242_1.html|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gopakumar|first=Gopika|date=2017-11-29|title=IndoStar Capital calls off deal to buy ICICI Home Finance|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/AjK7CuRsdZABEnHhYNQFfK/IndoStar-Capital-calls-off-deal-to-buy-ICICI-Home-Finance.html|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-12-07|title=ICICI Home Finance to raise Rs 81 crore via bonds|url=https://www.india.com/business/icici-home-finance-to-raise-rs-81-crore-via-bonds-764673/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-04|title=ICICI Home Finance offers spot sanctions of home loans to residents of Bhubaneswar|url=https://pragativadi.com/icici-home-finance-offers-spot-sanctions-of-home-loans-to-residents-of-bhubaneswar/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly|language=en-US}}</ref> The company operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of [[ICICI Bank]] and is registered with the regulation authority of India - [[National Housing Bank]] (NHB).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Surabhi|title=ICICI Home Finance puts off sale plans|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/icici-home-finance-puts-off-sale-plans/article23661255.ece|access-date=2020-07-02|website=@businessline|date=24 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-12-20|title=Four companies including SBI Card, ICICI Home Finance to list papers on BSE|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sbi-cards-icici-home-finance-2-others-to-list-commercial-papers-on-bse-119122001207_1.html|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref> It provides home and commercial loans, loan against property, gold loans and accepts fixed deposits.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Archana|first=Alekh|date=2018-04-24|title=ICICI Home Finance aims Rs30,000 crore loan book in 3-4 years|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/qGxyw67NmDWLSPgp60orMP/ICICI-Home-Finance-aims-Rs30000-crore-loan-book-in-34-year.html|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay High Court Restrains ICICI Home Finance From Selling MEP Infra Shares|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/bombay-high-court-restrains-icici-home-finance-from-selling-mep-infra-shares|access-date=2020-07-02|website=BloombergQuint|date=9 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=आईसीआईसीआई होम फाइनेंस ने कोटा में शुरू की तत्काल होम लोन स्कीम|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/kota/news/rajasthan-news-icici-home-finance-launches-instant-home-loan-scheme-in-kota-104130-6666414.html|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
The company was incorporated in 1999, under the Companies Act, 1956 as a wholly owned subsidiary of ICICI Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-10|title=ICICI Bank may sell housing finance arm|url=https://www.vccircle.com/icici-bank-may-sell-housing-finance-arm|access-date=2020-07-02|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-04|title=Why a deal to buy ICICI Home Finance is critical for Everstone-backed IndoStar|url=https://www.vccircle.com/why-a-deal-to-buy-icici-home-finance-is-critical-for-everstone-backed-indostar|access-date=2020-07-02|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref> It was created by ICICI Bank to focus as a separate entity dedicated to provide housing finance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rebello|first=Joel|date=2018-04-25|title=ICICI Bank makes a u-turn, drops plans to sell housing-finance unit|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/icici-bank-makes-a-u-turn-drops-plans-to-sell-housing-finance-unit/articleshow/63905614.cms|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref> ICICI HFC is registered with [[National Housing Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-17|title=ICICI Home Finance offers spot sanctions of home loans to residents of Jaipur|url=https://thenewsstrike.com/icici-home-finance-offers-spot-sanctions-of-home-loans-to-residents-of-jaipur/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The News Strike|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=List Of Housing Finance Companies Granted|url=https://nhb.org.in/a-list-of-housing-finance-companies-granted/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=/nhb.org.in/}}</ref> The company operates all over the country and it has offices in all major cities across [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Shrija|date=2016-07-06|title=TPG Capital partners three LPs for ICICI Home Finance deal|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/RP9pR0wFwzsUY7QbPYHbhN/TPG-Capital-partners-three-LPs-for-ICICI-Home-Finance-deal.html|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>

ICICI HFC fixed deposits have received the highest ratings of MAAA by [[ICRA Limited|ICRA]], FAAA by [[CRISIL]] and AAA rating from [[CARE]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Four things to check for in a Fixed Deposit|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/save/four-things-to-check-for-in-a-fixed-deposit/articleshow/45832436.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Company Fixed Deposit: Interest Rates, Fixed Deposits Rating, Fixed Deposits Schemes, Company Fixed Deposits in India 2019 - Fixed Income|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/fixed-income/company-deposits/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2019: ‘Mortgage and Home Loan Product of the Year – India’ from Asian Banking & Finance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Banking & Finance Awards recognises record number of outstanding companies|url=https://asianbankingandfinance.net/retail-banking/news/asian-banking-finance-awards-recognises-record-number-outstanding-companies|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Asian Banking & Finance|date=19 July 2019 }}</ref>

==Product and services==
ICICI HFC provides housing finance to individuals and corporates for purchase or construction of residential houses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-09|title=How to choose the best home loan|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/how-to-choose-the-best-home-loan/441634/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-18|title=Want to avail EMI moratorium? From SBI to HDFC Bank, here's what your bank, HFC is offering|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/want-to-avail-emi-moratorium-from-sbi-to-hdfc-bank-heres-what-your-bank-hfc-is-offering/1932417/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 2019, the company has disclosed that it has disbursed over $162.91 million in housing loans in the country. It offers home loans, loan against property, fixed deposit, gold loan, property search - residential & commercial, construction finance and insurance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Saikat|date=2020-04-29|title=Top NBFC bond sales hit a bump|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/bonds/top-nbfc-bond-sales-hit-a-bump/articleshow/75441131.cms|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-11|title=IVF-Baring set to clinch Rs 2500cr deal to buy ICICI Home Finance|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/ivf-baring-pe-combine-lead-race-for-icici-home-finance/344001/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Branch network==
The company started with six branches in 2017 and as of 2019, it has over 140 branches in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ciao Green Collaborates With ICICI Home Finance to Design 140 Branches Across India|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/564296-ciao-green-collaborates-with-icici-home-finance-to-design-140-branches-across-india|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Devdiscourse|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.icicihfc.com/}}

[[Category:ICICI Bank]]
[[Category:Housing finance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]

List of awards and nominations received by Trisha Krishnan

2026-02-07T15:14:01Z

Antoniochx: created a article

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox actor awards
| name = Trisha Krishnan
| image = Trisha at World Children's Day Press Meet (cropped).png
| image_size =
| caption = Trisha at UNICEF's World Children's Day press meet
| wins = 45
| nominations = 80
| award1 = [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| award1W = 1
| award1N = 1
| award2 = [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| award2W = 2
| award2N = 0
| award3 = [[Asiavision Awards]]
| award3W = 1
| award3N = 0
| award4 = [[CineMAA Awards]]
| award4W = 2
| award4N = 0
| award5 = [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| award5W = 2
| award5N = 1
| award6 = [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| award6W = 5
| award6N = 6
| award7 = [[International Tamil Film Awards]]
| award7W = 1
| award7N = 0
| award8 = [[Nandi Awards]]
| award8W = 1
| award8N = 0
| award9 = [[NDTV Indian of the Year]]
| award9W = 1
| award9N = 0
| award10 = [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| award10W = 1
| award10N = 0
| award11 = [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| award11W = 2
| award11N = 0
| award12 = [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| award12W = 9
| award12N = 2
| award13 = [[Stardust Awards]]
| award13W = 0
| award13N = 1
| award14 = [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| award14W = 1
| award14N = 0
| award15 = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| award15W = 0
| award15N = 1
| title =
| award22 = Other Awards
| award22W = 36
| award18 = [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]]
| award18W = 1
| award18N = 0
| award19 = [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
| award19W = 0
| award19N = 1
| award20 = [[IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Awards]]
| award20W = 0
| award20N = 1
}}

[[Trisha Krishnan]] is an Indian actress and model, primarily known for her work in the [[South Indian cinema|South Indian film industry]]. She won the [[Miss Chennai]] beauty pageant in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Trisha Krishnan's Throwback To The Day That "Changed" Her Life |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trisha-krishnans-throwback-to-the-day-that-changed-her-life-21-years-ago-2303521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trisha-krishnans-throwback-to-the-day-that-changed-her-life-21-years-ago-2303521 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=NDTV}}</ref> She is the recipient of five [[Filmfare Awards South]], a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]], and a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]]. Trisha received the [[Kalaimamani]] award, for her contribution to Tamil cinema, in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Movie News kalaimamani award trisha |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/may-07-02/11-05-07-kalaimamani-award.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728084500/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/may-07-02/11-05-07-kalaimamani-award.html |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|List of awards and nominations received by Trisha Krishnan}}
|-
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|2018
|Best Actress
|''[[96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2019 |title=Director Mari Selvaraj, actors Trisha and Dhanush win Vikatan Awards 2018 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/director-mari-selvaraj-actors-trisha-and-dhanush-win-vikatan-awards-2018-see-full-list-94617 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/director-mari-selvaraj-actors-trisha-and-dhanush-win-vikatan-awards-2018-see-full-list-94617 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Best Actress
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards (2023) - Nominees and Winners List |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2023-nominees-and-complete-winners-lists-2-1227.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2023-nominees-and-complete-winners-lists-2-1227.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=filmibeat |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|2015
| rowspan="2" |Most Popular Tamil Actress
|''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2016 |title=Nirapara Asianet Film Awards 2016 Tamil Super stars Vikram and Trisha won the award |url=https://www.adgully.com/nirapara-asianet-film-awards-2016-65323.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.adgully.com/nirapara-asianet-film-awards-2016-65323.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Adgully}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Asianet Film Awards 2019 |url=https://www.adgully.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-84541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.adgully.com/asianet-film-awards-2019-84541.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Adgully}}</ref>
|-
|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|2019
|Best Actress of the Decade
|''[[96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]'' ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 February 2019 |title=Ranveer Singh, Trisha and Dhanush steal the show at awards night in Dubai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ranveer-singh-trisha-and-dhanush-steal-the-show-at-awards-night-in-dubai-1458152-2019-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ranveer-singh-trisha-and-dhanush-steal-the-show-at-awards-night-in-dubai-1458152-2019-02-17 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[CineMAA Awards]]
|2004
|rowspan="2" |Best Actor - Female
|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2006 |title=CineMAA Awards 2004 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=idlebrain.com |language=et}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=Cinemaa awards 2008 presentation |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/cinemaa-awards2008.html |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=Telugu cinema |language=af}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|2010
|rowspan="3" |Best Actress
|''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards |url=http://edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=18 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=Edison Awards}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthi |first=Madhan |date=11 March 2017 |title=2017 Edison Awards Winners List |url=https://tamilglitz.in/2017-edison-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=TamilGlitz}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vote for @trishtrashers as she is nominated as "Best Actress 2018" for #96TheMovie at #12thAnnualEdisonAwards |url=https://x.com/ActressTrisha/status/1088754032951390208?t=PxeTFIqTmi7yldQXnfTyAg&s=09 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
|2011
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-05 |title=Too much PR in Bollywood, says Kollywood actress Trisha |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/much-pr-bollywood-says-kollywood-actress-trisha-1650845.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|2004
|rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="n18" />
|-
|rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 2006: Best Telugu Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2006/102 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Athadu]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2006 |title=Telugu cinema news |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/filmfare2006southdetails.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Filmfare South awards on 9 Sep}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 2008: Best Telugu Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/telugu/2008/102 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2008 |title=filmfare south awards 2008 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2008.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=idlebrain.com |language=jv}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-31 |title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |access-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731062736/http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |archive-date=31 July 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-05 |title=58th South Filmfare Awards - Winners |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839/slide/24 |access-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705141937/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839/slide/24 |archive-date=5 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2014 |title=61st Filmfare Awards (South) Tamil nomination list 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/61st-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-nomination-list-2013/articleshow/38264660.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|rowspan="2" |''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Best Actor in Leading Role Female 2016 Nominees |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/tamil/nominations/best-actor-female |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Critics Best Actress – Tamil]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2017 |title=South Filmfare Awards 2017: Here are some of the best moments from the evening |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/south-filmfare-awards-2017-here-are-some-of-the-best-moments-from-the-evening/remember-that-night/slideshow/59230740.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|''[[96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Tamil Winners 2019: Best Tamil Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/tamil/2019/103 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Ponniyin Selvan: I|''Ponniyin Selvan'' '':I'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=Nominations of 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 Tamil {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/nominations |access-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109204617/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/nominations |archive-date=9 November 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Nominations of 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 Tamil {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |access-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227173844/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |archive-date=27 December 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Film Academy Awards-Tamil]]
|2015
|Performance In A Leading Role – Female
|''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-24 |title=IIFA Utsavam Awards 2015 - 2016 Tamil Nominees & Winners |url=https://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-awards-2015-tamil-nominees-winners/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[International Tamil Film Awards]]
|2003
|[[ITFA Best New Actress Award|Best New Actress Award]]
|''[[Lesa Lesa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-04 |title=Best Malaysian Tamil DVD VCD AUDIO Tamil Movies selling portal www.veenaimovies.com |url=http://www.veenaimovies.com/CineAwardView.asp?Pfp=171540488&Ay=2003&Am=6 |access-date=2025-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704024933/http://www.veenaimovies.com/CineAwardView.asp?Pfp=171540488&Ay=2003&Am=6 |archive-date=4 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |title=Birthday Bumps: Trisha Krishnan turns 29 |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/birthday-bumps-trisha-krishnan-turns-29-837134-29.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]]
|2006
|[[Honour|Honorary]]
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KALAIMAMANI CM KARUNANIDHI SIMBU TRISHA JAYAM RAVI VISHAL JEEVA KALAMAMANI AWARDS movie gallery tamil movie news hot stills picture image gallery |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/features/Gallery/tamil-movies-events/photos-3/kalaimamani/Kalaimamani-03.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>
|-
||[[Nandi Awards]]
|2005
|[[Nandi Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|{{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2005.html |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2005 |website=APSFTVTDC |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[NDTV Indian of the Year]]
|2010
|Trisha Krishnan
|{{center|Southern Star of the Year}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ia2pNn2JYPM |title=IOY's Southern Star Of The Year: Trisha Krishnan |date=2011-02-19 |last=NDTV |access-date=2025-03-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian of the Year: Rajinikant, Vidya, Katrina, Ajay honoured |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Indian-of-the-Year-Rajinikant-Vidya-Katrina-Ajay-honoured-imagegallery-bollywood-lcstA5aigec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221191813/http://www.sify.com/movies/indian-of-the-year-rajinikant-vidya-katrina-ajay-honoured-imagegallery-bollywood-lcstA5aigec.html |archive-date=21 February 2011 |access-date=19 February 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[NDTV Indian of the Year|NDTV Lifestyle Awards]]
|2011
|Trisha Krishnan
|{{center|Most Stylish Female Actor}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Bhama |title=Rajini, Trisha voted NDTV Hindu's most stylish actors |url=http://www.ndtv-hindu.com/news/india/2011/aug/01/1142/rajini,-trisha-voted-ndtv-hindu-s-most-stylish-actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911211414/http://www.ndtv-hindu.com/news/india/2011/aug/01/1142/rajini,-trisha-voted-ndtv-hindu-s-most-stylish-actors |archive-date=11 September 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |website=NDTV Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|2018
|Best Actor Female
|''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=9 January 2019 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|2004
|Best Actress
|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosham Film Awards 2004 |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=idlebrain.com |language=tl}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|Trisha Krishnan
|Best Actress of the Decade
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosham Magazine South Indian Film Awards 2011 - High Quality Photos |url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/4012/santosham-south-indian-film-awards-2011-photos.aspx |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|2012
|Trisha Krishnan
|{{center|Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=SIIMA Awards 2012: Winners List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2012-winners-list/articleshow/14371865.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2012 |title=SIIMA award winners |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/06/siima-awards-winners-list-dhanush.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302144736/http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/06/siima-awards-winners-list-dhanush.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |publisher=kollyinsider.com}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Trisha Krishnan
|{{center|10 Years of Excellence in Cinema}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA award winners |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x15nm2a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404160405/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x15nm2a |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=dailymotion.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Trisha to be honoured at SIIMA Awards! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-to-be-honoured-at-siima-awards/articleshow/22156764.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2014
|Best Actress – Tamil
|''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=SIIMA Awards 2014 Tamil winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-awards-2014-tamil-winners-list/articleshow/42514726.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Trisha Krishnan
|Most Popular Celebrity in South India on Social Media Twitter
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-JWPz_SZQ8 |title=Trisha Most Popular Star on Social Media Twitter @ SIIMA 2014 Awards, Malaysia |date=2014-11-27 |last=iDream Media |access-date=2025-03-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special award to Trisha |url=http://hdwon.co/video/category/Trisha-Most-Popular-South-Indian-Star-on-Social-Media.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143122/http://hdwon.co/video/category/Trisha-Most-Popular-South-Indian-Star-on-Social-Media.html |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=16 March 2017 |publisher=hdwon.co}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA 2017 concludes: Ranbir-Kat make a special appearance - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2017-concludes-ranbir-kat-make-a-special-appearance/articleshow/59408453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813150004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2017-concludes-ranbir-kat-make-a-special-appearance/articleshow/59408453.cms |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=3 July 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2019
|Best Actress – Malayalam
|rowspan="2" |''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2024 |title=Best Actress In A Leading Role |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rrS0lgo_GY |access-date=15 June 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|Critics' Choice Best Actress – Malayalam
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="simma2019" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|Best Actress – Tamil
|''[[96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="simma2019">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 September 2023 |title=I and Nna Thaan Case Kodu win big, R Madhavan takes major awards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/siima-2023-winners-ponniyin-selvan-i-and-nna-thaan-case-kodu-r-madhavan-101694918987666.html |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-17 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024 full list of nominees: Dasara, Jailer, Kaatera, 2018 top the list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814042839/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html |archive-date=2024-08-14 |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Trisha Krishnan
|25 Years in South Indian cinema
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|2010
|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female
|''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="n18">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Birthday Bumps: Trisha Krishnan turns 29 |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/birthday-bumps-trisha-krishnan-turns-29-837134-29.html |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|2009
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]]
|''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="The Hindu 2009-09-29">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2009 |title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|2019
|Best Tamil Actress
|''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2019-Trisha |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812164614/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html |archive-date=12 August 2021 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Vijay Awards]]
|2006
|rowspan="5" | [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|''[[Unakkum Enakkum|Unnakum Ennakum]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="news18.com"/>
|-
|2007
| ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2008
| ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Sarvam]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|rowspan="2"|''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="news18.com"/>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2011
|rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| ''[[Mankatha]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Trisha Krishnan
|10 Years in Kollywood
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Tamil Media |date=2013-06-29 |title=Vijay Awards: Trisha in Vijay Awards |url=https://vijay-award.blogspot.com/2013/06/trisha-in-vijay-awards.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Vijay Awards}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|2011
|Best Female Debut
|[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|''Khatta Meetha'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415033726/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/01/6977/index.html |archive-date=15 April 2011 |access-date=4 January 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trisha Krishnan, List of awards and nominations received by}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Keshubhai Patel

2026-02-05T04:30:44Z

Antoniochx: typo fix

{{short description|10th Chief Minister of Gujarat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Keshubhai Patel
| image = Keshubhai Patel.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1928|07|24}}
| birth_place = [[Visavadar]], [[Junagadh State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|10|29|1928|07|24}}
| residence =
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_cause =
| term_start1 = 14 March 1995
| term_end1 = 21 October 1995
| order = 10th [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
| predecessor1 = [[Chhabildas Mehta]]
| successor1 = [[Suresh Mehta]]
| term_start = 4 March 1998
| term_end = 6 October 2001
| predecessor = [[Dilip Parikh]]
| successor = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office3 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat|3rd Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
| term_start3 = 4 March 1990
| term_end3 = 25 October 1990
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Chimanbhai Patel]]
| predecessor3 = [[Kantilal Ghia]]
| successor3 = [[Narhari Amin]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 1977
| term_end4 = 1980
| constituency4 = [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]], Gujarat
| predecessor4 = [[Ghanshyambhai Oza]]
| successor4 = Ramjibhai Mavani
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 10 April 2002
| term_end5 = 9 April 2008
| constituency5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| office6 = Minister of Irrigation [[Government of Gujarat]]
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[Babubhai J. Patel|Babubhai Patel]]
| term_start6 = 1978
| term_end6 = 1980
| constituency6 = [[Rajkot]]
| office7 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart7 = 2012
| termend7 = 2014
| predecessor7 = [[Kanu Bhalala]]
| successor7 = Harshad Ribadiya
| constituency7 = [[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
| termstart8 = 1995
| termend8 = 2002
| predecessor8 = Kuraji Bhesaniya
| successor8 = [[Kanu Bhalala]]
| constituency8 = [[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
| term_start9 = 1990
| term_end9 = 1995
| predecessor9 = ''constituency established''
| successor9 = [[Mohanbhai Kundariya]]
| constituency9 = [[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
| term_start10 = 1985
| term_end10 = 1990
| predecessor10 = Popatbhai Lakhabhai Sorathiya
| successor10 = Popatbhai Lakhabhai Sorathiya
| constituency10 = [[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
| term_start11 = 1980
| term_end11 = 1985
| predecessor11 = Patel Bhimjibhai Vasrambhai
| successor11 = Patel Raghavji Hansraj
| constituency11 = [[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad]]
| term_start12 = 1975
| term_end12 = 1980
| constituency12 = Rajkot
| office13 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart13 = 29 October 1990
| termend13 = 11 March 1995
| predecessor13 = Chhaganbhai Devabhai Patel
| successor13 = [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] {{small|(1951–1977)}} [[Janata Party]] {{small|(1977–1980)}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(1980–2012, 2014–2020)}} [[Gujarat Parivartan Party]] {{small|(2012 – 2014)}}
| spouse = Leela Patel (m. ?-2006)
| children = 6
| nationality = [[Indian nationality|Indian]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2021; posthumously)
}}

'''Keshubhai Patel''' (24 July 1928{{spnd}}29 October 2020) was an Indian politician who was the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] in 1995 and again from 1998 to 2001. He was a six-time member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Keshubhai Patel, former Gujarat CM, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/keshubhai-patel-former-gujarat-cm-passes-away/article32970873.ece |access-date=29 October 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 October 2020 |language=en-IN |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029184115/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/keshubhai-patel-former-gujarat-cm-passes-away/article32970873.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a member of RSS since 1940s, of Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1960s, Janata Party in 1970s, and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) from 1980. He left the BJP in 2012 and formed the [[Gujarat Parivartan Party]]. He was elected from [[Visavadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Visavadar]] in the [[2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election|2012 state assembly election]] but resigned in 2014 due to ill health and merged his party with BJP.

He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] posthumously in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 | title=Padma Awards 2021 announced | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms | title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Keshubhai Patel was born on 24 July 1928 as Keshubhai Desai in a Leuva [[Patidar]] family in [[Visavadar]] town in the present day [[Junagadh district]], [[Gujarat]]. His family is said to have migrated from Vaso village in [[Nadiad]] of [[Kheda]] district, a village of Patidars, where revenue clerks were known as '[[Desai]]'. The family migrated to [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and ran a flour mill in Rajkot. [[Jana Sangh]] veterans like former chief minister [[Shankersinh Vaghela]], who knew Keshubhai for 55 years, says he ran this mill in Hathikhana area of [[Rajkot]] for a living, and described him as a "self-made" man who built the party from scratch. Patel told ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in 2015 that "Many Patels from [[Amreli]] and [[Junagadh]] are Desais––clerks who collected taxes from landowners and were found in the tiny state of Vaso near [[Nadiad]] and in [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]. Throughout school, I was Keshubhai Desai, till our Junagadh leader [[Suryakant Acharya]] [a former BJP MP] began to refer to me as 'Keshubhai Patel' in public, and the name stuck". In [[Rajkot]], he went to Alfred High School, which is also [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s alma mater.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: The Life Of Keshubhai Patel, RSS karyakarta, Bhartiya Jan Sangh founder, Gujarat CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/keshubhai-patel-rss-karyakarta-bharatiya-jana-sangh-founder-gujarat-cm-6908928/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> He joined the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in 1945 as a ''pracharak''. He was imprisoned during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].<ref name=bkp>{{cite news|title=Bapa Keshubhai Patel remains man of the masses|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bapa-keshubhai-patel-remains-man-of-the-masses-1724130|date=5 August 2012|website=DNA|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194658/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bapa-keshubhai-patel-remains-man-of-the-masses-1724130|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Patel began his journey in electoral politics by contesting in the [[Rajkot]] municipality and later [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]]. He started his political career as a worker for the [[Jan Sangh]], of which was he was a founder member, in the 1960s. He lost the [[Gujarat Vidhan Sabha]] election in 1972 from [[Wankaner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. In 1975, he won from the [[Rajkot Vidhan Sabha Constituency]] and became minister for irrigation from 1978 to 1980 in the BJS-backed government of the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]], popularly called the Sanstha Congress, led by Chief Minister [[Babubhai Jashbhai Patel]]. During the Emergency, Patel was among the 3,500 people from Gujarat to be jailed under the draconian [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explained: The life of Keshubhai Patel, RSS karyakarta, Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder, Gujarat CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/keshubhai-patel-rss-karyakarta-bharatiya-jana-sangh-founder-gujarat-cm-6908928/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |agency=The Indian Express |date=29 October 2020}}</ref> He was involved in relief work following the [[1979 Machchhu dam failure]] which devastated [[Morbi]].<ref name=iex>{{cite news|url=http://m.indianexpress.com/news/6-decades-on-keshubhai-back-to-familiar-building-role/985651/|title=6 decades on, Keshubhai back to familiar building role|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 January 2014|work=The Indian Express|last=Dave|first=Hiral|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032235/http://m.indianexpress.com/news/6-decades-on-keshubhai-back-to-familiar-building-role/985651/|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Did-Keshubhai-raise-alarm-on-Machchu-dam-disaster/articleshow/15413483.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 August 2012 |title=Did Keshubhai raise alarm on Machchu dam disaster? |archive-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222052303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Did-Keshubhai-raise-alarm-on-Machchu-dam-disaster/articleshow/15413483.cms |last=Bhatia |first=Ramaninder K. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Patel won assembly elections for the constituencies of Rajkot (1975), Gondal (1980), Kalavad (1985), Tankara (1990), and [[Visavadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (1995, 1998, 2012) between 1975 and 2012.<ref name=bkp/> In 1980, when Jan Sangh was dissolved, he became a senior organiser of the newly formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Patel was [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat]] from 4 March 1990 to 25 October 1990 under [[Chimanbhai Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19900331-gujarat-chimanbhai-patel-takes-charge-as-gujarat-cm-with-bjp-support-813813-1990-03-31 |title=Chimanbhai Patel takes charge as Gujarat CM with BJP support |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704202756/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19900331-gujarat-chimanbhai-patel-takes-charge-as-gujarat-cm-with-bjp-support-813813-1990-03-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> He organized the 1995 assembly election campaign for the BJP against [[Congress (I)]], which the party won.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandalia |first1=Bhavi |title=Former Gujarat Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel dies at age 92 |url=https://pledgetimes.com/former-gujarat-chief-minister-keshubhai-patel-dies-at-age-92/ |access-date=29 October 2020 |work=Pledge Times |date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133847/https://pledgetimes.com/former-gujarat-chief-minister-keshubhai-patel-dies-at-age-92/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Patel became the chief minister of Gujarat on 14 March 1995 but resigned seven months later as his colleague [[Shankersinh Vaghela]] revolted against him. [[Suresh Mehta]] succeeded him as a consensus chief minister. BJP was split as the [[Rashtriya Janata Party]] (RJP) was formed by Vaghela who became the chief minister in October 1996 with support of the Congress (I). The assembly was dissolved in 1998 when Congress (I) withdrew its support for the RJP. The BJP, led by Patel, returned to power in the [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998 assembly elections]] and he became the chief minister again on 4 March 1998.<ref name=bkp/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1506/15060290.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194259/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1506/15060290.htm|date=21 March 1998|archive-date=2 January 2014|title=ELECTIONS '98: The Assembly round|website=Frontline}}</ref>

Patel resigned as the chief minister on 2 October 2001 due to poor health. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration, as well as a loss of BJP seats in [[by-elections]] and mismanagement of relief works in the aftermath of the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|2001 Bhuj earthquake]], prompted the BJP's national leadership to seek a new candidate for the office of chief minister. He was succeeded by [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Aditi Phadnis |title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA116 |year=2009 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-81-905735-4-2 |pages=116–21 |access-date=9 May 2013 |author-link=Aditi Phadnis |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103043003/http://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }} - {{cite news |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020123081944/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210300.htm |archive-date=23 January 2002 |title=A new oarsman |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=13 October 2001 |access-date=9 May 2013 |last=Bunsha |first=Dionne |location=India }} - {{cite news |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm |title=A pracharak as Chief Minister |work=Frontline |date=13 October 2001 |access-date=9 May 2013 |last=Venkatesan |first=V. |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081524/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1821/18210310.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref> Patel did not contest the [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002 Gujarat assembly election]] but was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] unopposed in 2002.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/18rs.htm |title=Jana Krishamurthy, Keshubhai Patel, Deora elected to RS |work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |date=18 March 2002 |access-date=28 December 2013 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232346/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/18rs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Modi visits Keshubhai Patel and seeks his blessings.jpg|thumb|Modi visits Keshubhai Patel and seeks his blessings, September 2013.]]
In the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007 Gujarat assembly elections]], he urged his community to vote for change. He "blessed" the [[Indian National Congress]] (formerly Congress (I)) and did not even cast his vote. The BJP again won the election with a clear majority and formed a government led by Modi.<ref name="Rediff"/> Patel did not renew his BJP membership,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Keshubhai-splits-BJP-to-launch-anti-Modi-front/Article1-880953.aspx |title=Keshubhai splits BJP, to launch anti-Modi front|work=Hindustan Times |date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630140157/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Keshubhai-splits-BJP-to-launch-anti-Modi-front/Article1-880953.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2012 }}</ref> resigned from the BJP on 4 August 2012 and launched the [[Gujarat Parivartan Party]] (GPP) to contest the [[2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modibaiter-keshubhai-patel-quits-bjp/983866/|title= Modi-baiter Keshubhai Patel quits BJP|work= The Indian Express|date= 4 August 2012|access-date= 4 August 2012|archive-date= 16 January 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130116094039/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/modibaiter-keshubhai-patel-quits-bjp/983866|url-status= live}}</ref> He won a seat in the Visavadar constituency against the BJP candidate Kanubhai Bhalala, although his party GPP won just one other seat.<ref name=bharat>{{cite news|url=http://m.indianexpress.com/news/keshubhais-son-bharat-joins-bjp/1210965/|title=Keshubhai's son Bharat joins BJP|date=23 December 2013|access-date=1 January 2014|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193102/http://m.indianexpress.com/news/keshubhais-son-bharat-joins-bjp/1210965/|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Patel resigned from the post of president of GPP in January 2014 and later resigned as a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] due to ill health on 13 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Keshubhai-resigns-as-MLA/articleshow/30369234.cms|title=Keshubhai resigns as MLA|date=14 February 2014|access-date=17 February 2014|work=The Times of India|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118121609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Keshubhai-resigns-as-MLA/articleshow/30369234.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, GPP merged with BJP on 24 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niticentral.com/2014/02/25/gujarat-parivartan-party-merges-with-bjp-193319.html |title=Gujarat Parivartan Party merges with BJP |website=Niticentral |date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306013347/http://www.niticentral.com/2014/02/25/gujarat-parivartan-party-merges-with-bjp-193319.html |archive-date=6 March 2014 }} - {{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/keshubhai-patels-gujarat-parivartan-party-merges-with-bjp-1393300118 |title=Keshubhai Patel's Gujarat Parivartan Party merges with BJP |website=Jagran |date=25 February 2014 |access-date=8 March 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210857/http://post.jagran.com/keshubhai-patels-gujarat-parivartan-party-merges-with-bjp-1393300118 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Patel married Leela Patel and had five sons and a daughter.<ref name=iex/> His son, Bharat Patel, is a member of BJP.<ref name=iex/><ref name=bharat/> Leela Patel died in their home in [[Gandhinagar]] after an electrical fire broke out in the exercise room on 21 September 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-22/india/27793046_1_keshubhai-patel-electrical-short-circuit-post-mortem-report |title=Keshubhai's wife charred in gym fire |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=28 December 2013 |agency=Times News Network |location=Gandhinagar |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-22/india/27793046_1_keshubhai-patel-electrical-short-circuit-post-mortem-report |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 9 September 2017, Patel's 60-year-old son, Pravin Patel, living in the US, died of [[cardiac arrest]] .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-visits-keshubhai-patels-home-to-condole-his-sons-death-1750383|title=PM Modi Visits Keshubhai Patel's Home To Condole His Son's Death|date=14 September 2017|website=NDTV|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524221724/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-visits-keshubhai-patels-home-to-condole-his-sons-death-1750383|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Keshubhai Patel tested positive for [[COVID-19]] in September 2020 but apparently recovered after the initial infection. However, he complained of difficulty breathing on the morning of 29 October 2020. He was taken to a hospital, where he died the same day due to post-covid complications.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2020|title=Former Gujarat chief minister Keshubhai Patel passes away|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/keshubhai-patel-passes-away-former-gujarat-chief-minister-660757|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029200919/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/keshubhai-patel-passes-away-former-gujarat-chief-minister-660757|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=29 October 2020|website=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2020|title=Former Gujarat CM Keshubhai Patel (Kesu Bapa) dies of heart attack - The Thinkera|url=https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/national-news/gujarat/former-gujarat-cm-keshubhai-patel-kesu-bapa-dies-of-heart-attack/|access-date=9 March 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509071614/https://www.thethinkera.com/current-affairs/national-news/gujarat/former-gujarat-cm-keshubhai-patel-kesu-bapa-dies-of-heart-attack/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was awarded India's third highest civilian award the [[Padma Bhushan]] posthumously in 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120325062827/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1883 Profile] on Rajya Sabha website (archived 25 March 2012)
* [http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/chiefminister.htm Government of Gujarat]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909195103/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/chiefminister.htm |date=9 September 2014 }}.

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{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ghanshyam Oza]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]] |years=1977 – 1980}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ramaben Patel]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Chhabildas Mehta]]|
title=[[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]|
years=14 March 1995 – 21 October 1995|
after=[[Sureshchandra R. Mehta]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Dilipbhai Ramanbhai Parikh]]|
title=[[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]|
years=4 March 1998 – 6 October 2001|
after=[[Narendra Modi]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Gujarat}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers|state=collapsed}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2020–2029}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Keshubhai}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat Parivartan Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Gujarat]]

English cricket team in India in 2020–21

2026-01-31T14:55:59Z

Antoniochx: improved article

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|Indian cricket team in England in 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = English cricket team in India in 2020–21
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 5 February
| to_date = 28 March 2021
| team1_captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| team2_captain = [[Joe Root]] (Tests) [[Eoin Morgan]] (ODIs & T20Is)<ref name="Morgan" group="n">[[Jos Buttler]] captained England for the last two ODIs.</ref>
| no_of_tests = 4
| team1_tests_won = 3
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (345)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Joe Root]] (368)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (32)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Jack Leach]] (18)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[KL Rahul]] (177)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (219)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Shardul Thakur]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Eng)
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (231)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Jos Buttler]] (172)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Shardul Thakur]] (8)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Jofra Archer]] (7)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
}}
The [[England cricket team]] toured India during February and March 2021 to play four [[Test cricket|Test]] matches, three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/england-tour-india-4-tests-3-odis-5-t20is-sourav-ganguly-7064150/ |title=England will tour India for 4 Tests, 3 ODIs, 5 T20Is: Sourav Ganguly |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> The Tests formed part of the inaugural [[2019–2021 World Test Championship|2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711080228/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the ODI series formed part of the inaugural [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337 |title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> In December 2020, the full itinerary was released with three venues hosting the entire tour.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147524/bcci-ecb-announce-itinerary-for-england-s-tour-of-india-2020-21 | title=BCCI, ECB announce itinerary for England's tour of India 2020-21 | work=Board of Control for Cricket in India | access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30487971/england-tour-india-chennai-ahmedabad-host-tests-odis-held-pune |title=England tour of India: Chennai, Ahmedabad to host Tests; ODIs to be held in Pune |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>

England won the first Test by 227 runs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-1st-test-1243384/match-report |title=James Anderson and Jack Leach consign India to rare home defeat |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> and India won the second Test by 317 runs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-2nd-test-1243385/match-report |title=Axar Patel five-for seals crushing India win to level series |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> to level the series at 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2031569 |title=Axar five-for guides India to victory in Chennai as WTC race heats up |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> The third Test, a [[day/night cricket|day/night]] fixture,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2043630 |title=India win thriller, eliminate England in race to WTC final |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> was completed inside two days, with India winning by ten wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56197297 |title=India v England: Hosts win astonishing third Test in two days |work=BBC Sport |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> The loss meant that England could no longer qualify for the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|final]] of the World Test Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2043586 |title=England out of contention for a place in WTC final |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> India won the fourth and final Test by an innings and 25 runs, taking the series 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56294545 |title=India v England: Axar Patel and Ravichandran Ashwin seal series for hosts |work=BBC Sport |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> The series win meant that India joined [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in the final of the World Test Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/300246462/world-test-championship-india-claim-31-series-win-vs-england-will-face-black-caps-in-final |title=World Test Championship: India claim 3-1 series win vs England, will face Black Caps in final |work=Stuff |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

India won the fourth T20I match by eight runs, to level the series 2–2 with one match to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56446341 |title=India v England: Hosts win fourth T20 by eight runs to set up series decider |work=BBC Sport |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> India won the fifth and final T20I by 36 runs, to win the series 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56470362 |title=India v England: Virat Kohli and Bhuvneshwar Kumar seal series in Ahmedabad |work=BBC Sport |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> India won the first ODI by 66 runs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/debutants-prasidh-krishna-and-krunal-pandya-lead-india-to-big-win-in-first-odi-against-england-1.1190052 |title=Debutants Prasidh Krishna and Krunal Pandya lead India to big win in first ODI against England |work=The National |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> with England winning the second ODI by six wickets to level the series ahead of the final ODI of the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56500210 |title=India v England: Jonny Bairstow and Ben Stokes led chase of 338 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> India won the third ODI by seven runs, winning the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56395245 |title=India v England: Sam Curran heroics not enough in Pune |work=BBC Sport |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
Originally, England were scheduled to tour India in September and October 2020 to play the ODI and T20I matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/complete-schedule-of-indian-cricket-team-in-2020-including-the-all-important-tour-of-australia-and-t20-world-cup-1.957676 |title=Complete schedule of Indian cricket team in 2020 including the all-important tour of Australia and T20 World Cup |work=The National |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> However, after the 2020 ICC Men's T20 World Cup was [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|postponed by one year]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733341 |title=Men's T20 World Cup postponement FAQs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> the [[2020 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) was rescheduled to be played in its place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53693968 |title=England's white-ball tour of India postponed until 2021 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced that they would like to play a [[day/night cricket|day/night]] Test match at the refurbished [[Narendra Modi Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28714863/india-play-day-night-test-australia-ahmedabad-england |title=India to play day-night Test in Australia, Ahmedabad likely to host pink-ball Test against England |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> The [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) confirmed the changes to England's tour in August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/1749739/england-men-s-white-ball-tour-to-india-postponed-until-early-2021 |title=England men's white-ball Tour to India postponed until early 2021 |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

On 20 August 2020, [[Sourav Ganguly]], president of the BCCI, said that India would host England to fulfil their [[Future Tours Programme]] (FTP) commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29715376/sourav-ganguly-commits-india-hosting-england-february-2021 |title=Sourav Ganguly commits to India hosting England in February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, the BCCI were also in discussions with the [[Emirates Cricket Board]] with regards to using the United Arab Emirates to host the series, due to the COVID-19 situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29919102/india-vs-england-tests,-ipl-2021-held-uae |title=India v England Tests, IPL 2021 could be held in the UAE |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/uae-one-step-closer-to-hosting-india-england-series-1.1079858 |title=UAE one step closer to hosting India-England series |work=The National |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Later the same month, Sourav Ganguly reiterated that it was a "priority" to host the matches in India, and that the BCCI were continuing to monitor the COVID-19 situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29993123/sourav-ganguly-priority-host-england-series-india-covid-19-threat |title=Sourav Ganguly: 'Priority' is to host England series in India despite Covid-19 threat |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>

The tour's itinerary originally was scheduled to have five Tests, three ODIs and three T20I matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29613227/england-white-ball-tour-india-postponed-2021 |title=England white-ball tour of India postponed until 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> However, in November 2020, Sourav Ganguly confirmed that one of the Test matches had been dropped with two more T20I matches added to the tour, in preparation for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30379087/ind-vs-eng-sourav-ganguly-five-t20is,-fewer-tests-england-tour-india-eye-2021-t20-world-cup |title=Ganguly: Five T20Is, fewer Tests in England's tour of India with eye on 2021 T20 World Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> On 1 January 2021, the Government of India announced that up to 50% of fans would be allowed in stadiums for sporting events, and it was expected that the BCCI would also allow fans in the stadiums for the series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dhyani|first=Kunal|date=2021-01-01|title=IPL 2021: Good news, government to allow 50% fans in the stadium for IPL 2021 and England tour of India|url=https://www.insidesport.co/ipl-2021-good-news-government-to-allow-50-fans-in-the-stadium-for-ipl-2021-and-england-tour-of-india/|access-date=1 January 2021|website=InsideSport|language=en-gb|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231081416/https://www.insidesport.co/ipl-2021-good-news-government-to-allow-50-fans-in-the-stadium-for-ipl-2021-and-england-tour-of-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially, the BCCI and the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] (TNCA) took the decision not to allow fans into the stadium for the first two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/no-spectators-will-be-allowed-in-stadiums-during-england-tour-of-india/ |title=No spectators will be allowed in stadiums during England tour of India |work=CricTracker |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-vs-england-chennai-tests-set-to-be-played-behind-closed-doors-1248869 |title=First two India-England Tests in Chennai set to be played behind closed doors |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> However, the decision was later reversed, with up to 50% of fans allowed to attend the second Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/crowds-allowed-up-to-50-capacity-for-second-india-england-test-1249872 |title=Crowds allowed up to 50% capacity for second India-England Test |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> On 27 January 2021, the England team arrived in [[Chennai]] to begin their quarantine ahead of the first Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/england-cricket-players-arrive-in-chennai-for-tests-versus-india/article33674030.ece |title=England cricket players arrive in Chennai for Tests versus India |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>

The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that [[Nitin Menon]] would be one of the on-field umpires for the first two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-2021-no-neutral-umpires-for-india-vs-england-test-series-1249492 |title=No neutral umpires for India vs England Tests; Nitin Menon, Anil Chaudhary, Virender Sharma to officiate in Chennai |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and [[Virender Sharma]] were also named as on-field umpires for the first and second Tests respectively, with both of them making their debuts as Test cricket umpires.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/115969/nitin-menon-home-umpire-india-vs-england-test-series |title=Anil Chaudhary, Virender Sharma set to debut as umpires in Tests |work=CricBuzz |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> The same set of match officials were retained for the third and fourth Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116284/icc-announce-same-match-officials-for-remaining-ind-eng-tests-england-cricket-tour-of-india-2021 |title=ICC announce same match officials for remaining IND-ENG Tests |work=CricBuzz |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

Ahead of the first Test, [[Channel 4]] secured the live broadcasting rights for the Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-2020-21-channel-4-secure-free-to-air-uk-coverage-of-england-india-test-series-1249970 |title=Channel 4 secure free-to-air UK coverage of England-India Test series |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> The last time the channel screened live Test cricket in the United Kingdom was for the [[2005 Ashes series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/feb/02/channel-4-wins-rights-for-england-test-cricket-tour-of-india |title=Channel 4 wins rights for England's Test cricket tour of India |work=The Guardian |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> It was also the first full broadcast of an England overseas Test series on [[terrestrial television]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55902859 |title=India v England: Channel 4 to broadcast tour for first live free-to-air Test coverage since 2005 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>

Crowds were allowed to attend the first two T20I matches, with more than 66,000 fans attending each of the two games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56400859 |title=India v England: Remaining three T20s in Ahmedabad to be played behind closed doors |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> However, after a rise in COVID-19 cases in [[Ahmedabad]], the BCCI and the [[Gujarat Cricket Association]] agreed to play the remaining T20I and ODI matches [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-vs-england-2021-remaining-t20is-to-be-played-behind-closed-doors-in-ahmedabad-1254967 |title=Remaining India-England T20Is to be played behind closed doors |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1248503.html |title=Kohli, Hardik, Ishant return to India's 18-member squad for England Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|ENG}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/1982316/national-selectors-name-test-squad-for-first-and-second-tests-in-india |title=National Selectors name Test squad for first and second Tests in India|work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/152721/india-s-squad-for-paytm-odi-series-against-england-announced |title=India's squad for Paytm ODI series against England announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|ENG}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/2072729/england-men-name-squad-for-odi-series-with-india |title=England Men name squad for ODI series with India |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150315/india-s-squad-for-paytm-t20i-series-announced |title=India's squad for Paytm T20I series announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>
! {{cr|ENG}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/2023715/england-men-name-it20-squad-india-tour |title=England Men name IT20 squad for India tour |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Rahul Chahar]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Joe Root]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jofra Archer]]
* [[Moeen Ali]]
* [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
* [[Jonny Bairstow]]
* [[Dom Bess]]
* [[Stuart Broad]]
* [[Rory Burns]]
* [[Jos Buttler]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Zak Crawley]]
* [[Ben Foakes]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dan Lawrence]]
* [[Jack Leach]]
* [[Ollie Pope]]
* [[Dom Sibley]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Olly Stone]]
* [[Chris Woakes]]
* [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice captain|vc]])
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[T. Natarajan]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Krunal Pandya]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|
* [[Eoin Morgan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Moeen Ali]]
* [[Jonny Bairstow]]
* [[Sam Billings]]
* [[Jos Buttler]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sam Curran]]
* [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]
* [[Liam Livingstone]]
* [[Dawid Malan]]
* [[Matt Parkinson (cricketer)|Matt Parkinson]]
* [[Adil Rashid]]
* [[Jason Roy]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Reece Topley]]
* [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice captain|vc]])
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Rahul Chahar]]
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[T. Natarajan]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Rahul Tewatia]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|
* [[Eoin Morgan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Moeen Ali]]
* [[Jofra Archer]]
* [[Jonny Bairstow]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sam Billings]]
* [[Jos Buttler]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sam Curran]]
* [[Tom Curran (cricketer)|Tom Curran]]
* [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]]
* [[Liam Livingstone]]
* [[Dawid Malan]]
* [[Adil Rashid]]
* [[Jason Roy]]
* [[Ben Stokes]]
* [[Reece Topley]]
* [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
|}

On 19 January 2021, the BCCI named India's squad for the first two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2021/jan/19/virat-kohli-back-for-first-two-england-tests-hardik-pandya-and-axar-patel-receive-call-ups |title=Virat Kohli back for first two England Tests; Hardik Pandya and Axar Patel receive call-ups |work=Sports Cafe |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> They also named [[K. S. Bharat]], [[Abhimanyu Easwaran]], [[Shahbaz Nadeem]], [[Rahul Chahar]] and [[Priyank Panchal]] as standby players, and [[Ankit Rajpoot]], [[Avesh Khan]], [[Sandeep Warrier]], [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] and [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]] as net bowlers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/148377/india-s-squad-for-first-two-tests-against-england-announced |title=India's squad for first two Tests against England announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> Two days later, the ECB announced England's squad for the first two Test matches, with [[James Bracey]], [[Mason Crane]], [[Saqib Mahmood]], [[Matt Parkinson (cricketer)|Matt Parkinson]], [[Ollie Robinson]] and [[Amar Virdi]] named as reserve players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55747795 |title=India v England: Ben Stokes and Jofra Archer return to Joe Root's squad for first two Tests in Ahmedabad |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> [[Ollie Pope]] was not originally named in England's Test squad after sustaining an injury [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2020|against Pakistan]], but was added to the squad on 3 February 2021, after the England medical team were satisfied he had recovered sufficiently.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/2010611/pope-added-to-test-squad-for-india-series |title=Ollie Pope added to Test squad for India series |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> The following day, [[Zak Crawley]] was ruled out of England's squad for the first two Tests with a wrist sprain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-vs-england-2020-21-zak-crawley-suffers-suspected-broken-wrist-after-slipping-in-chennai-nets-1249974 |title=Zak Crawley out of first two Tests against India with wrist sprain |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> Ahead of the first Test, both [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] and [[Rahul Chahar]] were added to India's squad, after [[Axar Patel]] was ruled out of the match with a knee injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116058/knee-injury-rules-axar-patel-out-of-first-england-test-india-vs-england-cricbuzzcom |title=Knee injury rules Axar Patel out of first England Test |work=CricBuzz |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref> England's [[Jos Buttler]] was rested for the last three Tests.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ehantharajah |first1=Vithushan |title=Chris Silverwood stands by England’s selection policy ahead of India series |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/england-squad-india-series-chris-silverwood-b1792982.html |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=The Independent |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> [[Jofra Archer]] was ruled out of England's squad for the second Test due to an elbow injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/feb/11/jofra-archer-set-to-miss-second-test-in-blow-to-england-hopes-india-cricket |title=Jofra Archer to miss second Test against India in blow to England's hopes |work=The Guardian |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Ahead of the second Test, both Shahbaz Nadeem and Rahul Chahar were withdrawn from India's squad, returning to the reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shahbaz-nadeem-rahul-chahar-withdrawn-from-india-test-squad-axar-patel-available-for-selection-for-2nd-test-against-england-in-chennai-101613059121946-amp.html |title=Shahbaz Nadeem, Rahul Chahar withdrawn from India Test squad for England series |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

Following the conclusion of the second Test, [[Jonny Bairstow]] and [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] were added to England's squad for the third Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/2031556/england-men-name-squad-for-third-india-test |title=England Men name squad for third India Test |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> [[Moeen Ali]] returned home to England, therefore missing the last two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-2nd-test-moeen-ali-chooses-to-leave-test-tour-despite-eight-wicket-return-1251979 |title=Moeen Ali chooses to leave Test tour despite eight-wicket return |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> On 17 February 2021, the BCCI announced the squad for the last two Test matches, with [[Umesh Yadav]] joining the team and replacing [[Shardul Thakur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-test-series-umesh-yadav-replaces-shardul-thakur-for-ahmedabad-tests-against-england-1252111 |title=Umesh Yadav replaces Shardul Thakur for Ahmedabad Tests against England |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> The BCCI also retained the same five net bowlers, K. S. Bharat and Rahul Chahar as standby players,<ref>{{cite news |title=India vs England: India keep all players in squad for last two Tests except Shardul Thakur; Umesh Yadav's inclusion subject to fitness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/england-in-india/india-vs-england-india-keep-all-players-in-squad-for-last-two-tests-except-shardul-thakur-umesh-yadavs-inclusion-subject-to-fitness/articleshow/81052920.cms |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=Times of India |agency=PTI |date=17 February 2021}}</ref> and released Abhimanyu Easwaran, Shahbaz Nadeem and Priyank Panchal for the [[2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150309/india-s-squad-for-last-two-tests-against-england-announced |title=India's squad for last two Tests against England announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> England's [[Sam Curran]] was originally going to be available for the fourth Test,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/men/news/2034039/sam-curran |title=Update: Sam Curran's return to India tour |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> but was ruled out of the Test match due to the logistical challenges during the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-in-india-2020-21-sam-curran-out-of-india-tests-due-to-difficulties-in-travelling-to-ahmedabad-solo-1252204 |title=Sam Curran out of India Tests due to difficulties in travelling to Ahmedabad solo |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref> Ahead of the fourth Test, [[Jasprit Bumrah]] and [[Chris Woakes]] were released from India's and England's squads respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-england-2020-21-chris-woakes-flies-home-from-india-tour-after-lengthy-spell-on-england-s-sidelines-1253242 |title=Chris Woakes flies home from India Test tour after lengthy spell on England's sidelines |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/150917/jasprit-bumrah-released-from-india-s-squad |title=Jasprit Bumrah released from India's squad |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

On 11 February 2021, England announced their T20I squad with [[Jake Ball (cricketer)|Jake Ball]] and [[Matt Parkinson (cricketer)|Matt Parkinson]] being named as reserves.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-vs-england-t20is-2020-21-liam-livingstone-recalled-to-england-t20i-squad-but-alex-hales-out-of-favour-1251358 |title=Liam Livingstone recalled to England T20I squad but Alex Hales remains out of favour |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> [[Danny Briggs]], [[Tom Helm (cricketer)|Tom Helm]] and [[Will Jacks]] were also named as non-travelling reserves for England's limited-overs fixtures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1252137.html |title=Danny Briggs put on standby for England's limited-overs tour of India |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Rahul Chahar was added to India's T20I squad, after being one of the standby players for the Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/rahul-chahar-in-line-for-t20i-return-amid-fitness-concerns-over-rahul-tewatia-varun-chakravarthy-report/730483 |title=Rahul Chahar in line for T20I return amid fitness concerns over Rahul Tewatia, Varun Chakravarthy: Report |work=Times Now News |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> On 19 March 2021, India named their ODI squad, with [[Prasidh Krishna]], [[Krunal Pandya]] and [[Suryakumar Yadav]] earning their maiden call-ups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-odi-series-prasidh-krishna-called-up-for-odi-series-against-england-1255237 |title=Prasidh Krishna called up for ODI series against England |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Two days later, England confirmed their ODI squad, with [[Jofra Archer]] being ruled out due to an elbow injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56474272 |title=England in India 2021: Jofra Archer misses ODI series with elbow injury |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> [[Jake Ball (cricketer)|Jake Ball]], [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] and [[Dawid Malan]] remained with the England squad as reserve players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jofra-archer-to-miss-india-odis-and-start-of-ipl-season-ecb-confirms-1256002 |title=Jofra Archer to miss India ODIs and start of IPL season, ECB confirms |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> [[Shreyas Iyer]] injured his shoulder in the first ODI match, and was ruled out of India's squad for the remaining two fixtures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-2021-shreyas-iyer-out-of-england-odis-set-to-miss-first-half-of-ipl-also-1256621 |title=Shreyas Iyer out of England ODIs; set to miss first half of IPL also |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> [[Eoin Morgan]] was ruled out of final two ODIs, with [[Jos Buttler]] captaining England in Morgan's absence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56526058 |title=England in India: Eoin Morgan out of final two one-day internationals with hand injury |work=BBC Sport |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref> [[Sam Billings]] was also ruled out of the second ODI with Dawid Malan added to England's squad.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/2077364 |title=England Men ODI squad update |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>

==Test series==
{{main|Anthony de Mello Trophy}}

===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 5–9 February 2021
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 578 (190.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Joe Root]] 218 (377)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/84 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 337 (95.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 91 (88)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dom Bess]] 4/76 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 178 (46.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Joe Root]] 40 (32)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 6/61 (17.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 192 (58.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 72 (104)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jack Leach]] 4/76 (26 overs)

| result = England won by 227 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243384.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Joe Root]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) stood in his first Test as an umpire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/two-indian-umpires-to-officiate-in-a-test-for-1st-time-after-1994-1766023-2021-02-04 |title=Chennai Test: For 1st time since February 1994, 2 Indian umpires will stand in a Test match in India |work=India Today |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Joe Root]] (Eng) played in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-in-india-2020-21-joe-root-100th-test-timeline-1249870 |title=Joe Root goes full circle to reach 100th Test |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jos Buttler]] (Eng) played in his 50th Test.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-england-win-toss-opt-to-bat-first-against-india-in-chennai-test |title=England Win Toss, Bat First in Chennai; Ishant Returns to XI |work=The Quint |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
* Joe Root (Eng) scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Joe Root#Test centuries|20th century in Tests]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12209141/joe-root-marks-his-100th-test-with-special-hundred-for-england-on-day-one-of-first-test-in-india |title=Joe Root marks his 100th Test with special hundred for England on day one of first Test in India |work=Sky Sports |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref> and became the first batsman to score a [[List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundredth Test|double century in his 100th Test]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016173 |title=Record double ton from Root strengthens England's grip on first Test |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ishant Sharma]] (Ind) took his [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket|300th wicket in Tests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ishant-sharma-300-test-wickets-india-vs-england-1st-test-day-4-chennai-cricket-1767029-2021-02-08 |title=India vs England: Ishant Sharma becomes only 3rd India pacer to pick 300 Test wickets |work=India Today |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jack Leach]] (Eng) took his 50th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-1st-test-2021-stat-highlights-day-5-team-india-suffers-first-test-defeat-at-home-after-four-years-as-three-lions-win-by-227-runs-2311432.html |title=India vs England 1st Test 2021 Stat Highlights Day 5: Team India Suffers First Test Defeat at Home After Four Years as Three Lions Win by 227 Runs |work=Lastly |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: England 30, India 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 13–17 February 2021<ref name="Days" group="n">While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the second Test reached a result in four days, the third Test reached a result in two days, and the fourth Test reached a result in three days.</ref>
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 329 (95.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 161 (231)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 4/128 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 134 (59.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ben Foakes]] 42[[not out|*]] (107)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/43 (23.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 286 (85.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 106 (148)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 4/98 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 164 (54.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 43 (18)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Axar Patel]] 5/60 (21 overs)

| result = India won by 317 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243385.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Axar Patel]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
* [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind) stood in his first Test as an umpire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/indian-umpires-anil-chaudhary-and-virender-sharma-to-make-their-test-debuts-in-the-india-england-tests/ |title=Indian umpires Anil Chaudhary and Virender Sharma to make their Test debuts in the India-England Tests |work=CricTracker |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) became the first bowler to dismiss 200 left-handers in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-england-r-ashwin-becomes-1st-bowler-to-dismiss-200-left-handed-batsmen-in-tests-1769135-2021-02-14|title=R Ashwin becomes 1st bowler to dismiss 200 left-handed batsmen in Tests |work=India Today |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
* Ravichandran Ashwin also became the first cricketer for India to take a [[five-wicket haul]] and score a century three times in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-all-round-ashwin-goes-past-sobers-and-kallis-1251841 |title=Stats - All-round Ashwin goes past Sobers, Kallis |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
* Axar Patel became the ninth bowler for India to take a [[List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut|five-wicket haul on debut]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-england-axar-patel-joins-elite-list-after-taking-5-wicket-haul-on-test-debut-1769727-2021-02-16 |title=India vs England: Axar Patel joins elite list after taking 5-wicket haul on Test debut |work=India Today |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 30, England 0.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–28 February 2021<ref name="Days" group="n"/>
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 112 (48.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Zak Crawley]] 53 (84)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Axar Patel]] 6/38 (21.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 145 (53.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 66 (96)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Joe Root]] 5/8 (6.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 81 (30.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ben Stokes]] 25 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Axar Patel]] 5/32 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 49/0 (7.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 25[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = India won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243386.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Axar Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ishant Sharma]] (Ind) played in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-3rd-test-ishant-sharma-100th-test-winning-world-test-championship-will-be-same-as-winning-world-cup-1252611 |title=Ishant Sharma ahead of 100th Test: Winning WTC will be the same feeling as winning the World Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Joe Root]] (Eng) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/india-win-inside-two-days-as-england-are-bowled-out-for-81-dcx5g67dt |title=Joe Root takes five for eight as India collapse to 145 all out |work=The Times |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) became the second-fastest bowler, in terms of matches played, to [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket|take 400 wickets in Tests]] (77).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-3rd-test-r-ashwin-stats-lethal-at-home-and-india-s-new-ball-spearhead-1253013 |title=R Ashwin stats: Lethal at home and India's new-ball spearhead |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
* This was the shortest completed Test match, in terms of balls bowled, [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 1934–35#First Test|since January 1935]] (842).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/1253038-1253038 |title=Ahmedabad pink-ball Test: Shortest completed match since 1935 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 30, England 0.
}}

===4th Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–8 March 2021<ref name="Days" group="n"/>
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (75.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 55 (121)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Axar Patel]] 4/68 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 365 (114.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 101 (118)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 4/89 (27.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 135 (54.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dan Lawrence]] 50 (95)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/47 (22.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = India won by an innings and 25 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243387.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rishabh Pant]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) took his [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran Ashwin#Tests|30th five-wicket haul in Tests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-vs-england-2021-4th-test-stats-one-of-england-s-worst-batting-series-since-1909-1253989 |title=One of England's worst batting series since 1909 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
* As a result of this match India qualified for the [[2019–2021 World Test Championship#Final|2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-4th-test-india-set-up-world-test-championship-title-clash-with-new-zealand-1253974 |title=India set up WTC final clash with New Zealand |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-4th-test-1243387/match-report |title=Five each for R Ashwin, Axar Patel; India wrap up victory to make WTC final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 30, England 0.
}}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 March 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 124/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 67 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Jofra Archer]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 130/2 (15.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jason Roy]] 49 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 1/18 (2.3 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243388.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jofra Archer]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 March 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 164/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jason Roy]] 46 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 2/29 (4 overs) [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166/3 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 73[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Sam Curran]] 1/22 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243389.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ishan Kishan]] and [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.
* [[Ishan Kishan]] became the second Indian batsman to score a fifty on debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-england-2nd-t20i-ishan-kishan-only-the-second-indian-batsman-to-score-fifty-on-t20i-debut-101615739656223.html#:~:text=India%20vs%20England%3A%20Ishan%20Kishan,a%20fifty%20on%20T20I%20debut |title=Ishan Kishan only the second Indian batsman to score fifty on T20I debut|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the first male cricketer to score [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most career runs|3,000 runs in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2063578 |title=Magic Mohali and an Eden Gardens classic: Kohli's road to 3000 T20I runs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 March 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 156/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 77[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158/2 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 83[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 1/26 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243390.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Eoin Morgan]] became the first male cricketer for England to [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most matches played in career|play in 100 T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/eoin-morgan-set-to-become-1st-england-cricketer-to-play-100-t20is-370721 |title=Eoin Morgan set to become 1st England cricketer to play 100 T20Is |work=Wion News |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
* [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Eng) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12247559/jos-buttler-scores-83-not-out-as-england-beat-india-to-take-2-1-lead-in-five-match-t20-series |title=Jos Buttler scores 83 not out as England beat India to take 2-1 lead in five-match T20 series |work=Sky Sports |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 March 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 185/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 57 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Jofra Archer]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 177/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ben Stokes]] 46 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/42 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243391.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Eng) played in his 50th T20I.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-ind-vs-eng-2021-there-s-huge-amount-talk-pitch-jonny-bairstow|title="There's not a huge amount of talk about the pitch" - Jonny Bairstow|work=Sportskeeda|access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>
*[[Jason Roy]] (Eng) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiafantasy.com/cricket/cricket-news/4th-t20i-ind-vs-eng-stats-highlights-from-4th-t20i/ |title=4th T20I, IND vs ENG Stats Highlights from 4th T20I |work=India Fantasy |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>

}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 March 2021
| time = 19:00
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 224/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 80[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 1/26 (3 overs)
| score2 = 188/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dawid Malan]] 68 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/45 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 36 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243392.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dawid Malan]] (Eng) became the quickest batsman, in terms of innings, to score [[List of Twenty20 International records#Fastest to multiples of 1,000 runs|1,000 runs in T20Is]] (24).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/dawid-malan-pips-babar-azam-virat-kohli-to-become-fastest-to-score-1000-t20i-runs/735100 |title=Dawid Malan pips Babar Azam, Virat Kohli to become fastest to score 1000 T20I runs |work=Times Now News |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 March 2021
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 317/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 98 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| score2 = 251 (42.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 94 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 4/54 (8.1 overs)
| result = India won by 66 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243393.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Prasidh Krishna]] and [[Krunal Pandya]] (Ind) both made their ODI debuts.
* Krunal Pandya (Ind) scored the fastest fifty on debut in ODIs (26 balls).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/krunal-pandya-world-record-fastest-fifty-odi-debut-india-15th-player-pune-odi-1782742-2021-03-23 |title=India vs England: Krunal Pandya sets new world record with 26-ball 50 on ODI debut |work=India Today |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>
* World Cup Super League points: India 10, England 0.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 March 2021
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 336/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 108 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Reece Topley]] 2/50 (8 overs)
| score2 = 337/4 (43.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 124 (112)
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243394.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Liam Livingstone]] (Eng) made his ODI debut.
* World Cup Super League points: England 10, India 0.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 March 2021
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 329 (48.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 78 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] 3/34 (7 overs)
| score2 = 322/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sam Curran]] 95[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/67 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 7 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243395.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sam Curran]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = World Cup Super League points: India 10, England 0.
| Fact = This Was [[Virat Kohli]]'s (Ind) last ODI match as captain.
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1243364.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2020–21}}
{{2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship}}
{{2020–23 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English cricket team in India in 2020-21}}
[[Category:2021 in English cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2020–21]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of India|2020–21]]

Alagawadi, Belagavi

2026-01-27T02:41:27Z

Antoniochx:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alagawadi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alagawadi''' is a village in [[Raibag]] of the [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block Wise – Karnataka (Village Code 597400: Alagawadi)
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41231/study-description
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=27 January 2026
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

Indraprastha Vikas Party

2026-01-20T23:06:04Z

Antoniochx:

{{Short description|Indian political party}}

{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Indraprastha Vikas Party
| abbreviation = IVP
| colorcode = #E9EB42
| party_logo =
| flag =
| president = Mukesh Goel
| secretary =
| ppchairman =
| foundation =
| alliance =
| split = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| state_seats_name = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|70|hex=#E9EB42}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|15|250|hex=#E9EB42}}
| ideology = [[Secularism]],
[[Cosmopolitanism]],
[[Multiculturalism]],
[[Nationalism]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| eci = Regional Party
| symbol =
| website =
}}

The '''Indraprastha Vikas Party'''<ref>{{cite web | title=15 Delhi Councillors Resign from AAP, Form 'Indraprastha Vikas Party' | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/15-delhi-municipal-councillors-resign-from-aap-form-indraprastha-vikas-party-8438014?utm_source=perplexity }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Delhi: एमसीडी में इंद्रप्रस्थ विकास पार्टी और भाजपा में गठबंधन के आसार, दोनों पार्टियों ने बातचीत की शुरू | url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/chances-of-alliance-between-indraprastha-vikas-party-and-bjp-in-mcd-2025-05-20 }}</ref> is a political party established in May 2025 in Delhi by a group of municipal councillors who resigned from the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. It was formed primarily by 15 former AAP councillors in the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD), led by senior leader Mukesh Goel, who had previously served as AAP's Leader of the House in the MCD.<ref>{{cite web | title=Major blow to AAP in MCD as 13 councillors resign, announce formation of Indraprastha Vikas Party | date=18 May 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/13-aap-councillors-resign-mcd-indraprastha-vikas-party-10012292// }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=First trans councillor Bobby quits AAP, joins new outfit | date=21 May 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/May/21/first-trans-councillor-bobby-quits-aap-joins-new-outfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Major blow to AAP in MCD as 13 councillors resign, announce formation of Indraprastha Vikas Party | date=18 May 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/13-aap-councillors-resign-mcd-indraprastha-vikas-party-10012292/ }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2025]]
[[Category:Political parties in Delhi]]
{{India-poli-stub}}

Para (Special Forces)

2026-01-11T10:10:25Z

Antoniochx: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Military unit of the Indian Army}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Para (Special Forces)
| image = Balidaan Insignia (India).svg
| image_size = 125
| caption = ''Balidan Badge'' of the Para (SF)
| dates = 1 July 1966–present ({{Age in years and months|1966|7|1}})
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| type = [[Special forces of India|Special forces]]
<ref>
{{cite web|url = http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/home.html|title=Welcome to The Parachute Regiment|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709093909/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/home.html|archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref>
| size = [[Parachute Regiment (India)#Strength|15 battalions]] (5 Airborne units, 10 Special Forces Units)
| command_structure = [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
| garrison = [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bengaluru Cantonment]], [[Bengaluru]]
| motto = ''Men apart, every man an emperor'' &
''Shatrujeet'' (Conqueror of Enemies)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=enemy&dir=au | title=Learn Sanskrit Directory | website=www.learnsanskrit.cc}}</ref><ref name="zeenews_7_July_2020">{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-army-paratroopers-the-elite-soldiers-guarding-our-country-2294174.html|title= Indian Army Paratroopers, the elite soldiers guarding our country
| date = 7 July 2020
| website = Zee News
| access-date = 2020-07-07}}</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|#7B1113}} Maroon
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions]] [[Operation Blue Star]] [[Operation Cactus]] [[Operation Pawan]] [[Operation Sunrise (2019)|Operation Sunrise]] [[Operation Golden Bird]] [[Kargil War]] [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Rakshak|Operation Rakshak]] [[Operation Khukri]] [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|2015 counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]] [[2016 Pampore stand-off|2016 EDI-Pampore Building Attack]] [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Line of Control strike]]
| anniversaries = 1 July<ref name="Global Sec Para Rgt" />
| current_commander = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Lieutenant Generals, Army Headquarters.svg}} Lt. Gen. Pushpendra Singh SM**
| current_commander_label =
| identification_symbol = [[File:Balidaan Insignia (India).svg|50px|centre]]
| identification_symbol_label = ''Balidan Badge'' or the Badge of Sacrifice<ref>{{cite book |author1=((Lt Gen P C Katoch, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SC (Retd)))|author2=Saikat Datta |title=India's Special Forces: History and Future of Indian Special Forces |date=May 2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-82573-59-3 |page=1617 |edition=Kindle}}</ref>
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Parachute Regiment Insignia (India).svg|100px|centre]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = ''Parachute Regiment'' cap badge
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Special forces.png|100px|centre]]
| identification_symbol_3_label = ''Special Forces'' shoulder patch
| identification_symbol_4 = [[File:Parachute Regiment Insignia.svg|100px|centre]]
| identification_symbol_4_label = ''Parachute Wings'' chest patch
}}
{{Infobox command structure
| name = Para (Special Forces)
| date =
| parent = [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
| subordinate =
}}

The '''Para (Special Forces)''',<ref name="KatochHistory">{{Cite book|title=India's Special Forces: History and Future of Special Forces|last=Lt. Gen. Katoch, Datta|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year=2013|pages=82, 83}}</ref> informally referred to as '''Para SF''', is a group of [[special forces]] battalions of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] in the [[Indian Army]]. These units specialise in various roles including [[counter-insurgency]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[Direct action (military)|direct action]], [[Hostage|hostage rescue]], [[special reconnaissance]] and [[unconventional warfare]].<ref name="IANS">{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2015-06-10|title=Who are para commandos?|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/who-are-para-commandos-115061000990_1.html|access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref>

The unit's heritage stems from [[World War II]], with the creation of the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] in October 1941 under the [[British Indian Army]]. 9 Para (SF) was raised in 1965 as the '''9th Parachute Commando Battalion''' (as part of the Parachute Regiment) and is the oldest among the fifteen Para (SF) units of the Indian Army. It has been involved in various operations including the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistan war of 1971]] (including [[Chachro Raid]]), [[Operation Blue Star|Operation Bluestar]], [[Operation Pawan]], [[1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt|Operation Cactus]], [[Kargil War]], [[Operation Ginger]], [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar]], [[2016 Pampore stand-off]], [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]] and in several anti-terror operations.<ref name="IANS"/>

==History==

The parachute units of the Indian Army are among the oldest airborne units in the world. The [[50th Indian Parachute Brigade]] was formed on 27 October 1941, comprising the British [[156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)|151st Parachute Battalion]], the [[British Indian Army]] 152nd Indian Parachute Battalion, and the 153rd Gurkha Parachute Battalion.<ref name="Global Sec Para Rgt">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-para.htm Parachute Regiment, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100338/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-para.htm |date=22 February 2014 }} on GlobalSecurity.org</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soc.mil/ARSOF_History/articles/v14n2_vajra_prahar_sb_parachute.html|title=Sidebar: Indian Army Parachute Regiment: A Brief History|year=2018|website=United States Army Special Operations Command|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224000739/https://www.soc.mil/ARSOF_History/articles/v14n2_vajra_prahar_sb_parachute.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Parachute Regiment was formed from these and several other units in 1952. The three battalions serving with the Parachute Brigade were removed from their respective Infantry Regiments to form the Parachute Regiment. Since then the Parachute Regiment has grown to comprise ten battalions including Parachute (Special Forces) battalions. In 1986, 8 PARA became 12 Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment, while 21 Maratha LI converted to PARA (Special Forces). During their short but eventful existence so far, the regiment's battalions have had extensive operational experience, and singular achievements, to speak of their level of professionalism.

In 1944, the 50th was allocated to the newly founded [[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th Airborne Division]]. In the post-independence restructuring, India retained only one parachute brigade—the 50th. This brigade consisted of three distinguished battalions personally nominated by the then Commander-in-Chief, namely 1 PARA ([[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]), 2 PARA ([[Maratha Light Infantry]]) and 3 PARA ([[Kumaon Regiment]]). During the [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] operations of 1947–48, these battalions distinguished themselves with glory in the battles of Shelatang, [[Nowshera, Jammu, and Kashmir|Naushera]], [[Jhangar]], and [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], and were awarded the respective Battle Honours.

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], an ''ad hoc'' commando unit, named Megh Force, consisting of volunteers from various infantry units was organised by then Colonel [[Megh Singh]] of the [[Brigade of the Guards|5 Brigade of the Guards]]. The unit performed exceptionally well during the war destroying many strategic bridges and killing many Pakistani soldiers, and thus the government authorised the formal raising of a commando unit. [[Megh Singh|Col Megh Singh]] was selected to raise the unit which was originally intended to be a part of the Brigade of the Guards. However, recognising parachute qualification as an integral element of special operations, the unit was transferred to the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] and raised as its 9th Battalion (Commando) on 1 July 1966. The erstwhile members of the Meghdoot Force formed the nucleus, and the new unit was based in [[Gwalior]]. In June 1967 the unit was split equally into two to form a second commando unit, designated as 10th Battalion, each with three Companies. 10th Battalion was mandated to operate in the [[Thar Desert|Western Desert]] and 9th Battalion in the northern mountains. In 1969, these battalions were re-designated as 9 and 10 Para (Commando) battalions.<ref name="Global Sec Para Rgt" /><ref name=":5" />

In 1978, the 1 Para, as an experiment, was converted to become the first special forces unit of the Indian army and was kept as the tactical reserve. Already a recipient of the Chief of Army Staff Unit Citation twice, and the [[General officer commanding|GOC-in-C]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] Unit Citation once, the unit was originally 1 Punjab Regiment, which was later re-designated as 1 PARA (Punjab) and in 1978 was converted to 1 PARA (SF).

On 15 January 1992, the Parachute Regiment Training Centre along with the Records and PAO (OR), and the Para Regiment, moved to Bangalore and occupied the erstwhile location of Pioneer Corps and Training Centre. Bangalore is the new Key Location Project of the center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/history.htm|title=Welcome to The Parachute Regiment|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729190919/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=29 July 2016}}</ref>

1995 saw the formation of the fourth commando battalion when [[Maratha Light Infantry|21 Maratha Light Infantry]] was selected to convert to special forces and slated for the Eastern Command. After a stringent selection and training process that spanned more than a year, on 1 February 1996, the unit under Colonel VB Shinde was formally inducted as the 21st Battalion (Special Forces), The Parachute Regiment, originally raised by Colonel I. Ramachandran. The unit has done well in its short lifespan and is the proud recipient of the Chief of Army Staff Unit Citation thrice (1992, 2006, and 2011) and the GOC-in-C Eastern Command Unit Citation twice (2008 and 2016), as well as a host of individual gallantry awards. The most notable operations are in the Loktak Lake of Manipur. With the changing scenario in military operations and the need for more special forces units, 2 Para began the conversion process from parachute to special forces role, followed closely by the 3rd Para and the 4th Para in the years 2004 and 2005. Further 11th Para (SF) in 2011, 12th Para (SF) in 2013, and 13th Para (SF) in 2022 were raised from within the strength of the regiment to augment the strength of the existing Special Forces battalions. In 2022, in 5th Para, 6th Para, 7th Para, 23rd Para, and 29th Para, the [[Airborne forces|airborne]] punch of the Indian Army was reorganised and redesignated as PARA (SF) on Modification Airborne and were given the specialist role with dual tasking of Airborne as well as the special tasks giving a significant boost to the operational capability of Indian Army.<ref name="twit1">{{Cite tweet |user=suryacommand |number=1548323994385821696|title=In a significant boost to operational capability, airborne battalions converted to a specialist role having honed their skills over two grueling months that culminated in a validation over seven days.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iadnews.in/the-13th-para-sf-battalion-raised/|title=The 13th Para SF Battalion Raised|publisher=iadnews.in|date=April 2022|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>

===1971 Indo-Pakistan War===
The unit first saw action in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani war]], the first six-man assault team was inserted {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=off}} deep into Indus and Chachro, where they carried out raids. The assault team killed 73 and wounded 140 on the Pakistani side. In addition, they also destroyed 35mm artillery guns of the Pakistan independent battery. They also destroyed an airfield. In Bangladesh 2 PARA (Airborne), which was a part of the 50 (Independent) Parachute Brigade, carried out India's first airborne assault operation to capture Poongli Bridge in Mymensingh District near Dhaka. Subsequently, they were the first unit to enter Dhaka. For this action 2 PARA were given the Battle Honour of Poongli Bridge and the Theatre Honour Dhaka.<ref name=popl>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=K. V. Krishna|title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security|year=1991|publisher=Lancer International|isbn=81-7212--001-X|pages=214, 217, 223, 238, 239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&q=214}}</ref> In the Western Sector the unit was also involved in the [[Battle of Chamb]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Praval |first=Major K.C |title=Indian Army After Independence |year=1987 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=9781935501619 |quote=The division also had a para commando group (from 9 para)}}</ref>

====Operation Mandhol====

Operation Mandhol was a [[Raid (military)|raid]] carried out by soldiers from the 9 Para (SF) to seek and destroy Pakistani [[artillery]] located in hostile territory near a village called Mandole. During the operation, aided by an artillery officer Capt. D Tyagi from [[195 Medium Regiment (India)|195 Mountain Regiment]], six artillery guns were destroyed by a raiding team composed of six officers and around 120 soldiers led by Major C. M. Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FM3AgAAQBAJ&q=D+tyagi+mandhol&pg=PT33 |title=India's Special Forces: History and Future of Special Forces |isbn=9789382573975 |last=Datta |first=Saikat |year=2013|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/how-indian-parachute-commandos-destroyed-complete-pakistan-artillery-battery-at-mandhol-and-saved-poonch/|title=How Indian Parachute Commandos Destroyed Complete Pakistan Artillery Battery at Mandhol and Saved Poonch | Indian Politics|date=14 December 2021 }}</ref> The special forces raiders began their operation at 5.30 PM on 13 December 1971. They started from [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and crossed the [[Poonch River]]. After they reached the Mandole village, they started searching for the artillery guns and eventually located them. The Raiders divided themselves into six teams. Each one of the six teams was tasked to destroy one of the six guns. Subsequently, an intense [[gunfight]] took place between the Indian raiders and [[Pakistan Army]] soldiers. The gunfight resulted in two Indian casualties namely Paratrooper Rajmal and Paratrooper Balwan Singh who was a resident of Village Moungri of District Udhampur of J&K and many Pakistani casualties, with some Pakistani soldiers escaping from the battle. Finally, the raiders destroyed all the artillery using explosives and returned to their base at 6.30 AM on 14 December 1971.<ref name="mandhol">{{cite news |title=Operation 'Mandhol' forced Pakistan to change war plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Operation-Mandhol-forced-Pakistan-to-change-war-plan/articleshow/27444282.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 February 2020 |date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

This operation caused the Pakistan military to tweak its military doctrine by assigning additional soldiers to defend artillery guns. [[Pakistan Army]] officials, who came to India as a delegation after the war had ended, acknowledged the raid. Operation Mandhol is now a part of the syllabus at the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="mandhol" />

==== Chachro Raid ====
{{main|Chachro Raid}}
[[File:10 Para (SF) team after capturing Chachro village in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|10 Para (SF) after capturing Chachro Village during 1971 war]]

A series of raids were conducted by soldiers from the 10 Para (also known as ''The Desert Scorpions'') at [[Chachro]], Virawah, [[Nagarparkar]] and [[Islamkot]] during the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]]. The main objective of these raids was to hit [[Pakistan military]] installations located 80 kilometers inside hostile territory, disrupting supply lines, creating confusion, and undertaking important inroads into hostile territory. Two teams, codenamed Alpha and Charlie, trained for five months in skills such as [[desert warfare]].<ref name="chachro raid">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-chachro-raid-of-1971-indias-most-daring-surgical-strike-in-pakistan-1336153.html|title=The Chachro Raid of 1971 – India's Most Daring Surgical Strike in Pak|date=15 January 2017|website=[[News18]]|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>

During the raids, the para commandos inserted themselves 80 kilometers deep into Pakistani territory and traversed a distance of over 500 kilometers, attacking [[Pakistan military]] installations and positions. They completed the raids with zero Indian casualties.<ref name="chachro raid" />

The raids began on 5 December 1971, when commandos from the 10 Para penetrated 70 kilometers inside hostile territory. The soldiers went into a defensive posture as they encountered heavy firing from Pakistani posts. The Indian raiders sent one of their vehicles rushing towards Pakistani positions, firing an [[Light machine gun|LMG]], to distract gunfire. This tactic was successful because nighttime provided cover to the para commandos. Subsequently, the other raiders too opened fire and overpowered the Pakistani posts.<ref name="chachro raid" />

Soon, a [[Pathfinder (military)|pathfinder]] team was assigned the task of charting a route for the Alpha team to attack the wing headquarters of the [[Pakistan Rangers]] in [[Chachro]]. The pathfinders used the cover of darkness to chart a suitable route and green-lighted the raid before the dawn of 7 December. Within a few hours, the team killed 17 Pakistani soldiers, took 12 prisoners, and captured [[Chachro]]. After this raid, the Charlie team exfiltrated out of the battlefield. [[Chachro]] was subsequently handed over to Indian [[infantry]]men and the Alpha team proceeded further.<ref name="chachro raid" />

The Alpha team moved towards their next targets: Virawah and [[Nagarparkar]]. They reached Virawah before the dawn of 8 December, moving in broad daylight the preceding day. The first contact made by the raiders with the Pakistani soldiers was at 1:30 AM. [[Hand-to-hand combat]] between the Indian raiders and the Pakistanis ensued, followed by [[Shootout|gunfights]]. Soon, Virawah was captured by the Indian raiders. The raiders then proceeded to [[Nagarparkar]] and captured it by the morning of 8 December.<ref name="chachro raid" />

Following this, the Indian raiders returned to their base in India but were again tasked to attack an ammunition dump in [[Islamkot]]. The raiders reached their target at 5:30 AM on 17 December but found the target empty. Subsequently, while retreating, the raiders ambushed a Pakistani convoy, killing 18-20 Pakistani troops and imprisoning survivors.<ref name="chachro raid" />

===Operation Bluestar 1984===
[[File:Operation Blue Star.jpg|thumb|1 Para (SF) during Operation Blue Star]]
In 1984 the Para (SF) was involved in [[Operation Blue Star]]. They were charged with leading an attack to evict Sikh militants hiding inside the Holy Site of the Sikh religion the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. 80 members of 1 Para (SF) were given the task of assaulting two areas of the temple, one of which required divers. However, there were several setbacks as a result of inaccurate intelligence on the strength of the militants who were trained by Gen. [[Shabeg Singh]] (ex-Indian Army), operating in low light, the conventional manner of the raid, and the lack of incentive, all of which resulted in a mission failure. The diver mission was aborted after the first team got bogged down. The commandos accompanied by Raghunath Dubey achieved their aims after a gunfight with militants that lasted hours.<ref name="Katoch">{{cite web |title=Interview Lt Gen P.C. Katoch on Operation Blue Star |date=2 June 2014 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Multimedia/DC77Am1wEmCHfqzfxoYjnM/Lt-Gen-PC-Katoch-on-Operation-Blue-Star.html |publisher=The Mint - 4 |access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka 1987===
{{Main|Indian Peace Keeping Force}}
The late 1980s saw the Para (SF) in action in [[Sri Lanka]], as part of [[Operation Pawan]]. However, the lack of proper planning by the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPF), and insufficient intelligence on the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]'s (LTTE) whereabouts, caused [[Jaffna University Helidrop|the initial heli-borne assault]] on [[University of Jaffna|Jaffna University]] on 11 October 1987 to be a tragic failure. However, it was because of the efforts of the Para (SF) that later led to the capture of the Jaffna peninsula, forcing the LTTE militants to take refuge in the forests.

Six soldiers lost their lives in that mission. Due to their superior training, the Para (SF) took refuge under a house, after they were misled by a youth who offered his services to help the commandos track [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]] but instead took them on a wild goose chase. They engaged the enemy for 24 hours and picked up all their dead with their weapons after reinforcements arrived the next morning.

After the failed assault on Jaffna City, the 10 Para (SF) participated in a heli-borne assault on the town of Moolai {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=off}} to the northwest in November 1987. More than 200 LTTE guerrillas were killed and an arms depot was seized. To give the commandos battle experience, 1 Para (SF) was rotated home in early 1988 and replaced by 9 Para (SF).

This battalion was scheduled to return home in June 1988, but the tour of duty was extended due to a planned air assault into the coastal swamps around [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaittivu]]. The mission was a success, in that it located several arms caches. The 9 Para (SF) also provided 12 men for the security of the Indian High Commission in Sri Lanka.

===Operation Cactus 1988, Maldives===
{{Main|Operation Cactus}}
With the capture of [[Maldives]], an island nation off the southwestern coast of India, on 3 November 1988 by the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE) [[mercenaries]], the army turned to the 50 (Independent) Parachute Brigade to carry out an airborne/air attempt transported operation to liberate the country and return power to the legal government. This operation had 6 Para spearheading the mission. 6 Para flew in on 4 November 1988 in a fleet of [[IL-76]], [[An-32]] and [[An-12]] transport aircraft. One team rescued the president, another took over the airfield, and a third rescued Maldivian security personnel besieged in the [[National Security Service (Maldives)|National Security Service]] HQ. Later 7 Para and part of 17 Para Field Regiment were also deployed to the Maldives. When mercenaries tried to escape by sea along with hostages, they were intercepted by the [[Indian Navy]]. Thus, 6 Para and the [[17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila & Poongali Bridge)|17 Para Field Regiment]] conducted the first-ever international intervention by the [[Indian Army]] without any loss of life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/operation-cactus-how-indian-troops-went-to-maldives-and-helped-quell-a-coup/articleshow/62816787.cms|title=Operation Cactus: How Indian troops went to Maldives and helped quell a coup|date=7 February 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/operation-cactus-maldives-crisis-should-india-intervene-again|title=Operation Cactus: The Day India Saved the Maldives|date=2018-02-06|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>

===Operation Summer Storm 2009===
On 11 April 2009, the 57 Mountain Division of the Indian Army based in Manipur, 21 Para (SF) along with the Para-military [[Assam Rifles]] and State Police, launched a counter-insurgency operation, code-named "Operation Summer Storm" in the Loktak Lake region and adjoining [[Loktak Lake]] in Bishnupur District, located south of State capital of Imphal. The first major mobilisation of troops in 2009 ended on 21 April. As the troops began pulling out, an Army spokesperson described the operation as a success, disclosing that 129 militants, all belonging to the [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK) were killed. The Forces also claimed to have located and destroyed five militant camps during the Operation and more than 117 weapons, including sixty-nine AK-series rifles, forty-eight rocket launchers, and an unspecified quantity of explosives and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). No militant was arrested. No fatality among the Special Force (SF) personnel or civilians was reported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idsa.in/TWIR/4_3_2009_Manipur|title=Manipur: Operation 'Summer Storm' called off |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |language=en|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/myanmar-operation-sends-a-larger-political-message-india-will-pay-back-if-provoked/articleshow/47657355.cms|title=Myanmar operation sends a larger political message: India will pay back if provoked|date=2015-06-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-summer-storm-392192|title=Operation Summer Storm|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref>

===Ongoing counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir and northeastern India===
{{external media
| image1 = [https://spiderimg.amarujala.com/assets/images/2020/01/31/750x506/nagrota-terror-attack_1580463635.jpeg Para SF operators arrive to take position] before a gunfight took place at a toll plaza in Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir in January 2020. Three armed militants were reportedly killed during the gunfight.<ref>{{cite web |title=जम्मू-नगरोटा आतंकी हमलाः अबतक 20 से ज्यादा आतंकियों को कश्मीर ले जा चुका है समीर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jammu/jammu-nagrota-terrorist-attack-sameer-has-taken-more-than-20-terrorists-to-kashmir |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |access-date=1 February 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/terrorists-open-fire-at-toll-plaza-in-nagrota-near-jammu-cop-injured/story-el99pco0CvNRAAaxXSbGvL.html|title=3 terrorists killed, cop injured after gun battle near toll plaza in Jammu|date=2020-01-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref>
}}
Paratroopers and Para (SF) have conducted thousands of [[counter-insurgency]] (COIN) operations in Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, and the eastern states of India. Sometimes these units work with the [[Rashtriya Rifles]] (COIN force) in complicated operations. Since the mid-1990s, the role of Paratroopers and Para (SF) as a counter-terrorism force has increased substantially. They are now actively involved in counter-terrorist (CT) and COIN operations in Kashmir as an essential part of the Home Ministry's decision to conduct pro-active raids against militants in the countryside and mountains. Personnel includes Para (SF), Paratroopers (Airborne), and special units of the [[Rashtriya Rifles]] – a paramilitary unit created for counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir. They have also included [[MARCOS (India)|MARCOS]] personnel, many of whom are seconded to the [[Indian Army|Army]] for CT operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vc5nVprN5J6tJhF5U6UinL/Living-and-dying-in-the-Special-Forces.html|title=Living and dying in the Special Forces|last=Sengupta|first=Rudraneil|date=2015-11-27|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref name="ManuPubby2018">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-turns-to-para-special-forces-for-covert-missions/articleshow/54616701.cms?from=mdr|title=India turns to Para Special Forces for covert missions|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-07-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/the-maroon-beret/|title=With added emphasis on Special Forces, the army is set to change the face of war|date=2019-03-18|website=FORCE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-17|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003005855/http://forceindia.net/the-maroon-beret/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Counter-terrorist operation in Samba===
On 26 September 2013, terrorists dressed in Army fatigues stormed a police station and then an Army camp in the Jammu region killing 10 people, including an Army officer, in twin ''[[fidayeen]]'' attacks. The terrorists sneaked across the border early on Thursday, barely three days ahead of a meeting between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan. The attack was on a police station. The 16 Cavalry unit of the Army in Samba district falls under the jurisdiction of 9 corps, headquartered at Yol Cantonment in Himachal Pradesh. The three heavily armed terrorists believed to be from the group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT), were holed up in the cavalry armored unit's camp at Samba for several hours after they barged into the Officer's mess until they were killed during a fierce gunfight with 1 Para (SF) of the army. The bodies of the three terrorists aged between 16 and 19 were in the custody of the Army.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Court-of-inquiry-ordered-into-terror-attack-on-army-camp-in-Samba/articleshow/23267341.cms|title=Court of inquiry ordered into the terror attack on an army camp in Samba |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929133303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Court-of-inquiry-ordered-into-terror-attack-on-army-camp-in-Samba/articleshow/23267341.cms|archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>

Authorities moved commandos of 1 Para (SF) in helicopters to the shootout site. The Para (SF) commandos first carried out an aerial reconnaissance of the camp before landing to neutralise the three terrorists. The 1 Para (SF) had identified the exact spot during the aerial reconnaissance from where the intruders were returning the army fire. After landing, the commandos started engaging the terrorists in a direct gunfight, but to give them the impression that their exact hiding location had still not been identified, an abandoned building inside the camp was blasted. This made the terrorists complacent thinking that their hiding spot had not yet been pinpointed. They kept on intermittently returning army fire until all three of them were eliminated. The entire operation, from the moment the terrorists entered the camp until they were gunned down, took nearly nine hours to complete. The main worry of the soldiers tasked to eliminate the terrorists was the Army Public School situated some distance from the place where the terrorists had been engaged in a sustained firefight. Army men were worried about the possibility of the terrorists moving into the school and taking children and staff hostage. For this reason, the operation to eliminate the terrorists was carried out with extreme caution and patience.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816185331/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/battle-of-samba-how-army-subdued-fidayeens-113092700627_1.html |date=27 September 2013 |last=IANS |newspaper=Business Standard India |title=Battle of Samba: How army subdued fidayeens |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/battle-of-samba-how-army-subdued-fidayeens-113092700627_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2015 Cross Border Counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar===
{{Main|2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar}}
Based on precise intelligence inputs, the Indian Air Force and 21 Para (SF) carried out a cross-border operation along the Indo-Myanmar border and destroyed two militant camps one each of the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (K) (NSCN) and the [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL). The operations were carried out inside Myanmar, along the [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]] border at two locations. One of the locations was near Ukhrul in Manipur. The army attacked two militants' transit camps.

70 commandos were reportedly involved in the operation. The commandos, equipped with assault rifles, rocket launchers, grenades, and night vision goggles, were divided into two groups. The teams trekked through the thick jungles for at least {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=off}} before they reached training camps. Each of the teams was further divided into two sub-groups. While one was responsible for the direct assault, the second formed an outer ring to prevent any of the insurgents from running and escaping. The actual operation (hitting the camp and destroying it) took about 40 minutes. Indian Air Force [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopters were put on standby, ready to be pressed into service to evacuate the commandos in case anything went wrong. In its statement after the operation, the Indian Army said it was in communication with Myanmar and that, "There is a history of close cooperation between our two militaries. We look forward to working with them to combat such terrorism."<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/70-commandos-involved-in-myanmar-operation_1611063.html|title=70 commandos involved in Myanmar operation|date=10 June 2015|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002165514/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/70-commandos-involved-in-myanmar-operation_1611063.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref>

The Indian Army claimed to have inflicted heavy casualties (158 reported)<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/> on the attackers behind the ambush of the Army on 4 June, which claimed the lives of 18 Army jawans (soldiers) of 6 Dogra Regiment from the Chandel district of Manipur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/nscn-k-camps-busted-along-indo-myanmar-border/|title=NSCN (K) camps busted along Indo-Myanmar border|work=The North East Today|Delivering news upto the minute |date=9 June 2015|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062127/http://thenortheasttoday.com/nscn-k-camps-busted-along-indo-myanmar-border/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> This has been noted as the largest attack on the Indian Army after the [[Kargil war]] of 1999.

===Surgical Strike 2016===
{{main|2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation}}

Intelligence gathering had started a few weeks prior, through drones, satellites, and various other Indian assets, on 26 September 2016, small recon teams were tasked to infiltrate across the LoC to carry out 24-hour surveillance and observation of multiple objectives and to put together an accurate terrain analysis, patterns of life on site along with the best possible avenues of approach and exfil routes through the heavily secured border. Allegedly the intelligence was strong enough to discern the names along with an accurate slant of the [[Fidayeen attack|fidayeens]] at the launch pads. After the return of the recon teams, plans were laid down for the assault, and on 29 September 2016, The Paras assaulted their targeted objectives across the [[Line of Control]] (LoC), where militants congregate for their final briefings before infiltrating across the border. An Indian security source said the operation began with fire missions of Indian forces firing artillery across the frontier to suppress Pakistani positions while three to four teams of 70–80 para SF commandos from 4 and 9 Para (Special Forces) crossed the LoC at several points shortly after midnight IST on 29 September (18:30 hours UTC, 28 Sept.). Teams from 4 Para SF crossed the LoC in the Nowgam sector of [[Kupwara district]], with teams from 9 Para SF simultaneously crossing the LoC in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]].[[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-inside strike-2|[2]]] [[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-says hits-16|[16]]] By 2 a.m. IST, according to army sources, the special forces teams had traveled {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} – {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} on foot, the teams began the assault, with hand-held grenades and 84  mm recoilless rifles destroying the ammo and the fuel dumps at the launch pads. Simultaneously, the containment and assault elements opened fire, killing the terrorists on sight and those who tried to squirt from the objective. At first light, the teams swiftly returned to the Indian side of the LoC, suffering one injured, a soldier wounded after tripping on a land mine in haste.[[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-inside strike-2|[2]]]

The Indian army said the strike was a [[Preemptive war|pre-emptive]] attack on the militants' bases, claiming that it had received intelligence that the militants were planning "terrorist strikes" against India.[[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-BBC2-36|[36]]] [[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-NYT-37|[37]]] India said that in destroying "terrorist infrastructure" it also attacked "those who are trying to support them," indicating it also attacked Pakistani soldiers.[[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-Panda-48|[48]]] India later briefed opposition parties and foreign envoys, but did not disclose operational details.[[2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation#cite note-says hits-16|[16]]] The footage from the strike captured by overhead drones and thermal imaging was released to the media afterward.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-releases-new-video-of-2016-surgical-strikes/articleshow/65983661.cms|title=Govt releases new video of 2016 surgical strikes|date=27 September 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> It was also informed that around 40-50 militants were killed and many more injured in one of the surgical strikes.
However, the [[Pakistan army]] dismissed India's claim and instead claimed that Indian troops had not crossed the LoC but had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border, resulting in the deaths of two Pakistani soldiers and the wounding of nine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hngn.com/articles/209883/20161004/surgical-strikes-india-pakistan-army-un-kashmir.htm|title=UN: No evidence of surgical strikes in India, Pakistan border|date=4 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218165702/http://www.hngn.com/articles/209883/20161004/surgical-strikes-india-pakistan-army-un-kashmir.htm|archive-date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

=== 2020 India-China border tensions ===
The Para SF reportedly conducted reconnaissance against Chinese military posts near the [[Pangong Tso]] during the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]]. They participated alongside the [[Special Frontier Force]] in occupying dominating positions of 'Blacktop', [[Gurung Hill|'Gurung hill]]', 'Helmet', and various other peaks and ridges on the southern bank of Pangong Tso, west of the [[Kailash Range]] in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=14 December 2020|title=How Indian Army's secrecy & unorthodox deployment fooled the Chinese at Pangong Tso|url=https://theprint.in/india/how-indian-armys-secrecy-unorthodox-deployment-fooled-the-chinese-at-pangong-tso/566136/|access-date=14 December 2020|website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

=== Operation Mahadev ===
{{Main|2025_Pahalgam_attack#Indian_operations}}
On July 28, 2025, Para SF killed three terrorists, namely Suleman Shah alias Hashim Moosa from [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], who was also a former member of Pakistan's [[Special Service Group]] and was linked to [[Pahalgam attack]], Abu Hamza and Yasir, after coordinating intelligence efforts in the Harwan jungles close to [[Dachigam National Park|Dachigam]]. It was a communication device, presumably a [[Huawei]] [[satellite phone]] that had been monitored since 22 April 2025, that helped tracking down the terrorists. Red flags were raised in the security grid on July 26 when this device made an unusual call.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vibhavari |first=Prisha |date=2025-07-28 |title=Hashim Musa, Pahalgam Attack Mastermind, Among 3 Terrorists Killed In Encounter Near Srinagar |url=https://www.news18.com/india/indian-armys-special-force-eliminates-mastermind-of-pahalgam-attack-hashim-musa-9468542.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazeer Bhat |first=Suhail |date=2025-07-28 |title=Operation Mahadev: Photo From Encounter Site Shows Terrorist Hideout With Assault Rifles, Blankets, Food Supplies |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/operation-mahadev-photo-from-encounter-site-shows-terrorist-hideout-with-assault-rifles-blankets-food-supplies-article-152362203 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengar |first=Mukesh Singh |date=2025-04-30 |title=Hashim Moosa, Pahalgam Killer On The Run, Is Former Pak Commando: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-hashim-moosa-hashim-moosa-pahalgam-killer-on-the-run-is-former-pak-commando-sources-8292119 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Organisation==

The Parachute Regiment presently has fifteen Special Forces, one [[Counterinsurgency|Counter Insurgency]] ([[Rashtriya Rifles]]) battalion and in its fold. Due to personnel the absence of centralized command and lack of a standardized process for selection procedures vary among the Para (SF) battalions. There is a variety of pipelines to get into different Para (SF) battalions. In the mid-1980s, there were plans to merge triple para commando battalions from the Parachute Regiment under a unique organization which is known as the Special Forces Regiment. However, due to several administrative and logistical obstacles, these plans were abandoned. The Parachute Regiment continues to train and recruit them. Para (SF) operates in assault teams, which work individually behind enemy lines. The total strength of the Parachute Regiment stands from 8,000 to 10,000 which includes one [[Rashtriya Rifles]] personnel and two Territorial Army battalions, while the Para (SF) includes between 5,000 and 6,000 personnel or maybe more. They have to hide their operational history unless declassified and their credentials from the general public during active service.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iadnews.in/the-13th-para-sf-battalion-raised/ | title=The 13th Para SF Battalion Raised | date=3 May 2022 }}</ref> 1 PARA SF Battalion operates under the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-16 |title=Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Special Group (India)|Special Group]] (aka 4 Vikas/22 SF/22 SG), a clandestine special forces unit which operates under [[Research and Analysis Wing]], are recruited from the Para Special Forces,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/covert-operations.html|title=Close encounters of the covert kind|date=9 October 2016|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821160929/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/covert-operations.html|archive-date=21 August 2019|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref> [[Garud Commando Force]] and [[MARCOS]]. Currently, the Para Special Forces consists of 15 battalions with each battalion consisting of 620 soldiers:<ref name="kar.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/units.htm|title=Welcome to The Parachute Regiment|website=www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622025648/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/units.htm|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 24, 2016|title=Why Indian Army Special Forces are way behind US Navy SEALs or Israel's IDF despite upgrade|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/manohar-parrikar-300-crore-proposal-sanction-defence-359288-2016-12-24|access-date=25 September 2020|website=India Today|quote=The newly raised 11 and 12 Para (SF) units...}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* 1 PARA (SF) – [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
* 2 PARA (SF) – [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]
* 3 PARA (SF) – [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]
* 4 PARA (SF) – [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
* 5 PARA (SF) – [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50(I) Para Brigade]]
* 6 PARA (SF) – [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50(I) Para Brigade]]
* 7 PARA (SF) – [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50(I) Para Brigade]]
* 9 PARA (SF) – [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
* 10 PARA (SF) – [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
* 11 PARA (SF) – [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
* 12 PARA (SF) – [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
* 13 PARA (SF) – [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
* 21 PARA (SF) – [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
* 23 PARA (SF) – [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50(I) Para Brigade]]
* 29 PARA (SF) – [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50(I) Para Brigade]]

===Functions===

* Covert/direct action special operational elements of the Indian Army's counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations.
* [[Intelligence (information gathering)|Intelligence gathering]] and [[special reconnaissance]].
* [[Hostage rescue]] operations within and beyond the Indian territories.
* [[Sabotage]] of opponent's vital communication and infrastructure networks through covert penetration and [[surgical strike]]s behind enemy lines.

The unit is tasked with various missions such as special operations, direct action, hostage rescue, counter-terrorism, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, counter-proliferation, counter-insurgency, search and destroy, and personnel recovery.<ref name="KatochHistory"/>

==Personnel==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="150">
File: Ind para sf and US sf.jpg|Indian Para SF (in Ranger Green uniform) and US Army Special Forces during exercise Vajra Prahar, 2022
File: Exercise Khanjar-IX.jpg|Para SF (in Ranger Green uniform) during the 9th edition of India-Kyrgyzstan joint Special Forces (SF) exercise
File:Indian Para SF 2022(2).jpg|Para SF operator during India-Kyrgyzstan joint Special Forces (SF) exercise Khanjar-IX, 2022
File: Para SF operator in Ladakh (cropped).jpg|Para SF personnel in Ladakh, 2020
</gallery>

===Selection===

All Indian army personnel are designated as volunteers for induction into special forces. Some enter the para regiments as rookies from recruitment, while others transfer from regular army units.<ref name="BR para">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=83&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 Para Commandos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203233503/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=83&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=26 |date=3 December 2008}} at [[Bharat Rakshak]].com</ref> In Parachute training, the probationers must complete a 3-week Basic Parachute Course at the Indian Army's Parachute Training School in Agra.<ref>{{Citation|last=DiscoveryChannelInd|title=A Test of Fear {{!}} India's Paratroopers: Earning the badge|date=2016-08-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8L2I6uzUqc|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Sinha |first=Deepak |author2=Ramesh Balakrishnan |title=Employment of India's Special Operations Forces |url=http://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ORF_IssueBrief_150_SinhaBalakrishnan.pdf |publisher=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref> They are put through a three months probationary period/selection for Para S.F (Special Forces) battalions. To be a Para S.F operator, the army personnel are primarily required to qualify as Paratroopers; once selected, they may choose to advance for the Para SF selection, which takes place during the spring and the autumn seasons twice a year. There are fifteen [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Para (SF) battalions]] and soldiers are selected accordingly. An example of this would be the 10 Para (SF) which are also known as Desert Scorpions. The probation period for this unit is three-months and the probationers are selected accordingly for [[desert warfare]].<ref name="mustaffa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/10-para-sf-mustaffa-of-desert-warfare/|title=10 Para (SF) – Mustaffa of Desert Warfare|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> The 9 Para (SF) who specialise in mountain warfare go through a six-month course at the Special Forces training school in [[Nahan]], Himachal Pradesh, which is followed by further specialised selection and training.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vc5nVprN5J6tJhF5U6UinL/Living-and-dying-in-the-Special-Forces.html|title=Living and dying in the Special Forces|last=Sengupta|first=Rudraneil|date=2015-11-27|work=Livemint|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://defencelover.in/qualification-become-para-commando-indian-army-read/|title=What is the qualification to become a para commando in Indian Army? Read here... - DefenceLover|last=Gakhar|first=Raghav|date=2017-10-05|work=DefenceLover|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en-US}}</ref> This concept of geographical specialisation was eventually modified and each Para (SF) battalions are trained to operate in different climatic conditions and various terrains.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/indian-elite-special-forces/indian-army-special-operations-forces-parachute-airborne-parachute-special-forces/|title=Indian Army Special Operations Forces – Parachute (Airborne) & Parachute (Special Forces)|date=2017-02-10|work=Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/61054/little-known-indian-special-forces-badass-gets/|title=Formidable Fighters: 8 Indian Special Forces That Are Truly Badass|date=2016-07-08|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Indian Army]] soldiers can volunteer for the course irrespective of their ranks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zittara.com/2016/03/16/how-to-join-special-forces-of-india/|title=How to Join Special Forces of India|date=2016-03-16|work=Zittara|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Depending on the battalion, the probation period is for three months which doesn't include additional time for specialised skills. When the probation period starts, all soldiers including officers are stripped of their ranks, who are known as probationers or probies.
A probationer may opt to leave anytime during the course.<ref name=":1">India's Paratroopers: Earning the Badge, Discovery Channel, Monday 26 February 2018 - 9 pm to 10 pm IST</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=DiscoveryChannelInd|title=India's Paratroopers - Earning the Badge|date=2016-08-03|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcoAQ5OMGHs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/pcoAQ5OMGHs |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/what-it-takes-to-be-a-paratrooper-special-forces-in-indian-army-discovery|title=What It Takes to Be a Special Forces Commando of the Indian Army|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/08/join-para-commando.html|title=How To Become A PARA Commando Officer|date=2015-08-03|work=SSB Interview Tips & Coaching {{!}} SSBCrack|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref> The achievement rate will be 12-15 percent and above, because many probationers are drawn from their regimental battalions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Para-SF-team-was-the-%E2%80%98best-bet%E2%80%99/article13992559.ece|title=Para SF team was the 'best bet'|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2016-01-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Every Special Forces operator specialises in various skills such as weapons handling communication, demolition, medical procedures and navigation. PARA (SF) usually works in small teams of only six men, focusing on reconnaissance, surveillance, target designation (RSTAD), hostage rescue, and direct action tasks. Those who complete the probation period and are inducted into the Para (SF) for undergoing further selection and training stages, but to earn the '''Balidan Badge''' or "''Badge of sacrifice''", they should survive further training procedures, before being deployed in active operations at hostile zones.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6QzDwAAQBAJ&q=indian+army+para+special+forces+selection&pg=PT129|title=Shoot, Dive, Fly: Stories of Grit and Adventure from The Indian Army|last=Rawat|first=Rachna Bisht|date=2017-10-15|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789386651693|language=en}}</ref>

==== Training centres and courses ====
* Basic Combat Divers Course, Indian Navy's Diving School, [[Kochi]]
* Basic Parachuting and Combat free-fall training (HAHO & [[High-altitude military parachuting|HALO]]) at the Army Airborne Training School & Parachute Training School (Agra)
* Commando Training Wing, [[Belgavi]], [[Karnataka]]
* Counter insurgency based courses, at the [[Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (India)|Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School]] (CIJWS) in Vairengte, Mizoram
* Desert Warfare School, Rajasthan
* 4-week High-Altitude Commando Course, Parvat Ghatak School in [[Tawang]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[High Altitude Warfare School]] (HAWS), Sonamarg, Kashmir
* [[Indian Special Forces Training School (SFTS)|Special Forces Training School]], Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh

==== 90-day selection and training ====
Some of the training during the 90-day selection process includes:<ref name=":1"/>

* Day 1 to 35: The first 35 days consists of 'Physical and Skills Training'. This includes hours of rigorous exercises apart from other tests and skills training such as blindfolded team assembly, cooking skills, communication, demolition, medical procedures, navigation, survival skills and weapons training. Probationers are also taught animal handling skills, they'll go without food and water for four days, they have to minimise their water consumption by up to 1-litre for three days and they should go without sleep for seven days. A 10 kg sandbag becomes a permanent buddy for the probationer. Routine speed marches and running from 10 km to 40 km with full battle gears are conducted. Probationers must be exceptional navigators in areas where there will be no cellular network signal, no landmarks or roads, and the dunes that keep shifting every night. Insertion and extraction techniques will include learning to communicate some foreign languages. Most of the probationers are not able to complete this phase in the course itself, as the attrition rate is 20% and above.
* Day 45: The 36-hour Para SF stress test phase includes 36 hours of exercises, maneuvers, insertion, and extraction where the probationer's stress capabilities are put to the test. It starts with a 10 km speed march with 30 kg battle loads and an additional 40 kg each. This is followed by various exercises including lifting buddies over long periods. This is followed by weight shifting. Weight shifting has three rounds, where various kinds of weights should be shifted such as 40 liters of jerry cans, tire trucks, and wooden logs which weigh up to 85 kg.<ref>{{Citation|last=DiscoveryChannelInd|title=A Test of Will Power {{!}} India's Paratroopers: Earning The Badge|date=2016-08-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijDgSuxw4ZA|access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> During the 11th hour, trial by water is conducted<ref>{{Citation|last=DiscoveryChannelInd|title=A Test of Physical And Mental Strength - India's Paratroopers: Earning The Badge|date=2016-08-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnJNuutHuuM&t=46s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/qnJNuutHuuM |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref> – simulated drowning, allowing only to bare the minimum oxygen over a long period. This is to test the probationers' panic reactions under stress. Later on, their hands will be tied by using ropes for being pulled underwater. It is well known that hypoxia and blackout due to lack of oxygen are common during this test. The first 16 hours are completed without a drop of water or food. This is followed by immediate observational skills and operation tactics under pressure which included probationary having to recall objects placed in their exercises. This is followed by 10 km speed march and 6 hours of continuous exercises. Finally, practical combat skills were tested such as placing ambushes, responding to an ambush, making camps, stretchers, and simulated evacs. This is all done at the last stage of the stress test under lack of sleep and extreme fatigue mainly to test the mental endurance of the probationers under such conditions and how they react. The 36-hour stress test also monitors probationers leaving the training process.
* Day 56: The Para SF 100 km endurance run is a must for all probationers. With a 10 kg battle load and a personal weapon of 7 kg they have to run 100 km. The time consumption ranges from 13 to 15 hours. A known route the Para SF has used for this run is the hilly route between Rampur and Dakkal. The run is divided into four stages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://defencelover.in/para-special-forces-soldiers-made-deadly-training/|title=How Para Special Forces Soldiers Are Made And How Deadly Their Training Is - DefenceLover|last=Gakhar|first=Raghav|date=2017-10-06|work=DefenceLover|access-date=2018-03-06|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Day 60 to 90: Those who make it to this stage is the Counter Terrorism Operations phase, which is the final and toughest test phase. All the tasks in this course are classified. After completing the 90-day probation period, successful candidates will receive and wear their maroon berets and go through a glass-eating tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/32955-the-absolutely-fearless-elite-indian-army-commandos-who-lsquo-eat-glass-rsquo-shantanu-prasher.html|title=The Fearless Elite Indian Army Commandos Who 'Eat Glass'|work=mensxp.com|access-date=2018-03-08|language=en}}</ref>

===Training===
The training in SF battalions is a continuous process. In the special forces, the members are imparted both basic and advanced training. They are taught specialized modes of infiltration and exfiltration, either by air (combat freefall) or sea (combat diving). Some trainees return to PTS to undergo the free-fall course, which requires at least 50 jumps from altitudes up to {{convert|33500|ft|m|abbr=off}} to pass. Both High Altitude Low Opening ([[HALO/HAHO|HALO]]) and High-Altitude High Opening ([[HAHO]]) techniques are learned. The ability to use the HAHO method and specially designed maneuverable [[parachute]]s called HAPPS (High Altitude Parachute Penetration System)/AMX-310 to conduct stealth insertions over distances up to {{convert|50|km|mi}} is also perfected.<ref name="BR para"/>

The commandos are sent to the Naval Diving School, Kochi for combat diving training. Like other special forces, these SF operators are trained for land, air, and water. The daily routine begins with a {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} morning run. Infiltration, exfiltration, combat patrolling, Urban Warfare, intelligence gathering, ambush tactics, counter-ambush tactics, counter-insurgency, unconventional warfare, guerilla warfare, asymmetric warfare, raids and sabotage, basic martial arts training, tactical shooting, combat marksmanship, buddy system drills, Close Quarter Battle tactics, tactical driving, advanced weapon courses and handling, demolition training, survival skills, linguistics training, logistics training, trade-craft training is imparted by the intelligence agencies. The training drills involve live ammunition at all times which is a reason for fatal accidents at times leading to death. Night and weapons training and field craft involving {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} treks with {{convert|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}} loads and live ammunition are conducted. Weekly forced marches with {{convert|65|kg|lb|abbr=on}} combat loads with distances over {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} and quarterly night drops with full combat loads are also conducted.

In addition to this in-house training, the commandos also attend several schools run by the Army that specialize in warfare over varying types of terrain and specialisations.<ref name="BR para" /> These include the Junior Leaders' Commando Training Camp in [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]], the Parvat Ghatak School (for high altitude mountain warfare) in Tawang [[Arunachal Pradesh]], the desert warfare school in [[Rajasthan]], the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] (HAWS) in Sonamarg, [[Kashmir]], the [[Counterinsurgency and Jungle Warfare School]] (CIJWS) in Vairengte, Mizoram, and the [[Indian special forces training school]] in Nahan, Himachal Pradesh. These schools are among the finest of their kind anywhere and routinely host foreign students.<ref name="BR para"/>

Members of [[USSOCOM]] (United States Special Operations Command) and [[UKSF]] (United Kingdom Special Forces) have conducted joint training exercises with the Indian Paras.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} SOF members from the three nations routinely train at each other's facilities to improve military cooperation and tactical skills.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} This allows the SOF operators from each nation to see tactics and perspectives offered by other top-notch organisations. It is thought that the [[French Foreign Legion]] also has approached CIJWS regarding the courses taught by them. Para SF troops can also undergo a complete Combat Divers course, after which they earn a combat diver badge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India: Foreign Policy & Government Guide, Volume 1|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|year=2001|pages=125}}</ref> They are also experienced in conducting SHBO (special heliborne operations) and typically employ Cheetahs, MI-8/MI-17, or HAL (Dhruv) helicopters for this purpose.

===Joint exercises with other nations===
[[File:Para SF operator with US special forces 2019.jpg|thumb|Para SF with US special forces during Vajraprahar 2019]]
[[File:1st Special Forces Group (Airborne) Soldiers train with Para SF during Vajra Prahar 2018.jpg|thumb|Para SF train alongside US special forces during Vajra Prahar 2018]]
The Para (SF) conducts a series of joint exercises, named Vajra Prahar, with the United States Army every year, in which about 100 personnel from the US and Indian special forces participate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024000758/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-03/india/34238307_1_p-8i-vajra-prahar-joint-exercise "Indian and US special forces to conduct counter-terror exercise"]. ''The Times Of India''</ref> INDRA is a series of joint exercises with Russian special forces,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/143011-indian-russian-armies-conduct-joint-exercise.html|title=Indian & Russian armies to conduct joint exercise|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055959/http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/143011-indian-russian-armies-conduct-joint-exercise.html|archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> and operation Sampriti is the name for joint exercises with Bangladeshi special forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Indo-Bangla-Special-Forces-to-hold-joint-drills/10577/1/14.html|title=Indo-Bangla Special Forces to hold joint drills - Brahmand News|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819082153/http://www.brahmand.com/news/Indo-Bangla-Special-Forces-to-hold-joint-drills/10577/1/14.html|archive-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> Para (SF) also conducts exercises and training with the special forces of [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian special forces in Israel to train with the IDF's most elite units|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/india-israel/indian-special-forces-in-israel-to-train-with-the-idfs-most-elite-units-513820|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref> The Ajeya Warrior is a series of exercises with the SFSG of the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2013/02/08/India_UK_armies_to_hold_joint_exercise_in_April/#/video|title=India, UK armies to hold joint exercise in April|access-date=19 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923181025/https://article.wn.com/view/2013/02/08/India_UK_armies_to_hold_joint_exercise_in_April/#/video|archive-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> Indian special forces also conduct exercises with forces of the following 16 countries: the United States, France, the UK, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Maldives, Seychelles, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Global competitions===
Personnel from the Para (SF) have participated in international competitions like Airborne Africa, [[Exercise Cambrian Patrol|Cambrian Patrol]]. This exercise was designed to test the special forces community's endurance, combat efficiency, and combat readiness. The regiment has a record for the highest tally of wins in both these exercises that is hosted annually ever since their participation was inducted in the competition hosted by [[Botswana]] in Africa's [[Kalahari Desert]] from 8–10 June 2002, in which 10 Para (SF) participated. Special forces from other nations like the [[Special Air Service]] of the UK and the [[Green Berets]] of the US also participated.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=15 June 2002|title=When the going gets tough, India tops.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/When-the-going-gets-tough-India-tops/articleshow/13098760.cms?from=mdr|journal=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=4 February 2018|title=The Scorpion Kings|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/india-para-commandos.html|journal=The Week}}</ref>

In 2014 and 2021 teams from the Indian army won the gold medal out of the 140 teams that participated in [[Exercise Cambrian Patrol]] held in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2014 |title=Indian Army Team Wins Gold at UK's Prestigious Cambrian Patrol |website=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/indian-army-team-wins-gold-at-uks-prestigious-cambrian-patrol/865567 |access-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205045519/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/indian-army-team-wins-gold-at-uks-prestigious-cambrian-patrol/865567 |archive-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

=== Influence on foreign military units ===
The Para SF has provided training to special forces from [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. In December 2013, 60 Afghan special forces were trained by the 10 Para (SF) at the [[Thar Desert]]. A month earlier, the Tajik special forces had undergone training. In 2021, Uzbek airborne forces were also trained in specialized para operations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-afghanistan-idINDEE9BJ05E20131220|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819100507/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-afghanistan-idINDEE9BJ05E20131220|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2017|title=India begins training Afghan commandos as ties deepen ahead of 2014|date=2013-12-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-02-29|language=en}}</ref>

==Equipment==
The following equipment is reportedly used by the Para (SF):

'''Small Arms'''{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
'''Pistol'''
*[[Beretta 92FS]] Semi-automatic Pistol<ref name=":0" />
*[[Beretta Px4 Storm]] Semi-automatic Pistol
*[[Browning Hi-Power|Pistol 9mm 1-A]] Semi-automatic Pistol
*[[Glock]] Semi-automatic Pistol
*[[IWI Masada]] Semi-automatic Pistol
*[[IWI Jericho 941]] Semi-automatic Pistol
'''Sub-machine Gun'''
*[[Brügger & Thomet MP9|B&T MP9]] 9mm Machine Pistol<ref name="TheWeekDesertScorpion">{{cite news |title=What makes the Desert Scorpions, India's most elite special force, special|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/india-para-commandos.html |website=The Week |access-date=27 April 2020 |date=4 February 2018}}</ref>
*[[ASMI]] Machine Pistol
*[[Heckler & Koch MP5]] Sub-Machine Gun<ref>{{cite news |title=How AK-203, superior to INSAS, will end forces' hunt for a reliable rifle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-ak-203-superior-to-insas-will-end-forces-hunt-for-a-reliable-rifle/articleshow/68248283.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 April 2020|date=4 March 2019|quote=Special forces like Para commandos, Marine Commandos (popularly known as Marcos), Garud Commando Force (IAF special force) and even National Security Guard (anti-terror force) also rely on German or Israel automatic rifles like Heckler and Koch MP5 sub-machine guns}}</ref>
*[[UZI|Micro Uzi]] 9mm Sub-Machine Gun<ref name="TheWeekDesertScorpion"/><ref name="Hindu 11 Jan 2016">{{cite news |title=Para SF team was the 'best bet' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Para-SF-team-was-the-'best-bet'/article13992559.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=21 April 2020 |date=11 January 2016|last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar }}</ref>
'''Assault Rifle'''
*[[M4 carbine|M4A1 SOPMOD BLOCK 1]] 5.56mm Carbine<ref name="ManuPubby2018" />
*[[Tavor|IWI TAR-21 Tavor]] 5.56mm Assault Rifle<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/weapons-of-choice/|title=All para SF soldiers will now carry the Israeli Tavor-21 assault rifle|date=2019-03-19|website=Force|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
* [[IWI Arad]] 5.56×45mm Assault Rifle
*[[AK-47|AK-47 (SOPMOD)]] 7.62×39mm Assault Rifle<ref>{{cite web |title=Edging Out Israeli Contender, Indian Firm To Upgrade Army's AK-47 Rifles |date=31 October 2021 |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/edging-out-israeli-contender-indian-firm-to-upgrade-armys-ak-47-rifles/ |publisher=Livefist Defence |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
*[[SIG Sauer SIG516#SIG 716i|SIG Sauer 716i]] 7.62mm Battle Rifle<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/indian-army-gets-new-american-assault-rifles-in-kashmir-valley-to-combat-terror-activities/videoshow/72466941.cms|title=SIG Sauer SIG716 for India|date=2019-12-11|website=Times of India|language=en-CA|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Manjeet |last=Singh Negi |date=July 12, 2020|title=Army to place order for 72,000 more Sig716 assault rifles from US|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-to-place-order-for-72-000-more-sig716-assault-rifles-from-us-1699762-2020-07-12|access-date=2020-07-12|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
*[[IMI Galil|IMI Galil SAR]] 5.56mm Assault Rifle<ref name="ManuPubby2018" />
*[[AK 103]] 7.62mm Assault Rifle
'''Sniper Rifle'''
*[[IMI Galil#7.62mm variants|IWI Galil Sniper]] 7.62mm Semi-automatic sniper Rifle<ref name=":4" />
*[[Sako TRG]] .338 Lapua Magnum Sniper Rifle<ref>{{cite web |title=Photo from Rajnath Ladakh trip reveals two 'secret' special forces buys |url=https://theprint.in/defence/photo-from-rajnath-ladakh-trip-reveals-two-secret-special-forces-buys/462968/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=17 July 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/elite-special-forces-of-army-iaf-navy-get-major-weapons-upgrade/articleshow/65046489.cms|title=Elite special forces of Army, IAF, Navy get major weapons upgrade |last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=19 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=BS Web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-elite-forces-get-big-upgrade-with-new-snipers-underwater-chariots-118071900395_1.html|title=Indian elite forces get big upgrade with new snipers, underwater 'chariots'|date=2018-07-19|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-08-01|quote=the rifle will most likely be a model belonging to Sako's TRG series}}</ref>
*[[Barrett M107A1]] Anti-material Sniper Rifle<ref>{{Cite news|last=D'costa|first=Ian|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/off-duty/gearscout/irons/2019/03/19/indian-snipers-will-be-using-these-two-new-rifles-to-guard-their-border-with-pakistan/|date=2019-03-19|title=Indian snipers will be using these two new rifles to guard their border with Pakistan |work=Military Times|access-date=2022-06-08|quote=All the guns to be produced in the factory are already in service with the army's Special Forces}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-army-deploys-us-italy-trained-snipers-with-deadly-new-rifles-along-loc/241829/|title=Indian Army deploys US-, Italy-trained snipers with deadly new rifles along LoC |last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2019-05-28 |newspaper=The Print|access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref>
* [[SVD (rifle)|SVD Dragunov]] designated marksman rifle
*[[Beretta|Beretta Victrix Scorpio TGT]] .338 Lapua Magnum Sniper Rifle<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-army-deploys-us-italy-trained-snipers-with-deadly-new-rifles-along-loc/241829/|title=Indian Army deploys US-, Italy-trained snipers with deadly new rifles along LoC|date=2019-05-28|work=The Print|access-date=2020-04-14|quote=All the guns to be produced in the factory are already in service with the army's Special Forces}}</ref>
'''Machine Gun'''
*[[IWI Negev|IWI Negev NG-7]] Light Machine Gun<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-opens-small-arms-manufacturing-unit-in-mp-in-a-joint-venture-with-israel/articleshow/58516436.cms|title=India opens small arms manufacturing unit in MP in a joint venture with Israel|date=2018-07-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-14|quote=All the guns to be produced in the factory are already in service with the army's Special Forces, Navy's MARCOS and IAF's Garud Commandos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/95028/india-signs-usd117-8-million-deal-with-iwi-for-lmgs|title=India signs USD117.8 million deal with IWI for LMGs {{!}} Jane's 360|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=22 March 2020|website=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>
*[[PK machine gun#PKM|PKM]] General Purpose Machine Gun<ref name=":4" />
*[[Mk 48 machine gun|MK48]] General Purpose Machine Gun<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 20, 2020 |title=New tools for India's special forces |magazine=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/new-tools-for-india-s-special-forces-1702604-2020-07-20}}</ref>
'''Rocket Launcher'''
*[[C90-CR (M3)|C-90-CR-RB (M3)]] Rocket Propelled Grenade.<ref name="TheWeekDesertScorpion"/>
*[[Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle|RL MkIII]] 84mm Recoilless Rifle<ref name="TheWeekDesertScorpion"/>
*[[Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle|Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle(Mark-4)]] Light Weight Recoilless Rifle.<ref name=":0" />
*[[B-300#Shipon|B-300 Shipon]] 82mm Rocket launcher
*[[Spike (ATGM)]] Anti-Tank Guided Missile<ref name=":52">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-inducts-israeli-tank-killers-till-drdo-develops-indigenous-ones/articleshow/71432164.cms|title=Army inducts Israeli 'tank killers' till DRDO develops Indigenous ones|date=4 October 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

===Transportation===
*[[C-130J Super Hercules]] tactical transport aircraft.<ref name=ETtransport>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-army-conducts-biggest-airborne-exercise-in-north-east/articleshow/73308189.cms|title=Indian Army conducts biggest airborne exercise 'Winged Raider' with over 500 Special Forces troops|date=2020-01-16|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>
*[[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]] transport aircraft.<ref name="ETtransport" />
*[[HAL Dhruv]] utility helicopter.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ajay Banerjee |date=January 11, 2018 |title=Following mishap, Army suspends 'slither down'<nowiki/>' operations from Dhruv |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh |language=en |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/following-mishap-army-suspends-slither-down-operations-from-dhruv-526995 |access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/myanmar-operation-70-commandos-finish-task-in-40-minutes/articleshow/47617871.cms|title=Myanmar operation: 70 commandos finish task in 40 minutes|date=2018-07-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-04-14|quote=...were airdropped at around 3 AM yesterday from Dhruv helicopters...}}</ref>
*[[Mil Mi 17]] Troop transport helicopter
* [[Boeing AH-64 Apache#India|AH-64E Apache]] Attack helicopter
*[[All-terrain vehicle]] All-Terrain Vehicles
*[[SHERP ATV]] 4X4 Tactical Offroad Troop Carrier
{{Div col end}}

==Insignia==
[[File:Indian Parachute Regiment Insignia and PARA (SF) Battalion Insignia.jpg|thumb]]
Like other parachute troopers in the Indian military, the Para special forces personnel will wear a maroon beret after they clear the Paratrooper Air diving course during the initial stages of probation. Their beret insignia is the same as what paratroopers of regular para battalions wear.

The key factor that separates Para (SF) personnel from Paratroopers, apart from their doctrine, training & task, is that the former wear '''Special Forces''' tab on each shoulder and the '''Balidan Badge''', translated as "''Badge of Sacrifice"'', on their right pocket below the nameplate. Only the Special Forces personnel are allowed to wear these insignias after completing the SF training and a certain number of successful combat ops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lt Gen PC Katoch |first1=saikat datta |title=India's Special Forces History and Future of Indian Special Forces |date=May 2013 |publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Ltd.|isbn=978-93-82573-59-3 |page=1617 |edition=Kindle}}</ref> The badge is modeled after that of the UK [[Special Air Service]]. Para SF personnel are allowed to grow beard, mustache and hair which allows them to blend in with the civilian population, especially in the terrorism-plagued areas at Jammu and Kashmir.

==Gallantry awards==


===Ashok Chakra===
*1995, (Posthumous) Captain [[Arun Singh Jasrotia]], SM of 9 PARA (Commando) for eliminating terrorists in [[Lolab Valley]] during operation Rakshak.<ref name=honorpoint>{{cite news| title=Capt Arun Singh Jasrotia AC, SM|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/capt-arun-singh-jasrotia-acsm/}}</ref>
*1999, (Posthumous) Major [[Sudhir Kumar Walia]], SM* of 9 PARA (Commando) for killing 9 terrorists single-handedly during operation Rakshak in Haphruda forest of Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major Sudhir Kumar Walia, Ashok Chakra: India Remembering The Braveheart Para Commando |date=30 August 2020 |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/major-sudhir-kumar-walia-ashok-chakra-remembering-the-braveheart-para-commando/ |publisher=Aviation & Defence Universe |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
*2003, (Posthumous) Paratrooper [[Sanjog Chhetri]] of 9 PARA (Special Forces) for operation Sarp Vinash in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]].<ref name=Honorpoint>{{cite web|title=Paratrooper Sanjog Chhetri AC |url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/paratrooper-sanjog-singh-chhetri-ac/ |website=honourpoint.in |access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref>
*2007, (Posthumous) Captain [[Harshan R Nair]] of the 2 PARA (Special Forces) for Baramulla Operation, 20th Mar 2007, eliminating four terrorists including, two top leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAPT HARSHAN R Ashoka Chakra(Posthumous) |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1100 |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
*2008, (Posthumous) Havaldar [[Bahadur Singh Bohra]] of 10 PARA (Special Force) for counter-insurgency operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2008.
*2008, (Posthumous) Havaldar [[Gajender Singh Bisht]] of 10 PARA (Special Forces) on deputation to [[National Security Guard|51 NSG]] for anti-terror operations in [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai attack]] in 2008.
*2009, (Posthumous) Major [[Mohit Sharma (soldier)|Mohit Sharma]] of 1 PARA (Special Forces) for counter-insurgency operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2009.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Bravehearts all: Mohit Sharma, Sreeram Kumar get Ashoka Chakras|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bravehearts-all-Mohit-Sharma-Sreeram-Kumar-get-Ashoka-Chakras/articleshow/4895352.cms|access-date=1 October 2014|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221114120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bravehearts-all-Mohit-Sharma-Sreeram-Kumar-get-Ashoka-Chakras/articleshow/4895352.cms|archive-date=2015-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=9 March 2019 |title=Two Stations on Delhi’s Red Line Extension Renamed to Honour Martyrs |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/two-stations-on-delhi-metro-red-line-extension-renamed-honour-martyrs-major-mohit-sharma-rajendra-nagar-shaheed-sthal-new-bus-adda |work=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
*2015, (Posthumous) Lance Naik [[Mohan Nath Goswami]] of 9 PARA (Special Forces) for counter-insurgency operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lance Naik Mohan Nath Goswami posthumously conferred Ashok Chakra |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/lance-naik-mohan-nath-goswami-posthumously-conferred-ashok-chakra_1849016.html |access-date=3 September 2019 |agency=ANI |publisher=ZEE NEWS |date=26 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

===Maha Vir Chakra===
*1965, Lt. General (then Major) [[Ranjit Singh Dyal]] of 1 Para captured Haji pir pass under Operation Bakshi of the 1965 war.
*1971, Brigadier (then Lt Colonel) [[Bhawani Singh]] of 10 Para (Commando) for the capture of large areas of Chachro and Virawah in Pakistan during 1971 war.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Col Swai Bhawani Singh Maha Vir Chakra |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/swai-bhawani-singh |website=Gallantry Awards |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
* 1971 Maj Gen (Then Lt Col) [[Kulwant Singh Pannu]] of 2 Para who led the Airborne Assault on Poongli Bridge, in Tangail, and subsequently led the Indian Army's entry into Dhaka with his unit.
*1965, Brigadier (then Lt Colonel) Russell Lazarus of the 3 Para for action in the [[1965 War]].
*1971, Brigaidier (then Maj) [[Vijay Kumar Berry]] of 4 Para (Commando) while fighting in Battle of Nagi in the 1965 war.

===Kirti Chakra===

*1994, Maj Gen (then Lt Col) SK Razdan of 7 Para for Counter-insurgency operation Op Rhino in 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3320 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>
*2001,(Posthumous) Capt. R. Subramanian of 1 Para(Special Forces) for counter-insurgency operations in [[Kupwara]] area of Jammu and Kashmir in 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/captain-r-subramanian-kc/|title=Captain R Subramanian KC | Honourpoint}}</ref>
*2009, Brig.(then Lt. Colonel) [[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]] of 21 Para(Special Forces) for a classified operation in [[Manipur]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=LT COL SAURABH SINGH SHEKHAWAT, SC, SM, VSM |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/saurabh-singh-shekhawat-sc-sm-vsm |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Ministry of Defense India |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President confers gallantry and distinguished service awards |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/president-confers-gallantry-and-distinguished-service-awards_100168787.html |access-date=3 September 2019 |publisher=Thaindian.com Company Limited}}</ref>
*2010,(Posthumous) [[Davinder Singh Jass|Capt. Davinder Singh Jass]], of 1 Para (Special Forces) for counter-insurgency operations in [[Sopore]] area of Jammu and Kashmir in 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/captain-devinder-singh-jass-kc/|title=Captain Devinder Singh Jass KC | Honourpoint}}</ref>
*2011, Lt Col Vikas Sharma (Then Lieutenant)of 6 PARA(Special Forces)for Counter-insurgency operation in Jammu & Kashmir in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3579 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>
*2015, Colonel (then Lt. Colonel) Nectar Sanjenbam of 21 Para(Special Forces) for [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|2015 Myanmar Cross Border Raid]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Independence Day celebrations: 8 gallantry awards for Myanmar raid commandos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/delhi/story/i-day-celebrations-eight-gallantry-awards-for-myanmar-raid-commandos-288341-2015-08-14 |publisher=India Today |ref=The gallantry awards were announced by the Indian army on Friday ahead of the 69th Independence Day. Lt Colonel Nectar Sanjenbam of the 21 Para-SF was awarded a Kirti Chakra for leading the cross-border raid.}}</ref>
*2015, Captain (Now Lieutenant Colonel)Jaidev Dangi of 10 Para (Special Forces) for eliminating a terrorist in Pulwama in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163360.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 14, page 228|date=2015-04-04|access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref>
*2017, Colonel.(then Major) Rohit Suri of 4 Para(Special Forces) for the [[Surgical strike]] against terrorist launch pads across the [[Line of Control]] in [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the heroes of the Surgical Strikes |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/surgical-strike-heroes-honoured-with-gallantry-awards/20170320.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>
*2021, (Posthumous) [[Subedar|Sub]]. [[Sanjiv Kumar (soldier)|Sanjiv Kumar]] of 4 Para(Special Forces) for Counter Insurgency Op in [[Kupwara]], [[Kashmir]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subedar. Sanjiv Kumar KC |url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/subedar-sanjiv-kumar-kc/ |website=Honourpoint |publisher=Honourpoint Foundation |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
*2009, (Posthumous) Paratrooper Shabir Ahmad Malik of 1 Para SF for fighting terrorists at Kupwara, Kashmir on 21 March 2009.
*2023, (Posthumous) Havildar Abdul Majid of 9 Para SF laid down his life in December 2023 while fighting terrorist in Kupwara, Kashmir.
*2023, Maj Digvijay Singh Rawat of 21 Para SF for multiple cross border operation in the North Eastern States

===Vir Chakra===
*1988, Maj. General (then Lt. Colonel) [[Dalvir Singh]], of 10 Para (Commando) for the rescue of 74 personnel as well as the infantry personnel trapped, along with recovery of 6 para casualties during the Operation [[Jaffna University Helidrop]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Col Dalvir Singh Vir Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/dalvir-singh |website=GallantryAwards.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Defence India |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
*1999, Brigaidier (then Capt) B.M. Carriappa, SM of 5 Para (Commando) managed to capture one of the difficult features in the Battalik sector of Kargil in Operation Vijay.

===Shaurya Chakra===
*1985, Lt. General (then Major) Prakash Chand Katoch of 1 Para(Special Forces) for [[Operation Blue Star]], in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maj Prakash Chand Katoch- Shaurya Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2499 |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
*1996, Maj. Kaluvakolan Bhushan of 9 Para (Special Forces) for Counter-Insurgency Operation in Jammu and Kashmir.
*1998, Col (then 2/Lt) Paramjeet Singh Bajwa of 6 Para (Special Forces) for Counter-Insurgency Operation in Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2477 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>
*1998,(Posthumous) Ptr, Baldev Raj of 6 Para (Special Forces) for Counter-Insurgency Operation in Jammu & Kashmir which resulted in the killing of 9 militants.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/298 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>
*1999,(Posthumous) Ptr, Gian Singh of 6 Para (Special Forces) for Counter-Insurgency Operation in Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/356 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>
*2002, Col (then Lt) Manav Yadav of 1 Para(Special Forces) for Counter-Insurgency Operation in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yadavhistory.com/famous_contributions/armywarriors|title=Yadav history - ARMY/Warriors}}</ref>
*2004, (Posthumous) Major Udai Singh of 1 Para(Special Forces) for Rajouri operation in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major Udai Singh SC SM|url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/major-udai-singh-sc-sm/|access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>
*2007, Col. (then Capt.) Kaushal Kashyap of 21 Para (Special Forces) for operation against militants in North East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4317 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
*2008, Colonel. (then Major) N. S. Bal of 2 Para(Special Forces) for a covert operation in Lolab Valley in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gallantry awardee colonel loses battle to cancer |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/gallantry-awardee-colonel-loses%C2%A0battle-to-cancer-68890 |publisher=.tribuneindia.com |ref=Navjot Singh Bal was winner of Shaurya Chakra, the third highest peacetime gallantry award.}}</ref>
*2010, Capt Tushar Dhasmana of 6 Para (Special Forces)for Counter-Insurgency Operation in Jammu & Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/774 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>
*2014, Lt. Col (then Lieutenant) Manish Singh of 9 Para(Special Forces) for Operation in Kashmir in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gakhar|first=Raghav|title=The Story of Major Manish Singh, 9 Para, Shaurya Chakra Will Motivate Every Indian - DefenceLover|url=https://defencelover.in/story-major-manish-singh-9-para-shaurya-chakra-will-motivate-every-indian/|access-date=2022-02-26|language=en-US}}</ref>
*2016, (Posthumous) Captain [[Pawan Kumar (Indian Army Officer)|Pawan Kumar]] of 10 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Pampore stand-off]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Shiv Arora & Rahul singh|title=India's Most Fearless 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dCaDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Penguin Random House India (June 2019)|isbn=978-0143443155|chapter=6|date=24 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg9tZwhJB7U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Zg9tZwhJB7U |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Para SF's Daring Jat Commando & His Last Facebook Post|series=India's Bravest Ep#8|via=YouTube|date=17 April 2020|access-date=21 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Pawan Kumar Shaurya Chakra |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/pawan-kumar-posthumous |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>
*2016, (Posthumous) Captain [[2016 Pampore stand-off|Tushar Mahajan]] of 9 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Pampore stand-off]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribute to Tushar |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/tribute-to-tushar-2/ |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Capt Tushar Mahajan (Posthumous) Shaurya Chakra (Posthumous) |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/935 |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
*2017, Major D. K. Upadhyay of 9 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical Strike in Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Maj D K Upadhyay 9 PARA (SF) Shaurya Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4610 |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |publisher=MOD India}}</ref>
*2017, Major Rajat Chandra of 4 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical Strike in Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=President honors surgical strikes heroes with Shaurya Chakras |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-president-honours-surgical-strikes-heroes-with-shaurya-chakras/20170406.htm |work=Rediff.com |ref=President Pranab Mukherjee presents Shaurya Chakra to Major Rajat Chandra during the Defence Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi. Maj Chandra was tasked to undertake close surveillance of the terrorist's hideouts.}}</ref>
*2017, Captain Ashutosh Kumar of 4 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical Strike in Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Capt Ashutosh Kumar 4 PARA(SF) Shaurya Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4611 |agency=Ministry of Defence India |publisher=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
*2017, Nb. Subedar Vijay Kumar of 4 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical Strike in Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nb Sub Vijay Kumar 4 para SF Shaurya Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4612 |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |publisher=MOD India}}</ref>
*2017, Ptr. Abdul Qayum of 9 Para(Special Forces) for [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical Strike in Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Paratrooper Abdul Qayum 9 PARA (SF) Shaurya Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4613 |website=gallantryawards.gov.in |publisher=MOD India}}</ref>
*2018, Col(then Lt. Col) Vikrant Prashar of 10 Para(Special Forces) for a covert operation in Kashmir, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Vikrant Prasher Shaurya Chakra |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/lieutenant-colonel-vikrant-prasher |website=Gallantry Awards Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaurya Chakra Lieutenant Colonel Vikrant Prasher 10th Battalion the Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/shaurya-chakra-lieutenant-colonel-vikrant-prasher-10th-battalion-the-parachute-regiment-special-forces/ |website=Aviation & Defence Universe |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
*2019, Nb. Subedar Anil Kumar Dahiya of 1 Para(Special Forces) for killing 3 terrorists, during a covert strike across the [[Line of Control]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Kovind presents Shaurya Chakra to Naib Subedar Anil Kumar Dahiya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXw9-ofMvgo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/KXw9-ofMvgo |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|via=YouTube |access-date=11 September 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*2021, Ptr. Sonam Tshering Tamang of 4 Para(Special Forces) for killing 2 terrorists and for evacuating his squad commander, in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ptr Sonam Tshering Tamang Shaurya Chakra |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4959 |website=Gallantry Awards |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>
*2015, Col Santosh Mahadik, SM ‘Commanding Officer’ of 41 RR (on deputation) laid down his life while fighting terrorist in Kupwara sector of Jammu and Kashmir.

==See also==
*[[Special Forces of India]]
*[[MARCOS]]
*[[Garud Commando Force]]
*[[National Security Guard]]
*[[Special Air Service]]
*[[Special Boat Service]]
*[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
*[[United States Navy SEALs]]
*[[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Gen. P. C. Katoch, Saikat Datta (2013). ''India's Special Forces: 1: History and Future of Special Forces.'' VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|9789382573975}}
* Col V S Yadav. (2012) ''Employment of Special Forces: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future''. Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (New Delhi). {{ISBN|9789381411698}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Para Commandos (India)|Para Commandos}}
* Jawed Naqwi, [http://www.dawn.com/2002/12/24/top4.htm "India had planned offensive"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 24 December 2002.
* [http://www.specwarnet.net/world/india_para_commandos.htm Para Commandos]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Airborne units and formations]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:Special forces of India]]
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1966]]

Article 30 of the Constitution of India

2026-01-10T01:46:53Z

Antoniochx: creating post...

{{Short description|Provides equality before the law, equal protection}}
{{Multiple issues|{{primary sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Sources exist|date=January 2025}}}}

{{Indian Constitution TOC}}'''Article 30''' is an article of the [[Constitution of India]]. It is included in [[Fundamental rights in India|Part 3]] of the Constitution. Under which the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions is described. Article 30 protects the rights of minority communities to develop and manage educational institutions of their choice. All minorities, whether based on religion or language, have the right to develop and manage educational institutions of their choice.<ref name="Unacademy 2022 p9952">{{cite web|url=https://unacademy.com/content/bank-exam/study-material/general-awareness/article-30-indian-constitution/|title=Article 30: Indian Constitution|date=2022-04-29|website=Unacademy|access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>

In a judgment in the case of Malankara Syrian Catholic College case (2007) the Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the rights given to the minority communities under Article 30 are only to ensure equality with the majority and are not intended to place the minorities in a more advantageous position than the majority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-30-right-of-minorities-to-establish-and-administer-educational-institutions/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
The draft Article 23A (Article 30) was debated on 8 December 1948. This allowed minorities to set up and administer their own educational institutions.

This draft article was initially clause (3) of draft article 23. It was debated separately from draft article 23(1)-(2) on a member's motion.

One member proposed to give linguistic minorities the right to receive primary education in their own language and script. He invoked similar provisions in the Nehru Report of 1928 and a government proposal in 1948. One member wanted to qualify this proposal by putting the condition that sufficient numbers of such students be available. He pointed out that the constitutional right to freedom of movement meant that people of diverse linguistic backgrounds would settle across the country, and they should not be denied this right. Another member supported this second proposal, arguing that the first was not economically feasible. The Assembly, however, rejected both proposals.

The draft article was adopted without amendment on 8 December 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/documents/coi-hindi.pdf|title=Constitution of India}}</ref>

{{Cquote|(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

(1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.

(2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.<ref name="Anon. g926">{{cite web | url=https://cof.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/India/The%20Constitution%20of%20India%20Article%2030.pdf |title=The Constitution of India| access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Articles of the Constitution of India|030]]
[[Category:Books with missing cover]]
[[Category:Education law in India]]
[[Category:Religion in India]]
[[Category:1948 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Religious education in India]]

Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T21:56:05Z

Antoniochx: Starting new entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonipat {{Small|HR-6}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Haryana/Sonipat.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Satpal Brahamchari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| assembly_cons = [[Ganaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganaur]] [[Rai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rai]] [[Kharkhauda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharkhauda]] [[Sonipat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]] [[Gohana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohana]] [[Baroda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baroda]] [[Julana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Julana]] [[Safidon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Safidon]] [[Jind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jind]]
}}

'''Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency''' (earlier spelt as '''Sonepat''') is one of the 10 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
At present, Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf|title=Parliamentary/Assembly Constituency wise Electors in Final Roll 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409213734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|28
|[[Ganaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ganaur]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|[[Devender Kadyan]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|29
|[[Rai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rai]]
|[[Krishna Gahlawat]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|30
|[[Kharkhauda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharkhauda]] (SC)
|[[Pawan Kharkhoda|Pawan Kharkhauda]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|31
|[[Sonipat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
|[[Nikhil Madaan|Nikhil Madan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|32
|[[Gohana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohana]]
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma|Arvind Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|33
|[[Baroda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baroda]]
|[[Indu Raj Narwal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|34
|[[Julana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Julana]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jind district|Jind]]
|[[Vinesh Phogat]]
|-
|35
|[[Safidon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Safidon]]
|[[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|36
|[[Jind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jind]]
|[[Krishan Lal Middha]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-76: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Mukhtiar Singh Malik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Devi Lal|Ch. Devi Lal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Dharam Pal Singh Malik|Dharampal Singh Malik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Kapil Dev Shastri
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Dharam Pal Singh Malik|Dharampal Singh Malik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma|Arvind Sharma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kishan Singh Sangwan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Jitender Singh Malik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Satpal Brahamchari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sonipat]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sonipat">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sonipat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS076.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722050645/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS076.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satpal Brahamchari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,48,682|percentage=48.82|change={{increase}}11.39}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mohan Lal Badoli]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,26,866|percentage=46.88|change={{decrease}}5.15}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Umesh Gahlawat|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=12,822|percentage=1.14|change=NA}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anoop Singh|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=11,523|percentage=1.03|change={{increase}}0.22}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,320|percentage=0.21|change={{decrease}}0.01}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,816|percentage=1.94|change={{decrease}}12.66}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,27,054|percentage=63.42|change={{decrease}}7.61}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janta Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sonipat]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]|votes=5,87,664|percentage=52.03|change={{increase}}16.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]|votes=4,22,800|percentage=37.43|change={{increase}}10.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jannayak Janata Party|candidate=Digvijay Singh Chautala|votes=51,162|percentage=4.53|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|candidate=Raj Bala Saini|votes=35,046|percentage=3.10|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=Surender Kumar Chhikara|votes=9,149|percentage=0.81|change={{decrease}}25.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,464|percentage=0.22|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,64,864
|percentage = 14.60
|change = {{increase}}6.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 11,31,146
|percentage= 71.03
|change={{increase}}1.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sonipat]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]
|votes = 3,47,203
|percentage = 35.19
|change = {{increase}}10.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagbir Singh Malik]]
|votes = 2,69,789
|percentage = 27.35
|change = {{decrease}}20.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Padam Singh Dahiya]]
|votes = 2,64,404
|percentage = 26.80
|change = {{increase}}26.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jai Singh Thekedar
|votes = 48,597
|percentage = 4.93
|change = {{increase}}4.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Suman Singh
| votes = 24,103
| percentage = 2.44
| change = {{decrease}}13.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,403
|percentage = 0.24
|change ={{increase}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 77,414
|percentage = 7.84
|change = {{decrease}}14.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,85,638
|percentage = 69.55
|change = {{increase}}4.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}12.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sonipat]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jitender Singh Malik]]
|votes = 3,38,795
|percentage = 47.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kishan Singh Sangwan
|votes =1,77,511
|percentage = 24.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Devraj Diwan
| votes = 1,12,837
| percentage = 15.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)
| candidate =Pt. Umesh Sharma
| votes = 42,400
| percentage = 5.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,61,284
|percentage =22.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,12,258
|percentage = 64.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sonipat district]]
* [[Political families of Haryana]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Haryana}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Sonipat district topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|29.0|77.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sonipat district]]

New India (newspaper)

2025-12-14T05:12:12Z

Antoniochx: Added New Post & Citations - done

{{short description|Daily newspaper focused on Indian freedom published in colonial India}}
{{About|the English-language newspaper|the Hindi newspaper|Nava Bharat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = New India
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners =
| founder = [[Annie Besant]]
| publisher =
| editor =
| president =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1914|06|1}}<ref name="bio1">{{cite book |last1=Dasa |first1=Jinaraja |title=A Short Biography of Annie Besant |date=2 February 1996 |publisher=T.P.H. |location=Adyar }}</ref>
| political_position = Pro Indian freedom struggle
| language = English
| ceased_publication = 1947
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], [[Madras]] (now Chennai)
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website =
| free =
| image_alt = border
| image_size = 250px
| motto =
| publishing_country = [[Colonial India]]
| circulation_date =
}}

'''''New India''''' was an early 20th century [[daily newspaper]] published in [[British Raj|India]] by [[Annie Besant]], to highlight issues related to the [[Indian freedom struggle]].<ref name="inc">{{cite web |title=Annie Besant |url=https://www.inc.in/en/leadership/past-party-president/annie-besant |website=www.inc.in |publisher=Indian National Congress - official website |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Nehru|first1=Jawaharlal|title=An Autobiography|date=1 March 1945|publisher=Bodell|location=Calcutta|edition=1}}</ref><ref name="ts">{{cite web |title=Annie Besant (1847 - 1933) |url=https://www.ts-adyar.org/content/annie-besant-1847-1933 |website=www.ts-adyar.org |publisher=Theosophical Society Adyar |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530190457/http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/annie-besant-1847-1933 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overview==
New India was a newspaper founded as a means to spread news related to the Indian freedom struggle, and as a means to vocalize the views of its founder, the freedom fighter Dr. Annie Besant, through her editorials. It was in the same league as [[Gandhi|Gandhi's]] Harijan and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak's]] [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]].<ref name="theo">{{cite journal |last1=Ram |first1=N.Sri |title='Dr Annie Besant's Work for Education in India' |journal=The Theosophist |date=2 October 2002 |volume=124 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Remembering Annie Besant: The woman who started Home Rule League |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/annie-besant-839130-2016-10-01 |access-date=29 October 2018 |publisher=India Today |date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

==Activities and political stance==

''New India'' was a pro Indian freedom newspaper, which simultaneously worked as a mouthpiece for the views of its founder Dr. Annie Besant. During and after the [[First World War]], the return to Gandhi to India, the involvement of Indian masses in the Indian freedom struggle (which until then had generally remained a topic of discussion only for the English speaking upper class Indians) and the vociferous involvement of [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and others, the [[Indian freedom struggle]] began to gather momentum in places other than Delhi, Calcutta and Bombay. In 1914, Besant vocalized the idea of the inclusion of more Indians in making decisions related to India at a political and economic level. She called this freedom '[[Home Rule in India|Home Rule]]', similar to the home rule movement in [[Ireland]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Besant |first1=Annie |title=Annie Besant, An Autobiography |date=1 May 1999 |publisher=TPH |location=Adyar |edition=5 }}</ref> Regular columnists in ''New India'''s first decade included [[S. S. Setlur]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=V Geetha |author2=S V Rajadurai |title=One Hundred Years of Brahminitude: Arrival of Annie Besant |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=July 15, 1995 |volume=30 |issue=28 |page=1769 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4402996 |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1914]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Defunct daily newspapers]]

Kaupinam

2025-12-09T05:29:37Z

Antoniochx: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Undergarment}}

The '''kaupinam''', '''kovanam''', '''kaupina''', '''langot''', or '''lungooty''' is a [[loincloth]] worn by men in the [[Indian subcontinent]] as [[underclothing]]. It is still commonly worn in South Asia by ''[[pehlwan]]s'' (wrestlers) while exercising or [[sparring]] in a ''[[Akhara#Dangal|dangal]]''. It is basically a rectangular strip of cloth used to cover the genitals, with strings connected to the four ends of the cloth, for binding it around the waist and between the legs. [[File:India_wrestling_akhara_training.jpg|right|thumb|A [[pehlwan]] sports a ''langoti'' at an ''[[akhara]]'']]

The short type of ''lungooty'' worn by [[naga sadhu]]s or [[baba_(honorific)|baba]]s often leaves the buttocks bare, it is also known as <nowiki>''coopees''.</nowiki><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC|title=Hobson-Jobson|pages=525|isbn=9781853263637 |last1=Yule |first1=Sir Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |year=1996 |publisher=Wordsworth Editions }}</ref>

==Use==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Südindischer Meister um 850 002.jpg
| caption1 = Painting depicting youth in kaupina harvesting lotus in pond, circa 850 CE.
| width1 = 180
| image2 =
| caption2 = Youth in kaupina harvesting lotus in pond, 850 CE
| width2 = 196
}}
It is still used extensively by ''[[Kalaripayattu]]'' (martial artists), bodyguards (''ang-rakshaks'') and wrestlers (''pehelwans'') in rural [[India]], especially in games of ''[[Malla-yuddha]]'' and the medieval variation ''[[Pehlwani]]'' (a form of sparring from [[West Asia]] and [[South Asia]]). It is also worn during [[fitness training]] & [[sports coaching]] (''kasrat''); by men performing any form of physically straining activity and weight lifting such as [[farming]].

Langot is a male sports gear and undergarment, associated with almost every form of physically straining sports like [[kushti]] and ''[[kabaddi]]'' of Indian traditions. It has been worn by henchmen and sportsmen during practices and sessions, in a similar way to the contemporary use of [[gym shorts]] and [[briefs|jock briefs]] since ancient times. Wrestlers and bodyguards also wear an [[Jockstrap#Protective cup|abdominal guard]] underneath, to protect and support their genitals.

The kaupinam is a very ancient form of sportswear and was in use since the early [[Vedic Period]] (2000–1500 BC), as is evident from a verse in the ''[[Sam Veda]]'' of Hindu scriptures.<ref name=wrestle>{{cite book|last=Alter|first=Joseph S.|title=The wrestler's body: identity and ideology in north India|year=1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn= 9780520076976|pages=305 pages}}</ref> The devotees of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] were said to be wearing kaupinam.

==Religious significance==
{{Quote box
| title = ''Kaupina Panchakam''
| quote = Kaupina vantah kalu bagya vantah Vedanta Vakyeshu sada ramayantah Bikshanna matrena tustimantah vishokamantah karane charantah kaupina vantah kalu bagyavantah
| source = Adi Shankara
| align = right
| width =
| border = 1px
| fontsize = 85%
| bgcolor =
| style =
| title_bg =
| title_fnt =
| qalign =
| quoted = 2
| salign = right
}}

It has religious significance attached to [[asceticism]] for the [[Hindu]]s. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' enjoins that a true ascetic should not wear anything other than a kaupina.<ref>[http://vedabase.net/sb/7/13/2/ Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 7.13.2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071350/http://vedabase.net/sb/7/13/2/ |date=2013-10-19 }}, Bhaktivedanta VedaBase</ref> Sometimes the god [[Shiva]] himself is depicted wearing Kaupina.<ref name=shaivism>{{cite book|first=C. V.|last=Narayana Ayyar|title=Origin and early history of Śaivism in South India|volume=6|series=Madras University historical series|year=1939|publisher=University of Madras|pages=155, 185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEFQtQAACAAJ}}</ref> The deities [[Lord Murugan|Murugan]] of [[Palani]] and [[Hanuman]] are said to be wearing this garment.<ref name=hanuman>{{cite book|last=Lutgendorf|first=Philip|title=Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey Oxford scholarship online|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195309225|pages=434 pages(see:186)}}</ref> Langot or kaupin is associated with celibacy.<ref name=Celibacy>{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=A history of celibacy|year=2001|publisher=James Clarke & Co.|isbn= 9780718830069|pages=493 pages}}</ref> [[Adi Shankara]] composed a [[Verse (poetry)|verse]] called ''Kaupina Panchakam'' to assert the significance of asceticism. Famous Maharashtrian sant [[Samarth Ramdas]] and Tamil rishi [[Ramana Maharshi]] were always depicted wearing a langot in popular pictures.

==Langota==
[[File:Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Wrestlers,_Jamalagarhi_(9218073869).jpg|right|thumb|[[Sculpture]] of [[athletes]] in a similar undergarment at the [[Indian Museum, Calcutta]], recovered from the [[Graeco-Buddhist]] site of [[Jamalgarhi]] in [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]], present-day Pakistan.]]

The older ''Kapinaum'' form is distinct from the present-day ''Langota'' or ''Langoti'' which is [[sewn]] and covers the [[buttock]]s. It was worn as [[underwear]] in ''dangal'' held at ''akhara''s. It is now mainly used by men when exercising and other intense physical games especially [[Wrestling in India|wrestling]], to prevent [[hernias]] and [[hydrocele]].<ref name="Mahatyagi2007">{{cite book|author=Raman Das Mahatyagi|title=Yatan Yoga: A Natural Guide to Health and Harmony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjpmZ3ysHTsC&pg=PA33|year=2007|publisher=YATAN Ayurvedics|isbn=978-0-9803761-0-4|pages=33–}}</ref>

The loincloth is about 3" wide and 24" long single piece of cotton cloth. It is first put between the legs and then wrapped around the waist very tightly.

==In media==
A langot was worn by [[Mowgli]], the main hero of [[The Jungle Book]] franchise including the
[[Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book|1942]], [[Adventures of Mowgli|1967–1971]], [[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|1967]], [[The Jungle Book (1994 film)|1994]], [[The Jungle Book 2|2003]], [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|2016]], and [[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle|2018]] films.

==See also==
{{div col |colwidth=12em}}
* Similar Indian clothes
** [[Kacchera]]
* Related Indian clothes
** [[Clothing in India]]
** [[Dhoti]]
** [[Lungi]]
** [[Veshti]]
* Similar foreign clothes
** [[Bahag (garment)|Bahag]]
** [[Breechcloth]]
** [[Fundoshi]]
** [[Loincloth]]
** [[Mawashi]]
** [[Perizoma (loincloth)|Perizoma]]
** [[Subligaculum]]
** [[Thong]]
* Related foreign clothes
** [[Tallit katan]]
** [[Temple garment]]: religious undergarments worn by many [[Mormons]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/630855860272488500/ How to wear], visual description.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.yatan-ayur.com.au/langota.htm |title=The Langota |publisher=Yatan Holistic Ayurvedic Centre |access-date=10 August 2012}}

{{Clothing in South Asia}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Undergarments]]
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Hindu asceticism]]
[[Category:Folk costumes]]

Department of Higher Education (Odisha)

2025-11-19T06:50:50Z

Antoniochx: Added A Bio W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Higher Education Department, Govt. of Odisha
| image =
| image_size =
| motto =
| formation = 2010
| type =
| status = Active
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| location =
| coords =
| region = [[Odisha]]
| services =
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| board_of_directors =
| key_people = Suryabansi Suraj, Minister and Aravind Agarwal, Commissioner-cum-Secretary
| main_organ =
| parent_organisation = [[Government of Odisha]]
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| mission =
| website = {{URL|http://dhe.odisha.gov.in}}
}}

'''Department of Higher Education, Odisha''' (Odia: '''ଉଚ୍ଚ ଶିକ୍ଷା ବିଭାଗ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା''') is a unit of the [[Government of Odisha]] in [[India]] that looks after the higher education in the state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://dheodisha.gov.in/DHE/inner3.aspx?lnk=abt | title = about dheodisha| publisher = dheodisha.gov.in}}</ref> The department looks after the education curriculum at University, Post-Graduate and Graduate level in the state of Odisha. The department is responsible for hiring and employing teaching staffs in positions of Professor, Associate Professor and Assistant Professor as well as non-teaching staff in Higher Education Institutions running under [[Government of Odisha]]. Moreover, it looks after functioning of state run Universities namely [[Maa Manikeshwari University]], [[Rajendra University]], [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Utkal University]], [[Berhampur University]], [[Sambalpur University]], [[Shri Jagannath Sanskrit University|Sri Jagannath Sanskrit Viswavidyalaya]], [[Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University]], [[Fakir Mohan University]], [[Gangadhar Meher University]], [[Rama Devi Women's University]], [[Khallikote Unitary University]], [[National Law University Odisha|NLUO]], [[Dharanidhar University]], [[Odisha State Open University]] and [[Vikram Dev University]].

==Facility==
In the year 2010 Department of Higher Education, Odisha introduced ''Students Academic Management System'' also known as ''(SAMS)''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dc1.dheorissa.in/SAMS_DOCS/6_10_2015_6_38_20_PM12166.pdf| title = about students academic management system| publisher = dheodisha.gov.in| access-date = 11 June 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150614112205/http://dc1.dheorissa.in/SAMS_DOCS/6_10_2015_6_38_20_PM12166.pdf| archive-date = 14 June 2015| url-status = dead}}</ref> This facility is based on e-admission of students seeking admission to ITI/Diploma engineering and non-engineering courses, +2 and +3 courses in various private and government schools, colleges, polytechnics and university in the state of Odisha under Department of Higher Education and skill development in the streams of Arts, Law, Commerce, Science, Craftsmen, ITI training, Diploma and other self finance courses.

DHE Odisha website also enables facility of [[Right to Information Act|RTI]], e-space, e-dispatch and pool of information resources about staff position and Infrastructure support of various Schools, Colleges and University. E- Dispatch and E- Space are web based facility for receiving Letters, Office Orders, Amendments, and other resources of information of different departments of Government of Odisha.

==See also==
*[[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]]
*[[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha]]
*[[State Council for Technical Education & Vocational Training, Orissa|State Council for Technical Education & Vocational Training]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Odisha}}
{{School education in India}}
{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)| ]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Education in Odisha]]
[[Category:State agencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Government of Odisha]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Orissa]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Banai (goddess)

2025-11-17T18:57:53Z

Antoniochx:

{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{good article}}
[[File:Khandoba Mhalsa Banai.jpg|thumb|[[Khandoba]] with his two chief wives: [[Mahalasa|Mhalsa]] and Banai]]

'''Banai''' ({{langx|mr|बाणाई}} {{IAST|Bāṇāi}}, sometimes बानाई), also known as '''Banu''' (Bāṇu, बानू) and '''Banu-[[Bai (suffix)|bai]]''' (Bāṇu-bāī, बानू-बाई), is a [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] and the second wife of the god [[Khandoba]]. Khandoba is a form of the god [[Shiva]] worshipped in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] – predominantly in the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. He is portrayed as a king of [[Jejuri]], where his chief temple stands. Some traditions do not give Banai the status of a legal wife and treat her as a [[concubine]] of Khandoba. Banai is identified with the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] as a consort of Shiva.

While scriptures related to Khandoba do not mention Banai, she is a central subject of folk songs. Banai is considered a [[Dhangar]], a sheep herding [[caste]], and is sometimes regarded to be of celestial origin. Oral traditions chiefly discuss the tale of her marriage to Khandoba and her conflicts with his first wife [[Mhalsa]]. Banai is an antithesis of Mhalsa; together they complete the god. Banai is generally depicted with Khandoba and often is also accompanied by Mhalsa.

Banai does not enjoy independent worship, but is worshipped as Khandoba's consort in most of his temples. She is the patron goddess of the Dhangar community and is worshipped as a protector of their herds.

==Development and symbolism==
[[File:Mailar Mallanna Khanapur.JPG|thumb|Khandoba with Mhalsa and Banai, at [[Mailar Mallanna Temple]], Khanapur near Bidar, Karnataka]]
Though Khandoba is a god with five wives, his first two consorts [[Mahalasa|Mhalsa]] and Banai are the most important. The tale of the King or god with two wives is retold with some variation across India: [[Murugan]] and his wives [[Devasena]] and [[Valli]]; [[Venkateswara]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Alamelu|Padmavati]] being some examples. The motif of Shiva and his wives [[Parvati]] and [[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]] is told in the ''[[Purana]]s''.<ref name="Sontheimer116"/>

The theme of the god marrying a tribal girl like Banai recurs across the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region; another example being Valli's marriage to Murugan.<ref name="Hiltebeitel323">Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp. 323–4</ref> Deities across the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] (even extending to [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]) often have two wives; one wife from a high [[caste]] and another from the lower social strata: a lower caste or a tribal.<ref>Sontheimer in Channa pp. 32–33</ref> Khandoba's wives who come from various communities establish cultural linkages of the god to these communities, who worship them as their patron god.<ref name="Sontheimer116"/>

While Banai is considered a legal wife of Khandoba in Maharashtra (especially with the [[Dhangar]]s), the [[Kuruba]]s of Karnataka regard her as a [[concubine]].<ref name="Channa35">Sontheimer in Channa p. 35</ref> While Mhalsa is from the high-caste Lingayat merchant (Vani) community, Banai is described as a Dhangar (shepherd caste), representing the "outside" and associates Khandoba with non-elite herding castes like Dhangars, [[Gavli]] and Kuruba ([[Gowda (caste)|Gowda]]) who live in the forest. Some traditions consider Banai a Gavli (cowherd caste) or [[Koli people|Koli]] (fisherman caste).<ref name="ZelliotBerntsen1988"/> In Karnataka, she is called Kurbattyavva and is a Kuruba.<ref name="Channa35"/>

Banai is the antithesis of Mhalsa. Mhalsa has a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba. Banai, on the other hand, has a love marriage after being captured by the god. Mhalsa is described as pure, jealous and a good cook; Banai is impure, erotic, resolute, but does not even know to cook. Mhalsa represents "culture" while Banai "nature"; together they aid the god-king Khandoba.<ref name="Sontheimer116">Sontheimer in Feldhaus, pp. 116–8</ref>

The oral legends and texts initiate a process of [[Sanskritization]] of the folk deity Khandoba by elevating him to the classical Hindu god Shiva; his two principal wives Mhalsa and Banai are equated to Parvati and Ganga.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel p. 278</ref> Banai does not appear in the [[Sanskrit]] ''Malhari Mahatmya'', the main scripture related to Khandoba, however it mentions Ganga arriving from heaven. Banai (Ganga) has a quarrel with Mhalsa (Parvati), ultimately ending with the message that both are the same.<ref name="Sontheimer116"/> Some Dhangars consider Banai also to be a form of Parvati.<ref>Sontheimer in Feldhaus, p. 127</ref>

The chief source of legends related to Banai are ''[[ovi (poetry)|ovi]]'' (''pada'') or folk songs sung by Vaghyas and Muralis, the male and female bards of Khandoba. They sing at ''[[jagran]]''s (a vigil) where the bards sing in praise of Khandoba through the night. The songs talk about the relationship of Khandoba to his consorts and the mutual relationships of the wives. They are centred on Mhalsa and Banai and often narrate about their quarrels.<ref name="Sontheimer115">Sontheimer in Feldhaus, p. 115</ref> The tale of the marriage of Khandoba and Banai is a central theme in many Dhangar folk songs.<ref name="Sontheimer119"/> The [[Varkari]] saint [[Sheikh Muhammad]] (1560–1650) disparages Khandoba in his ''Yoga-samgrama'' and calls him the "mad" god that searches for Banai due to "sexual passion", an allusion to the tale of Banai's marriage, indicating that the tale was well-established by this era.<ref>Sontheimer in Barz & Horstmann, p. 39</ref>

According to scholar Günther-Dietz Sontheimer, the legend of Banai has close parallels with the story of King [[Dushyanta]] and [[Shakuntala]] from the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Sontheimer116"/> The tale of another folk god [[Mhaskoba]] (Bhairava) to gain his wife Balurani or Balai despite obstacles is also similar to Khandoba's endeavour to win over Banai.<ref name="Channa35"/>

==Legends==

Banai does not appear in the ''Malhari Mahatmya'' originating from the [[Brahmin]] (high-priest caste) tradition, which glorifies Khandoba as Shiva and de-emphasizes his earthly connections. In contrast, Banai occupies the central position in the Dhangar folk narrative and Mhalsa's marriage to Khandoba is reduced to a passing mention; [[Maratha]]s and other settled castes give more importance to Mhalsa.<ref>Sontheimer in Barz & Horstmann, pp. 38, 40</ref>

=== Early life ===
Generally, Banai's birth is not discussed in the folk songs. Few regard her as an avatar of the [[apsara]] (celestial nymph) [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]], while others consider her one of the seven daughters of [[Indra]], the king of the gods. She is found by a Dhangar in a golden box in the forest, hidden in a termite mound or a pit.<ref name="Barz41"/> Her Dhangar father (sometimes named Yamu) is the chief of shepherds, who owns nine lakh sheep and goats, nine lakh lambs and numerous barren ones.<ref name="Channa"/><ref name="Barz41"/> Yamu is said to have prayed for a child and finds Banai in a box. A virgin ewe is said to have fed Banai her milk, as Yamu does not have a wife and does not know how to feed the infant. In another miracle, a three-storeyed house appears at the place of Yamu's tent for the young Banai to reside, while the rest of the Dhangars live in tents.<ref>Sontheimer in Barz & Horstmann, pp. 13–14</ref> She grows up as a rich shepherdess and becomes the overseer of twelve Dhangar ''vada''s (pastoral settlements or camps, inhabited by different Dhangar clans). She cares for her sheep, grazes them and learns how to breed them.<ref name="Channa"/><ref name="Barz41"/>

=== Marriage ===
Once, Khandoba and Mhalsa play a game of ''[[Chaupar|saripat]]'' (translated as game of dice or chess). Khandoba loses everything to Mhalsa in the wager, except his [[dhoti]], his flag, his staff (wand) and his ''bhandari'', the bag of magical ''bhandara'' (turmeric powder). In a dream, he sees Banai and falls in love with her. He goes on a hunt in the forest, gets away from the army and stays with Banai for twelve years. He marries her in non-ritualistic marriage and brings her back to [[Jejuri]]. A variant describes how Khandoba arrives in Chandanpur on a hunting expedition and becomes thirsty. A Dhangar directs him to Banai's ''vada''. Banai offers him water or sends a pot of water, in which Khandoba reads Banai's name. In another version, the pot with nine jewels is a sign for Khandoba to recognise Banai, the girl he saw in his dream. He falls for her and loses purposefully in ''saripat'' with Mhalsa and accepts a twelve-year exile. In this period, he disguises himself as an impoverished, old leper and becomes a man-servant of Banai's father. Some folk songs have erotic overtones, for example, some songs give erotic descriptions of Banai's beauty which maddens Khandoba.<ref name="Sontheimer119"/><ref name="ZelliotBerntsen1988"/><ref name="Channa"/>

Khandoba is described as doing odd jobs under Banai's orders. Banai first assigns him the task of sweeping the entire ''vada''. He is responsible for cleaning the sheep pens and taking the sheep and lambs for grazing. He completes all tasks by spreading his magical ''bhandara''. The shepherds are astonished how a single old man can handle all the animals. Their vanity is crushed. Banai assigns him the additional responsibility of taking care of five hundred children. She commands if any sheep or lamb is lost or a child cries, she will not give him his food. But Khandoba fulfils the tasks again by spraying his ''bhandara''. She assigns him the job of washing the sheep and lambs. Instead, Khandoba kills all her sheep and lambs to humble the shepherds and Banai. He skins the sheep and separates the meat. A repentant Banai begs his forgiveness; he agrees to revive her flock on the condition that Banai marries him. Khandoba revives the sheep by spreading his ''bhandara'' and reveals his true form.<ref name="Sontheimer119">Sontheimer in Feldhaus, pp. 116–32</ref><ref name="ZelliotBerntsen1988">{{cite book|last=Sontheimer|first=Günther-Dietz|editor1=Eleanor Zelliot|editor2=Maxine Berntsen|title=The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|year=1988|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-662-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell/page/124 124–5]|chapter=The Religion of Dhangar Nomads|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/experienceofhind00zell/page/124}}</ref><ref name="Channa">Sontheimer in Channa pp. 35-44</ref><ref>Sontheimer in Barz & Horstmann, pp. 15–21</ref>

The wedding is deemed not in accordance to Hindu rituals. Banai and Khandoba marry in a simple, un-Brahmanical ceremony, where sheep droppings are showered on the couple, instead of rice as in the ritualistic weddings of classical ([[Brahmanical]]) Hinduism. The wedding is conducted without a Brahmin officiating priest. Shepherds read the [[mantra]]s (the responsibility of the Brahmin in a normal wedding) and the bleating of sheep replaces the traditional wedding band. The wedding is sometimes described as a [[gandharva marriage]]. Due to the unceremonious nature of the wedding, she is sometimes considered a ''rakh'' (concubine) of Khandoba.<ref>Sontheimer in Channa pp. 35, 44</ref>

=== After marriage ===
[[File:Khandoba Mhalsa fighting demons.jpg|thumb|Painting on the outer wall of Banai's temple, Jejuri. Khandoba and Mhalsa are depicted killing the demons. Rarely, Banai replaces Mhalsa in the description of the incident.]]

In all versions, Khandoba returns to Jejuri with his new wife and faces the wrath of Mhalsa.<ref name="Sontheimer119"/><ref name="ZelliotBerntsen1988"/> Many songs tell about the confrontations of Mhalsa and Banai. In some songs, Mhalsa complains about Khandoba's infatuation with the impure Banai. The cantankerous Mhalsa grumbles how Banai has polluted the house by her uncouth ways and suggests that Banai should be returned to the wilderness again. The songs sing how the vegetarian, high-caste Mhalsa is forced to catch fish and eat in the same plate as the non-vegetarian low-caste Banai. Mhalsa is portrayed blaming Banai for the problems in the palace and talking about her superiority to Banai. Banai retorts by saying that Khandoba came to her, mesmerized by her beauty and became her servant.<ref name="Hiltebeitel323"/> A frustrated Khandoba leaves the palace on a hunting trip after Mhalsa and Banai quarrel about who will embroider a shawl for him and marries Rambhai.<ref name="Sontheimer119"/> The songs also narrate how ultimately the wives have to remain in harmony and aid each other. For example, a song sings how Mhalsa and Banai come together and celebrate the festival of [[Diwali]] with Khandoba at Jejuri.<ref name="Sontheimer119"/>

Rarely, Banai also appears in Khandoba's chief legend where he slays the demons Mani and Malla. Mhalsa and Banai (or Ganga) futilely help Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani, every drop of which was creating a new demon. Finally, the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood. Rarely, Banai is described as seated behind Khandoba on the horse and fighting with a sword or spear, a role generally assigned to Mhalsa.<ref>Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp. 280–4</ref>

==Worship and iconography==
While traces of Banai/Balai's association with the folk god [[Biroba]] as a "mother" remain, Banai rarely enjoys independent worship in modern times. She is generally worshipped as Khandoba's consort.<ref name="Channa45">Sontheimer in Channa, p. 45</ref> While in Karnataka, her temple is outside the village and Mailara (as Khandoba is known in Karnataka) journeys every year to visit it for ten nights from his temple in the village. In Maharashtra, Banai's temple is inside the village, but outside the chief temple, as in Khandoba's chief temple at Jejuri. Mhalsa - who is installed in the main temple - is said to resist the arrival of Khandoba's new wife Banai and thus, Banai does not reside in the chief temple. Frustrated by the constant quarrels between the two wives, Khandoba is said to have divided the hill of Jejuri into two halves: the lower half belongs to Banai, where she has a separate shrine while Mhalsa rules the upper half where she stays with Khandoba in the main temple.<ref name="Channa35"/> It is customary to pay respects to Banai on the way up to the main shrine, before worshipping Khandoba and Mhalsa there. It is said that Khandoba bestowed the honour of first worship on Banai, while sending her off to a separate residence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khandobajejuri.com/khandobadarshan.html |title=Khandoba Jejuri temple - Official site |access-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112248/http://www.khandobajejuri.com/khandobadarshan.html |archive-date=28 January 2015 }}</ref>

Banai is the patron goddess of the Dhangars and the protector goddess of flock and herds. She takes care of the well-being of the community and is worshipped for increasing the herd. Stone votive images of sheep and other cattle are offered to her for plentiful animals. No animal sacrifice or non-vegetarian offerings are presented to Khandoba directly, instead non-vegetarian offerings intended for Khandoba are offered to Banai. Dhangars sacrifice rams in her honour and offer her a ''[[naivedya]]'' (food offering) of liver, meat and rice, especially on the holy days: [[Vijayadashami]] (when warriors traditionally set off on war or on a journey) and the [[Purnima|full moon days]] in the [[Hindu month]]s of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] and [[Chaitra]].<ref name="ZelliotBerntsen1988"/><ref name="Channa45"/><ref name="jejuri">{{cite web|url = http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/places_j.html#.|title = Jejuri|publisher = Maharashtra Gazetteer|year = 2006|orig-year = 1885}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Khandoba is often depicted with two identical goddesses accompanying him, representing Mhalsa and Banai.<ref name="Sontheimer119"/> In brass images, Banai is depicted holding a lamb and offering water to Khandoba, while Mhalsa rides with Khandoba on his horse. In metal plaques worshipped by the Dhangars, Banai accompanies Khandoba on his horse and is depicted with sheep.<ref name="Barz41">Sontheimer in Barz & Horstmann, p. 41</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |title= Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|year= 1996|publisher = [[State University of New York|SUNY]] Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSU9Qp9w0MC&pg=PA115 |isbn= 0-7914-2837-0|chapter = All the God's wives|editor = Anne Feldhaus}}
*{{cite book |title= Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|year= 1989|publisher= [[State University of New York|SUNY]] Press|isbn= 0-88706-981-9|editor = Alf Hiltebeitel |editor-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |chapter = Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan}}
*{{cite book|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|editor=Subhadra Channa|title=Encyclopaedia of Women Studies: Women and religion|year=2004|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-834-0|chapter=Forest and Pastoral Goddesses: Independence and Assimilation}}
*{{cite book |title= Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism|last= Stanley|first= John. M. |year= 1989|publisher= [[State University of New York|SUNY]] Press|isbn= 0-88706-981-9|editor = Alf Hiltebeitel |editor-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |chapter = The Captulation of Mani: A Conversion Myth in the Cult of Khandoba}}
*{{cite book|editor1=Richard Keith Barz|editor2=Monika Thiel-Horstmann|editor-link2=Monika Boehm-Tettelbach|title=Living Texts from India|last= Sontheimer|first= Günther-Dietz|chapter=The Myth of the God and His Two Wives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU8OKWe9-isC&pg=PA7|year=1989|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02967-4}}

{{Hindu deities and texts}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Animal goddesses]]

Sudhir Bhat

2025-11-07T04:30:47Z

Antoniochx: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=March 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhir Bhat
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = 1951
| birth_place =
| death_date = 14 November 2013
| death_place =
| occupation = Producer
| yearsactive = 1985–2013
| parents =
}}

'''Sudhir Bhat''' was an Indian [[Marathi theatre|Marathi play]] producer. He was the founder member of the famous Theatre group "Suyog".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/SuyogProductions/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

Bhat is one of the few commercially successful Marathi play producers. He showcased his plays for the [[Marathi diaspora]] in the [[United States]]. He continued with this project for around three decades, during which he produced over 80 plays, which accounted for 17,000 shows. Eight of his plays crossed the 1000-show mark. He holds the record for producing the highest number of plays in a career. His company went on to stage several box-office hits.<ref name="www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/13/nov/18-sudhir-bhat-of-the-well-known-marathi-theatre-company-suyog-passes-away.asp#sthash.9SFMxWae.dpuf |title=Sudhir Bhat of the well-known Marathi theatre company Suyog passes away... |publisher=www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |date=2013-11-18 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref><ref name="mumbaimirror1">[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Marathi-theatre-loses-its-ace-marketer/articleshow/25904801.cms Marathi theatre loses its ace marketer]</ref>

==Career==
Bhat formed an organization named "Suyog" along with [[Gopal Algeri]] on 1 January 1985. He set an all-time record for producing the highest number of plays produced under one banner in Marathi theater. He came into the limelight with the play "[[Moruchi Mavshi|Moruchi Mavashi]]". This was a major hit at that time. [[Vijay Chavan]], [[Pradeep Patwardhan]] and [[Prashant Damle]] were some of the new actors produced in this play. He took the Marathi play outside [[India]]. His plays made shows in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], United States, and [[Europe]] and gained enormous popularity over there. High production values and the right marketing were key to his success. The Marathi theater industry saw a downturn in the year 1997. His plays in the US were a major boost during that time.

===Criticism===
He was also criticized by many for making too many business transactions in the Marathi play allocation dates. He made losses in many plays but he did not leave or change the business of producing the plays.<ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai/--/articleshow/25843334.cms? Sudhir Bhat]</ref>

As the head of the [[Natya Nirmata Sangh]] (producers' association), he was the cynosure of many controversies. Many producers labeled him a 'contractor-producer', criticizing his repertoire of commercially successful actors, particularly the faces that he usually banked on. Those include [[Prashant Damle]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Kavita Lad]], [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]. He was absolutely unapologetic about his brand of [[theatre]].

He even drew flak for alleged unfair allotment of performance slots in [[Mumbai]]'s select auditoriums. Many contemporaries called him dictatorial and alleged he had infused a commercial spirit in theatre. They accused him of using his clout to gain prime slots. However, Bhat maintained he stood for quality theatre, good marketing and high production values. He said his theatre was a box-set proscenium parameter, with no pretense of an experimental intent.

===Successful person===
Despite the barrage of criticism, his commercial success did bring a sparkle to Mumbai's theatre arts in the 90s, when none of the plays were doing well.

In spite of his economic orientation, Bhat deserves credit for some off-track plays that expanded the Marathi theatre cosmos. In 2003, he cast 75-year-old [[Shriram Lagoo]] in 'Mitra'. The play was about a resilient, ageing, upper caste widower, who befriends his female [[Dalit]] nurse, much to the indignation of his family. The play was stage 218 times, mostly to packed auditoriums. 'Mitra' received a rapturous response in places like [[Dubai]]. 'Gandhi Virudh Gandhi' was another bold attempt to portray the contentious relationship of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his son [[Harilal Gandhi]].

But Bhat knew how to sell his plays. For instance, his production of [[PL Deshpande]]'s life sketches 'Vyakti ani Valli' introduced the new generation to a masterpiece of humour. That the play banked on PL's glamour is a known fact.<ref name="mumbaimirror1"/>

==Death==
On Thursday, 14 November 2013, he died of a heart attack at Hinduja hospital.<ref name="www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com"/>
<ref>[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai/--/articleshow/25843334.cms? नाट्यनिर्माते सुधीर भट यांचे निधन]</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://livesatara.com/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81/ |title=ज्येष्ठ नाट्यनिर्माते सुधीर भट यांचे हृदयविकाराने निधन – Live Satara | |publisher=Livesatara.com |date=2013-11-16 |accessdate=2014-01-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103211107/http://livesatara.com/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81/ |archivedate=3 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Plays produced in Marathi ==
Sources:<ref>[http://prahaar.in/mahamumbai/154067 नाटय निर्माते सुधीर भट यांचे निधन] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103194054/http://prahaar.in/mahamumbai/154067 |date=3 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ibnlokmat.tv/?p=105806 ‘सुयोग’चा आधार हरपला, सुधीर भट यांची एक्झिट]</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# Appa and Bappa अप्पा आणि बाप्पा,
# Uduni ja pakhara उडुनी जा पाखरा,
# Ekda pahava karun एकदा पहावं करून,
# Eka lagnachi gosht एका लग्नाची गोष्ट - 1350 plays
# Karayalo gelo ek करायला गेलो एक,
# Kalam 302 कलम ३०२,
# Kashi mi rahu ashi कशी मी राहू अशी,
# Kashat kay laphdyat pay कश्यात काय लफड्यात पाय,
# Kirvant किरवंत,
# Gandhi viruddha Gandhi गांधी विरुद्ध गांधी,
# Char diwas premache चार दिवस प्रेमाचे - 1012 plays
# Javai maza bhala जावई माझा भला,
# Zala ekdacha झालं एकदाचं,
# Tarun Turk mhatare ark तरुण तुर्क म्हातारे अर्क,
# Ti phulrani ती फुलराणी,
# Dinuchya sasubai radhabai दिनूच्या सासूबाई राधाबाई,
# Nishpap निष्पाप,
# Pritisangam प्रीतिसंगम,
# Prema tuza rang kasa प्रेमा तुझा रंग कसा,
# Be lalna raja (Gujrathi) बे लालना राजा (गुजराथी),
# Brahmchari ब्रह्मचारी,
# Bhrmacha bhopla भ्रमाचा भोपळा,
# Moruchi mavashi मोरूची मावशी - 2042 plays
# Lagnachi bedi लग्नाची बेडी,
# Wa guru वा गुरू!,
# Vyakti ani valli व्यक्ती आणि वल्ली,
# Shri tashi sou श्री तशी सौ,
# Shrimant श्रीमंत,
# Sandhyachhaya संध्याछाया,
# Sundar mi honar सुंदर मी होणार,
# Havaas maj tu हवास मज तू,
# Hasat khelat हसत खेळत,
# Hich tar premachi gammat aahe हीच तर प्रेमाची गम्मत आहे
# Beiman बेईमान
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Sudhir}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]

Dhaivata (svara)

2025-10-30T05:34:53Z

Antoniochx: starting new pg

{{Short description|Sixth octave in Indian classical music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Dhaivat (Dha).jpg|thumb|Dhaivata (Dha)]]
'''Dhaivata''' ({{Langx|sa|धैवत|translit=Dhaivata}} {{IPA|sa|d̪ʱaɪ̯ʋɐt̪ɐ|}}) is the sixth and penultimate [[svara]] of [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahaim |first1=Matthew |title=Musicking Bodies: Gesture and Voice in Hindustani Music |date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-7327-8 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBNEEvVb3g4C&dq=Dhaivat&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title = The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani}}</ref> Dhaivata is the long form of the syllable ध (Dha).<ref>https://brainly.in/question/4916824 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Details==
The following is the information about Dhaivata and its importance in [[Indian classical music]]:

* Dhaivata is the sixth svara in an octave or [[Saptak]].
* Dhaivata is the immediate next svara of [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa).
* The [[svara]] of Dhaivata is {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} and Shuddha.
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other six svaras are produced. When we break the word Shadja then we get, Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is 6 and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja|title = The 7 Shadows of Shadja|date = 30 January 2013}}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other 6 notes of the music.'''
So the svara Dha is formed from [[Shadja]].
* The frequency of Dhaivata is 400 Hz. The frequencies of the seven svaras are also given below: Sa 240 Hz, Re 270 Hz, Ga 300 Hz, Ma 320 Hz, Pa 360 Hz, Dha 400 Hz, and Ni 450 Hz, Sa 480 Hz (Taar Saptak) ........ (and so on).
Consequently, the Dha after the Pa of 320  Hz (Taar Saptak) has a frequency of 800  Hz i.e. the double of the Lower octave Dha.
There are 3 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]] of Dhaivata. Previously the main Shruti, not only for Re but for all the other svaras, was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shrurti.
For example, if these are the 3 Shruti's of Re then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Re'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2 3'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Re'''.
* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra svaras}} but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''', since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} Svaras'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Svaras'''

* Ragas from [[Bhairav Thaat]], [[Poorvi Thaat]], [[Asavari Thaat]], [[Bhairavi Thaat]] and [[Todi Thaat]] have Komal Dhaivata, rest of the [[thaat]]s have Shuddha Dhaivata.
* Ragas where Dha is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]], etc. Ragas where Dha is the Samvadi svara - Raga Kalingda, etc.
* Dhaivata is said to be sourced from the neighing of the [[horse]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/|title = The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music|date = 15 March 2007}}</ref>
* Dhaivata is associated with the planet [[Jupiter]].<ref name="auto"/>
* Dhaivata is associated with [[Yellow]] colour.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabha]] (Re)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhara]] (Ga)
* [[Madhyam (svara)|Madhyam]] (Ma)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishada]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindustani music]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]

Kashmir Images

2025-10-12T21:36:14Z

Antoniochx: done

{{Short description|Indian newspaper}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Srinagar]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| publishing_country = India
| owner = Bashir Manzar
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| website = {{URL|thekashmirimages.com}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1996}}
}}

'''''Kashmir Images''''' is an English language daily newspaper operating from [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]] started in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Showkat |first1=Nayeem |title=Mapping the Mediasphere in Jammu & Kashmir |journal=SAGE Open |date=October 2020 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=6 |doi=10.1177/2158244020968076|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 29 May 2002, three men entered the offices of the newspaper, questioned subeditor Zafar Iqbal for 20 minutes and then shot him. In November, photographer Farooq Javed Khan was attacked by police after leaving the newspaper's office. Neither incident was investigated by authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schofield |first1=Victoria |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London |isbn=9780755607198 |page=238 |edition=Updated}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-RrlbtzgAIC |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended |date=2002 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=2243 |language=en}}</ref>

Unrest in Kashmir in 2016 had negative financial effects on the newspaper as a decline in government projects led to the withdrawal of advertising and reductions in revenue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Valley unrest sends Kashmir newspapers into financial crisis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/valley-unrest-sends-kashmir-newspapers-into-financial-crisis/story-wDHXBMgNhUGhUAWYqiQb1H.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://epaper.thekashmirimages.com/ Digital Edition ''Kashmir Images'']

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

P.I. Meena

2025-10-12T20:47:28Z

Antoniochx: Made The Entry More To Come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = P I Meena.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Mystery film|Mystery]]|[[Crime fiction|Crime]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]}}
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| writer = {{ubl|Arindam Mitra|Ronak Kamat|[[Vipin Sharma]]}}
| screenplay =
| director = [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]]
| cinematography = Indra Marick
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tanya Maniktala]]
* [[Harsh Chhaya]]
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Zarina Wahab]]
}}
| music = Amit Chatterjee Rohit Kulkarni
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = Hari Mathur Daniel Varghese
| producer = Anay Baldua
| editor = Sourabh Prabhudesai
| runtime = 40
| company = QED Films
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|11|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''P.I. Meena''''' is a Hindi-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series created by Arindam Mitra, written by Ronak Kamat, [[Vipin Sharma]], Arindam Mitra, Ronak Kamat, and directed by [[Debaloy Bhattacharya]], starring [[Tanya Maniktala]], [[Harsh Chhaya]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Samir Soni]] and [[Zarina Wahab]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=PI Meena Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/pi-meena-web-series-108205 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106134023/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/pi-meena-web-series-108205 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=P.I. Meena (2023) |url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/p-i-meena-2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106134021/https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/p-i-meena-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=P.I. Meena (2023) {{!}} MUBI |url=https://mubi.com/en/in/films/p-i-meena |website=[[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106134346/https://mubi.com/en/in/films/p-i-meena |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Tanya Maniktala is 'P.I. Meena' in new detective series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tanya-maniktala-is-pi-meena-in-new-detective-series/article67461102.ece |access-date=6 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 October 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106141855/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tanya-maniktala-is-pi-meena-in-new-detective-series/article67461102.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Tanya Maniktala]] as Meenakshi Iyer
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Pritam Sen
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]] as Subho Roy
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Dr. Andrew Rakhaw
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Health Secretary
* [[Denzil Smith]] as Kedar Pokhral
* [[Akshay Kapoor]] as News Anchor
* [[Vipin Sharma]] as Tridib Malhotra
* [[Samir Soni]] as Dr. Nair
* [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]] as O.C. Kunal K. Hazra
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Chandana Dey
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Dr. Basu
* Samar Kanti Biswas as Taxi Driver

== Release ==
Official trailer of the series was released on 31 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer of Tanya Maniktala's P.I. Meena out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/oct/31/trailer-of-tanya-maniktalas-pi-meena-out-49120.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106141218/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/oct/31/trailer-of-tanya-maniktalas-pi-meena-out-49120.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=P.I. Meena trailer: Tanya Maniktala stars in a gripping detective drama. Watch |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/pi-meena-trailer-tanya-maniktala-stars-in-a-gripping-detective-drama-watch-62223.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=31 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106141218/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/pi-meena-trailer-tanya-maniktala-stars-in-a-gripping-detective-drama-watch-62223.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The series was released on 3 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Crime-detective drama P.I. Meena to premiere on Prime Video on November 3 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/pi-meena-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-tanya-maniktala-2742596 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=26 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106141718/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/pi-meena-release-date-cast-plot-trailer-tanya-maniktala-2742596 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='PI Meena' trailer: Tanya Maniktala leads investigation to unravel deep conspiracy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/pi-meena-trailer-tanya-maniktala-leads-investigation-to-unravel-deep-conspiracy-2456232-2023-10-31 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=31 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105194709/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/pi-meena-trailer-tanya-maniktala-leads-investigation-to-unravel-deep-conspiracy-2456232-2023-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Subhash K. Jha for ''[[Times Now]]'' reviewed the series and opined "There is plenty of such sloppiness to be seen in P I Meena."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=P .I. Meena Review: Tanya, Jisshu Sengupta Starrer Is A Bracing Investigative Thriller |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/p-i-meena-review-tanya-maniktala-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-is-a-bracing-investigative-thriller-review-104931174 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=3 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106144057/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/p-i-meena-review-tanya-maniktala-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-is-a-bracing-investigative-thriller-review-104931174 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Critic [[Deepa Gahlot]] reviewing the series for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Too many well-known names in the cast with too little to do and some characters dispatched just when they were making sense."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=PI Meena Review: Too Much Chaos |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pi-meena-review/20231103.htm |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106144709/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pi-meena-review/20231103.htm |url-status=live }}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated "Even detectives and investigators can break into a smile, at least when they know they are taking the right direction to solve the mystery."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |title=Tanya Maniktala, Parambrata Chattopadhyay, Jisshu Sengupta's 'P.I. Meena' review {{!}} Amazon Prime Video IN |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/p-i-meena-web-series-review-tanya-maniktala-tries-her-best-to-lift-the-convoluted-show-but-13345312.html |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105152359/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/p-i-meena-web-series-review-tanya-maniktala-tries-her-best-to-lift-the-convoluted-show-but-13345312.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prateek Sur of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' stated "If you’re looking for a great detective story, ‘P.I. Meena’ isn't the answer."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sur |first=Prateek |title='P.I. Meena' On Amazon Prime Video Review: Tanya Maniktala's Detective Drama Keeps You Engaged |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-p-i-meena-on-amazon-prime-video-review-tanya-maniktala-s-detective-drama-keeps-you-engaged-movie_reviews-328615 |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107084853/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-p-i-meena-on-amazon-prime-video-review-tanya-maniktala-s-detective-drama-keeps-you-engaged-movie_reviews-328615 |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated "Rogue science combines with poor plotting to ensure that the question doesn’t get a befitting answer."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='P.I.' Meena review: Rogue science + poor plotting = tedium |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1058599/p-i-meena-review-rogue-science-poor-plotting-tedium |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163620/https://scroll.in/reel/1058599/p-i-meena-review-rogue-science-poor-plotting-tedium |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Daily Guardian (Iloilo)|The Daily Guardian]]'' stated "Sourabh Prabhudesai’s editing is not great – this eight-episode series (40 minutes each) could have been effectively trimmed down to six cutting out a lot of unnecessary distractions in the show."<ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |title=PI Meena' review: A tedious series that even the good cast can't liven up |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/pi-meena-review-a-tedious-series-that-even-the-good-cast-cant-liven-up/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=[[Daily Guardian (Iloilo)|The Daily Guardian]] |date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107090851/https://thedailyguardian.com/pi-meena-review-a-tedious-series-that-even-the-good-cast-cant-liven-up/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt19812920}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/PI-Meena/0R79SMGRQJIGNC4B19QCGSKI94 ''P I Meena''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about real serial killers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]

K. Surendra Mohan

2025-08-09T04:19:49Z

Antoniochx:

{{Short description|Retired judge of Kerala High Court in India}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image = Justice K. Surendra Mohan.jpg
| name = K. Surendra Mohan
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| termstart = 5 January 2009
| termend = 1 March 2019
| office2 =
| termstart2 =
| termend2 =
| office3 =
| termstart3 =
| termend3 =
| nominator =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| nationality = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|03|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/ksm.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Surendra Mohan Kuriakose''' is a former judge of the [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The High Court of Kerala is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="nic.in">[http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/ksm.html Website High Court of Kerala]</ref><ref name="pib.nic.in">[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=68218 Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Law & Justice]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Surendra Mohan was born on 01.03.1957. He obtained a law degree from University College of Law, Dharwad and post graduation from [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology.]]<ref name="nic.in"/>

==Career==
Surendra Mohan was enrolled as Advocate on 12.10.1980 and started practice at [[Ernakulam]]. He elevated as Additional Judge of High Court of Kerala on 05.1.2009 became permanent from 15.12.2010 and retired from service on 01.03.2019.<ref name="nic.in"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, K. Surendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

National Law School of Delhi

2025-08-08T05:38:34Z

Antoniochx: added info

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil lighting the lamp to inaugurate the National Law School of Delhi University, in New Delhi on September 03, 2008.jpg|thumb|The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil lighting the lamp to inaugurate the National Law School of Delhi University, in New Delhi on September 03, 2008]]
'''National Law School of Delhi''', established in 2008 by Act 1 of 2008 of National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]], is a law university in India. The university is at Sector 14, Dwarka, New Delhi.


{{coord missing|Delhi}}

==External links==
* [http://nludelhi.ac.in Official entry portal] of the National Law University, Delhi

[[Category:Law schools in Delhi]]

ASBM University

2025-07-21T11:24:12Z

Antoniochx: creating a details...

{{short description|University in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = ASBM University
|image_name = ASBM University Logo.png
|motto = Rewritting the mantra of Excellence
|established = 2006
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|president = Prof. Biswajeet Pattanayak
|vice_chancellor= Prof. R. K. Bal
|city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|state = [[Odisha]]
|country = India
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
|affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|coordinates = {{coord |20.337794|N|85.742726|E|format=dms|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
|website = {{url|http://www.asbm.ac.in/}}
}}

'''ASBM University''', formerly '''Asian School of Business Management''', was established in 2006 as a private business school. In the year 2019, the institute was granted the status of a university. It facilitates management education in Odisha. It was founded by Professor Dr. Biswajeet Pattanayak<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biswajeetpattanayak.com/website/profile/brief.htm|title=Founder & Group Director, ASBM|access-date=8 July 2013|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002232702/http://www.biswajeetpattanayak.com/website/profile/brief.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> who is known to many for ‘Lagaan’- a movie which looked into IIM classrooms and corporate board rooms. ASBM University courses<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Management Course|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/asbm-to-offer-global-management-course-113061901087_1.html}}</ref> are mostly in the fields of innovation, business intelligence, leadership skills, technology, law, and accounting education.

== Founder and director ==
[[File:Dr. Biswajeet Pattanayak.jpg|thumb|Prof. Biswajeet Pattanayak]]

Prof. Dr. Biswajeet Pattanayak is the founder director of ASBM University. He has Ph.D. and D.Litt. in organizational behaviour, D.Sc. in management science and is a Fellow of All India Management Association (AIMA), New Delhi. The institution is headed by Shri Ravindra Chamaria, who is the chairman, and Mr. G. Upadhyaya, who is the associate chairman.

== Accreditation and ranking ==

ASBM University provides Post Graduate Diploma (PGDM) and undergraduate degree in management <ref>{{cite web|title=Full Time Postgraduate Diploma in Management|url=http://www.aiuweb.org/evaluation/list%20of%20Institute%20of%20PGDM%20with%20address%2015.12.2012.pdf}}</ref> which is duly approved and recognized by AICTE. PGDM has accreditation by National Board of Accreditation (NBA) and the Government of India. The Association of Indian Universities (AIU) recognizes ASBM's PGDM as equivalent to MBA.

ASBM University is a Life member of Association of Management Development Institutions in South Asia<ref>{{cite web|title=SAQS has positioned itself as Quality Assurance System representing the highest standard of achievement for management schools.|url=http://www.amdisa.org/}}</ref> (AMDISA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools Granted SAQS Accreditation|url=http://www.amdisa.org/listed_shools_popup.html}}</ref> The institution is an Academic member of Retailers Association of India (RAI).

== Collaborations ==
ASBM University has academic collaborations with:
* [[California State University]], USA
* [[St. Cloud University]], United States
* [[Universidad Argentina de la Empresa]]
* [[North Carolina Central University]] (USA student exchange, research & internship).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=ASBM MoUs & Partnerships |url=https://www.asbm.ac.in/the-asbm-legacy/mous-partnership/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=ASBM University}}</ref>

== Courses ==

ASBM University offers a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate programs through its five specialized schools. Each school focuses on a distinct academic area.

'''ASBM School of Business''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASBM School of Business |url=https://www.asbm.ac.in/sob/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=ASBM University}}</ref>

Focuses on management education.

* Master in Business Administration
* Bachelor in Business Administration
* 5 Year Integrated MBA
* Master’s in Human Resource Management & LR
* Ph.D. in Management

'''ASBM School of Accountancy'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=ASBM School of Accountancy |url=https://www.asbm.ac.in/soa/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=ASBM University}}</ref>

Offers programs in commerce and accounting.

* Masters in Commerce
* Bachelor in Commerce
* Ph.D. in Commerce

'''ASBM School of Liberal Arts''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=ASBM School of Liberal Arts |url=https://www.asbm.ac.in/sosc/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=ASBM University}}</ref>

* M.A. in Applied Psychology
* M.A. in Economics
* M.A. in English
* B.A. in Liberal Arts
* B.A. in Psychology
* B.A. in Economics
* B.A. in English

'''ASBM School of Information System''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=ASBM School of Information System |url=https://www.asbm.ac.in/sois/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=ASBM University}}</ref>

Specializes in information technology education.

* Master of Computer Application
* M. Tech Information Technology
* B. Tech – Computer Science & Information Technology
* B. Sc. -Information Technology Management
* Bachelor of Computer Application

'''ASBM School of Law''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=ASBM School of Law |url=https://www.asbm.ac.in/school-of-law/ |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

Offers integrated law degrees.

* BBA LL.B. (Hons.)
* BA LL.B. (Hons.)
* LL.M

== Awards ==
* Excellence in Education award<ref>{{cite web|title=Diamond Eye award|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/asbm-bags-diamond-eye-award-111091500117_1.html}}</ref> – 2013, by the Competition Success Review

== References ==
{{reflist}}
ASBM University.<ref>[https://indiawhispers.com/2019/01/30/asbm-b-school-upgrades-to-university/], ASBM B School upgrades to University.</ref>

{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Orissa]]

Dawkinsia uttara

2025-06-06T14:47:22Z

Antoniochx: starting data

{{Short description|Species of freshwater fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| taxon = Dawkinsia uttara
| authority = [[Unmesh Katwate|Katwate]], [[Deepak Apte|Apte]], [[Rajeev Raghavan|Raghavan]], 2020
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Dawkinsia uttara''''', the '''northern filament barb''', is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family [[Cyprinidae]].

==Etymology==
The genus name ''Dawkinsia'' was given in honour of the evolutionary biologist [[Richard Dawkins]], while the species name ''uttara'' refers to Uttara Katwate, mother of the species author Unmesh Katwate.<ref>{{cite news |title=A new species of filament barb found in the Western Ghats |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/a-new-species-of-filament-barb-found-in-the-western-ghats-919514.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
''Dawkinsia uttara'' is a small-sized fish, reaching up to {{cvt|12|cm}} in length. Phylogentically, ''Dawkinsia uttara'' is part of the "filamentosa" species group, differing from its closest congener ''[[Dawkinsia filamentosa]]'' in having a caudal fin with a narrower elongate black subdistal band and a terminal rather than subterminal mouth.<ref name="Katwate2020"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Dawkinsia uttara'' is found in the upper reaches of the Kajali, [[Terekhol River|Terekhol]], and [[Jagbudi River]]s of [[Maharashtra]] in the northern Western Ghats. It inhabits shallow and slow-moving streams, where it feeds on small invertebrates.<ref name="Katwate2020">{{cite journal |last1=Katwate |first1=Unmesh |last2=Apte |first2=Deepak |last3=Raghavan |first3=Rajeev |title=Dawkinsia uttara, a new species of filament barb (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Western Ghats of India |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |date=November 2020 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=717–730 |doi=10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-11 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346515808}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q118213387}}

[[Category:Dawkinsia|uttara]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2020]]

{{Barbinae-stub}}

Hariharpur, Baruipur

2025-05-20T00:27:42Z

Antoniochx: stub.

{{Other uses|Hariharpur (disambiguation){{!}}Hariharpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hariharpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3874|N|88.4440|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1.75
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 12027
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700145
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baruipur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baruipur Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hariharpur''' is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Baruipur]] police station in the [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Baruipur, Jaynagar I & II, Kultali CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|25|25|N|88|26|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Petua| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Petua]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|9|N|88|28|14|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garia, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|24|45|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Panchghara | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panchghara, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Mallikpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Mallikpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|23|20|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Hariharpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Hariharpur, Baruipur (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|24|55|N|88|29|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Champahati | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Champahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|50|N|88|31|55|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Solgohalia| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Solgohalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|28|50|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Naridana| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Naridana]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|21|20|N|88|26|37|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Baruipur (CT)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Baruipur (CT)]]
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|22|35|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Salipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Salipur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|21|5|N|88|25|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Khodar Bazar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Khodar Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|19|8|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Komarhat| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Komarhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|10|N|88|26|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Baruipur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Baruipur]] (M) |shape-color13=#800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|13|30|N|88|27|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Raynagar| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Raynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|13|20|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kalikapur Barasat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kalikapur Barasat]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Baharu| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Baharu]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Uttarparanij| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Uttarparanij]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|11|45|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alipur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alipur, Jaynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Uttar Durgapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Uttar Durgapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|10|25|N|88|25|32|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Jaynagar Majilpur| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] (M) |shape-color120=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|14|5|N|88|26|42|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Dakshin Barasat| numbered21=N| mark-title21=[[Dakshin Barasat]] (N)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|10|N|88|26|23|E}} | label-pos22=bottom|label22=Nimpith| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Nimpith]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|9|8|N|88|27|26|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Tulshighata| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Tulshighata]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|5|11|N|88|35|37|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kultali| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kultali]] (R)|shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|21|55|17|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Maipit| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Maipit]] (R)|shape-color25=#0048BA
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|6|59|N|88|34|13|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Jamtala| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Jamtala]] (R)||shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|14|48|N|88|32|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Dhosa| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Dhosa, Jaynagar]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|14|16|N|88|33|41|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Tilpi| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Tilpi]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Padmerhat| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Padmerhat]] (R)||shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|0|35|N|88|38|40|E}} |label30= Matla River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=-65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 20 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the southern part is covered by the Baruipur-Jaynagar Plain. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] and [[Tilpi]], on the bank of the [[Piyali River]] indicate the existence of human habitation around 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Hariharpur is located at {{coord|22.3874|N|88.4440|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

[[Petua]], [[Panchghara, Baruipur|Panchghara]], [[Mallikpur]] and Hariharpur form a cluster of census towns in the Baruipur CD block, as per the map of Baruipur CD block in the District Census Handbook for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 383 - Map of Baruipur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref> This cluster has [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] on the east and [[Bidyadharpur]] on the north, both in the Sonarpur CD block, as per the map of the Sonarpur CD block in the District Census Handbook for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 259 - Map of Sonarpur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 November 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hariharpur had a total population of 12,027, of which 6,038 (50%) were males and 5,989 (50%) were females. There were 1,346 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons was 8,333 (78.02% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Hariharpur covered an area of 1.7476 km2. Among the physical aspects, there is a railway station at [[Mallikpur railway station|Mallikpur]] 2.1 km away. Among the civic amenities, it had 8 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pumps. It had 2,800 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre and 10 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, the nearest secondary school, senior secondary school were at Baikunthapur 2 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 orphanage and 1 old age home. Among the important commodities it produced were garments and pickles. It had the branch office of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Hariharpur to the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Mallikpur railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Hariharpur Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds, at Hariharpur (PO [[Mallikpur]]), is the major government medical facility in the Baruipur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =8 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Siraulia

2025-03-11T06:10:35Z

Antoniochx:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{about|the village in Firozabad district|the village in Mainpuri district|Sirauliya}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siraulia
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Tundla block Siraulia.png
| map_caption = Map showing Siraulia in Tundla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.19677|N|78.29146|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tundla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.848
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1421
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283204
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Siraulia''' ({{IAST|Sirauliyā}}) is a village in [[Tundla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,421, in 235 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Siraulia had a population of 1,421, in 235 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|78}} This population was 55.0% male (781) and 45.0% female (640). The 0-6 age group numbered 236 (134 male and 102 female), making up 16.6% of the total population. 138 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 9.7% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|86-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Siraulia as having a population of 776 people (417 male and 359 female), in 124 households and 124 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|164-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Siraulia (as "Sirolia") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 535 people (285 male and 250 female), in 86 households and 56 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 210 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lxxxii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Siraulia had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|78-83}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Naxalbari (TV series)

2025-01-06T19:57:53Z

Antoniochx: created new info...

{{short description|Indian web series}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Naxalbari (web series).jpg
| caption =
| genre =
| based_on =
| creator =
| director = Partho Mitra
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]]
* [[Tina Datta]]
* [[Satyadeep Mishra]]
* [[Sreejita De]]
* [[Narayani Shastri]]
* [[Shakti Anand]]
* [[Aamir Ali]]
* [[Tapan Acharya]] }}
| writer = Pulkit Rishi Prakhar Vihaan Pradip Atluri
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography = Hari Nair
| editor =
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|28|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| company = Global Sports Entertainment Media Solutions Pvt Ltd (GSEAMS)
| executive_producer =
| producer = Arjun Singgh Baran Kartk D Nishandar
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}

'''''Naxalbari''''' is a crime thriller web series directed by Partho Mitra. Produced by Arjun Singh Baran and Kartik D. Nishandar, it revolves around an [[Special Task Force (India)|STF]] agent who goes on a mission to suppress the revival of a [[Naxalite|Naxal]] uprising in [[Gadchiroli]].<ref name="dna tinaa">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2020 |title=DNA Exclusive: Tinaa Dattaa on shooting 'Naxalbari' with precautions amid coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-dna-exclusive-tinaa-dattaa-on-shooting-naxalbari-with-precautions-amid-coronavirus-pandemic-2836144 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naxalbari teaser: Naxalbhari stars Rajeev Khandelwal, Tina Datta, Sreejita Dey, Satyadeep Mishra, Shakti Anand, and Aamir Ali| url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/Naxalbari-trailer-Rajeev-Khandelwal-Tina-Dattas-intense-action-will-leave-you-by-the-edge-of-your-seat-23076221 |website=mid-day.com}}</ref> The series stars [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Tina Datta]] and [[Aamir Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir Ali To Make His Digital Debut With ZEE5'S 'Naxalbari' |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/aamir-ali-to-make-his-digital-debut-with-zee5-original-web-series-naxalbari-54055 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dna tinaa"/> It premiered on 28 November 2020 on [[ZEE5]].

== Plot ==
The story is set in Maharashtra, and revolves around an [[Special Task Force (India)|STF]] agent who goes on a secret mission to uncover the truth behind a [[Naxalite|Naxal]] uprising in his village, Gadchiroli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naxalbari teaser: Rajeev Khandelwal prepares for a war to end all wars |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/oct/23/27533 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Naxalbari' trailer: In new web series, it's Rajeev Khandelwal versus Maoists |url=https://scroll.in/reel/977723/naxalbari-trailer-in-new-web-series-its-rajeev-khandelwal-versus-maoists |website=scroll.in}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Raghav
* [[Tina Datta]] as Ketki Maheshwari
* [[Satyadeep Mishra]] as Pahan
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Sudha
* [[Shakti Anand]] as Binu
* [[Aamir Ali]] as Keswani
* [[Tapan Acharya]] as Narsing Chandel
* [[Sreejita De]] as Prakruti

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|total_width= |overall=5 |title=22 |director=15 |writer=21 |airdate=15 |background=#005F6C|episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Gadchiroli Blast
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Stake Out
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Shanghaied
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Demons Of The past
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = FICA
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Turning Point
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = No Turning Back
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Mayhem
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Thok Ke Badla
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Partho Mitra
|WrittenBy = Pulkit Rishi & Prakhar Vihaan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|28}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005F6C
}}
}}

== Release ==
In June 2020, [[ZEE5]] announced that the show would begin reshooting with proper safety measures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=With appropriate safety measures, shoot for ZEE5's upcoming show 'Naxalbari' starts in Goa |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/with-appropriate-safety-measures-shoot-for-zee5s-upcoming-show-naxalbari-starts-in-goa |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=[[National Herald]]}}</ref> The web series was released on 28 November 2020 on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=Rajeev Khandelwal-starrer 'Naxalbari' To Start Streaming From Nov 28 On ZEE5 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rajeev-khandelwal-starrer-naxalbari-to-start-streaming-from-nov-28-on-zee5-2983076.html |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naxalbari trailer: A stylised, melodramatic crime series featuring Rajeev Khandelwal and Satyadeep Mishra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/naxalbari-trailer-a-stylised-melodramatic-crime-series-featuring-rajeev-khandelwal-and-satyadeep-mishra-6955404/ |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[News18]]'' rated the series 2.5 out of 5 and stated: "Web series director Partho Mitra has made a decent show with the script at hand and considering the run-time of episodes is limited to under thirty minutes each, it does not slack off either and holds attention with various twists and sincere performances backing the teleplay."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandey|first=Devasheesh|date=2020-11-29|title=Naxalbari Review: A Well-intentioned Revenge Drama Laden with Abusive Language|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/naxalbari-review-a-well-intentioned-revenge-drama-laden-with-abusive-language-3127268.html|access-date=2021-07-11|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

Archika Khurana from ''[[Times Of India]]'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 and praised Rajeev Khandelwal’s performance. "He has given one of his best performances as STF agent Raghav. He managed to bring intensity and gravitas to his character, especially when he follows the trail of the Naxals."<ref>{{Citation|last=Khurana|first=Archika|title=Naxalbari Season 1 Review: Rajeev Khandelwal shines bright in this compelling thriller|date=29 November 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/naxalbari/season-1/seasonreview/79402782.cms|work=TOI|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt12572870}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/naxalbari/0-6-2923 ''Naxalbari''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]

Rani Laxmibai (film)

2025-01-02T12:33:15Z

Antoniochx: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]