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Ashvini Yardi

2026-05-07T06:24:32Z

Antiexsolutions: Creating

{{short description|Indian Bollywood film and TV serials producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Ashvini Yardi'''
| image = Ashvini Yardi.jpg
| education =
| birth_date =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = producer
}}

'''Ashvini Yardi''' is an Indian producer of [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] movies such as ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'', ''[[72 Miles]]'', ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]'', ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]'' and ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]''.

After having a 20-year-long career in television, Yardi formed [[Grazing Goat Pictures]] with actor [[Akshay Kumar]] in December 2011. At [[Zee TV]] she opted for shows such as ''[[Saat Phere]]'', ''Sailaab'', ''Kasamh Se'', ''Sarrkar'', ''Teen Bahuraaniyaan'', ''Banoo Main Teri Dulhann'', ''Ghar ki Lakshmi Betiyaan'', ''Banegi Apni Baat'', among several others. She also conceptualized the singing reality show ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge'' and ''Lil' Champs'' before leaving to join Colors. At Colors, she brought in shows such as [[Uttaran]], [[Balika Vadhu]], Bigg Boss, Khatron Ke Khiladi, Veer Shivaji, Laado and took the new channel zooming to the No 1 spot.

She has earned a BA in Psychology, Advertising and Marketing from XIC, Mumbai.

== Filmography ==

===Films===

{| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Director
! scope="col" |Production House
|-
| 2012
| scope="row" align="left"|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''
| [[Umesh Shukla]] ||[[Grazing Goat Pictures]], Wave Cinemas, Spice Studios
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" align="left"| ''[[72 Miles]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/first-look/72-Miles-Ek-Pravas/articleshow/20293495.cms |title=72 Miles – Ek Pravas|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|author=Times News Network|access-date=12 March 2014|date=27 May 2013}}</ref>
| ||
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]''
| ||
|-
| 2014
| scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Fugly (film)|Fugly]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar to share screen space for Fugly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-akshay-kumar-fugly-182999-2014-02-27|work=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Living Media]]|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>
| ||
|-
| 2015
| scope="row" align="left"| ''[[Singh is Bling]]''<ref name=Bling>{{cite news|last1=Basu|first1=Mohar|title=Akshay Kumar starts shooting for 'Singh is Bling'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-starts-shooting-for-Singh-is-Bling/articleshow/46792458.cms|access-date=18 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=3 April 2015}}</ref>
| ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2014–2017
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|[[Zee TV]]
|rowspan="3"|Producer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-turns-tv-serial-producer-with-jamai-raja/|title=Akshay turns TV serial producer with Jamai Raja :Bollywood Latest News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''
|[[&TV]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Spy Bahu]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|}

=== Web series ===

* ''Jamai 2.0'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Merani|first=Author: Anil|date=2019-09-19|title=Review of ZEE5 series Jamai 2.0: Interesting, but could have been better|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-zee5-series-jamai-2-0-interesting-better/2019/09/19|access-date=2021-06-17|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm5170389}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|Film|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yardi, Ashvini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]

East Bengal

2026-05-06T04:57:35Z

Antiexsolutions: small refine page to improve readability and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Former province of the Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| conventional_long_name = East Bengal
| native_name = {{no bold|{{native name|ur|مشرقی بنگال}} {{native name|bn|পূর্ব বাংলা}}}}
| common_name = East Pakistan
| status_text = [[Former administrative units of Pakistan|Former Province]] of Dominion of Pakistan
| flag_p1 = Flag of British Bengal.svg
| flag_p2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_s1 =
| p1 = Bengal Presidency{{!}}Bengal Province
| p2 = Assam Province{{!}}Assam Province
| s1 = East Pakistan
| image_map = East Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = Location of Bangladesh (then East Bengal) in green and present-day Pakistan (then the Western wing of the country) in light green
| capital = [[Dacca]]
| demonym = [[Bengalis|Bengali]]
| government_type = Provincial government
| legislature = [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| date_start = 15 August
| year_start = 1947
| event_start = [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Second Partition of Bengal]]
| date_end = 29 February
| year_end = 1956
| event_end = [[One Unit|Renamed as East Pakistan]]
| today = {{flag|Bangladesh}}{{efn|name=IndBangla}}
| footnotes =
|stat_year1= 1955
|stat_pop1= 45767684<ref>[https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/50/start/1950/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=3c98c45a-4c34-4804-9e71-e481c75cd028 By Location {{!}} Pivot Table {{!}} Data Portal] [[United Nations]]</ref>
| image_flag =
| image_symbol = Emblem of East Bengal (1947-1956).svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}
'''East Bengal''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l}}; {{langx|bn|পূর্ব বাংলা/পূর্ববঙ্গ}} ''Purbô Bangla/Purbôbongo'') was the easternmost and non-contiguous province of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which covered the territory of modern-day [[Bangladesh]]. It consisted of the eastern portion of the British administrative [[Bengal]] province and the lion half of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] from the Assam province. East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1956, when it was re-structured as [[East Pakistan]] under the [[One Unit Scheme]] by the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]]. East Bengal had a coastline along the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south, and bordered [[India]] to the north, west, and east and shared a small border with Burma (presently known as [[Myanmar]]) to the southeast. It was situated near, but did not share a border with [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]. Its capital was Dacca, now known as [[Dhaka]].

The [[Partition of India]], which [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|divided Bengal]] along religious lines, established the borders of the Muslim-majority area of East Bengal. The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, [[George VI]] and [[Elizabeth II]]; and three [[Governor General of Pakistan|governors-general]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]]. Its provincial governors included a British administrator and several Pakistani statesmen. Its chief ministership was held by leading Bengali politicians.

East Bengal was the most populous and cosmopolitan province in the [[Dominion of Pakistan|dominion]]. It was a hub of political movements, including the [[Bengali language movement]] and pro-democracy groups. The provincial legislature was the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==History==
[[File:RBI 5-rupee note, overprinted Government of Pakistan, 1947, obverse.jpg|thumb|Rs. 5 banknote of [[Colonial India|colonial]] [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] issued under [[State Bank of Pakistan|stampage of Pakistan]]]]
{{Main|History of East Pakistan#Post-independence era, 1947–58}}

===Mandates for partition===
{{See also|Lahore Resolution|Indian provincial elections, 1946|Sylhet referendum, 1947}}
Between 1905 and 1911, a province called [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] existed in the region as part of the [[British Indian Empire]]. The [[All India Muslim League]] was founded in the British province in 1906.

The All India Muslim League adopted the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, which envisaged the creation of sovereign states in the Muslim-majority areas of eastern and northwestern British India. The League won elections in Bengal in 1946, receiving its largest mandate in the province.

In May 1946, [[Rohingyas|Rohingya Muslim]] leaders met with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and asked for a formal annexation of the [[Mayu Frontier District|Mayu region]]. Two months later, the North Arakan Muslim League also asked [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] to annex the region.<ref name="yebaw-1">{{cite book|last=Thit Maung|first=Yebaw|title=Civil Insurgency in Burma|year=1989|publisher=[[Ministry of Information (Myanmar)]]|location=[[Yangon]]|page=30}}</ref> Jinnah refused, saying he could not interfere with Burma's internal matters. Proposals were also made to the [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–62|Burmese government]] but they were rejected.<ref name="Tinker">Hugh Tinker, ''The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Year of Independence'', ([[London]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Toronto]]: [[Oxford University Press]]) 1957, p. 357.</ref>

The [[Sylhet Division|District of Sylhet]] in [[Assam Province]] also voted to reunite with the rest of East Bengal, and the Muslim League's campaign played a great role in facilitating this. A [[1947 Sylhet referendum|plebiscite]] was held which resulted in joining Pakistan. However, a large part of Sylhet's [[Karimganj district|Karimganj subdivision]] was barred due to [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]]'s delegation. The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], which had a 97% non-Muslim population (mostly [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhist]]), was awarded to [[Pakistan]], by the Boundary Commission, due to it being inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural [[buffer zone|buffer]] to support [[Chittagong]], a major city and port; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong.

As a result of these mandates, the [[Mountbatten Plan]] and [[Radcliffe Line]] established East Bengal as a province of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan in August 1947.

===Nazimuddin ministry===
[[File:Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin and Pakistan Cricket Team.jpg|thumb|Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] with the [[Pakistan cricket team]]]]
Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], a former [[prime minister of Bengal]], was the first chief minister of East Bengal after partition. Nazimuddin was a senior leader of the Muslim League and a close confidante of Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Sir [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]] was the first governor of East Bengal. Partition resulted in making many Hindus to leave East Bengal while Muslims from different parts of the Indian subcontinent migrated to East Bengal. The East–West Bengal border did not see as much violence as seen in the Punjab border between North India and Pakistan.

Jinnah made his sole visit to East Bengal as governor general in 1948. During a speech to students in [[Dacca University]], he resisted demands to make [[Bengali language|Bengali]] a federal language. His refusal sparked fierce protests among East Bengalis who comprised the majority of Pakistan's population. The proposal for Urdu as the sole national language met with strong opposition in East Bengal, where Urdu considered rather alien, especially in light in Bengali's rich literary heritage.

When Jinnah died in 1948, Nazimuddin became the governor general of Pakistan.

===Amin ministry===
[[File:21 Feb 1952 just before breaking Curfew.png|thumb|[[Language Movement Day]], 1952]]
The conservative Muslim League leader [[Nurul Amin]] succeeded Nazimuddin as chief minister. According to some sources, Amin had strained relations with the federal government, including Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin. Historians have noted that Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin. His government did not enjoy enough power and lacked vision, imagination, and initiatives.

In 1949, [[Maulana Bhashani]] led left-wing elements in the Muslim League to break away and form the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]]. The new party was joined by [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a former prime minister of British Bengal. The new party later dropped the word Muslim, fashioned itself as secular and courted votes from East Bengal's large non-Muslim minorities.

The [[Bengali Language Movement|language movement]] reached a climax in 1952. During the unrest, the police shot dead four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Safdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan: Rule of Muslim League and Inception of Democracy (1947-54) |location=[[Lahore]] |publisher=Jang Publications |page=116 |oclc=39399433 |quote=Agitation started in 1952 as a reaction against Nazimiid-Din's announcement in Dacca that only Urdu would be the national language. Police opened fire on the demonstrating students, killing four of them. The incident left deep scars on the body politic ... and sealed the fate of the Muslim League in East Pakistan.}}</ref> Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation. In subsequent provincial elections, Amin lost his seat in the legislative assembly.

===Huq ministry===
{{Further|Third Huq ministry}}
[[File:A k fazlul hoque.jpg|thumb|[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]]]
In the 1954, the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition resoundingly defeated the Muslim League with a landslide majority. The coalition included the Awami League, the [[Krishak Praja Party]], the Democracy Party and [[Nizam-e-Islam]]. The esteemed lawyer [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], popularly known as the Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal), became chief minister. Huq established the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] and called for greater provincial autonomy. He wanted the federal government's responsibilities limited to only foreign affairs and defense.

[[King Saud]] of Saudi Arabia sent a plane to bring Huq to a meeting with the monarch.<ref>Chronology January 1, 1954 – December 31, 1954 Pakistan Horizon Vol. 7, No. 4 (December, 1954), pp. 238-246</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' published an article claiming Huq wanted independence for East Bengal. While visiting Calcutta and New Delhi, Huq was received by Indian leaders. Barely a few months into office, Huq was dismissed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad due to allegations against of Huq of inciting secession.

===Sarkar ministry===
After [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General's rule]] was withdrawn in 1954, [[Abu Hussain Sarkar]] briefly served as chief minister, before Governor General's rule was again imposed.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Sarkar, Abu Hossain}}</ref> He started the construction of [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Central Shaheed Minar]].

===Khan ministry===
Governor General's rule was withdrawn in June 1955. [[Ataur Rahman Khan]] of the Krishak Sramik Party was the last chief minister. His government declared 21 February, the anniversary of the language movement, a public holiday. He later resigned on 30 August 1956 over inflation of food grains and subsequent food shortages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |page=516 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|language=en}}</ref>

===The One Unit Scheme===
{{main|One Unit Scheme}}
As part of the reform and reorganization policies of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Mohammad Ali of Bogra]], East Bengal was renamed as [[East Pakistan]] by the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of Pakistan]] adopted on February 29, 1956.

== Administration==
There were 3 administrative divisions in the province, including the Chittagong Division, Dacca Divisionand Rajshahi Division. There were a total of 17 districts.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#9cf;" rowspan="1"| Division
! style="background:#9cf;" rowspan="1"| Divisional Headquarters
! style="background:#9cf;" rowspan="1"|Districts
|-
| [[Chittagong Division]]
| [[Chittagong]]
| [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Comilla Division|Tippera]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] and the [[Hill Tracts]]
|-
|[[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]]
| [[Dhaka|Dacca]]
| [[Dhaka Division|Dacca]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur]] and [[Barisal Division|Backergunge]]
|-
| [[Rajshahi Division]]
| [[Rajshahi]]
| [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh#British Colonial Period|Dinajpur]], [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], [[Bogra District|Bogra]], [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[Khulna division|Khulna]], [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|-
|}

==Federal law and East Bengal==
[[File:TamizuddinKhan.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]], Speaker of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]]]
[[File:Begum Shaista Suhrawardy.jpg|thumb|[[Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]], one of the first female lawmakers from East Bengal]]
East Bengal existed when Pakistan did not have a written constitution. Instead, the Pakistani courts relied on [[English common law]] and the [[Objectives Resolution]].

===Constitutional coup===
{{See also|1953 Pakistani constitutional coup}}
In 1953, Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin's government was dismissed by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, in spite of enjoying the confidence of a majority in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. The governor general later dissolved the constituent assembly itself.
In the case of ''Federation of Pakistan v. [[Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan]]'', the speaker of the dissolved constituent assembly challenged the governor general's decision in the Sindh High Court. The case proceeded to the apex court- the Federal Court of Pakistan- where Justice M. Munir ruled in favour of the governor general. Justice [[A. R. Cornelius]] expressed dissent and supported Speaker Khan. The dismissal of the prime minister and assembly was one of the first major blows to democracy and the rule of law in the Pakistani Union.

===Reform demands===
Begum [[Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]] called for Pakistan's constituent assembly to convene in Dacca as East Bengal was home to the majority of Pakistan's population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piia.org.pk/about-us/down-memory-lane/item/41-shaista-s-ikramullah |title=International relations, Foreign Affairs & policy, Benazir Bhutto - PIIA |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122800/http://www.piia.org.pk/about-us/down-memory-lane/item/41-shaista-s-ikramullah |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Governors and chief ministers==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Governor of East Bengal<ref name="worldstatesmen">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bangladesh.html 'Statesmen of Bangladesh'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304111011/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Bangladesh.html |date=4 March 2012 }} Retrieved 18 April 2009.</ref>
|-
|15 August 1947 – 31 March 1950||[[Frederick Chalmers Bourne|Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne]]
|-
|31 March 1950 – 31 March 1953||[[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroz Khan Noon]]
|-
|31 March 1953 – 29 May 1954||[[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]]
|-
|29 May 1954 – May 1955||[[Iskandar Ali Mirza]]
|-
|May 1955 – June 1955||[[Muhammad Shahabuddin]] (acting)
|-
|June 1955 – 29 February 1956||[[Amiruddin Ahmad]]
|-
|29 February 1956||Province of East Bengal renamed as East Pakistan
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Chief Minister of East Bengal<ref name="worldstatesmen" />||Political Party
|-
|15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948||[[Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]||[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
|-
|14 September 1948 – 3 April 1954||[[Nurul Amin]]||Muslim League
|-
|3 April 1954 – 29 May 1954||[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]||United Front
|-
|29 May 1954 – August 1955||Governor's Rule||
|-
|20 June 1955 – 29 February 1956||[[Abu Hussain Sarkar]]||Krishak Sramik Party
|-
|29 February 1956||Province of East Bengal renamed as East Pakistan||
|}

==Economy, culture, religion and military==

=== Industry and culture ===
[[File:DSTunitedOAK (4412476240).jpg|thumb|A [[Douglas DC-3]], seen here, belonging to United Air Lines, was also used by [[Orient Airways]] for flights between [[Dhaka|Dacca]] and [[Karachi]].]]
[[Orient Airways]], owned by an East Bengal-based industrialist, launched the first flights between [[Karachi]] and [[Dacca]]. The airline later evolved into [[Pakistan International Airlines]].

The [[Chittagong Tea Auction]] was established in 1949.

As a result of the Bengali language movement, East Bengal was a center of Bengali cultural activities.

The [[University of Dacca]] was a hotspot of political thought.

=== Military ===
The [[East Bengal Regiment]] was formed on 15 February 1948 following Pakistan's independence and transition from post British rule. The infantry of the new [[Pakistan Army]] was made up exclusively of men from the [[West Pakistan|western part of the country]]. It was consequently necessary to raise a regiment in the East. A total of eight battalions were raised.
[[Paramilitary forces]] like the [[Border Guard Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]] and [[Bangladesh Ansar|East Pakistan Ansars]] were established, Ansars were deployed to the border areas in 1948 during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]] to prevent crimes and smuggling.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Ansar and Village Defence Party}}</ref> In the wake of [[communism]] rising and beginning of the [[Nachole Uprising|Nachole uprising]] at [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] division, army troops were used to tackle and successfully suppress the movement in 1949-1950.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Remembering Ila Mitra, Nacholer Rani |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/394458/remembering-ila-mitra-nacholer-rani |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103151036/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/394458/remembering-ila-mitra-nacholer-rani |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ila Mitra's 87th birth anniversary observed in Chapainawabganj {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-254749 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref> The military conducted anti-smuggling operation called "''Operation JUTE"'' to aid the civil power from 3 September 1952 to 25 December 1952.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1952.02.04 আজাদ (With Watermark).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xfUEdnhzv-Yb6GczzTZePrBcrMkSdGPi/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Google Docs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |date=2025-10-15 |title=Border Bureaucracy and Discourses: Demarcation and Surveillance of the Punjab Border in the Wake of 1947 Partition |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/critical-pakistan-studies/article/border-bureaucracy-and-discourses-demarcation-and-surveillance-of-the-punjab-border-in-the-wake-of-1947-partition/93B96A6D638BB5B7F80482D11C1D82F5 |journal=Critical Pakistan Studies |language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/cps.2025.10007 |issn=2753-2712|doi-access=free }}</ref>Personals again started an anti-smuggling operation in 1958 called "''Operation Close Door''"<ref>{{Cite web |title=From RAT to RAB: What next? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/2004/03/01/d403011501106.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302204411/https://www.thedailystar.net/2004/03/01/d403011501106.html |archive-date=2026-03-02 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Raymond A. |date=1969 |title=Military Nation-Building in Pakistan and India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671117 |journal=World Affairs |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=219–234 |issn=0043-8200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306055110/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671117 |archive-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>. In 1954, military was deployed during the [[Adamjee Jute Mills]] riots to de-escalate the bizzare situation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1954-05-16 |title=PAKISTAN RIOT KILLS 90; 250 Injured in Labor Groups' Clash at Jute Mills (Published 1954) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/16/archives/pakistan-riot-kills-90-250-injured-in-labor-groups-clash-at-jute.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126131042/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/16/archives/pakistan-riot-kills-90-250-injured-in-labor-groups-clash-at-jute.html |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2026-03-02 |language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religions in East Bengal (1800 AD before partition)<ref name="hinduismtoday.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | title=A Bleak Future for Bangladesh Hindu's | date=February 2000 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051433/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | title=Population of Bangladesh 1800-2020 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051428/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 56.4
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 41.9
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 1.7
|color3 = Brown}}
East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) had a population of 19 million people in the year 1800 A.D,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | title=Population of Bangladesh 1800-2020 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051428/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066829/population-bangladesh-historical/#:~:text=In%201800%2C%20the%20population%20of,over%2026%20million%20by%201900. | url-status=live }}</ref> of which 10.716 million people were followers of [[Hinduism]] representing a majority of about 56.4% of the region's population,<ref name="hinduismtoday.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | title=A Bleak Future for Bangladesh Hindu's | date=February 2000 | access-date=31 December 2022 | archive-date=31 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051433/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/february-2000/2000-02-a-bleak-future-for-bangladesh-hindu-s/ | url-status=live }}</ref> while 7.961 million adhered to the [[Muslim]] faith, constituting 41.9% of the region's population as 2nd largest community.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Outraged/truth-half-truth-and-statistics/ | title=Truth, half-truth and statistics | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Raghunathan | first1=V. | access-date=7 May 2021 | archive-date=7 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507180010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Outraged/truth-half-truth-and-statistics/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The smaller number of 323,000 people followed [[Buddhism]], [[Animism]] and [[Christianity]], together presenting around 1.7% of the region's population.

The spread of Islam in East Bengal was more the result of conversion than conquest; dissatisfied with Buddhism and opposed to Hinduism, which put the majority of the population of East Bengal into the lower caste, vast numbers of Bengalis were attracted by the Islamic doctrine of the equality of all men before God. But they retained many of their old rituals and incorporated them into their new faith.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bangladesh: A Handbook |date=November 1982 |publisher=CIA |pages=8 |language=}}</ref>

Bangladesh's capital [[Dhaka]] city name is said to have been derived from [[Dhakeshwari Temple|Dhakeshwari]] the patron goddess of the city, whose shrine is located in [[Ramna Thana|Ramna]] of Dhaka city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |title=Dhaka |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143325/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dhaka |url-status=live }}</ref> In Bangladesh, there's exist a blending culture of Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, folk religion, deities and practices. Worship exchanges takes place at temples and mosques and religious folk music gatherings (especially at Vaishnavite gatherings and among Muslim Sufis). Folk deities recognized by both Hindus and Muslim have included [[Shitala]], the goddess of small pox, [[Oladevi]], goddess of cholera, [[Manasa]], goddess of snakes and are recognised by Hindus and Muslims of Bangladesh both alike.

==See also==
* [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Provinces of Pakistan]]
* [[East Pakistan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
* [[West Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=IndBangla|See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh ([[India–Bangladesh enclaves]]).}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25.2192|N|90.9889|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}

[[Category:East Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Former provinces of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in East Bengal]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in Pakistan]]

Jyothi Reddy. N.

2026-05-03T14:21:36Z

Antiexsolutions: made the entry v1...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Jyothi Reddy. N.''' (born 1953) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gauribidanur Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] Party.

Reddy is from [[Gauribidanur]], [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapur district]], Karnataka. She married N. Rajagopal Reddy. She did her post graduation in Arts at [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JYOTHI REDDY N(JD(S)):Constituency- Gauribidanur(CHIKABALLAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=1374 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Reddy became an MLA for the first time winning the [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from Gauribidanur Assembly constituency representing [[Janata Dal]]. She polled 42,159 votes and defeated her nearest rival, S. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy, an independent candidate, by a margin of 7,885 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gowribidanur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gowribidanur-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> In 1989 Assembly election from the same constituency, she lost to Ashwathanarayana Reddy, who then contested on an [[Indian National Congress]] ticket. Later, she lost the [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]], [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] and [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] elections. In 2008 Assembly election, contesting on JDS ticket,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Results |url=https://chanakyya.com/Election-Results?electionType=Assembly |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Chanakyya}}</ref> she polled 27,480 votes and finished third behind winner, [[Shivashankara Reddy N H]] of the Indian National Congress and Ravinarayana Reddy N M of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who finished second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Gauribidanur 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2008/karnataka/gauribidanur/43/29767/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2008/karnataka/gauribidanur/43/29767/200 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In November 2021, she joined the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-31 |title=Jyothi Reddy quits JD(S), joins BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/jyothi-reddy-quits-jds-joins-bjp/article5852000.ece |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-15 |title=It is unlikely to be a cakewalk for Moily |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/loksabha2014/it-is-unlikely-to-be-a-cakewalk-for-moily/article5912188.ece |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:N., Jyothi Reddy}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:People from Chikkaballapura district]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

Dadra and Nagar Haveli district

2026-05-01T14:22:59Z

Antiexsolutions: starting place

{{short description|District in Western India}}
{{about|the district|the Indian union territory in which this district is located|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dadra and Nagar Haveli district
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of India|District]]
| image_skyline = Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Daman Ganga River]] in [[Silvassa]]
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| nickname =
| image_map = Dadra-and-Nagar-Haveli.svg
| image_map1 = IN-DN.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.27|N|73.02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Silvassa]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kalaben Delkar]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 491
| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area|32nd]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 343,709
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 33rd
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |page=87 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| demographics_type2 = Most spoken languages (2001)
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |page=87 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Most spoken
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bhilodi language|Bhilodi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = DD-01
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|dnh.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = HDI
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.624 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1 = HDI Category
| blank3_info_sec1 = medium
}}
'''Dadra and Nagar Haveli district'''{{efn|{{ubl|{{IPA|hi|ˈd̪ɑːd̪ɾɑː ɔːɾ ˈnəɡəɾ ɦəˈʋeːliː}}|{{IPA|gu|ˈd̪ɑd̪ɾɑ ˈəne ˈnəɡəɾ ɦəˈʋeli}}}}}} is a district of the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] in western [[India]]. It is composed of two separate geographical entities: [[Nagar Haveli]], wedged in between [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] states; and, {{convert|1|km|mi}} to the north-west, the smaller [[enclave]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]], which is surrounded by Gujarat. [[Silvassa]] is the administrative headquarters of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Unlike the surrounding areas, Dadra and Nagar Haveli was ruled by the Portuguese from 1783 until the mid-20th century. The area was captured by pro-India forces in 1954 and administered as the de facto state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] before acceding to India as a [[union territory]], the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html#Dadra-Nagar | title=Indian states since 1947}}</ref> The union territory was merged with the neighbouring union territory of [[Daman and Diu]] to form the new union territory of "Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu" on 26 January 2020. The territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli then became one of the [[List of districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|three districts]] of the new union territory, as the Dadra and Nagar Haveli district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/|title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu UTs merge for 'better admin efficiency, service': MoS Home|author=|date=4 December 2019|website=Indus Dictum|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111061240/https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==

===Pre-Portuguese era===
The history of Dadra and Nagar Haveli begins with the defeat of the [[Koli people|Koli]] chieftains of the region by the Rajput kings. In the year 1262, a [[Rajput]] prince from [[Rajasthan]] named Ram Singh established himself as the ruler of Ramnagar, the present-day [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]], which consisted of 8 [[pargana]]s (a group of villages) and assumed the title Maharana. Nagar Haveli was one of the Parganas, and its capital was Silvassa.

In 1360, Rana Dharamshah shifted his capital from Nagar Haveli to Nagar Fatehpur.

With the rise of [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] power, Shivaji Maharaj viewed Ramnagar as an important locality. He captured the region, but Somshah Rana recaptured it in 1690.

After the Treaty of Vasai (6 May 1739), [[Vasai]] and the surrounding territories came under the Maratha rule.<ref name="penguin">The Penguin Guide to the States & Union Territories of India, 2007</ref>

Soon after, the Marathas captured Ramnagar but reinstated the ruler, Ramdeo, under conditions. Thus the Marathas acquired the rights to collect revenue, known as ''chauthai''. from Nagar Haveli and two other Parganas.

During the time of Dharamdeo, the son of Ramdeo, due to his change of policies (he neglected the conditions imposed earlier by the Marathas), the Marathas captured Nagar Haveli and the surrounding region.

===Portuguese era===
{{Main|Portuguese India}}

[[File:Damão, Dadra, Nagar Haveli.png|thumb|Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli during the Portuguese period]]
The Portuguese were [[Maratha handover of Nagar Haveli (1783)|granted the area of Nagar Haveli]] on 10 June 1783 on the basis of a [[Treaty of Poona (1779)|friendship treaty]] executed on 17 December 1779 as compensation for damage to the Portuguese frigate ''Santana'' by the Maratha Navy in 1772.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nair|first=Rajeshwary|title=Study of Ethnobotanical Plants of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Their Significance to the Tribes|journal=Life Sciences Leaflets|date=1 October 2011|page=7|issn=0976-1098|url=http://api.ning.com/files/L*EC3kOB8rEqeDrTd-zaT3pnMEknAzeJwJoj61eEXX7WuoM2BcxLQoDxNf-lOY8ZEqP7DyPt7CGtyD1vdEB9gqFCmjHwO6MT/872.STUDYOFETHNOBOTANICALPLANTSOFDADRAANDNAGARHAVELIANDTHEIRSIGNIFICANCETOTHETRIBESByRAJESHWARYNAIR.pdf|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203082007/http://api.ning.com/files/L*EC3kOB8rEqeDrTd-zaT3pnMEknAzeJwJoj61eEXX7WuoM2BcxLQoDxNf-lOY8ZEqP7DyPt7CGtyD1vdEB9gqFCmjHwO6MT/872.STUDYOFETHNOBOTANICALPLANTSOFDADRAANDNAGARHAVELIANDTHEIRSIGNIFICANCETOTHETRIBESByRAJESHWARYNAIR.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The treaty allowed the Portuguese to collect revenue from 72 villages in Nagar Haveli. Then, in 1785 the [[Portuguese purchase of Dadra (1785)|Portuguese purchased Dadra]], annexing it to Portuguese State of India (''Estado Português da Índia'').

In 1818, the [[Maratha Empire]] was defeated by the British in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], and the Portuguese ultimately became the effective rulers of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Under the Portuguese rule, Dadra and Nagar Haveli were part of the ''Distrito de Damão'' ([[Daman district, India|Daman district]]) of the ''[[Estado da Índia]]'' (Portuguese State of India). The two territories formed a single ''[[concelho]]'' (municipality), named "Nagar Haveli", with its head in Darará until 1885 and, after that, with its head in the town of [[Silvassa]]. The local affairs were overseen by an elected ''câmara municipal'' (municipal council), with the higher level affairs administrated by the district governor of Daman, who was represented in Nagar Haveli by an administrator.

The Nagar Haveli ''concelho'' was itself divided in the following ''[[freguesia]]''s ([[civil parish]]es): Silvassa, Noroli, Dadra, Quelalunim, Randá, Darará, Cadoli, Canoel, Carchonde, and Sindonim.

Portuguese rule lasted until 1954, when Dadra and Nagar Haveli were captured by supporters of the Indian Union. It was the first possession to be detached from the colonial Empire by the integration with the Indian Union in 1954, after nearly two centuries of Colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Arun |date=2021-08-02 |title=Lost in history — role RSS played in liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli on this day in 1954 |url=https://theprint.in/india/lost-in-history-role-rss-played-in-liberation-of-dadra-and-nagar-haveli-on-this-day-in-1954/707406/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

===End of Portuguese rule===
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
{{Main|Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}

After India attained independence in 1947, the residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the help of volunteers of organisations like the [[United Front of Goans]] (UFG), the National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO), and the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]], conquered the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from [[Portuguese India]] in 1954.<ref name =lele>P S Lele, ''Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present'', published by Usha P. Lele, 1987</ref>

As time passed, the Indian independence struggle picked up momentum. On 18 June 1946, [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] was arrested in Goa. This was the beginning of the independence struggle in Goa. He was deported to India. On 15 August 1947, India became independent from British rule, but the Portuguese and other European colonies were not immediately incorporated.

The Goan struggle continued for many years. Atmaram Narsinh Karmalkar, an officer in the ''Banco Colonial'' (Portuguese Bank) at [[Panaji]] (in Goa) (then known as Panjim), who was popularly known as Appasaheb Karmalkar, was indirectly involved in the freedom struggle in Goa. He was dismissed from the bank and finally took up the struggle to liberate Goa. In the course of time, he realised that the liberation of DNH was crucial if Goa was to be liberated. Karmalkar reached Vapi and met Jayantibhai Desai from Dadra. He also met Bhikubhai Pandya from Nani Daman and Vanmali Bhavsar from Silvassa.

Azad Gomantak Dal under the leadership of [[Vishwanath Lavande]], [[Dattatreya Deshpande]], [[Prabhakar Sinari]] and others, the Communist Party under the leadership of Shamrao Parulekar and Godavaribai Parulekar, and the United Front of Goans under the leadership of Francis Mascerenhas, J.M. D'Souza, Waman Desai and others were also attempting the liberation of DNH.

On 18 June 1954, many leaders met at [[Lavachha]]. Lavachha and Vapi were Indian territories. The order in which these places lie (from east to west) is Nagar Haveli, Lavachha, Dadra, Vapi and Daman (on the sea coast). So Portuguese officers required transit permits through the Indian territories of Lavachha and Vapi to travel between N.H., Dadra, and Daman.

On the night of 22 July 1954, 15 volunteers of the United Front of Goans under the leadership of Francis Mascerenhas and Waman Desai sneaked into the territory of Dadra and reached the police station. There were only three personnel at the police station. One was attacked with a knife by one of the volunteers, and the other two were overpowered. The Indian tricolour was hoisted and the Indian National Anthem was sung. Dadra was declared the "Free territory of Dadra".

On the night of 28 July, around 30 to 35 volunteers of Azad Gomantak Dal proceeded to Naroli from Karambele (Karambeli) by swimming across the rivulets. June to September is the rainy season in the region, and the rivers are usually flooded during this season. The Daman Ganga river was flooded and no help could reach Naroli. This was the reason to choose this date for proceeding to Naroli. There were only six police personnel. The volunteers and the villagers reached the police station and asked them to surrender or face death. They immediately surrendered. The Portuguese rule of Naroli came to an end.

The Special Reserve Police in the Indian Territory did not intervene. J.D. Nagarwala, the Dy. Inspector General of the Special Reserve Police in the Indian Territory, without entering DNH, asked Captain Fidalgo, the Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, to surrender to the Indian Forces along with his paramilitary forces before they would be executed by the liberators.

Leaving about 50 policemen and five civilian officers posted at Silvassa, Captain Fidalgo fled to Udva passing through Rakholi, Dappada, and Khanvel and surrendered to the SRP on 11 August. They were later allowed to go to Goa.

In the meanwhile, there were several rumours and the officers at Silvassa were in confusion. On 1 August, the liberators took advantage of the situation and proceeded from Dadra and Naroli and liberated Pipariya. The five police officers surrendered without resistance.

During the night, the volunteers divided themselves into three batches and reached the police [[chowky]] at Silvassa. The police chowky at Silvassa was protected by sandbags. There were three policemen on guard on three sides. Vasant Badve, Vishnu Bhople, and Shantaram Vaidya overpowered them from behind when least expected. The other policemen surrendered without resistance on seeing the other volunteers. The volunteers spent the night awake at the police chowky.

On the morning of 2 August 1954, the liberators reached the town of Silvassa to find it free of any Portuguese occupation. The liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli was complete.

Senhor Luis de Gama, the eldest nationalist, hoisted the Indian National Flag and declared the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli liberated and the Indian National Anthem was sung.

===Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli===
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2022}}
{{main|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}

[[File:Dadra-Nagarhaveli 1956.jpg|thumb|Old map of the territory.]]
From 1954 to 1961, Dadra and Nagar Haveli existed as a ''de facto'' state known as [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. It was administered by a body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli,<ref name="const10">[[Constitution of India]], 10th Amendment</ref><ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/~andrew/CommonLII/INSC/1986/43.html Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors v. Radhikabhai w/o Anandrao Banapurkar AIR 1986 SC 1272]{{dead link|date=August 2015}}: this judgment mentions the Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in this period</ref> with administrative help from the government of India. Although it enjoyed ''de facto'' independence, Dadra and Nagar Haveli were still recognised internationally (e.g. by the [[International Court of Justice]]) as Portuguese colony.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Case cing Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Merits), Judgement of 12 April 1960 |journal=International Court of Justice Reports 1960 |page=6 |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf |access-date=1 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220044651/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2011 }}</ref>

===Integration into India===
In 1961, amidst Indian preparation for the [[Invasion of Goa|invasion of Goa, Daman, and Diu]], K.G. Badlani, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] was, for one day, designated the Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, so that, as Head of State, he could sign an agreement with the Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. The [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India]] was passed to incorporate Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a union territory, effective 11 August 1961.

On 31 December 1974 a treaty was signed between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html |title=Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974 |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000634/http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019, the Parliament of India passed legislation to merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the nearby union territory of [[Daman and Diu]] to create a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] on 26 January 2020. Dadra and Nagar Haveli will be one of the three districts of the new union territory.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Amrita Nayak |title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu |url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=The Print |date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli |title = Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019 |website=Lok Sabha |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Dadra Nagar Haveli Locator Map.svg|thumb|Location of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
The area of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is spread over {{convert|491|km2|sqmi}}. Its population density is {{convert|698|km2|sqmi|abbr=}}. Though landlocked between [[Gujarat]] to the north and [[Maharashtra]] to the south, it is close to the western coast of India (between 20°0′ and 20°25′ N latitude and between 72°50′ and 73°15′ E longitude),<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | editor1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti |editor2=others |display-editors=1 | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Dadra and Nagar Haveli | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | page = 1213 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> and the [[Arabian Sea]] can be reached via [[Vapi]] in Gujarat.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli comprises two separate geographical units. The larger part—Nagar Haveli—spans a roughly C-shaped area upriver from the city of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] on the coast, at the centre of which, straddling the border with Gujarat, is the Madhuban reservoir. The smaller enclave of Dadra is a short distance to the northwest.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli is in the middle of the undulating watershed of the [[Daman Ganga River]], which flows through Nagar Haveli and later forms the short southern border of Dadra. The towns of Dadra and Silvassa lie on the north bank of the river. The [[Western Ghats]] range rises to the east, and the foothills of the range occupy the eastern portion of the district.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli is surrounded by Valsad District of Gujarat on the west, north, and east, and by Thane District of Maharashtra on the south and southeast (after the division of Thane District, it is now surrounded by the newly formed Palghar District).<ref name="socio-eco">{{cite journal|last=Singh |first=A.K. |title=Socio Economic Development of Dadra and Nagar Haveli since its Liberation|year=2008|series=24}}</ref>

[[Maghval]] is a small enclave village belonging to Gujarat that is located within [[Nagar Haveli]], just south of [[Silvassa]].<ref>{{cite map|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/damao_1956.jpg|year=1956|title=Damao (Daman) 1954 (Topographic Map) original scale 1:250,000.|access-date=6 October 2013|quote=Portion of Navsari, Sheet NF 43-13, Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service compiled in 1954 and printed in 1956 (Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas Libraries)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911003530/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/damao_1956.jpg|archive-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The nearest railway stations are Bhilad and Vapi in Gujarat on the Mumbai-Delhi route (Western Railways).<ref>{{Cite web|last=karthik|title=0 COVID-19 Special Departures from Bhilad WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bhilad-bld/2172|access-date=5 August 2020|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aniket|title=14 COVID-19 Special Arrivals at Vapi WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/vapi-vapi/68|access-date=5 August 2020|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Bhilad is about 14 km west of Silvassa & Vapi is about 18 km northwest of Silvassa. [[Mumbai]] is approximately 180 km from Silvassa. [[Surat]] city is about 140 km away. Mumbai and Surat are the nearest airports.

===Topography===
The stretch of the main southern area is hilly terrain especially towards the northeast and east where it is surrounded by ranges of the Sahyadri mountains (Western Ghats). The central [[alluvial plain|alluvial]] region of the land is almost plain and the soil is fertile and rich. The river Damanganga rises in the Ghat 64 km from the western coast and discharges itself in the Arabian Sea at the port of Daman after crossing Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Its three tributaries, Varna, Pipri and Sakartond, join Daman Ganga within the territory.<ref name="webmail">{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/Territories/DADRANAGARHAVELI/land/land.htm|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli – Land, Climate and transport|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612045222/http://www.webindia123.com/Territories/DADRANAGARHAVELI/land/land.htm|archive-date=12 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TCS />

===Flora and fauna===
[[File:Baby Cheetal Deer.jpg|thumb|left|Baby cheetal deer]]
Dadra and Nagar Haveli lies within the [[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] ecoregion, characterised by forests of [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis'') and other dry-season deciduous trees.<ref>Worldwide Fund for Nature. "North Western Ghats Moist Deciduous Forests". Accessed 4 September 2017. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905140801/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0134|date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Dnh forest cover mix.png|thumb|350px]]
About 43% of the land is under forest cover. However, the reserved forest territory constitutes about 40% of the total geographical area. The protected forests constitute 2.45% of the total land area.

According to satellite data taken in 2008, DNH has roughly about {{convert|114|km2|acre}} of moderately dense forest and {{convert|94|km2|acre}} open forest. According to the Forest Survey of India, DNH has two major forest types: tropical moist deciduous forest and tropical dry deciduous forest. The major produce is khair wood and general timber. [[Teak]], sandra, khair, mahara and sisam are the major tree species in the region.<ref name=TCS>{{cite journal|author=Tata Consultancy Services|title=Tourism Perspective Plan for Dadra & Nagar Haveli|year=2002|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>
[[File:Dnh forest type group mix.png|thumb|350px]] Tree cover has been estimated around 27 km2 from the six-year data (2002–08), which is around 5.5% of the total geographical area of DNH.<ref name=FSI>{{cite journal|title=Forest and Tree Resources in States and Union Territories|year=2011|pages=255–257|publisher=Forest Survey of India}}</ref>

The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary covers 91.39 square kilometres, or about 19% of the union territory's total area. The sanctuary provides a habitat for [[leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris''), [[striped hyena]] (''Hyaena hyaena''), fox (''Vulpes'' spp.), [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus''), [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[sambar deer]] (''Rusa unicolor''), and [[chital|chital deer]] (''Axis axis''), and birds including black drongo, bulbul, kingfisher, egret, hoopoe, mynah, heron, and red jungle fowl. In 2014 an additional eco-sensitive area was designated in the 100-meter buffer zone around the wildlife sanctuary, with an area of 26.57 square kilometres.<ref>Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Government of India (2014) "Draft Notification of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary - Declaration as Eco-sensitive Zone around Dadra and Nagar Haveli" S.O.2927(E) [17 November 2014]. Accessed 4 September 2017. [http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ESZ_Draft_notification_dadra_nagar_haveli.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703061700/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ESZ_Draft_notification_dadra_nagar_haveli.pdf|date=3 July 2015}}</ref>

The rich biodiversity makes it a habitat for a variety of birds and animals and thus a destination for inland and coastal [[safari]] and [[eco-tourism]]. Silvassa's hills and [[buffer zone|wide, forested buffer land]] attract wildlife enthusiasts.

There is a wildlife protected area located,

* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary]]

===Climate===
The climate of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is typical of its type. Being near the coast, all but the sparsely inhabited easternmost parts have a typical north [[Indian Ocean]] maritime climate. The summers are hot and become in their later part more humid with temperatures reaching as high as 39 °C in the month of May. The monsoon starts in the month of June and extends until September. The rainfall is brought by southwest monsoon winds. It is known as the [[Cherrapunji]] that covers the bulk of western India (apart from the [[Thar Desert]]) which produces most of the annual rainfall of 200–250 cm. Winters are between maritime temperate and semi-tropical with temperatures ranging from 14 °C to 30 °C, reliably, as with the monsoon, with scant deviation from this range.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotels Silvassa summary sections|url=http://www.hotelssilvassa.com/Silvassa-info/silvassa-climate.aspx|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614035012/http://www.hotelssilvassa.com/Silvassa-info/silvassa-climate.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silvassa Weather, Silvassa Weather Forecast, Temperature, Festivals, Best Season|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Silvassa-weather|work=tourism|access-date=13 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626213334/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Silvassa-weather|archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 3.jpg|thumb|Silvassa Town Hall|alt=]]

Dadra and Nagar Haveli covers an area of 487 km2 and consists of two sub-districts:
* [[Dadra DNH|Dadra]]
* [[Nagar Haveli DNH|Nagar Haveli]]

===Dadra===
Dadra is the headquarters of Dadra taluka, comprising Dadra town and two other villages.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Settlement type
! Portuguese name
! Indian name
|-
| Town
| [[Dadra town|Dadrá]]
| Dadra
|-
| Village
| [[Demni|Vagadi]]
| Demni
|-
| Village
| [[Tighra|Tigrá]]
| Tighra
|-
|}

===Nagar Haveli===
Silvassa is the headquarters of Nagar Haveli taluka, comprising Silvassa town and 68 other villages.<ref name="dnh official">{{cite web|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli|url=http://dnh.nic.in/|work=Government of D&NH|publisher=Administration of D&NH|access-date=19 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118002436/http://dnh.nic.in/|archive-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>

==Economy==
Dadra and Nagar Haveli's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $218 million in current prices. Its nominal GDP increased to $360 million in the year 2009 with a per capita GDP of $1,050. The economy of DNH relies on five major activities viz. agriculture, industries, forestry, animal husbandry and tourism.<ref name=TCS /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Shah|first=N.R.|title=Socio Economic Development of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|year=2008|publisher=Dept. of Planning and Statistics, DNH|location=DNH|page=51}}</ref><ref name="dnh_ind">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnh.nic.in/industry.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212125843/http://www.dnh.nic.in/industry.html|url-status=dead|title=Industries in Dadar and Nagar Haveli|archive-date=12 February 2010|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=DNHIA>{{cite web|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Industries Association |url=http://www.ut-dnhindass.org/Facts_Figure.html |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625165947/http://www.ut-dnhindass.org/Facts_Figure.html |archive-date=25 June 2012 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Blossom, Vanganga Lake, Dadra - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Blossom at Vanganga Lake, Dadra]]
The basic economic activity of the territory is agriculture involving about 60% of the working population. The total land area under cultivation is {{convert|236.27|km2|acre}} i.e. 48% of the total geographical area. The area under high yielding crops is {{convert|12000|acre|km2}}. The main food crops cultivated in this area are paddy (40% of the net sown area), ''ragi'', small millets, jowar, sugarcanes, ''tur'', ''nagli'' and ''val''. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, cabbage and brinjal and fruits like mango, chikoo, guava, coconut and banana are also grown.<ref name=agri>{{cite web|title=Agriculture Department |url=http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/Agri.pdf |work=Government of Dadra and Nagar Haveli |publisher=UT of Dadra and Nagar Haveli |access-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413082013/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/Agri.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2012 }}</ref> Agriculture sector has given a major boost to the economy of DNH.

The local population is also involved in forestry and animal husbandry. 92.76% of the farmers belong to the weaker sections and 89.36% of them are tribal farmers.<ref name=agri /> There is a full-fledged veterinary hospital and nine veterinary dispensaries. Mass vaccination against various diseases is done regularly free of cost by the Animal Husbandry Department.<ref name="socio-eco" />

===Industry===

Another major contributor to the economy is the manufacturing industries. Due to heavy industrialisation in the region owing to tax sops for industries in the union territories, steady growth in employment has been observed. The employment generation is increasing at a pace of 5% per annum.

Industrialisation in the area began in 1965 when the first industrial unit in the UT was started at Piparia, Silvassa in the cooperative sector by Dan Udyog Sahakari Sangh Ltd, following which three industrial estates were established at Masat (1976), Khadoli (1982) and Silvassa (1985). Earlier (before 1965) only traditional craftsmen who made clay pots, leather items, viz., chappals, shoes and some other items of bamboo were present. Since there was no sales tax in the UT, it attracted many entrepreneurs. Around 30 new units comprising Engineering, fabric weaving units and dyeing and printing units were established until 1970.

In 1971, UT was declared as an industrially backward area by [[Government of India]] and increased the cash subsidy to 15 to 25% for the industrial units on their capital investment which resulted in the speedy industrial development. The scheme was however terminated from 30 September 1988. Sales Tax Act was implemented from January 1984 until 1998 under which industries enjoyed sales tax exemption for 15 years from the start-up date. [[VAT]] was introduced in 2005. At present, the newly established units get Central Sales Tax exemption which will continue until 2017.<ref name="dnh_ind" />

There are more than 2710 units functioning providing employment to about 46000 people with a capital investment of {{INRConvert|377.8310|m}}.<ref name="socio-eco" />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Number
|-
| Small scale industries || 2118
|-
| Medium scale industries|| 564
|-
|Large scale industries|| 28
|}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1951 | 42000
| 1961 | 58000
| 1971 | 74000
| 1981 | 104000
| 1991 | 138000
| 2001 | 220000
| 2011 | 342853
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Dadra and Nagar Haveli has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 343,709.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | archive-date = 11 June 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 566th in India, out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]] districts.<ref name=districtcensus/> It has a population density of {{convert|698|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}, and its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade from 2001 to 2011 was 55.5 percent, which is the highest percentage growth among all Indian states and union territories.<ref name=districtcensus/><ref name=statecensus>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/staest.php | title = State Census 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> Dadra and Nagar Haveli has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 775 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 77.65%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Ethnography ===
Tribal groups make up 62% of the population. The most prominent are [[Dhodia]] (16.90%), [[Kokna (tribe)|Kokna]] (16.85%) and [[Warli]] (62.94%), with small groups of [[Koli People|Koli]], Kathodi, Naika, and Dubla scattered across the territory, collectively representing 3.31% of the population. Dhodias and Dublas mainly populate the Northern part, whereas Koknas and Warlis are found all over the Union Territory. They worship the primary deities of Dis (Sun) and Chand (Moon), and Narandev, Kanasari, Himai, Hirva, Veer, Rangtai and Vagdev.

One prominent feature of this territory is that people from all over India form a part of non-tribal residents. DNH has many industries due to tax concessions granted to industry and therefore people from all over the country have migrated to the region.
North Indians have a prime influence in the area. Gujarati is one of the three official languages, the others being Hindi and English. Besides Gujarati persons, one can find Marathi, Rajasthani, Bihari, Udia, Tamil, Uttar Pradeshi and people from several other states. The prime reason for such a diverse population is the industrial hub. Employment opportunities, good climate, and the landscape are highly appealing.

===Religion===
As per the 2001 Census, out of the 137,225 ST persons of the UT, almost all were Hindus except for 3,796 Christians (2.8%).<ref name="census 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/States_at_glance/State_Links/26_dnh.pdf|title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli (26): Housing Profile|work=Census 2001|publisher=Government of India|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930122148/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/States_at_glance/State_Links/26_dnh.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> As a former Portuguese enclave, [[Silvassa]] has a significant Roman Catholic population. Kokna has the highest Christian population in 2001, 6.7%. Swetambara Jains have a temple in Dadra and Silvassa and recently Digambara Jains have also constructed a temple in the Silvassa.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in State (2011)<ref name= "census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|color1 = darkorange
|value1 = 93.93
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|color2 = Green
|value2 = 3.75
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|color3 = Blue
|value3 = 1.48
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|color4 = red
|value4 = 0.34
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|color5 = Gold
|value5 = 0.18
|label6 = [[Sikhism]]
|color6 = DarkKhaki
|value6 = 0.06
|label7 = Other Religions
|color7 = Black
|value7 = 0.08
|label8 = [[Irreligion|Atheist]]
|color8 = Grey
|value8 = 0.001
}}

===Language===
There are 72 villages, mainly inhabited by various tribal communities like the Warly (Warlie), Kokana, Dhodia, Koli, Kathodi, Naika, Dubla and Kolgha. The tribal communities are locally known as [[Adivasi]] (which means original inhabitant). Each community has its own culture, traditions and languages and dialects. None of these languages have had written literature until recently. The tribal communities consist of approximately 60% of the population of DNH. (Earlier in the eighties it was more than 80%, but after influx from different parts of the country, the percentage has reduced). But the influx has helped the tribal people in increasing their earnings and [[standard of living]].

[[Varli language|Warli]] is the language spoken by the Warli people. [[Agri language|Agri]] the dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] which is spoken by Agri community.

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages Dadra and Nagar Haveli (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=12–14, 32 |access-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Bhili language|Bhili]]
| value1 = 37.26
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 26.16
| color2 = orange
| label3 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| value3 = 21.48
| label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value4 = 7.01
| label5 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value5 = 2.26
| label6 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value6 = 1.30
| color6 = gold
| label7 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value7 = 0.91
| color7 = orchid
| label8 = Others
| value8 = 3.62
| color8 = grey
}}

The languages taught in schools in Dadra and Nagar Haveli under the [[three-language formula]] are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=51st REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|date=15 July 2015|access-date=15 February 2018|page=121|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

#First Language: Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi
#Second Language: Marathi, Gujarati
#Third Language: English

A former Portuguese enclave, [[Silvassa]] has a significant Roman Catholic population, speaking a distinct dialect of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] languages are widely spoken.<ref name="Dadra Nagar Haveli tourism">{{Cite web|url=http://dnh.nic.in/Home%20Page_files/Tourism/silvassa.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616040015/http://dnh.nic.in/Home%20Page_files/Tourism/silvassa.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Dadra Nagar Haveli tourism|archive-date=16 June 2006|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] are also understood.<ref name="Dadra Nagar Haveli tourism"/>

The main tribes are [[Warli]]s, [[Dhodia]] [[Kokna]], etc.<ref name=kre>{{Cite web |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-11-0-000-09-Web/Anth-11-1-001-09-Abst-PDF/Anth-11-1-065-09-521-Meitei-S-Y/|title= Anth-11-1-065-09-521-Meitei-S-Y-Tt.pdf |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102203725/http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-11-0-000-09-Web/Anth-11-1-001-09-Abst-PDF/Anth-11-1-065-09-521-Meitei-S-Y/Anth-11-1-065-09-521-Meitei-S-Y-Tt.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Castes===
The prominent castes occupying this territory are [[Rajput]]s, [[Ahir]]s, [[Chamar]], [[Mahar]], and associated castes.

===Tribes===
'''Warli'''

[[File:Painted prayers, Warli paintings, at Sanskriti Kendra, Anandagram, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Warli Painting at Saskriti Kendra, New Delhi]]
Although commonly associated with Maharashtra, and also found in Gujarat, Warlis consider the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to be their original home. The [[Warli]]s speak an [[Indo-Aryan language]] [[Varli language|related to Marathi and Konkani]] and are the largest tribal group in the territory and constitute ~ 63% (62.94%) of the total tribal population.

Rituals are extremely important to the Warlis; they are nature worshipers who regard the Sun and the Moon as the eyes of God. Their main deities are Naran dev, Hirwa, Himai, and Waghio, and stone images of these deities are found in tree groves. A Bhagat plays the Ghangal (a musical instrument made from gourd, bamboo and iron strings) and performs the rituals.

Traditionally the Warlis wear a loin cloth with a small waist coat and a turban. The women wear a knee-length, one-yard saree – lugde – and adorn themselves with silver and white metal ornaments.<ref name=tribe>{{cite book|title=Tribes of Silvassa |publisher=Department of Tourism, UT of D&NH |location=Silvassa |pages=1–7 |url=http://www.silvassa-tourism.com/pdf/tribes_of_dnh.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324044401/http://www.silvassa-tourism.com/pdf/tribes_of_dnh.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 }}</ref>

'''Dhodia'''

The term Dhodia seems to be derived from Dhundi, which means a small thatched hut, and the Dhodias are primarily hut dwellers. They reside mostly in the northern part of Dadra & Nagar Haveli. They are known to be the most educated among all the tribes and are good cultivators. Some own enough farmland to be able to earn a decent livelihood.

Traditionally the men wear a white knee-length dhoti with a shirt or waistcoat, white or coloured caps, and ornaments like earrings and silver chains around their waist. The women wear a knee-length dark blue saree with an ''aanchal'' worn from the front and left loose at the back. Popular accessories include colourful bead necklaces, and metal ornaments such as bangles or thick ''kadaas'' around their ankles.<ref name=tribe />

'''Kokna'''

The Koknas derive their name from the Konkan region in West India. They have land of their own, produce paddy and are better cultivators than the Warlis. With the introduction of formal education many of them have moved up the social ladder.

Koknas well built and both men and women often tattoo their bodies, especially their foreheads. The men wear a dhoti up to the knees, with a waistcoat or shirt and a turban. The women wear traditional colourful sarees that are either knee-length or full length.<ref name=tribe />

'''Kathodia'''

The Kathodis, called Katkari in the Thane district of Maharashtra, make up 0.08% of the total tribal population of Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Their name is derived from their profession of kattha or [[catechu]] making.

They are considered to be at the bottom of the tribal social ladder. They usually live in forests, in semi-permanent settlements. Most of them cut wood and collect charcoal. The government has tried to improve their standard of living by engaging them in permanent professions.
They wear minimal jewelry; what is worn adorns the women only.<ref name =tribe />

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India|}}
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Annexation of Goa]]
* [[Goa]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dnh.gov.in/ District administration]
* [http://collectordnh.gov.in/ District collector]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT
|North = [[Gujarat]] State
|Northeast =
|East = [[Maharashtra]] State
|Southeast =
|South = [[Maharashtra]] State
|Southwest = [[Maharashtra]] State
|West =
|Northwest =
}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Dadra and Nagar Haveli district
|North = [[Valsad district]], Gujarat
|Northeast =
|East =
|Southeast =
|South = [[Palghar district]], Maharashtra
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest =
}}

{{Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu}}

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dadra And Nagar Haveli}}
[[Category:Dadra and Nagar Haveli| ]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2020]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves in India]]

Yentamma

2026-04-27T07:25:53Z

Antiexsolutions:

{{Short description|2023 song by Vishal Dadlani, Payal Dev and Shabbir Ahmed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Yentamma
| type = single
| cover = Yentamma song cover.jpg
| caption = Official song cover featuring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]
| artist = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Payal Dev]] and [[Raftaar]]
| album = [[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan (soundtrack)|Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]
| language = Hindi Telugu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-sports-lungi-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-teaser-ram-charan-to-join-him-too-7455865.html|title=Salman Khan Sports Lungi In 'Kisi Ka Bhai...' Song Yentamma Teaser; Ram Charan To Join Him Too?|date=3 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102342/https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-sports-lungi-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-teaser-ram-charan-to-join-him-too-7455865.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = 4 April 2023
| recorded = 2022
| studio = [[YRF Studios]], [[Mumbai]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[Dappankuthu|kuthu]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Filmi]]}}
| length = 2:56
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Payal Dev]]
| lyricist = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| producer = Aditya Dev
| tracks = # "'''Yentamma'''"
# "[[Billi Billi]]"
# "[[Naiyo Lagda]]"
# "Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love)"
# Lets Dance Chotu Motu"
# "Tere Bina"
# "Bathukamma"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=xb59o_op8Z0|title="Yentamma"}}
}}
}}

"'''Yentamma'''" ({{Translation|What's up?}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song, composed by [[Payal Dev]], who also sung the track with [[Vishal Dadlani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/bollywood-ram-charan-salman-and-venkatesh-recreate-naatu-naatu-step-in-yentamma-1.94920777|title=Bollywood: Ram Charan, Salman and Venkatesh recreate 'Naatu Naatu' step in 'Yentamma'|date=4 April 2023|website=gulfnews.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303071914/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/bollywood-ram-charan-salman-and-venkatesh-recreate-naatu-naatu-step-in-yentamma-1.94920777|url-status=live}}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Kumaar]] with rap portion performed by [[Raftaar]] for the [[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2023 Indian film ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Apr/03/salman-khan-shares-teaser-of-yentamma-new-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-41891.html|title=Salman Khan shares teaser of 'Yentamma', new song from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=3 April 2023|website=Cinema Express|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102421/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Apr/03/salman-khan-shares-teaser-of-yentamma-new-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-41891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released on 4 April 2023, as the fifth single from the album, through [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/yentamma-from-salman-khan-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-now-ram-charan-makes-special-appearance-23279093|title='Yentamma' from Salman Khan's 'Kisi ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' out now; Ram Charan makes special appearance|date=4 April 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202125833/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/yentamma-from-salman-khan-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-now-ram-charan-makes-special-appearance-23279093|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-s-song-yentamma-out-salman-khan-ram-charan-and-venkatesh-daggubati-dancing-in-lungis-is-winning-hearts-on-social-media-watch/642bd9cf2326cf6485296be4|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's Song Yentamma OUT: Salman Khan, Ram Charan And Venkatesh Daggubati Dancing In Lungis Is Winning Hearts On Social Media-WATCH | SpotboyE|website=www.spotboye.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102448/https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-s-song-yentamma-out-salman-khan-ram-charan-and-venkatesh-daggubati-dancing-in-lungis-is-winning-hearts-on-social-media-watch/642bd9cf2326cf6485296be4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/132691-salman-khan-ram-charan-lungi-dance-yentamma-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-audience-reaction.html|title='No B'wood No South, It's Indian Cinema' Salman Khan-Ram Charan's Lungi Dance Is A Hit|date=4 April 2023|website=MensXP|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610005447/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/132691-salman-khan-ram-charan-lungi-dance-yentamma-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-audience-reaction.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The track "Yentamma" also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Apr/07/ram-charan-opens-up-about-doing-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-yentamma-song-2563625.html|title=Ram Charan opens up about doing Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's 'Yentamma' song|date=7 April 2023|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102446/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Apr/07/ram-charan-opens-up-about-doing-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-yentamma-song-2563625.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition and lyrics ==
"Yentamma" served as the fifth single to be released from the soundtrack album of ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/salman-khan-matches-steps-with-ram-charan-and-venkatesh-daggubati-in-latest-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma/cid/1927158 |title=Salman Khan matches steps with Ram Charan and Venkatesh Daggubati in latest Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma |website=Telegraph India |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603221415/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/salman-khan-matches-steps-with-ram-charan-and-venkatesh-daggubati-in-latest-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma/cid/1927158 |url-status=live }}</ref> The track was composed by [[Payal Dev]] in her fourth collaboration with [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-salman-khan-venkateshs-lungi-dance-with-a-ram-charan-surprise-3918842|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song Yentamma: Salman Khan, Venkatesh's Lungi Dance With A Ram Charan Surprise|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224133043/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-salman-khan-venkateshs-lungi-dance-with-a-ram-charan-surprise-3918842|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-and-venkatesh-do-lungi-dance-in-teaser-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-8535846/|title=Salman Khan and Venkatesh do lungi dance in teaser of Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma. Watch|date=3 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601140205/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-and-venkatesh-do-lungi-dance-in-teaser-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-8535846/|url-status=live}}</ref> She too sang the track with [[Vishal Dadlani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kkbkkj-song-yentamma-out-ram-charan-is-elated-to-have-danced-with-legends-salman-khan-venkatesh/na20230404132443352352067|title=KKBKKJ song Yentamma out: Ram Charan is elated to have danced with 'legends' Salman Khan, Venkatesh|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=4 April 2023|website=ETV Bharat News|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102537/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kkbkkj-song-yentamma-out-ram-charan-is-elated-to-have-danced-with-legends-salman-khan-venkatesh/na20230404132443352352067|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yentamma-song-teaser-salman-khan-shows-south-indian-swag-with-venkatesh-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-3034100|title=Yentamma song teaser: Salman Khan shows South-Indian swag with Venkatesh in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|website=DNA India|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102535/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yentamma-song-teaser-salman-khan-shows-south-indian-swag-with-venkatesh-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-3034100|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubatis-power-moves-get-ram-charan-touch-in-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-494116|title=Salman Khan, Venkatesh Daggubati's power moves get Ram Charan touch in 'Yentamma' from 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' - The Tribune|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102532/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubatis-power-moves-get-ram-charan-touch-in-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-494116|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-shares-glimpse-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-teaser-101680518135537.html |title=Salman Khan shares glimpse of yet another stunt in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma teaser. Watch |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526032834/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-shares-glimpse-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-teaser-101680518135537.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The rap portion of the song was written and performed by rapper [[Raftaar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-venkatesh-exude-swag-in-yentamma-teaser-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-did-you-spot-ram-charan-2355192-2023-04-03|title=Salman Khan, Venkatesh exude swag in Yentamma teaser from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan. Did you spot Ram Charan?|date=3 April 2023|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102533/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-venkatesh-exude-swag-in-yentamma-teaser-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-did-you-spot-ram-charan-2355192-2023-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/salman-khan-venkatesh-flaunt-lungis-yentamma-teaser-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-watch/|title=Salman Khan, Venkatesh flaunt their lungis in 'Yentamma' teaser from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan, watch : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410150129/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/salman-khan-venkatesh-flaunt-lungis-yentamma-teaser-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-watch/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindi-Telugu fusion song<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-slams-salman-khan-s-yentamma-song-1594397|title=Former Cricketer Laxman Sivaramakrishnan Slams Salman Khan's Yentamma Song|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=9 April 2023|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102532/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-slams-salman-khan-s-yentamma-song-1594397|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yentamma-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-calls-salman-khans-new-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-8546772/|title=Former cricketer Laxman Sivaramakrishnan slams Salman Khan's Yentamma song from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: 'Degrading our South Indian culture'|date=9 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602105412/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yentamma-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-calls-salman-khans-new-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-8546772/|url-status=live}}</ref> had the additional lyrics and vocals by Aditya Dev, who also produced the track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-charan-recreate-naatu-naatu-with-salman-venkatesh-in-yentamma-598242.html|title=Ram Charan Recreates Naatu Naatu With Salman Khan And Venkatesh; Internet Is Screaming With Joy|date=4 April 2023|website=Indiatimes|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403012646/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-charan-recreate-naatu-naatu-with-salman-venkatesh-in-yentamma-598242.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/yentamma-song-salman-khan-ram-charan-and-venkatesh-lit-up-the-screen-together|title='Yentamma' song: Salman Khan, Ram Charan, and Venkatesh lit up the screen together|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=4 April 2023|website=Telangana Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504190540/https://telanganatoday.com/yentamma-song-salman-khan-ram-charan-and-venkatesh-lit-up-the-screen-together|url-status=live}}</ref> After hearing the track, Hegde felt it will be hit among the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/for-pooja-hegde-dancing-in-lungi-was-highlight-of-yentamma-494141|title=For Pooja Hegde, dancing in lungi was highlight of 'Yentamma' - The Tribune|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102533/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/for-pooja-hegde-dancing-in-lungi-was-highlight-of-yentamma-494141/|url-status=live}}</ref> Palak Tiwari revealed the song as her favourite song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-and-raghav-juyal-have-fun-in-yentamma-bts-video/cid/1927746 |title=Salman Khan, Venkatesh Daggubati and Raghav Juyal have fun in Yentamma BTS video |website=Telegraph India |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102532/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-and-raghav-juyal-have-fun-in-yentamma-bts-video/cid/1927746 |url-status=live }}</ref> In early-October 2022, Khan confirmed the [[Ram Charan]] inclusion in the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-confirms-ram-charans-cameo-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/|title=Salman Khan confirms Ram Charan's cameo in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 October 2022|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002060632/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-confirms-ram-charans-cameo-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-shake-a-leg-with-salman-khan-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-report-6276697.html|title=Ram Charan to Shake a Leg With Salman Khan in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: Report|date=31 October 2022|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102531/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-charan-to-shake-a-leg-with-salman-khan-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-report-6276697.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan also revealed that it was Charan's compulsion to be a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-reveals-funny-story-behind-ram-charans-cameo-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-says-i-had-earlier-said-no-6081301.html|title=Salman Khan Reveals Funny Story Behind Ram Charan's Cameo in 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan,' Says 'I Had Earlier Said No'|date=1 October 2022|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020122233/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-reveals-funny-story-behind-ram-charans-cameo-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-says-i-had-earlier-said-no-6081301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/Oct/03/salman-khan-ram-charan-will-make-a-cameo-inkisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2504509.html|title=Salman Khan: Ram Charan will make a cameo in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|date=3 October 2022|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102532/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/Oct/03/salman-khan-ram-charan-will-make-a-cameo-inkisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2504509.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 4 April 2023 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-ram-charan-steals-show-swag-salman-khan-daggubati-venkatesh-track-watch/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song 'Yentamma' out: Ram Charan steals the show with his swag in Salman Khan-Daggubati Venkatesh track, watch : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404100350/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-ram-charan-steals-show-swag-salman-khan-daggubati-venkatesh-track-watch/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ram-charan-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-get-trippy-over-lungi-dance-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-watch-2355539-2023-04-04|title=Ram Charan, Salman Khan and Venkatesh get trippy over lungi dance in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma. Watch|date=4 April 2023|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102614/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ram-charan-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-get-trippy-over-lungi-dance-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-watch-2355539-2023-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video features [[Salman Khan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] primarily, with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Raghav Juyal]], [[Jassie Gill]], [[Siddharth Nigam]], [[Shehnaaz Gill]], Palak Tiwari and Vinali Bhatnagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/salman-khan-ram-charan-and-ventakesh-dance-to-yentamma|title=Salman Khan, Ram Charan and Ventakesh dance to Yentamma|first=Team|last=FC|date=4 April 2023|website=www.filmcompanion.in|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102615/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/salman-khan-ram-charan-and-ventakesh-dance-to-yentamma|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/salman-venkatesh-with-ram-charan-do-revamped-version-of-naatu-naatu-hookstep-for-yentamma-1.8450840|title=Salman Khan, Venkatesh with Ram Charan do revamp version of 'Naatu Naatu' hookstep for 'Yentamma'|date=4 April 2023|website=English.Mathrubhumi|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102614/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/salman-venkatesh-with-ram-charan-do-revamped-version-of-naatu-naatu-hookstep-for-yentamma-1.8450840|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video was choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/salman-khan-venkatesh-look-terrific-in-lungis-in-yentamma-song-teaser-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2023-04-03-860100|title=Salman Khan & Venkatesh look terrific in Lungis in Yentamma song teaser from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|first1=Akshat|last1=Sundrani|first2=India TV|last2=News|date=3 April 2023|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410141457/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/salman-khan-venkatesh-look-terrific-in-lungis-in-yentamma-song-teaser-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2023-04-03-860100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/yentamma-teaser-released-salman-khan-looks-dashing-as-ever-23278964|title='Yentamma' teaser released, Salman Khan looks dashing as ever|date=3 April 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102615/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/yentamma-teaser-released-salman-khan-looks-dashing-as-ever-23278964|url-status=live}}</ref> The song which also featured [[Ram Charan]] is a special appearance,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-reveals-how-ram-charan-convinced-him-for-his-cameo-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ji-jaan-101664773937255.html |title=Salman Khan reveals how Ram Charan convinced him for a cameo in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ji Jaan |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130055652/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-reveals-how-ram-charan-convinced-him-for-his-cameo-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ji-jaan-101664773937255.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was shot at a special set built in [[Chiranjeevi]]'s own land in the [[Kokapet]] area for ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/salman-khans-song-shot-on-chiranjeevis-land-in-hyderabad-2561363/|title=Salman Khan's song shot at Chiranjeevi's land in Hyderabad|first=Addla|last=Sreeja|date=4 April 2023|website=The Siasat Daily|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102616/https://www.siasat.com/salman-khans-song-shot-on-chiranjeevis-land-in-hyderabad-2561363/|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video featured about 2000 dancers and 1000 [[Royal Enfield]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/palak-tiwari-reveals-everyone-lost-their-minds-when-they-found-out-ram-charan-was-on-set-for-the-song-yentamma-watch-101680852176205.html |title=Palak Tiwari reveals everyone lost their minds when they found out Ram Charan was on set for the song Yentamma. Watch |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530090837/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/palak-tiwari-reveals-everyone-lost-their-minds-when-they-found-out-ram-charan-was-on-set-for-the-song-yentamma-watch-101680852176205.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hegde said that she had a blast while shooting for the song with Khan, Charan and Venkatesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/pooja-hegde-highlight-of-yentamma-shoot-was-dancing-in-a-lungi|title=Pooja Hegde: Highlight of Yentamma shoot was dancing in a lungi|first=Team|last=FC|date=4 April 2023|website=www.filmcompanion.in|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102726/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/pooja-hegde-highlight-of-yentamma-shoot-was-dancing-in-a-lungi|url-status=live}}</ref> "The highlight of the song shoot was dancing in a lungi with all my heart", she added.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/lungi-dance/articleshow/99249733.cms|title=Lungi dance|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407205805/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/lungi-dance/articleshow/99249733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Charan described the experience as a little boy's dream coming true,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ram-charan-on-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-little-boys-dream-come-true|title=Ram Charan on Yentamma song from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: Little Boy's Dream Come True|first=Team|last=FC|date=10 April 2023|website=www.filmcompanion.in|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102727/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ram-charan-on-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-little-boys-dream-come-true|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ram-charan-says-filming-yentamma-with-salman-khan-was-little-boys-dream-that-came-true-57803.html|title=Ram Charan says filming Yentamma with Salman Khan was, "Little boy's dream that came true" | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102727/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ram-charan-says-filming-yentamma-with-salman-khan-was-little-boys-dream-that-came-true-57803.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and he didn't take the payment for his appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/ram-charan-charged-no-fee-to-dance-with-salman-khan-in-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/99260969|title=Ram Charan charged no fee to dance with Salman Khan in Yentamma from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|website=mirchi.in|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102728/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/ram-charan-charged-no-fee-to-dance-with-salman-khan-in-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/99260969|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-says-no-fee-to-salman-khan-as-he-grooves-to-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2355857-2023-04-05|title=Ram Charan says 'no fee' to Salman Khan as he grooves to Yentamma from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|date=5 April 2023|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102726/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-says-no-fee-to-salman-khan-as-he-grooves-to-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2355857-2023-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref> Raghav Juyal said that Khan taught him to wear lungi for the track.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yentamma-salman-khan-teaches-raghav-juyal-how-to-wear-a-lungi/articleshow/99317129.cms|title=Yentamma: Salman Khan teaches Raghav Juyal how to wear a lungi|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502141559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yentamma-salman-khan-teaches-raghav-juyal-how-to-wear-a-lungi/articleshow/99317129.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-teaches-raghav-juyal-to-drape-a-mundu-in-this-hilarious-bts-yentamma-video-watch-7482583.html|title=Salman Khan Teaches Raghav Juyal To Drape a Mundu In This Hilarious BTS Yentamma Video; Watch|date=6 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102727/https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-teaches-raghav-juyal-to-drape-a-mundu-in-this-hilarious-bts-yentamma-video-watch-7482583.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Behind-the-scenes|making video]] of the music video was released by the makers on 6 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/scoop-ram-charan-refuses-charge-penny-salman-khan-appearing-yentamma-song-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/|title=SCOOP: Ram Charan refuses to charge a penny from Salman Khan for appearing in 'Yentamma' song in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412163428/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/scoop-ram-charan-refuses-charge-penny-salman-khan-appearing-yentamma-song-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The song was highly anticipated by the fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-salman-khan-shows-south-indian-swag-with-venkatesh-daggubati-ram-charan-in-this-energetic-track-12403362.html|title=KKBKJ song Yentamma: Salman Khan shows South-Indian swag with Venkatesh Daggubati & Ram Charan in this energetic track|date=4 April 2023|website=Firstpost|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064831/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-salman-khan-shows-south-indian-swag-with-venkatesh-daggubati-ram-charan-in-this-energetic-track-12403362.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-promo-of-yentamma-song-from-salman-khan-venkatesh-and-pooja-hegdes-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-791076|title=The Promo Of 'Yentamma' Song From Salman Khan, Venkatesh And Pooja Hegde's 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' Movie|first=Ravali|last=Hymavati|date=3 April 2023|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102827/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-promo-of-yentamma-song-from-salman-khan-venkatesh-and-pooja-hegdes-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-791076|url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser of the song was released on 3 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-song-teaser-out-see-video-here-2023-04-04|title=सलमान की फिल्म में नजर आएंगे राम चरण? 'येंतम्मा' गाने का टीजर देख खुशी से झूम उठे फैंस|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=26 August 2024|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002120918/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-song-teaser-out-see-video-here-2023-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khans-new-song-yentamma-to-be-out-on-this-date/1493879/|title='Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan': Salman Khan's new song 'Yentamma' to be out on this date|date=3 April 2023|website=ThePrint|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102828/https://theprint.in/feature/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khans-new-song-yentamma-to-be-out-on-this-date/1493879/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song teaser increased the expectations for the full song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/yentamma-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ka-jaan-ram-charan-to-join-dance-floor-with-salman-khan-venkatesh-1592953|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's Song 'Yentamma' Teaser Out: Salman Khan & Venkatesh Don A Lungi|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=3 April 2023|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410132801/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/yentamma-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ka-jaan-ram-charan-to-join-dance-floor-with-salman-khan-venkatesh-1592953|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khan-and-venkatesh-do-lungi-dance-in-the-newly-released-teaser-of-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/articleshow/99223277.cms|title=Salman Khan and Venkatesh do 'lungi dance' in the newly released teaser of 'Yentamma' song from 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421223552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-khan-and-venkatesh-do-lungi-dance-in-the-newly-released-teaser-of-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/articleshow/99223277.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The fifth single, titled "Yentamma" was released on 4 April 2024, through [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-has-a-twist-of-naatu-naatu-as-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-for-special-cameo-10072010|title=Yentamma Has A Twist Of Naatu Naatu As Ram Charan Joins Salman, Venkatesh For Special Cameo | WATCH|date=4 April 2023|website=English Jagran|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102826/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-has-a-twist-of-naatu-naatu-as-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-for-special-cameo-10072010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-salman-khan-starrer-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-most-awaited-song-yentamma-out-watch-video-5759421.html|title=सलमान खान का मोस्ट अवेटेड गाना 'येंतम्मा' हुआ रिलीज, 'किसी का भाई किसी की जान' में दिखा स्टार्स का स्वैग|date=4 April 2023|website=News18 हिंदी|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102827/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-salman-khan-starrer-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-most-awaited-song-yentamma-out-watch-video-5759421.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote "Yentamma is a Hindi-Telugu fusion song and is a treat for the Hindi and Telugu audience who will end up dancing their hearts out with lungis. Bringing a plethora of bright colours celebrating the rich culture from the Southern part of India, with a tadka of Salman Khan, the song features Venkatesh Daggubati and Pooja Hedge dancing with their lungis on this coolest swag song."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-song-yentamma-shows-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-ram-charan-dance-57748.html|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's song Yentamma shows Salman Khan, Venkatesh Daggubati, Ram Charan dance | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102729/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-song-yentamma-shows-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-ram-charan-dance-57748.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ridhi Suri of ''[[India TV]]'' said "Enriched with a bundle of entertainment, the song is worth reckoning as the coolest swag song of the year."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/yentamma-ram-charan-gives-chumeshwari-performance-in-salman-khan-venkatesh-palak-tiwari-shehnaaz-gill-2023-04-04-860277|title=Yentamma OUT: Ram Charan gives 'chumeshwari' performance in Salman Khan & Venkatesh song|first1=Ridhi|last1=Suri|first2=India TV|last2=News|date=4 April 2023|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923035124/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/yentamma-ram-charan-gives-chumeshwari-performance-in-salman-khan-venkatesh-palak-tiwari-shehnaaz-gill-2023-04-04-860277|url-status=live}}</ref>

Abhilasha Cherukuri of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted "Much like ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2012), this song also features lyrics on the lungi. It may be noted that the men in the videos are wearing Panchakattu/Veshtis while dancing to lyrics mentioning the word 'lungi' prominently."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Apr/04/yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-41915.html|title=Yentamma song from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan out|first=Abhilasha|last=Cherukuri|date=4 April 2023|website=Cinema Express|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102928/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Apr/04/yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-41915.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[ABP News]]'' wrote "With all the elements to make people go crazy on its heart-thumping beats, 'Yentamma' has brought together Salman Khan, Ram Charan, Venkatesh Daggubati, and Pooja Hegde in the same frame to bring the house down with their whistle-worthy dance moves."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-out-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-for-the-whistle-worthy-moves-1593110|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song 'Yentamma' Out: Ram Charan Joins Salman Khan And Venkatesh|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=4 April 2023|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102928/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-out-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-for-the-whistle-worthy-moves-1593110|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that this song reminds "[[Lungi Dance]]" from the film ''Chennai Express''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yentamma-salman-khan-venkatesh-recreate-naatu-naatu-with-ram-charan-remind-of-shah-rukh-khan-s-lungi-dance-101680590569097.html |title=Yentamma: Salman Khan, Venkatesh recreate Naatu Naatu with Ram Charan, remind of Shah Rukh Khan's Lungi Dance |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826131621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/yentamma-salman-khan-venkatesh-recreate-naatu-naatu-with-ram-charan-remind-of-shah-rukh-khan-s-lungi-dance-101680590569097.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chirag Sehgal of ''[[News18]]'' stated "Both Salman and Venkatesh turn bullet lovers, before diving right into the peppy choreography which is accentuated by the feature of multiple background dancers. With colourful tones, it appears that the song is set against the pretext of a lavish family event or popular celebration. In addition to this, a larger-than-life set with southern accents and architecture and costumes representative of the Indian part appears to be carefully picked to boost the song's vibe."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yentamma-song-out-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-dagubbati-for-lungi-dance-7462891.html|title=Yentamma Song Out: Ram Charan Joins Salman Khan, Venkatesh Dagubbati For Lungi Dance|date=4 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406055806/https://www.news18.com/movies/yentamma-song-out-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-dagubbati-for-lungi-dance-7462891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' commented "The setting is also quite a colourful one, hinting that the song has been shot during a celebration or festival. The lyrics and tune are also quite catchy, while the distinct hook step is open to question. The Bollywood representation of regional music and dance sometimes leaves a lot to be desired."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-ram-charan-lungi-dance-with-salman-khan-venkatesh-8537006/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma: Ram Charan does 'lungi dance' with Salman Khan and Venkatesh. Watch|date=4 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601182355/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-ram-charan-lungi-dance-with-salman-khan-venkatesh-8537006/|url-status=live}}</ref> Praising the dance choreography, A ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted "The song's choreography is another highlight of the music video. The three actors perform a variety of dance styles, including lungi dance, and freestyle. The choreography is well-synchronized and adds to the song's overall appeal."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-fans-left-in-awe-as-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-for-yentamma-dance-number/articleshow/99239555.cms|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan: Fans left in awe as Ram Charan joins Salman Khan and Venkatesh for 'Yentamma' dance number|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411120103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-fans-left-in-awe-as-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-for-yentamma-dance-number/articleshow/99239555.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sunidhi Prajapat of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote "Just like Bathukamma, Yentamma is also packed with vibrant colours, as well as flowers and it showcases love and brotherhood, which seem to be the motto of Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-on-the-dance-floor/65f56c7788452|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma: Ram Charan joins Salman Khan & Venkatesh Daggubati on the dance floor|website=OTTPlay|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103102/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-on-the-dance-floor/65f56c7788452|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[Onmanorama]]'' staff wrote "The energetic dance steps by Salman Khan, Venkatesh, Pooja Hegde and Ram Charan, are the highlight of the song".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/04/10/dhoti-lungi-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-yentamma-song-controversy-salman-khan.html|title=Dhoti Vs Lungi debate rages as former cricketer slams Salman Khan, Ram Charan's Yentamma Song|website=Onmanorama|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103102/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/04/10/dhoti-lungi-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-yentamma-song-controversy-salman-khan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Free Press Journal]]'' said "With all the elements to make people go crazy on its heart-thumping beats, Yentamma has brought together the superstars in the same frame."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/watch-salman-khan-and-ram-charans-kkbkkj-song-yentamma-reminds-us-of-shah-rukh-khans-lungi-dance |title=Watch: Salman Khan and Ram Charan's KKBKKJ song Yentamma reminds us of Shah Rukh Khan's Lungi Dance |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103102/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/watch-salman-khan-and-ram-charans-kkbkkj-song-yentamma-reminds-us-of-shah-rukh-khans-lungi-dance |url-status=live }}</ref> Ayushee Joshi of ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' wrote "With a Salman tadka, the song also offers a peek at the rich culture of Southern India."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/salman-khan-venkatesh-and-ram-charan-recreate-naatu-naatu-steps-in-yentamma-from-kkbkkj-rc1040532|title=Yentamma: Salman Khan, Venkatesh groove to Naatu Naatu steps with Ram Charan in KKBKKJ new song|website=jagrantv|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103102/https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/salman-khan-venkatesh-and-ram-charan-recreate-naatu-naatu-steps-in-yentamma-from-kkbkkj-rc1040532|url-status=live}}</ref>

Taru B Masand of ''[[Times Now]]'' commented "Salman Khan, Ram Charan, Venkatesh Daggubati's whistle-worthy moves SLAY".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-out-salman-khan-ram-charan-venkatesh-daggubatis-whistle-worthy-moves-slay-article-99233884|title=Yentamma Song From KKBKJ OUT: Salman Khan, Ram Charan, Venkatesh Are Boys In Lungis Doing The Pelvic Thrust|date=4 April 2023|website=Times Now|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404233136/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-out-salman-khan-ram-charan-venkatesh-daggubatis-whistle-worthy-moves-slay-article-99233884|url-status=live}}</ref> Vrinda Mundara of ''[[Asianet News Network]]'' wrote "Pooja Hegde looks spectacular and stunning in her saree and white lungi in the second half of the song as she also displays smooth buttery dance moves alongside Salman and Venkatesh."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/yentamma-song-is-out-fans-feel-goosebumps-seeing-salman-khan-s-dance-moves-alongside-venkatesh-vma-rskzbm|title=Yentamma song is OUT: Fans feel 'goosebumps' seeing Salman Khan's dance moves alongside Venkatesh|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405060759/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/yentamma-song-is-out-fans-feel-goosebumps-seeing-salman-khan-s-dance-moves-alongside-venkatesh-vma-rskzbm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Upon its release, the song started trending on internet and became a chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-out-salman-khan-ram-charan-venkatesh-daggubati-do-the-lungi-dance-watch-bollywood-news-article-99233777|title=KKBKKJ Song Yentamma OUT: Salman Khan, Ram Charan, Venkatesh Do The 'Lungi Dance'. WATCH|website=Zoom TV|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826131623/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-out-salman-khan-ram-charan-venkatesh-daggubati-do-the-lungi-dance-watch-bollywood-news-article-99233777|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/pooja-hegde-starrer-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-now/articleshow/99272983.cms|title=Pooja Hegde starrer 'Yentamma' from 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' out now!|website=www.femina.in|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103155/https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/pooja-hegde-starrer-yentamma-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-now/articleshow/99272983.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yentamma-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-ram-charan-match-steps-in-lungi-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-3034264|title=Yentamma: Salman Khan, Venkatesh Daggubati match steps in lungi in quirky song but Ram Charan's cameo steals the show|website=DNA India|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103154/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yentamma-salman-khan-venkatesh-daggubati-ram-charan-match-steps-in-lungi-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-3034264|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trending-salman-khan-and-ram-charan-had-this-much-fun-filming-yentamma-3921683|title=Trending: Salman Khan And Ram Charan Had This Much Fun Filming Yentamma|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826131737/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/trending-salman-khan-and-ram-charan-had-this-much-fun-filming-yentamma-3921683|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/ram-charan-opens-up-about-doing-yentamma-song-in-salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-read-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-99318768|title=Ram Charan Opens Up About Doing Yentamma Song In Salman Khan's Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan. READ|website=Zoom TV|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045745/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/ram-charan-opens-up-about-doing-yentamma-song-in-salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-read-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-99318768|url-status=live}}</ref> The song broken several viewership records online.<ref>https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-seeks-ban-on-salman-khans-yentamma-song-heres-why</ref>

The hook step choreographed by [[Jani Master]] and performed by Khan, Charan, Hegde and Daggubati in the music video, quickly went viral, adding to the song's popularity and becoming a social media sensation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/just-salman-khan-ram-charan-dancing-their-hearts-out-in-yentamma-bts-clip-watch-10072188|title=Just Salman Khan, Ram Charan Dancing Their Hearts Out In 'Yentamma' BTS Clip | WATCH|date=5 April 2023|website=English Jagran|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826131627/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/just-salman-khan-ram-charan-dancing-their-hearts-out-in-yentamma-bts-clip-watch-10072188|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-charan-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-danced-their-best-for-yentamma-video-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-791223|title=Ram Charan, Salman Khan And Venkatesh Danced Their Best For 'Yentamma' Video Song From Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Movie|first=Ravali|last=Hymavati|date=4 April 2023|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103219/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ram-charan-salman-khan-and-venkatesh-danced-their-best-for-yentamma-video-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-791223|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have recreated the hook step (signature step) by recording their own dance performances to the song and sharing these videos across social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/salman-khan-shares-hilarious-version-of-yentamma-song-says-hope-this-makes-you-laugh-watch-2358111-2023-04-10|title=Salman Khan shares hilarious version of Yentamma song, says 'hope this makes you laugh'. Watch|date=10 April 2023|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103218/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/salman-khan-shares-hilarious-version-of-yentamma-song-says-hope-this-makes-you-laugh-watch-2358111-2023-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-salman-khan-shares-hilarious-video-of-johnny-walker-son-grooving-to-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-3035452|title=Salman Khan shares hilarious video of Johnny Walker's son grooving to Yentamma: 'I hope this makes you laugh'|website=DNA India|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103219/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-salman-khan-shares-hilarious-video-of-johnny-walker-son-grooving-to-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-3035452|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-shares-hilarious-yentamma-video-ahead-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-trailer-i-hope-this-makes-you-laugh-101681096755390.html |title=Salman Khan shares hilarious Yentamma video ahead of Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan trailer: 'I hope this makes you laugh' |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601111436/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-shares-hilarious-yentamma-video-ahead-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-trailer-i-hope-this-makes-you-laugh-101681096755390.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sahelee Rakshit of ''[[News 24 (India)|News 24]]'' felt that the "fusion of actors and lyrics from the South and the North has resulted in a brand-new hit song".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/yentamma-song-out-salman-venkatesh-ram-charan-flaunt-their-lungi-dance-sah/118268/|title=Yentamma Song Out: Salman, Venkatesh, Ram Charan flaunt...|first=Sahelee|last=Rakshit|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103218/https://news24online.com/entertainment/yentamma-song-out-salman-venkatesh-ram-charan-flaunt-their-lungi-dance-sah/118268/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
South Indians alleged that the song disrespects their culture for promoting [[dhoti]] as "[[lungi]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/salman-khan-s-lungi-dance-in-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-offends-south-cinegoers-7511113.html|title=Salman Khan's 'Lungi Dance' In Yentamma Song From Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Offends South Cinegoers|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103244/https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/salman-khan-s-lungi-dance-in-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-offends-south-cinegoers-7511113.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/fans-miffed-with-use-of-veshti-in-yentamma-song-ask-what-kind-of-step-is-101680951843001.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/salman-khans-yentamma-moves-are-getting-roasted-by-south-indians-heres-why-7496173.html|title=Salman Khan's 'Yentamma' Moves are Getting Roasted by South Indians, Here's Why|date=8 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103244/https://www.news18.com/buzz/salman-khans-yentamma-moves-are-getting-roasted-by-south-indians-heres-why-7496173.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The line "naachenge uthaakarke lungi" ({{translation|we'll dance by lifting our lungi}}) was highly criticised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/entertainment/salman-khan-drops-brand-new-lungi-dance-with-a-major-factual-error-39375|title=Salman Khan drops brand new Lungi Dance Yentamma with no lungi in sight|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826131738/https://www.dailyo.in/entertainment/salman-khan-drops-brand-new-lungi-dance-with-a-major-factual-error-39375|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-slams-salman-khans-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-99350328|title=Former Cricketer Laxman Sivaramakrishnan SLAMS Salman Khan's Yentamma Song: Highly Ridiculous And Degrading|date=9 April 2023|website=Times Now|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826131632/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-slams-salman-khans-yentamma-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-99350328|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former cricketer [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] slammed the song due to allegedly inappropriate use of mundu (dhoti), saying that it is "highly ridiculous" and "degrading the South Indian culture".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-salman-khan-venkatesh-ram-chan-laksman-sivaramakrishnan-2357812-2023-04-09|title=Ex-cricketer Lakshman Sivaramakrishnan slams Salman Khan's Yentamma song for 'degrading South Indian culture'|date=9 April 2023|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103346/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-yentamma-salman-khan-venkatesh-ram-chan-laksman-sivaramakrishnan-2357812-2023-04-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/disgusting-ex-india-star-slams-salman-khans-new-song-for-degrading-south-indian-culture-3931097|title="Disgusting": Ex-India Cricketer Slams Salman Khan's Attire In Yentamma Song | Cricket News|website=NDTVSports.com|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826132029/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/disgusting-ex-india-star-slams-salman-khans-new-song-for-degrading-south-indian-culture-3931097|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-yentamma-song-criticised-by-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-degrading-south-indian-culture-101681034710533.html |title=Salman Khan's Yentamma song criticised by former cricketer Laxman Sivaramakrishnan: 'Degrading South Indian culture' |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601111517/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-yentamma-song-criticised-by-former-cricketer-laxman-sivaramakrishnan-degrading-south-indian-culture-101681034710533.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He even requested [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] to ban the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yentamma-song-ex-indian-cricketer-fumes-outfit-salman-khan-song-degrading-south-indian-culture-appeals-cbfc-ban/|title='Yentamma' song: Ex-Indian cricketer fumes at the outfit in the Salman Khan song for 'degrading south Indian culture', appeals to CBFC for a ban : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415174351/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yentamma-song-ex-indian-cricketer-fumes-outfit-salman-khan-song-degrading-south-indian-culture-appeals-cbfc-ban/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/former-cricketer-criticises-salman-khans-attire-in-yentamma-song-seeks-ban-from-cbfc-10072686|title=Former Cricketer Criticises Salman Khan's Attire In 'Yentamma' Song, Seeks Ban From CBFC|date=9 April 2023|website=English Jagran|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103347/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/former-cricketer-criticises-salman-khans-attire-in-yentamma-song-seeks-ban-from-cbfc-10072686|url-status=live}}</ref>

M K Raghavendra of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' criticized for using boots inside temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/yentamma-bollywood-and-its-south-indians-1209824.html|title='Yentamma', Bollywood and its south Indians|first=M. K.|last=Raghavendra, DHNS|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419115737/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/yentamma-bollywood-and-its-south-indians-1209824.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' stated "The travesty of the song that is Yentamma is that it is yet another classic case of South Indian stereotyping. Right from ''Chennai Express'', filmmakers have always been misrepresenting South Indians. The accent, over-the-top action and, not to forget, the famous "Lungi Dance", ''Chennai Express'' wasn't a pleasant watch for the South Indians."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/dear-bollywood-yentamma-salman-khan-yentamma-lungi-veshti-stereotype-chennai-express-2355944-2023-04-05|title=Dear Bollywood, stop stereotyping South Indians. Know the difference between lungi and dhoti|date=5 April 2023|website=India Today|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825103218/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/dear-bollywood-yentamma-salman-khan-yentamma-lungi-veshti-stereotype-chennai-express-2355944-2023-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
{{div col}}
* [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, vocal
* [[Kumaar]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* Vicky Sandhu{{spaced ndash}} additional lyricist
* [[Jani Master]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Mauro Caccialanza{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Yentamma"
! scope="col"| Chart (2023)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row" |[[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-04-09|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=9 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406095203/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-04-09/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|17
|-
! scope="row" |[[Hot Trending Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyler-the-creator-hot-trending-songs-chart-number-one-second-week-1235301180/|title=Tyler, the Creator Rules Hot Trending Songs Chart for Second Straight Week|first=Kevin|last=Rutherford|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=11 April 2023|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406141032/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyler-the-creator-hot-trending-songs-chart-number-one-second-week-1235301180/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|3
|-
! scope="row" |[[United Kingdom]] ([[Official Charts Company|Asian Music Chart Top 40]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20230414/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart on 14/4/2022|website=Official Charts|url-status=live|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229212557/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20230414/asian/}}</ref>
|29
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=xb59o_op8Z0|title=''Yentamma''}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)]]
[[Category:Songs from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]
[[Category:Zee Music Company singles]]
[[Category:Indian folk songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Music video controversies]]
[[Category:2023 controversies]]

Bahadurpura Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T18:13:49Z

Antiexsolutions: Creating

{{short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bahadurpura
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (69-Bahadurpura highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Bahadurpura Assembly constituency within Telangana
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| constituency_no = 69
| established = 2008
| reservation = None 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Mohammed Mubeen|Mohammad Mubeen]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 2,44,055
}}

'''Bahadurpura Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of fifteen constituencies in the capital city of [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. Bahadur Pura was derived from the name of Nawab Mohammad Bahadur Khan, who was also known as Qaid E Millat Nawab [[Bahadur Yar Jung]], who was the Jagirdar in Nizam rule Deccan State, then also a great orator and belonging to a well-known family of Hyderabad was the Founder and First President of Majlis E Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM) which is now [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]].

[[Mohammad Moazam Khan]] of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] won the seat for three consecutive time with record majority of 95,000+ votes from 2009 to 2023 as an MLA. [[Mohammad Moazam Khan]] who is also a grandson of Late Nawab [[Bahadur Yar Jung]] founder and first President of Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM). This is why Bahadurpura Assembly constituency is also known as bastion of AIMIM. [[Mohammed Mubeen]] won the 2023 Assembly election.

==Extent of the constituency==
The constituency was created before the 2009 elections as per Delimitation Act of 2002.
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| [[Aliabad, Hyderabad|Aliabad]]
|-
| [[Jahanuma]]
|-
| [[Palm Valley, Hyderabad|Tadbun]]
|-
| [[Falaknuma Palace|Falaknuma]]
|-
| '''Bahadurpura'''
|-
| Doodh Bowli
|-
| Hashamabad
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mohammad Moazam Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Mohammed Mubeen]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Bahadurpura }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohammed Mubeen]] |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 89,451 |percentage = 62.24% |change = {{decrease}}12.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mir Inayath Ali Baqri |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 22,426 |percentage = 15.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pulipati Rajesh Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,448 |percentage = 10.05% |change = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Naresh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,621 |percentage = 8.09% |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sikender Ullah Khan |party = Majlis Bachao Tahreek |votes = 2,862 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 67,025 |percentage = 46.63% |change = {{decrease}}17.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,404 |percentage = 45.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,725}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 316,675 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |swing = {{decrease}}12.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Bahadurpura <ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42791/266 Bahadurpura 2018 results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohammad Moazam Khan]] |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 96,993 |percentage = 74.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mir Inayath Ali Baqri |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 14,475 |percentage = 11.19% |change = {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haneef Ali |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,395 |percentage = 5.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaik Mohammed Kaleemuddin |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,174 |percentage = 5.54% |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Sultanuddin |party = National Youth Party |votes = 1,976 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,210 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 82,518 |percentage = 63.77% |change = {{decrease}}6.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,608 |percentage = 50.39% |change = {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,394}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,214 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |swing = {{decrease}}4.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Bahadurpura <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohammad Moazam Khan]] |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 106,874 |percentage = 79.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Abdul Rahman |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 11,829 |percentage = 8.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Abdul Sami |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,857 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Ziauddin |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 3,719 |percentage = 2.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rashed Hashmi |party = Majlis Bachao Tahreek |votes = 2,538 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Rameshwari Shyamala |party = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |votes = 1,967 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaik Naseem Begum |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,647 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,242 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 95,045 |percentage = 70.42% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,218 |percentage = 55.85% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,967}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,892 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.357|78.462|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mohit Kumar Munshi

2026-04-24T10:22:01Z

Antiexsolutions: bio

{{Short description|British Indian Army Officer}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Havildar]] [[Babu (title)|Babu]]
| name = Mohit Kumar Munshi
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kadirpara Babu Zamindar Bari.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape =
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| caption = [[Kadirpara Estate|Kadirpara Babu Bari]], the birthplace of Munshi
| native_name =
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| birth_place = [[Kadirpara Estate|Kadirpara Babu Bari]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| baptised =
| known_for = Participation in [[First World War]]
| disappeared_status =
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| death_place = [[West Bengal]], India
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| other_names = M. K. Munshi
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| father = Babu Prasanna Kumar Munshi
| relatives =
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| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|British Empire}}
| branch = [[File:Purported flag of the Royal Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[British Indian Army]]
| serviceyears= 1918–1920
| rank = [[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|20px]] [[Havildar]] ([[Sergeant]])
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Bengali Regiment|49th Bengalee Regiment]]
| commands =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
** [[Mesopotamian campaign]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|25px]] [[British War Medal]] (1919)
}}
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'''Mohit Kumar Munshi''', also spelt '''Mohitkumar Munsi''' (Bengali: মোহিতকুমার মুন্সী), was a soldier of [[British Indian Army]], [[aristocrat]] and author. He was one of the scions of the extended [[Munshi family]] of [[Kadirpara Estate|Kadirpara]] and [[Chougachi Estate|Chougachi]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Santanu |title=মুন্সীয়ানায় চল্লিশ পুরুষ |language=bn |publisher=Kamalini |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |page=47}}</ref> He served as a [[non-commissioned officer]], holding the rank of [[Havildar]], in the [[Bengali Regiment|49th Bengali Regiment]] during the [[First World War]]. Munshi was one of the few aristocrats who belonged to a [[zamindar|zamindar family]], along with [[Khwaja Habibullah]], the 5th [[Nawab of Dhaka]], and Kumar Adhikram Mazumdar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengalis who fought in World War I and the first 'only Bengali' British regiment |author=Information Desk |work=Get Bengal |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengalis-who-fought-in-world-War-I-and-the-first-only-bengali-british-regiment |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025|quote="Enthusiastic scions of nawabs and zamindars also joined the Bengali Battalion and they included the Nawab of Dhaka, Khwaja Habibullah Bahadur, Kumar Adhikram Mazumdar and Mohitkumar Munshi."}}</ref>

==Career==
Munshi, the son of Babu Prasanna Kumar Munshi, joined the [[Bengali Regiment]] while studying in his second year at [[Govt. Edward College, Pabna|Edward College]], [[Pabna]], enlisting as an [[Sepoy|ordinary soldier]] in the 49th Bengali Regiment. He was later promoted to the rank of [[Havildar]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Bandhan|last2=Chattapadhyay|first2=Sudin |title=আলোর উদ্দাম পথিক |language=bn |publisher=Deep Prakashan |location=Kolkata |year=2016 |url= https://ia600109.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.454932/2015.454932.An-Anthology_text.pdf|page=182}}</ref>

Following the cessation of hostilities in the First World War on 11 November 1918, [[King George V]] of the United Kingdom issued a decree designating 29 July 1919 as 'Peace Day'. On 29 July 1919, England hosted a ''Victory March'' and accompanying ceremonies to commemorate Peace Day. Three delegates from the 49th Bengali Regiment (Bengali Paltan) were invited to participate in the celebrations. On 25 June, the Officer Commanding and staff officers of the [[Karachi Brigade]], Bengali Paltan, nominated [[Havildar]] Mohit Kumar Munshi, who was then serving as an instructor at the Karachi Brigade headquarters, along with [[Jamadar]] [[Ranada Prasad Saha]] and his orderly Sepoy Nittyagopal Bhattacharya, as the official delegates. In addition, a washerman and a sweeper were included in the delegation. According to Bandhan Sengupta and Sudin Chattapadhyay, on 27 June 1919, Munshi departed for London along with other delegates, via [[Bombay]]. [[Company quartermaster sergeant|Quartermaster Havildar]] [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] was duly equipped with the appropriate uniform and other accoutrements for the delegates attending the peace celebrations.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= |first= |title=Banglapedia entry on Ranada Prasad Saha |encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Saha,_Ranada_Prasad |access-date=25 September 2025 |quote="A 'Victory March' and a function to celebrate the peace day were organised on the same day in England. Three delegates from the 49 bengali regiment or Bangali Paltan were invited to take part in the peace celebration Programmes. The officer Commanding and the Staff officers of Karachi Brigade Bangali Paltan on 25 June nominated Jamadar RP Saha, his orderly Sepoy Nittyagopal Bhattacharya and NCO Havildar Mohit Kumar Munshi as the delegates."}}</ref>

==Later life==
Post-retirement from the British Indian Army in 1920, Munshi served as an inspector at the Central Telegraph Office, [[Calcutta]]. He never married. Later, he came into the spiritual association of his guru, Sri Sri Bhupatinath (Bhupatinath Mukherjee), who was an intimate disciple of [[Sri Ramakrishna]]. In memory of his guru, Munshi, together with other spiritual siblings, acquired 20 bighas of land at Kora village near [[Hridaypur railway station]] in the Barasat subdivision and established an ashram, which was named ''Risabha Ashrama'' (also known as ''Sri Bhupati Math''). The ashrama used to observe an annual festival on the birth anniversary of his guru.<ref name="auto1"/> Munshi edited three volumes of the book titled ''Brahmabidguru Śrīśrībhūpatinātha sannidhāne'' dedicated to his Guru, which was published in three volumes in 1958 by the Asrama.<ref>{{cite book |author= Munsi, Mohitkumar|title=ব্রহ্মবিদগুরু শ্রীশ্রীভূপতিনাথ সন্নিধানে (volume 1, in Bengali)|language=bn |publisher=Risabha Ashrama |location=Kora|year=1958|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Brahmabidguru_%C5%9Ar%C4%AB%C5%9Br%C4%ABbh%C5%ABpatin%C4%81tha_s/UN0RAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Brahmabidguru%20%C5%9Ar%C4%AB%C5%9Br%C4%ABbh%C5%ABpatin%C4%81tha%20sannidh%C4%81ne,%20volume%201 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Munsi, Mohitkumar|title=ব্রহ্মবিদগুরু শ্রীশ্রীভূপতিনাথ সন্নিধানে (volume 2, in Bengali)|language=bn |publisher=Risabha Ashrama |location=Kora|year=1958|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Brahmabidguru_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%B8/DmYgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Munsi, Mohitkumar|title=ব্রহ্মবিদগুরু শ্রীশ্রীভূপতিনাথ সন্নিধানে (volume 3, in Bengali)|language=bn|publisher=Risabha Ashrama |location=Kora|year=1958|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/tt0RAQAAIAAJ?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj65MPvkPKPAxVHSWwGHdXDBSIQ7_IDegQIHBAE |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> His biography appears in the bengali book ''Munshianany Chollis Purush'', edited by Santanu Ghosh, which highlights the contributions and accomplishments of the [[Munshi family]] across diverse fields. A review of the book was featured in [[Anandabazar Patrika]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 Sep 2016 |title=নানা রঙের ক্যানভাসে আলোছায়ার কাহিনি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/culture/book-reviews/story-of-colors-of-many-shades-1.483560 |trans-title=Story of Colors of Many Shades |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
* [[Ranada Prasad Saha]]
* [[Khwaja Habibullah]]
* [[Bengali Regiment]]
* [[Kadirpara Estate]]
* [[Chougachi Estate]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Indian Army soldiers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Pabna Edward College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Arni Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T02:44:34Z

Antiexsolutions: Creating

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Arni
| constituency_no = 80
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 80-Arni.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
| established = 1951
| district = [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =322,160
}}
'''Arni-Kelapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the seven which are located in [[Yavatmal district]]. It is reserved for Scheduled Tribe candidate.

It is a part of the [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] with adjoining [[Chandrapur district]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. [[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]], [[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur(SC)]], [[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]] and [[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]] from the Chandrapur district and [[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]] from the Yavatmal district.

The remaining constituencies from Yavatmal district, Ralegaon(ST), Yavatmal, Digras and Pusad are part of Yavatmal-Washim (Lok Sabha constituency) while Umarkhed is part of the Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=2 | Tryambak Dattatraya Deshmukh Parvekar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. D. Parvekar
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Abasaheb P Deshmukh
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Masram Lakhuji Marotrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | [[Shivajirao Moghe]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Gedam Deorao Jaituji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | [[Shivajirao Moghe]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Before 2008: See [[Kelapur Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Shivajirao Moghe]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arni<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Arni">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Arni |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1380.htm |access-date=14 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214111745/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1380.htm |archive-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raju Narayan Todsam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,27,203 |percentage = 54.37% |change={{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jitendra Shivajirao Moghe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 97,890 |percentage = 41.84% |change={{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Neeta Anandrao Madavi |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 1,804 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baban Sriniwas Soyam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,700 |percentage = 0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,569 |percentage = 0.67% |change={{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,313 |percentage = 12.53% |change= {{increase}}11.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,35,542 |percentage = 73.11% |change= {{increase}}5.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,33,973}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,22,160|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arni<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve|Dr. Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 81,599 |percentage = 39.06% |change={{decrease}}5.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,446 |percentage = 37.55% |change={{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raju Narayan Todsam]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 26,949 |percentage = 12.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Niranjan Shivram Masram |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 12,307 |percentage = 5.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Anil Bhimrao Kinake |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 2,791 |percentage = 1.34% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,411 |percentage = 1.15% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baliram Abhiman Neware |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,032 |percentage = 0.97% |change={{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahul Subhash Soyam |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,153 |percentage = 1.51% |change= {{decrease}}8.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,11,566 |percentage = 67.75% |change= {{decrease}}1.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,08,883}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,12,268|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arni<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raju Narayan Todsam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,991 |percentage = 44.07% |change={{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,270 |percentage = 33.57% |change={{decrease}}20.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve|Dr. Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,960 |percentage = 15.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Ranjitha Parashram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,197 |percentage = 2.13% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu Shankarrao Ukande |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,972 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Anil Bhimrao Kinake |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 2,410 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,957 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,721 |percentage = 10.50% |change= {{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,99,476 |percentage = 69.40% |change= {{increase}}4.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,97,408}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,87,414|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Arni<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shivajirao Moghe]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 90,882 |percentage = 54.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uttam Raghobaji Ingale|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,301 |percentage = 31.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raju Narayan Todsam]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,530 |percentage = 3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Niranjan Shivram Masram |party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 5,145 |percentage = 3.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Velade Laxmanrao Sonbaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,584 |percentage = 2.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sidam Govinda Gangaram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,080 |percentage = 1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marape Bhaurao Kisan |party=Shivrajya Party |votes = 2,595 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,581 |percentage = 22.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,67,590 |percentage = 64.65% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,67,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,59,220|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|20.072618|77.9332778|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Khonsa West Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:42Z

Antiexsolutions: made the data v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Khonsa West
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 56
| map_image = Khonsa West Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Tirap district|Tirap]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Chakat Aboh]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|electors = 11,737
}}
'''Khonsa West''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/khonsa-west.html Elections in]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4032-arunachal-pradesh-1990/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|Sijen Kongkang
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4035-arunachal-pradesh-1995/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4036-arunachal-pradesh-1999/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|Thajam Aboh
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4038-arunachal-pradesh-2004/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Yumsem Matey]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4039-arunachal-pradesh-2009/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4040-arunachal-pradesh-2014/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Tirong Aboh]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-

|2019{{efn|by-election}}
| rowspan=2|[[Chakat Aboh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref name="Khonsa West Assembly Election Result 2024: Chakat Aboh of Bharatiya Janata Party wins election">{{cite news |title=Khonsa West Assembly Election Result 2024: Chakat Aboh of Bharatiya Janata Party wins election |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/khonsa-west-assembly-election-results-2024-khonsa-west-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner-chakat-aboh-bharatiya-janata-party/articleshow/110637063.cms |accessdate=30 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530080604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/khonsa-west-assembly-election-results-2024-khonsa-west-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner-chakat-aboh-bharatiya-janata-party/articleshow/110637063.cms |archivedate=30 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khonsa West">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khonsa West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0256.htm |accessdate=30 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530080715/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0256.htm |archivedate=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khonsa West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Khonsa West (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/khonsa-west |accessdate=30 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530080612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/khonsa-west |archivedate=30 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chakat Aboh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,093 |percentage=40.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yang Sen Matey |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,289 |percentage=32.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azet Homtok |party=Independent politician |votes=1,972 |percentage=19.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gawang Hakhun |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=466 |percentage=4.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tangse Tekwa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=316 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=77 |percentage=0.75% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=804 |percentage=7.87% |change= {{decrease}}11.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,213 |percentage=87.02% |change= {{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,737 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}19.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Khonsa West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chakat Aboh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,705 |percentage=59.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azet Homtok |party=Independent politician |votes=3,818 |percentage=40.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=68 |percentage=0.71% |change={{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,887 |percentage=19.82% |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,523 |percentage=91.83% |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,309 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tirong Aboh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,366 |percentage=55.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phawang Lowang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,311 |percentage=44.48% |change={{increase}}28.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=16 |percentage=0.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,055 |percentage=10.88% |change= {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,693 |percentage=94.17% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,293 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tirong Aboh]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,898 |percentage=45.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumsem Matey]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,990 |percentage=23.02% |change={{decrease}}28.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thajam Aboh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,361 |percentage=15.75% |change={{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phawang Lowang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,325 |percentage=15.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=70 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,908 |percentage=22.07% |change= {{increase}}16.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,644 |percentage=92.00% |change= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumsem Matey]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,030 |percentage=51.34% |change={{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thajam Aboh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=3,562 |percentage=45.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitbo Aboh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=143 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langwang Sumpa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=115 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=468 |percentage=5.96% |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,850 |percentage=90.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,711 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thajam Aboh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,239 |percentage=45.87% |change={{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumsem Matey]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,134 |percentage=44.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangliam Sumnyan |party=Independent politician |votes=688 |percentage=9.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=105 |percentage=1.49% |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,061 |percentage=89.66% |change= {{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,739 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thajam Aboh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,754 |percentage=45.20% |change={{decrease}}13.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangliam Sumnyan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,208 |percentage=36.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sijen Kongkang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,131 |percentage=18.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=546 |percentage=8.96% |change= {{decrease}}9.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,093 |percentage=88.63% |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sijen Kongkang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,506 |percentage=59.00% |change={{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangdi Hakhun |party=Independent politician |votes=2,436 |percentage=41.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,070 |percentage=18.01% |change= {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,942 |percentage=89.68% |change= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Khonsa West<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sijen Kongkang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,361 |percentage=41.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangliam Sumnyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,743 |percentage=30.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somlang Tangdong |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,641 |percentage=28.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=618 |percentage=10.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,745 |percentage=85.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,827 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.991|95.492|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirap district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Vijay Singh Chaudhary

2026-04-13T22:27:52Z

Antiexsolutions: put up the bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Singh Chaudhary
| image =
| caption = Vijay Singh Chaudhary
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|08|20}}
| birth_place = Shravanapura, [[Nawa, Rajasthan]], [[Rajasthan]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| spouse = Santosh Devi
| children = 3
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Singh Gudha]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|
* Revenue
* Colonization
* Sainik Welfare}}
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Mahendra Chaudhary]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Mahendra Chaudhary]]
| successor2 = [[Mahendra Chaudhary]]
| constituency2 = [[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]]
| office3 = Pradhan, [[Kuchaman City|Panchayat Samiti Kuchaman City]]
| term_start3 = 2011
| term_end3 = 2013
}}

'''Vijay Singh Chaudhary''', also known as '''Vijay Chaudhary''', is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is currently serving as [[Minister of State]] for Revenue, Colonization and Sainik Welfare in the [[Government of Rajasthan]] under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]].

He was elected as a Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nawan Assembly constituency]] in 2013 and again in 2023. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Political career==

Vijay Singh Chaudhary began his political journey at the grassroots level, serving as the Pradhan of Panchayat Samiti, Kuchaman City, from 2011 to 2013. He contested the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election in 2013 from the Nawan constituency and was elected as an MLA from the Bharatiya Janata Party. He lost the seat in 2018 but won it back in the 2023 election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawan, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 LIVE |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/nawan-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830498-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite web |title=Nawan Assembly Election Results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/nawan |website=Times of India |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agnihotri |first=Akanksha |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan results 2023: List of winners from Ladnun, Deedwana, Jayal, Nagaur, Khinwsar, Makrana, Parbatsar, Nawan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-results-2023-live-ladnun-deedwana-jayal-nagaur-khinwsar-makrana-parbatsar-nawan-assembly-updates-101701490183678.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Minister==

Following the formation of the BJP-led government in Rajasthan in December 2023 under Chief Minister [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]], Vijay Singh Chaudhary was inducted into the council of ministers as a [[Minister of State (India)|Minister of State]]. He was assigned independent charge of the Revenue, Colonization, and Sainik Welfare departments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=Sharma expands cabinet, 22 MLAs take oath as ministers in Rajasthan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sharma-expands-cabinet-22-mlas-take-oath-as-ministers-in-rajasthan-101703960348344.html |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Cabinet Expansion: Vijay Singh Chaudhary ने ली मंत्री पद की शपथ {{!}} CM Bhajanlal Sharma |url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/rajasthan/rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-vijay-singh-chaudhary-took-oath-as-minister-cm-bhajanlal-sharma-7942867.html |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=नावां विधायक विजय सिंह बने मंत्री: 2013 में पहली बार बने थे विधायक, शपथ के लिए पहले आ गया था फोन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/nagaur/kuchaman/news/ninth-mla-vijay-singh-becomes-minister-132367640.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=राज्य मंत्री विजय सिंह का कार्यकर्ताओं ने किया स्वागत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sikar/losal/news/workers-welcomed-state-minister-vijay-singh-132464085.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-01-28 |title=मंत्री विजय सिंह चौधरी ने सुनी लोगों की समस्या, अधिकारियों को त्वरित निस्तारण के दिए निर्देश |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/minister-vijay-singh-chaudhary-listened-to-the-problems-of-people-gave-instructions-to-officials-for-quick-solution-rjs24012804753 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes (Vijay Singh)
!%
!Opponent
!colspan=2|Opponent Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|rowspan=3|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|rowspan=3|[[Nawan Assembly constituency|Nawan]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=3|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|106,159
|52.53
|Mahendra Choudhary
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|82,211
|40.68
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="timesofindia"/>
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|69,912
|39.77
|Mahendra Choudhary
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|72,168
|41.06
|{{Lost}}
|<ref name=timesofindia />
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|85,008
|55.23
|Mahendra Choudhary
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|55,229
|35.88
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=timesofindia />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Vijay Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Godavari Parulekar

2026-04-12T11:27:43Z

Antiexsolutions: starting info!

{{Short description|Indian social activist (1907–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Godavari Parulekar
| image = Godavari Parulekar at a protest, c. 1940s.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Godavari Gokhale
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|8|14|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|10|8|1907|8|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]]
| death_place =
| other_names =
| spouse = Shamrao Parulekar
| children =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = {{bulleted list|[[All India Kisan Sabha]]|[[Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]}}
| movement = [[Servants of India Society]]
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| otherparty =
| notable_works = ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi award]]
}}

'''Godavari Parulekar''' (14 August 1907 – 8 October 1996) was a freedom fighter, writer, and social activist. She was influenced by Marxist and Communist ideologies and spent her life fighting for the farmers and working class. She was married to Shamrao Parulekar, another freedom fighter and activist with the same ideologies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Dhawale|first=Ashok|author-link=Ashok Dhawale|date=2007|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Centenary Tribute|url=http://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|journal=The Marxist|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925214953/https://www.cpim.org/marxist/200704-marxist-godavari.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Godavari Gokhale was born on 14 August 1907 in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/09/godavari-parulekar-essay/|title=Godavari Parulekar: A Life Of Activism {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory|last=Javalgekar|first=Aishwarya|date=2017-08-09|website=Feminism in India|access-date=2017-08-20}}</ref> Her father Laxmanrao Gokhale was a renowned lawyer. She received a good education, since she was born in a well-to-do family. She graduated from [[Fergusson College]] and then studied law, becoming the first woman law graduate in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early activism ==
In her college years Godavari became involved in the student movement against the British.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=godavari+parulekar+writer&pg=PA1823|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref> She participated in individual Satyagrahas and was imprisoned for that in 1932. This did not go with her moderate family, who was comfortable with the British rule. She left the house and decided to join social service in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" />

Godavari joined the [[Servants of India Society]]. She was the first female life member. In 1937 she organized a literacy campaign in Maharashtra. In 1938 she unionized the domestic workers as a part of the working class. In 1938-39 she organized the farmers in Thane district of Maharashtra.<ref name=":0" />

She was imprisoned many times by the British for her work. During this time she met her husband Shamrao Parulekar. He was also a member of Servants of India and was running protests in the same area.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=godavari+parulekar&pg=PA217|title=Women in Modern India|last1=Forbes|first1=Geraldine|last2=Forbes|first2=Geraldine Hancock|date=1999-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521653770|language=en}}</ref> Godavari married Shamrao Parulekar in 1939.<ref name=":0" />

== Joining the communist party ==
Godavari and Shamrao Parulekar’s ideologies did not match those of the [[Servants of India Society]]. During [[World War II]], they believed that refusing to support the British’s war efforts was the best way to get rid of them. After some clashes, they left the organization and joined the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1939. Godavari believed that organizing the working class and farmers was the best way to overthrow the British rule. She was inspired by [[Marxism]]. Along with the leaders of the CPI, she organized the first anti-war strike of the working class in Mumbai. Even after other leaders were captured, she led the protests. She was imprisoned from 1940 to 1942.<ref name=":0" />

== Work with farmers and adivasis ==
Then she shifted her focus to organizing farmers.<ref name=":0" /> She joined the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] and founded its Maharashtra branch, the Maharashtra Rajya Kisan Sabha. She was the first joint secretary of the Sabha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|title=80 Years and Fighting: All India Kisan Sabha in Today's Moments of Agrarian Distress|date=2016-04-18|work=SabrangIndia|access-date=2017-08-20|language=en|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115252/https://sabrangindia.in/article/80-years-and-fighting-all-india-kisan-sabha-today%E2%80%99s-moments-agrarian-distress|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She then devoted her life to the struggle of the [[Warli]] Community in Thane,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ras.org.in/the_kisan_sabha_and_adivasi_struggles_in_thane_district_after_1947|title=RAS {{!}} The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Struggles in Thane District after 1947|website=ras.org.in|language=en|access-date=2017-08-20}}</ref> who was being pushed into forced and bonded labour by wealthy landlords. The Warli women were being raped by landlords, and accused of witchcraft and killed. She led the Warli Adivasi Revolt from 1945 to 1947 along with her husband Shamrao.<ref name=":2" /> She documented the movements in her book ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man).

After independence also Godavari kept fighting for the rights of Warlis and Adivasis. She founded the ''Adivasi Pragati Mandal'' (Tribal Progress Council) with Shamrao in 1961.<ref name=":0" />

== Founding the CPI (M) in Thane District==
The Communist Party of thane broke in 1964. almost the entire Party in Thane district, led by the Parulekars, unswervingly came over to the CPI(M) [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. Both Shamrao and Godavari were among the 163 leaders of the Party in Maharashtra who were then in jail. Shamrao and Godavari were elected to the state secretariat.''.''<ref name=":0" />

== Later life ==
After Shamrao’s death in 1965, Godavari continued to lead the CPI (M). In 1986, she became the first female president of the All India Kisan Sabha.<ref name=":3" />

She died on 8 October 1996.<ref name=":0" />

== Written works ==
Godavari captured her struggles in her books. Her most popular book is ''Jewha Manus Jaga Hoto'' (The Awakening of Man).<ref name=":1" /> It was published in 1970, and received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi award]] in 1972. It also won the Jawaharlal Nehru Award and the Soviet Land Award''.'' It has been translated into many languages, including English and Japanese.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

Her other books are: ''Adivasi revolt: the story of Warli peasants in struggle'' and ''Bandivasachi aath varsh'' (Eight Years of Imprisonment)<ref name=":0" />

== Recognition ==
Godavari was given the Lokmanya Tilak Award and the Savitribai Phule Award for her service towards the marginalized and downtrodden communities in India.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parulekar, Godavari}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Jagmohan Yadav

2026-04-07T16:00:45Z

Antiexsolutions: made new page basic info...

{{short description|Indian police official (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagmohan Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Director General of Police|Director General]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| term_start = 1 July 2015
| term_end = 31 December 2015
| predecessor = Arvind Kumar Jain
| successor = [[Javeed Ahmad|S. Javeed Ahmad]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|12|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name =":1" />
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service<ref name =":1" /> [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|30px]] Police Medal for Meritorious Service<ref name =":1" /> [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|30px]] 50th Anniversary Independence Medal<ref name =":1" />
| office1 = [[Director General of Police|Director General]] of Crime Branch-Crime Investigation Department (CB-CID)
| term_start1 = 31 December 2014
| term_end1 = 30 June 2015
| module = {{Infobox police officer
|child = yes
|service_years = 1983-2015
|rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]
|department =
[[File:Uttar Pradesh Logo.png|20px]] [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
}}
}}

[[File:Jagmohan_Yadav_DGP_UP.jpeg|thumb|Yadav addressing a press conference]]
'''Jagmohan Yadav''' is a retired 1983 batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] belonging to [[Uttar Pradesh]] Cadre who has served as the [[Director General of Police|Director General]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].

==Education==
Yadav has a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate degree]] in philosophy ([[Master of Arts|MA:Philosophy]]) from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].<ref name =":1">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pdf/IPSGRADLIST20032015FINAL.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh Cadre IPS Gradation List - 2015|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|publisher=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Apart from serving as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] (DG) of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], Yadav served in key positions in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]] ([[Uttar Pradesh Police|Police]]) including as [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]] (Law and Order), [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] (IG) of [[Meerut]], [[Bareilly]] and [[Gorakhpur]] Zones, [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] of Uttar Pradesh Special Task Force (UP STF), Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of [[Lucknow]], [[Bareilly]] Gorakhpur Ranges.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uttar-pradesh-dgp-jagmohan-yadav-retires-from-service-115123100883_1.html|title=Uttar Pradesh DGP Jagmohan Yadav retires from service|author=Press Trust of India|date=31 December 2015|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagmohan-yadav-appointed-new-dgp-of-uttar-pradesh-776978|title=Jagmohan Yadav Appointed New DGP of Uttar Pradesh|date=1 July 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/top-cop-blames-non-vigilant-administration-for-aug-17-violence/|title=Top cop blames non vigilant administration for Aug 17 violence|date=3 September 2012|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.civilserviceindia.com/jagmohan-takes-over-as-new-dgp-of-uttar-pradesh/|title=Jagmohan takes over as new DGP of Uttar Pradesh|date=1 July 2015|work=Civil Service India (Blog)|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/writereaddata/uploaded-content/Web_Page/1_7_2015_10_43_0_press.pdf |script-title=hi:श्री जगमोहन यादव द्वारा पुलिस महानिदेशक, उत्तर प्रदेश का पद भार ग्रहण किया गया।|date=30 June 2015|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|language=Hindi|trans-title=Mr. Jagmohan Yadav assumes the charge of Director General of Police, Uttar Pradesh.|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> He also served as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of CB-CID (Crime Branch-Criminal Investigation Department).<ref name=":0" />

He was also the District [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]]/[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SSP/SP) of [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Dehradun]], [[Sitapur]], [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoaria]] and [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] districts.<ref name=":0" />

Yadav retired on 31 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/uttar-pradesh-dgp-jagmohan-yadav-retires-from-service-540192-2015-12-31|title=Uttar Pradesh DGP Jagmohan Yadav retires from service|date=31 December 2015|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uttar-pradesh-dgp-jagmohan-yadav-retires-from-service-115123100883_1.html|title=Uttar Pradesh DGP Jagmohan Yadav retires from service|date=31 December 2015|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=22 August 2017|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/DGP-Jagmohan-retires-a-happy-man/articleshow/50400094.cms|title=DGP Jagmohan retires a 'happy man'|date=1 January 2016|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

== Decorations ==
<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/uttar-pradesh-dgp-jagmohan-yadav-retires-from-service-540192-2015-12-31|title=Uttar Pradesh DGP Jagmohan Yadav retires from service|date=31 December 2015|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|30x30px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for meritorious service]] - Received on 26 January 2000
* [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30x30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for distinguished service]] - Received on 26 January 2011
* [[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|30x30px]] 50th Independence Anniversary Medal - Received on 15 August 1997

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Jagmohan}}
[[Category:Director generals of Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

P. S. R. R. College of Engineering

2026-03-27T12:44:29Z

Antiexsolutions: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Anna University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to list}}
}}

Hanging

2026-03-19T23:42:41Z

Antiexsolutions: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Death by suspension around the neck}}
{{Redirect|Death by hanging|the film|Death by Hanging{{!}}''Death by Hanging''}}
{{Other uses|Hang (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Pisanello 010.jpg|thumb|Detail from a painting by [[Pisanello]], 1436–1438]]
'''Hanging''' is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with a [[noose]] or [[ligature strangulation|ligature]]. Hanging has been a standard method of [[capital punishment]] since the [[Middle Ages]], and has been the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions. As a form of execution, it is commonly practiced at a structure called a [[gallows]]. The first known account of execution by hanging is in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''.<ref name="JSpine2011-02" /> Hanging is also a common [[Suicide by hanging|method of suicide]].

==Methods of judicial hanging==
There are numerous methods of hanging in execution that induce death either by [[cervical fracture]] or by [[Strangling|strangulation]].

===Short drop===
The short drop is a method of hanging in which the condemned prisoner stands on a raised support, such as a stool, ladder, cart, horse, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope.<ref name="Hughes2012">{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia's founding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fv_X8HYL4QQC&pg=PA33 |access-date=29 September 2014 |date=11 January 2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |isbn=978-0-307-81560-6 |pages=33ff |quote=Before the invention of the hinged trapdoor through which the victim was dropped, he or she was 'turned off' or 'twisted' by the hangman who pulled the ladder away.|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184941/https://books.google.com/books?id=fv_X8HYL4QQC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Potter1965">{{cite book|last=Potter|first=John Deane|title=The Art of Hanging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snRAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22turned%20off%22&pg=PA23|access-date=29 September 2014|year=1965|publisher=A. S. Barnes|page=23|isbn=978-0-498-07387-8|quote=... condemned persons still mounted a ladder which was turned round, leaving them dangling. This led to the phrase 'turned off'—they were literally turned off the ladder.|archive-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426072557/https://books.google.com/books?id=snRAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23&q=%22turned%20off%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Suspended by the neck, the weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck, effecting [[strangulation]] and death. Loss of consciousness is typically rapid and death ensues in a few minutes.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Agonal Sequences in a Filmed Suicidal Hanging: Analysis of Respiratory and Movement Responses to Asphyxia by Hanging |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=957–959 |doi=10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00459.x |pmid=17524058 |year=2007 |last1=Sauvageau |first1=Anny |last2=Racette |first2=Stéphanie |s2cid=32188375 }}</ref>

Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method of hanging, and it is still common in [[suicides]] and extrajudicial hangings (such as [[lynchings]] and [[summary execution]]s) which lack the specialised equipment and [[Official Table of Drops|drop-length calculation tables]] used in the newer methods.[[File:Biskupia Gorka executions - 14 - Barkmann, Paradies, Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff (left to right).jpg|thumb|Execution of guards and [[kapo]]s of the [[Stutthof concentration camp]] on 4 July 1946 by short-drop hanging. In the foreground are the female overseers: [[Jenny-Wanda Barkmann]], [[Ewa Paradies]], [[Elisabeth Becker]], [[Wanda Klaff]], [[Gerda Steinhoff]] (left to right).]]
==== Pole method ====
[[File:Hromadná poprava Srbů.jpg|thumb|Mass execution using "pole-hanging" of Serbs by the [[Austro-Hungarian army]] in 1916]]
A short-drop variant is the [[Austro-Hungarian]] "pole" method, called {{lang|de|Würgegalgen}} (literally: strangling gallows), in which the following steps take place:

# The condemned is made to stand before a specialized vertical pole or pillar, approximately {{convert|3|metres|ft}} in height.
# A rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.
# The condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the arms.
# A narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.
# The chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope, thus resulting in strangulation and death.

This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by [[Czechoslovakia]], where the "pole" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until 1954, when the prison hosting Czechoslovakia's executions, [[Pankrác Prison]], constructed an indoor gallows that exclusively accommodated short-drop hangings to replace the pole method.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olga Hepnarová - The Last Woman Executed in Czechoslovakia |url=https://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hepnarova.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Capital Punishment UK}}</ref> Nazi war criminal [[Karl Hermann Frank]], executed in 1946 in [[Prague]], was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed by the pole hanging method in Czechoslovakia.<ref name="KHF">{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/05/22/1946-karl-hermann-frank/|title=1946: Karl Hermann Frank|date=22 May 2009|website=Executedtoday.com|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019024441/http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/05/22/1946-karl-hermann-frank/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Standard drop===
[[File:Execution of Henry Wirz.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The execution of [[Henry Wirz]] in 1865; Wirz was given a standard drop, which did not break his neck]]
The standard drop involves a drop of between {{convert|4|and(-)|6|ft}} and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor [[Samuel Haughton]]. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.

It was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to [[cervical fracture|break the person's neck]], causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Does Death by Hanging Work?|work=How Stuff Works|url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm|date=2007-01-04|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084920/https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/death-by-hanging.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cause of death in judicial hanging: a review and case study |journal=Medicine, Science, and the Law |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |pmid=19306616 |year=2009 |last1=Hellier |first1=C. |last2=Connolly |first2=R. |doi=10.1258/rsmmsl.49.1.18 |s2cid=34469210 }}</ref>

This method was used to execute condemned [[Nazism|Nazis]] under United States jurisdiction after the [[Nuremberg Trials]], including [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]].<ref>Report by Kingsbury Smith, International News Service, 16 October 1946.</ref>{{nonspecific|date=January 2023}} In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: "The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired."<ref>MacDonogh G., ''After the Reich'' [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], London (2008) p. 450.</ref> A ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine report on the execution merely says: "The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 "The Gallows Chamber"]. ''Life'', 28 October 1946. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512222220/https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42 |date=12 May 2016 }}.</ref>

===Long drop===
{{See also|Official Table of Drops}}
[[File:KetchumDecapitated.jpg|thumb|1901 postcard showing [[Tom Ketchum]]'s decapitated body following a botched execution by long-drop hanging. Caption reads "Body of Black Jack after the hanging showing head snapped off."]]
[[File:Karl Morgenschweis prays for condemned prisoner.jpg|thumb|upright|Execution of an unidentified Nazi war criminal after [[World War II]]]]
The long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by [[William Marwood]] as a scientific advance on the standard drop, and further refined by his successor [[James Berry (executioner)|James Berry]]. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging1.html|title=History of British judicial hanging|website=Capital Punishment UK|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729004603/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hanging1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.

Prior to 1892, the drop was in the range of {{cvt|4|-|10|ft}}, depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of {{convert|1,260|ft.lbf|lk=on}}, which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th [[cervical vertebrae]]. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of [[Tom Ketchum|Black Jack Ketchum]] in [[New Mexico Territory]] in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about {{convert|1,000|ft.lbf}}. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.<ref name="isbn0-340-21307-8">{{cite book |last=Pierrepoint |first=Albert |title=Executioner: Pierrepoint |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton General Division |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-340-21307-0 }}</ref>

Long-drop hanging is still practiced as the method of execution in a few countries, including [[Capital punishment in Japan|Japan]] and Singapore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-25 |title='Seven days of horror and hope': What happens during someone's last days on death row in Singapore |url=https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/seven-days-of-horror-and-hope-what-happens-during-someones-last-days-on-death-row-in-singapore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209153304/https://coconuts.co/singapore/news/seven-days-of-horror-and-hope-what-happens-during-someones-last-days-on-death-row-in-singapore/ |archive-date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Coconuts |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/politics-and-capital-punishment-a-volatile-mixture|title = Politics and capital punishment a volatile mixture|work=Japan Times| date=23 June 2008 | access-date=28 November 2023 }}</ref>

==As suicide==
{{Main|Suicide by hanging}}
{{See also|List of people who died by hanging}}
[[File:Judas Iscariot from Tarzhishte Monastery.jpg|thumb|A sixteenth-century fresco from Tarzhishte Monastery, Strupets, Bulgaria, showing [[Judas Iscariot]] hanging himself]]
In [[Canada]], hanging is the most common method of suicide,<ref name="cansuicide">{{Cite web |last=Navaneelan |first=Tanya |title=Suicide rates: An overview |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-624-x/2012001/article/11696-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-624-x/2012001/article/11696-eng.htm#archived |archive-date=June 16, 2017 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Statistics Canada}}</ref> and in the United States, hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted [[gunshot wounds]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2025-03-26 |title=Suicide Data and Statistics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/data.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Suicide Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2024, hanging was the most common method in the [[United Kingdom]], accounting for 56% of the 3,504 suicides.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/HSQ20.pdf |title=Trends in suicide by method in England and Wales, 1979 to 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=16 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629144048/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/HSQ20.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Those who survive a suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or [[Strangling#Ligature strangulation|ligature point]], or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including [[cerebral anoxia]] (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause [[paralysis]]), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7274994|title=ResearchGate – Share and discover research|website=Researchgate.net|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084916/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7274994_Near-hanging_injuries_A_10-year_experience|url-status=live}}</ref>

==As human sacrifice==
There are [[Norse rituals#Human sacrifice|some suggestions]] that the [[Vikings]] practised hanging as human sacrifices to [[Odin]], to honour Odin's own [[sacrifice]] of hanging himself from [[Yggdrasil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simek|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Simek|year=2007|others=Translated by Angela Hall|title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]]|isbn=978-0-85991-513-7}}</ref> In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the [[Bog body#Iron Age|Iron Age bog bodies]], many of which show signs of having been hanged, were examples of human sacrifice to the gods.<ref name="bog">{{cite book|last = Glob|first = P|title = The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved|publisher = New York Review of Books|location = New York|year = 2004 | page = 304|isbn = 978-1-59017-090-8 }}</ref>

==Medical effects==
[[File:Anoxicbraininjury.png|thumb|upright|[[Cerebral hypoxia|Anoxic brain injury]] following a hanging{{mdash}}both the loss of visible differentiation between [[Grey matter|grey]] and [[white matter]] and the reduced [[Ventricular system|ventricle]] size due to brain swelling are visible]]

A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death:
* Closure of [[carotid arteries]] causing [[cerebral hypoxia]]<ref name=JSpine2011-02/>
* Closure of the [[jugular vein]]s
* Breaking of the [[neck]] ([[cervical fracture]]) causing traumatic [[Cervical spine injury|spinal cord injury]] or even unintended [[decapitation]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nothaft |first1=Mark |title=Horrific tale of Eva Dugan caused Arizona to change death by hanging |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/pinal-history/2017/11/01/horrific-tale-eva-dugan-caused-arizona-change-death-hanging/815092001/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=true&gca-epti=z114932e003500v114932b0055xxd005565&gca-ft=178&gca-ds=sophi |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=Arizona Republic |date=1 November 2017}}</ref>
* Closure of the [[airway]]<ref name=JSpine2011-02/>

The cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic "[[hangman's fracture]]" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra).<ref>James R, Nasmyth-Jones R., "The occurrence of cervical fractures in victims of judicial hanging", ''Forensic Science International'', April 1992; 54(1):81–91.</ref>

The side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to the spinal cord.<ref>Wallace SK, Cohen WA, Stern EJ, Reay DT, "Judicial hanging: postmortem radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features with autopsy confirmation", ''Radiology'', October 1994; 193(1):263–7.</ref>

[[File:Hanged, drawn and quartered.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Ogilvie (saint)|John Ogilvie]], who in 1615 was hanged and disembowelled after torture for his refusal to give up the Catholic faith and convert to Protestantism]]

In the absence of fracture and dislocation, occlusion of blood vessels becomes the major cause of death, rather than [[asphyxia]]tion. Obstruction of venous drainage of the brain via occlusion of the internal jugular veins leads to [[cerebral oedema]] and then [[cerebral ischemia]]. The face will typically become engorged and [[cyanosis|cyanotic]] (turned blue through lack of oxygen).
Compromise of the cerebral blood flow may occur by obstruction of the carotid arteries, even though their obstruction requires far more force than the obstruction of jugular veins, since they are seated deeper and they contain blood in much higher pressure compared to the jugular veins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html#causes|title=How hanging causes death|access-date = 27 April 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060426025804/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html#causes|archive-date = 26 April 2006}}</ref>

==Notable practices across the globe==
[[File:Hanging from The Miseries and Misfortunes of War by Jacques Callot.jpg|thumb|{{lang|fr|La Pendaison}} (''The Hanging''), a plate from French artist [[Jacques Callot]]'s 1633 series ''[[Les Grandes Misères de la guerre|The Great Miseries of War]]''.]]
Hanging has been a method of [[capital punishment]] in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long-drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, while short-drop and suspension hanging is common elsewhere, in countries including Iran and Afghanistan. 

===Afghanistan===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Afghanistan}}

Hanging is the most used form of capital punishment in [[Afghanistan]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Following the [[Fall of Kabul (2001)|fall of the Taliban regime]] in 2001, the administration of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] under its first president [[Hamid Karzai]] was hesitant to use the death penalty.<ref name="afghkarzai">{{cite news |title=Two mass killers hanged in Kabul prison |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/06/21/Two-mass-killers-hanged-in-Kabul-prison/UPI-75801308659209/ |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[United Press International]] |date=21 June 2011}}</ref> Karzai signed the first death warrant in April 2004, when the method of shooting was used to execute serial killer [[Abdullah Shah]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Afghan commander executed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3662935.stm |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=BBC News |date=27 April 2004}}</ref> In June 2011, Afghanistan resumed hanging as a method when Karzai ordered the execution of teenage terrorist [[Zar Ajam]] and an accomplice who were convicted of a terror attack in [[Jalalabad]].<ref name="afghkarzai"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan hangs Kabul Bank attackers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/6/21/afghanistan-hangs-kabul-bank-attackers |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |date=21 June 2011}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Australia}}

Capital punishment was a part of the [[legal system of Australia]] from the establishment of [[New South Wales]] as a British penal colony, until 1985, by which time all Australian states and territories had abolished the death penalty.<ref name="relTolerance">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051129015355/http://www.religioustolerance.org/executh.htm "Countries that have abandoned the use of the death penalty"]}}. . Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 8 November 2005</ref> In practice, the last execution in Australia was the hanging of [[Ronald Ryan]] on 3 February 1967, in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref>[http://www.nswccl.org.au/issues/death_penalty/australia.php "Death penalty in Australia"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145248/http://www.nswccl.org.au/issues/death_penalty/australia.php |date=29 March 2010 }}, New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties</ref>

During the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included [[burglary]], sheep theft, [[forgery]], [[sexual assault]]s, murder and [[manslaughter]]. During the 19th century, there were roughly eighty people hanged every year throughout the Australian colonies for these crimes.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Bahamas===
{{Main|Capital punishment in the Bahamas}}

The Bahamas employs hanging to execute the condemned, but no executions have been conducted in the country since 2000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ournews.bs/david-mitchell-put-to-death-23-years-ago/ | title=David Mitchell Put to Death 23 Years Ago | date=7 January 2023 }}</ref> As of 2023, there have been some inmates on death row but their sentences have been commuted.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

===Bangladesh===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Bangladesh}}

Hanging is the only method of execution in [[Bangladesh]], ever since its independence.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Brazil===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Brazil}}

Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like [[Tiradentes]] (1792) were killed by hanging. The last man executed in Brazil was the slave [[Francisco (slave)|Francisco]], in 1876.<ref>{{cite book |title=Decolonizing the Criminal Question |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=204}}</ref> The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890.<ref name="encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543496/Capital_Punishment_Worldwide.html "Capital Punishment Worldwide"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101054012/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543496/Capital_Punishment_Worldwide.html |date=1 November 2009 }}. ''MSN Encarta''.</ref>

===Bulgaria===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Bulgaria}}

Bulgaria's national hero, [[Vasil Levski]], was executed by hanging by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] court in [[Sofia]] in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, 19 February, to his monument where the gallows stood. The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998.<ref name="encarta" />

===Canada===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Canada}}

Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified into capital and non-capital offences. The death penalty was restricted to apply only for certain offences to the National Defence Act in 1976 and was completely abolished in 1998.<ref>Susan Munroe, [http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/crime/a/cappuntimeline.htm "History of Capital Punishment in Canada]". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716235031/http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/crime/a/cappuntimeline.htm |date=16 July 2011 }}. ''About: Canada Online''.</ref> The last hangings in Canada took place on 11 December 1962.<ref name="encarta" />

===Egypt===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Egypt}}

In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying.<ref>{{cite book|first=Phyllis |last=Bennis|title=Before and After|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8VzP0eiLW0C&pg=PA35|year=2003|publisher=Olive Branch Press|isbn=978-1-56656-462-5|page=35}}</ref> In 1982 Egypt hanged three civilians convicted of the [[assassination of Anwar Sadat]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lfo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3096,3218494&dq= |title=Sadat Assassins are Executed |date=16 April 1982 |publisher=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Glasgow Herald]] |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083657/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lfo9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3096,3218494&dq= |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, Egypt hanged five militants on charges of trying to kill the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/keyword/egypt/2 |title=Articles about Egypt - Page 2 - New York Times |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516064142/http://www.nytimes.com/keyword/egypt/2 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{nonspecific|date=February 2025}} To this day, hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, which executes more people each year than any other African country.

===Germany===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Germany}}

[[File:WWII Krakow - 04.jpg|thumb|[[Public execution]] of Polish civilians by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans]] in German occupied [[Kraków]] in 1942]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-031-2436-03A, Russland, Hinrichtung von Partisanen.jpg|thumb|Alleged Soviet partisans hanged by the Nazis in January 1943]]

In the territories occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by [[guillotine]] than hanging. The most commonly sentenced were [[Partisan (military)|partisans]] and [[black market]]eers, whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging was continued in post-war Germany in the [[Allied-occupied Germany|British and US Occupation Zones]] under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany itself had abolished the death penalty by the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]] (constitution) as adopted in 1949. West Berlin was not subject to the Basic Law and abolished the death penalty in 1951. The [[German Democratic Republic]] abolished the death penalty in 1987. The last execution ordered by a West German court was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison in 1949. The last hanging in Germany was the one ordered of several war criminals in [[Landsberg am Lech]] on 7 June 1951. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1981 by a pistol shot to the neck.<ref name="relTolerance" />

===Hong Kong===
Under British colonial rule, hanging was the form of capital punishment in Hong Kong. The last person who was executed was a Chinese Vietnamese man who attacked a security guard and another person. This execution occurred in 1966.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/449278/demise-death-penalty | title=Demise of the death penalty |work=South China Morning Post | date=23 March 2004 }}</ref>

===Hungary===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Hungary}}

The prime minister of Hungary, during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Revolution]], [[Imre Nagy]], was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-backed Hungarian government, in 1958. Nagy was later publicly exonerated by Hungary.<ref>Richard Solash (20 June 2006), [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/06/3c9b40e0-f493-49d4-a33d-6d93c1580bb1.html "Hungary: U.S. President To Honor 1956 Uprising"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709055810/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/06/3c9b40e0-f493-49d4-a33d-6d93c1580bb1.html |date=9 July 2008 }}. ''Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty''.</ref> Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990.<ref name="relTolerance" />

===India===
{{Main|Capital punishment in India}}

[[File:The hanging of two participants in the Indian Rebellion of 1857..jpg|thumb|The hanging of two participants in British India ([[Indian Rebellion of 1857]])]]
Hanging was introduced by the British. All executions in India since independence have been carried out by hanging, although the law provides for military executions to be carried out by firing squad. In 1949, [[Nathuram Godse]], who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India.<ref name="TIE">{{cite web|title=Yakub Memon first to be hanged in Maharashtra after Ajmal Kasab|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=March 12, 2018|date=2015-07-30|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203233129/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] has suggested that [[capital punishment]] should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=03&filename=8383&filetype=html |last1=Sakhrani |first1=Monica |last2=Adenwalla |first2=Maharukh |work=Economic & Political Weekly |title=Death Penalty – Case for Its Abolition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817155243/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=03&filename=8383&filetype=html |archive-date=17 August 2005}}</ref>

Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India.
* [[Dhananjoy Chatterjee]], convicted for rape and murder in 1991, was executed on 14 August 2004 in [[Alipore Jail]], Kolkata.
* [[Ajmal Kasab]], the lone surviving terrorist of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], was executed on 21 November 2012 in [[Yerwada Central Jail]], Pune. The Supreme Court of India had previously rejected his mercy plea, which was then rejected by the President of India. He was hanged one week later.
* [[Afzal Guru]], a terrorist found guilty of conspiracy in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament]], was executed by hanging in [[Tihar Jail]], Delhi on 9 February 2013.
* [[Yakub Memon]] was convicted over his involvement in the [[1993 Bombay bombings]] by the Special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities court on 27 July 2007. His appeals and petitions for clemency were all rejected and he was finally executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 in Nagpur jail.
* On 20 March 2020, four prisoners named Pawan Gupta, Vinay Sharma, Mukesh Singh and Akshay Thakur who were convicted in the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang rape and murder case]] were executed by hanging in Tihar Jail.<ref>{{cite news |last1=hanged to death |first1=Nirbhaya convicts |title=Four Nirbhaya case convicts hanged to death in Tihar jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail/article31114864.ece |website=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The Hindu Newspaper |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320010211/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-hanged-to-death-in-tihar-jail/article31114864.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Iran===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Iran}}

Hanging is the most used form of capital punishment in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7527431.stm|title=Iran executes 29 in jail hangings|date=27 July 2008|website=BBC News|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521011617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7527431.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Iraq===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Iraq}}

{{See also|Execution of Saddam Hussein}}
Hanging was used under the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html |last=Clark |first=Richard |title=The process of Judicial Hanging |website=Capital Punishment U.K. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020809210711/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/hanging2.html|archive-date=9 August 2002|df=dmy-all|access-date=29 December 2005}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=February 2025}} but was suspended along with capital punishment on 10 June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on 8 August 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGNAU200903209818&lang=e|title=Scores face execution in Iraq six years after invasion|date=20 March 2009|publisher=[[Amnesty International USA]]|access-date=21 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513021829/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGNAU200903209818&lang=e|archive-date=13 May 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on 9 March 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|insurgents]] by hanging.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=266369&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news/ | title=More bombs bring death to Iraq | publisher=Mail & Guardian Online | date=10 March 2006 | access-date=27 April 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706193136/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=266369&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__international_news%2F | archive-date=6 July 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for [[crimes against humanity]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html |title=Saddam Hussein sentenced to death by hanging |work=CNN |date=5 November 2006 |access-date=5 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113081326/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html  |archive-date=13 November 2006}}</ref> on 5 November 2006, and was executed on 30 December 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long-drop hanging.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_272610730.shtml |title=Saddam Hussein Hanging Video Shows Defiance, Taunts and Glee |work=The National Ledger |date=1 January 2007 |access-date=20 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120132227/http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_272610730.shtml |archive-date=20 January 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Barzan Ibrahim]], the head of the Mukhabarat, Saddam's security agency, and [[Awad Hamed al-Bandar]], former chief judge, were executed on 15 January 2007, also by the long-drop method, but Barzan was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=2007-01-15 |title=Two Hussein Allies Are Hanged; One Is Decapitated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/15/world/middleeast/16iraqcnd.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tarabay |first=Jamie |date=2007-01-15 |title=Saddam's Half-Brother Decapitated During Hanging |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/01/15/6861053/saddams-half-brother-decapitated-during-hanging |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>

Former vice-president [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]] had been sentenced to life in prison on 5 November 2006, but the sentence was changed to death by hanging on 12 February 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6354205.stm|title=Top Saddam aide sentenced to hang|date=12 February 2007|website=BBC News|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084847/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6354205.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the fourth and final man to be executed for the 1982 crimes against humanity on 20 March 2007. The execution went smoothly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070320/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq |title=Former Saddam aide buried after hanging |work=Yahoo! News |access-date=2017-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322130508/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070320/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq |archive-date=22 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

At the Anfal genocide trial, Saddam's cousin [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]] (nicknamed Chemical Ali by Iraqis), former defence minister [[Sultan Hashim Ahmed]] al-Tay, and former deputy Hussein Rashid Mohammed were sentenced to hang for their role in the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]] against the Kurds on 24 June 2007.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19394865 "Iraq's 'Chemical Ali' sentenced to death"], ''MSNBC'', 24 June 2007. Retrieved on 24 June 2007.</ref> Al-Majid was sentenced to death three more times: once for the 1991 suppression of a Shi'a uprising along with Abdul-Ghani Abdul Ghafur on 2 December 2008;<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28011270 "Second death sentence for Iraq's 'Chemical Ali{{'"}}], ''MSNBC'', 2 December 2008. Retrieved on 2 December 2008.</ref> once for the 1999 crackdown in the assassination of [[Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr|Grand Ayatollah Mohammad al-Sadr]] on 2 March 2009;<ref>[http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_IRAQ?SITE=CAGRA&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT "Iraq's 'Chemical Ali' gets 3rd death sentence"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222184931/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_IRAQ?SITE=CAGRA&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |date=22 December 2009 }}, ''Associated Press'', 2 March 2009. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.</ref> and once on 17 January 2010 for the gassing of the Kurds in 1988;<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34904200 {{"'}}Chemical Ali' gets a new death sentence"]. ''MSNBC'', 17 January 2010. Retrieved on 17 January 2010.</ref> he was hanged on 25 January.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/7072155/Saddam-Husseins-henchman-Chemical-Ali-executed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/7072155/Saddam-Husseins-henchman-Chemical-Ali-executed.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Saddam Hussein's Henchman Chemical Ali Executed |access-date=25 January 2010 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | date=25 January 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 26 October 2010, Saddam's top minister [[Tariq Aziz]] was sentenced to hang for persecuting the members of rival Shi'a political parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/10/26/2010-10-26_tk.html?r=news&asid=172f6dff|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906070226/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/10/26/2010-10-26_tk.html?r=news&asid=172f6dff|archive-date=6 September 2012|title=Tariq Aziz, Saddam Hussein's former aid, sentenced to hang in Iraq for crimes against humanity|access-date=26 October 2010|work=New York Daily News|date=26 October 2010|first=Philip|last=Caulfield}}</ref> His sentence was commuted to indefinite imprisonment after Iraqi president [[Jalal Talabani]] did not sign his execution order and he died in prison in 2015.

On 14 July 2011, US forces transferred condemned prisoners [[Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai]] and two of Saddam's half-brothers, [[Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti]] and [[Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti]], to Iraqi authorities for execution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-usa-prison-idUSTRE76E2CR20110715 |title=U.S. turns Saddam's half-brothers over to Iraq |access-date=17 July 2011 |work=Reuters |date=15 July 2011 |first=Khalid |last=al-Ansary |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040754/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-usa-prison-idUSTRE76E2CR20110715 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Iraqi High Tribunal had sentenced Saddam's half-brothers to death on 11 March 2009 for their roles in the executions of 42 traders who were accused of manipulating [[food prices]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/saddam-s-deputy-pm-tariq-aziz-gets-15-year-prison-sentence-1.789502 | work=CBC News | title=Saddam's deputy PM Tariq Aziz gets 15-year prison sentence | date=11 March 2009 | access-date=26 January 2020 | archive-date=27 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927082027/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/saddam-s-deputy-pm-tariq-aziz-gets-15-year-prison-sentence-1.789502 | url-status=live }}</ref> None of the three men were executed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 July 2020 |title=Sultan Hashim: Saddam's top general dies in Iraqi prison |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/sultan-hashim-saddam-s-top-general-dies-in-iraqi-prison-1.1051876 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-08 |title=Saddam Hussein's half-brother dies of cancer |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-09/saddam27s-half-brother-dies-of-cancer3a-ministry/4807438 |access-date=2025-08-01 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-08-13 |title=Watban Ibrahim al-Hassan, half brother of Saddam Hussein, has died |url=https://www.iraqinews.com/features/watban-ibrahim-al-hassan-half-brother-saddam-hussein-died/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Iraqi News |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is alleged that Iraq's government keeps the execution rate secret, and hundreds may be carried out every year. In 2007, Amnesty International stated that 900 people were at "imminent risk" of execution in Iraq.

===Israel===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Israel}}

Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes. It has been used only twice for Israelis, and only one of those executions was by hanging. On 31 May 1962, Nazi leader [[Adolf Eichmann]] was executed by hanging after having been captured in Argentina in May 1960, taken to Israel and tried and sentenced to death.<ref name="encarta" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah |title=Eichmann in Jerusalem |location=Harmondsworth |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1977|pages=240–241, 249–250}}</ref>

===Japan===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Japan}}

All executions in Japan are carried out by hanging.

On 23 December 1948, [[Hideki Tojo]], [[Kenji Doihara]], [[Akira Mutō]], [[Iwane Matsui]], [[Seishirō Itagaki]], [[Kōki Hirota]], and [[Heitaro Kimura]] were hanged at [[Sugamo Prison]] by the [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|U.S. occupation authorities]] in [[Ikebukuro]] in [[Occupation of Japan|Allied-occupied Japan]] for [[war crimes]], [[crimes against humanity]], and [[crimes against peace]] during the Asian-Pacific theatre of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japanese-war-criminals-hanged-in-tokyo|title=Japanese war criminals hanged in Tokyo – Dec 23, 1948|website=History|date=9 February 2010 |access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042245/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japanese-war-criminals-hanged-in-tokyo|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source|reason=listed as generally unreliable at [[MOS:RS/P]]|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2008/12/23/1948-hideki-tojo-and-six-other-japanese-war-criminals/|title=1948: Hideki Tojo and six other Japanese war criminals|date=23 December 2008|website=Executed Today|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007101230/http://www.executedtoday.com/2008/12/23/1948-hideki-tojo-and-six-other-japanese-war-criminals/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=February 2025}}

On 27 February 2004, the mastermind of the [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]], [[Shoko Asahara]], was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. On 25 December 2006, serial killer [[Hiroaki Hidaka]] and three others were hanged in Japan. Long-drop hanging is the method of carrying out judicial capital punishment on civilians in Japan, as in the cases of [[Norio Nagayama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260|title=In Secrecy, Japan Hangs a Best-Selling Author, a Killer of 4|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 August 1997|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=18 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218005941/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EED8163CF934A3575BC0A961958260|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mamoru Takuma]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3654144.stm|title=Japanese school killer executed|work=BBC News|date=14 September 2004|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711120322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3654144.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Tsutomu Miyazaki]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/17/asia/AS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php|title=Reports: Japan executes man convicted of killing and mutilating young girls in 1980s|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|date=17 June 2008|access-date=17 June 2008|archive-date=4 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804054712/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/17/asia/AS-GEN-Japan-Execution.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018 [[Shoko Asahara]] and several of his cult members were hanged for committing the 1995 sarin gas attack.

===Jordan===
Hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in [[Jordan]]. On 14 August 1993, Jordan hanged two Jordanians convicted of spying for Israel.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/jordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html | location=London | work=The Independent | date=16 August 1993 | title=Jordan 'hangs Israeli spies' | access-date=29 August 2017 | archive-date=11 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811204322/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/jordan-hangs-israeli-spies-1461414.html | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sajida al-Rishawi]], the "4th bomber" of the [[2005 Amman bombings]], was executed by hanging alongside [[Ziad al-Karbouly]] on 4 February 2015, while she was in the process of appealing her sentence for terrorism offences, in retribution for the [[Death by burning|immolation]] of Jordanian pilot [[Muath Al-Kasasbeh]].

=== Kuwait ===
Kuwait has always used hanging for execution. During the [[Gulf War]], Iraqi government officials executed different people for different reasons. After the war, Kuwait hanged Iraqi collaborators.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-03-19-1991078145-story.html | title=Suspected Iraqi collaborators being executed in Kuwait Human rights official says up to 3,000 people are unaccounted for |work=Baltimore Sun| date=19 March 1991 }}</ref>{{fcn|reason=Could not complete citation due to region lock|date=February 2025}} Sometimes the executions are in public. The most recent executions were in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/16/kuwait-executes-seven-people-despite-international-outcry | title=Kuwait hangs seven people in first executions since 2017 |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 November 2022}}</ref>

===Lebanon===

{{Main|Capital punishment in Lebanon}}

Lebanon hanged two men in 1998 for murdering a man and his sister.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4267,1914349&dq=lebanon-hanged&hl=en |title=Lebanon executes 2 for 1995 murders |location=Toledo, Ohio |newspaper=The Blade |date=20 May 1998 |page=2 |via=Google News |access-date=13 February 2025 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519205717/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ujFPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4267%2C1914349&dq=lebanon-hanged&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> However, capital punishment ended up being altogether suspended in Lebanon, as a result of staunch opposition by activists and some political factions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/lebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf|title=LEBANON: Stakeholder Submission to the United Nations Universal Periodic Review|website=The Advocates for Human Rights|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116152102/https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/lebanon_upr_death_penalty_stakeholder_report_updated_2015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Liberia===
[[File:ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - The Hanging of the Harper Seven, Liberia - 16 February 1979 - 03.jpg|thumb|The Hanging of the [[Harper Seven]], Liberia – 16 February 1979]]
On 16 February 1979, seven men convicted of the [[Maryland ritual killings|ritual killing]] of Kru traditional singer Moses Tweh were publicly hanged at dawn in [[Harper, Liberia|Harper]].<ref>[http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/MarylandRitualMurders08.htm "The Maryland Ritual Murders. The Final Verdict: Death By Hanging"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084938/http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/MarylandRitualMurders08.htm |date=25 January 2022 }}. ''Liberia: Past and Present''. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.theperspective.org/2005/jan/ritualistickillings.html "Ritualistic Killings Spark Mob Action in Maryland"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130234800/http://www.theperspective.org/2005/jan/ritualistickillings.html |date=30 November 2019 }}. ''The Perspective''. January 2005. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</ref>

===Malaysia===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Malaysia}}

Hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Malaysia and has been used to execute people convicted of murder, drug trafficking and waging war against the government. The [[Barlow and Chambers execution]] was carried out as a result of new tighter drug regulations.

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Pakistan}}

In Pakistan, hanging is the most common form of execution.

===Portugal===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Portugal}}

The last person executed by hanging in Portugal was Francisco Matos Lobos on 16 April 1842. Before that, it had been a common death penalty.

===Russia===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Russia}}

Hanging was commonly practised in the [[Russian Empire]] during the rule of the [[Romanov dynasty]] as an alternative to [[impalement]], which was used in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Hanging was abolished in 1868 by [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] after [[serfdom]],{{clarify|date=February 2020}} but was restored by the time of his death and his assassins were hanged. While those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed. This also included the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] and [[Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] under the Russian crown. [[Taavetti Lukkarinen]] became the last Finn to be executed this way. He was hanged for espionage and high treason in 1916.

The hanging was usually performed by short drop in public. The gallows were usually either a stout nearby tree branch, as in the case of Lukkarinen, or a makeshift gallows constructed for the purpose.

After the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, capital punishment was, on paper, abolished, but continued to be used unabated against people perceived to be enemies of the regime. Under the Bolsheviks, most executions were performed by shooting, either by firing squad or by a single firearm. In 1943, hanging was restored primarily for German servicemen and native collaborators for atrocities committed against Soviet POWs and civilians. The last to be hanged were [[Andrey Vlasov]] and his companions in 1946.

===Singapore===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Singapore}}

In [[Singapore]], long-drop hanging<ref name=":0" /> is currently used as a mandatory punishment for crimes such as [[drug trafficking]], [[murder]] and some types of [[kidnapping]]. It was introduced by the British, when they occupied Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. It has also been used for punishing those convicted of unauthorised discharging of firearms.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2005 |title=Singapore clings to death penalty |publisher=Sunday Times |location=South Africa |url=http://www.suntimes.co.za/zones/sundaytimesNEW/basket7st/basket7st1132576915.aspx |access-date=2 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052132/http://www.suntimes.co.za/zones/sundaytimesNEW/basket7st/basket7st1132576915.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Sri Lanka}}

Hanging was abolished in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1956, but in 1959 it was brought back and later halted in 1978. In 1975, the day before the execution of [[Maru Sira]], he had been overdosed by the prison guards to prevent him from escaping. On the day of his execution he was unconscious, so when he was brought to the gallows, he was slumped over on the trapdoor with a noose around his neck, and when the executioner pulled the lever, his execution was botched and he strangled.

===Syria===
{{Main|Capital punishment in Syria}}

[[File:Eli Cohen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eli Cohen]], publicly hanged by Syria on 18 May 1965]]

Syria has publicly hanged people, such as two individuals in 1952, Israeli spy [[Eli Cohen]] in 1965, and a number of Jews accused of spying for Israel in 1969.<ref>{{cite book|first=Baylis|last=Thomas|title=How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/howisraelwaswonc00bayl|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0064-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/howisraelwaswonc00bayl/page/154 154]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Mitchell G. |last=Bard |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVeKwfsHevgC&pg=PT193|date=September 2, 2008|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley|DK]] |isbn=978-1-101-21720-7|page=193|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803011218/https://books.google.com/books?id=sVeKwfsHevgC&pg=PT193|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Michael L. |last=Brown|title=Our Hands Are Stained with Blood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2PseStkG3sC&pg=PA190|year=1992|publisher=Destiny Image |isbn=978-1-56043-068-1|page=190}}</ref>

According to a 19th-century report, members of the [[Alawite]] sect centred on [[Lattakia]] in Syria had a particular aversion towards being hanged, and the family of the condemned was willing to pay "considerable sums" to ensure its relations were [[Impalement|impaled]], instead of being hanged. As far as [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Burckhardt]] could make out, this attitude was based upon the Alawites' idea that the soul ought to leave the body through the mouth, rather than leave it in any other fashion.<ref>Burckhardt, J. L. (1922). [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22956  ''Travels in Syria and the Holy Land'']. London: John Murray. p. 156.</ref>

The [[Islamic State]] also used hanging post-mortem, after they [[Killing of captives by the Islamic State|executed alleged spies for the western-backed coalition]] in [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate|Deir ez-Zor]] by [[Exsanguination|cutting their throats]] in a [[slaughterhouse]], during the Islamic holiday of [[Eid al-Adha]] in 2016. They also used shooting, beheading, fire and other methods to execute people during their rule.{{cn|reason=Do not cite the [[WP:RS/P|generally unreliable]] New York Post|date=February 2025}}

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Capital punishment in the United Kingdom}}

As a form of [[judiciary|judicial]] execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon period]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hanging |volume=12 |pages=917–918 |first=William Feilden |last=Craies}}</ref> Records of the names of British [[Executioner|hangmen]] begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s;{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} complete records extend from the 16th century to the last hangmen, [[Robert Leslie Stewart]] and [[Harry Allen (executioner)|Harry Allen]], who conducted the last British executions in 1964.

Until 1868 hangings were performed in public. In London, the traditional site was at [[Tyburn]], a settlement west of the [[City of London|City]] on the main road to [[Oxford]], which was used on eight hanging days a year, though before 1865, executions had been transferred to the street outside [[Newgate Prison]], [[Old Bailey]], now the site of the [[Old Bailey|Central Criminal Court]].

Three British subjects were hanged after [[World War II]] after being convicted of having helped [[Nazi Germany]] in its war against Britain. [[John Amery]], the son of prominent British politician [[Leo Amery]], became an [[expatriate]] in the 1930s, moving to France. He became involved in pre-war [[fascist]] politics, remained in what became [[Vichy France]] following France's defeat by Germany in 1940 and eventually went to Germany and later the German puppet state in Italy headed by [[Benito Mussolini]]. Captured by Italian [[Italian resistance movement|partisans]] at the end of the war and handed over to British authorities, Amery was accused of having made [[propaganda]] broadcasts for the Nazis and of having attempted to recruit British [[prisoners of war]] for a [[Waffen SS]] regiment later known as the [[British Free Corps]]. Amery pleaded guilty to treason charges on 28 November 1945<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZY6AAAAIBAJ&pg=3058,10264400&dq=british%20free%20corps&hl=en |title=Renegade Amery to Die – Trial Lasted 8 Minutes |date=28 November 1945 |newspaper=Toronto Daily Star |agency=[[British United Press]] |via=Google News |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084852/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZY6AAAAIBAJ&pg=3058%2C10264400&dq=british+free+corps&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and was hanged at [[Wandsworth Prison]] on 19 December 1945. [[William Joyce]], an American-born Irishman who had lived in Britain and possessed a British [[passport]], had been involved in pre-war fascist politics in the UK, fled to Nazi Germany just before the war began to avoid arrest by British authorities and became a naturalised German citizen. He made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis, becoming infamous under the nickname [[Lord Haw-Haw]]. Captured by British forces in May 1945, he was tried for treason later that year. Although Joyce's defence argued that he was by birth American and thus not subject to being tried for treason, the prosecution successfully argued that Joyce's pre-war British passport meant that he was a subject of the British Crown and he was convicted. After his appeals failed, he was hanged at Wandsworth Prison on 3 January 1946.<ref>{{cite thesis|url=http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/history/h4jan/03hawhaw.html#haw4|title=Germany calling! Germany calling! The Influence of Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) in Britain, 1939–1941 |first=Helen|last=Newman |degree=BA |publisher=Monash University |year=1998 |via=Bernard Safran Paintings |access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092422/http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/history/h4jan/03hawhaw.html#haw4}}</ref> [[Theodore Schurch]], a British soldier captured by the Nazis who then began working for the Italian and German intelligence services as a spy and informer who would be placed among other British prisoners, was arrested in Rome in March 1945 and tried under the [[Treachery Act 1940]]. After his conviction, he was hanged at [[HM Prison Pentonville]] on 4 January 1946.

The [[Homicide Act 1957]] created the new offence of [[capital murder]], punishable by death, with all other murders being punishable by life imprisonment.

In 1965, Parliament passed the [[Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act]], temporarily abolishing capital punishment for murder for five years. The Act was renewed in 1969, making the abolition permanent. With the passage of the [[Crime and Disorder Act 1998]] and the [[Human Rights Act 1998]], the death penalty was officially abolished for all crimes in both civilian and military cases. Following its complete abolition, the gallows were removed from [[Wandsworth (HM Prison)|Wandsworth Prison]], where they remained in full working order until that year.

The last woman to be hanged was [[Ruth Ellis]] on 13 July 1955, by [[Albert Pierrepoint]] who was a prominent hangman in the 20th century in England. The last hangings in Britain took place in 1964, when [[Peter Anthony Allen]] was executed at [[Liverpool (HM Prison)|Walton Prison]] in [[Liverpool]], by [[Robert Leslie Stewart]]. [[Gwynne Owen Evans]] was executed by [[Harry Allen (executioner)|Harry Allen]] at [[Strangeways Prison]] in [[Manchester]]. Both were executed for the [[murder of John Alan West]].<ref>{{citation |last=Fielding |first=Steve |title=The Executioner's Bible |publisher=John Blake |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84454-648-0}}</ref>

Hanging was also the method used in many colonies and overseas territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/common.html|title=The death penalty in the British Commonwealth|website=Capital Punishment UK|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231042530/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/common.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Silken rope====
In the UK, some felons are traditionally said to have been executed by hanging with a silken rope:
* [[Hereditary peer]]s who committed [[capital offence]]s,<ref>{{cite Hansard |title=Abolition of death penalty for treason and piracy, etc |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980212/text/80212-26.htm |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Lords |date=12 February 1998 |column=1350 |speaker=[[Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn|Lord Williams of Mostyn]] |position=[[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs]] |quote=The noble Lord, [[Oliver Eden, 8th Baron Henley|Lord Henley]], asked me about the privilege of being hanged with a silken rope. That was discriminatory, because it applied to hereditary Peers only. }}</ref> as anticipated by the fictional [[Duke of Denver]], brother of [[Lord Peter Wimsey]]. The Duke was accused of murder in the novel ''[[Clouds of Witness]]'', and this execution would have been his fate, after conviction by his peers in a trial in the [[House of Lords]]. It has been claimed that the execution of [[Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers|Earl Ferrers]] in 1760 – the only time a peer was hanged after trial by the [[House of Lords]] – was carried out with the normal hempen rope instead of a silk one. The writ of execution does not specify a silk rope be used,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageandlaw.org/TEXTS/WRITS/EXECUTE.HTM |title=Writ of Execution |last=Tiersma |first=Peter |website=Language and Law |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823175959/http://www.languageandlaw.org/TEXTS/WRITS/EXECUTE.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Newgate Calendar]]'' makes no mention of the use of such an item<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng284.htm |website=The Newgate Calendar |title=Laurence, Earl Ferrers |via=The Ex-Classics Web Site |access-date=8 October 2017 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118233700/http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng284.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> – an unusual omission given its highly sensationalist nature.
* Those who have the [[Freedom of the City of London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History | date=30 April 2004 |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/scripts/htm_hl.pl?DB=col&STEMMER=en&WORDS=histori%20history&ALL=&ANY=&EXACTB=0&PHRASE=&EXACTP=0&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=history&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&URL=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Freedom_of_City/priveleges.htm#muscat_highlighter_first_match |publisher=City of London |access-date=12 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612204545/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/scripts/htm_hl.pl?DB=col&STEMMER=en&WORDS=histori%20history&ALL=&ANY=&EXACTB=0&PHRASE=&EXACTP=0&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=history&COLOUR=Red&STYLE=s&URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityoflondon.gov.uk%2FCorporation%2FLGNL_Services%2FLeisure_and_culture%2FLocal_history_and_heritage%2FFreedom_of_City%2Fpriveleges.htm#muscat_highlighter_first_match |archive-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">File:Witches Being Hanged.jpg|An image of suspected [[witch]]es being hanged in England, published in 1655
File:Balvenie Pillar 2017-05-27.jpg|Balvenie Pillar, also known as {{lang|gd|Tom na Croiche}} (Hangman's Knoll, {{literal translation|Tom of the Cross}}). The pillar was erected in 1755 to commemorate the last public hanging in the [[Atholl]] region of Scotland in 1630.
Image:ExecutionNoose.JPG|Hanging noose used at public executions outside [[Lancaster Castle]], {{circa|1820s–1830s}}.
</gallery>

===United States===
{{Main|Hanging in the United States}}

[[File:Execution Lincoln assassins.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The execution of Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt, who were all convicted by a [[military tribunal]] for being involved in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 7 July 1865]]

Hanging was one means by which [[Puritans]] of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] enforced religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merrill |first1=Louis Taylor |title=The Puritan Policeman |journal=American Sociological Review |publisher=American Sociological Association |date=1945 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=766–776 |doi=10.2307/2085847 |jstor=2085847 }}</ref> The best known hanging carried out by the Puritans, [[Mary Dyer]], was one of the four executed [[Quakers]] known as the [[Boston martyrs]].<ref>Rogers, Horatio (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L5_5yIgpa-YC&q=Among+the+most+pathetic+chapters+ ''Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston'']. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115151223/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5_5yIgpa-YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mary+dyer+1660&hl=en&ei=8p99TMePDpGO4QayguXHBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA |date=15 January 2016 }}. pp. 1–2. BiblioBazaar.</ref>

Lethal injection is the sole method of execution for inmates sentenced to death under federal law in the United States. Of the 27 U.S. states with active death penalty statutes, none authorize hanging as a legal method of execution. Inmates sentenced to death in Delaware for crimes committed before 1986, and all condemned inmates in Washington were eligible to choose hanging as their method of execution prior to those states' abolition of capital punishment in 2016 and 2023, respectively.<ref>{{cite web | title=Authorized methods by state | website=Death Penalty Info | url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/methods-of-execution/authorized-methods-by-state }}</ref>

When [[African American]] pastor [[Denmark Vesey]] of the [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] was suspected of plotting to launch a [[slave rebellion]] in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, 35 people, including Vesey, were judged guilty by a city-appointed court and were subsequently hanged, and the church was burned down.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150617/PC16/150619408|title=Nine dead after 'hate crime' shooting at Emanuel AME |first1=Glenn |last1=Smith |first2=Melissa |last2=Boughton |first3=Robert |last3=Behre |newspaper=[[The Post and Courier]]|date=June 17, 2015|access-date=May 17, 2022|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728072115/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20150617/PC16/150619408}}</ref>

The [[Dakota War of 1862]], also known as the Dakota uprising, led to the largest mass execution in the United States when 38 Sioux Indians, who were facing starvation and displacement, attacked white settlers, for which they were sentenced to death via hanging in [[Mankato, Minnesota]] in December 1862.<ref name="Dakota"/> Originally, 303 had been sentenced to hang, but the convictions were reviewed by President [[Abraham Lincoln]] and the sentences of all but 38 were commuted.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Carley |title=The Dakota War of 1862 |date=2001 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=0-87351-392-4 |oclc=46685050}}</ref> In 2019, Governor [[Tim Walz]] issued an historic apology to the Dakota people for the mass hanging and the "trauma inflicted on [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] people at the hands of state government".<ref name="Dakota">{{cite press release|url=https://ictnews.org/the-press-pool/governor-walz-makes-historic-apology-for-1862-mass-hanging-in-mankato|title=Governor Walz makes historic apology for 1862 mass hanging in Mankato|work=Indian Country Today|agency=Office of Governor Tim Walz and Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan|date=January 7, 2020|access-date=December 1, 2023 }}</ref>

A total of 40 suspected [[Unionists (American)|Unionists]] were hanged in [[Gainesville, Texas]], in October 1862.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01|last=McCaslin |first=Richard B.|date=2010-06-15|title=Great Hanging at Gainesville|website=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=Texas State Historical Association|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172409/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 July 1865, four people involved in the [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassination of President Abraham Lincoln]]—[[Mary Surratt]], [[Lewis Powell (assassin)|Lewis Powell]], [[David Herold]], and [[George Atzerodt]]—were hanged at [[Fort McNair]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

[[Image:duluth-lynching-postcard.jpg|thumb|left|Men pose for a photograph of the [[1920 Duluth lynchings|1920 Duluth, Minnesota lynchings]]. Two of the black victims are still hanging while the third is on the ground.]]
While relatively uncommon, [[gibbeting|hanging in chains]] has also been practiced (mainly during the colonial era), the first being a slave after the [[New York Slave Revolt of 1712]]. The last hanging in chains was in 1913, of John Marshall in [[West Virginia]] for murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DeathPenaltyUSA, the database of executions in the United States |url=https://deathpenaltyusa.org/usa1/other.htm |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=deathpenaltyusa.org}}</ref> The last public hanging in the United States (not including [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]], one of the last of which was [[Lynching of Michael Donald|Michael Donald in 1981]]) took place on 14 August 1936, in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]]. [[Rainey Bethea]] was executed for the rape and murder of 70-year-old Lischa Edwards. The execution was presided over by the first female [[sheriff]] in Kentucky, [[Florence Shoemaker Thompson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2001/apr/010430.execution.html |title=The Last Public Execution in America |work=NPR |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808204951/https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2001/apr/010430.execution.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Kentucky-Holds-Final-Public-Execution-in-the-U-S-.html |title=On This Day: Kentucky Holds Final Public Execution in the US |date=14 August 2011 |work=findingDulcinea |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311201258/http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/July-August-08/On-this-Day--Kentucky-Holds-Final-Public-Execution-in-the-U-S-.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In California, [[Clinton Duffy]], who served as warden of [[San Quentin State Prison]] between 1940 and 1952, presided over ninety executions.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gene |last=Blake |title=Famed warden Duffy of San Quentin dead at 84 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=14 October 1982}}</ref> He began to oppose the death penalty, and after his retirement, wrote a memoir entitled ''Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women'' in support of the movement to abolish the death penalty. The book documents several hangings gone wrong and describes how they led his predecessor, Warden [[James B. Holohan]], to persuade the California Legislature to replace hanging with the [[gas chamber]] in 1937.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Clinton |year=1962 |title=Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, New York |oclc=1317754}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fimrite |first=Peter |date=20 November 2005 |title=Inside death row. At San Quentin, 647 condemned killers wait to die in the most populous execution antechamber in the United States |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/20/INGFUFHCFL56.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702063038/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2005%2F11%2F20%2FINGFUFHCFL56.DTL |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Various methods of capital punishment have been replaced by [[lethal injection]] in most states and the federal government. Many states that offered hanging as an option have since eliminated the method. Condemned murderer [[Victor Feguer]] became the last inmate to be executed by hanging in the state of [[Iowa]] on 15 March 1963. Hanging was the preferred method of execution for capital murder cases in Iowa until 1965, when the death penalty was abolished and replaced with [[life imprisonment]] without [[parole]]. [[Barton Kay Kirkham]] was the last person to be hanged in Utah, preferring it over [[execution by firing squad]]. Laws in [[Delaware]] were changed in 1986 to specify lethal injection, except for those convicted before 1986 (who were still allowed to choose hanging). If a choice was not made, or the convict refused to choose injection, then hanging would become the default method. This was the case in the 1996 execution of [[Billy Bailey]], the most recent hanging in American history; since then, no Delaware prisoner fit the category, and the state's gallows were later dismantled.

====Upright jerker====
{{Main|Upright jerker}}

The upright jerker is a method of hanging that originated in the United States in the late 19th century. The person to be hanged is jerked into the air by weights and pulleys. It proved to be ineffective at breaking the neck of the condemned, and death by asphyxiation often occurred instead. In the United States, use of the method ceased in the late 1930s.

==Inverted hanging, the "Jewish" punishment==
[[File:Picture of inverted hanging.png|thumb|Woodcut by [[Johann Stumpf (writer)|Johann Stumpf]], who witnessed this type of execution in 1553]]
A completely different principle of hanging is to hang the convicted person from their legs, rather than from their neck, either as a form of torture, or as an execution method. In late medieval Germany, this came to be primarily associated with Jews accused of being thieves, called the {{lang|de|Judenstrafe}} ({{literal translation|Jewish punishment}}). The jurist Ulrich Tengler, in his {{lang|de|Layenspiegel}} from 1509, describes the procedure as follows, in the section {{lang|de|italic=no|"Von Juden straff"}} ("On the punishment of Jews"):<ref>Tengler, U. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZLAAAAcAAJ&q=juden "Layenspiegel"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513023935/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZLAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:layenspiegel&hl=no&sa=X&ei=Y8wDUeb_CtKO4gSb0YGoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=juden&f=false |date=13 May 2016 }}. p.119</ref>

{{blockquote|To drag the Jew to the ordinary execution place between two angry or biting dogs. After dragging, to hang him from his feet by rope or chain at a designated gallows between the dogs, so that he is directed from life to death<ref>Original German text: {{lang|de|Den Juden zwischen zweyen wütenden oder beissenden hunde zu der gewonlichen gerichtstatt zu ziehen. vel schlieffen, mit dem strang oder ketten bey seinen füssen an eynen besondern galgen zwischen die hund nach verkerter mass hencken damit er also von leben zom tod gericht wird}}</ref>}}

{{ill|Guido Kisch|de}} showed that originally, this type of inverted hanging between two dogs was not a punishment specifically for Jews. Esther Cohen writes:<ref>Cohen, Esther (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5lclnUXYB4sC&pg=PA92 ''The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114622/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lclnUXYB4sC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Brill. p.92–93</ref>

{{blockquote|
The inverted hanging with the accompaniment of two dogs, originally reserved for traitors, was identified from the fourteenth century as the "Jewish execution", being practised in the later Middle Ages in both northern and Mediterranean Europe. The Jewish execution in Germany has been thoroughly studied by G. Kisch, who has argued convincingly that neither the inverted hanging nor the stringing up of dogs or wolves beside the victim were particularly Jewish punishments during the High Middle Ages. They first appeared as Jewish punishments in Germany only towards the end of the thirteenth century, never being recognized as exclusively Jewish penalties.

In France the inverted, animal-associated hanging came to be connected with Jews by the later Middle Ages. The inverted hanging of Jews is specifically mentioned in the old customs of Burgundy in the context of animal hanging. The custom, dogs and all, was still in force in Paris shortly before the final expulsion of the Jews in 1394.}}

In Spain 1449, during a mob attack against the [[Marranos]] (Jews nominally converted to Christianity), the Jews resisted, but lost and several of them were hanged up by the feet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Archuleta|first=Roy A.|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPE8yotFAT4C&pg=PA46|title=Where We Come From|year=2006|publisher=Where We Come From, collect. |isbn=978-1-4243-0472-1|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012644/https://books.google.com/books?id=UPE8yotFAT4C&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> The first attested German case for a Jew being hanged by the feet is from 1296, in present-day [[Soultzmatt]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Jörg R.|pages=81, footnote 31|title=Beziehungsnetze aschkenasischer Juden während des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit|language=de|trans-title=Relationship networks of Ashkenazi Jews during the Middle Ages and Early Modern period |year=2008|publisher=Hahnsche Buchhandlung|isbn=978-3-7752-5629-2}}</ref> Some other historical examples of this type of hanging within the German context are one Jew in [[County of Hainaut|Hennegau]] 1326, two Jews hanged in [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] in 1444,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter">Kriegk, G. L. (1868). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243 ''Deutsches Bürgerthum im Mittelalter'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114626/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA243 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Frankfurt am Main, p.243</ref> one in [[Halle (region)|Halle]] in 1462,<ref>Limmer, K. A. (1831). [https://books.google.com/books?id=N3UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA721 ''Bibliothek der sächsischen Geschichte'']. Vol. 2. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024316/https://books.google.com/books?id=N3UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA721 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Ronneburg. p.721</ref> one in [[Dortmund]] in 1486,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=soAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90 {{lang{{!}}de{{!}}Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums{{!}}nocat=yes}}]. Vol. 9 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114438/https://books.google.com/books?id=soAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90 |date=13 May 2016 }}. Leipzig 1860, p.90</ref> one in [[Hanau]] in 1499,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter"/> one in [[Breslau]] in 1505,<ref>Henne am Rhyn, O. (1870). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1BAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA566 {{lang{{!}}de{{!}}Kulturgeschichte des Zeitalters der neuern Zeit: vom Wiederaufleben der Wissenschaften bis auf die Gegenwart{{!}}nocat=yes}}]. Vol. 1. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512225019/https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1BAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA566 |date=12 May 2016 }}. Leipzig: Otto Wigand. p.566</ref> one in [[Württemberg]] in 1553,<ref>Battenberg, F. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhCKcHBYJwC&pg=PA86 ''Von Enoch bis Kafka: Festschrift für Karl E. Grözinger zum 60. Geburtstag'']. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232903/https://books.google.com/books?id=EuhCKcHBYJwC&pg=PA86 |date=12 May 2016 }}. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p.86</ref> one in [[Bergen, Lower Saxony|Bergen]] in 1588,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter"/> one in [[Öttingen]] in 1611,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11806-ottingen|title=Öttingen|website=Jewish Encyclopedia|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814020306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11806-ottingen|url-status=live}}</ref> one in Frankfurt in 1615 and again in 1661,<ref name="Deutsches bürgerthum im mittelalter"/> and one condemned to this punishment in [[Prussia]] in 1637.<ref>Haym, R. (1861). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lME21-6A8kgC&pg=PA123 ''Preussische Jahrbücher'']. Vol. 8. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512230501/https://books.google.com/books?id=lME21-6A8kgC&pg=PA123 |date=12 May 2016 }}. Berlin: Georg Reimer. p.122–23</ref>

The details of the cases vary widely: In the 1444 Frankfurt cases and the 1499 Hanau case, the dogs were dead prior to being hanged, and in the late 1615 and 1661 cases in Frankfurt, the Jews (and dogs) were merely kept in this manner for half an hour, before being [[Garrote|garroted]] from below. In the 1588 Bergen case, all three victims were left hanging till they were dead, ranging from 6 to 8 days after being hanged. In the Dortmund 1486 case, the dogs bit the Jew to death while hanging. In the 1611 Öttingen case, the Jew "Jacob the Tall" thought to blow up the {{lang|de|italic=no|Deutsche Ordenhaus}} with gunpowder after having burgled it. He was strung up between two dogs, and a large fire was made close by, and he expired after half an hour under this torture. In the 1553 Württemberg case, the Jew chose to convert to Christianity after hanging like this for 24 hours; he was then given the mercy to be hanged in the usual manner, from the neck, and without the dogs beside him. In the 1462 Halle case, the Jew Abraham also converted after 24 hours hanging upside down, and a priest ascended a ladder to baptise him. For two more days, Abraham was left hanging, while the priest argued with the city council that a true Christian should not be punished in this way. On the third day, Abraham was granted a reprieve, taken down, but died 20 days later in the local hospital having meanwhile suffered in extreme pain. In the 1637 case, where the Jew had murdered a Christian jeweller, the appeal to the [[Maria Anna of Spain|empress]] was successful, and out of mercy, the Jew was condemned to be merely pinched with glowing pincers, have hot lead dripped into his wounds, and then be [[Breaking wheel|broken alive on the wheel]].

Some of the reported cases may be myths, or wandering stories. The 1326 Hennegau case, for example, deviates from the others in that the Jew was not a thief, but was suspected (though he was a convert to Christianity) of having struck a [[fresco]] of the [[Virgin Mary]], so that [[Weeping statue|blood seeped]] down the wall from the painting. Even under all degrees of judicial torture, the Jew denied performing this sacrilegious act, and was therefore exonerated. Then a brawny smith demanded from him a [[trial by combat]], claiming he dreamt the Virgin herself had urged him to do so. The court accepted the smith's challenge, and he easily won the combat against the Jew, who was duly hanged up by the feet between two dogs. To add to the injury, one let him be slowly roasted as well as hanged.<ref>{{cite book|last=von Heister|first=Carl|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjZDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|title=Geschichtliche Untersuchungen über Israel: Die Juden: aufgebürdete Verbrechen. Erlittene Verfolgung. Angethane Schmach|volume=3|publisher=Tauerschmidt|year=1863|location=Naumburg|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513013515/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjZDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref> This is a very similar story to one told in France, in which a young Jew threw a lance at the head of a statue of the Virgin, so that blood spurted out of it. There was inadequate evidence for a normal trial, but a frail old man asked for trial by combat, and bested the young Jew. The Jew confessed his crime, and was hanged by his feet between two mastiffs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/caudatusanglicus00neiliala#page/10/mode/2up|at=p. 11, footnote 2|last=Neilson|first=George|year=1896|title=Caudatus Anglicus|location=Edinburgh|publisher=George p. Johnston}}</ref>

The features of the earliest attested case, that of a Jewish thief hanged by the feet in Soultzmatt in 1296 are also rather divergent from the rest. The Jew managed somehow, after he had been left to die, to twitch his body in such a manner that he could hoist himself up on the gallows and free himself. At that time, his feet were so damaged that he was unable to escape, and when he was discovered 8 days after he had been hanged, he was strangled to death by the townspeople.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tschamser|first=P. F. Malachiam|year=1864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NME8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250|page=250|title=Annales oder Jahrs-Geschichten der Saarfüseren oder Minderen Brüdern S. Franc. ord., insgemein Conventualen genannt, zu Thann |orig-date=1724|volume=1|publisher=K. A. Hoffmann|location=Colmar|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513015127/https://books.google.com/books?id=NME8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA250|url-status=live}}</ref>

As late as in 1699 in [[Celle]], the courts were sufficiently horrified at how the Jewish leader of a robber gang (condemned to be hanged in the normal manner) declared [[Blasphemy|blasphemies]] against Christianity, that they made a ruling on the ''post mortem'' treatment of Jonas Meyer. After three days, his corpse was cut down, his tongue cut out, and his body was hanged up again, but this time from its feet.<ref>The author regards this as probably the last case in which a Jew (although in this case dead) was hanged up by the feet in Germany. {{cite book|last1=Schnitzler|first1=Norbert|page=292|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WntiDRp3hdsC&pg=PA292|editor-last1=Schlosser|editor-first1=Hans |editor-last2=Sprandel|editor-first2=Rolf |editor-last3=Willoweit|editor-first3=Daniel |title=Herrschaftliches Strafen seit dem Hochmittelalter: Formen und Entwicklungsstufen|chapter=Juden vor Gericht: Soziale Ausgrenzung durch Sanktionen |language=de |publisher=Böhlau |location=Cologne, Weimar |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-412-08601-5}}</ref>

===Punishment for traitors===
Guido Kisch writes that the first instance he knows where a person in Germany was hanged up by his feet between two dogs until he died occurred about 1048, some 250 years earlier than the first attested Jewish case. This was a knight called Arnold, who had murdered his lord; the story is contained in [[Adam of Bremen]]'s ''History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen''.<ref>On Kisch's assessment, see for example: {{cite book|last=Kisch|first=Guido|year=1943|title=Historia Judaica: A Journal of Studies in Jewish History, Especially in Legal and Economic History of the Jews|volume=5–6|page=119|publisher=Historia Judaica}} On locus in Adam of Bremen's text, see {{cite book|author=Adam of Bremen|translator-last=Tschan|translator-first=Francis J. |translator-last2=Reuter|translator-first2=Timothy|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cDtkTUF95IC&pg=PA120|title=History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-231-50085-2|location=New York|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513010628/https://books.google.com/books?id=4cDtkTUF95IC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example of a non-Jew who suffered this punishment as a torture, in 1196 [[Richard, Count of Acerra]], was one of those executed by [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] in the suppression of the rebelling Sicilians:<ref>[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc ''Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312011115/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/history/weblearning/MedievalHistoryTextCentre/ricsgermano.doc |date=12 March 2004 }} trans. G. A. Loud</ref>

{{blockquote|He [Henry VI] held a general court in Capua, at which he ordered that the count first be drawn behind a horse through the squares of Capua, and then hanged alive head downwards. The latter was still alive after two days when a certain German jester called Leather-Bag [Follis], hoping to please the emperor, tied a large stone to his neck and shamefully put him to death}}

A couple of centuries earlier, in France in 991, a certain viscount Walter nominally owing his allegiance to the French King [[Hugh Capet]] chose, on instigation of his wife, to join the rebellion under [[Odo I, Count of Blois]]. When Odo found out he had to abandon [[Melun]] after all, Walter was duly hanged before the gates, whereas his wife, the fomentor of treason, was hanged by her feet, causing much merriment and jeers from Hugh's soldiers as her clothes fell downwards revealing her naked body, although it is not wholly clear if she died in that manner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradbury|first=Jim|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA78|pages=78–79|title=The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328|publisher=Conitunuum Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-3514-9|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512214932/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Elizabethan maritime law===
During Queen [[Elizabeth I]]'s reign, the following was written concerning those who stole a ship from the [[Royal Navy]]:<ref>{{cite book |last=Hurton |first=William |year=1862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULBWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA84 |page=84 |title=Hearts of Oak, or Naval Yarns |publisher=Richard Bentley |location=London}}</ref>

{{blockquote|If anye one practysed to steale awaye anye of her Majesty's shippes, the captaine was to cause him to be hanged by the heels {{Not a typo|unt|ill}} his braines were beaten out against the shippe's sides, and then to be cutt down and lett fall intoe the sea. }}Translation into modern English: ''If anyone practised to steal away any of Her Majesty's ships, the captain was to cause him [the thief] to be hanged by the heels until his brains were beaten out against the ship's sides, and then to be cut down and let fall into the sea.''

==Hanging by the ribs==
[[File:Blake after John Gabriel Stedman Narrative of a Five Years copy 2 object 2-detail.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows'' by [[William Blake]]. Originally published in Stedman's ''Narrative''.]]

In 1713, [[Juraj Jánošík]], a semi-legendary Slovak outlaw and [[folk hero]], was sentenced to be hanged from his left rib. He was left to slowly die.<ref>"[http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/46928/8/modern_day_outlaws_gather_to_honour_janosik.html Modern-day 'outlaws' gather to honour Jánošík] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516130403/http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/46928/8/modern_day_outlaws_gather_to_honour_janosik.html |date=16 May 2013 }}". ''[[The Slovak Spectator]]''. 9 July 2012.</ref>

The German physician Gottlob Schober (1670–1739),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz78879.html|title=Schober, Gottlob – Deutsche Biographie|access-date=8 October 2017|year=1891|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805111436/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz78879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who worked in Russia from 1712, noted that a person could hang from the ribs for about three days prior to dying, with his primary pain being that of extreme thirst. He thought this degree of insensitivity was something peculiar to the Russian mentality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Gerhard F.|year=1762|title=Sammlung Rußischer Geschichte, 1st and 2nd Part of 7th Volume|publisher=Kayserl. Academie der Wißenschafften|location=St. Petersburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bhKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23|page=23|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012712/https://books.google.com/books?id=6bhKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Dutch in [[Suriname]] were also in the habit of hanging a slave from the ribs, a custom amongst the African tribes from whom they were originally purchased. [[John Gabriel Stedman]] stayed in South America from 1772 to 1777 and described the method as told by a witness:<ref>Stedman, J.G.: "[https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey00stedgoog  Narrative, of a five years' expedition]", Vol.1, London 1813, p.116</ref>
{{blockquote|"Not long ago," (continued he) "I saw a black man suspended alive from a gallows by the ribs, between which, with a knife, was first made an incision, and then clinched an iron hook with a chain: in this manner he kept alive three days, hanging with his head and feet downwards, and catching with his tongue the drops of water (it being in the rainy season) that were flowing down his bloated breast. Notwithstanding all this, he never complained, and even upbraided a negro for crying while he was flogged below the gallows, by calling out to him: 'You man?—''Da boy fasy?'' Are you a man? you behave like a boy.' Shortly after which he was knocked on the head by the commiserating sentry, who stood over him, with the butt end of his musket."}}
[[William Blake]] was specially commissioned to make illustrations to Stedman's narrative.<ref>Honour, Hugh (1975). ''The European Vision of America''. Cleveland, Ohio: The Cleveland Museum of Art. p.343</ref>

==Grammar==
The standard past tense and past participle form of the verb "hang", in the sense of this article, is "hanged",<ref>Oxford English Dictionary (2015 update), OUP, Oxford, UK</ref><ref>Online {{cite web
|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hang?view=uk
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041019030127/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/hang?view=uk
|archive-date=19 October 2004
|title=Hang
|publisher=[[Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English]]
|access-date=6 July 2009
}}</ref><ref>Online {{cite encyclopedia
|url = http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/hang
|title = Hang
|dictionary = [[American Heritage Dictionary]]
|access-date = 6 July 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133742/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/hang
|archive-date = 18 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> although some dictionaries give "hung" as an alternative.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hang
|title=Hang
|access-date=6 July 2009
|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary]]
|archive-date=21 April 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421185137/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hang
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=Random House Dictionary of the English Language
|date=1979
|edition=1st
|editor=Jess Stein
|title-link=Random House Dictionary of the English Language
}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Capital punishment]]
* [[Death erection]]
* [[Dule tree]]
* [[Erotic asphyxiation]]
* [[Executioner]]
* [[Gallows]]
* [[Garrote#Execution device|Garrote]]
* [[Hand of Glory]]
* [[Hanging judge]]
* [[Hanging tree (United States)]]
* [[Hangman (game)]]
* [[Hangman's knot]]
* [[Jack Ketch]]
* [[List of people who died by hanging]]
* [[List of suicides]]
** [[List of suicides (A–M)]]
** [[List of suicides (N–Z)]]
* [[Lynching]]
* [[Lynching in the United States]]
* [[Suicide by hanging]]
*[[Rope]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=JSpine2011-02>{{cite journal |url=http://www.zillanatomy.com/Reference_article_Hangman's_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf |access-date=27 August 2016 |title=Hangman's fracture: a historical and biomechanical perspective |author1=Mahmoud Rayes |author2=Monika Mittal |author3=Setti S. Rengachary |author4=Sandeep Mittal |journal=[[Journal of Neurosurgery]] |date=February 2011 |quote=It was not until the introduction of the standard drop by Dr. Samuel Haughton in 1866, and the so-called long drop by William Marwood in 1872 that hanging became a standard, humane means to achieve instantaneous death. |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075751/http://www.zillanatomy.com/Reference_article_Hangman%27s_Fracture_Rayes_JNeurosurg_Spine_2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* Jack Shuler, ''The Thirteenth Turn: A History of the Noose.'' New York: Public Affairs, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-61039-136-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073312/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_002_no_002/papers/paper005.html A Case Of Strangulation Fabricated As Hanging]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713073439/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_007_no_001/papers/paper005.html Obliquity vs. Discontinuity of ligature mark in diagnosis of hanging – a comparative study]
*[https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm Death Penalty Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215756/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/index.cfm |date=13 November 2013 }} Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.

{{Capital punishment}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hanging| ]]
[[Category:Execution methods]]
[[Category:Human positions]]
[[Category:Strangling]]
[[Category:Injuries of neck]]

Yanam

2026-03-16T03:53:50Z

Antiexsolutions: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Town in Puducherry, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{For|Yanaon before independence|Yanaon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
| title = {{resize|1.25em|Yanam}}
| {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=padding-top:0.5em;font-size:76%;font-weight:normal;

| rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: |data1={{lang|te|యానాం}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[French language|French]]: |data2={{lang|Fr|Yanaon}}
}}
}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Gowthami river Godavari.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Goutami River near Yanam
| nickname =
| image_map = Lagekarte Unionsterritorium Puducherry.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Yanam District in India along with the other districts of Pondicherry
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Yanam in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India##Location of Yanam in India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|44|00|N|82|13|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yanam district|Yanam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1731
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Yanam Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 30
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total = 76,000
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=707692 |title=Census data |website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="1965act">{{cite web |title=The Pondicherry Official Languages Act, 1965 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503022028/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2020 |website=lawsofindia.org |publisher=Laws of India |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]],<ref name="1965act"/> [[French language|French]]<ref name="1963assemblyresolution">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHeDwAAQBAJ|title=The Legacy of French Rule in India (1674-1954): An investigation of a process of Creolization|author= Animesh Rai|publisher= Institut français de Pondichéry|year=2020|isbn=9791036549892 }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533 464
| area_code = +91-0884
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = PY 04
| website = {{url|yanam.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yanam''' ({{IPA|te|jaːnaːw̃|lang}}) (previously '''Yanaon''', ({{IPA|fr|janaɔ̃|lang}})) is a town located in the [[Yanam district]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]. It has a population of 35,000 and is entirely surrounded by [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was formerly a [[French India|French colony]] for nearly 200 years, and, though united with India in 1954, is still sometimes known as "French Yanam".<ref>{{cite book|last1=More|first1=J. B. Prashant|title=The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: from French rule to integration with India|date=2007|publisher=M.S.|pages=30,201,268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ1uAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> It possesses a blend of French culture and the Telugu culture, nicknamed ''[[Indian French|Frelugu]]''. During French rule, the Tuesday market (''Marché du mardi'' or {{transliteration|te|ISO|Maṃgaḷavaram Saṃta}}) at Yanam was popular among the [[Telugu people]] in the [[Madras Presidency]], who visited Yanam to buy foreign and smuggled goods during Yanam People's Festival held in January.

==History==
{{Main|Yanaon}}

The French established a [[trading post]] at Yanaon in 1723, making it the third [[French colonial empire|French colony]] established in India but gave up the area in 1727, after commercial operations proved unsuccessful, but was seized again by Governor-General [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] in 1731 but got confirmed by Nizam of Hyderabad in 1751. Until the end of the Napoleonic wars, Yanam went under British control intermittently but was finally restored to France again in 1814.

==Aftermath of liberation==
The Yanam coup d'état dated 13 June 1954 had enraged the French authorities of Puducherry. Rumours were spread to the effect that the French government were despatching a [[cruiser]] to Yanam to capture Merger leaders and to re-establish their authority. After the coup, the last [[Administration (government)|administrator]] of Yanam, George Sala was recalled by [[André Ménard]], then Governor General of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in June 1954.<ref name="ReferenceB">"My Struggle for freedom of French Provinces in India" autobiography written by Sri Dadala Raphael Ramanayya</ref>

[[Dadala]] was also appointed as Acting Commissioner for Yanam for 14 days. Towards the end of June 1954, [[Kewal Singh]] paid a visit to Yanam and requested Dadala's return to Pondicherry to continue his activities there. On 3 July, on Kewal Singh's request, Dadala left Yanam, after making all arrangements for its proper administration.

===De facto transfer===
Yanam remained under French control till 13 June 1954, when it joined the Republic of India by Indian military action. On 1 November 1954, after long years of freedom struggle the ''de facto transfer'' (Vāstavikāntaraṇa) of the four enclaves of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], Yanam, [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], and [[Karikal]] to India was achieved.

The Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], visited Puducherry on 16 January 1955. Messrs [[Edouard Goubert]], S. Perumal, Dadala and Sri Pakirisamy Pillai presented addresses to Pandit Nehru in a public meeting in the maidan of Gorimedu. Since 2014, 1 November is celebrated as '''Liberation day''' throughout Puducherry U.T. and is a public Holiday. This initiative has been taken shortly after the NDA government had taken power in 2014 and then newly appointed Lt. Governor [[A. K. Singh]] had issued a notification regarding that decision of central government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/november-1-is-liberation-day/article6364429.ece|title=November 1 is Liberation Day|date=30 August 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>

===1956 Treaty of cession===
A treaty of cession was signed by the two countries on 28 May 1956.<ref name="Traité de Cession, 1956">{{cite web|url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/Inde-traite-cession-pondichery1956.htm|title=Traité de cession des Établissements français de Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé et Yanaon|language=French|year=1956|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> The ''[[de jure]]'' transfer was delayed until the end of the [[Algerian War]]. The treaty was ratified by the [[French parliament]] in May 1962.<ref name="ref1958">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0mAQAAIAAJ|title=Civil Affairs|volume=5|publisher=Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India|year=1958}}</ref>{{rp|103}} On 16 August 1962 (De Jure Day) India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held.

====Special administration status====
According to '''Traité de cession''' dated 1956, the [[Inde française|four former French colonies]] were assured of maintaining their special administrative status. That is why Puducherry is the only Union Territory with some special provisions like Legislative Assembly, French as official language, etc. This is the most important article in the '''Traité de Cession''', which ensures and safeguards the personal interest of the people regarding their special administrative status.

The '''Article II''' of '''1956 Traité de Cession''' which is valid in both English and French versions, states that,<ref name="Traité de Cession, 1956" />
<blockquote>{{lang|fr|Ces établissements conserveront le bénéfice du statut administratif spécial en vigueur avant le 1er novembre 1954. Toute modification constitutionnelle à ce statut ne pourra intervenir, le cas échéant, qu’après consultation de la population}} (The Establishments will keep the benefit of the special administrative status in force prior to 1 November 1954. Any constitutional changes in this status which may be made subsequently shall be made after ascertaining the wishes of the people.)</blockquote>

===De jure Transfer===
Treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 was ratified by the [[French parliament]] in May 1962. On 16 August 1962 India and France exchanged the instruments of [[ratification]] under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Every year on 16 August, the ''De jure Transfer Day'' ('''Vidhitāntaraṇa Dinamu''' in Telugu language) was nominally celebrated throughout [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Union Territory. Later, owing to the initiative by the Lt. Governor '''[[Kiran Bedi]]''', this day was celebrated for the first time by the Puducherry government. Until 2016 it was merely a public holiday with no official celebrations took place.<ref name=newsminute>{{cite news |last=Mathew |first=Pheba |date=16 August 2016 |title=Liberated from France 55 years ago, Puducherry celebrated 'De Jure Day' for the first time ever |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/liberated-france-55-years-ago-puducherry-celebrates-de-jure-day-first-time-ever-48445 |work= The News Minute |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=DejureTransferDay2021>{{cite web|date=16 August 2016 |title=68th De Facto Merger Day of Puducherry to Be Celebrated on November 1 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/68th-de-facto-merger-day-of-puducherry-to-be-celebrated-on-november-1-4387469.html|work= News18 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

===Merger with the Union Territory of Pondicherry===
Pondicherry and the settlements of Karikal, Mahé and [[Yanaon]] became a [[Union Territory]] with effect from 7 January 1963 by the [[Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India|14th amendment]] to the [[Indian Constitution]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|work=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|pages=474–475|year=1963|isbn=9780230270923}}</ref> which was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 29 December 1962.<ref name="Lok Sabha Secretariat">{{cite web|title=Constitution Amendment in India|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/2.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=2 December 2013|page=87|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013122/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In the same year, on 10 May, as the people aspired for a popular Government, the [[Indian Parliament]] enacted the '''Government of Union Territories Act, 1963''' that came into force on '''1 July 1963''', and the pattern of Government prevailing in the rest of the country was introduced in this territory also, but subject to certain limitations.<ref name="1963Act">{{cite web|url=https://rajnivas.py.gov.in/rti/governmentunionterritoriesact1963.pdf|title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>

===Dates of important events of merger of French India===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ [[Inde française]]
! Establishment
! Liberation
! Referendum
! de facto transfer
! Treaty of Cession
! de jure transfer
! Merger
|-
| [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]]
| Partial{{note label|†|†|†}}
| 18 October 1954<ref name="HinduArticle2014">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry//article60086328.ece|title=Scant footfalls at memorials as De jure day comes and goes|date=25 August 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
| 1 November 1954<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| 28 May 1956 <ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference">{{cite book|last1=Minnerop |first1=Petra|last2=Wolfrum|first2=Rüdiger |last3=Lachenmann|first3=Frauke |title=International Development Law: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-01-98835-09-7|page=308}}</ref>
| 16 August 1962<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| 1 July 1963 {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|-
| [[Chandernagore]]
| N.A.
| 19 June 1949<ref name="TelegraphArticle2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-vote-for-india-then-and-now/cid/1289400|title=A vote for India, then and now|date=29 April 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|language=en-IN|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
| 2 May 1950<ref name="TreatofCessionChandernagoreDateReference"/>{{rp|180}}
| 2 February 1951<ref name="TreatofCessionChandernagoreDateReference">{{cite book|last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath|title=Chandernagore : From Bondage to Freedom, 1900-1955 |publisher=Primus Books|year=2012|isbn=978-93-80607-23-8}}</ref>{{rp|211}}
| 9 June 1952<ref name="TreatofCessionChandernagoreDateReference"/>{{rp|280}}
| 2 October 1954<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bondyopadhyay|first1=Biswanath|title=Dictionary of Historical Places, Bengal, 1757 – 1947|year=2013 |publisher=Primus|isbn=978-93-80607-41-2|page=135}}</ref> {{small|into '''[[State of West Bengal]]'''}}
|-
| [[Karikal]]
| N.A.
| 18 October 1954<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| 1 November 1954<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| 28 May 1956<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| 16 August 1962<ref name= "TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| 1 July 1963 {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|-
| [[Mahé, India|Mahé]]
| 16 June 1954<ref name="1954liberation"/>
| 18 October 1954<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| 1 November 1954<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| 28 May 1956<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| 16 August 1962<ref name= "TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| 1 July 1963 {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|-
| '''[[Yanaon]]'''
| '''13 June 1954'''<ref name="1954liberation">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHeDwAAQBAJ|title=The Legacy of French Rule in India (1674-1954): An investigation of a process of Creolization|author= Animesh Rai|publisher= Institut français de Pondichéry|page=211|year=2020|isbn=979-10-36549-89-2}}</ref>
| '''18 October 1954'''<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| '''1 November 1954'''<ref name="HinduArticle2014"/>
| '''28 May 1956'''<ref name="TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| '''16 August 1962'''<ref name= "TreatofCessionDateReference"/>
| '''1 July 1963''' {{small|into '''[[Union Territory of Puducherry|UT of Pondicherry]]'''}}
|}
{{note label|†|†|†}} Some communes of Pondicherry were liberated. The communes of Nettapacom, Tiroubouvane were liberated on 31 March 1954 and 6 April 1954 respectively. Also, some villages of Bahour commune were liberated around same time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Liberated Communes in French India|date=17 May 1954|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Geography==
The district lies in the [[River delta|delta]] of the [[Godavari River]]; the town is situated where at the confluence of the [[Koringa River]], nine kilometres from the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the [[Circar coast]].

===Soil===
Yanam's soil is [[alluvium]] consisting of sand clay and [[gravel]]. It is [[Soil color|grey black]] and clay-like in composition. A few thin layers of sandy [[clay]] or [[sand]] approximating 0.3 metres in thickness, are intercalated with the clay soil. The river sand on the bank of Gauthami, Godavari consist of [[quartz]], [[felspar]] and [[mica]], with [[monazite]] found in the black streaks. There are no minerals of economic value in the region.

===Irrigation===
Yanam receives irrigation water via the Bank Canal, which begins at the [[Dowleswaram]] headworks of Sir [[Arthur Cotton]]'s [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] on the River [[Godavari River|Godavari]], downstream from [[Rajahmundry]]. The canal runs towards east to Pillanka, a village near Yanam, and is popularly known as ''French Channel'', having been built under a 1949 agreement between the then [[French Government]] and the [[Government of India]]. It provides irrigation and drinking water to the areas west of the Coringa River.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5a9d01fddcda0a0001b04edf/5a9e23506851690001023a71_the-union-treritory-of-pondicherry-in-maps-and-charts.pdf|title=The Union Territory of Pondicherry, Maps & Charts|page=4|work= Ajaib Singh, Bureau of Statistics|publisher=Government of Pondicherry|year=1963}}</ref>

After its merger with the [[Republic of India]], irrigation was provided to about 5.6 km2 of dry land on the eastern side of the Coringa River by constructing an irrigation canal, the ''Adivipolam Channel'', from the tail end of Tallarevu South Canal and the starting point of the Neelapalli Channel on the right side. The work was undertaken by the Andhra Pradesh Public Works Department in 1964, and was completed and commissioned in June 1966. Like the French Channel, it provides irrigation and drinking water.

==Climate==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
Yanam's climate is characterised by high humidity (over 70% in the day and 60% in the evenings throughout the year), a hot summer season (with humidity of 68 to 80%), and plentiful rainfall. It enjoys the benefits of both the [[Climate of India#Monsoon|Southwest]] and [[Climate of India#Monsoon|Northeast]] monsoons. Average annual rainfall is 1226 mm.

===Temperature===

Temperatures in Yanam range from 27 °C to 45 °C in summer, and 17 °C to 28 °C in winter. From February, temperatures start rising rapidly until May, which is the hottest month, with the mean maximum around 37 °C and mean minimum around 28 °C. Humidity being high, the heat is exhausting. The maximum temperature on some days in May or early June, before the onset of the south-west monsoon, may touch 47 °C. The sea breeze affords some relief in the afternoons.

Similarly, pre-[[monsoon]] thunder-showers may also bring relief on some days. With the onset of the monsoon in June the temperature falls rapidly, and usually remains steady until September. In this season the mean maximum temperature is around 32 °C, and night temperatures fall rapidly until December or January, when day temperatures are around 27 °C, and night temperatures around 19 °C. At times the minimum temperature may drop to 14 °C. December and January are the coolest months.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
| 1843 | 4,000
| 1882 | 4,536
| 1884 | 4,552
| 1885 | 4,266
| 1900 | 5,005
| 1901 | 4,681
| 1911 | 4,727
| 1926 | 4,995
| 1931 | 5,249
| 1936 | 5,220
| 1941 | 5,711
| 1948 | 5,853
| 1961 | 7,032
| 1971 | 8,291
| 1981 | 11,631
| 1991 | 20,297
| 2001 | 25,511
| 2011 | 31,500
| 2014 | 35,000
}}
{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Yanam had a population of 31,362. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. In Yanam, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
* 1843 – 4,000
* 1882 – 4,536<ref>Annuaire des etablissements français dans l’Inde pour l’année, 1882</ref>
* 1884 – 4,552<ref>Annuaire des etablissements français dans l’Inde pour l’année, 1884</ref>
* 1885 – 4,266
* 1900 - 5,005<ref>Paul Pelet. Atlas des colonies françaises dressées par ordre du ministère des
colonies, Paris : Librairie Armand Colin, 1900</ref>
* 1901 – 4,681<ref name="ReferenceC">Annuaire des etablissements français dans l’Inde pour l’année, 1900-1948</ref>
* 1911 – 4,727<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* 1926 – 4,995<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* 1931 – 5,249<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* 1936 – 5,220<ref>p.4, Indo-Chine-Inde – 1936</ref>
* 1941 – 5,711<ref>p.144, La population de l'Inde, by Pierre Meile.</ref>
* 1948 – 5,853<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* 1961 - 7,032<ref>Census 1961</ref>
* 1971 – 8,291
* 1981 – 11,631
* 1991 – 20,297<ref>Manorama Year Book (1993), pp20</ref>
* 2001 - 25,511
* 2011 - 31,500
* 2014 - 35,000

===Villages===
Apart from the town of Yanam itself, Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Savithrinagar, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur villages fall under the district's jurisdiction.

===Literacy===
Yanam has a literacy rate of 79.5%, higher than the national average of 74.04%, with male literacy at 82.8% and female literacy at 76.3%.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/980 |title=Census of India 2011 - Puducherry UT - Series 35 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Yanam |date=3 June 2021}}</ref>

==French nationality==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
{{See also|French nationality law}}
After liberation, the French government offered citizenship to the people living in colonies of [[French India]], i.e., [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondichéry]], [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], [[Karikal]] and Yanam. French law made it easy for thousands of ''colons'', ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and East Africa, India and [[Indochina]] to live in mainland France.

In Yanam, some 10,000 people chose French nationality. According to some estimates, nearly 120 to 150 [[Telugu people|Telugu]] families from former French India live in France. On the other hand, there are some French nationals living in Yanam and enjoying French pension (In [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''Guddi Pinchanu'').

The ''Yanam French Peoples Association'' was formed and its president is Penupothu Suryanarayan. As of the 2000s, around 80 French nationals live in Yanam.

==Court House (Palais de justice)==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
The Court building is situated in an ancient white monument building of French architecture. It is called the ''Palais de justice'' ('''[[Court House]]''') and located at Thiagaraja Street, Yanam to the next of Municipality building. The building has two floors - the ground floor is the court and the first floor is the residential quarters of the judge. The building was renovated in 1967 and inaugurated by Thiru [[S.L. Silam]], the then [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]].

===Dutch India===
Yanam Judicial Magistrate Court is an ancient court formed prior to the French domain i.e. before 1725 while Yanam was as a [[Dutch India|Dutch colony]]. The Judicial Magistrate Court was existing then.

Subsequently, while this area came under the French on the reorganisation of French domain in 1725 the same court has been converted as French Court under French Law as a Judicial Court. Both civil and criminal cases tried there.

===After independence===
After independence, the court was converted as an Indian Court as a Judicial Magistrate Court, Yanam in 1956, whereas, the Regional Administrative Officer of Yanam was the judge of the court having both executive and judicial powers on civil and criminal cases.

After the bifurcation of the judiciary, the court came under a separate Judicial Department of Government of Puducherry and under the administration of the [[Madras High Court|High Court]], [[Madras]] and it was termed as a Judicial First Class Magistrate Court cum District Munsif Court. Subsequently, under the reform by the High Court, Madras, the Yanam was upgraded to that of a Subordinate Judge (Civil Judge-Senior Division)/Assistant Sessions Judge cum Judicial Magistrate of I Class in 2000. Now because of this upgrade, all the civil cases up to the pecuniary jurisdiction of Rs. 500,000 are triable by the court. On the criminal side, the court has jurisdiction to try all cases up to 307 IPC except cases having a death sentence. Further, the court is empowered to deal with the motor accident claims, family cases, LAOPs (Land Acquisition of Puducherry), etc. Currently, S. D. Srinivas, Sr. Advocate is serving as the Public Prosecutor cum Asst Govt. Pleader since November 2022.

==Notable people==
* [[Chellapilla Venkata Sastry]] (1870–1950), poet
* [[Samatam Krouschnaya]], politician<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cidif2.go1.cc/index.php/lettres-du-c-i-d-i-f/40-lettre-n-28-29/194-28-057-samatayam-kristaya-yanaonais-mort-pour-la-france|date=29 December 2008|author=J.B.P.More|title=SAMATAM KRISTAYA, un Yanaonais mort pour la France|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922234214/http://cidif2.go1.cc/index.php/lettres-du-c-i-d-i-f/40-lettre-n-28-29/194-28-057-samatayam-kristaya-yanaonais-mort-pour-la-france|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dadala Rafael Ramanayya]], leader of the [[Coup d'État de Yanaon]].
* [[Bezawada Bapa Naidou]], politician
* [[Bouloussou Soubramaniam Sastroulou]], politician<ref>The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French rule to Integration with India (2007), by J B Prashant More.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWwEAAAAIAAJ|title=p.50. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, 1952 - Science.|work=Indian Science Congress Association|year=1952}}</ref>
*[[Kamichetty Venugopala Rao Naidou]], politician
* His son, [[Kamisetty Venugopala Rao Naidu]], politician
* [[Malladi Krishna Rao]], politician

==Administration==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}

===Local administration===
{{See also|Pondicherry Municipal Council}}
Following the introduction of the Pondicherry Municipalities Act, 1973, four municipalities came into existence in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Karaikal]], [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] and Yanam towns. The entities of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam communes formed the municipalities of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Under the new law, all functions excluding those assigned to the Chairman (i.e., those hitherto exercised by the Mayor) appointed under the municipal decree came to be exercised by the [[Commissioner]]. The Mayors were also relieved of their day-to-day administrative responsibilities enabling them to be in greater contact with the public. Commissioners were appointed as the Chief Executive Heads of the Municipalities, in ranks according to the grade of the municipalities.
[[File:Organigramme of Yanam Municipality.gif|thumb|Organigramme of Yanam Municipality]]
Yanam Municipality is composed of 10 municipal wards,
*Mettakur
*Ambedkar Nagar
*Vishnalayam
*Pillaraya
*Giriumpeta
*Farampeta
*Pydikondala
*Pedapudi
*Aghraharam
*Kanakalapeta

===Legislative administration===
{{See also|Pondicherry Representative Assembly|Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Yanam (Union Territory Assembly constituency)}}
As the people aspired for a popular government, the [[Indian Parliament]] enacted the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 that came into force on 1 July 1963, and the pattern of government prevailing in the rest of the country was introduced in this territory. Under Article 239 of the [[Indian Constitution]], the President of India appoints an Administrator to head the administration of the territory. The [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly]] was converted into the '''[[Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry]]''' on 1 July 1963 as per Section 54(3) of '''The Union Territories Act, 1963'''<ref name="1963Act"/> and its members were deemed to have been elected to the Assembly.<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|work= G. C. Malhotra|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>{{rp|966}} The elections for the Puducherry Legislative Assembly held since 1964. Thus, the MLAs of Yanam to the '''[[First Assembly of Pondicherry|First Legislvative Assembly]] (1963-1964)''' were Smt.'''[[Kamichetty Savithri]]''' and Shri '''[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]'''. Smt. Savithri also happens to be the ''First lady MLA of Yanam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAkuAAAAYAAJ|title=Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976|page=251|work= Ajīta Kaura, Arpana Caur|publisher=India International Publications|year=1976}}</ref>

After delimitation in 1964, Yanam was allocated with one seat in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. From 1964 to 1989, [[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]] held this constituency as his pocket borough until his death without facing any challenge in winning the seat consecutively in 1964 ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]), 1969 ([[Independent (politician)|IND]]), 1974 (IND), 1977 ([[Janata Party|JP]]), 1980 (IND) and in 1985 (INC).

The present [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of Yanam is Shri. [[Gollapalli Srinivas Ashok]]. He contested the [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate and won against the then incumbent Shri. [[Malladi Krishna Rao]].

==Official languages==
{{See also|Official languages of Puducherry|Names of Puducherry in its official languages}}
The official languages used in Yanam for most of the official purposed are Telugu and English.
'''French''' is also an official language of Puducherry Union territory. Though it was [[official language]] of [[French India]] (1673–1954), its official language status was preserved by '''Traité de Cession''' (Treaty of Cession) signed by India and France on 28 May 1956 and Pondicherry assembly resolution in 1963.<ref name="1963assemblyresolution"/> It remained as [[de jure]] official language of Puducherry U.T by the '''Article XXVIII''' of 1956 Traité de Cession, which states that,<ref name="Traité de Cession, 1956" />
<blockquote>{{lang|fr|Le français restera langue officielle des Établissements aussi longtemps que les représentants élus de la population n’auront pas pris une décision différente}} (The French language shall remain the official language of the Establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise.)</blockquote>

An official mention in [[Rajya Sabha]] Parliamentary debates during 2006 confirm that Puducherry have all these five languages as official.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwsNAQAAMAAJ |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Volume 208, Issues 18-19 |author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha |date=2006|page=263 |website=www.gstcouncil.gov.in |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Bus station complex at Yanam.JPG|thumb|The Rajiv Gandhi Bus Complex building located at the new bus stand of Yanam.]]
The national highway [[NH 216]] passes through Yanam. The nearest major railway station to the town is [[Kakinada Town railway station]] which is nearly 27 km away. The nearest airport to Yanam is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] which is 65 km away.

The [[Yanam bus station]] is located in the town.

==Vishnalayam==
Vishnalayam (Temple of Lord Vishnu), also known as the Venkateswara Temple, is a 15th-century temple located on Vishnalayam Street in Yanam.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2009|editor=Online Archive |title=Yanam to emerge as tourist hub |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/Oct/25/yanam-to-emerge-as-tourist-hub-97913.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=30 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2019|editor=J. Stalin |title=Yanam to emerge as tourist hub |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100819/madras-high-court-upholds-order-on-yanam-temple-facelift.html|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=30 January 2026}}</ref> The presiding deity is Lord [[Venkateswara]] and his consort [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Sri Alivelu Manga]]. The God is well known as "Venkanna Babu", "Chaldikudu Venkanna" and "Meesala Venkanna".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2009 |title=Veṃkaṭēśvarasvāmi Kaḷyāṇōtsavālu Cūtamurāraṇḍi |url= |trans-title= Come! Let us watch the marriage festival of Venkateswara Swami |work=Vaartha Telugu Newspaper|language=Telugu |location= Yanam|publisher=Vaartha Telugu News Paper}}</ref> The speciality of the Temple is that the Swamy Idol has big moustaches like Lord Sathyanarayana Swamy of [[Annavaram]]. Every year, the annual marriage festival known as [[Yanam Venkanna Babu Kalyāṇōtsavam]] is celebrated.<ref>{{cite news|editor=BTNV |language=Telugu|date= 13 February 2023|title=21 nuñci mīsāla veṅkanna kalyāṇōtsavālu|url=https://telugu.getlokalapp.com/andhra-news/east-godavari/mummidivaram/21-to-mesala-venkanna-kalyanotsavam-9229321|work= Getlokal Telugu|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[YSR Indoor Stadium]] is an indoor stadium in the city which has hosted matches of Junior National Badminton Championships, South Zone basketball championships as well as few volleyball and basketball matches. In [[2011 Indian Volley League|2011]] the [[Indian Volley League]]'s third leg matches were held there, and it became the home of the [[Yanam Tigers]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2068080.ece The Hindu] Retrieved 24 June 2011</ref>

==See also==
* [[Municipal Administration in French India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yanam}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050130000201/http://yanam.nic.in/ Official regional website of Yanam]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024284 Future of French India, by Russel H. Fifield (Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Michigan)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901061842/http://www.telugudiaspora.com/telugu_countries_article5.htm Pravasandhrulu in France: identity and integration by Jonnalagadda Anuradha, France]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080409232005/http://pondicherry.nic.in/ Official website of the government of the Union Territory of Puducherry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080504075520/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133.htm Indian Ministry for External Affairs – 1956 Treaty of Cession]
*[https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1955.tb02588.x The French and Portuguese Settlements in India]
*[http://www.tourism-of-india.com/yanam.html Tourism in Yanam]

{{Puducherry}}
{{Former French colonies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yanam| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Yanam district]]

Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region

2026-03-10T03:29:24Z

Antiexsolutions: new

'''Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region''' (MOVCD-NER) is a central sector scheme under the [[Government of India]]'s organic scheme which aims at development of organic value chains in the [[Northeast India|North East Region]] of India. The scheme is being implemented in all eight states of the [[Northeast India|North East India]] namely [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]] and [[Tripura]] since 2015-16.
[[File:Pineapple field in an FPO in Nagaland.jpg|thumb|Pineapple FPO in Nagaland]]

The scheme entails creation of 100 [https://www.nabard.org/demo/auth/writereaddata/File/FARMER%20PRODUCER%20ORGANISATIONS.pdf FPO]/[http://sfacindia.com/UploadFile/Statistics/Farmer%20Producer%20Organizations%20Scheme.pdf FPC] across the eight states comprising a total area of 50000 [[hectare]]. As of 2018, 50,000 farmers have been engaged under the scheme. The scheme provides support to the complete value chain through inputs, seeds, organic certification, creation of facilities for collection, aggregation, processing, marketing and brand building initiative.<ref name=":1"/> [[Organic certification]] of the land under the FPOs is done by a third-party certification body under the National Programme for Organic Production ([http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/organic/index.htm NPOP]), which is mandatory for exports.

== Background ==

India’s North-East region has witnessed a very limited use of agro-chemicals with farmers using traditional methods and on-farm inputs for farming. The region is also characterized by a diverse [[Agroecology|agro-ecological]] zones, variable terrain and sufficient rainfall to support a wide variety of fruit, grain and spice crops. The organic credentials of the region received a boost in the year 2016 when Sikkim was declared India’s first organic state by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sikkim-becomes-the-first-fully-organic-state-of-india-304412-2016-01-18|title=Sikkim becomes the first fully organic state of India|date=January 18, 2016|first=Manogya|last=Loiwal|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> MOVCD-NER scheme was conceptualized to explore this untapped potential for organic in the region.

== Scheme components ==
[[File:Turmeric Powdering Unit in Dimapur, Nagaland.jpg|thumb|Turmeric Powdering Unit in Dimapur, Nagaland]]
The scheme has been divided into various value chain components which includes Production, Processing and Marketing for which support is provided to the farmer/FPO in terms of organic inputs, organic certification, processing and storage infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1548792|title=Financial assistance is being provided by the government to promote value chain in organic farming in North East region : Radha Mohan Singh|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Under its Value Chain Processing component, the scheme offers subsidies to FPOs and private investors to set up processing and post-harvest infrastructure such as integrated processing units, collection centres, grading and sorting centres, cold storage units, and refrigerated transport. Subsidies of up to 50% can be availed by private companies while the FPOs can avail a 75% subsidy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181608|title=Organic Farming|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>

== Scheme subsidies ==

The scheme offers financial assistance for setting up the following:<ref name=":0" />

# Functional infrastructure for collection, aggregation, grading units and North-Eastern (NE) organic bazaar @ Rs. 15 lakh (75% subsidy).
# Integrated Processing Units with Total Financial Outlay (TFO) of Rs. 600 lakh or more limited to 75% to Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) and 50% to private entrepreneurs as credit linked back ended subsidy.
# Integrated pack house with 75% subsidy to FPCs on TFO of 50 lakh or more and 50% to private entrepreneurs or maximum of 37.50 lakh whichever is less as credit linked back ended subsidy.
# Transportation/ 4-wheeler up to TFO of 12 lakh (50%).
# Refrigerated transport vehicle/ Pre-cooling/ cold stores/ ripening chambers up to TFO of 25 lakh (75% subsidy to FPC and 50% to private).

== Crops ==
The FPOs of the MOVCD-NER scheme grow a variety of spices, fruits and grain crops like turmeric,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://dirhorti.assam.gov.in/schemes/mission-organic-value-chain-development-in-assam-movcda|title=Mission Organic Value Chain Development in Assam |website=dirhorti.assam.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Ginger,<ref name=":1" /> large cardamom, chilli, pineapple,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pineapple – Welcome Manipur Organic Mission Agency website|url=https://momamanipur.com/pineapple/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/export-organic-pineapples-brings-smiles-manipur-growers.html|title=Export of organic pineapples brings smiles to Manipur growers|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> kiwi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sikkim-produces-80000-metric-tonne-of-organic-vegetables/1186910|title=Sikkim produces 80,000 metric tonne of organic vegetables|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> mandarin, red rice,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agri-horti.assam.gov.in/schemes/mission-organic-value-chain-development-in-assam-movcd|title=Mission Organic Value Chain Development in Assam |website=agri-horti.assam.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> Black [[Aromatic rice|Aromatic Rice]] (''Chakhao''),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Aromatic Rice (Cak – Hao) – Welcome Manipur Organic Mission Agency website|url=https://momamanipur.com/chak-chao/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> Kachai Lemon,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kachai Lemon|url=https://momamanipur.com/kachai-lemon/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> [[glutinous rice]], etc.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]

Cultural development of Kamarupa

2026-03-07T09:58:45Z

Antiexsolutions: starting a details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{tone|date=June 2012}}
{{Kamarupa}}
{{Assam History}}
[[Kamarupa]] was a kingdom in [[Northeast India]] that was ruled by three dynasties ([[Varman dynasty|Varmans]], [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]], and [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Palas]]) from their capitals in [[Pragjyotishpura]], [[Tezpur|Haruppeshwara]], and [[Durjaya]]. The kingdom was known for its power and influence in the region.

==Early development==
[[Xuanzang]]'s historical account from the seventh century mentions that the people of Kamarupa practised [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] worship and did not adhere to [[Buddhism]]. However, there were a few Buddhists who conducted their devotional rituals in secret due to fears of persecution. [[Shilabhadra]], a prominent figure, showed respect to accomplished [[Shramana|shramanas]] (Buddhist monks).
[[File:Nidhanpur Inscription of Bhaskar Varman.jpg|left|thumb|{{center|''[[Bhaskaravarman]] [[Nidhanpur]] inscription''}}]]
While Brahmanic rituals were widely followed by the general population, Buddhism also thrived in Kamarupa. The "Sankara Digvijaya" mentions a philosophical debate between Sankaracharya, a prominent Brahmanic leader of the ninth century, and [[Abhinavagupta|Abhinava Gupta]], a renowned Buddhist scholar, in Kamarupa. Similarly, Kumarila Bhatta, another influential Brahmanic leader, lived in India during the same period, possibly originating from Kamarupa.<ref>C.N Krishnaswami Aiyar, ''Sri Sankaracharya; His life and times'', p.26</ref>

According to [[Giuseppe Tucci]], based on Tibetan sources such as "Grub To'b" and "Bka ababs bdun ldan," the Buddhist Siddha [[Matsyendranath|Minanatha]], revered in Tibet as an incarnation of [[Avalokiteswara|Avalokiteśvara]], was believed to have been a fisherman from Kamarupa.<ref>''J.P.A.S.B'' (New Series) - vol. XXVI (1930), no.1, p.133-141</ref> The claim by Mahamohopadhya Pandit [[Haraprasad Shastri|Haraprasad Sastri]] that Minanatha hailed from Bengal and belonged to the weaver caste seems to be incorrect.<ref>M.M Pandit H.P Shastri, ''Bauddha Gan O Doha''</ref> Minanatha is credited with writing the Akulaviratantra and is mentioned as one of the twenty-four [[Kapalika]] Siddhas in the Sabaratantra.<ref name="J.P.A.S.B,_vol.XXVI_(1930),_p.133-141">''J.P.A.S.B'', vol.XXVI (1930), p.133-141</ref>

It has been suggested that Visakha Datta, the renowned playwright of the Mudrarakshasam drama, who thrived in the latter part of the seventh century, may have come from the region of Kamarupa, located between the Teesta and the Kausika rivers.<ref>J.P.A.S.B, vol.XXVI, p.241-245</ref> Additionally, there is mention of a Kamrupi pandit named Vishnusomacharya, to whom Anantavarman granted lands.<ref>R.D Banerji, ''History of Orissa'' - vol. I, p.233-241</ref>

==Standard of architecture==
[[File:Assam MK Lion.JPG|200px|left|thumb|{{center|[[Madan Kamdev]]}}]]
The shrine of Pandu in Kamarupa contains five rock-cut figures. Among them, four depict Ganesha, and one represents a female deity, likely Durga. Additional carvings on the western slope of Kamakhya hill, facing the [[Brahmaputra]] River, include representations of the sun god and Indra, as identified by Mr. Dikshit.<ref name=Annual_Report_of_the_Archaeological_Survey_of_India>''Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India''(1923-24), p.80-81</ref>

According to Mr. R. D. Banerji, these carvings can be attributed to the seventh or eighth century AD.<ref>''Annual Report, A.S.I'' (1924-25), p.100-101</ref> The ruins in and around Tezpur are more extensive and diverse in nature. Dr. Bloch suggested that the modern civil stations of Guwahati and Tezpur may have been built upon large mounds containing remnants of ancient cities. During construction work in 1906, the remains of an ancient stone building were uncovered in Tezpur's Deputy Commissioner's office. Numerous carved and sculptured stones were discovered, with most of them being relocated to the compounds of European officers and the tea planters club for decorative purposes. Some of these artefacts were later transferred and displayed at Cole Park.

Within the public park in Tezpur, there are two specimens that appear to belong to a different temple from a later period. One is a tall doorjamb, while the second is a slab featuring three sunken panels with crude human or divine figures. Among the collection, there is only one specimen carved in the round, depicting a lion, possibly riding an elephant. The representation of the lion indicates that the residents of the Assam valley had limited familiarity with the king of beasts. As mentioned by Mr. Banerji, Assam is the only province in India where the history of architecture and sculpture remains largely unknown.

For this reason, a substantial quotation from a reliable source is included to shed light on the subject. However, there is uncertainty as to whether Mr. Banerji's conjecture that the ruins in Tezpur only represent temples is accurate. The remains of the stone building discovered in the Kutchery compound may actually belong to the palace of Vanamala, believed to have been constructed in the ninth century. It is also unlikely that any of the buildings mentioned by Mr. Banerji were erected in the twelfth century, as it is probable that the capital Haruppeswara was abandoned by [[Brahma Pala]] toward the end of the tenth century. Therefore, the buildings in Tezpur likely date back to the ninth century. Furthermore, the grand temple described by Mr. Banerji, which he speculates was a sun temple, could be similar to the Himalayan-like temple of Hataka Sulin recreated by Vanamala. In his report for the year 1925–26, Mr. Banerji provides a detailed description of the Bamuni Hill ruins, situated east of Tezpur town.

Relics of ancient architecture and sculpture are not limited to Guwahati and Tezpur but can be found in various other locations. Along the Golaghat-Dimapur road, two images were discovered, one of which is a Vishnu image now preserved in the museum of the Kamaruppa Anusandhan Samiti. Regarding this image, Mr. K. N. Dikshit notes that it is a fine example of ninth-century Assamese art,<ref>''Annual report of Archaeological Survey of India'', (1923-24), p.82</ref> inscribed with characters similar to those of the Harjara inscription from Tezpur. The image portrays Vishnu holding a conch in the left upper hand and a gada (mace) in the left lower hand. Vishnu is adorned with customary ornaments, including the kaustubha and srivatsa symbols, a sacred thread, and a long garland (vanamala) reaching the knees. The facial expression, treatment of the lower lip, and crown style are characteristic of late Gupta sculpture. The image features the Dhyana mudra and is surrounded by ararana devatas such as Durga, Ganesa, Kartikeya, and the winged Garuda. Mr. K. N. Dikshit suggests that the presence of Ganesa and Mahishamardini on the right indicates the intention to depict Vishnu at the centre of the five gods (Panchadevata). The deities on the left, however, deviate from expectations, with the upper figure appearing as Hanuman or an attendant of Vishnu and the lower one resembling a seated cross-legged ascetic, likely representing the donor as a devotee.

At the entrance of the sub-divisional officer's residence in Sibsagar, there is a collection of stone images and architectural fragments believed to be remnants of a Vishnu temple dating from the tenth to eleventh centuries AD. Mr. Dikshit suggests that these sculptures largely follow the artistic traditions of the Tezpur and Bamuni Hill temples of central Assam, attributed to the ninth and tenth centuries.

The ancient temple near Sibsagar was likely constructed by the Kamarupa kings during the tenth or eleventh century, indicating their rule extended to the easternmost corner of the Assam valley until at least the eleventh century. Mr. Dikshit also observes that Assamese art shows closer affinities with the schools of Bihar and Orissa than the contemporary Pala art of Bengal,<ref>''Annual Report of Archaeological Survey of India'' (1927-28), p.112-113</ref> which is understandable considering the influential cultural connections between Mithila and Kamarupa.

Another example of the architectural and engineering prowess of the ancient people of Kamarupa is the construction of stone bridges over rivers. In the western part of [[North Guwahati]], there is a small stone bridge known as Silsako. The other Silsako bridge, located over a channel of the Barnadi River, was a significant transit point from the west but was destroyed in the great earthquake of 1897. The bridges were constructed without the use of lime and mortar, likely due to the heavy rainfall and abundant vegetation that would have deteriorated mortar-based structures. Hannay, who observed and measured the bridge in 1851, provided a description.<ref>''J.A.S.B'' - no.IV (1851), p.290-294</ref>

[[File:Copper Plate Seal of Kamarupa Kings.jpg|200px|right|thumb|{{center|Copper Plate Seal of Kamarupa Kings}}]]

==See also==
* [[Kamrup (disambiguation)|Kamrup]]
* [[Kamrupi (disambiguation)|Kamrupi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title= The Social History of Kamarupa|last=Vasu |first=Nagendranath |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22918}}
* {{cite book |title= Kamarupa-Kalinga-Mithila politico-cultural alignment in Eastern India: history, art, traditions|last=Tripathi |first=Chandra Dhar |year=2008 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|page=197}}
* {{cite book |title= Kamarupa|last=Wilt |first=Verne David |year=1995 |publisher=V.D. Wilt|page=47}}
* {{cite book |title=Ancient India |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |page=538}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of ancient Indian geography |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications|page=364}}
* {{cite book |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |publisher=New Age International|page=668}}
* {{cite book |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |year=2002 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|page=320}}
* {{cite book |title= Aspects of historical geography of Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa (ancient Assam)|last=Sarkar |first=Ichhimuddin |year=1992 |publisher=Naya Prokash|page=295}}
* {{cite book |title=The great Indian corridor in the east |last=Deka |first=Phani |year=2007 |publisher=Mittal Publications|page=404}}
* {{cite book |title=Assam's history and its graphics |last=Pathak |first=Guptajit |year=2008 |publisher=Mittal Publications|page=211}}
* {{cite book |title=Readings in the history & culture of Assam |last=Samiti |first=Kamarupa Anusandhana |year=1984 |publisher=Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti|page=227}}
{{refend}}

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Kamrupi culture]]
[[Category:Kamarupa]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Assam|Kamarupa]]

Olavum Theeravum (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:37:10Z

Antiexsolutions: made first pg nd citations

{{Short description|2024 Indian featurette}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Olavum Theeravum
| image = Olavum Theeravum 2024 film poster.png
| alt =
| caption = Digital release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| writer = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Olavum Theeravum''|M. T. Vasudevan Nair}}
| producer = {{ubl|Vikram Mehra|Siddharth Anand Kumar|Rohandeep Singh|Rajesh Kejriwal|Jay Pandya}}
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
| narrator = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = M. S. Aiyappan Nair
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = [[Yoodlee Films]] Jumping Tomato Studios Blankslate Films
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|8|15}}
| runtime = 58 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}
'''''Olavum Theeravum''''' ({{Translation|''Ripples and the [[Bank (geography)|bank]]''}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[period drama]] [[featurette]] written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and directed by [[Priyadarshan]]. It is based on Nair's 1957 short story of the same name and serves as a remake of the [[Olavum Theeravum|1970 film adaptation]]. The featurette is part of the [[anthology series|anthology]] web series ''[[Manorathangal]]'' ({{Translation|Mindscapes}}), which consists of nine featurettes adapted from Nair's short stories. [[Mohanlal]] appears as the main lead as Bapputty. It also features [[Mamukkoya]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] and [[Durga Krishna]] .

[[Principal photography]] for the featurette began in July 2022 in and around [[Thodupuzha]] and was completed in five and a half days. In keeping with the style of the 1970 film, the featurette was made in [[black-and-white]] format. The release was delayed for two years due to the anthology series, originally commissioned for [[Netflix]], being turned down by the platform reportedly due to [[cost overrun]]. ''Olavum Theeravum'' was released on [[ZEE5]] for [[digital streaming]] on 15 August 2024.

==Premise==
Set in a riverside hamlet in 1950s [[Malabar District|Malabar]], A boatman named Bapputty falls in love with Nebeesu while delivering the belongings of a deceased passenger to her family. A wealthy outsider, Kunjali, also desires Nebeesu and becomes a rival to Bapputty. Despite facing numerous challenges and misunderstandings, Bapputty's love for Nebeesu remains steadfast. The story culminates in a dramatic confrontation between the two men, with Bapputty asserting his love for Nebeesu.

==Cast==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Bappootty
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Beevathu
* [[Durga Krishna]] as Nabeesu
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Mammadikka
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Kunjali
* Vijilesh Karayad as Narayanan
* Vinod Kovoor as Fisherman
* Appunni Sasi as Bangle Seller
* Jayaprakash Kuloor as Mollakka
* Jayaraj Kozhikode as Mooppan
* Vijayan Karanthoor as Sulaiman
* Babu Annoor as Abdu
* Muhammed Eravattur as Kuttan Nair
* Saiffudin as Veluthedathu Nair
* George Idukki as Cheruman
* Priya Kozhikode as Neeli
* Jayachandran A V as Butcher Moosa

==Production==
===Development===
''Olavum Theeravum'' is part of an [[anthology series]], ''[[Manorathangal]]'' ({{Translation|Mindscapes}}), consisting of nine [[featurette]]s, based on nine short stories of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], which was originally produced for [[Netflix]].<ref name="OTTPlay1">{{cite web |last1=Krishna |first1=Gayathri |title=ZEE5 snaps up OTT rights of MT Vasudevan Nair anthology, starring Mohanlal and Mammootty, from Netflix? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-mt-vasudevan-nair-anthology-bagged-by-zee5/1922eadd70197 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=14 July 2024 |date=13 July 2024}}</ref> The anthology draws inspiration from ''[[Stories by Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (2015), a television series based on the works of poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thampuran |first1=Atmaja Varma |title=MT Vasudevan Nair, Mollywood A-listers come together for Netflix anthology |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/01/12/mt-vasudevan-nair-mammootty-mohanlal-netflix-anthology.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=12 January 2022}}</ref> Written by Nair himself, ''Olavum Theeravum'' is based on his 1957 short story of the same name and serves as a remake of [[Olavum Theeravum|the 1970 film]] directed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=C. E. Features |title=Mohanlal, Priyadarshan film Olavum Theeravum wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Jul/17/mohanlal-priyadarshan-film-olavaum-theeravum-wrapped-up-32812.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Local News Desk |title=Mohanlal Starrer Olavum Theeravum's Shooting Wrapped Up |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mohanlal-starrer-olavum-theeravums-shooting-wrapped-up-5586691.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]] |date=19 July 2022}}</ref> This new segment in the anthology was initially reported by the media in September 2021, to be directed by [[Priyadarshan]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Web Team |title='ഓളവും തീരവും' റീമേക്കിന് മോഹന്‍ലാലും പ്രിയദര്‍ശനും? |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-and-priyadarshan-to-remake-mt-vasudevan-nair-script-of-olavum-theeravum-r09bma |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=30 September 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> It would make ''Olavum Theeravum'' Priyadarshan's second featurette in the anthology after ''Shilalikhithangal'', making him the only director who has directed two featurettes in ''Manorathangal''.<ref name="2ndfilm">{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Exclusive! Mohanlal and Priyadarshan to begin shooting for this star-studded Netflix project in July |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-mohanlal-and-priyadarshan-to-begin-shooting-for-this-star-studded-netflix-project-in-july/ec4c3c9a92276 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=14 July 2024 |date=14 June 2022}}</ref>

Priyadarshan was invited to join the project by Aswathy V. Nair, Nair's daughter and the creative producer of the anthology. After discussing the offer with Nair, Priyadarshan agreed to take on the role of [[showrunner]] and direct a featurette based on a short story of his choice.<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |title=Director Priyadarshan interview: On 'Manorathangal' and how he sees MT Vasudevan Nair as his guru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-priyadarshan-interview-on-manorathangal-and-how-he-sees-mt-vasudevan-nair-as-his-guru/article68500527.ece |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 August 2024}}</ref> He initially chose a different story, but it did not pan out as expected. Subsequently, Nair suggested ''Shilalikhithangal'', which Priyadarshan adapted. Upon completing ''Shilalikhithangal'', the producers expressed a desire to cast Mohanlal in an additional featurette<ref name="OP1">{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Priyadarshan on MT Vasudevan Nair's Manorathangal: 'I was jealous of Bharathan, Hariharan because…' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/priyadarshan-on-mt-vasudevan-nairs-manorathangal-i-was-jealous-of-bharathan-hariharan-because-exclusive/e0982ab41f932 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=14 August 2024 |date=24 July 2024}}</ref> and suggested that Priyadarshan direct it.<ref name="TH1"/> Priyadarshan proposed remaking ''Olavum Theeravum'' as his desire to become a director was sparked in high school when he read the published screenplay of the original film. However, both Nair and Mohanlal were skeptical about the story's relevance in contemporary times. Despite this, Mohanlal agreed to act in the remake as a gesture of support for Priyadarshan's dream. To address their concerns, Priyadarshan assured them that he would set the film in a period setting.<ref name="OP1"/> Nair edited the original 1970 screenplay to 50 minutes, making it the longest featurette in the anthology.<ref name="TH1"/>

[[Srikant Murali]] served as the associate director. The anthology was produced by [[Saregama|Saregama India]] through their production house [[Yoodlee Films]], with line production handled by Newsvalue Productions. Aswathi contributed as the creative producer, with Sudheesh Ambalappadu acting as the [[line producer]].<ref name="B&W">{{cite news |last=കോട്ടക്കൽ |first=ശ്രീകാന്ത് |title=ഓളവും തീരവും വരുന്നത് ബ്ലാക്ക് ആൻഡ് വൈറ്റിൽ, കഥയും ചരിത്രവും ആവർത്തിക്കാൻ പ്രിയദർശൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/olavum-theeravum-movie-in-black-and-white-mohanlal-priyadarshan-mt-vasudevan-nair-netflix-movie-1.7701943 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=17 July 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Mohanlal]] plays timber trader Baputty, the role played by [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] in the original film. In June 2022, a month before filming began, Priyadarshan said that he is yet to finalize the remaining cast barring Mohanlal.<ref name="2ndfilm"/> [[Durga Krishna]] was cast in the role of Nabeesa, played by [[Usha Nandini]] in the original.<ref name="wrapped"/> [[Hareesh Peradi]] was cast as the villain Kunjali (played by [[Jose Prakash]] in the original).<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title=Hareesh Peradi to play villain in Mohanlal's 'Olavum Theeravum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hareesh-peradi-to-play-villain-in-mohanlals-olavum-theeravum/articleshow/92538570.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 June 2022}}</ref> ''Olavum Theeravum'' marked [[Mamukkoya]]'s final film appearance, where he took on the role of Mammadikka, originally portrayed by Pariyanampatta Kunjunni Namboodirippad. Priyadarshan recalled that Mamukkoya had expressed a profound sense of fulfillment, stating that his "life was complete" as he remembered watching the original film's shooting as a spectator, never dreaming he would one day have the chance to perform in it himself.<ref name="OP1"/>

The cast also includes [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], Vinod Kovoor, Appunni Sasi, and Jayaprakash Kuloor.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Correspondent |title=Priyadarshan's 'Olavum Theeravum' shot in black and white |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/07/19/priyadarshan-olavum-theeravum-movie.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

===Filming===
The anthology began filming with its first featurette, ''Abhayam Thedi Veendum'', in 2021.<ref name="OTTPlay1"/> [[Principal photography]] for ''Olavum Theeravum'' began in early July 2022 in [[Thodupuzha]].<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title=Mohanlal begins shooting for Priyadarshan's 'Olavum Theeravum' in Thodupuzha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-begins-shooting-for-priyadarshans-olavum-theeravum-in-thodupuzha/articleshow/92779872.cms |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2022}}</ref> According to Priyadarshan, although the original screenplay mentioned the river as a character, the film itself did not prominently feature it, which left him disappointed. This prompted Priyadarshan to prioritize portraying the river as an integral character in the featurette.<ref name="B&W"/> The featurette was shot in and around various locations including [[Thommankuthu]], [[K. Chappathu|Chappathu]], [[Kudayathoor]], Kanjar,<ref>{{cite news |author=Correspondent |title=Mohanlal's arrival at Thommankuthu creates a flutter. Here's why |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/07/12/mohanlal-thommankuthu-film-shoot-youngsters-share-joy.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=12 July 2022}}</ref> and the [[Malankara Dam]] reservoir.<ref>{{cite news |author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ |title=എംടിക്ക് മലങ്കരയുടെ തീരത്ത് പിറന്നാൾ; മോഹൻലാലിനും പ്രിയദർശനുമൊപ്പം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/07/16/mt-vasudevan-nair-birthday-celebration-at-olavum-theeravum-set.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=16 July 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> A set was constructed in Kudayathoor.<ref>{{cite news |title=ഓളവും തീരവും മധുരം പകർന്നു; ഒരു ചെറുപുഞ്ചിരിയോടെ എം.ടി. |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/m-t-vasudevan-nair-s-birthday-celebration-1.7696635 |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=16 July 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

Mohanlal performed his own stunts in the rafting scenes in the flooded river.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |title=Manorathangal: Netizens laud Mohanlal for performing risky action scenes without a dupe in Olavum Theeravum |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manorathangal-netizens-laud-mohanlal-for-performing-risky-action-scenes-without-a-dupe/2ed207b09c740 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=14 August 2024 |date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mohanlal in lungi on raft amidst violent currents of Thommankuthu river wows fans |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-in-lungi-on-raft-amidst-violent-currents-of-thommankuthu-river-wows-fans-olavum-theeravum-1.7680709 |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=10 July 2022}}</ref> Filming wrapped up on 17 July 2022 in Thodupuzha.<ref name="wrapped">{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title=It's a wrap for Mohanlal-Priyadarshan's 'Olavum Theeravum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-priyadarshans-olavum-theeravum/articleshow/92946851.cms |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2022}}</ref> In the same month, it was revealed that the film would be released in [[black-and-white]] format, same as the 1970 film.<ref name="B&W"/> Since the 1984 film ''Ente Gramam'', only two films have been released entirely in black-and-white format—''[[1956, Central Travancore]]'' (2019) and ''[[Bramayugam]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Nijeesh |title=Flash Black & Futuristic White |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/flash-black-futuristic-white/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 February 2024}}</ref> Despite ''Olavum Theeravum'' completing production ahead of ''Bramayugam'', the two-year delay caused the latter to release first.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Web Team |title=ആ വ്യത്യസ്‍താനുഭവവുമായി എത്തി ഞെട്ടിച്ചത് മമ്മൂട്ടി; പക്ഷേ ആദ്യം ഷൂട്ട് പൂർത്തിയാക്കിയത് മോഹൻലാൽ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-completed-shoot-in-black-and-white-format-in-olavum-theeravum-before-bramayugam-starring-mammootty-nsn-s98uqv |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=22 February 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> In a 2022 interview with ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', actor [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], who portrayed Bappootty in the 1970 film adaptation, expressed his indifference towards filming in black-and-white. He noted that in 1970, Malayalam cinema was limited to black-and-white, despite the world being in colour. He felt the remake should have been in colour to offer a distinct experience for audiences viewing it 50 years later.<ref>{{cite news |author=ഭാനുപ്രകാശ് |title='ആ മുറിയുടെ വാതിൽ ഞാൻ ഇപ്പോഴും അടച്ചിട്ടില്ല...'; മധു അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/actor-madhu-interview-malayalam-movies-1.7895889 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=22 September 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

The entire filming process lasted five-and-a-half days. Although Nair edited the screenplay to 50 minutes, the final footage amounted to 55 minutes.<ref name="OP1"/> [[Santosh Sivan]] was the cinematographer, while [[Sabu Cyril]] handled the art direction.<ref>{{cite news |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |title=Mohanlal rowing a raft alone in a raging river, video goes viral |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=856213&u=mohanlal-rowing-a-raft-alone-in-a-raging-river-video-goes-viral-856213 |access-date=14 July 2024 |date=9 July 2022}}</ref> Dhanya Balakrishnan was the costume designer, while Libin Mohanan handled the makeup. [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] was the [[sound designer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Olavum Theeravum |url=https://newsvalueproductions.com/works.html |publisher=Newsvalueproductions.com |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref> The featurette's [[dubbing]] began in August.<ref>{{cite news |author1=C. E. Features |title=Dubbing works start for Olavum Theeravum |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Aug/05/dubbing-works-start-for-olavum-theeravum-33461.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

==Release==
''Olavum Theeravum'', along with the eight other featurettes, was originally commissioned for [[Netflix]]. However, the anthology series faced rejection by the streaming platform, purportedly due to [[cost overrun]]s resulting from the inclusion of new featurettes, including ''Olavum Theeravum''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Netflix drops Mohanlal, Mammootty and Fahadh Faasil's MT Vasudevan Nair anthology? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/netflix-drops-mt-vasudevan-nair-anthology-starring-mammootty-mohanlal-fahadh-after-tiff-with-producers/e5268ac3af319 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=14 July 2024 |date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mammootty-Mohanlal starrer anthology series based on MT Vasudevan Nair's works set for OTT release |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mammootty-mohanlal-among-others-manoradhangal-scripted-by-mt-vasudevan-nair-set-for-ott-release-1.9724393 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=14 July 2024}}</ref> The featurette was released on [[ZEE5]] for [[digital streaming]] on 15 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Kamal Haasan, Mohanlal, Mammootty, Fahadh Faasil Lead ZEE5 Global Anthology 'Manorathangal' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/kamal-haasan-mohanlal-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-zee5-manorathangal-1236073308/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sajesh Mohan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote: "Priyadarshan-Mohanlal team's 'Olavum Theeravum': A monochrome echo of a classic"<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyadarshan-Mohanlal team's 'Olavum Theeravum': A monochrome echo of a classic {{!}} 'Manorathangal' Series Review {{!}} Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/08/15/priyadarshan-mohanlal-durga-krishna-olavum-theeravum-manorathangal-series-review.html |publisher=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=15 August 2024 |date=15 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/manorathangal/0-6-4z5594936|''Manorathangal'' on ZEE5}}
* {{IMDb title|tt21289534}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Television films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]
[[Category:Television anthology episodes]]
[[Category:Featurettes]]
[[Category:Anthology web series]]

Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma

2026-02-23T05:47:52Z

Antiexsolutions: slightly update section per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian composer (1893–1979)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma
| image = Rallapalli ananthakrishna sharma.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 23 January 1893
| birth_place = Rallapalli, [[Kambadur]] taluq, [[Anantapur district]], Andhra Pradesh
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1979|3|11|1893|1|23}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
| occupation = Telugu pandit
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Composer, Writer, Scholar
| subject = Carnatic Music, Telugu, Kannada, Samskrit & Prakrit
| movement =
| spouse = Rukminamma
| partner =
| children = 5
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sangita Kalanidhi]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = [http://sites.google.com/site/rallapallisharma/ Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma]
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma''' (23 January 1893 – 11 March 1979) was a noted composer of Carnatic music, singer, Telugu literature, teacher and Sanskrit scholar. He was responsible for discovering and cataloguing many forgotten compositions of [[Annamacharya]].<ref name=":0">Anantha Krishna Sharma Rallapalli, Luminaries of 20th Century, Part I, Potti Sriramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005, pp: 8-9.</ref> These compositions revived by Sharma would be sung by successive singers like [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P. Balasubramanyam]] and [[M. S. Subbulakshmi|M. S. Subbalakshmi]] bringing popularity to the songs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma {{!}} Dr. S. Srikanta Sastri - Official Website |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/rallapallianantakrishnasharma |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Dr.S.Srikanta Sastri |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tāḷlapāka Annamayya pāṭalu {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/24084347 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma authored prose works like ''Vemana'', ''Natakopanyasamulu,''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nāṭakōpanyāsamulu {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/793546497 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> ''Ganakale,''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಗಾನಕಲೆ {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/20311233 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> ''Sahitya Mattu Jeevana Kale'' and ''Saraswatalokamu.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sārasvatālōkamu {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/30748233 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=రాళ్ళపల్లి అనంతకృష్ణశర్మ {{!}} తెలుగుబిడ్డ |url=http://www.telugubidda.in/content/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.telugubidda.in}}</ref> He also translated 395 (out of 700) ''Gathas'' from original [[Prakrit]] into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language titled ''Shalivahana Gatha Sapta Saramu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Śālivāhana gāthā saptaśatī sāramu {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/19987620 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> in 1931''.'' Sharma is the recipient of ''Central Sangeet & Natak Academy Fellowship'' (1973), ''Gana Kala Sindhu'' (1961), ''Gana Kala Prapoorna'' (1969)'', Sangeeta Kala Ratna'' (1974) and ''Sangeeta Sahitya Asthan Vidwan'' honours along with an Honorary Doctorate from TTD University, [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar''winners (Akademi Fellows)|publisher=Official website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206222925/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm|archivedate=6 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Parakala Mutt - as it stands today.jpg|alt=Parakala Matha (Religious Monastery in Mysore)|left|thumb|Parakala Matha (Religious Monastery in Mysore)]]
Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma was born on 23 January 1893 to parents Karnamadakala Krishnamacharya and Alamelu Mangamma. He was born in Rallapalli village in Kambadur taluk, [[Anantapur district]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Sharma and his sister Yadugiramma used to sing religious hymns inside the local fort at Rallapalli.

Sharma arrived in Mysore in 1905 at the age of twelve years and spent a year at [[Parakala Matha]] under the guidance of Krishnabrahmatantra Swamy. Sharma helped Swamy in bringing out '<nowiki/>''Alankara Manihara''<nowiki/>' - a treatise on [[Alankara Shastra|Alankara Sastra]]. After his tenure at Parakala Matha, he went to Pandit Ramashastry in [[Chamarajanagar]] to learn Sanskrit.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202105829/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/11/14/stories/2008111451360600.htm He turned the spotlight on Annamayya by Sriram Venkata Krishnan in The Hindu.]</ref> Later, in 1911, he married Rukminamma. Sharma lacked formal college or university education, but his proficiency in the traditional [[Shastra|Sastras]] and musical compositions became his main strength. He composed his first Sanskrit composition at the age of 14 years. It was a composition dedicated to [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]] titled '''Jalarashi Balelole''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-01 |title=శ్రీ రాళ్ళపల్లి అనంతకృష్ణ శర్మ {{!}} ఆదర్శమూర్తులు |url=https://sirimalle.com/sri-rallapalli-ananthakrishna-sharma/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Sirimalle |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Musical Training==
[[File:Bidaram Krishnappa.jpg|alt=Bidaram Krishnappa|thumb|Bidaram Krishnappa]]
While in Mysore, Sharma frequently visited [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] musical concerts by Veena Seshanna, Veena Subbanna, Karigiraya, [[Mysore Vasudevachar|Mysore Vasudevacharya]], [[Bidaram Krishnappa]] and Chikka Ramaraya. He repeatedly attempted to persuade them to take him as a formal student of music but was unsuccessful. Finally, Bidaram Krishnappa agreed to teach Carnatic music to him. Krishnappa convinced Sharma not to participate in public expositions of his music in concerts and so on.<ref name=":1" /> When [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]] wanted to arrange a private concert for the ruling [[Maharaja of Mysore]] - [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Nalwadi Krishna Raja Wodeyar]], Sharma declined it.

==Teacher==
[[File:Maharaja's College Group Photo 1.jpg|left|thumb|Maharaja College, Mysore (1940) Faculty:Sitting row-left to right [[M. H. Krishna]] (third from left), [[A. R. Krishnashastry|A. R. Krishnasastry]] (fourth from left), [[S. Srikanta Sastri]] (seventh from left), Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma (eighth from left), Standing-bottom row-[[V. Seetharamaiah]] (fourth from left) and D. L. Narasimhachar (seventh from left)]]
Sharma was appointed a Telugu Pundit (a scholar) by Sir [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]], Principal of the [[Maharaja College of Mysore]] in 1912 and worked there until 1949. After teaching, he joined the [[Sri Venkateswara University#Oriental Research Institute|Sri Venkateshwara Oriental Research Centre]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]]. The then executive officer of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]], [[Chelikani Anna Rao]] entrusted Sharma with simplifying the compositions of the songwriter-singer-saint [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]]. These compositions (or [[Kriti (music)|kritis]]) were stored for centuries in the Tirumala temple Bhandagaram (storehouse) on copper plates. Sharma received the project after his predecessor, [[Veturi Prabhakara Sastry]] died. He worked on tuning the songs and helped publish the seventh and eighth volumes of Annamacharya's compositions. Sharma went on to edit nearly 300 compositions and brought out five more volumes of compositions between 1951 and 1956. He also wrote the notation for 108 compositions and 87 of them were published in the [[Andhra Patrika]].

Sharma was closely associated with eminent journalist, biographer and writer [[S. R. Ramaswamy]] who learnt for a period of time the subtle nuances of Carnatic music from him. Among his students were [[D. L. Narasimhachar]], [[M. Chidananda Murthy|M. Chidananada Murthy]], [[Kuvempu|K. V. Puttappa]], [[G. P. Rajarathnam|G. P. Raja Ratnam]], [[M. V. Seetharamiah|M. V. Seetharamaiah]], T. S. Shama Rao, B. Kuppuswami, [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]], Banagiri Lakshmi Narasimhachar and M. S. Venkata Rao.

'''Akasavani:''' While living in Mysore, he was approached by an All India Radio engineer V V Gopalaswami who built a home radio in his residence. Sharma was requested to suggest a name for the radio. Drawing parallels with Hindu mythology where we hear the will of the gods through only a voice called Akasavani, Sharma suggested the name [[All India Radio|Akasavani]] for the radio station. This was later officially adapted by All India Radio.

==Major works==
* ''Ananta Bharati'' (collection of Sanskrit works)
* ''Meerabai'' (1913) (Telugu Khanda Kavya)
* ''Taradevi'' (1911) (Telugu Khanda Kavya)
* ''Vemana Natakopanyasamulu'' (1928–29)
* ''Shalivahana Gatasaptashati Saramu'' (1932) (translation work from the Prakrit into Telugu)
* ''Saraswatalokamu'' (1954)
* ''Chayapa Senaniya, Nrita Ratnavali'' (1969) (Translation into Telugu)
* ''Arya'' (1970) (Translation of Sanskrit work of Sundara Pandya into Telugu)
* ''Natakopanyasamulu''

==Literary works in Kannada==
* ''Ganakale'' (1952),
* '' Sahitya Mattu Jeevana Kale'' (1954 )
* a few published talk.

==Awards==
* He was honored as "Astana Vidwan" by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams in 1979
* "[[Sangita Kalanidhi]]" in 1974
* Honorary Doctorate ([[D.Litt.]]) by [[Sri Venkateswara University]], Tirupathi in 1974
* "Ganakala Sindhu" at Sangeeta Sammelan organized by Sri Prasanna Seetarama Mandiram, [[Mysore]] in 1961
* "Gana Kala Prapurna" by Andhra Pradesh Sangeeta Nataka Academy
* "Sangeeta Kalaratna" by Bangalore Gayana Samaj

==Death & Legacy==
Sharma died on 11 March 1979 in [[Bangalore]] and was survived by three daughters and two sons. On 23 August 2008, his life-size bronze statue was installed in [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupathi]]. The Birth Centenary Celebrations of Sharma were organized in 1993. A Centenary Souvenir was edited by [[Medasani Mohan]] and published by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://medasanimohan.com/profile/profile.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063808/http://medasanimohan.com/profile/profile.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sites.google.com/site/rallapallisharma/Home Official website of Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma]
* [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/rallapallianantakrishnasharma Biography of Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma]

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Rallapalli Ananta Krishna}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja's College, Mysore]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]

Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T16:16:03Z

Antiexsolutions:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Dhaurahra {{Small|UP-29}}
| established = 2008-present
| reservation = None
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| mp = [[Anand Bhadauriya]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Dhaurahra.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Dhaurahra Assembly constituency|Dhaurahra]] [[Kasta Assembly constituency|Kasta]] [[Mohammdi Assembly constituency|Mohammdi]] [[Maholi Assembly constituency|Maholi]] [[Hargaon Assembly constituency|Hargaon]]
}}
'''[[Dhaurehra|Dhaurahra]] Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency, spread over [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]] and [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] districts came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/029_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-29-Dhaurahra|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|141
|[[Dhaurahra Assembly constituency|Dhaurahra]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|[[Vinod Shankar Avasthi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|143
|[[Kasta Assembly constituency|Kasta]] (SC)
| [[Saurabh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Saurabh Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|144
|[[Mohammdi Assembly constituency|Mohammdi]]
|[[Lokendra Pratap Singh]]
|-
|145
|[[Maholi Assembly constituency|Maholi]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|[[Shashank Trivedi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|147
|[[Hargaon Assembly constituency|Hargaon]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Rahi]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Jitin Prasada]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Anand Bhadauriya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Dhaurahra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Anand Bhadauriya]]|votes=4,43,743 |percentage=39.91|change={{up}}39.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
|votes =4,39,294
|percentage =39.51
|change = {{down}}8.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shyam Kishore Awasthi|votes=1,85,474|percentage=16.68|change={{down}}16.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,144|percentage=0.64|change={{down}}0.38}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 4,449|percentage=0.40|change={{down}}14.09}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,11,847|percentage=64.47|change={{down}}0.22}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Dhaurahra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
|votes = 5,12,905
|percentage = 48.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Arshad Ilyas Siddiqui
|votes = 3,52,294
|percentage =33.12
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Jitin Prasada]]
|votes = 1,62,856
|percentage = 15.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Malkhan Singh Rajpoot
|party = Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)
|votes = 4,288
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Reetu Verma(Didi)
|votes = 4,689
|percentage =0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =10,798
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,60,611
|percentage = 15.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,63,953
|percentage = 64.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Dhaurahra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]]
|votes = 3,60,357
|percentage = 33.99
|change = +30.64
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Daud Ahmad
|votes = 2,34,682
|percentage = 22.13
|change = -5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Anand Bhadauriya]]
|votes = 2,34,032
|percentage = 22.07
|change = +8.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jitin Prasada]]
|votes = 1,70,994
|percentage = 16.13
|change = -35.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Lekhraj
|votes = 12,776
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,25,675
|percentage = 11.85
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,60,274
|percentage = 68.05
|change = +8.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Dhaurahra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jitin Prasada]]
|votes = 391,391
|percentage = 51.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Verma
|votes = 206,882
|percentage = 27.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 102,898
|percentage = 13.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raghvendra Singh
|votes = 25,407
|percentage = 3.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Ram Singh
|votes = 13,167
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Arjun Lal
|votes = 4,891
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 184,509
|percentage = 24.3
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,59,548
|percentage = 59.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}

{{Coord|27.36|81.04|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]

[[mr:खेरी (लोकसभा मतदारसंघ)]]

List of neighbourhoods of Delhi

2026-02-20T05:38:10Z

Antiexsolutions: correct lead also and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{update|part=Shahdara district|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

[[File:Delhi districts.png|thumb|Districts of Delhi]]
[[Delhi]] is a vast city and a union territory and is home to a population of more than 16 million people. It is a microcosm of India, and its residents belong to varied ethnic, religious and linguistic groups. As the second-largest city and the capital of the nation, its 11 [[List of districts of Delhi|revenue or administrative districts]] comprise multiple [[neighbourhood|neighbourhoods]]. The large expanse of the city comprises residential districts that range from poor to affluent and small and large commercial districts across its municipal extent.

This is a list of major neighbourhoods in the city and only pertains to the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. It is not complete and outlines the various neighbourhoods based on the different districts of the metropolis.

== [[North West Delhi]] ==
* [[Adarsh Nagar]]
* [[Ashok Vihar]]
*[[Bawana]]
* [[Begum Pur]]
*[[Haqiqat Nagar]]
* [[Karala, Delhi|Karala]]
*[[Keshav Puram]]
* [[Narela]]
* [[Pitam Pura]]
* [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
*[[Rani Bagh, Delhi]]
* [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar Bagh]]
*[[Shastri Nagar, Delhi|Shastri Nagar]]

== [[North Delhi]] ==
* [[Azadpur]]
* [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Civil Lines]]
* [[Derawal Nagar]]
* [[Gulabi Bagh]]
* [[Kamla Nagar]]
* [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmiri Gate]]
* [[Daryaganj]]
* [[Model Town (Delhi)|Model Town]]
*[[Narela]]
* [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]]
* [[Sarai Rohilla]]
* [[Shakti Nagar, Delhi|Shakti Nagar]]
* [[Tis Hazari]]
* [[Timarpur]]
* [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]]
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar|GTB Nagar]]
*[[Urdu Bazaar]]
* [[Mukherjee Nagar]]
*[[Majnu-ka-tilla]]

== [[North East Delhi]] ==
*[[Babarpur]]
*[[Bhajanpura]]
*[[Dayal Pur]]
*[[Karawal Nagar]]
* [[Naveen Shahdara]]
*[[Nand Nagri]]
* [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
* [[Shastri Park]]
*[[Seelampur]]
* [[Yamuna Vihar]]
* Gandhi Nagar

== [[Central Delhi]] ==
*[[Ashok Nagar (Delhi)|Ashok Nagar]]
* [[Chandni Chowk|Chandni Chowk (Old Delhi)]]
*[[Civil Lines, Delhi| Civil Lines]]
* [[Daryaganj]]
*[[Dariba Kalan]]
* [[Karol Bagh]]
*[[Shastri Nagar (Delhi)|Shastri Nagar]]
*[[South Patel Nagar]]
*[[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi]]
* [[Paharganj]]
* [[Rajender Nagar]]

== [[New Delhi (district) |New Delhi]] ==
* [[Barakhamba Road]]
* [[Chanakyapuri]]
* [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]
* [[Gole Market]]
*[[Golf Links, New Delhi]]
* [[INA Colony]]
*[[Inder Puri]]
*[[Jaffrabad, Delhi]]
* [[Laxmibai Nagar]]
*[[Lodhi Colony]]
*[[Lutyens' Delhi]]
*[[Mahipalpur]]
*[[Pragati Maidan]]
*[[Raisina Hill]]
*[[Rajendra Place]]

== [[East Delhi]] ==
* [[East Vinod Nagar]]
*[[Krishna Nagar, Delhi]]
* [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]]
* [[Mayur Vihar]]
* [[Pandav Nagar]]
* [[Preet Vihar]]
* [[Anand Vihar]]
* [[Shreshtha Vihar]]
* [[Vasundhara Enclave]]

== [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]] ==
*[[Vivek Vihar]]
*[[Seemapuri]]
*[[Dilshad Garden]]

== [[South Delhi]] ==
*[[Geetanjali Enclave]]
* [[Green Park, Delhi|Green Park]]
* [[Gulmohar Park]]
* [[Hauz Khas]]
* [[Khanpur, Delhi|Khanpur]]
*[[Kailash Colony]]
* [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]]
*[[Maharani Bagh]]
*[[Moti Bagh]]
*[[New Moti Bagh]]
* [[Mehrauli]]
*[[Munirka]]
* [[Netaji Nagar, Delhi|Netaji Nagar]]
*[[Pamposh Enclave]]
* [[Safdarjung Enclave]]
* [[Sainik Farm]]
* [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]]
* [[Sarojini Nagar]]
* [[Sarvodaya Enclave]]
*[[Shaheen Bagh]]
* [[Siri Fort]]
* [[South Extension]]
*[[Shahpur Jat]]
* [[Sriniwaspuri]]

== [[South East Delhi]] ==
*[[Ashram Chowk]]
* [[Lodhi Colony]]
* [[Khan Market]]
*[[Netaji Nagar, Delhi]]
* [[Nizamuddin East]]
* [[Nizamuddin West]]
* [[Sarai Kale Khan]]
* [[Jangpura]]
* [[Defence Colony]]
* [[Lajpat Nagar]]
* [[New Friends Colony]]
* [[Nehru Place]]
* [[Chittaranjan Park]]
* [[Govindpuri]]
* [[Greater Kailash]]
* [[Okhla]]
* [[Sarita Vihar]]
*[[Sarai Kale Khan]]
* [[Tughlaqabad]]
* [[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]]
* [[Pul Pehladpur]]

== [[South West Delhi]] ==
*[[Ber Sarai]]
* [[Dabri, New Delhi]]
*[[Dashrath Puri]]
* [[Dwarka Sub City]]
* [[Delhi Cantonment]]
* [[Dhaula Kuan]]
*[[Ghitorni]]
* [[Inder Puri|Inderpuri]]
*[[Janakpuri]]
* [[Mahipalpur]]
* [[Moti Bagh]]
* [[Munirka]]
* [[Najafgarh]]
* [[Naraina]]
* [[Palam]]
* [[Rama Krishna Puram]]
* [[Sagar Pur]]
*[[Sarojini Nagar]]
* [[Vasant Kunj]]
* [[Vasant Vihar]]
*[[Kalkaji]]

== [[West Delhi]] ==
* [[Ashok Nagar (Delhi)|Ashok Nagar]]
* [[Bali Nagar]]
* [[Fateh Nagar]]
* [[Kirti Nagar]]
*[[Meera Bagh]]
* [[Mayapuri]]
* [[Moti Nagar (New Delhi)|Moti Nagar]]
*[[Nangloi Jat]]
* [[Paschim Vihar]]
* [[Patel Nagar]]
* [[Punjabi Bagh]]
* [[Rajouri Garden]]
*[[Shivaji Place]]
*[[Shadipur Depot]]
*[[Shiv Ram Park]]
* [[Tihar Village]]
* [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]]
*[[Tikri Kalan]]
* [[Vikas Nagar]]
* [[Vikaspuri]]
*[[West Patel Nagar]]
* [[Uttam Nagar]]

== See also ==
* [[Districts of Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Neighbourhoods in Delhi}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100919175447/http://delhigovt.nic.in/ Govt. of New Delhi ]
*"Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above" (PDF). Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}
{{Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neighbourhoods Of Delhi}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi| ]]
[[Category:Lists of neighbourhoods in Indian cities|Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi-related lists]]

Basavraj Madhavrao Patil

2026-02-16T09:17:08Z

Antiexsolutions:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Basavraj Madhavrao Patil
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (From 2024)
|otherparty= [[Indian National Congress]] (Till 2024)
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = [[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University|Yashwantrao Chavan University]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| residence = Annapurna Nagar, [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]], [[Latur district|Latur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| parents = Madhavrao Bapurao Patil (father)
| children = Sharan Patil (son)
| nationality = [[India]]n
| order = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| citizenship = [[India]]
| successor = [[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar]]
| predecessor = Dinkar Baburao Mane
| termend = 2019)
| termstart = (2009-2014), (2014
| constituency = [[Ausa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ausa]]
| successor1 = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]
| termend1 = 13 Oct 2004
| termstart1 =05 Sep 1999
| constituency1 = [[Umarga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umarga]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Murum, Osmanabad|Murum]], [[Omerga]], [[Osmanabad District|Osmanabad]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Pramila Patil
}}
'''Basavraj Madhavrao Patil''' is a member of the 13th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the Ausa Assembly Constituency. He was belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> coming from Lingayat community. He was one of standing ministers who lost the election in 2004 to Ravindra Vishvanath Gaikwad. He also lost the 2019 election to new entrant Abhimanyu Pawar. On 26 February 2024 he resigned as primary member of The [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]].<ref name="कांग्रेस को एक और झटका, मराठवाड़ा के बड़े चेहरे बसवराज पाटिल ने दिया इस्तीफा">{{cite news|title=कांग्रेस को एक और झटका, मराठवाड़ा के बड़े चेहरे बसवराज पाटिल ने दिया इस्तीफा|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/maharashtra/basavraj-madhavrao-patil-leave-congress-big-setback-for-party-after-ashok-chavan-8099577.html|accessdate=12 January 2025|publisher=News18 हिंदी|date=26 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112060109/https://hindi.news18.com/news/maharashtra/basavraj-madhavrao-patil-leave-congress-big-setback-for-party-after-ashok-chavan-8099577.html|archivedate=12 January 2025|language=}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Congress leader Basavaraj Patil quits, to join BJP today">{{cite news|title=Maharashtra Congress leader Basavaraj Patil quits, to join BJP today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/blow-to-congress-as-maharashtra-unit-working-president-basavaraj-patil-resigns-to-join-bjp-today-2507576-2024-02-27|accessdate=12 January 2025|publisher=India Today|date=27 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112060208/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/blow-to-congress-as-maharashtra-unit-working-president-basavaraj-patil-resigns-to-join-bjp-today-2507576-2024-02-27|archivedate=12 January 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former working president of Maharashtra Congress joins BJP">{{cite news|title=Former working president of Maharashtra Congress joins BJP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/former-working-president-of-maharashtra-congress-joins-bjp-9184869/|accessdate=12 January 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=28 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112060513/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/former-working-president-of-maharashtra-congress-joins-bjp-9184869/|archivedate=12 January 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-Maharashtra minister Basavaraj Patil resigns from Congress, joins BJP">{{cite news|title=Ex-Maharashtra minister Basavaraj Patil resigns from Congress, joins BJP|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/maharashtra-in-fourth-high-profile-exit-basavraj-patil-quits-congress-ahead-of-lok-sabha-elections-to-join-bjp-today-11709028654078.html|accessdate=12 January 2025|work=|publisher=mint|date=27 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419195215/https://www.livemint.com/politics/maharashtra-in-fourth-high-profile-exit-basavraj-patil-quits-congress-ahead-of-lok-sabha-elections-to-join-bjp-today-11709028654078.html|archivedate=19 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was ex state minister of Maharashtra in 1999-2004. He was MLA from Omerga-lohara constituency. Also he was MLA from Ausa constituency in 12th and 13th assembly of Maharashtra. On 26 February 2024 he resigned as primary member of The [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]].

== Positions held ==
Ex gramvikas minister of Maharashtra.

3 time MLA from Omerga and Ausa constituency. He is president of vithal sai sugar factory. He is specially known for his way. Now Mr. Patil is working president of Maharashtra Pradesh congress committee.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Basavraj Madhavrao}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Latur district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Kama Sutra

2026-02-10T13:20:13Z

Antiexsolutions: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu text on erotic love}}
{{About|the ancient text|the 1996 film|Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love|other uses}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = yes
| name = Kama Sutra
| image = 3rd or 4th century CE Kamasutra, Vatsyayana, 13th-century Jayamangala commentary of Yashodhara, Bendall purchase 1885CE in Nepal, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Two folios from a [[palm leaf manuscript]] of the ''Kamasutra'' text (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| author = [[Vātsyāyana|Vatsyayana Mallanaga]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = कामसूत्र
| orig_lang_code = sa
| title_working =
| translator = Many
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical Age, India]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = Erotic love
| genre = [[Sutra|Sutra Literature]]
| set_in = 2nd–3rd century CE
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date = 1883
| published = 3rd century CE
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource = Kama Sutra
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

The '''''Kama Sutra''''', in English also spelled '''''Kamasutra''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|m|ə|_|ˈ|s|uː|t|r|ə}}; {{langx|sa|कामसूत्र}}, {{audio|kamasutra.ogg|pronunciation}}, {{IAST|Kāma-sūtra}}; {{lit|Principles of Love}}), is an ancient [[Sanskrit]] text<ref name="Doniger1">{{Cite book | last = Doniger| first = Wendy| title = Kamasutra - Oxford World's Classics| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]| year = 2003| page = i| quote = ''The Kamasutra is the oldest extant Hindu textbook of erotic love. It was composed in Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India, probably in North India and probably sometime in the third century''| isbn = 9780192839824}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Coltrane| first = Scott| title = Gender and families| publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]]| year = 1998| page = 36| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36| isbn = 9780803990364| access-date = 15 November 2015| archive-date = 30 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160430045031/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36| url-status = live}}</ref> on [[sexuality]], [[eroticism]] and emotional fulfillment.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xi}}<ref>{{Cite book| last = Coltrane| first = Scott| title = Gender and families| publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]]| year = 1998| page = 36| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36| isbn = 978-0-8039-9036-4| access-date = 15 November 2015| archive-date = 30 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160430045031/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoNruN9jC0C&pg=PA36| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title= The "Kamasutra": It Isn't All about Sex| author= Wendy Doniger| journal= The Kenyon Review |series=New Series| volume= 25| number= 1 | year= 2003| pages= 18–37| jstor= 4338414}}</ref> Attributed to [[Vātsyāyana]],{{sfn|Haksar|Favre|2011|pp=1–5}} the ''Kamasutra'' is neither exclusively nor predominantly a [[sex manual]] on [[sex position]]s,{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xi}} but rather a guide on the art of living well, the nature of love, finding partners, maintaining [[sex life]], and other aspects pertaining to pleasure-oriented faculties.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xi}}<ref>{{Cite book| last = Carroll| first = Janell| title = Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity| publisher = [[Cengage Learning]]| year = 2009| page = 7| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA7| isbn = 978-0-495-60274-3| access-date = 15 November 2015| archive-date = 16 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA7| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Devi| first = Chandi| title = From Om to Orgasm: The Tantra Primer for Living in Bliss| publisher = [[AuthorHouse]]| year = 2008| page = 288| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gIqhh84DGToC&pg=PA288| isbn = 978-1-4343-4960-6| access-date = 15 November 2015| archive-date = 16 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116015158/https://books.google.com/books?id=gIqhh84DGToC&pg=PA288| url-status = live}}</ref> It is a ''[[sutra]]''-genre text with terse [[Aphorism|aphoristic]] verses that have survived into the modern era with different {{transliteration|sa|bhāṣya}}s (commentaries). The text is a mix of prose and [[anustubh]]-meter poetry verses.

''Kamasutra'' acknowledges the Hindu concept of [[purusharthas]], and lists desire, sexuality, and emotional fulfillment as one of the proper goals of life. It discussed methods for courtship, training in the arts to be socially engaging, finding a partner, flirting, maintaining power in a married life, when and how to commit [[adultery]], sexual positions, and other topics.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xi–xiii}} The text majorly dealt with the philosophy and theory of love, what triggers desire, what sustains it, and how and when it is good or bad.<ref>Alain Daniélou, ''The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text'', {{ISBN|978-0-89281-525-8}}.</ref><ref>Jacob Levy (2010), Kama sense marketing, iUniverse, {{ISBN|978-1-4401-9556-3}}, see Introduction</ref>

The text is one of many Indian texts on ''[[Kama Shastra]]''.<ref>Flood (1996), p. 65.</ref> It is a much-translated work in Indian and non-Indian languages, and has influenced many secondary texts that followed since the 4th-century CE, as well as the Indian arts as exemplified by the pervasive presence of Kama-related reliefs and sculpture in old [[Hindu temples]]. Of these, the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 Khajuraho Group of Monuments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173646/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240 |date=16 November 2018 }} UNESCO World Heritage Site</ref> Among the surviving temples, one in [[Rajasthan]] has all the major chapters and sexual positions sculpted to illustrate the ''Kamasutra''.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/d/019pho0001007s3u00660000.html Ramgarh temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109074710/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/d/019pho0001007s3u00660000.html |date=9 January 2022 }}, The British Library</ref>

According to [[Wendy Doniger]], the ''Kamasutra'' became "one of the most pirated books in English language" soon after it was published in 1883 by [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]]. This first European edition by Burton does not faithfully reflect much in the ''Kamasutra'' because he revised the collaborative translation by Bhagavanlal Indrajit and Shivaram Parashuram Bhide with Forster Arbuthnot to suit 19th-century Victorian tastes.<ref name="Doniger2016p9">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=155–157|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Date and authorship ==
[[File:Kama, mithuna artwork in Hindu temples.jpg|thumb|Kama-related arts are common in Hindu temples. These scenes include courtship, amorous couples in scenes of intimacy (mithuna), or a sexual position. Above: 6th- to 14th-century temples in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Nepal.]]
The original composition date or century for the ''Kamasutra'' is unknown. Historians have variously placed it between 400 BCE and 300 CE.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai|author=Sengupta, J.|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0629-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC|page=21|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504150511/https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Y_tQfm_WgC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Sengupta cites only on the 300/400 BCE dating, with the other authors below citing the dating to occur up until 300 CE}} According to [[John Keay]], the ''Kama Sutra'' is a compendium that was collected into its present form in the 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: A History: from the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century|pages=81–103|author=John Keay|publisher=Grove Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520151418/https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPZt-4yqzQC|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, the Indologist Wendy Doniger, who had co-translated the ''Kama Sutra'' and published many papers on related Hindu texts, stated that the surviving version of the ''Kama Sutra'' must have been revised or composed after 225 CE because it mentions the Abhiras and the Andhras, dynasties that did not co-rule major regions of ancient India before that year.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xi-xii with footnote 2}} The text makes no mention of the [[Gupta Empire]], which ruled over major urban areas of ancient India, reshaping arts, culture, and economy from the 4th century through the 6th century CE. For these reasons, she dates the ''Kama Sutra'' to the second half of the 3rd century CE.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xi-xii with footnote 2}} Doniger notes Kama Sutra was composed "sometime in the third century of the common era, most likely in its second half, at the dawn of the [[Gupta Empire]]".{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=iii}}

The place of its composition is also unclear. The likely candidates are urban centers of north India, alternatively in the eastern urban Pataliputra (now [[Patna]]).{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=iii-xi-xii}} Vatsyayana Mallanaga is its widely accepted author because his name is embedded in the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] verse, but little is known about him.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xi-xii}} Vatsyayana states that he wrote the text after much meditation.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xii}} In the preface, Vatsyayana acknowledges that he is distilling many ancient texts, but these have not survived.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xii}} He cites the work of others he calls "teachers" and "scholars", and the longer texts by Auddalaki, Babhravya, Dattaka, Suvarnanabha, Ghotakamukha, Gonardiya, Gonikaputra, Charayana, and Kuchumara.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xii}}

Kamasutra was considered to have been put together from a 150 chapter manuscript that had itself been distilled from 300 chapters which in turn came from a compilation of some 100,000 chapters of text. It was thought to have been written in its final form sometime between the third and fifth century CE.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joseph |first=Manu |date=2015-07-24 |title=The Kama Sutra as a Work of Philosophy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/world/asia/the-kama-sutra-as-a-work-of-philosophy.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
Vatsyayana's Kamasutra is mentioned and some verses quoted in the ''Brihatsamhita'' of Varahamihira, as well as the poems of Kalidasa. This suggests he lived before the 5th-century CE.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=3-4}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Varahamihira|author2=M Ramakrishna Bhat|title=Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1060-0|pages=720–721|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109084318/https://books.google.com/books?id=7VR8iriWmzUC|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Background ==
===Purusharthas===
{{Main|Purusharthas}}
The Hindu tradition has the concept of the ''[[Purusharthas]]'' which outlines "four main goals of life".<ref>Hopkins, p. 78.</ref><ref>Flood (1996), p. 17.</ref> It holds that every human being has four proper goals that are necessary and sufficient for a fulfilling and happy life:<ref>[a] A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, {{ISBN|978-99936-24-31-8}}, pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142; [b] A. Sharma (1999), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229 The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174154/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229 |date=29 December 2020 }}, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256; [c] Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, {{ISBN|0-415-17281-0}}, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443</ref>
*[[Dharma]] – signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with ''[[rta]]'', the order that makes life and universe possible,<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1 The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, ''Dharma''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926234045/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/dharma.aspx#1 |date=26 September 2016 }}, The [[Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]]: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."</ref> and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and ''right way of living''.<ref name=tce>Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, {{ISBN|978-0-7876-5015-5}}</ref> Hindu dharma includes the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous.<ref name=tce/> Dharma, according to Van Buitenen,<ref name=vanbuitenen>J. A. B. Van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp 33–40</ref> is that which all existing beings must accept and respect to sustain harmony and order in the world. It is, states Van Buitenen, the pursuit and execution of one's nature and true calling, thus playing one's role in cosmic concert.<ref name=vanbuitenen/>
*[[Artha]] – signifies the "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in a state one wants to be in.<ref name=johnk>John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 315–319</ref> ''Artha'' incorporates wealth, career, activity to make a living, financial security and economic prosperity. The proper pursuit of artha is considered an important aim of human life in Hinduism.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 55–56</ref><ref name=bruces>Bruce Sullivan (1997), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-3327-2}}, pp 29–30</ref>
*[[Kama]] – signifies desire, wish, passion, emotions, pleasure of the senses, the [[aesthetic]] enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without sexual connotations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macy |first1=Joanna |year=1975 |title=The Dialectics of Desire |journal=Numen |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=145–60 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/156852775X00095 |jstor=3269765}}</ref> [[Gavin Flood]] explains<ref name=gavinf>Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring, {{ISBN|978-1-896209-30-2}}, pp 11–13</ref> kāma as "love" without violating dharma (moral responsibility), artha (material prosperity) and one's journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation).
*[[Moksha]] – signifies emancipation, liberation or release.<ref>John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-213965-8}}, pp. 650</ref> In some schools of Hinduism, ''moksha'' connotes freedom from ''[[saṃsāra]]'', the cycle of death and rebirth, in other schools moksha connotes freedom, self-knowledge, self-realization and liberation in this life.<ref>See:
* E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3, {{ISBN|0-8153-3608-X}}, Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360;
* T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, {{ISBN|978-0-7391-0692-1}}, pp 89–102; Quote - "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self."</ref><ref>See:
* Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.), {{ISBN|978-0-7914-4615-7}}, State University of New York Press, Chapter 10
* Andrew Fort and Patricia Mumme (1996), Living Liberation in Hindu Thought, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2706-4}};
</ref>

Each of these pursuits became a subject of study and led to prolific Sanskrit and some Prakrit languages literature in ancient India. Along with [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmasastras]], [[Arthashastra|Arthasastras]] and Mokshasastras, the Kamasastras genre have been preserved in palm leaf manuscripts. The ''Kamasutra'' belongs to the Kamasastra genre of texts. Other examples of Hindu Sanskrit texts on sexuality and emotions include the ''[[Ratirahasya]]'' (called ''Kokashastra'' in some Indian scripts), the ''[[Anangaranga]]'', the ''Nagarasarvasva'', the ''Kandarpachudmani'', and the ''Panchasayaka''.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xii-xiii}}<ref>[a] {{cite journal|title= Rethinking the History of the "Kāma" World in Early India| author= Daud Ali| journal= Journal of Indian Philosophy| volume= 39| number= 1|year= 2011| pages= 1–13| jstor=23884104| doi=10.1007/s10781-010-9115-7| doi-access= free}}; [b] {{cite journal| title= Padmaśrī's "Nāgarasarvasva" and the World of Medieval Kāmaśāstra|author= Daud Ali| journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy| volume= 39| number= 1| year= 2011| pages= 41–62| jstor= 23884106| doi=10.1007/s10781-010-9116-6|s2cid= 170779101}}</ref><ref name=desmond2011p15>{{cite journal| title= The Pleasure is Mine: The Changing Subject of Erotic Science|author=Laura Desmond| journal= Journal of Indian Philosophy| volume= 39|number= 1| year= 2011| pages= 15–39|publisher= Springer| jstor= 23884105| doi=10.1007/s10781-010-9117-5|s2cid=170502725}}</ref>

The defining object of the Indian Kamasastra literature, according to Laura Desmond – an anthropologist and a professor of Religious Studies, is the "harmonious sensory experience" from a good relationship between "the self and the world", by discovering and enhancing sensory capabilities to "affect and be affected by the world".<ref name=desmond2011p15/> Vatsyayana predominantly discusses Kama along with its relationship with Dharma and Artha. He makes a passing mention of Moksha in some verses.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xi-xvi}}

{{blockquote|
text=The earthly vision of our sages leaves nothing indifferent. It is their compassion that sees perfection in everything, that is why the sages created the Kama Shastra. Such a possibility is difficult to find in the ancient world outside India. Especially in the Semitic world, it is unimaginable. If any knowledge is recognized by the Rishi Darshan, it becomes universal to that extent; it also becomes universal. How can there be Shastrasiddhi without Brahmacharya? That is why Vatsayana Maharshi, who created the Kama Shastra, is a Brahmachari; Sri Krishna, who gave us the Moksha Shastra, is also a Brahmachari; all of them are Brahmacharis, eat and fast.

It is inappropriate to limit Kama Shastra to erotics or sexology. Kama is an untranslatable concept because it aims at the pleasure of the five senses of action as well as the pleasure of the five senses of knowledge and thereby the pleasure of the inner mind. Like Dharma-Rasas-Brahma, Kama also has an untranslatable meaning.

The vision of Maharishi Vatsyayana is indispensable and beneficial for world culture.
|author=[[Shatavadhani Ganesh|Shatavadhani Dr. R. Ganesh]]<ref name="Ayodhya Books">{{cite web|title=Kamasutra ಕಾಮಸೂತ್ರ|url=https://www.kannadapustaka.net/product/kamasutra}}</ref>
}}

Vatsyayana's Kamasutra pays tribute not only to kama but also to all three components of the trivarga.<ref name="Trivarga (त्रिवर्गः)">{{cite web|title=Trivarga (त्रिवर्गः)|url=https://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Trivarga_(त्रिवर्गः)}}</ref> The trivarga are dharma, artha, and kama. According to Vatsyayana, all three components of the trivarga are śāstra, that is, worthy of being learned and learned, and prakṛti. The Kamasutra emphasizes that all three components of the trivarga are interrelated. No one component of the trivarga should be complementary to the other two components, nor should any component be detrimental to the other.<ref name="Rocher L. The Kāmasūtra">{{cite web|title=The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra|url=https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/studies-in-hindu-law-and-dharmasastra/kamasutra-vatsyayanas-attitude-toward-dharma-and-dharmasastra/C1808F80E016CD659ABC39B920761A55}}</ref>

===Vedic heritage===
The earliest foundations of the ''kamasutra'' are found in the [[Vedic era]] literature of Hinduism.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xiv with footnote 8}}<ref name="De1969p89"/> Vatsyayana acknowledges this heritage in verse 1.1.9 of the text where he names Svetaketu Uddalaka as the "first human author of the ''kamasutra''". Uddalaka is an early Upanishadic [[rishi]] (scholar-poet, sage), whose ideas are found in the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' such as in section 6.2, and the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' such as over the verses 5.3 through 5.10.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xiv with footnote 8}} These Hindu scriptures are variously dated between 900 BCE and 700 BCE, according to the Indologist and Sanskrit scholar Patrick Olivelle. Among with other ideas such as [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (self, soul) and the ontological concept of [[Brahman]], these early Upanishads discuss human life, activities and the nature of existence as a form of internalized worship, where sexuality and sex is mapped into a form of religious ''[[yajna]]'' ritual (sacrificial fire, [[Agni]]) and suffused in spiritual terms:{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xiv with footnote 8}}

{{poem quote|
text=A fire – that is what a woman is, Gautama.
Her firewood is the vulva,
her smoke is the pubic hair,
her flame is the vagina,
when one penetrates her, that is her embers,
and her sparks are the climax.
In that very fire the gods offer semen,
and from that offering springs a man.
|source=''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' 6.2.13, {{Circa|700 BCE}}, Trans.: [[Patrick Olivelle]]<ref>{{cite book|title= The Early Upanishads | year=1998| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 0-19-512435-9 | page=149, context: pp. 143–149}}</ref><ref>योषा वा आग्निर् गौतम । तस्या उपस्थ एव समिल् लोमानि धूमो योनिरर्चिर् यदन्तः करोति तेऽङ्गारा अभिनन्दा विस्फुलिङ्गास् तस्मिन्नेतस्मिन्नग्नौ देवा रेतो जुह्वति तस्या आहुत्यै पुरुषः सम्भवति । स जीवति यावज्जीवत्य् अथ यदा म्रियते ।१३, – 6.2.13, For the context and other verses: [https://sa.wikisource.org/s/x59 Wikisource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030003/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_6p |date=25 January 2022 }}</ref>
}}

According to the Indologist De, a view with which Doniger agrees, this is one of the many evidences that the ''kamasutra'' began in the religious literature of the Vedic era, ideas that were ultimately refined and distilled into a ''sutra''-genre text by Vatsyayana.<ref name="De1969p89">{{cite book|author=Sushil Kumar De|title=Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326|year= 1969|publisher= K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.71326/page/n120 89]–92}}</ref> According to Doniger, this paradigm of celebrating pleasures, enjoyment and sexuality as a ''dharmic'' act began in the "earthy, vibrant text known as the ''[[Rigveda]]''" of the Hindus.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xiii}} The ''Kamasutra'' and celebration of sex, eroticism and pleasure is an integral part of the religious milieu in Hinduism and quite prevalent in its temples.<ref>{{cite journal| title= The Erotic Sculptures of India| author= Y. Krishan| journal= Artibus Asiae| volume= 34| number= 4| year= 1972|pages = 331–343| doi= 10.2307/3249625| jstor= 3249625}}</ref>{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xi-xvii}}

===Epics===
Human relationships, sex and emotional fulfillment are a significant part of the post-Vedic Sanskrit literature such as the major Hindu epics: the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Ramayana''. The ancient Indian view has been, states Johann Meyer, that love and sex are a delightful necessity. Though she is reserved and selective, "a woman stands in very great need of ''surata'' (amorous or sexual pleasure)", and "the woman has a far stronger erotic disposition, her delight in the sexual act is greater than a man's".<ref name="Meyer1953p229">{{cite book|author=Johann Jakob Meyer|title=Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Orig: 1953)|isbn=978-81-208-0638-2|pages=229–230, 240–244, context: 229–257 with footnotes|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207014949/https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Manuscripts==
[[File:Kama sutra, Vatsyayayan, commentary, sample ii, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A ''Kamasutra'' manuscript page preserved in the vaults of the [[Raghunath Temple]] in Jammu & Kashmir]]
The ''Kamasutra'' manuscripts have survived in many versions across the Indian subcontinent. While attempting to get a translation of the Sanskrit kama-sastra text ''[[Ananga Ranga]]'', which had already been widely translated by the Hindus in their regional languages such as Marathi, associates of the British Orientalist Richard Burton, stumbled into portions of the ''Kamasutra'' manuscript. Burton then commissioned the Sanskrit scholar [[Bhagvanlal Indraji]] to locate a complete ''Kamasutra'' manuscript and translate it. Indraji collected variant manuscripts of the text in libraries and temples of Varanasi, Kolkata and Jaipur. Burton later published an edited English translation of these manuscripts, but not a [[critical edition]] of the ''Kamasutra'' in Sanskrit.{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|pp=614–615}}

According to S.C. Upadhyaya, known for his 1961 scholarly study and a more accurate translation of the ''Kamasutra'', there are issues with the manuscripts that have survived and the text likely underwent revisions over time.<ref name=Upadhyaya1961p52>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=52–54}}</ref> This is confirmed by other 1st-millennium CE Hindu texts on ''kama'' that mention and cite the ''Kamasutra'', but some of these quotations credited to the ''Kamasutra'' by these historic authors "are not to be found in the text of the Kamasutra" that have survived.<ref name=Upadhyaya1961p52/>{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|pp=623–624}}

== Structure ==
Vatsyayana's ''Kamasutra'' states it has 1,250 verses distributed over 36 chapters in 64 sections organised into 7 books.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xxii}} This statement is included in the opening chapter, a common practice in ancient Hindu texts, likely to prevent major and unauthorized expansions of a popular text.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xxii-xxiii with footnotes}} The text that has survived into the modern era has 67 sections, and this list is enumerated in Book 7 and in Yashodhara's Sanskrit commentary (''[[bhasya]]'') on the text.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xxii-xxiii with footnotes}}

The ''Kamasutra'' uses a mixture of prose and poetry, and the narration has the form of a dramatic fiction where two characters called ''nayaka'' (man) and ''nayika'' (woman), are aided by the characters called ''pitamarda'' (libertine), ''vita'' (pander) and ''vidushaka'' (jester). This format follows the teachings found in the Sanskrit classic ''[[Natyasastra]]''.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xxv-xxvi with footnotes}} The teachings and discussions found in the ''Kamasutra'' extensively incorporate ancient Hindu mythology and legends.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|editor=H. L. Seneviratne|title=The Anthropologist and the Native: Essays for Gananath Obeyesekere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjRV7rZdZlAC|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-435-8|pages=293–316|chapter=The Mythology of the Kāmasūtra|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109162652/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjRV7rZdZlAC|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ ''Kamasutra''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffad66;" | Book.Chapter
| style="background: #ffdd33;" | Verses
| style="background: #ffdd33;" |Topics{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=3–27 (Book 1), 28-73 (Book 2), 74–93 (Book 3), 94–103 (Book 4), 104–129 (Book 5), 131-159 (Book 6), 161-172 (Book 7)}}{{sfn|Haksar|Favre|2011}}<ref>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=68–70}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''1'''
|
|'''General remarks'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.1
| 1–24
| Preface, history of kama literature, outline of the contents
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.2
| 1–40
| Suitable age for kama knowledge, the three goals of life: dharma, Artha, Kama; their essential interrelationship, natural human questions
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.3
| 1–22
| Preparations for kama, sixty four arts for a better quality of life, how girls can learn and train in these arts, their lifelong benefits and contribution to better kama
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.4
| 1–39
| The life of an urban gentleman, work routine, entertainment and festivals, sports, picnics, socialization, games, entertainment and drinking parties, finding aids (messengers, friends, helpers) to improve success in kama, options for rural gentlemen, what one must never do in their pursuit of kama
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1.5
| 1–37
| Types of women, finding sexual partners, sex, being lovers, being faithful, permissible women, adultery and when to commit it, the forbidden women whom one must avoid, discretion with messengers and helpers, few dos and don't in life
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''2'''
|
|'''Amorous advances/sexual union'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.1
| 1–45
| Sexual relationships and the pleasure of sex, uniqueness of every lover, temperaments, sizes, endurance, foreplay, types of love and lovers, duration of sex, types of climax, intimacy, joy
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.2
| 1–31
| Figuring out if someone is interested, conversations, prelude and preparation, touching each other, massage, embracing
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.3–5
| {{nwr|1–32}}, {{nwr|1–31}}, {{nwr|1–43}}
| Kissing, where to kiss and how, teasing each other and games, signals and hints for the other person, cleanliness, taking care of teeth, hair, body, nails, physical non-sexual forms of intimacy (scratching, poking, biting, slapping, holding her)
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2.6–10
| 1–52
| Intercourse, what it is and how, positions, various methods, bringing variety, usual and unusual sex, communicating before and during intercourse (moaning), diverse regional practices and customs, the needs of a man, the needs of a woman, variations and surprises, oral sex for women, oral sex for men, opinions, disagreements, experimenting with each other, the first time, why sexual excitement fades, reviving passion, quarreling, keeping sex exciting, sixty four methods to find happiness in a committed relationship
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''3'''
|
|'''Acquiring a wife'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.1
| 1–24
| Marriage, finding the right girl, which one to avoid, which one to persuade, how to decide, how to proceed, making alliances
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.2–3
| {{nwr|1–35}}, {{nwr|1–32}}
| Earning her trust, importance of not rushing things and being gentle, moving towards sexual openness gradually, how to approach a woman, proceeding to friendship, from friendship to intimacy, interpreting different responses of a girl
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3.4–5
| {{nwr|1–55}}, {{nwr|1–30}}
| Earning his trust, knowing the man and his advances, how a woman can make advances, winning the heart; utilizing confidants of your lover, types of marriage, formalizing marriage, eloping
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''4'''
|
|'''Duties and privileges of the wife'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.1–2
| {{nwr|1–48}}, {{nwr|1–30}}
| Being a wife, her life, conduct, power over the household, duties when her husband is away, nuclear and joint families, when to take charge and when not to
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4.2
| 30–72
| Remarriage, being unlucky, harems,{{refn|group=note|name=harem|According to Jyoti Puri, the Burton version of Kamasutra "appears to have borrowed material concerning the functioning of the harem in Damascus (Syria)" as he edited the text for his colonial era British audience in the late 19th-century.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Puri | first=Jyoti | title=Concerning Kamasutras: Challenging Narratives of History and Sexuality | journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society | publisher=University of Chicago Press | volume=27 | issue=3 | year=2002 | doi=10.1086/337937 | pages=614–616 | s2cid=143809154 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240553467 | access-date=18 March 2021 | archive-date=25 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125025942/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240553467_Concerning_Kamasutra_s_Challenging_Narratives_of_History_and_Sexuality | url-status=live }}</ref>}} polygamy
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''5'''
|
|'''Other men's wives'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 5.1
| 1–56
| Human nature, tendencies of men, tendencies of women, why women lose interest and start looking elsewhere, avoiding adultery, pursuing adultery, finding women interested in extramarital sex
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 5.2–5
| {{nwr|1–28}}, {{nwr|1–66}}, {{nwr|1–37}}
| Finding many lovers, deploying messengers, the need for them and how to find good go-betweens, getting acquainted, how to make a pass, gifts and love tokens, arranging meetings, how to discretely find out if a woman is available and interested, warnings and knowing when to stop
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 5.6
| 1–48
| Public women [prostitution], their life, what to expect and not, how to find them, regional practices, guarding and respecting them
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''6'''
|
|'''About courtesans'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 6.1
| 1–33
| Courtesans, what motivates them, how to find clients, deciding if someone should just be a friend or a lover, which lovers to avoid, getting a lover and keeping him interested
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 6.2
| 1–76
| How to please your lover
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 6.3
| 1–46
| Making a lover go crazy about you, how to get rid of him if love life is not fulfilling
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 6.4–5
| {{nwr|1–43}}, {{nwr|1–39}}
| Methods to make an ex-lover interested in you again, reuniting, methods, checking if it is worth the effort, types of lovers, things to consider
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 6.6
| 1–53
| Why love life gets dull, examples, familiarity and doubts
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | '''7'''
|
|'''Occult practices'''
|-style="text-align: left;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 7.1–2
| 1–51
| Looking good, feeling good, why and how to be attractive, bewitching, being virile, paying attention, genuineness and artificiality, body art and perforations, taking care of one's sexual organs, stimulants, prescriptions and unusual practices
|}

==Contents==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''On balance in life'''
<poem>
In any period of life in which
one of the elements of the trivarga
– dharma, artha, kama –
is the primary one, the other two
should be natural adjuncts of it.
Under no circumstances, should any one of the
trivarga be detrimental to the other two.
</poem>
|source = —''Kamasutra 1.2.1'', Translator: [[Ludo Rocher]]<ref>{{cite journal | last=Rocher | first=Ludo | title=The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=105 | issue=3 | year=1985 | doi=10.2307/601526 | pages=521–523| jstor=601526 }}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}The ''Kamasutra'' is a "[[sutra]]"-genre text consisting of intensely condensed, aphoristic verses. Doniger describes them as a "kind of atomic string (thread) of meanings", which are so cryptic that any translation is more like deciphering and filling in the text.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xv–xvii}} Condensing a text into a sutra-genre religious text form makes it easier to remember and transmit, but it also introduces ambiguity and the need to understand the context of each chapter, its philological roots, as well as the prior literature, states Doniger.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xv–xvii}} However, this method of knowledge preservation and transmission has its foundation in the Vedas, which themselves are cryptic and require a commentator and teacher-guide to comprehend the details and the inter-relationship of the ideas.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xv–xvii}}{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=5-6}} The ''Kamasutra'' too has attracted commentaries, of which the most well known are those of 12th-century{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=5-6}} or 13th-century<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|page=19|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Yaśodhara's ''Jayamaṅgalā'' in the Sanskrit language, and of Devadatta Shastri who commented on the original text as well as its commentaries in the Hindi language.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xv–xvii}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Albrecht Wezler|editor1=Madhav Deshpande|editor2=Peter Edwin Hook|title=Indian Linguistic Studies: Festschrift in Honor of George Cardona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVR0rGVQ8ecC|year=2002|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1885-9|pages=316–322 with footnotes|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030005/https://books.google.com/books?id=aVR0rGVQ8ecC|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many other Sanskrit commentaries on the ''Kamasutra'', such as the ''Sutra Vritti'' by Narsingha Sastri.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=5-6}} These commentaries cite and quote Hindu texts such as the ''Upanishads'', the ''Arthashastra'', the ''Natyashastra'', the ''Manusmriti'', the ''Nyayasutra'', the ''Markandeya Purana'', the ''Mahabharata'', the ''Nitishastra'' and others to provide the context, per the norms of its literary traditions.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=11-12}} The extant translations of the ''Kamasutra'' typically incorporate these commentaries, states Daniélou.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=6-12}}

In the colonial era marked by sexual censorship, the ''Kamasutra'' became famous as a pirated and underground text for its explicit description of sex positions. The stereotypical image of the text is one where erotic pursuit with sexual intercourse include improbable contortionist forms.<ref name=doniger2016p20/> In reality, according to Doniger, the ''real Kamasutra'' is much more and is a book about "the art of living", about understanding one's body and a partner's body, finding a partner and emotional connection, marriage, the power equation over time in intimate relationships, the nature of adultery and drugs (aphrodisiacs<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|page=27|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>) along with many simple to complex variations in sex positions to explore. It is also a psychological treatise that presents the effect of desire and pleasure on human behavior.<ref name=doniger2016p20>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=20–27|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

For each aspect of ''Kama'', the ''Kamasutra'' presents a diverse spectrum of options and regional practices. According to Shastri, as quoted by Doniger, the text analyses "the inclinations of men, good and bad", thereafter it presents Vatsyayana's recommendation and arguments of what one must avoid as well as what to not miss in experiencing and enjoying, with "acting only on the good".{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xx–xxi}} For example, the text discusses adultery but recommends a faithful spousal relationship.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xx–xxi}}<ref name=doniger2016p14>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=13–14|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The approach of ''Kamasutra'' is not to ignore nor deny the psychology and complexity of human behavior for pleasure and sex. The text, according to Doniger, clearly states "that a treatise demands the inclusion of everything, good or bad", but after being informed with in-depth knowledge, one must "reflect and accept only the good". The approach found in the text is one where goals of science and religion should not be to repress, but to encyclopedically know and understand, thereafter let the individual decide.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002|pp=xx–xxi}} The text states that it aims to be comprehensive and inclusive of diverse views and lifestyles.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xx–xxii}}

===Flirting and courtship===
The 3rd-century text includes a number of themes, including subjects such as flirting that resonate in the modern era context, states a ''New York Times'' review.<ref name=nytimes2002kamasutra/> For example, it suggests that a young man seeking to attract a woman, should hold a party, and invite the guests to recite poetry. In the party, a poem should be read with parts missing, and the guests should compete to creatively complete the poem.<ref name=nytimes2002kamasutra/> As another example, the ''Kamasutra'' suggests that the boy and the girl should go play together, such as swim in a river. The boy should dive into the water away from the girl he is interested in, then swim underwater to get close to her, emerge from the water and surprise her, touch her slightly and then dive again, away from her.<ref name=nytimes2002kamasutra/>

Book 3 of the ''Kamasutra'' is largely dedicated to the art of courtship with the aim of marriage. The book's opening verse declares marriage to be a conducive means to "a pure and natural love between the partners", states Upadhyaya.<ref name=upadhaya1965p141/> It leads to emotional fulfillment in many forms such as more friends for both, relatives, progeny, amorous and sexual relationship between the couple, and the conjugal pursuit of ''[[dharma]]'' (spiritual and ethical life) and ''[[artha]]'' (economic life).<ref name=upadhaya1965p141/> The first three chapters discuss how a man should go about finding the right bride, while the fourth offers equivalent discussion for a woman and how she can get the man she wants.<ref name=upadhaya1965p141>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=69, 141–156}}</ref> The text states that a person should be realistic, and must possess the "same qualities which one expects from the partner". It suggests involving one's friends and relatives in the search, and meeting the current friends and relatives of one's future partner prior to the marriage.<ref name=upadhaya1965p141/> While the original text makes no mention of astrology and horoscopes, later commentaries, such as one by 13th-century Yashodhara includes consulting and comparing the compatibility of the horoscopes, omens, planetary alignments, and such signs prior to proposing a marriage. Vatsyayana recommends, states Alain Danielou, that "one should play, marry, associate with one's equals, people of one's own circle" who share the same values and religious outlook. It is more difficult to manage a good, happy relationship when there are basic differences between the two, according to verse 3.1.20 of the ''Kamasutra''.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=222–224}}

===Intimacy and foreplay===
Vatsyayana's ''Kamasutra'' describes intimacy of various forms, including those between lovers before and during sex. For example, the text discusses eight forms of ''alingana'' (embrace) in verses 2.2.7–23: ''sphrishtaka'', ''viddhaka'', ''udghrishtaka'', ''piditaka'', ''lataveshtitaka'', ''vrikshadhirudha'', ''tilatandula'' and ''kshiranira''.<ref name=upadhyaya1965p11/> The first four are expressive of mutual love, but are nonsexual. The last four are forms of embrace recommended by Vatsyayana to increase pleasure during foreplay and during sexual intimacy. Vatsyayana cites earlier – now lost – Indian texts from the Babhraya's school, for these eight categories of embraces. The various forms of intimacy reflect the intent and provide means to engage a combination of senses for pleasure. For instance, according to Vatsyayana the ''lalatika'' form enables both to feel each other and allows the man to visually appreciate "the full beauty of the female form", states S.C. Upadhyaya.<ref name=upadhyaya1965p11>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=11–12}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = '''On sexual embraces'''
<poem>
Some sexual embraces, not in this text,
also intensify passion;
these, too, may be used for love-making,
but only with care.
The territory of the text extends
only so far as men have dull appetites;
but when the wheel of sexual ecstasy is in full motion,
there is no textbook at all, and no order.
</poem>
|source = —''Kamasutra 2.2.30–31'', Translator: Wendy Doniger and Sudhir Kakar{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|p=xviii}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
Another example of the forms of intimacy discussed in the ''Kamasutra'' includes ''chumbanas'' (kissing).<ref name=upadhyaya1965p12/> The text presents twenty-six forms of kisses, ranging from those appropriate for showing respect and affection, to those during foreplay and sex. Vatsyayana also mentions variations in kissing cultures in different parts of ancient India.<ref name=upadhyaya1965p12/> The best kiss for an intimate partner, according to ''kamasutra'', is one that is based on the awareness of the ''avastha'' (the emotional state of one's partner) when the two are not in a sexual union. During sex, the text recommends going with the flow and mirroring with ''abhiyoga'' and ''samprayoga''.<ref name=upadhyaya1965p12>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=12–13}}</ref>

Other techniques of foreplay and sexual intimacy that are described in the ''kamasutra'' include; various forms of holding and embraces (''grahana'', ''upaguhana''), mutual massage and rubbing (''mardana''), pinching and biting, using fingers and hands to stimulate (''karikarakrida'', ''nadi-kshobana'', ''anguli-pravesha''), three styles of ''jihva-pravesha'' ([[french kiss]]ing), and many styles of fellatio and cunnilingus.<ref>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=11–42}}</ref>

===Adultery===
The ''Kamasutra'', states the Indologist and Sanskrit literature scholar [[Ludo Rocher]], discourages adultery but then devotes "not less than fifteen sutras (1.5.6–20) to enumerating the reasons (''karana'') for which a man is allowed to seduce a married woman". Vatsyayana mentions different types of ''nayikas'' (urban girls) such as unmarried virgins, those married and abandoned by husband, widow seeking remarriage and courtesans, then discusses their kama/sexual education, rights and mores.<ref name="Rocher1985">{{cite journal|last1=Rocher|first1=Ludo|title=The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=105|issue=3| year=1985|pages= 521–529|doi=10.2307/601526|jstor=601526}}</ref> In childhood, [[Vātsyāyana]] says, a person should learn how to make a living; youth is the time for pleasure, and as years pass, one should concentrate on living virtuously and hope to escape the cycle of rebirth.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

According to Doniger, the ''Kamasutra'' teaches adulterous sexual liaison as a means for a man to predispose the involved woman in assisting him, as a strategic means to work against his enemies and to facilitate his successes. It also explains the signs and reasons a woman wants to enter into an adulterous relationship and when she does not want to commit adultery.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|editor=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Sense of Adharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802448-4|pages=170–174|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221201824/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Kamasutra'' teaches strategies to engage in adulterous relationships, but concludes its chapter on sexual liaison stating that one should not commit adultery because adultery pleases only one of two sides in a marriage, hurts the other, it goes against both ''dharma'' and ''artha''.<ref name=doniger2016p14/>

===Caste, class===
The ''Kamasutra'' has been one of the unique sources of sociological information and cultural milieu of ancient India. It shows a "near total disregard of class (varna) and caste (jati)", states Doniger.<ref name=Doniger2016p21/> Human relationships, including the sexual type, are neither segregated nor repressed by gender or caste, rather linked to individual's wealth (success in ''[[artha]]''). In the ''Kamasutra'', lovers are "not upper-class" but they "must be rich" enough to dress well, pursue social leisure activities, buy gifts and surprise the lover. In the rare mention of caste, it is about a man finding his legal wife and the advice that humorous stories to seduce a woman should be about "other virgins of same ''jati'' (caste)". In general, the text describes sexual activity between men and women across class and caste, both in urban and rural settings.<ref name=Doniger2016p21>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=21–23|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Same-sex relationships===
The ''Kamasutra'' includes verses describing homosexual relations such as oral sex between two men, as well as between two women.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar |2002 |pp=xxxiv-xxxvii}}{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=9-10}} Lesbian relations are extensively covered in Chapters 5 and 8 in Book 2.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=169-177}} The text also mentions "pretend play", [[sadomasochism]],<ref>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197|pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=39–140|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[group sex]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kumkum Roy|editor=Janaki Nair and Mary John|title=A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&pg=PA52|year=2000|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-85649-892-0|page=52|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126004037/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&pg=PA52|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Doniger, the ''Kamasutra'' discusses same-sex relationships through the notion of the ''tritiya prakriti'', literally, "third sexuality" or "third nature". In ''Redeeming the Kamasutra,'' Doniger states that "the Kamasutra departs from the dharmic view of homosexuality in significant ways", where the term ''kliba'' appears. In contemporary translations, this has been inaccurately rendered as "eunuch" – or, a castrated man in a harem,{{refn|group=note|name=harem}} and the [[Harem|royal harem]] did not exist in India before the Turkish presence in the ninth century.<ref name="Doniger2016p114">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=114–116 [http://www.pdfdrive.com/redeeming-the-kamasutra-e187250316.html PDF]|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sanskrit word ''Kliba'' found in older Indian texts refers to a "man who does not act like a man", typically in a pejorative sense. The ''Kamasutra'' does not use the pejorative term ''kliba'' at all, but speaks instead of a "third nature" or, in the sexual behavior context as the "third sexuality".<ref name="Doniger2016p114"/>

The text states that there are two sorts of "third nature", one where a man behaves like a woman, and in the other, a woman behaves like a man. In one of the longest consecutive sets of verses describing a sexual act, the ''Kamasutra'' describes fellatio technique between a man dressed like a woman performing fellatio on another man.<ref name="Doniger2016p114"/> The text also mentions same-sex behavior between two women, such as a girl losing her virginity with a girlfriend as they use their fingers,<ref name="Doniger2016p120">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|pages=120–122|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as oral sex and the use of sex toys between women.<ref>{{cite book|author=Davesh Soneji|editor=Yudit Kornberg Greenberg|title=Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-980-1|page=307|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222215811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Svairini'', a term Danielou translates as a lesbian,{{sfn|Daniélou|1993|pp=48, 171-172}} is described in the text as a woman who lives a conjugal life with another woman or by herself fending for herself, not interested in a husband.<ref>{{cite book|author=P.P. Mishra|editor=Yudit Kornberg Greenberg|title=Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-980-1|page=362|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222215811/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the text has some fleeting remarks on bisexual relationships.<ref name="Doniger2016p120"/>

== Translations ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
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| image1 = Richard Burton's edition of Kamasutra 1883 edition.jpg
| width1 = 200
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| caption1 =
| image2 = Lamairesse - Kama Sutra.djvu
| width2 = 203
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| footer = The first English version by Richard Burton became public in 1883, but it was illegal to publish it in England and the United States until 1962.<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/> Right: a French retranslation of 1891.
}}

According to Doniger, the historical records suggest that the ''Kamasutra'' was a well-known and popular text in Indian history. This popularity through the [[Mughal Empire]] era is confirmed by its regional translations. The Mughals, states Doniger, had "commissioned lavishly illustrated Persian and Sanskrit ''Kamasutra'' manuscripts".<ref name="Doniger2016p12">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|page=12|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first English translation of the ''Kama Sutra'' was privately printed in 1883 by the Orientalist Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]]. He did not translate it, but did edit it to suit the Victorian British attitudes. The unedited translation was produced by the Indian scholar [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] with the assistance of a student Shivaram Parshuram Bhide, under the guidance of Burton's friend, the Indian civil servant [[Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot]].<ref>McConnachie (2007), pp. 123–125.</ref> According to Doniger, the Burton version is a "flawed English translation" but influential as modern translators and abridged versions, even in the Indian languages such as in Hindi, are re-translations of the Burton version, rather than the original Sanskrit manuscript.<ref name="Doniger2018p164">[a] [https://lithub.com/redeeming-the-kamasutra/ Sir Richard Burton’s Version of the Kamasutra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122174537/https://lithub.com/redeeming-the-kamasutra/ |date=22 November 2018 }}, Wendy Doniger, ''Literary Hub'' (March 11, 2016); [b] {{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Against Dharma: Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZBNDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-21619-6|pages=164–166|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125025942/https://books.google.com/books?id=XZBNDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Burton version of the ''Kamasutra'' was produced in an environment where the Victorian mindset and Protestant proselytizers were busy finding faults and attacking Hinduism and its culture, rejecting as "filthy paganism" anything they found sensuous and sexual in Hindu arts and literature. The "Hindus were cowering under their scorn", states Doniger, and the open discussion of sex in the ''Kamasutra'' scandalized the 19th-century Europeans.<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/> The Burton edition of the ''Kamasutra'' was illegal to publish in England and the United States till 1962. Yet, states Doniger, it became soon after its publication in 1883, "one of the most pirated books in the English language", widely copied, reprinted and republished sometimes without Richard Burton's name.<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/>

Burton made two important contributions to the ''Kamasutra''. First, he had the courage to publish it in the colonial era against the political and cultural mores of the British elite. He creatively found a way to subvert the then prevalent censorship laws of Britain under the Obscene Publications Act of 1857.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Translating/'The' "Kama Sutra"| author= Ben Grant|journal = Third World Quarterly| volume= 26|number= 3| year= 2005| pages= 509–510| publisher= Taylor & Francis|jstor= 3993841| doi=10.1080/01436590500033867| s2cid= 145438916}}</ref><ref name="Doniger2018p164"/> Burton created a fake publishing house named ''The Kama Shastra Society of London and Benares'' (Benares = [[Varanasi]]), with the declaration that it is "for private circulation only".<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/> The second major contribution was to edit it in a major way, by changing words and rewriting sections to make it more acceptable to the general British public. For example, the original Sanskrit ''Kamasutra'' does not use the words [[lingam]] or [[yoni]] for sexual organs, and almost always uses other terms. Burton adroitly avoided being viewed as obscene to the Victorian mindset by avoiding the use of words such as penis, vulva, vagina and other direct or indirect sexual terms in the Sanskrit text to discuss sex, sexual relationships and human sexual positions. Burton used the terms lingam and yoni instead throughout the translation.<ref name=doniger2011p500/> This conscious and incorrect word substitution, states Doniger, thus served as an Orientalist means to "anthropologize sex, distance it, make it safe for English readers by assuring them, or pretending to assure them, that the text was not about real sexual organs, their sexual organs, but merely about the appendages of weird, dark people far away."<ref name=doniger2011p500>{{cite journal|author =Wendy Doniger| title= God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva| journal= Social Research|volume =78| number=2|year= 2011|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=499–505|jstor=23347187}}</ref> Though Burton used the terms [[lingam]] and [[yoni]] for human sexual organs, terms that actually mean a lot more in Sanskrit texts and its meaning depends on the context. However, Burton's ''Kamasutra'' gave a unique, specific meaning to these words in the western imagination.<ref name=doniger2011p500/>

The problems with Burton mistranslation are many, states Doniger. First, the text "simply does not say what Burton says it says".<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/> Second, it "robs women of their voices, turning direct quotes into indirect quotes, thus losing the force of the dialogue that animates the work and erasing the vivid presence of the many women who speak in the Kamasutra". Third, it changes the force of words in the original text. For example, when a woman says "Stop!" or "Let me go!" in the original text of Vatsyayana, Burton changed it to "She continually utters words expressive of prohibition, sufficiency, or desire of liberation", states Doniger, and thus misconstrues the context and intent of the original text.<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/> Similarly, while the original ''Kamasutra'' acknowledges that "women have strong privileges", Burton erased these passages and thus eroded women's agency in ancient India in the typical Orientialist manner that dehumanized the Indian culture.<ref name="Doniger2018p164"/><ref name=doniger2011p500/> David Shulman, a professor of Indian Studies and Comparative Religion, agrees with Doniger that the Burton translation is misguided and flawed.<ref name=nytimes2002kamasutra/> The Burton version was written with a different mindset, one that treated "sexual matters with Victorian squeamishness and a pornographic delight in the indirect", according to Shulman. It has led to a misunderstanding of the text and created the wrong impression of it being ancient "Hindu pornography".<ref name=nytimes2002kamasutra/>

In 1961, S. C. Upadhyaya published his translation as the ''Kamasutra of Vatsyayana: Complete Translation from the Original''.<ref>{{cite book| title= Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit| author1=Vatsyayana| author2= SC Upadhyaya (transl)| year=1965 | publisher= DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961) | oclc=150688197}}</ref> According to [[Jyoti Puri]], it is considered among the best-known scholarly English-language translations of the ''Kamasutra'' in post-independent India.{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|p=607}}

Other translations include those by [[Alain Daniélou]] (''The Complete Kama Sutra'' in 1994).<ref>[http://www.alaindanielou.org/The-Complete-Kama-Sutra.html ''The Complete Kama Sutra''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506045738/http://www.alaindanielou.org/The-Complete-Kama-Sutra.html |date=6 May 2008 }} by Alain Daniélou.</ref> This translation, originally into French, and thence into English, featured the original text attributed to [[Vātsyāyana|Vatsyayana]], along with a medieval and a modern commentary.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993}} Unlike the 1883 version, Daniélou's new translation preserves the numbered verse divisions of the original, and does not incorporate notes in the text. He includes English translations of two important commentaries, one by Jayamangala, and a more modern commentary by Devadatta Shastri, as [[endnote]]s.{{sfn|Daniélou|1993}} Doniger questions the accuracy of Daniélou's translation, stating that he has freely reinterpreted the ''Kamasutra'' while disregarding the gender that is implicit in the Sanskrit words. He, at times, reverses the object and subject, making the woman the subject and man the object when the ''Kamasutra'' is explicitly stating the reverse. According to Doniger, "even this cryptic text [''Kamasutra''] is not infinitely elastic" and such creative reinterpretations do not reflect the text.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002|pp=xxxvi-xxxvii with footnotes}}

A translation by [[Indra Sinha]] was published in 1980. In the early 1990s, its chapter on sexual positions began circulating on the Internet as an independent text and today is often assumed to be the whole of the ''Kama Sutra''.<ref>Sinha, p. 33.</ref>

Doniger and Sudhir Kakar published another translation in 2002, as a part of the Oxford World's Classics series.{{sfn|Wendy Doniger|Sudhir Kakar|2002}} Along with the translation, Doniger has published numerous articles and book chapters relating to the ''Kamasutra''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Kamasutra|author=Wendy Doniger| journal= Daedalus| volume= 131| number=2|year= 2002|publisher=The MIT Press|pages= 126–129|jstor=20027767}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|editor=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Sense of Adharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC&pg=PA169|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802448-4|pages=169–174|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125030006/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6bsOfvySvMC&pg=PA169|url-status=live}}</ref> The Doniger translation and ''Kamasutra''-related literature has both been praised and criticized. According to David Shulman, the Doniger translation "will change peoples' understanding of this book and of ancient India. Previous translations are hopelessly outdated, inadequate and misguided".<ref name=nytimes2002kamasutra>{{cite news|author= Dinitia Smith|title= A New Kama Sutra Without Victorian Veils|newspaper= The New York Times|date= May 4, 2002|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/books/a-new-kama-sutra-without-victorian-veils.html|access-date= 3 December 2018|archive-date= 3 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202659/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/books/a-new-kama-sutra-without-victorian-veils.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Narasingha Sil calls the Doniger's work as "another signature work of translation and exegesis of the much misunderstood and abused Hindu erotology". Her translation has the folksy, "twinkle prose", engaging style, and an original translation of the Sanskrit text. However, adds Sil, Doniger's work mixes her postmodern translation and interpretation of the text with her own "political and polemical" views. She makes sweeping generalizations and flippant insertions that are supported by neither the original text nor the weight of evidence in other related ancient and later Indian literature such as from the Bengal Renaissance movement – one of the scholarly specialty of Narasingha Sil. Doniger's presentation style titillates, yet some details misinform and parts of her interpretations are dubious, states Sil.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Narasingha P. Sil|title= Book Review: Wendy Doniger, Redeeming the Kamasutra|journal=American Journal of Indic Studies|volume=1|number=1|year=2018|pages=61–66 with footnotes|doi=10.12794/journals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Analysis==
Indira Kapoor, a director of the International Planned Parenthood Foundation, states that the ''Kamasutra'' is a treatise on human sexual behavior and an ancient attempt to seriously study sexuality among other things. According to Kapoor, quotes [[Jyoti Puri]], the attitude of contemporary Indians is markedly different, with misconceptions and expressions of embarrassment, rather than curiosity and pride, when faced with texts such as ''Kamasutra'' and amorous and erotic arts found in Hindu temples.{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|p=605}} ''Kamasutra'', states Kapoor, must be viewed as a means to discover and improve the "self-confidence and understanding of their bodies and feelings".{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|p=605}}

The ''Kamasutra'' has been a popular reference to erotic ancient literature. In the Western media, such as in the American women's magazine ''[[Redbook]]'', the Kamasutra is described as "Although it was written centuries ago, there's still no better sex handbook, which details hundreds of positions, each offering a subtle variation in pleasure to men and women."<ref>{{cite journal| author=Lamar Graham|year=1995| title= A Love Map to His Body|journal = Redbook|issue=May|page=88}}</ref>

Jyoti Puri, who published a review and feminist critique of the text, stated that the "''Kamasutra'' is frequently appropriated as indisputable evidence of a non-Western and tolerant, indeed celebratory, view of sexuality" and for "the belief that the ''Kamasutra'' provides a transparent glimpse into the positive, even exalted, view of sexuality".{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|pp=604, 606–608}} However, according to Puri, this is a colonial and anticolonial modernist interpretation of the text. These narratives neither resonate with nor provide the "politics of gender, race, nationality and class" that may have been prevalent in ancient India as published by other historians .{{sfn|Jyoti Puri|2002|pp=633-634}}

According to Doniger, the ''Kama Sutra'' is a "great cultural masterpiece", one which can inspire contemporary Indians to overcome "self-doubts and rejoice" in their ancient heritage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Redeeming the Kamasutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-049928-0|page=16|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221104600/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrVjDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
List of feature films based on the ''Kama Sutra'':
* ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]''
* ''[[Kamasutra 3D]]''
* ''[[Tales of The Kama Sutra: The Perfumed Garden]]''
* ''[[Tales of The Kama Sutra 2: Monsoon]]''

== Illustrations based on ''Kama Sutra'' ==
<gallery>
File:KamaSutra24.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[woman on top]], circa 19th Century
File:Kamasutra5.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra20.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra03.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:Painting - B2.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, late 18th century
File:Painting - B3.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, late 18th century
File:KamaSutra26 b.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[missionary position]], circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra18.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra44.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:Indiaerotic1.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, 1790
File:KamaSutra07.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra21.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra31.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra15.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra55.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra22.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra16.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:Karma Sutra, Kuchaman Fort.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[group sex]]
File:KamaSutra25.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra49.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra29.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra43.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:Kamasutra1.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra04.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[Sex positions#Standing|standing positions]], circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra09.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra45.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra11.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra08.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra37.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[double penetration]], circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra50.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra05.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[Sex positions#Sitting and kneeling|lotus position]], circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra34.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra02.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra14.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra12.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra40.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra13.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:Painting - B4.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, late 18th century
File:Painting - B1.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, late 18th century
File:KamaSutra06.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[doggy style]], circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra23.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration, circa 19th Century
File:KamaSutra10.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of [[69 (sex position)|69]], circa 19th Century
File:Kamas1.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of lesbians
File:Two women embracing and using carrots as dildoes. Gouache Wellcome L0033073.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' illustration of women in embrace
File:KamaSutra19.jpg|''Kama Sutra'' Illustration
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[History of sex in India]]
* ''[[Allen Edwardes|The Jewel in The Lotus]]''
* [[Kamashastra]]
* [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]]
* ''[[Lazzat Un Nisa]]''
* [[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]
* [[Mlecchita vikalpa]]
* [[Philaenis]]
* ''[[The Perfumed Garden]]''
* [[Song of Songs]]
* ''[[Fanny Hill]]''

{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivram |title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary |year=1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0567-4 |edition=fourth revised & enlarged}}
* {{Cite book |last=Avari |first=Burjor |title=India: The Ancient Past|year=2007 |publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn= 978-0-415-35616-9}}
* {{Cite book | author-link=Alain Daniélou | last=Daniélou | first=Alain | title=The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text | publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] | year=1993 | isbn=0-89281-525-6 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/completekamasutr00alai }}
* {{Cite book | author-link=Wendy Doniger | author1=Wendy Doniger | author2=Sudhir Kakar | title=Kamasutra | series=Oxford World's Classics | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2002 | isbn=0-19-283982-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/kamasutra00vats }}
*{{cite book|title=Kama Sutra|first1=A.N.D|last1= Haksar|first2= Malika| last2= Favre|isbn=978-1-101-65107-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7BDmY8vzWIC| year=2011| publisher=Penguin }}
* {{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |year=1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43878-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Flood |editor1-first=Gavin |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|year=2003 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] Ltd|location=Malden, MA |isbn=1-4051-3251-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J. |title=The Hindu Religious Tradition|year=1971 |publisher=Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John|author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-8021-3797-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=McConnachie |first=James|title= The Book of Love: In Search of the Kamasutra |year=2007 |publisher=[[Atlantic Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84354-373-2}}
*{{cite journal|title = Concerning "Kamasutras": Challenging Narratives of History and Sexuality |author= Jyoti Puri| volume= 27|number= 3| journal= Signs| publisher=University of Chicago Press| year= 2002| jstor= 3175887}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Indra|author-link= Indra Sinha |title=The Cybergypsies |year=1999 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-600-34158-5}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}
'''Original and translations'''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120919095241/http://www.indohistory.com/kamasutra.html Sir Richard Burton's English translation]}} on Indohistory.com
* {{librivox book | title=The Kama Sutra | author=Mallanaga Vatsyayana}}
* [http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/klskt/kamasutr/kamas.htm The Kama Sutra in the original Sanskrit] provided by the [[TITUS (project)|TITUS project]]
* {{Gutenberg|no=27827|name=Kama Sutra}}

{{Sex}}
{{Sex manuals}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:3rd-century books]]
[[Category:Sutras (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Hinduism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Kamashastra]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Sex manuals]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]

Pius Marwein

2026-02-07T21:26:46Z

Antiexsolutions: made first details initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Pius Marwein''' (born 1992)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pius Marwein(UDP):Constituency- RANIKOR (ST)(SOUTH WEST KHASI HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6835 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Ranikor Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[South West Khasi Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-23 |title=Ranikor Assembly Constituency |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/ne-election-2023/meghalaya-ne-election-2023/constituencies-meghalaya-ne-election-2023/ranikor-assembly-constituency/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Marwein is from Nonghyllam Village, [[Balat, Meghalaya|Balat]] post, South West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/meghalaya-legislative-assembly/44280 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=meghalaya.gov.in}}</ref> He is the son of late Klaspar Hahshah. He studied Class 12, and passed the examinations in 2020 for the Higher Secondary School leaving certificate in arts at 103 Chandrapur Senior Secondary School, [[Guwahati]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Marwein won from [[Ranikor Assembly constituency]] representing United Democratic Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 16,502 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Martin Danggo|Martin M. Danggo]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,649 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]. Contesting on United Democratic Party ticket, he lost to Martin Danggo of the Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pius Marwein in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/pius-marwein-ranikor-candidate-s15a035c004/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1535.htm?ac=35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401175703/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1535.htm?ac=35 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marwein, Pius}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from South West Khasi Hills district]]

Suhasini (Telugu actress)

2026-01-18T18:20:06Z

Antiexsolutions: put up initial info nd citations!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Distinguish|Suhasini Maniratnam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhasini
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nellore District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| caption =
| other_names = Suha
| education = 
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[television producer]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|

* {{Marriage|Dharma|2016}}
}}
| parents =
| years_active = 2003–present
}}

'''Suhasini''' is an Indian actress, who has predominantly appeared in Telugu films.

==Career==
Suhasini hails from [[Nellore district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Her acting debut was [[B. Jaya (director)|B. Jaya]]'s ''[[Chantigadu]]'' after which she went on to act in four Tamil films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/set-to-make-her-space/article3185598.ece |title=Set to make her space |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In her first Tamil film, the horror flick ''[[Adhu]]'', she played a ghost,{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} and [[The Hindu]]'s critic noted that she was "quite expressive".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/22/stories/2004102202790300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215183610/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/22/stories/2004102202790300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 October 2004 |title=Entertainment / Film Review : Adhu}}</ref> She later acted in [[Rama Narayanan]]'s ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} About Suha's performance in the film, The Hindu wrote: "Suha is beautiful and charming in the song sequences and has also tried her best to emote".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031102100502.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141119123342/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031102100502.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 March 2005 |title=Entertainment Chennai / Film Review : "Mannin Mainthan"}}</ref> She was also cast as the female lead in ''Unnai Enakku Pidichirukku'', that featured comedian [[Senthil]]'s son Naveen in his debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/fire-at-the-film-launch-news-tamil-kkfv89bhecgsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164105/http://www.sify.com/movies/fire-at-the-film-launch-news-tamil-kkfv89bhecgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Fire at the film launch! |work=Sify}}</ref> All her Tamil projects were unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Koundamani-and-I-may-pair-up-again/articleshow/3832517.cms |title='Koundamani and I may pair up again' |work=The Times of India|date=14 December 2008 }}</ref>

She then returned to Telugu cinema and in the following years, she either starred in low-profile films—such as ''Sundaraniki Tondarekkuva'', which saw her reuniting with her ''Chantigadu'' co-star Baladitya,{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} ''Guna'',{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} ''Prema Charitra'', ''Highway'' and ''Sandadi''{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} — or appeared in supporting roles in projects like ''Kokila'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/wholesome-entertainer/article3239951.ece |title=Wholesome entertainer |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2006}}</ref> ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'',{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'',{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} ''[[Pandurangadu]]'' <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Suhasinis-sixth-sense/articleshow/2945164.cms |title=Suhasini's sixth sense |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2008 }}</ref> and ''[[Punnami Naagu (2009 film)|Punnami Naagu]]''. In between, she had another Tamil release ''Gnabagam Varuthe'', co-starring [[Venkat Prabhu]] and [[S. P. B. Charan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/amateur-attempt/article3023930.ece |title=Amateur attempt |work=The Hindu |date=26 October 2007}}</ref> and also made her Kannada debut in ''[[Baa Bega Chandamama]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/13ssb.htm |title=Review: Baa Bega Chandamama |publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, she ventured into television, playing the lead role in the Telugu serial ''Aparanji''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bonding-on-screen/article962075.ece |title=Bonding on screen |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2010}}</ref> The series completed over 300 episodes,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tagged-in-twisted-tales/article2482376.ece |title=Tagged in twisted tales |author=Y Sunita Chowdhary |work=The Hindu |date=24 September 2011}}</ref> which led to her landing further lead roles in ''Anubandalu'' (replacing [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]) and ''Ashta Chamma'', besides earning her the 2011 [[AP Cinegoers' Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/gemini-sweeps-ap-cinegoers-awards/article2381052.ece |title=Gemini sweeps AP Cinegoers' awards |author= Reporter |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2011}}</ref> She also acted in a Tamil TV series, ''Sivasankari''. After her television debut, she enacted lead roles in Super Good Films' Tamil drama film ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article445467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402034832/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article445467.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2013 |title=Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and the Telugu devotional film ''Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/devotional-tale/article3221354.ece |title=Devotional tale |author=m. l. narasimham |work=The Hindu |date=25 March 2012}}</ref> and acted in two Bhojpuri films with [[Sudip Pandey]].{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

In February 2015, her new TV Serial ''Iddaru-Ammayilu'' started on Zee Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeetelugu.com/shows/iddaru-ammayilu |title=ZEE Telugu: Top Stories on Latest Zee Telugu TV Serials & Shows, Telugu Movie Reviews, Gossip, and News Updates | ZEE5 |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404014500/http://www.zeetelugu.com/shows/iddaru-ammayilu |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Chantigadu]]'' || Sitamahalakshmi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Adhu]]'' || Kayalvizhi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Credited as Suha
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'' || Amudha Bhairavamurthy || Tamil || Credited as Suha
|-
| 2006 || ''Sundaraniki Tondarekkuva'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Kokila'' || Subbalakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Gana'' || Priya || Telugu ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Aadivaram Adavallaku Selavu'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bhookailas]]'' || Bujji || Telugu ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' || Parijatham || Telugu ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Gnabagam Varuthe'' || || Tamil || Credited as Suha
|-
| 2008 || ''Highway'' || Seetha || Telugu ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Pandurangadu]]'' || Satyabhama || Telugu ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Baa Bega Chandamama]]'' || Preethi || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Thamasha Chudham Randi'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Sweet Heart'' || Lakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Punnami Naagu (2009 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' || Gangamma Lakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Sandadi'' || Suji || Telugu ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Mouna Ragam'' || Kaveri || Telugu ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Pournami Nagam'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2011 || ''Prema Charitra'' || Anjali || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' || Valli || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sharabi'' || ||[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ||
|-
| ''Kurbaani'' || || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sri Vasavi Vaibhavam]]'' || Vasavi Kanyaka || Telugu ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]]'' || Pooja || Telugu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Rough (film)|Rough]]'' || Chandu’s sister || Telugu ||
|-
| 2016 || '' Spices of Liberty'' || Radha || English ||
|}

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! TV Serial
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
|2012-2015||''Sivasankari''|| ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|2011-2013||''Aparanji''||Ganga||rowspan=10|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]|| TV debut
|-
|2013||''Anubhandalu''||Sarada||[[Gemini TV]]|| replaced [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|-
|2013-2015||''Asta Chamma''||Jyothi||[[Star Maa|MAA TV]]||
|-
|2015-2017||''Iddaru Ammayilu''||Aparna||[[Zee Telugu]]|| Also Producer
|-
|2017-2019||''Naa Kodalu Bangaram''||Siri||[[Zee Telugu]]|| Also Producer
|-
|2020–2021||''[[Girija Kalyanam (TV series)|Girija Kalyanam]]''||Girija / Varna||[[Gemini TV]]|| Also Producer
|-
|2020–2022||''Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam''||Rukmini||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2023–2025||''Mamagaru''||Ganga||[[Star Maa]]
|
|-
|2025-present||''Srihari Kalyanam''||Producer||[[Gemini TV]]||Producer
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4570323}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suhasini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Talagirisvara Temple

2026-01-04T02:57:14Z

Antiexsolutions:

#REDIRECT [[Thalagireeshwarar Temple]]

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Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1935 film)

2026-01-02T01:39:02Z

Antiexsolutions: put up the data v1!

{{About||the 1966 film|Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)}}
{{short description|1935 film by C. Pullayya}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Krishna Tulabharam
| image = Poster of Sri Krishna Tulabharam 1935 Telugu film.png
| caption = Published in ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' newspaper
| director = Mukherjee Rajaram
| producer =
| starring = Kapilavayi Ramanadha Sastry Jayasingh [[Rushyendramani]] [[Kanchanamala]] [[Lakshmirajyam]] [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
| studio = Calcutta Kali Film Company
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1935|4|22}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sri Krishna Tulabharam''''' ({{Translation|'[[Sri Krishna]]'s [[Tulabhara]]'}}) is a 1935 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film|Hindu mythological]] film directed by Mukherjee and Rajaram and produced by Calcutta Kali Film Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishna Thulabharam (1935) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BWB/info |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921175349/https://indiancine.ma/BWB/info |url-status=live }}</ref> The screenplay, adapted by Mutharaju Subba Rao, is based on the ''[[Tulabhara|Tulabharam]]'' episode from the [[Mahabharata]] involving [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and [[Satyabhama]]. The film stars Kapilavayi Ramanadha Sastry, Jayasingh, [[Rushyendramani]], [[Kanchanamala]], [[Lakshmirajyam]], and [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]. It marks the on-screen debuts of Rushyendramani, Kanchanamala, Lakshmirajyam, and Relangi, and was filmed in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=ఆణిముత్యాలు: మూడు సార్లు ముచ్చట గొలిపిన 'శ్రీకృష్ణ తులాభారం' |url=http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/sri-krishna-tulabharam-n-t-rama-rao-anjali-devi/10545 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=సితార |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109232246/http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/sri-krishna-tulabharam-n-t-rama-rao-anjali-devi/10545 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the ''[[Tulabhara|Tulabharam]]'' episode from the [[Mahabharata]], where Satyabhama's pride is humbled when she is unable to match the weight of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] on a scale, despite offering all her wealth. Ultimately, a single leaf of [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|Tulasi]] offered by [[Rukmini]] tips the scale, symbolizing the supremacy of devotion over material wealth.

== Cast ==
Source: <ref name=":0" />
* Jayasingh as [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]]
* Kapilavayi Ramanadha Sastry as [[Narada]]
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Satyabhama
* Guntur Sabharanjani as [[Rukmini]]
* [[Kanchanamala]] as [[Mitravinda]]
* [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam|Lakshmirajyam]] as Nalini
* Kakinada Joginadham as Vasanthaka
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Vidushaka<ref name="Relangi">{{cite news |date=9 August 2019 |title=Relangi, the First Padma Shri Awardee in Comedy |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-868886 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809105930/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-868886 |archivedate=9 August 2020 |work=[[Andhra Jyothy]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was produced by Calcutta Kali Film Company, which was known for its focus on mythological and devotional subjects. The screenplay was written by Mutharaju Subba Rao, and the film was directed by Mukherjee and Rajaram, marking one of the earliest successful mythological films in Telugu cinema.<ref name=":0" />

The film was shot in [[Calcutta]] and featured a cast of emerging actors, including [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] and [[Rushyendramani]], in their debut roles. Rushyendramani, already a famous stage actress, received a then-hefty sum of {{Indian Rupee}}1,000 for her performance, as did Kapilavayi. For Relangi, his payment was {{Indian Rupee}}75.<ref name=":0" />

To attract audiences, the filmmakers included scenes of holy places like the [[Ghats in Varanasi|bathing ghats of Kasi]], [[Kalighat|Kali Ghat]] and the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Dakshineswar Temple]] in Calcutta, which were shown before the main feature. This added a devotional appeal to the film, drawing large crowds.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
The film's songs and verses were written by [[Chandala Kesavadasu]], Muttaraju Subba Rao, and [[Sthanam Narasimha Rao]]. The film incorporated popular songs and verses from the stage play. ''Sri'' ''Krishna Tulabharam'' featured three songs that became popular, particularly ''Bhale Manchi Chowka Beramu'', which gained wide recognition. These songs were reused in two subsequent versions of the film produced in 1955 and [[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|1966]].<ref name="Chandala">{{cite news |date=20 June 2015 |title=Telugu Cinema Scholar Chandala Kesavadasu |url=http://www.navatelangana.com/article/sopathi/44306 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809102833/http://www.navatelangana.com/article/sopathi/44306 |archivedate=9 August 2020 |work=[[Nava Telangana]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Sri Krishna Tulabharam'' was well-received, with audiences appreciating its devotional themes and performances. Rushyendramani, already a celebrated stage actress, made her silver screen debut in this film and was particularly praised for her portrayal of Satyabhama. The film's success established her as a leading actress in Telugu cinema.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
The 1935 version of ''Sri Krishna Tulabharam'' became one of the pioneering mythological films in Telugu cinema. It set a precedent for future adaptations of mythological stories, inspiring later versions of the film in 1955 and [[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|1966]], both of which retained several elements from the original, including the famous songs and verses.<ref name=":0" />

The film also marked the screen debut of other notable actors like [[Kanchanamala|Kanchanamala]], [[C. Lakshmi Rajyam|Lakshmirajyam]], and [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], all of whom would go on to have successful careers in the industry.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0255615|Sri Krishna Tulabharam}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. Pullayya]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Y. Venkatarama Reddy

2025-12-08T13:24:02Z

Antiexsolutions: put up initial article w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Y. Venkatarama Reddy''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Guntakal Assembly constituency]] in [[Anantapur district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing YSR Congress Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Guntakal Assembly Election 2024: Guntakal Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/guntakal-constituency-result-1150 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |title=గుంతకల్ Constituency Election 2024: Live Results, Winning Candidates - Andhra Pradesh Assembly Polls |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/andhra-pradesh/assembly-elections |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He has been nominated again by [[YSR Congress Party]] to contest the Guntakal Assembly seat in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] but lost the election.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Guntakal]], Anantapur district. His father Yalla Reddy Gari Bheemi Reddy was a farmer. He completed his graduation in Arts from St. Joseph Arts College, Bangalore, [[Bangalore University]], in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-08 |title=Y. Venkatarami Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Guntakal {{!}} Anantapur {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://theleaderspage.com/y-venkatarami-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntakal Assembly Election Results 2024: Guntakal Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/guntakal-constituency-result-1150 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political journey with YSR Congress Party in 2014. He contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Guntakal Assembly constituency]] on YSRCP ticket but lost to R. Jitendra Goud of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 5,094 votes. However, he won the Guntakal seat in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating R. Jitendra Gowd, this time around, by a huge margin of 48,532 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Guntakal Assembly Constituency Election 2024 (गुंतकल): Guntakal Constituency Chunav Date, Guntakal Constituency details, list of candidates, Guntakal Vidhan Sabha Election Last Winner,(गुंतकल) |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/guntakal-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venugopal |first=C. P. |date=2024-04-23 |title=Unkept poll promises rankle Guntakal segment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/23/unkept-poll-promises-rankle-guntakal-segment-2 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntakal Constituency Election Results 2019: Guntakal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/guntakal |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Gummanur Jayaram]] of the Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 6,826 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntakal Constituency Election Results 2024: Guntakal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/guntakal |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatarama Reddy, Y.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

List of programs broadcast by Life OK

2025-12-01T00:54:55Z

Antiexsolutions: minor update

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}

[[Life OK]] was an Indian pay television channel owned by Star India. It was launched on 18 December 2011 replacing Star One. The Channel was replaced by [[Star Bharat]] on 28 August 2017.

This is the list of original programming formerly broadcast by Life OK.

==Comedy series==
{{div col}}
*''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]''
*''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]''
*''[[Comedy Classes]]''
*''[[Har Mard Ka Dard]]''
*[[May I Come In Madam? (season 1)|''May I Come In Madam?'' (season 1)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/02/life-ok-promotes-har-mard-ka-dard-with-innovative-marketing-strategy/|title=Life OK promotes 'Har Mard Ka Dard' with innovative marketing strategy|access-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/fire-on-the-sets-of-tv-show-may-i-come-in-madam/articleshow/57984601.cms|title=Fire on the sets of TV show May I Come In Madam?|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
*''Zindagi Kahe Smile Please''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/zindagi-kahe-smile-please-to-have-a-happy-ending_32554|title=Zindagi Kahe Smile Please to have a happy ending!|access-date=August 20, 2025}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Drama series==
{{div col}}
*''[[2612]]''
*''[[Aasman Se Aage]]''
*''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/dec/dec86.php|title=Hatim to return on Life OK|date=December 19, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye]]''<ref name=revamp>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/life-ok-revamp-from-being-alternate-to-primary-141006|title=Life OK revamp: From being alternate to primary|date=October 6, 2014|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
*''[[Baawre]]''
*''[[Dafa 420]]''
*''[[Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?]]''
*''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]''
*''[[Dream Girl - Ek Ladki Deewani Si]]''
*''Ek Boond Ishq''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohit-saraf-of-bff-fame-bags-ek-boond-ishq/articleshow/21801114.cms|title=Rohit Saraf of BFF fame bags Ek Boond Ishq|work=The Times of India |date=13 August 2013|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
*''[[Ek Nayi Ummeed - Roshni]]''
*''[[Ek Tha Chander Ek Thi Sudha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/life-ok-to-adapt-dharamvir-bharats-gunahon-ka-devta-novel-into-show-150831|title=Life OK to adapt Dharamvir Bharat's 'Gunahon Ka Devta' novel into show|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Ghulaam]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ghulaam-life-ok-param-singh-vikas-manaktala-niti-taylor-review-lifetv-955763-2017-01-18|title=Ghulaam: The new Life OK show is old wine in a new bottle with additives|access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/life-ok-is-all-set-to-unveil-its-next-big-show-ghulaam/articleshow/56383952.cms?TOI_browsernotification=true|title=Life OK is all set to unveil its next big show 'Ghulaam' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref>
*''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
*''[[Jaane Kya Hoga Rama Re]]''
*''[[Junoon - Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''
*''[[Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai]]''
*''[[Kalash - Ek Vishwaas]]''
*''[[Laut Aao Trisha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/bhagyashree-makes-her-comeback-on-tv-with-life-ok-s-new-show-140618|title=Bhagyashree makes comeback on TV with Like OK's new show|date=June 18, 2014|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>
*''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
*''[[Mere Rang Mein Rangne Waali]]''
*''[[Meri Maa (Life OK)|Meri Maa]]''
*''[[Naagarjuna - Ek Yoddha]]''
*''[[Nadaan Parindey Ghar Aaja|Nadaan Parindey]]''
*''[[Piya Rangrezz]]''
*''[[Prem Ya Paheli - Chandrakanta]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Chandrakanta-all-set-to-air-on-Life-OK-and-Colors/articleshow/55870119.cms|title='Chandrakanta' all set to air on Life OK and Colors - Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>
*''[[Pukaar (Indian TV series)|Pukaar - Call For The Hero]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/life-ok-gets-bolder-with-action-series-pukaar-call-for-the-hero-141111|title=Life OK gets bolder with "Pukar: Call for Hero"|date=November 11, 2014|access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>
*''Rakshak''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/rakshak-to-air-from-4th-may_43700|title=Rakshak to air from 4th May
|date=April 25, 2013|access-date=August 20, 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar - Baazigar]]''
*''Sapno Ke Bhawar Mein''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Neeraj-Kumar-in-Sapno-Ke-Bhanwar-Mein/articleshow/14019756.cms|title=Neeraj Kumar in Sapno Ke Bhanwar Mein - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 June 2012 }}</ref>
*''[[Savdhaan India|Savdhaan India – India Fights Back]]''
*''[[Savitri (TV series)|Savitri]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-tv-s-hottest-hunks-1923018|title=Meet TV's hottest hunks|first=Chaya|last=Unnikrishnan|date=22 November 2013|website=DNA India}}</ref>
*''[[Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]''
*''[[Tum Dena Saath Mera (Life OK)|Tum Dena Saath Mera]]''
*''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]''
{{div col end}}

==Horror/supernatural series==
{{div col}}
*''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]''
*''[[Khauff Begins... Ringa Ringa Roses]]''
*''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''
*''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]''
*''[[Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost]]''
{{div col end}}

==Mythological series==
{{div col}}
*''[[Bhakton Ki Bhakti Mein Shakti]]''
*''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
*''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''
{{div col end}}

==Reality/non-scripted programming==
{{div col}}
*''[[The Bachelorette India]]''
*''[[Dare 2 Dance]]''
*''[[Hindustan Ke Hunarbaaz]]''
*''[[Laugh India Laugh]]''
*''[[Mazaak Mazaak Mein]]''
*''[[Sacch Ka Saamna]]''
*''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}
{{programs}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Life OK]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Life OK]]

Maitri (missile)

2025-10-17T16:25:58Z

Antiexsolutions: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indo-French surface to air missile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
The '''Maitri''' ([[Sanskrit]]: 'Friendship')<ref>https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=maitr%C4%AB</ref> missile was a proposed next-generation quick-reaction [[surface-to-air missile]] ([[QRSAM]]) with a claimed ~100% kill probability, planned for development by India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]. It would have been part of a short-range (25–30 km) surface-to-air defense system.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2014|title=France hopeful of $6-billion Maitri missile project|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/france-hopeful-of-6-billion-maitri-missile-project/articleshow/45667100.cms|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> The proposal was shelved and superseded by the [[Anant Shastra|QRSAM]] and [[VL-SRSAM]] missiles for the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Navy]] respectively.

==Introduction==
The Maitri missile should not be confused with the similar Indian Army Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile system (LLQRM) requirement. The missile will fill the gap created by the Indian government's decision to wind up development of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Trishul|Trishul]] point defense missile system. It is believed to be a blend of the French [[MICA (missile)|Mica]] and DRDO [[Trishul missile|Trishul]]. Maitri will build on the work done by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] while developing the Trishul missile, using technology transfer from MBDA to fill the technological gaps that led to the failure of the Trishul project.

==Development==
On 15 July 2009, ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reported that the project was scrapped.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720080615/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090716/jsp/nation/story_11243098.jsp Junked: France joint missile plan]</ref> But later, on June 4, 2010 ''[[Indian Express]]'' reported that, "After moving ahead with similar projects with Russia and Israel, India is set to finalise a missile co-development project with France to manufacture a new range of Short Range Surface to Air Missiles (SRSAM) for the armed forces." From 2007-2010, [[MBDA]] and [[DRDO]] finalised the design and performance parameters of the missile to suit the needs of the Indian armed forces. Besides providing the Indian armed forces with a modern air defence missile, the project will also add a new capability with France, which does not have a similar missile in production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-russia-and-israel-india-to-develop-missiles-with-france/629252/0 |title=After Russia and Israel, India to develop missiles with France |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2010-06-04 |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

The Maitri missile project involved a technological collaboration between [[MBDA]], India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and defence public sector unit Bharat Dynamics Limited. [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory]] (DRDL), a premier missile laboratory of DRDO, will act as the main design centre in India.
The project, with a budget of [[US$]]500 million was said to have been signed in May 2007.<ref>[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2946 india-defence.com: DRDO, MBDA to Jointly Develop Maitri Quick Reaction Missile]</ref>

On 14 February 2013, India and France concluded negotiations on the Short Range Surface to Air Missile nearly worth of $6 billion during the talks between French President Francois Hollande and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-france-conclude-6-bn-deal-on-surface-to-air-missile-113021400447_1.html|title=India, France sign $6 bn deal on Surface to Air Missile|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=14 February 2013|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

On 30 March 2015, it was reported that the project was revived specially by the request of [[Indian Navy]] for a point air defence system after stating that [[Akash (missile)|Akash]] missile defence system is not suitable for Indian warships defence. The DRDO with MBDA is planning to develop 9 short-range surface-to-air missile system (SRSAM) with 40 missiles each for Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-revives-joint-missile-project-with-french-firm-2073368|title = India revives joint missile project with French firm|date = 31 March 2015}}</ref> Development of the missile is expected to be completed within three years of the project go-ahead, when initial testing will commence.

As of 2020, The project was expected to be cancelled as DRDO has instead taken up the development of an alternative missile known as [[VL-SRSAM]] derived from the [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk1]] air-to-air missile for use by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[QRSAM]] for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Successful Launches of VL-SRSAM Missile System |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1700039 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=pib.gov.in |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

==Design==
The principal contribution of MBDA will be in providing be the active homing-head, thrust vector control, terminal guidance system and composites for a modified propulsion system for the missile, while the software, command-and-control system, the launchers and system integration work would be carried out by the DRDL.

MBDA has agreed to transfer all sensitive technology such as the seeker and thrust vector control system to India, allowing India to manufacture the Maitri missile locally as well as support them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/06/08/awx_06_08_2010_p0-232603.xml |title=MBDA Eyes Stronger Ties With India |publisher=Aviation Week |date=2010-06-08 |access-date=2010-12-05}}</ref>

==Radar==
The Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore, would develop two indigenous radars for the Maitri project. These would be new-generation variants of [[Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR)]], with the ability to track 150 targets simultaneously at a distance of 200 kilometers. The naval variant would be called the Revati and the air force version would be called Rohini.

==Variants==
Two variants of the missile were planned:

* A ship-borne point and tactical air defense version for the Navy
* A mobile wheeled and tracked system for use by the Air Force and Army

There are two variants which are as below:

* For navy there are naval missile which is the variants of Maitri.
* For airforce there are Rohini missile which is the variants of Maitri.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|France|Rocketry}}
*{{lwc|Trishul (missile)|Trishul}}
*{{lwc|Anant Shastra}}
*{{lwc|VL-SRSAM}}
*{{lwc|Akash (missile)}}
*{{lwc|Akash-NG}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.domainb.com/aero/20070319_develop.htm Domain-B.com: DRDO to develop quick reaction missile, Maitri, with MBDA]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maitri (Missile)}}
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]

Dinesh Mohan

2025-09-21T07:41:03Z

Antiexsolutions: starting new pg

{{Short description|Indian academic (1945–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Dinesh Mohan
|image = File:DineshMohan.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1945|10|04}}
|birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2021|05|21|1945|10|04}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
|citizenship =
|fields =Transportation Research Human Tolerance Biomechanics Biomechanical Considerations in Helmet Design Road Traffic Injuries Agricultural Injuries
|workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]
|alma_mater = [[The Doon School]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] BTech [[University of Delaware]], Newark M.S. [[University of Michigan, Ann Arbor]] M.S., PhD
|Doctoral_Advisor = 
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students = 
|known_for = 
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = 
|signature =
|spouse = Peggy Mohan (née Ramesar)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/renowned-road-safety-expert-dinesh-mohan-succumbs-to-covid-19-7324614/lite/ | title=Dinesh Mohan, road safety expert who put pedestrians first, dies at 75 | date=21 May 2021 }}</ref>
| website = {{url|http://cbme.iitd.ac.in/content/prof-mohan-dinesh}}
}}
'''Dinesh Mohan''' was honorary professor at Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) since 2017. He was distinguished professor at [[Shiv Nadar University]], Gautam Buddha Nagar (India) from 2016 to 2018. From 2010 to 2015 he was Emeritus Volvo Chair Professor for Transportation Planning & Safety at IITD. He was head of Centre for Biomedical Engineering (1991–1996), Coordinator of the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme (1998–2010) and head, [[W.H.O.]] Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Safety Technology at IIT Delhi (1991–2010).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/|title=Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme|website=tripp.iitd.ernet.in}}</ref> He was also Director, Independent Council for Road Safety International (www.icorsi.org).

Mohan died from COVID-19 on 21 May 2021 at the age of 75 in [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|St. Stephen’s Hospital]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-21|title=IIT-Delhi prof. Dinesh Mohan succumbs to COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/iit-delhi-prof-dinesh-mohan-succumbs-to-covid-19/article34618055.ece|access-date=2021-06-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Mohan was in Rajiv Gandhi's batch at [[The Doon School]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-dinesh-mohan-112040300025_1.html|title=Lunch with BS: Dinesh Mohan|first=Kanika|last=Datta|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=3 April 2012|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
Mohan was one of the world's leading experts on traffic safety issues and human tolerance to injury. His work has significantly advanced motorcycle helmet design, pedestrian and bicyclist safety and child restraint regulations, and helped develop safer ways for various modes of transportation to safely share the roadways. He and his colleagues are responsible for bringing the world's attention to the importance of the safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists internationally and popularising the term 'vulnerable road users' in reference to these road users. His group has contributed to national and international policies on traffic safety, and Indian policies on urban transportation. He along with his team helped develop policies on safer fireworks, agricultural equipment like fodder cutters and threshers, school bus designs, motor vehicle and helmet standards.

While a graduate student at [[University of Delaware]] (UD) in mechanical and aerospace engineering between 1967 and 1970, he studied under JL Nowinski, Jack Vinson, Herbert Kingsbury and Barry Schneider, who, he said, each left an indelible mark on the importance of fundamental understanding of engineering principles. He credited the foundation he gained at UD in solid mechanics with influencing his career in biomedical engineering, especially his work on the mechanical properties of hard and soft tissues. Both, he underscored, require strong background in non-linear anisotropic materials and dynamic impacts.

From the University of Delaware he moved to the [[University of Michigan]] to obtain a PhD in Bioengineering. While there he worked at the Highway Safety Research Institute (now University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute) with pioneers Professor Don Chaffin in ergonomics, Dr. John Melvin and Dr. Richard Stalnaker in impact biomechanics and was influenced on science and society issues by Professor John Platt. While there he worked on biomechanics of injury to the chest, lower limbs and human soft tissues.

Mohan launched his career as a senior bioengineer with the [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety]] in Washington D.C. He came under the influence of the institute's president, Dr. William Haddon, widely considered the guru of injury control and safety science. At the institute he worked closely with Brian O’Neill, Allan Williams and Leon Robertson, who are considered international authorities on road safety. There, he conducted and published the first real-world assessment of airbag effectiveness in frontal crashes of General Motors cars. His work there also impacted the evolution of regulations requiring children to be secured in a back seat.

He moved to India in 1979 to join the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, where he served as State Bank Chair for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation between 1981 and 1991; He served as the Henry Ford Chair for Traffic Safety Biomechanics (1996–2005) and then Volvo Chair for Transportation and Planning and Safety (2007–2015).

Mohan is also credited with publishing some of the earliest studies on the limited role of hard shells in motorcycle helmets, mechanical properties of human soft tissues at very high strain rates, head injury criteria for children, safety of three-wheeled scooter taxis, and bringing national attention to burn injuries caused by fireworks during the Diwali festival in India and agricultural injuries due to farm machines.

Mohan was also active in the human rights movement in India. He co-authored reports on communal violence in many cities in India, human rights violations in Kashmir, reports on the destruction of the [[Babri Masjid]] in Ayodhya, [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal gas disaster]], and the burning of the railway carriage in [[Godhra]], Gujarat. He was a founder member of the Pakistan India Forum for Peace and Democracy which was established in 1994.

Mohan was a member of People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) from its inception in 1980 and took active part in its activities. While he participated in numerous PUCL activities in the 1980 – 1990’s, his greatest contribution was as one of the four member citizen’s Fact Finding and investigative team formed jointly by People's Union For Democratic Rights (PUDR) and People's Union For Civil Liberties to enquire into the anti-Sikh riots which swept across Delhi in the wake of Indira Gandhi’s assassination. Participating on behalf of the PUCL, Mohan played a key role in drafting the report, "Who are the guilty? - A Report of a Joint Inquiry into the Causes and Impact of the Riots in Delhi from 31st October to 10th November, 1984". It studied the outbreak of violence in which around 3000 innocent Sikhs were brutally killed.

== Most notable honors and awards==
<ref name="ernet.in">{{Cite web |url=http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/rp/report/cng_changover_ioc.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517181726/http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/rp/report/cng_changover_ioc.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Distinguished Alumni Award, University of Delaware (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.me.udel.edu/alumni-and-friends/awards/|title=Alumni Awards}}</ref>
*Indo Canadian Shastri Institute India Studies Visiting Lecturer (2008)
*International Ambassador of the International Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 (2005)
*Annual Farm Safety Research Award (USA) for best paper (with A. Kumar, M. Varghese and R. Patel) 2003
*Distinguished Alumnus Award, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
*2001 Bertil Aldman Award for outstanding contribution to the subject of impact biomechanics, International Research Council on Biomechanics of Impacts (2001)
*1997 Velo-City Falco Lecture Prize (with [[Geetam Tiwari|G. Tiwari]])
*1996 Haddon Memorial Award for best paper in safety research
*[[American Public Health Association]], 2000 International Distinguished Career Award in recognition of outstanding dedication and leadership in injury control and emergency health services.
*Association for Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 1991 Award of Merit for outstanding research in traffic safety.
*International Association for Accident & Traffic Medicine, International Award and Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Traffic Medicine (1991).

==Membership==

=== International committees and boards ===
*Board of International Research Council on Biomechanics of Impacts (Past).
*WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Injury & Violence Prevention and Control (Past).
*Fellow of International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences (IATSS)
*Steering Committee, World Conference on Transport Research Society (WCTRS) (Past)
*Director, Independent Council for Road Safety International (www.icorsi.org)

=== National committees and boards ===
*Member, National Transport Policy Development Committee (NTDPC) Working group on Urban Transport (2012), Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/NTDPC/Working%20Group%20Reports/Urban%20Transport/Report%20of%20Working%20Group%20on%20Urban%20Transport_Submitted%20to%20the%20Govt%20on%20July%204th,%202012.pdf |title=Working group report |website=planningcommission.nic.in }}</ref>
*Director, Mawana Sugar Ltd
*Director, DIMTS Ltd
*Secretary, Sanchal Foundation

=== Editorial boards ===

*International Journal of Epidemiology (2010–2018)
*Injury Control and Safety Promotion
*Journal of Safety Research
*Accident Analysis and Prevention (1986–2006)
*Traffic Injury Prevention (1996–2014)
*Safety Science (1991–2010)

== Publications ==

=== Books ===
*Dinesh Mohan and Geetam Tiwari: Sustainable Approaches to Urban Transport. CRC Press, 2019
*[[Geetam Tiwari]] and Dinesh Mohan: Transport Planning & Traffic Safety, CRC Press, [[Taylor & Francis]] Group, 2016.
*D. Mohan: Safety, Sustainability and Future Urban Transport, Eicher Goodearth Limited, 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eicher.in/urbanmobility/ |title=Urban Mobility |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809053635/http://www.eicher.in/urbanmobility/ |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*L.Berger and D. Mohan "Injury Control : A Global View", Oxford University Press, 1996
*Peter Barss, Gordon Smith, Susan Baker and Dinesh Mohan "Injury Prevention: An International Perspective", Oxford University Press, 1998
*Dinesh Mohan and [[Geetam Tiwari]] "Injury Prevention and Control", Taylor & Francis, 2000
*Mohan, D., [[Geetam Tiwari|Tiwari, G.]], Khayesi, M., & Nafukho, F. M. Road Traffic Injury Prevention Training Manual. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/activities/training_manuals/en/|title=WHO – Road safety training manual|website=WHO}}</ref>
*Peden, M., Scurfield, R., Sleet, D., Mohan, D., Hyder, A. A., Jarawan, E., and Mathers. C. (eds) World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/|title=WHO – World report on road traffic injury prevention|website=WHO}}</ref>
*Mohan D and Varghese M. Injuries in South-East Asia Region : Priorities for Policy and Action, SAERO, World New Delhi, 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/publications/paper/SEA%20Brochure.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000810/http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/publications/paper/SEA%20Brochure.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Reports and monographs===
*S.N. Tandon and Dinesh Mohan: Status of Biomedical Engineering in India, 1982.
*Dinesh Mohan: Motorcycle Safety Project, 1984.
*Dinesh Mohan: Indian Issues in Science and Technology, 1984.
*Dinesh Mohan and K.P. Kothiyal: Aids for the Visually Disabled, 1984.
*Dinesh Mohan, et al.: Aids for the Disabled a Research Bibliography, 1984.
*Dinesh Mohan:Injuries in India : A Survey, 1986.
*Dinesh Mohan: Biomechanical Analysis of Jaipur Lower Limb Prosthesis, 1986.
*Dinesh Mohan: Aids for the Disabled : A Technology Assessment, 1988.
*Dinesh Mohan and Imrana Qadeer: Safety of Agricultural Implements, 1990.
*Dinesh Mohan and Rajesh Patel: Safety Assessment of Motorcycle Helmets Being Sold in Delhi, 1992.
*Dinesh Mohan and [[Geetam Tiwari]]: Development of a Recording System for Road Accident Data (Vol-I and II), 1995.
*Dinesh Mohan, K.S. Bawa Bhalla and Sunil R. Kale: Research Study on Burn Properties of Fabrics in Use in India,1995.
*Dinesh Mohan, Rajesh Patel and A.R. Ray: Development and Identification of Protective Fabrics for Agricultural Workers, 1995.
*Dinesh Mohan and Amit Deopura: Accidental Deaths in India: A Statistical Survey,1996.
*Dinesh Mohan and Nicole Muhlrad: Introduction to Road Traffic Safety: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 1996.
*Dinesh Mohan, Anoop Chawla, Janusz Kajzer: Safety of Front Seat Passengers in the Tata Sierra: Analysis of Vehicle Performance and Guidelines for Safe Design of the Car Interior, 1997.
*Dinesh Mohan, [[Geetam Tiwari]], Rajeev Saraf, S.G. Deshmukh, Sunil R. Kale, S.Wadhwa and G.V. Soumitri: Delhi on the Move:2005-Future Traffic Management Scenarios, 1997.
*Dinesh Mohan and Ragnar Andersson: Introduction to Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 1997.
*Dinesh Mohan and Nicole Muhlrad: Introduction to Road Traffic Safety: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 1998.
*Dinesh Mohan and Ragnar Andersson: Introduction to Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2000.
<ref name="ernet.in"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport engineers]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:University of Delaware alumni]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]

Glossary of kho kho terms

2025-09-16T03:45:58Z

Antiexsolutions:

{{Short description|none}}
This is a glossary of [[kho kho]] [[terminology]].{{compact TOC|notesfirst=yes|refs=yes}}

== Legend ==

* UKK: Indicates that a concept originates from rule changes propagated by the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]] league.

== A ==

=== Attacker ===
[[File:Kho Kho field 1.jpg|thumb|The yellow arrows represent the attackers, with the active attacker in the far right]]
An attacker, also known as a chaser, is a player on the offensive team. One attacker (sometimes referred to as the "active chaser")<ref name=":3" /> is allowed to run around the field and tag defenders while the other attackers are inactive and sit.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |date=2022-08-17 |title=Scoring, fouls & more - All the rules of Kho Kho you need to know before Ultimate Kho Kho 2022 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/scoring-fouls-all-rules-kho-kho-need-know-ultimate-kho-kho-2022 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== {{Anchor|Attacker's sitting block}}Attacker block ===
The attacker blocks, also known as sitting blocks,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=V. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title=Health-PhyEdu Mainstream-TB-09-12 |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5272-865-7 |language=en}}</ref> are the areas that all but one of the attackers sit in.<ref name=":0" />

== B ==

=== Batch ===
Defenders enter the game in groups of three known as "batches". Once all three members of a batch have been dismissed, the next batch enters the court.<ref name=":3">[https://olympics.com/en/news/kho-kho-history-rules-how-to-play Kho Kho, a kabaddi-like sport linked with Indian epic Mahabharata - know all about it]. ''Olympics''</ref>

=== Boundary Out ===
A boundary out is a method of dismissal which occurs when a defender steps out of the field with no part of the body remaining grounded within the field.<ref name=":0" />

== C ==

=== Central lane ===
The central lane is the area between both poles which contains the [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Attacker's sitting block|sitting blocks]] that the attackers sit in.

It is against the rules for an attacker to tag a defender while in the central lane, with the exception of an attacker who has received a kho and not yet left their sitting block.<ref name=":0" />

=== Chaser ===
See [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Attacker|Attacker]].

=== Cross lane ===
Cross lanes are areas of the field that are drawn by creating lanes from one end of the field to the other that have the width of and pass through each of the [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Attacker's sitting block|attacker blocks]].

When a sitting attacker becomes active, they are considered to have chosen a direction once they step on either side of the cross lane they are in.

For a kho to be valid, it must be given before an attacker has gone beyond the cross lane that his sitting teammate is within.

== D ==

=== Dismiss ===
When a defender is tagged out or otherwise eliminated from the game, they are said to have 'gotten out'/'been dismissed', with a "dismissal" having occurred.

=== Dive ===
See [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Sky dive|sky dive]] and [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Pole dive|pole dive]].

=== Dream Run ===
(UKK) When at least one defender from a batch remains undismissed for at least 3 minutes, then their team scores 1 point, with an additional point scored for every 30 seconds that the batch survives afterward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kargal |first=Rahul |date=2025-01-14 |title=Kho Kho World Cup 2025: The Wazir and other rules that matter |url=https://thebridge.in/kho-kho/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-wazir-other-rules-51551 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== F ==

=== Foul ===
A foul occurs when the attacking team commits a violation of the rules; until the foul has been cleared, the attacking team is not allowed to tag any defenders. Fouls are cleared by the attacker disengaging from their pursuit of the defenders, running in the opposite direction, and then either giving a kho to a teammate or reaching the free zone.<ref name=":0" />

== K ==

=== Kho ===
[[File:Glimpse of India vs Nepal Match during 4th Asian Kho Kho Championship.jpg|thumb|An attacker (blue) touching a sitting teammate's back, aiming to get the defender (front red) who is entering the other half]]
A kho is said to have been given by an attacker to a sitting teammate when the attacker touches the back of their teammate and says "kho", with the two players thus switching roles. A foul occurs if the kho is not given validly.<ref name=":0" />

== L ==

=== Lobby ===
The immediate area around the playing field.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Badwe |first=Akshay |date=2019-07-08 |title=Kho Kho – Did You Know the Game Has Roots as Old as Mahabharata? |url=https://www.kreedon.com/kho-kho-game/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== M ==

=== Minimum chase ===
A [[minimum chase]] is a type of tiebreaker in which each team gets one additional turn to score. Each team's turn lasts until they have scored one point, with the team that is faster at scoring winning. If the tie persists, additional minimum chase turns are played.<ref name=":0" />

== O ==

=== Out ===
See [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Dismiss|dismiss]].

== P ==

=== Pole dive ===
[[File:Kho kho pictogram.svg|border|right|frameless]]
A pole dive is executed by an attacker by the attacker attempting to tag a defender with one arm outstretched while the other arm grips a pole.<ref name=":0">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IPH86qv3lt83qKmrKD6MzZ6c0ImMQPDc/view Rules of Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1]. ''Ultimate Kho Kho''</ref>

=== Powerplay ===
(UKK) The powerplay is a period of time during which the attacking team is allowed to have two wazirs. Powerplays can only begin once a new batch of defenders enters the court, with the powerplay ending upon the dismissal of the batch. The attacking team can take one powerplay in each of its turns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Abhishek Saini & Lavanya Lakshmi |date=2022-09-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho — Welcome revival or departure from roots? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-ukk-odisha-juggernauts-telugu-yoddhas-pune-maharashtra/article65898347.ece |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== R ==

=== Recede ===
An attacker is said to have receded, and thus committed a foul, when he retreads the ground that he had already covered after choosing a direction. (The "ground already covered" is considered to be the portion of the field behind the attacker's rear foot.)

However, it is not considered receding if the attacker's feet slide backwards while he is executing a pole dive or in the process of recovering from a sky dive, or if he has not yet chosen a direction and sets his feet on one side of the cross lane he is in so that he may more easily run towards the other side of the cross lane.<ref name=":0" />

=== Running touch ===
A running touch occurs when an attacker tags a defender without [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Dive|diving]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Listing the top five Attackers from Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/news/listing-the-top-five-attackers-from-ultimate-kho-kho-season-1 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== S ==

=== Self-Out ===
A self-out occurs when a defender allows themselves to be tagged out.<ref name=":2" />

=== Shoulder line ===
The shoulder line is an imaginary line going through the shoulders of an attacker. For a kho to be valid, it must be given with the attacker touching a sitting teammate between the shoulder line and waist line.

If an attacker has chosen a direction, it is considered a foul for their shoulder line to face more than 90 degrees away from that direction.<ref name=":0" />

=== Sitting block ===
See [[Glossary of kho kho terms#Attacker block|attacker block]].

=== Sky dive ===
[[File:Ultimate kho kho logo.jpg|thumb|[[Ultimate Kho Kho]] logo depicting a diving tag]]
An attacker has executed a sky dive when he dives through the air in an attempt to tag a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2019-05-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Shorter duration, more points for acrobatic tags among new rules for the league |url=https://scroll.in/field/923769/ultimate-kho-kho-shorter-duration-more-points-for-acrobatic-tags-among-new-rules-for-the-league |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== T ==

=== Tag ===
{{See also|Tag (game)|#Kho}}
A tag occurs when an attacker touches a defender using the palm of the hand. When an attacker dismisses a defender with a tag, the defender is said to have been "tagged out".<ref>{{Cite web |title=OCA » Ancient tag game of kho kho catching on fast |url=https://oca-external.avisa.kg/news/231-ancient-tag-game-of-kho-kho-catching-on-fast.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=oca-external.avisa.kg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Umer |last2=Cunningham |first2=George B |date=November 2021 |title='These are "our" sports': Kabaddi and Kho-Kho women athletes from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1012690220968111 |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |language=en |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1051–1069 |doi=10.1177/1012690220968111 |issn=1012-6902|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== U ==

=== Ultimate Kho Kho ===
[[Ultimate Kho Kho]] (UKK) is an Indian franchise-based kho-kho league that was started in 2022. It features several rule changes and innovations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Nigamanth |date=2024-01-15 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho season 2: Tweaked rules, fresh faces breathe new life into the game |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-tweaked-rules-fresh-faces-breathe-new-life-into-the-game/article67742633.ece |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== W ==

=== Wazir ===
(UKK) A wazir is a specially designated attacker who is allowed to change directions.<ref name=":1" />

=== Wicket ===
The term wicket is a sometimes-used synonym of dismissal; when an attacker dismisses a defender, it is stated that the attacker has taken the defender's wicket, with the defender having lost his wicket and the defending team having lost a wicket.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-04 |title=Indian kho kho teams win gold medals in South Asian Games |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-kho-kho-teams-win-gold-medals-in-south-asian-games/articleshow/72370946.cms |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Efn|The term wicket is [[Wicket (out)|borrowed]] from [[cricket]].}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}{{Glossaries of sports}}

[[Category:Kho kho]]
[[Category:Glossaries of sports|Kho kho]]

Muzaffar Balkhi

2025-08-31T10:01:22Z

Antiexsolutions: new

{{Short description|Indian Sufi saint (1320 – 1400)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| birth_date = 1320
| death_date = 1400
}}
'''Muzaffar Shams Balkhi''' (1320 {{Ndash}} 1400) also known as '''Hazrat Muzaffar Shams Balkhi''', was an indian Sufi saint, spiritual leader, author and writer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Aziz |date= 1961|title=Syed Hasan (ed.): Majmu-i-ashaar: Maulana Muzaffar Shams Balkhī.(Arabic & Persian Research Institute Publication Series, 2.) [i], 20, 96, [ii] pp. Patna: Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Arabic and Persian, 1958. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/syed-hasan-ed-majmuiashaar-maulana-muzaffar-shams-balkhiarabic-persian-research-institute-publication-series-2-i-20-96-ii-pp-patna-institute-of-postgraduate-studies-and-research-in-arabic-and-persian-1958/CDBBEF25494191AB5D1D00C22BB84F1E |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=174 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00140753 |s2cid=162011476 |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 "d0e4434" |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9;chunk.id=d0e4434;doc.view=print |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PT49 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haidar |first=Mansura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi |title=Sufis, Sultans, and Feudal Orders: Professor Nurul Hasan Commemoration Volume |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-548-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He hailed from Balkh, which is now part of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a369DwAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA143 |title=A History of India |date=2010-04-12 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |language=en}}</ref> and lived during the medieval period. After an education in Delhi,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnQQAQAAIAAJ&q=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi |title=Sufis of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh |date=2002 |publisher=Kitab Bhavan |isbn=978-81-7151-317-8 |language=en}}</ref> he joined his father in Bihar Sharif for further studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Muzaffar Balkhi |url=https://sufinama.org/poets/muzaffar-balkhi/profile |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Sufinama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Jackson S. J. |first=P. |title=Muẓaffar S̲h̲ams Balk̲h̲ī |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muzaffar-shams-balkhi-SIM_5687 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-12-23 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heesterman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OP7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA46 |title=Comparative History of India and Indonesia, Volume 4 India and Indonesia: General Perspectives. Essays |last2=Abdullah |last3=Alam |last4=Wesseling |last5=Lapian |last6=Raychaudhuri |first6=Tapan |last7=Kumar |last8=Dobbin |last9=Wie |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-64388-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ernst |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-UYDAAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA239 |title=Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond |last2=Lawrence |first2=B. |date=2016-04-30 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-09581-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qSbjBTDC-UC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA132 |title=The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray |date=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-16-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asthana |first1=Pratima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA227 |title=Transformations in Indian History |last2=Jafri |first2=Saiyid Zaheer Husain |date=2009 |publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7975-261-6 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Spiritual career ==
He was known for his teachings on mysticism, spirituality, and the Sufi path. He attracted disciples from various walks of life who were drawn to his wisdom and spiritual guidance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Renard |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdGvo9CDAdsC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA298 |title=Windows on the House of Islam: Muslim Sources on Spirituality and Religious Life |date=1998-06-18 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21086-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Akter |first=Razia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPD7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA23 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-47804-6 |language=en}}</ref> His teachings emphasized the inner journey of the soul towards divine union and the importance of love, compassion, and devotion in achieving spiritual enlightenment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA254 |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-087-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA266 |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494) |date=2015-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58746-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ScgM07WiaAC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA89 |title=The Languages of Political Islam: India, 1200-1800 |date=2004 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-709-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heesterman |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-2lR4XaTgwC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA46 |title=India and Indonesia: General Perspectives |date=June 1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-08365-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Like many Sufi saints of his time, his life and teachings have been preserved through oral traditions, hagiographies, and Sufi literature. He is revered by many Sufi orders and continues to be venerated by followers of Sufism in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarwar |first1=Dr Firoj High |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXLuEAAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA434 |title=India and Identity - Some Reflections |last2=Ganguly |first2=Biswarup |date=2024-01-10 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Manīrī |first=Sharaf al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbqkXEPxgKIC&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA3 |title=The Hundred Letters |date=1980 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-2229-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Simlandy |first1=Sagar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyE3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Muzaffar+Shams+Balkhi&pg=PA136 |title=History of India & Abroad |last2=Mandal |first2=Ganesh Kr |date=2021-07-07 |publisher=BFC Publications |isbn=978-93-90880-20-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balkhi, Muzaffar}}
[[Category:1320 births]]
[[Category:1400 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:13th-century Sufis]]

Venkatapuram, Hyderabad

2025-07-30T02:07:32Z

Antiexsolutions: fix article as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Venkatapuram
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad|Locality]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the state of [[Telangana]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.492117|N|78.505473|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
|subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code Postal Area and Head Office]]
| postal_code = 500010
| registration_plate = TS-08
| unemployment_rate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] & [[Tamil language|Tamil]](Venkatraopet)
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
}}

'''Venkatapuram''' is a locality and a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] in [[Alwal]] [[List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad|neighbourhood]] of [[Hyderabad]] city. It is administered as [[Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards|Ward No. 135]] of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation wards|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|access-date=2020-07-01|website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]|archive-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615000938/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Geographic Location
|Northwest = [[Alwal|Old Alwal]]
|North = [[Alwal]]
|Northeast = [[Yapral]]
|West = [[Suchitra Center]]
|Centre = Venkatapuram
|East = [[Ammuguda]]
|Southwest = [[Bowenpally|Old Bownpally]]
|South = [[Tirumalagiri]]
|Southeast = [[Neredmet]]
}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]

{{Hyderabad-geo-stub}}

List of Ollywood films of 1961

2025-07-29T07:45:56Z

Antiexsolutions: adjust content as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[List of Odia films of 1961]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Media in Goa

2025-07-06T16:40:07Z

Antiexsolutions: adjust information for consistency

{{No footnotes|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Chief Minister, Pramod Sawant Launched the RDXGoa App.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister Pramod Sawant launches an app for the RDXGoa local channel in Nov. 2020.]]'''Media in [[Goa]]''' refers to the newspapers, magazines, radio stations, cable and television networks and online media in [[India]]'s smallest state (3700 square kilometres, population 1.6 million). Over the past two-and-half decades, the Goa-linked online media (both in the diaspora and from the region) has also grown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=N. T.|date=2019-09-02|title=Goan cyberbridges, 25 years on....|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/09/02/magazines/panorama/goan-cyberbridges-25-years-on/|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Navhind Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gomes|first=Alberto G.|date=2001|title=Going Goan on the Goa-Net: Computer-Mediated Communication and Goan Diaspora|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23169990|journal=Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice|volume=45|issue=1|pages=53–66|jstor=23169990|issn=0155-977X}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Newspaper A Aurora de Goa. Central Library (Krishnadas Shama), Panjim, Goa 403001.jpg|thumb|An old Portuguese newspaper ''A Aurora de Goa'' stored at the Central Library.]]Over the years, the media has changed dramatically from its early 20th century beginnings as a battlefield for influential lobbies within the local Catholic society (including caste-based elites,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pinto|first=Rochelle|date=2005|title=A Time to Publish: Pamphlets and Politics in Colonial Goa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416278|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=9|pages=877–885|jstor=4416278|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> or politically divided groups) which were largely controlled by influential and educated local elites. Early pioneers of widespread media in Goa were the [[Jaime Valfredo Rangel| Rangel family]] through Tipografia Rangel. After the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, new newspapers were set up, which were aligned to the influential local mining lobby. This too has changed in recent years, with some sections of the media becoming more politically aligned, or linked to major business houses both within Goa and its neighbourhood (particularly Maharastra).<ref name="Noronha">Noronha, Frederick. [https://www.academia.edu/2501552/The_post-1961_Press_in_Goa_its_politics_and_processes The Post-1961 Press in Goa, Its Politics and Processes] (Retrieved 23 Feb 2013)</ref>
[[File:O Independente.jpg|thumb|O Independente published by [[Jaime Valfredo Rangel]]]]

==Media in the 1960s==
Till 1961, and the end of Portuguese-rule in Goa, [[Portuguese-language]] newspapers, including dailies and an eveninger, dominated the local market. There was an end to censorship after the demise of the Portuguese regime, but most of the earlier newspapers (except ''O Heraldo'') shut down during the decade. As an official report put it in 1971: "With the integration of the former Portuguese enclaves in the Indian Union, the people of the territory started enjoying the fundamental rights including the freedom of press guaranteed by the [Indian] Constitution."<ref name="Ten Years">{{cite book |title=Ten Years of Liberation |publisher=Government of Goa, Daman and Diu. Department of Information and Tourism |pages=131}}</ref>

Around 1961, there were ten newspapers and journals (both daily and of differing periodicity) -- seven in Portuguese, two in Konkani and one in Marathi.<ref name="Ten Years" /> However, the situated changed soon. Within the first decade of the change and "their number shot up to 26 in 1965".<ref name="Ten Years" /> But, as the official text puts it, "some of them could not obviously sustain the effervescence and the number declined to 19 which are being circulated now [as of 1971]."<ref name="Ten Years" />

==Languages==
[[File:Newspapers and lotteries stall in Goa.jpg|thumb|Newspapers and lotteries stall in Goa]]The most widely read newspapers in Goa tend to be published in the [[English language|English]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages, with the widely spoken local language of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] not receiving much coverage. Konkani-versus-Marathi linguistic battles have led to rivalry between these two language camps around the 1980s. There is friction between the users of the official [[Devanagari]] script and the [[Konkani in the Roman script|Roman, or Romi script]] users of Konkani.

==Newspapers and magazines==
English-language newspapers in Goa comprise: ''[[O Heraldo]]'' (''The Herald''), Goa's oldest newspaper, formerly a [[Portuguese language]] daily owned by the family of Raul Fernandes (Herald Publications Pvt Ltd), a local printing enterprise that grew out of a stationery shop; ''[[The Navhind Times]]'', published by the former mining house of the Dempos since 1963; and the ''[[Gomantak Times]]'', which changed hands from its earlier owners from the mining house of the Chowgules to the politically linked Pawar family, based in the neighboring state of Maharashtra. In addition to these, ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' are also distributed to urban areas from nearby Bombay and Bangalore. A Goan edition of ''The Times of India'' started publication in June 2008.

The lone English monthly is ''[[Goa Today]]'', edited by [[Vinayak Naik]] and owned by Goa Publications, a firm controlled by the [[Salgaocars]] mining house. Other English-language publications include ''[[The Goan]]'', ''[[Goa Messenger]]'' and the ''Goan Observer''.[https://www.goanobserver.in/]

The First travel magazine of Goa started in Goa in year 2007''[[Goa Prism]]''.

Publications in Konkani include ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]'' (''Workers' Friend''), a weekly magazine in [[Roman script]]. In the 1980s, a Roman script Konkani paper called ''[[Novem Goem]]'' folded in large part due to financial difficulties and alleged mismanagement in spite of being set up with enthusiasm and even a drive to collect funds for it through a 'padyatra' (foot-march) across Goa. ''[[Sunaparant]]'' was a Devanagari Konkani daily published which functioned from 1987 to 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/end-of-an-era-sunaparant-goas-only-konkani-newspaper-shuts-down-after-28-years-2374986.html|title=End of an era: Sunaparant, Goa's only Konkani newspaper, shuts down after 28 years|website=Firstpost|date=August 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.shvoong.com/society-and-news/news-items/1819002-black-white-goan-newspapers ''Black and White of Goan Newspapers''] Retrieved 18 Feb 2013 from Shvoong.com/</ref> ''The Goan'', which is linked to the industrial house of the Timblos, which has interests in mining and the luxury tourism sector, was started in 2013, edited by Sujay Gupta.

On 15 July 2016, a new Devanagari Konkani daily called "Bhaangar Bhuin" (भांगरभूंय) was launched, under the editorship of [[Pundalik Naik]]. The daily is published by Fomento Publications, linked to the mining house of the Timblos. It celebrated its third anniversary in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa's only Konkani daily 'Bhangarbhui' celebrates its third anniversary|url=http://www.prudentmedia.in/general/goa%E2%80%99s-only-konkani-daily-%E2%80%98bhangarbhui%E2%80%99-celebrates-its-3rd-anniversary-.html|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Prudent Media}}</ref>

In the Marathi language, some of the popular newspapers are: the ''[[Tarun Bharat]]'', which was earlier published from the neighbouring city of [[Belgaum]] but now has its presses in Porvorim; the ''[[Daily Pudhari]]'', which was earlier published from Karaswada, Mapusa; the ''[[Gomantak]]'', a sister publication of the ''Gomantak Times'' and much more influential in the past; and ''[[Navprabha]]'' of ''The Navhind Times''/[[Dempo]] group. Other publications primarily publish "Goa editions" through presses and offices run from outside Goa.<ref name="Noronha"/> Recent years saw the launch of the ''[[Gova Doot]]''. A nearly three-decade old newspaper, the Marathi daily ''[[Rashtramath]]'' from the South Goa city of [[Margao]] suspended publications at the early part of this decade. A new Hindi daily paper ''Nitya Samay'' also started from Margao. As of 2013, the ''Lokmat'', which is a newspaper based in Maharashtra, was also a growing and influential paper in the Marathi segment of the Goa newspaper market; it comes out with a local edition, edited by Raju Nayak. [https://www.goanvarta.net Goan Varta] is also Marathi newspaper in Goa.

Out-station dailies reaching Goa from other centres of publication include, ''Kesari'', ''Maharashtra Times'', ''[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]]'', ''[[The Asian Age]]'', ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''Navshakti'' and more. News agencies operating in the state are the [[Press Trust of India]] and the [[United News of India]], while the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] and [[Asian News International|ANI]] have also offered regular coverage from Goa.

Other publications in the state include ''Vasco Watch''[http://www.vascowatchonline.com] (English-language, fortnightly—Free to reader neighbourhood newspaper), ''Hello Publications'', ''Hello Travel Talk''[http://www.traveltalk.co.in] (English-language, a tourism magazine), ''Whats On Goa''[http://www.whatsongoa.com] (English-language, fortnightly—an event lister Of Goa), ''Hello City - Hello Panjim, Hello Margao'' (English-language), ''Hello Goa Yellowpages''[http://www.helloyellowpages.in] (English-language, Yearly), ''Gulab'' (Konkani, monthly), ''Bimb'' (Devanagiri-script Konkani), ''Poddbimb'' (Konkani Roman-script monthly), ''Harbour Times'', ''[Digital Goa]'', and ''J's House'' among others. Some of the smaller publications are known to change their name, form or even go out of publication temporarily or permanently.

==Crisis during 2020 pandemic==
[[File:Newspaper stall at Tivim, Goa.jpg|thumb|Newspaper stall at Tivim, Goa]]Job losses and newspaper shutdowns were reported during the pandemic in mid-2020 and thereabouts, due to the impact of COVID-19 and consequent governmental policies on the media.

About 60 media employees had lost their jobs, and a number of others had to face 15-50 per cent salary cuts.<ref name="SP">{{Cite web|title=First casualty of Covid19 in Goa: The Media (By Sandesh Prabhudesai, Panaji)|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7676|access-date=2020-11-12|website=Goa News}}</ref> The English-language daily ''Gomantak Times'' shut down its operations at the end of May 2020.<ref name="SP" /> The ''Gomantak Times'' had been started in 1986, as part of the [[Chowgule]] mining group, and had then been sold to the Pawar family-linked [[Sakal Publications]] of [[Pune]] (earlier [[Poona]]) in 2000. It had some 13 journalist employees.<ref name="SP" />

Prior to this, the Formento Media (Timblo)-linked [[Prudent TV]] channel laid off some 23 of its staff—10 from the Marathi daily [[Goan Varta]], nine from [[Prudent TV]], and two each from the English-language daily [[The Goan]] and the Konkani daily [[Bhangarbhuim]].<ref name="SP" />

[[Lokmat]] Marathi daily also shut down its three bureaus in Mapusa, Vasco and Ponda.<ref name="SP" /> It retrenched some composing, admin, junior reporter and photographer staff. Some staff from the towns outside its centre of publication were asked to work from home.<ref name="SP" /> A total of 16 job losses reported from the Nagpur-headquartered ''Lokmat'' chain. These included four sub-editors from the Konkan working in Goa, and three correspondents on a retainership in Goa.<ref name="SP" />

Prime TV lost five reporters who were asked to work on a paid-per-story basis.<ref name="SP" /> The [[Goa Union of Journalists]] was quoted saying that one journalist each had lost their jobs in the ''Times of India'' and ''In Goa'' TV.<ref name="SP" /> In 2020, Goa had an estimated 15 newspapers—nine in Marathi, five in English, one in Konkani—plus five local TV channels.<ref name="SP" />

Fears were raised about potential job losses in other local newspapers. Salary cuts were also reported, including among prominent publications and media houses.<ref name="SP" />

"From the day the 'Janata Curfew' was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22nd March [2020], door delivery as well as counter sales of newspapers came to a grinding halt till the second lockdown, which ended on 3rd May [2020]," it was noted.<ref name="SP" />

==Radio==
[[File:Students visit Radio Indigo, Goa.jpg|thumb|Students visit Radio Indigo, Goa. 2018.]]Goa was once home to the Emisora Goa, a radio station that was popular when the region was a Portuguese colony. After the end of Portuguese rule, this station was replaced by a station from the All India Radio network.<ref name="Noronha"/> Its studios are at Altinho, the hill-top state-capital [[Panjim]] – also known as [[Panaji]], [[Pangim]] or [[Ponnje]] – and its transmitters are located at [[Bambolim]], some 5 km away. Bambolim also houses transmitters that broadcast foreign-language programmes as part of India's international programme. Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287 kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539 kHz.

Besides the AM broadcasts, All India Radio has an [[FM broadcasting|FM]], or frequency modulated, channel called Rainbow FM, broadcasting at 105.4 MHz. Since 2006, the FM channel broadcasts locally produced programs between 4:30{{nbsp}}am and 12 midnight. These locally produced programs include mainly English, Konkani and Hindi music. At other times, the channel relays programs from AIR FM Rainbow India channel, providing variety for listeners. It also covers important speeches and events live. Broadcast starts at 6{{nbsp}}am and ends at 12:30{{nbsp}}am.

Goa has two private FM channels: [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] and Radio Indigo. Big FM plays only Hindi musics. The channels' programs are hosted in both English and Konkani. The channels have featured Goan artists, like tiatrist [[Prince Jacob]] and musician-singer [[Remo Fernandes]]. Radio Indigo programming is contemporary international music and international hit music. The music and hosting is in English. Both radio stations broadcast 24 hours a day.<ref name="Noronha" />

Though the private FM stations have bought life to the radio industry in Goa, signal strength and coverage remain weak in the southern part of Goa, beyond the Verna plateau. Thus, most of the people in south Goa are unable to get reception in their home.

There is also an educational channel, [[Gyan Vani]], run by [[IGNOU]] broadcast from Panaji at 105.6 MHz.

===Broadcasting background===
In the mid-1990s, when India first experimented with private FM broadcasts, the small tourist destination of Goa was the fifth place in the country where private broadcasters could secure FM slots. The first four centres were the major metro cities: [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]].

In Phase-II of FM licensing, Goa's capital, Panjim was categorised as a 'D'-class city, i.e. having a population between 100,000 and 300,000. In the end of January 2006, three private FM radio players won bids to set up private FM radio stations in Goa.:
* Radio Mirchi (ENIL - Times group, linked to the Indian media giant [[Times of India]], Rs 17.1 million;
* Indigo (Jupiter Capital – Rajiv Chandrasekhar, linked to the BPL electronics hardware firm), Rs 12.9 million; and
* Big FM ([[Adlabs]] - Reliance – [[Anil Ambani]] group) Rs 12.1 million.

Big FM at 92.7 MHz and Radio Mirchi at 98.3 MHz both launched in Goa in May 2007. [[Radio Indigo]] at 91.9 MHz, the country's first and only 24hr international hit music station launched in June 2007.

Indian policy stipulates that these bids are a One-Time Entry Fee (OTEF), for the license period of 10 years.

India's earlier attempts to privatise its FM channels ran into difficulty, when most private players bid heavily then could not meet their commitments to pay the governments the expected amounts.

In FM Phase-1 (year 2000), the highest bid in Goa was Rs 41.5 million. Under the policy then, this would have escalated – at 15% each year – to Rs. 146 million by the tenth year of operation. The bidder would have ended up paying Rs. 42.6 crores over 10 years, causing the major players to back off. This time, the only local company from Goa to bid for a license was Tarun Bharat Multigraphics, resulting in all of the winning players being based outside of Goa.

All the three winning bidders were to co-site their transmitting infrastructure with All India Radio's tower on the outskirts of Panaji.

AIR's FM Rainbow has a six kW transmitter, and even this is not heard properly in some distant areas of Goa. The private FM operators are allowed only 3 kW transmitters.

Radio Mirchi (of what was the Times FM group, run by one of the biggest newspaper chains in the country) returned to Goa after many years. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Times FM used to buy air-time on AIR's Panaji FM channel. Radio Mirchi Goa 98.3 was discontinued on 22 May 2017 after its license expired and the company decided not to renew the license due to lack of revenue.

C and D category cities are allowed to network and share programming, but generally, channels prefer to do in-house programming.

News is not permitted on private FM. Nationally, many of the current FM players – like the [[Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[Mid-Day]], [[BBC]] etc. – are essentially newspaper chains or media, and they are making a strong pitch for News on FM.

[[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa|St Xavier's College]] in [[Mapusa]] announced the starting of its campus community radio, named Voice of Xavier's (VOX) on 17 December 2006 at 90.4 MHz. The station had a power output of 20 watts. This was Goa's second FM station. It did not however stay in operation apart from test broadcasts. This does not currently operate (as of July 2013).

==Television==
{{main|List of Konkani-language television channels}}

Goa is served by almost all the [[television channel]]s available in India. Channels are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Television was introduced on 19 November 1982, coinciding with Doordarshan's coverage of the [[1982 Asian Games]], which were held in New Delhi.<ref name="AnnualReport">{{cite web |title=Doordarshan Annual Report 2019/20 |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/annual_report/AnnualReport-English-2019-20.pdf |website=[[Prasar Bharati]] |page=140 |format=pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Goa 365 TV channel, Goa.jpg|thumb|Goa 365 TV channel, Goa. 2018.]]

[[Doordarshan]] (DD), the national television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air: [[DD National]] and [[DD News]]. DD National broadcasts programmes of short duration in local languages (Konkani, Marathi) on [[DD Panaji]]. Goa has all the [[Cable television|cable TV]] channels generally found in India, namely: [[MTV]], [[ESPN]], [[Fox TV|Fox]], Zee TV, ZEE Marathi, [[HBO]], [[Star Plus]], [[Star Movies]], [[BBC]], [[CNN]], Tensports, AXN, Star World, Star News, [[Fashion TV]], Sony, Set Max, SAB, Sahara One, Sahara News, [[Discovery Channel]], [[National Geographic Channel]], [[Animal Planet]], Channel X5 etc. Electronic media with DTH ([[Direct To Home]]) TV services are available from [[Dish TV]], [[Tata Sky]] & [[DD Direct Plus]]. DD Panaji made its national launch on Free Dish in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa finally gets own Doordarshan channel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-finally-gets-own-doordarshan-channel/articleshow/68339051.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[File:CCR TV Goa.jpg|thumb|CCR TV Goa, 2018.]]Beside these Goa has many major local channels, which cover local events, including political developments, and which reach viewers through the local cable network. These include [[Goa News Network (GNN)]] (Konkani), [[GOA365]] (English /Konkani), Prudent (Konkani), [[CCR TV]] (A catholic Religious Channel in English/Konkani) [[RDXGOA]] TV(Konkani\English), In [[Goa News]] (Marathi\English), [[Goa Newsline]] (Konkani), [[Goa Plus]] and HCN (English), DBTV a children's educational channel among others. In Goa 24x7 is the only 24-hour live Marathi channel. In April 2015 - Prime Media Goa, a Cable Television Channel has caught the imagination of a large section of the population, not just in Goa but across the globe. The earlier BJP government, at the start of the first decade of this century, officially acknowledged that it was subsidising the operations of some networks, arguing that this was needed to promote programming in the local language

==Internet television==
In August 2011, a live internet news webcast was commenced by In Goa News.

Most of the Konkani TV channel are available live streaming on the internet. [http://www.konkanitv.ga www.konkanitv.ga] is one such sites that allows you to watch most of the above television channels live . The other Religious channel, CCR TV is viewable at www.ccr-tv.com

==Film festivals==
Goa became permanent venue to [[International Film Festival Of India]] in 2004

Gaur International Film Festival which will be hosted in 2025 is set to be Goa's first film festival curated towards the local population.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa’s First Gaur International Film Festival to be hosted in 2025 |url=https://goemkarponn.com/goas-first-gaur-international-film-festival-to-be-hosted-in-2025/ |work=goemkarponn.com}}</ref>

==Critiques of the media==
Writing in the early 1980s, anthropologist Dr [[Robert S Newman]] spoke about the relationship with the media in Goa with the "big families" – mainly comprising "a handful of small-businessmen, traditional landowners, and war profiteers (who) received iron ore mining licenses, and were encouraged to dig and ship the ore to Japan (which needed it for reconstruction after World War II)."

Anthropologist Robert Newman has argued that "[Goa's first post-colonial chief minister Dayanand] Bandodkar and his fellow industrialists attempted to shape public opinion through their newspapers – there are almost no independent papers in Goa – and through tertiary educational institutions which they themselves had established. The [[Chowgules]], for example, launched the newspapers [[Gomantak]] and [[Uzvadd]], and were founders of an arts and science college at Margao; the [[Salgaocars]] founded a law college; and the [[Dempos]] own [[The Navhind Times]] and [[Navprabha]], and are involved in Dhempe College at Miramar."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Newman|first=Robert S.|date=1984|title=Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region|url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/viaatlantica/article/download/119337/121968|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=57|issue=3|pages=429–449|doi=10.2307/2759068|jstor=2759068|s2cid=155219732 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref>

A study that looks at popular protest and how the media in "free Goa" responded to it, comments: "In Goa, the daily newspapers' editorial stances on various protest movements would tend to reveal a largely unfriendly attitude towards such actions. It is not perhaps coincidental that individuals and groups involved in protest issues in Goa have often felt that they have received an unfair deal from the media."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Noronha|first=Frederick|title=Popular Protest and the Free Goa Press, in ''The Transformation of Goa'', Norman Dantas (Ed.)|publisher=The Other India Press, Mapusa|year=1999}}</ref> This book chapter looks at protest and the media response to it in Goa over a three decade period, from the early 1960s to the 1990s.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mass media in Goa| ]]

Nagen Neog

2025-07-02T15:02:49Z

Antiexsolutions:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Minister for Rural Development
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| office2 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 1991 - 6 May 1996
| term3 = 1983 - 1985
| spouse = [[Ajanta Neog]]
| relatives = [[Rebati Das]] (Mother in law)
| constituency2 = [[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghat]]
| constituency3 = [[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghat]]
| predecessor2 = Debeswar Bora
| successor2 = [[Atul Bora]]
| successor3 = Debeswar Bora
| death_date = 6 May 1996
| predecessor3 = Soneswar Bora
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Nagen Neog''' (died 6 May 1996) was an Indian politician from the state of Assam. He served as Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golgahat]] and as Rural Development Minister in the Hiteswar Saikia Cabinet until his assassination. He was the husband of the current Finance minister of Assam, [[Ajanta Neog]], and son in law of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Rebati Das]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Golaghat Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/golaghat-assam-assembly-constituency#1991 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-17 |title=Gauhati High Court acquitted convicted & jailed ULFA leader Amar Singh alias Arup Konwar |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/gauhati-high-court-acquitted-convicted-jailed-ulfa-leader-amar-singh-alias-arup-konwar/amp/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=TIMES OF ASSAM |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2021-03-22 |title=Ajanta Neog from Golaghat: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/ajanta-neog-from-golaghat-early-life-controversy-political-career-529886 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hussain |first=Wasbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxTaAAAAMAAJ |title=Homemakers Without the Men: Assam's Widows of Violence |date=2006 |publisher=Indialog Publications |isbn=978-81-87981-86-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Neog was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the constituency of [[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghat]] in the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 2222 votes, 89.34% of the total vote and won the seat, defeating his nearest opponent by 2063 votes. He lost in the 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election. He was again the Indian National Congress candidate for Golaghat in 1991, when he received 27222 votes, 38.82% of the total vote, and became an MLA again.<ref name=":0" /> He became Rural Development Minister in the [[Hiteswar Saikia]] cabinet.

=== Death ===
On 6 May 1996, two days after the [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Neog was returning home in Baruagaon,15 kilometres from the District Headquarter town of [[Golaghat]]. Neog, with 8 people including his driver and 5 bodyguards were all killed. The accused killers served time in prison but were later acquitted in 2013 on grounds of lack of evidence.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=May 18, 2013 |title=Nagen Neog murder: Ex-Ulfa leader acquitted by HC {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/nagen-neog-murder-ex-ulfa-leader-acquitted-by-hc/articleshow/20116967.cms |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesofassam.com/topics/exclusive/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=TIMES OF ASSAM |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neog, Nagen}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Article 322 of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:53:34Z

Antiexsolutions: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this '''Article '''of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], do as follows:
* Remove the "'''REDIRECT'''" line
* Remove this message
and you may then proceed with your page.

1834 in India

2025-06-19T21:09:24Z

Antiexsolutions: Done

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Year in India|1834}}
Events in the year '''1834 in India'''.

==Incumbents==
*[[Governor-General of India]]: [[Lord William Bentinck]]

==Events==
*25 January – The [[Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley (1834)|Agreement Regarding Compensation for the Kubo (Kabaw) Valley]] is signed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Rajya Sabha MP Sanajaoba calls for reclamation of Kabaw Valley to Manipur |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/rajya-sabha-mp-sanajaoba-calls-for-reclamation-of-kabaw-valley-to-manipur-1182054-2025-03-10 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Mathanda Appachu#Battle of Somwarpet, 1834|Battle of Somwarpet]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richter |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aadCAAAAIAAJ |title=Manual of Coorg: A Gazetter of the Natural Features of the Country, and the Social and Political Condition of Its Inhabitants |date=1870 |publisher=C. Stolz |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Coorg War]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nolan |first=E. H. (Edward Henry) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofwaragai07nola |title=The history of the war against Russia |date=1855 |publisher=London : Virtue |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1834}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1834 in India}}
[[Category:1834 in India| ]]
[[Category:1834 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Vadilal

2025-05-29T12:56:19Z

Antiexsolutions:

{{short description|Indian ice cream manufacturer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=June 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{original research|date=June 2016}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vadilal
| logo = Vadilal_Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|519156}} {{NSE|VADILALIND}}
| slogan =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1907}}
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India<ref>{{cite web|author=Neera Bhardwaj, TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/Business/India-Business/Vadilal-plans-big-push-into-Delhi/articleshow/2044117513.cms |title=Vadilal plans big push into Delhi|work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2001 |access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edelweiss.in/company/Vadilal-Industries-Ltd.html|title = Edelweiss | Online Share Trading India | BSE Sensex Today Live | Indian Stock Market | Equity, Currency Derivatives}}</ref>
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = * [[International trade|Foreign Exchange]]
* [[Ice cream]]
* Ice cream cakes
* [[Ultra-processed food]]
* Real Estate
* [[Chemicals]]
| key_people = Ramchandrabhai Gandhi (chairman emeritus)
Virendra R Gandhi (chairman & managing director)
Rajesh Gandhi (managing director)
Devanshu Gandhi (managing director)
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1057|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
|profit = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|96|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=VADILAL INDUSTRIES 2022-23 Annual Report Analysis |url=https://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/annual-results-analysis/VLIN/VADILAL-INDUSTRIES-2022-23-Annual-Report-Analysis/5403 |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=EquityMaster}}</ref>
| num_employees = 1,000
| parent = Vadilal Group
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.vadilalicecreams.com/|vadilalicecreams.com}}
}}

'''Vadilal Industries''' is an Indian multinational company specializing in ice cream and frozen food products. The company was established in 1907 by Vadilal Gandhi in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Vadilal Gandhi went from selling fountain soda on street to building Rs 1900 crore ice cream empire |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-how-vadilal-gandhi-went-from-selling-fountain-soda-on-street-to-building-rs-1900-crore-ice-cream-empire-3049174 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Vadilal house.png|thumb|Vadilal House, Ahmedabad]]
In 1907, Vadilal made its first ice cream "using the traditional ''kothi'' method", with a [[Ice cream machine#Hand-cranked machines|hand-cranked machine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=100 Years of Vadilal: How A Soda Shop Became One of India's Biggest Ice Cream Brands |url=https://www.news18.com/business/100-years-of-vadilal-how-a-soda-shop-became-one-of-indias-biggest-ice-cream-brands-8184139.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 1926, it introduced its dedicated ice cream parlours, and began offering home delivery.

The brand introduced the [[cassata]] to Indian audiences in 1950. Vadilal expanded in 1985 and later introduced India's first automated ice cream candy line machinery.

In 1989, the company went public and launched its [[Initial public offering|IPO]]. This was followed by the opening of their first ice cream plant in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh in 1993. Two years later in 1995, they began exporting their sub-brands to over 26 countries.

In 2012, the company introduced an extrusion machine and cone-making machine.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vadilal |url=https://www.vadilalicecreams.com/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=vadilalicecreams.com}}</ref>

In 2017, Vadilal unveiled a new logo accompanied by the tagline, "Dil Bole Waah Waah Waah".

==Products==
Vadilal produces ice cream cones, candies, bars, ice-lollies, cups, family packs, and economy packs, in a variety of flavours.<ref name=":1"/> All their products are vegetarian and free of eggs.

In the 1990s, Vadilal diversified into the [[Convenience food|processed foods]] industry, including frozen vegetables, ready-to-eat snacks, curries, and breads for the domestic and export markets. The company received a certification in 2013 for meeting the global standards for food safety by the [[Bureau Veritas]].<ref name=":1"/>

In 2011, the brand released a new range of ice creams including Flingo cones and Badabite bars, as well as a premium line of ice cream tubs called the Gourmet Premium Ice Creams.<ref name=":1" />

They also introduced a Gourmet Natural Tub line in 2021, which focuses on traditional Indian dessert flavours like gulab jamun, falooda, and kesar rasmalai among others.

In 2021, Vadilal introduced Vadilal Now For Ever cafe in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

{{asof|2023|post=,}} the company has a network of over 125,000 dealers across India.<ref name=":1"/>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Food|India}}
* [[List of ice cream brands]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.vadilalicecreams.com Official website]

[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1907]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of India]]
[[Category:Ice cream brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1907]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi

2025-03-20T00:47:18Z

Antiexsolutions: made the location with sources

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kumbakonam}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kola Valvill Ramar Temple
| image = Velliyangudi temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Temple Gopuram
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|3|25|N|79|26|36|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = Tiruvelliyangudi
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kola Valvill Ramar ([[Vishnu]])
Maragadha Valli Thaayar ([[Lakshmi]])
Sringara Sundaran
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Sukra, Brahma, Indra, Parasara
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kolavalvil Ramar Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] 19 km from [[Kumbakonam]], Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is mentioned in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Kola Valvill Ramar and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Maragathavalli.<ref>''Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India''. Sunita Pant Bansal.</ref>{{better citation|publisher? year?page?|date=March 2025}}

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines and two bodies of water. There is a four-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower.

Kola Vallvil Ramar is believed to have appeared to the sage [[Markendeya]]. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Thiruvelliyangudi (1).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the shrine]]
As per Hindu legend, the temple was called Brahma Putram in [[Satya Yuga]], Parasaram in [[Treta Yuga]], Sainthiranagaram in [[Dvapara Yuga]] and Bhargavapuram in [[Kali Yuga]]. The temple is associated with [[Trivikrama]] avatar of [[Vishnu]]. As per the legend, [[Shukra|Sukrachariyar]], the demon guru, was against king [[Mahabali]] donating land to Vishnu in the form of a [[Brahmin]]. He took the form of the insect and shut the tube of the jug used by the king to spill water during the donation. Vishnu identified the trick and injured the eyes of the insect with a small spear. Sukracharyar, who lost his eyes, did penance at this place to attain the lost eye. It is the believed the light he attained is still glowing at the temple as a lamp called Nethra Deepam. Sage [[Parasara]] is believed to have worshiped the presiding deity of the temple.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1982]], p. 545</ref>

Once, the architects of [[Devaloka]], [[Viswakarma|Vishvakarma]] and [[Mayasura|Mayan]] had an argument on whose skill was superior. [[Brahma]], the god of creation informed Mayan that Vishvakarma attained betterment as he built [[Vaikunta|Vaikuntha]], the abode of Vishnu on account of accomplishments in a previous birth. He also informed Mayan that to attain similar status, he has to identify and build an abode near the river [[Kaveri]] similar to Vaikuntha. Mayan inspected various places and finally identified Thiruvelliyangudi, where sage [[Markendeya]] was doing penance. He built a beautiful temple and its compound, which is believed to be the temple in modern times. Vishnu appeared as Sringara Sundaran (beautiful deity).<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1982]], p. 242</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3923 | height1 = 2206
| width2 = 3999 | height2 = 2322
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Thiruvelliyangudi (12).jpg
|image2=Thiruvelliyangudi (13).jpg
|footer=Images of the shrines of the temple
}}
The temple has a three-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower) and is enclosed within brick walls. Leaving the central shrine of the presiding deity, which is built with granite, all the other shrines are built with brick.{{cn|date=March 2025}} There are separate shrines for the consort of Kolavalli Ramar, Maragathavalli.{{cn|date=March 2025}} The presiding deity, Kola Valvill Ramar, is reclining.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=374|title=Sri Kolavilli Ramar temple|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Divya Desams]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
This Temple has a three tiered Rajagopuram
Ref: Visittemples.com

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=govindaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA242|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book|title=Thiruvelliyangudi|publisher=Temple administration, Sri Kolavalli Ramar Alayam|location=Thiruvelliyangudi|year=2004|ref=temple}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]
The Temple has a three Tier Rajagopuram https://www.visittmeples.com

New Nizamuddin Bridge

2024-12-23T22:22:14Z

Antiexsolutions: rework article further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name= New Nizamuddin Bridge Delhi
|native_name=
|image=
|caption=
|official_name=Indo-Japanese Friendship Bridge
|carries= 4 lanes
|location= [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|design= T-section [[girder bridge]]
|designer=
|mainspan=
|length=551.2m
|width= 22.6m
|clearance=
|below=
|traffic= motorway
|material= Prestressed concrete
|begin= 1996
|complete= 1998
|closed=
|toll=
|label =
|label_size =
|alt =
|position =
|background =
|coordinates = {{coord|28|36|01.69|N |77|15|44.03|E}}
|mark =
|marksize =
|border =
|float =
}}

'''New Nizamuddin bridge''' is one of the main bridge that connects Trans Yamuna in the [[east Delhi]] with Ring Road in [[South Delhi]] across river [[Yamuna]]. Also known as Indo-Japanese Friendship Bridge.<ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=CITY Far between and few: Delhi's bridges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Far-between-and-few-Delhis-bridges/articleshow/17486056.cms |access-date=31 October 2018 |publisher=TOI}}</ref> There are eight motorway Bridges across Yamuna this is the sixth motorway bridge from north to south there are two more motorway Bridges south of this.<ref name=toi/> The bridge was built in 1970 and later in 1998 widened to 8 lanes.

Vehicles from [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] and east [[Delhi]] use this route to connect with south Delhi, making it one of the busiest routes on NH-24. It was built by [[Larsen & Toubro]] with the help of Japanese Government's Grant Aid Scheme, through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (AJIC), and executed through the Indian [[Ministry of Surface Transport]] (MOST).<ref name=trid>{{cite web |title=CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW NIZAMUDDIN BRIDGE - JAPANESE STYLE OF MANAGEMENT |url=https://trid.trb.org/view/507332 |website=trid.trb.org |accessdate=31 October 2018}}</ref> Construction began in February 96 and was finished in two years time in February 1998. The bridge is 551.2 meters long and has 13 spans of 42-meter length. It has a total width of 22.6 meter, a four lane motorway that's 15 meter wide and 3-meter wide cycle tracks on both sides. It has a prestressed concrete superstructure.<ref name=trid/>

==See also==
* [[List of longest bridges above water in India]]
* [[List of bridges in India]]
* [[List of bridges]]
* [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Thalapathy 68

2024-11-15T07:14:42Z

Antiexsolutions: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[The Greatest of All Time]]

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Kursha Monastery

2024-04-18T12:42:10Z

Antiexsolutions: further improve lead further

#redirect [[Karsha Monastery]]

Malcolm Sequeira

2024-01-31T04:43:31Z

Antiexsolutions: stub

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Bishop elect, Rev. Father Malcolm Sequeira.jpg
| archdiocese =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nagpur]]
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amravati]]
| see = [[Amravati]]
| elected = 30 November 2023
| term = 
| retired =
| predecessor = [[Elias Gonsalves]]
| successor = ''incumbent''

| ordination = 13 April 1996
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 25 January 2024
| consecrated_by = [[Oswald Gracias|Oswald Cardinal Gracias]]
|
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|11|4}}
| baptised = 
| birth_place = Giriz, Vasai, India<ref name="Vatican Bullettin" />
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = 
| parents = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto = Shepherd after God's own heart परमेश्वराच्या हृदयासम मेंढपाल
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
}}

'''Malcolm Sequeira''' (born November 4, 1961, in [[St. Francis Xavier's Church, Giriz|Giriz]], [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]]) is the bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Amravati|Amravati]] in India.

==Life==
Malcolm Sequeira studied philosophy and theology at St. Pius X College in [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]]. On April 13, 1996, he received the sacrament of ordination and was incardinated in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poona|Diocese of Poona]].<ref name="Vatican Bullettin">{{cite web |title=Resignations and Appointments |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/11/30/231130c.html |website=press.vatican.va |access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

After his ordination, he was initially assistant parish priest at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Pune]]. From 1998 to 2003 he was diocesan director for the basic Christian communities. He then studied social communication in [[Rome]] at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] and obtained his licentiate in 2005. From 2005 he was diocesan director for social communications and head of public relations. From 2008 to 2013 he was also rector of the cathedral. Being skilled in interior design, he was instrumental in renovating and beautifying the cathedral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rev. Malcolm Sequeira new bishop of Amravati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/rev-malcolm-seqeira-new-bishop-of-amravati-9058731/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> He has been diocesan consultor since 2009 and from 2012, [[vicar general]] of the diocese. From 2013 to 2016 he also headed the diocesan property office and since then he has also been [[parish priest]] of the Divine Mercy Church (2016-2019) and finally at St. Anne's Church, Solapur Bazar, Pune, since 2022.<ref name="Vatican Bullettin" />

==Episcopate==
[[Pope Francis]] appointed Fr. Malcolm as Bishop of Amravati on 30 November 2023.<ref name="Vatican Bullettin" /> His episcopal ordination took place on 25 January 2024. The principal consecrator was [[Oswald Gracias|Archbishop Oswald Cardinal Gracias]], and the co-consecrators were Archbishop [[Elias Gonsalves]] and Bishop [[John Rodrigues]] of Poona in the presence of the apostolic nuncio to India and Nepal, Leopoldo Girelli.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Solemn Episcopal Ordination and Installation Ceremony |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZjJ5l2g3CA |publisher=Youtube |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Catholic-hierarchy |bishop|bsequm| Bishop Malcolm Sequeira |accessdate= 2 December 2023 | archiveurl= | archivedate= }}
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/amra0.htm?focus=75431&tab=bishops GCatholic.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sequeira, Malcolm}}
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of players who have scored 1,000 or more runs in Women's Twenty20 International cricket

2023-07-27T20:49:03Z

Antiexsolutions: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[List of players who have scored 2,000 or more runs in Women's Twenty20 International cricket]]

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Deoli Assembly constituency

2023-05-09T08:20:14Z

Antiexsolutions: starting new post!

'''Deoli''' might refer to one of the following assembly constituencies in India:
* [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency]]
* [[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency]]

{{geodis}}

Yevado Okadu

2023-01-17T07:35:35Z

Antiexsolutions: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Venu Sriram]]

The Indian Diaspora

2022-12-14T00:41:27Z

Antiexsolutions: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Indian diaspora]]

Indian National Test Cricket Captains

2010-05-25T23:02:44Z

Antiexsolutions: added a stub

#REDIRECT [[List of India national cricket captains]]